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-5937374659155907701	They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!	They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! - Wikipedia They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! '' Cover of the Rhino Records co . re-issue of the WB album Single by Napoleon XIV B - side `` ! aaaH - aH , yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT '' Released July 1966 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1966 Genre Novelty , comedy Length 2 : 10 Label Warner Bros. # 5831 Songwriter ( s ) N. Bonaparte ( Jerry Samuels ) Producer ( s ) A Jepalana Production Napoleon XIV singles chronology `` They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm in Love with My Little Red Tricycle '' ( 1966 ) `` They 're Coming to Take Me Away Ha - Haaa ! '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm in Love with My Little Red Tricycle '' ( 1966 ) B - side Label of the original 7 - inch issue They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! is a 1966 novelty record written and performed by Jerry Samuels ( billed as Napoleon XIV ) , and released on Warner Bros. Records . The song became an instant success in the United States , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 popular music singles chart on August 13 and reaching No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Story 3 Record structure 4 Airplay 5 Sequels 6 Cover versions 7 References Background ( edit ) Jerry Samuels was a recording engineer at Associated Recording Studios in New York at the time when the song was written . He had learned a way to alter the pitch of a track using a Potentiometer ( a tape speed control ) . After recording the drum track at the standard speed , he played it back through headphones while recording the voiceover . As he did this , he gradually reduced the tape speed and slowly returned it to normal speed while reciting the lyrics in time with the relative speed of the drum track . This gave him the idea for a song based on the rhythm of the old Scottish tune `` The Campbells Are Coming '' . Story ( edit ) The lyrics describe the effect on the mental health of an individual after a break - up . His paranoid thinking makes him believe that he is being pursued by `` those nice young men in their clean white coats '' ( i.e. , psychiatric attendants ) who are coming to transport him to the funny farm / happy home ( i.e. , mental hospital ) , and he welcomes them as an end to his misery . The main character seems to be addressing an ex-girlfriend or wife , and describes his descent into madness after she has left him . However , the last verse of the song finishes : `` They 'll find you yet and when they do / They 'll put you in the ASPCA / You mangy mutt '' . Some interpret he 's all the more insane as this may mean he 's gone mad simply because his dog ran away . Record structure ( edit ) The recording is set primarily to a rhythm tapped on a snare drum and tambourine . The performer speaks rhythmically rather than singing the lyric , with the sparse percussion track being supported a siren sounding in and out of the `` chorus '' and the fading in and out of a tape - based echo created with an Echoplex . According to Samuels , the vocal glissando was achieved by Samuels ' manipulating tape recording speeds , a variation on the technique used by Ross Bagdasarian in creating the original Chipmunks novelty songs . In addition , a siren is heard when the voice gets higher , and then , dissipates when it 's back to the regular voice . Continuing the theme of insanity , the flip or B - side of the single was simply the A-side played in reverse , and given the title `` ! aaaH - aH , yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT '' ( or `` Ha - Haaa ! Away , Me Take to Coming They 're '' ) and the performer billed as `` XIV NAPOLEON '' . Most of the label affixed to the B - side was a mirror image of the front label ( as opposed to simply being spelled backward ) , including the letters in the `` WB '' shield logo . Only the label name , disclaimer , and record and recording master numbers were kept frontward . The reverse version of the song is not included on the original Warner Bros. album , although the title is shown on the front cover , whereas the title is actually spelled backward . Warner Bros. Records reissued the original single ( # 7726 ) in 1973 . It entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 87 . The reissue featured the `` Burbank / palm trees '' label . As with the original release , the labels for the reissue 's B - side also included mirror - imaged print except for the disclaimer , record catalog , and track master numbers . The `` Burbank '' motto at the top of the label was also kept frontward as well as the `` WB '' letters in the shield logo , which had been printed in reverse on the originals . In his Book of Rock Lists , rock music critic Dave Marsh calls the recording the `` ... most obnoxious song ever to appear in a jukebox , '' saying the recording once `` cleared out a diner of forty patrons in three minutes flat . '' Airplay ( edit ) This section possibly contains inappropriate or misinterpreted citations that do not verify the text . Please help improve this article by checking for citation inaccuracies . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! '' has the distinction of being the song to drop the farthest within the Top 40 in a single week . It charted for six weeks during 1966 . In week four , it peaked at # 3 , scored # 5 in week five , and fell to # 37 in week six . This was because radio programmers removed the song from their playlists , fearing anger from people who might think it was ridiculing the mentally ill . This occurred most notably in the New York market , where both the New York Top 40 music radio stations of the time ( WABC and WMCA ) banned broadcasting of the song . ( WABC continued to include the song on its local Top 20 list , despite no longer broadcasting it . ) Opposition to the banning saw teenagers picketing WMCA , carrying such signs as `` We 're coming to take WMCA away ! Unfair to Napoleon in every way . '' A plane also flew a banner to protest WMCA 's banning the record . Sequels ( edit ) `` I 'm Happy They Took You Away , Ha - Haaa ! '' was recorded by CBS Radio Mystery Theater cast member Bryna Raeburn , credited as `` Josephine XV '' , and was the closing track on Side Two of the 1966 Warner Bros. album . ( Josephine was the name of the spouse of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte . ) A variation of `` They 're Coming to Take Me Away , Ha - Haaa ! '' was also done by Jerry Samuels , from that same album entitled Where the Nuts hunt the Squirrels , where Samuels , towards the end of the track , repeats the line : `` THEY 'RE TRYING TO DRIVE ME SANE ! ! ! HA HA , '' before the song 's fade , in a fast - tracked higher voice . In 1966 , KRLA DJ `` Emperor Bob '' Hudson recorded a similarly styled song titled I 'm Normal , including the lines `` They came and took my brother away / The men in white picked him up yesterday / But they 'll never come take me away , ' cos I 'm O.K. / I 'm normal . '' Another line in the song was : `` I eat my peas with a tuning fork . '' The record was credited simply to `` The Emperor . '' In 1988 , Samuels wrote and recorded `` They 're Coming To Get Me Again , Ha Haaa ! '' , a sequel to the original record . It was included on a single two years later on the Collectables label . Recorded with the same beat as the original , and portraying Napoleon XIV relapsing to madness after being released from an insane asylum , it never charted , and was combined with the original 1966 recording on side A. ( Both sequels are included on Samuels ' 1996 Second Coming album . ) In the song , instead of a `` mangy mutt , '' for his lost dog , Napoleon bemoans the loss of his pet monkey . ( `` I 'll swing you by your tail , you hairy ape ! '' ) In the song , instead of the `` funny farm '' and the `` happy home '' Napoleon XIV is being taken away to the `` loony bin '' and the `` rubber room . '' Towards the end of the song , he relapses into the `` funny farm '' and `` happy home '' -- until when reality sinks in , he cries out at a fast tracked double voice with the words : `` OH NO ! ! ! '' before the beat ends with a door slam , indicating that he has been locked up in the insane asylum . The recording appeared on disk releases by Dr. Demento in 1975 as part of Dr. Demento 's Delights , then in subsequent Dr. Demento LP records released in 1985 , 1988 and 1991 . Cover versions ( edit ) Kim Fowley released a cover of the song as his second single , after `` The Trip '' . In the UK a cover version was also released in November 1966 by the humorous pop group The Barron Knights where it was included on the B - side of their single `` Under New Management '' . The Monkees ' song `` Gonna Buy Me a Dog '' , sung by Micky Dolenz , features Davy Jones teasing Dolenz toward the fade of the song with the words `` they 're coming to take us away '' taken from Napoleon XIV 's song . In Argentina Pedro Pelusa Suero ( a well known actor , announcer , and voice over ) recorded , as `` Napoleón Puppy '' , a cover in Spanish of this song titled `` Ellos me quieren llevar '' . Jeff Duff , as `` Cyril Trotts '' , covered `` They 're Coming To Take Me Away , Ha ! Ha ! '' in 1984 on his To Bogna LP . Experimental music band Nurse With Wound used some of the lyrics from the song for their limited 7 '' release `` No Hiding from the Blackbird / Burial Of The Sardine '' . Biz Markie also covers this song on Make the Music with Your Mouth , Biz , but he changes most of the lyrics . Jello Biafra covered this song with his band Lard on their album The Last Temptation of Reid in 1990 . In 1998 , Amanda Lear included this song in her compilation Made in Blood & Honey . The song is referenced in the lyrics of the Mudvayne song `` Internal Primates Forever '' on L.D. 50 . Stone Sour also covered this song on their 2001 demo CD , giving it the name `` Death Dance of the Frog Fish '' , and has also used it as exit music while on tour . Swedish death industrialists Brighter Death Now included a version of the song on their 2005 recording Kamikaze Kabaret . German industrial / EBM act Neuroticfish covered the song on Gelb in 2005 . A new version by Napoleon 's Ghost was produced by Les Fradkin in 2006 . The flip or B - side of the single was recreated as well by Napoleon 's Ghost `` ! AaaH - aH , yawA eM ekaT oT gnimoC er'yehT '' . Ray Stevens covered the song in 2012 for his nine - CD Encyclopedia of Recorded Comedy Music collection , complete with vocal speed changes , a drum beat , sirens , and a funny sped - up laugh . Butcher Babies covered the song on their EP Uncovered in 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn , The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , Billboard Publications , 1983 . Jump up ^ Richard Crouse ( 15 March 2012 ) . Who Wrote The Book Of Love ? . Doubleday Canada . pp. 72 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67442 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paul Simpson ( 2003 ) . The Rough Guide to Cult Pop . Rough Guides . pp. 23 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ace Collins ( 1998 ) . Disco Duck and Other Adventures in Novelty Music . Berkley Boulevard Books . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 16358 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dave ; Stein , Kevin ( 1981 ) . The Book of Rock Lists . Dell Publishing . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 440 - 57580 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richard Crouse ( 26 April 2000 ) . Big Bang , Baby : Rock Trivia . Dundurn . pp. 91 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88882 - 219 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` WABC Musicradio Survey for July 26 , 1966 '' . Musicradio77.com . Jump up ^ `` New York , NY - Life Changing Christian Radio broadcasts , Programs , Ministries and stations - Listen Online to Christian Teaching and Talk '' . AM 570 The Mission . 2015 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` M - Audio Fast Track MKII USB Audio Interface '' . Guitar Center . 2011 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Emperor Hudson '' . Kfxm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Door Slam Sound Effects , Door Slam Sounds , Door Slam Sound Effect , Door Slam Sound Clips '' . Sfxsource.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's Recommended LPs '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 15 November 1975 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 72 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Newsweek . Newsweek , Incorporated . October 1975 . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . pp. 2178 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 595 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` International news reports '' . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 20 August 1966 ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . pp. 55 -- . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` The Barron - Knights -- Under New Management '' . 45cat . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon Puppy -- Discography '' . Discogs . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=They%27re_Coming_to_Take_Me_Away,_Ha-Haaa!&oldid=842764748 '' Categories : Debut singles 1966 singles Novelty songs Warner Bros. Records singles 1966 songs Mental illness in fiction Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles lacking reliable references from June 2016 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 14 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the song they're coming to take me away	[ "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa! is a 1966 novelty record written and performed by Jerry Samuels (billed as Napoleon XIV), and released on Warner Bros. Records. The song became an instant success in the United States, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 popular music singles chart on August 13[1] and reaching No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart." ]	[ "Jerry Samuels" ]
-8238562945669001573	United States Department of Justice	United States Department of Justice - wikipedia United States Department of Justice United States Department of Justice Seal of the United States Department of Justice Flag of the United States Department of Justice The Robert F. Kennedy Building is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice . Department overview Formed July 1 , 1870 ; 148 years ago ( 1870 - 07 - 01 ) Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington , D.C. , United States 38 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 30 '' W / 38.89333 ° N 77.02500 ° W / 38.89333 ; - 77.02500 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 30 '' W / 38.89333 ° N 77.02500 ° W / 38.89333 ; - 77.02500 Motto `` Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur '' ( Latin : `` Who prosecutes on behalf of justice ( or the Lady Justice ) '' Employees 113,543 ( 2012 ) Annual budget $31 billion ( 2015 ) Department executives Jeff Sessions , Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , Deputy Attorney General Jesse Panuccio , Acting Associate Attorney General Noel Francisco , Solicitor General Website justice.gov The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , also known as the Justice Department , is a federal executive department of the U.S. government , responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States , equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries . The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration . The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , and the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud , representing the United States government in legal matters ( such as in cases before the Supreme Court ) , and running the federal prison system . The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 . The department is headed by the United States Attorney General , who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet . The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Headquarters 3 Organization 3.1 Leadership offices 3.2 Divisions 3.3 Law enforcement agencies 3.4 Offices 3.5 Other offices and programs 4 Finances and budget 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History ( edit ) The office of the Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 as a part - time job for one person , but grew with the bureaucracy . At one time , the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U.S. Congress as well as the President , but in 1819 the Attorney General began advising Congress alone to ensure a manageable workload . Until March 3 , 1853 , the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members . Early Attorneys General supplemented their salaries by running private law practices , often arguing cases before the courts as attorneys for paying litigants . Following unsuccessful efforts ( in 1830 and 1846 ) to make Attorney General a full - time job , in 1869 , the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Congressman William Lawrence , conducted an inquiry into the creation of a `` law department '' headed by the Attorney General and also composed of the various department solicitors and United States attorneys . On February 19 , 1868 , Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice . President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill into law on June 22 , 1870 . Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as America 's first Solicitor General the same week that Congress created the Department of Justice . The Department 's immediate function was to preserve civil rights . It set about fighting against domestic terrorist groups who had been using both violence and litigation to oppose the 13th , 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution . Both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s . In the first few years of Grant 's first term in office there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice . By 1871 , there were 3000 indictments and 600 convictions with most only serving brief sentences while the ringleaders were imprisoned for up to five years in the federal penitentiary in Albany , New York . The result was a dramatic decrease in violence in the South . Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was `` better '' or `` stronger '' than Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists . George H. Williams , who succeeded Akerman in December 1871 , continued to prosecute the Klan throughout 1872 until the spring of 1873 during Grant 's second term in office . Williams then placed a moratorium on Klan prosecutions partially because the Justice Department , inundated by cases involving the Klan , did not have the manpower to continue prosecutions . The `` Act to Establish the Department of Justice '' drastically increased the Attorney General 's responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys , formerly under the Department of the Interior , the prosecution of all federal crimes , and the representation of the United States in all court actions , barring the use of private attorneys by the federal government . The law also created the office of Solicitor General to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States . With the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 , the federal government took on some law enforcement responsibilities , and the Department of Justice tasked with performing these . In 1884 , control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department , from the Department of Interior . New facilities were built , including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895 , and a facility for women located in West Virginia , at Alderson was established in 1924 . In 1933 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order which gave the Department of Justice responsibility for the `` functions of prosecuting in the courts of the United States claims and demands by , and offsenses ( sic ) against , the Government of the United States , and of defending claims and demands against the Government , and of supervising the work of United States attorneys , marshals , and clerks in connection therewith , now exercised by any agency or officer ... '' Headquarters ( edit ) Main article : Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building The U.S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary . Upon Medary 's death in 1929 , the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger , Borie and Medary took over the project . On a lot bordered by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets , Northwest , it holds over 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) of space . The sculptor C. Paul Jennewein served as overall design consultant for the entire building , contributing more than 50 separate sculptural elements inside and outside . Various efforts , none entirely successful , have been made to determine the original intended meaning of the Latin motto appearing on the Department of Justice seal , Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur ( literally `` Who For Lady Justice Strives '' ) . It is not even known exactly when the original version of the DOJ seal itself was adopted , or when the motto first appeared on the seal . The most authoritative opinion of the DOJ suggests that the motto refers to the Attorney General ( and thus , by extension , to the Department of Justice ) `` who prosecutes on behalf of justice ( or the Lady Justice ) '' . The motto 's conception of the prosecutor ( or government attorney ) as being the servant of justice itself finds concrete expression in a similarly - ordered English - language inscription ( `` THE UNITED STATES WINS ITS POINT WHENEVER JUSTICE IS DONE ITS CITIZENS IN THE COURTS '' ) in the above - door paneling in the ceremonial rotunda anteroom just outside the Attorney General 's office in the Department of Justice Main Building in Washington , D.C. The building was renamed in honor of former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 2001 . It is sometimes referred to as `` Main Justice '' . Organization ( edit ) Organizational chart for the Dept. of Justice . ( Click to enlarge ) Leadership offices ( edit ) Office of the Attorney General Office of the Deputy Attorney General Office of the Associate Attorney General Office of the United States Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General Office of the Solicitor General of the United States Divisions ( edit ) Division Date Established ( as formal division ) Antitrust Division 1933 Civil Division ( originally called the Claims Division ; adopted current name on February 13 , 1953 ) 1933 Civil Rights Division 1957 Criminal Division 1919 Environment and Natural Resources Division ( ENRD ) ( originally called the Land and Natural Resources Division ; adopted current name in 1990 ) 1909 Justice Management Division ( JMD ) ( originally called the Administrative Division ; adopted current name in 1985 ) 1945 National Security Division ( NSD ) 2007 Tax Division 1933 War Division ( defunct ) 1942 ( disestablished 1945 ) Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Several federal law enforcement agencies are administered by the Department of Justice : United States Marshals Service ( USMS ) -- The office of U.S. Marshal was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 . The U.S. Marshals Service was established as an agency in 1969 , and it was elevated to full bureau status under the Justice Department in 1974 . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) -- On July 26 , 1908 , a small investigative force was created within the Justice Department under Attorney General Charles Bonaparte . The following year , this force was officially named the Bureau of Investigation by Attorney General George W. Wickersham . In 1935 , the bureau adopted its current name . Federal Bureau of Prisons ( BOP ) -- the Three Prisons Act of 1891 created the federal prison system . Congress created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930 by Pub . L. No. 71 -- 218 , 46 Stat. 325 , signed into law by President Hoover on May 14 , 1930 . National Institute of Corrections Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) -- Except for a brief period during Prohibition , ATF 's predecessor bureaus were part of the Department of the Treasury for more than two hundred years . ATF was first established by Department of Treasury Order No. 221 , effective July 1 , 1972 ; this order `` transferred the functions , powers , and duties arising under laws relating to alcohol , tobacco , firearms , and explosives from the Internal Revenue Service to ATF . In 2003 , under the terms of the Homeland Security Act , ATF was split into two agencies -- the new Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) was transferred to the Department of Justice , while the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) was retained by the Department of the Treasury . Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Office of the Inspector General ( OIG ) Offices ( edit ) Executive Office for Immigration Review ( EOIR ) Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys ( EOUSA ) Executive Office of the United States Trustee ( EOUST ) Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management ( OARM ) Office of the Chief Information Officer In May 2014 , the Department appointed Joseph Klimavicz as CIO . Klimavicz succeeds Kevin Deeley , who served as acting CIO since November 2013 when the previous office holder , Luke McCormack , left to take the CIO post at the Department of Homeland Security . Office of Dispute Resolution Office of the Federal Detention Trustee ( OFDT ) Office of Immigration Litigation Office of Information Policy Office of Intelligence Policy and Review ( OIPR ) Office of Intergovernmental and Public Liaison ( merged with Office of Legislative Affairs on April 12 , 2012 ) Office of Justice Programs ( OJP ) Bureau of Justice Assistance Bureau of Justice Statistics Community Capacity Development Office National Institute of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Sex Offender Sentencing , Monitoring , Apprehending , Registering , and Tracking Office ( SMART ) Office for Victims of Crime Office of the Police Corps and Law Enforcement Education Office of Legal Counsel ( OLC ) Office of Legal Policy ( OLP ) Office of Legislative Affairs Office of the Pardon Attorney Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties ( OPCL ) Office of Professional Responsibility ( OPR ) Office of Public Affairs Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children Office of Tribal Justice Office on Violence Against Women Professional Responsibility Advisory Office ( PRAO ) United States Attorneys Offices United States Trustees Offices Office of Community Oriented Policing Services ( COPS ) Community Relations Service Other offices and programs ( edit ) Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States INTERPOL , U.S. National Central Bureau National Drug Intelligence Center ( former ) Obscenity Prosecution Task Force ( former ) United States Parole Commission In March 2003 , the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was abolished and its functions transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Executive Office for Immigration Review and the Board of Immigration Appeals , which review decisions made by government officials under Immigration and Nationality law , remain under jurisdiction of the Department of Justice . Similarly the Office of Domestic Preparedness left the Justice Department for the Department of Homeland Security , but only for executive purposes . The Office of Domestic Preparedness is still centralized within the Department of Justice , since its personnel are still officially employed within the Department of Justice . In 2003 , the Department of Justice created LifeAndLiberty.gov , a website that supported the USA PATRIOT Act . It was criticized by government watchdog groups for its alleged violation of U.S. Code Title 18 Section 1913 , which forbids money appropriated by Congress to be used to lobby in favor of any law , actual or proposed . The website has since been taken offline . Finances and budget ( edit ) The Justice Department was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of approximately $31 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in millions ) Management and Finance General Administration $129 Justice Information Sharing Technology $26 Administrative Reviews and Appeals Executive Office for Immigration Review Office of the Pardon Attorney $351 $347 $4 Office of the Inspector General $89 United States Parole Commission $13 National Security Division $92 Legal Activities Office of the Solicitor General $12 Tax Division $109 Criminal Division $202 Civil Division $298 Environmental and Natural Resources Division $112 Office of Legal Counsel $7 Civil Rights Division $162 Antitrust Division $162 United States Attorneys $1,955 United States Bankruptcy Trustees $226 Law Enforcement Activities United States Marshals Service $2,668 Federal Bureau of Investigation $8,347 Drug Enforcement Administration $2,018 Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives $1,201 Federal Bureau of Prisons $6,894 Interpol - Washington Office $32 Grant Programs Office of Justice Programs $1,427 Office of Community Oriented Policing Services $248 Office on Violence Against Women $410 Mandatory Spending Mandatory Spending $4,011 TOTAL $31,201 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Capital punishment in the United States Incarceration in the United States Justice Litigation Punishment Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Revision of Original Letter Dated 14 February 1992 , United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 191 -- 192 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fraud Section ( FRD ) Department of Justice '' . Justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Organization , Mission & Functions Manual : Attorney General , Deputy and Associate DOJ Department of Justice '' . Justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Conduct of Law Enforcement Agencies CRT Department of Justice '' . Justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of Justice : About DOJ '' . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 127 -- 136 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 132 -- 134 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public Acts of the Forty First Congress '' . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2017 ) . Grant . Penguin Press . p. 700 . Jump up ^ Smith 2001 , pp. 542 -- 547 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials , 1871 -- 1872 , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Act to Establish the Department of Justice '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About DOJ - DOJ - Department of Justice '' . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 9 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 6166 , Sec. 5 ( June 12 , 1933 ) , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 125 , 191 -- 192 , 203 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 192 -- 203 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM DIRECTS DESIGNATION OF MAIN JUSTICE BUILDING AS THE `` ROBERT F. KENNEDY JUSTICE BUILDING '' `` . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ History of the Antitrust Division , United States Department of Justice . ^ Jump up to : Gregory C. Sisk & Michael F. Noone , Litigation with the Federal Government ( 4th ed . ) ( American Law Institute , 2006 ) , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Former Assistant Attorneys General : Civil Division , U.S. Department of Justice . Jump up ^ Kevin Alonso & R. Bruce Anderson , `` Civil Rights Legislation and Policy '' in Postwar America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History ( 2006 , ed . James Ciment ) , p . 233 . Jump up ^ Organization , Mission and Functions Manual : Criminal Division , United States Department of Justice . ^ Jump up to : Arnold W. Reitze , Air Pollution Control Law : Compliance and Enforcement ( Environmental Law Institute , 2001 ) , p. 571 . ^ Jump up to : Cornell W. Clayton , The Politics of Justice : The Attorney General and the Making of Legal Policy ( M.E. Sharpe , Inc. , 1992 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ National Security Cultures : Patterns of Global Governance ( Routledge , 2010 ; eds . Emil J. Kirchner & James Sperling ) , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Nancy Staudt , The Judicial Power of the Purse : How Courts Fund National Defense in Times of Crisis ( University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Civilian Agency Records : Department of Justice Records , National Archived and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Larry K. Gaines & Victor E. Kappeler , Policing in America ( 8th ed. 2015 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ United States Marshals Service Then ... and Now ( Office of the Director , United States Marshals Service , U.S. Department of Justice , 1978 ) . Jump up ^ The FBI : A Comprehensive Reference Guide ( Oryz Press , 1999 , ed . Athan G. Theoharis ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Mitchel P. Roth , Prisons and Prison Systems : A Global Encyclopedia ( Greenwood , 2006 ) , pp. 278 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Dean J. Champion , Sentencing : A Reference Handbook ( ABC - CLIO , Inc. : 2008 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ James O. Windell , Looking Back in Crime : What Happened on This Date in Criminal Justice History ? ( CRC Press , 2015 ) , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Transfer of ATF to U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Jump up ^ Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Bureau , Federal Register . ^ Jump up to : Malykhina , Elena ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Department Names New CIO '' . Government . InformationWeek . 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7571698602479101730	Battle of Fort Duquesne	Battle of Fort Duquesne - wikipedia Battle of Fort Duquesne Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Fort Duquesne Part of the French and Indian War This engraving by Alfred R. Waud depicts the British occupation of the remains of Fort Duquesne on November 25 . Date 14 September 1758 Location Fort Duquesne , site of present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 29.86 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 39.40 '' W / 40.4416278 ° N 80.0109444 ° W / 40.4416278 ; - 80.0109444 Result French victory Belligerents France Colony of Canada Natives Great Britain British America Commanders and leaders François - Marie Le Marchand de Lignery James Grant ( POW ) Strength 500 natives and militia 400 regulars 350 militia Casualties and losses 21 killed ; 8 wounded 104 killed ; 220 wounded ; 18 captured Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier The Battle of Fort Duquesne was a British assault on the eponymous French fort ( later the site of Pittsburgh ) that was repulsed with heavy losses on 14 September 1758 , during the French and Indian War . The attack on Fort Duquesne was part of a large - scale British expedition with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes to drive the French out of the contested Ohio Country ( the upper Ohio River Valley ) and clear the way for an invasion of Canada . Forbes ordered Major James Grant of the 1st Highland Regiment to reconnoiter the area with 850 men . When Grant proceeded to attack the French position , his force was out maneuvered , surrounded , and largely destroyed by the French and their native allies led by François - Marie Le Marchand de Lignery . Major Grant was taken prisoner and the British survivors retreated fitfully to Fort Ligonier . After repulsing this advance party the French , deserted by some of their native allies and vastly outnumbered by the approaching Forbes , blew up their magazines and burnt Fort Duquesne . In November the French withdrew from the Ohio Valley and British colonists erected Fort Pitt on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 British forces 2 Fort Duquesne 3 French retreat 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Primary sources British forces ( edit ) Forbes commanded between 5,000 and 7,000 men , including a contingent of Virginians led by George Washington . Forbes , very ill , did not keep up with the advance of his army , but entrusted it to his second in command , Lt. Col. Henry Bouquet , a Swiss officer commanding a battalion of the Royal American Regiment . Bouquet sanctioned a reconnaissance of Fort Duquesne by Major James Grant of Ballindalloch , Fort Duquesne ( edit ) On September 11 , 1758 , Grant led over 800 men to scout the environs of Fort Duquesne ahead of Forbes ' main column . Bouquet believed the fort to be held by 500 French and 300 Indians , a force too strong to be attacked by Grant 's detachment . Grant , who arrived in the vicinity of the fort on September 13 , believed there were only 200 enemy within , and sent a small party of 50 men forward to scout . These saw no enemy outside the fort ; they burned a storehouse and returned to Grant 's main position , two miles ( 3 km ) from the fort . The next morning , Grant divided his force into several parts . A company of the 77th , under a Capt . McDonald , approached the fort with drums beating and pipes playing as a decoy . A force of 400 men lay in wait to ambush the enemy when they went out to attack McDonald , and several hundred more under the Virginian Maj . Andrew Lewis were concealed near the force 's baggage train in the hope of surprising an enemy attack there ... The French and Indian force was in fact much larger than anticipated , and moved swiftly . They overwhelmed McDonald 's decoy force and overran the party that had been meant to ambush them . Lewis 's force left its ambush positions and went to the aid of the rest of the force but the French and Indians had by then gained a point of high ground above them and forced them to retire . The Indians used the forest to their advantage ; `` concealed by a thick foliage , their heavy and destructive fire could not be returned with any effect '' . In the one - sided battle in the woods , the British and American force suffered 342 casualties , of whom 232 were from the 77th Regiment , including Grant , who was taken prisoner . Out of the eight officers in Andrew Lewis 's Virginian contingent , 5 were killed , 1 was wounded and Lewis himself was captured . Nevertheless , most of Grant 's force escaped to rejoin the main army under Forbes and Bouquet . The Franco - Indian force suffered only 8 killed and 8 wounded . James Smith wrote `` Notwithstanding their ( the Indians ' ) vigilence , colonel Grant with his Highlanders stole a march upon them , and in the night took possession of a hill about eighty rod from Fort DuQuesne - -- this hill is on that account called Grant 's hill to this day . French and Indians knew not that Grant and his men were there until they beat the drum and played upon the bag - pipes , just at day - light . They then flew to arms , and the Indians ran up under covert of the banks of Allegheny and Monongahela , for some distance , and then sallied out from the banks of the rivers , and took possession of the hill above Grant ; and as he was on the point of it in sight of the fort , they immediately surrounded him , and as he had his Highlanders in ranks , and very close order , and the Indians scattered , and concealed behind trees , they defeated him with the loss only of a few warriors - -- most of the Highlanders were killed or taken prisoners . '' A plaque on the Allegheny County Courthouse , erected in 1901 commemorates the site of the battle , and the hill where the battle was fought is today called Grant Street , in Pittsburgh . French retreat ( edit ) Though the French had beaten off the initial British attack , Lignery understood that his force of about 600 could not hold Fort Duquesne against the main British force of more than ten times that number . The French continued to occupy Fort Duquesne until November 26 , when the garrison set fire to the fort and left under the cover of darkness . As the British marched up to the smoldering remains , they were confronted with an appalling sight . The Indians had decapitated many of the dead Highlanders and impaled their heads on the sharp stakes on top of the fort walls , with their kilts displayed below . The British and Americans rebuilt Fort Duquesne , naming it Fort Pitt after the British prime minister William Pitt , who had ordered the capture of that strategic location . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steele , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Volume II , p. 17 Jump up ^ Fleming , p. 391 Jump up ^ Fleming , pp. 391 - 392 Jump up ^ Fleming , p. 392 Jump up ^ Stewart , Volume I , pp. 312 - 313 Jump up ^ Stewart , Volume I , Page 313 Jump up ^ Dolack , Founder 's Son Leads Area Through Wars with French and British Jump up ^ Smith , James ( 1799 ) . An account of the remarkable occurrences in the life and travels of Colonel James Smith . p. 102 . References ( edit ) Anderson , Fred . Crucible of War : The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 - 1766 ( 2000 ) pp 267 -- 285 Chartrand , Rene . Tomahawk and Musket ; French and Indian Raids in the Ohio Valley 1758 . ( 2012 ) Osprey Publishing . Osprey Raid Series # 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 564 - 9 Dolack , Bill ( 2008 ) . `` Founder 's Son Leads Area Through Wars with French and British '' . Christian History Society of America . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Fleming , George Thornton ( 1922 ) . History of Pittsburgh and Environs : From Prehistoric Days to the Beginning of the American Revolution , Volume 1 . New York and Chicago : The American Historical Society . OCLC 18045743 . This includes letters from both Grant and Washington discussing the action . McConnell , Michael N. A Country Between : The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples , 1724 - 1774 ( 1992 ) . Steele , Ian K. ( 1994 ) . Warpaths : Invasions of North America . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195082230 . Stewart , David , Sketches of the Character , Manners and Present State of the Highlanders of Scotland , 2 volumes , John Donald Publishers Ltd. , Edinburgh , 1977 ( originally published in 1822 ) White , Richard . Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 ( 1991 ) Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Henry Bouquet : Volume II The Forbes Expedition ed. by Donald Kent et al. ( 1951 ) Writings of General John Cabot Forbes Relating to his Service in North America ( 1938 ) The Papers of George Washington , Colonial Series , volume 5 October 1757 - September 1758 ed by W.W. Abbott et al. ( 1988 ) Pennsylvania during the French and Indian War 1754 Battle of Jumonville Glen Battle of the Great Meadows 1755 Braddock expedition Battle of the Monongahela 1756 Kittanning Expedition 1758 Battle of Fort Duquesne Battle of Fort Ligonier Treaty of Easton 1763 Paxton Boys Frontier Forts Fort Augusta Fort Bedford Fort Deshler Fort Duquesne Fort Halifax Fort Hunter Fort Le Boeuf Light 's Fort Fort Ligonier Fort Loudoun Fort Machault Fort Necessity Fort Pitt Fort Presque Isle Fort Prince George Redstone Old Fort Fort Venango Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fort_Duquesne&oldid=808410958 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1758 Battles of the French and Indian War Battles involving France Battles involving Great Britain History of Pittsburgh Military history of the Thirteen Colonies History of Cumberland , MD - WV MSA Battles in Pennsylvania 1758 in the Thirteen Colonies Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 18 : 20 . About Wikipedia	last name of the british officer sent to drive the french out of the ohio river valley	[ "The attack on Fort Duquesne was part of a large-scale British expedition with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes to drive the French out of the contested Ohio Country (the upper Ohio River Valley) and clear the way for an invasion of Canada. Forbes ordered Major James Grant of the 1st Highland Regiment to reconnoiter the area with 850 men. When Grant proceeded to attack the French position, his force was out maneuvered, surrounded, and largely destroyed by the French and their native allies led by François-Marie Le Marchand de Lignery. Major Grant was taken prisoner and the British survivors retreated fitfully to Fort Ligonier." ]	[ "Forbes" ]
-1425328026174259092	Dresden	Dresden - wikipedia Dresden Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Dresden ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dresden Clockwise : Dresden at night , Dresden Frauenkirche , Schloss Pillnitz , Dresden Castle and Zwinger Flag Coat of arms Dresden Coordinates : 51 ° 2 ′ N 13 ° 44 ′ E / 51.033 ° N 13.733 ° E / 51.033 ; 13.733 Coordinates : 51 ° 2 ′ N 13 ° 44 ′ E / 51.033 ° N 13.733 ° E / 51.033 ; 13.733 Country Germany State Saxony District Urban district Government Lord Mayor Dirk Hilbert ( FDP ) Area City 328.8 km ( 127.0 sq mi ) Elevation 113 m ( 371 ft ) Population ( 2015 - 12 - 31 ) City 543,825 Density 1,700 / km ( 4,300 / sq mi ) Urban 780,561 Metro 1,143,197 Time zone CET / CEST ( UTC + 1 / + 2 ) Website dresden.de Historic city centre with main sights Dresden ( German pronunciation : ( ˈdʁeːsdn̩ ) ( listen ) ; Czech : Drážďany , Polish : Drezno ) is the capital city and , after Leipzig , the second - largest city of the Free State of Saxony in Germany . It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe , near the border with the Czech Republic . Dresden has a long history as the capital and royal residence for the Electors and Kings of Saxony , who for centuries furnished the city with cultural and artistic splendor , and was once by personal union the family seat of Polish monarchs . The city was known as the Jewel Box , because of its baroque and rococo city centre . The controversial American and British bombing of Dresden in World War II towards the end of the war killed approximately 25,000 people , many of whom were civilians , and destroyed the entire city centre . After the war restoration work has helped to reconstruct parts of the historic inner city , including the Katholische Hofkirche , the Zwinger and the famous Semper Oper . Since German reunification in 1990 Dresden is again a cultural , educational and political centre of Germany and Europe . The Dresden University of Technology is one of the 10 largest universities in Germany and part of the German Universities Excellence Initiative . The economy of Dresden and its agglomeration is one of the most dynamic in Germany and ranks first in Saxony . It is dominated by high - tech branches , often called as `` Silicon Saxony '' . The city is also one of the most visited in Germany with 4.3 million overnight stays per year , with their Christmas markets attracting many during the holidays . The royal buildings are among the most impressive buildings in Europe . Main sights are also the nearby National Park of Saxon Switzerland , the Ore Mountains and the countryside around Elbe Valley and Moritzburg Castle . The most prominent building in the city skyline of Dresden is the Frauenkirche . Built in the 18th century , the protestant church was destroyed during World War II . The remaining ruins were left for 50 years as a war memorial . The remains were also left in the city center of Dresden because funds to rebuild the Frauenkirche were scarce . The newly built Frauenkirche has charred stones from the destroyed church adapted with new stones as a reminder of the destruction from World War II . The church was rebuilt from 1994 to 2005 . According to the Hamburgische Weltwirtschaftsinstitut ( HWWI ) and Berenberg Bank in 2017 , Dresden has the fourth best prospects for the future of all cities in Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Early - modern age 1.2. 1 Military history 1.3 Second World War 1.4 Post-war 1.5 Post-reunification 2 Geography 2.1 Location 2.2 Nature 2.3 Climate 2.4 Flood protection 2.5 City structuring 2.6 Demographics 3 Governance 3.1 Municipality and city council 3.2 Local affairs 4 Twin towns -- sister cities 5 Culture and architecture 5.1 Entertainment 5.2 Museums , presentations and collections 5.3 Architecture 5.3. 1 Royal household 5.3. 2 Sacred buildings 5.3. 3 Contemporary architecture 5.3. 4 Other buildings 5.3. 5 Dresden - Hellerau -- Germany 's first garden city 5.3. 6 Living quarters 5.4 Cinemas and cinematics 5.5 Sport 5.6 Main sights 6 Infrastructure 6.1 Transport 6.2 Public utilities 7 Economy 7.1 Enterprises 8 Media 9 Education and science 9.1 Universities 9.2 Research institutes 9.3 Higher secondary education 9.4 Sons and daughters of the town 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links History ( edit ) The Fürstenzug -- the Saxon sovereigns depicted in Meissen porcelain See also : Timeline of Dresden Although Dresden is a relatively recent city of Germanic origin followed by settlement of Slavic people , the area had been settled in the Neolithic era by Linear Pottery culture tribes ca . 7500 BC . Dresden 's founding and early growth is associated with the eastward expansion of Germanic peoples , mining in the nearby Ore Mountains , and the establishment of the Margraviate of Meissen . Its name etymologically derives from Old Sorbian Drežďany , meaning people of the forest . Dresden later evolved into the capital of Saxony . Early History ( edit ) Dresden in 1521 This section needs expansion with : the help of German wikipedia article . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) Around the late 12th century , a Slavic settlement called Drežďany had developed on the southern bank . Another settlement existed on the northern bank , but its Slavic name is unknown . It was known as Antiqua Dresdin by 1350 , and later as Altendresden , both literally `` old Dresden '' . Dietrich , Margrave of Meissen , chose Dresden as his interim residence in 1206 , as documented in a record calling the place `` Civitas Dresdene '' . After 1270 , Dresden became the capital of the margraviate . It was given to Friedrich Clem after death of Henry the Illustrious in 1288 . It was taken by the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1316 and was restored to the Wettin dynasty after the death of Valdemar the Great in 1319 . From 1485 , it was the seat of the dukes of Saxony , and from 1547 the electors as well . Early - modern age ( edit ) Zwinger , 1719 , wedding reception of Augustus III of Poland and Maria Josepha of Austria The Elector and ruler of Saxony Frederick Augustus I became King Augustus II the Strong of Poland in 1697 . He gathered many of the best musicians , architects and painters from all over Europe to the newly named Royal - Polish Residential City of Dresden . His reign marked the beginning of Dresden 's emergence as a leading European city for technology and art . During the reign of Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland most of the city 's baroque landmarks were built . These include the Zwinger Royal Palace , the Japanese Palace , the Taschenbergpalais , the Pillnitz Castle and the two landmark churches : the Catholic Hofkirche and the Lutheran Frauenkirche . In addition significant art collections and museums were founded . Notable examples include the Dresden Porcelain Collection , the Collection of Prints , Drawings and Photographs , the Grünes Gewölbe and the Mathematisch - Physikalischer Salon . In 1729 , by decree of King Augustus II the first Polish Military Academy was founded in Dresden . In 1730 , it was relocated to Warsaw . Dresden suffered heavy destruction in the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) , following its capture by Prussian forces , its subsequent re-capture , and a failed Prussian siege in 1760 . Friedrich Schiller wrote his Ode to Joy ( the literary base of the European anthem ) for the Dresden Masonic lodge in 1785 . During the decline of Poland Dresden was site of preparations for the Polish Kościuszko Uprising . Napoleon Crossing the Elbe by Józef Brodowski ( 1895 ) The city of Dresden had a distinctive silhouette , captured in famous paintings by Bernardo Bellotto and by Norwegian painter Johan Christian Dahl . Between 1806 and 1918 the city was the capital of the Kingdom of Saxony ( which was a part of the German Empire from 1871 ) . During the Napoleonic Wars the French emperor made it a base of operations , winning there the famous Battle of Dresden on 27 August 1813 . Following the November Uprising ( 1831 ) many Poles , including writers Juliusz Słowacki , Stefan Florian Garczyński , Klementyna Hoffmanowa and composer Frédéric Chopin , fled from the Russian Partition of Poland to Dresden . Also national poet Adam Mickiewicz stayed several months in Dresden , starting in March 1832 . He wrote the poetic drama Dziady , Part III there . Dresden saw a further influx of Poles after the 1848 and 1863 uprisings , amongst whom were authors Teofil Lenartowicz , Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and Wawrzyniec Benzelstjerna Engeström . Dresden itself was a centre of the German Revolutions in 1848 with the May Uprising , which cost human lives and damaged the historic town of Dresden . During the 19th century , the city became a major centre of economy , including motor car production , food processing , banking and the manufacture of medical equipment . In the early 20th century , Dresden was particularly well known for its camera works and its cigarette factories . Between 1918 and 1934 , Dresden was capital of the first Free State of Saxony . Dresden was a centre of European modern art until 1933 . Military History ( edit ) Image of Dresden during the 1890s , before extensive World War II destruction . Landmarks include Dresden Frauenkirche , Augustus Bridge , and Katholische Hofkirche . During the foundation of the German Empire in 1871 , a large military facility called Albertstadt was built . It had a capacity of up to 20,000 military personnel at the beginning of the First World War . The garrison saw only limited use between 1918 and 1934 , but was then reactivated in preparation for the Second World War . Its usefulness was limited by attacks on 17 April 1945 on the railway network ( especially towards Bohemia ) . Soldiers had been deployed as late as March 1945 in the Albertstadt garrison . The Albertstadt garrison became the headquarters of the Soviet 1st Guards Tank Army in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany after the war . Apart from the German army officers ' school ( Offizierschule des Heeres ) , there have been no more military units in Dresden since the army merger during German reunification , and the withdrawal of Soviet forces in 1992 . Nowadays , the Bundeswehr operates the Military History Museum of the Federal Republic of Germany in the former Albertstadt garrison . Second World War ( edit ) Dresden , 1945 , view from the town hall ( Rathaus ) over the destroyed city ( the allegory of goodness in the foreground ) Main article : Bombing of Dresden in World War II Dresden , 1945 -- over 90 percent of the city centre was destroyed . During the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945 , the Jewish community of Dresden was reduced from over 6,000 ( 7,100 people were persecuted as Jews ) to 41 , as a result of emigration and murders . Non-Jews were also targeted , and over 1,300 people were executed by the Nazis at the Münchner Platz , a courthouse in Dresden , including labour leaders , undesirables , resistance fighters and anyone caught listening to foreign radio broadcasts . The bombing stopped prisoners who were busy digging a large hole into which an additional 4,000 prisoners were to be disposed of . Dresden in the 20th century was a major communications hub and manufacturing centre with 127 factories and major workshops and was designated by the German Military as a defensive strongpoint , with which to hinder the Soviet advance . Being the capital of the German state of Saxony , Dresden not only had garrisons but a whole military borough , the Albertstadt . This military complex , named after Saxon King Albert , was not specifically targeted in the bombing of Dresden , though it was within the expected area of destruction and was extensively damaged . During the final months of the Second World War , Dresden harboured some 600,000 refugees , with a total population of 1.2 million . Dresden was attacked seven times between 1944 and 1945 , and was occupied by the Red Army after the German capitulation . Dresden was the site of the world 's second man made firestorm . The bombing of Dresden by the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) and the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) between 13 and 15 February 1945 remains controversial . On the night of February 13 - 14 , 1945 773 RAF Lancaster bombers dropped 1,181.6 tons of incendiary bombs and 1,477.7 tons of high explosive bombs on the city . The inner city of Dresden was largely destroyed ( RAF Bomber Command 60th Anniversary -- Campaign Diary February 1945 Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ) < / ref > The high explosive bombs damaged buildings and exposed their wooden structures , while the incendiaries ignited them , denying their use by retreating German troops and refugees . Widely quoted Nazi propaganda reports claimed 200,000 deaths , but the German Dresden Historians ' Commission , made up of 13 prominent German historians , in an official 2010 report published after five years of research concluded that casualties numbered between 18,000 and 25,000 . The Allies described the operation as the legitimate bombing of a military and industrial target . Several researchers have argued that the February attacks were disproportionate . Mostly women and children died . When interviewed after the war in 1977 , Sir Arthur Harris stood by his decision to carry out the raids , and reaffirmed that it reduced the German military 's ability to wage war . American author Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Slaughterhouse Five is loosely based on his first - hand experience of the raid as a POW . In remembrance of the victims , the anniversaries of the bombing of Dresden are marked with peace demonstrations , devotions and marches . The destruction of Dresden allowed Hildebrand Gurlitt , a major Nazi museum director and art dealer , to hide a large collection of artwork worth over a billion dollars that had been stolen during the Nazi era , as he claimed it had been destroyed along with his house which was located in Dresden . Post-war ( edit ) After the Second World War , Dresden became a major industrial centre in the German Democratic Republic ( former East Germany ) with a great deal of research infrastructure . It was the centre of Bezirk Dresden ( Dresden District ) between 1952 and 1990 . Many of the city 's important historic buildings were reconstructed , including the Semper Opera House and the Zwinger Palace , although the city leaders chose to rebuild large areas of the city in a `` socialist modern '' style , partly for economic reasons , but also to break away from the city 's past as the royal capital of Saxony and a stronghold of the German bourgeoisie . Some of the ruins of churches , royal buildings and palaces , such as the Gothic Sophienkirche , the Alberttheater and the Wackerbarth - Palais , were razed by the Soviet and East German authorities in the 1950s and 1960s rather than being repaired . Compared to West Germany , the majority of historic buildings were saved . From 1985 to 1990 , the future President of Russia , Vladimir Putin , was stationed in Dresden by the KGB , where he worked for Lazar Matveev , the senior KGB liaison officer there . On 3 October 1989 ( the so - called `` battle of Dresden '' ) , a convoy of trains carrying East German refugees from Prague passed through Dresden on its way to the Federal Republic of Germany . Local activists and residents joined in the growing civil disobedience movement spreading across the German Democratic Republic , by staging demonstrations and demanding the removal of the non-democratic government . Post-reunification ( edit ) The Dresden Frauenkirche , a few years after its reconsecration Dresden old town Dresden Frauenkirche at night Dresden has experienced dramatic changes since the reunification of Germany in the early 1990s . The city still bears many wounds from the bombing raids of 1945 , but it has undergone significant reconstruction in recent decades . Restoration of the Dresden Frauenkirche was completed in 2005 , a year before Dresden 's 800th anniversary , notably by privately raised funds . The gold cross on the top of the church was funded officially by `` the British people and the House of Windsor '' . The urban renewal process , which includes the reconstruction of the area around the Neumarkt square on which the Frauenkirche is situated , will continue for many decades , but public and government interest remains high , and there are numerous large projects underway -- both historic reconstructions and modern plans -- that will continue the city 's recent architectural renaissance . Dresden remains a major cultural centre of historical memory , owing to the city 's destruction in World War II . Each year on 13 February , the anniversary of the British and American fire - bombing raid that destroyed most of the city , tens of thousands of demonstrators gather to commemorate the event . Since reunification , the ceremony has taken on a more neutral and pacifist tone ( after being used more politically during the Cold War ) . Beginning in 1999 , white nationalists have organised Neo-Nazi demonstrations in Dresden that have been among the largest in the post-war history of Germany . Each year around the anniversary of the city 's destruction , people convene in the memory of those who died in the fire - bombing . The completion of the reconstructed Dresden Frauenkirche in 2005 marked the first step in rebuilding the Neumarkt area . The areas around the square have been divided into 8 `` Quarters '' , with each being rebuilt as a separate project , the majority of buildings to be rebuilt either to the original structure or at least with a façade similar to the original . Quarter I and the front section of Quarters II , III , IV and V ( II ) have since been completed , with Quarter VIII currently under construction . In 2002 , torrential rains caused the Elbe to flood 9 metres ( 30 ft ) above its normal height , i.e. , even higher than the old record height from 1845 , damaging many landmarks ( See 2002 European flood ) . The destruction from this `` millennium flood '' is no longer visible , due to the speed of reconstruction . The United Nations ' cultural organization UNESCO declared the Dresden Elbe Valley to be a World Heritage Site in 2004 . After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006 , the city lost the title in June 2009 , due to the construction of the Waldschlößchenbrücke , making it only the second ever World Heritage Site to be removed from the register . UNESCO stated in 2006 that the bridge would destroy the cultural landscape . The city council 's legal moves , meant to prevent the bridge from being built , failed . The Dresden Elbe Valley was an internationally recognised site of cultural significance by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee for five years . After being placed on the list of endangered World Heritage Sites in 2006 , the city had its status as world heritage site formally removed in June 2009 , for the wilful breach of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention , due to the construction of a highway bridge across the valley within 2 km ( 1 mi ) of the historic centre . The `` Free State of Saxony '' is responsible for the destruction of this unique cultural landscape . It thereby became the first location ever in Europe to lose this status , and the second ever in the world . Modern Dresden by night Dresden by day ( Brühl 's Terrace ) Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography and urban development of Dresden Location ( edit ) Saxon Switzerland a few kilometres outside of Dresden View over Dresden Basin Dresden lies on both banks of the Elbe River , mostly in the Dresden Basin , with the further reaches of the eastern Ore Mountains to the south , the steep slope of the Lusatian granitic crust to the north , and the Elbe Sandstone Mountains to the east at an altitude of about 113 metres ( 371 feet ) . Triebenberg is the highest point in Dresden at 384 metres ( 1,260 feet ) . With a pleasant location and a mild climate on the Elbe , as well as Baroque - style architecture and numerous world - renowned museums and art collections , Dresden has been called `` Elbflorenz '' ( Florence of the Elbe ) . The incorporation of neighbouring rural communities over the past 60 years has made Dresden the fourth largest urban district by area in Germany after Berlin , Hamburg and Cologne . The nearest German cities are Chemnitz 80 kilometres ( 50 miles ) to the southwest , Leipzig 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) to the northwest and Berlin 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) to the north . Prague , Czech Republic is about 150 kilometres ( 93 miles ) to the south and to the east 200 kilometres ( 120 miles ) is the Polish city of Wrocław . Nature ( edit ) Dresden is one of the greenest cities in all of Europe , with 63 % of the city being green areas and forests . The Dresden Heath ( Dresdner Heide ) to the north is a forest 50 km in size . There are four nature reserves . The additional Special Conservation Areas cover 18 km . The protected gardens , parkways , parks and old graveyards host 110 natural monuments in the city . The Dresden Elbe Valley is a former world heritage site which is focused on the conservation of the cultural landscape in Dresden . One important part of that landscape is the Elbe meadows , which cross the city in a 20 kilometre swath . Saxon Switzerland is an important nearby location . Climate ( edit ) Dresden has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) , influenced by its inland location , with warm summers and slightly colder winters as compared to the German average . The average temperature in January is 0.1 ° C ( 32.18 ° F ) and in July 19.0 ° C ( 66.2 ° F ) . The driest months are February , March and April , with precipitation of around 40 mm ( 1.6 in ) . The wettest months are July and August , with more than 80 mm ( 3.1 in ) per month . The microclimate in the Elbe valley differs from that on the slopes and in the higher areas , where the Dresden district Klotzsche , at 227 metres above sea level , hosts the Dresden weather station . The weather in Klotzsche is 1 to 3 ° C ( 1.8 to 5.4 ° F ) colder than in the inner city at 112 metres above sea level . ( hide ) Climate data for Dresden , Germany for 1981 -- 2010 , record temperatures for 1967 - 2013 ( Source : DWD ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 35.3 ( 95.5 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 32.3 ( 90.1 ) 27.1 ( 80.8 ) 19.1 ( 66.4 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 2.7 ( 36.9 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) 8.3 ( 46.9 ) 13.7 ( 56.7 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 21.5 ( 70.7 ) 24.2 ( 75.6 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 18.9 ( 66 ) 13.6 ( 56.5 ) 7.2 ( 45 ) 3.5 ( 38.3 ) 13.34 ( 56.01 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 0.1 ( 32.2 ) 0.9 ( 33.6 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 14.3 ( 57.7 ) 9.8 ( 49.6 ) 4.5 ( 40.1 ) 1.1 ( 34 ) 9.37 ( 48.87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 2.4 ( 27.7 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 11.9 ( 53.4 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 6.5 ( 43.7 ) 2.1 ( 35.8 ) − 1.2 ( 29.8 ) 5.65 ( 42.17 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 25.3 ( − 13.5 ) − 23.0 ( − 9.4 ) − 16.5 ( 2.3 ) − 6.3 ( 20.7 ) − 3.4 ( 25.9 ) 1.2 ( 34.2 ) 6.7 ( 44.1 ) 5.4 ( 41.7 ) 1.4 ( 34.5 ) − 6.0 ( 21.2 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) − 21.0 ( − 5.8 ) − 25.3 ( − 13.5 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 46.5 ( 1.831 ) 34.6 ( 1.362 ) 43.2 ( 1.701 ) 41.2 ( 1.622 ) 64.8 ( 2.551 ) 64.6 ( 2.543 ) 87.4 ( 3.441 ) 83.0 ( 3.268 ) 50.2 ( 1.976 ) 42.5 ( 1.673 ) 53.9 ( 2.122 ) 52.1 ( 2.051 ) 664.03 ( 26.1429 ) Mean monthly sunshine hours 62.1 77.8 118.2 170.7 218.7 202.3 222.6 212.9 152.0 122.4 64.5 55.1 1,679.37 Source : Data derived from Deutscher Wetterdienst Flood protection ( edit ) Because of its location on the banks of the Elbe , into which some water sources from the Ore Mountains flow , flood protection is important . Large areas are kept free of buildings to provide a flood plain . Two additional trenches , about 50 metres wide , have been built to keep the inner city free of water from the Elbe , by dissipating the water downstream through the inner city 's gorge portion . Flood regulation systems like detention basins and water reservoirs are almost all outside the city area . The Weißeritz , normally a rather small river , suddenly ran directly into the main station of Dresden during the 2002 European floods . This was largely because the river returned to its former route ; it had been diverted so that a railway could run along the river bed . Many locations and areas need to be protected by walls and sheet pilings during floods . A number of districts become waterlogged if the Elbe overflows across some of its former floodplains . Floods in 2002 Semperoper during 2005 floods Elbe Flood in April 2006 Dresden skyline in 2006 Dresden under water in June 2013 City structuring ( edit ) Großer Garten in Dresden This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dresden is a spacious city . Its districts differ in their structure and appearance . Many parts still contain an old village core , while some quarters are almost completely preserved as rural settings . Other characteristic kinds of urban areas are the historic outskirts of the city , and the former suburbs with scattered housing . During the German Democratic Republic , many apartment blocks were built . The original parts of the city are almost all in the districts of Altstadt ( Old town ) and Neustadt ( New town ) . Growing outside the city walls , the historic outskirts were built in the 18th century . They were planned and constructed on the orders of the Saxon monarchs , which is why the outskirts are often named after sovereigns . From the 19th century the city grew by incorporating other districts . Dresden has been divided into ten districts called `` Ortsamtsbereich '' and nine former boroughs ( `` Ortschaften '' ) which have been incorporated . Demographics ( edit ) Significant foreign born populations Nationality Population ( 2017 ) Russia 3,504 China 2,432 Syria 1,929 Poland 1,875 Vietnam 1,601 Czech Republic 999 Italy 923 India 910 The population of Dresden grew to 100,000 inhabitants in 1852 , making it one of the first German cities after Hamburg and Berlin to reach that number . The population peaked at 649,252 in 1933 , and dropped to 450,000 in 1946 because of World War II , during which large residential areas of the city were destroyed . After large incorporations and city restoration , the population grew to 522,532 again between 1950 and 1983 . Since German reunification , demographic development has been very unsteady . The city has struggled with migration and suburbanisation . During the 1990s the population increased to 480,000 because of several incorporations , and decreased to 452,827 in 1998 . Between 2000 and 2010 , the population grew quickly by more than 45,000 inhabitants ( about 9.5 % ) due to a stabilised economy and re-urbanisation . Along with Munich and Potsdam , Dresden is one of the ten fastest - growing cities in Germany , while the population of the surrounding new federal states is still shrinking . As of 2010 the population of the city of Dresden was 523,058 , the population of the Dresden agglomeration was 780,561 as of 2008 , and as of 2007 the population of the Dresden region , which includes the neighbouring districts of Meißen , Sächsische Schweiz - Osterzgebirge and the western part of the district of Bautzen was 1,143,197 . Dresden is one of the few German Cities which has more inhabitants than ever since World War II . As of 2006 about 51.3 % of the population was female . As of 2007 the mean age of the population was 43 years , which is the lowest among the urban districts in Saxony . As of 31 December 2013 there were 43,707 people with a migration background ( 8.7 % of the city 's population ) , and about half , 25,224 or about 4.7 % of all Dresden citizens were foreigners . This percentage is almost the same as in 2006 with 4 % . Ancestry Number Germans 91 % Other European 5 % Turkish 0.2 % Asians 1 % Africans 0.7 % Other / Mixed 2.1 % Governance ( edit ) Main article : City Council of Dresden Dresden is one of Germany 's 16 political centres and the capital of Saxony . It has institutions of democratic local self - administration that are independent from the capital functions . Some local affairs of Dresden receive national attention . Dresden hosted some international summits such as the Petersburg Dialogue between Russia and Germany , the European Union 's Minister of the Interior conference and the G8 labour ministers conference in recent years . Municipality and city council ( edit ) The city council defines the basic principles of the municipality by decrees and statutes . The council gives orders to the `` Bürgermeister '' ( `` Burgomaster '' or Mayor ) by voting for resolutions and thus has some executive power . As of 2008 , there was no stable governing majority on Dresden city council ( Stadtrat ) . As of 2014 the 70 seats of the city council were distributed as follows : Party Number of seats Christian Democratic Union ( Germany ) 21 Die Linke . 15 Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen 11 Social Democratic Party of Germany 9 Alternative for Germany 5 Free Democratic Party ( Germany ) National Democratic Party of Germany Bündnis Freie Bürger Pirate Party Germany The Supreme Burgomaster is directly elected by the citizens for a term of seven years . Executive functions are normally elected indirectly in Germany . However , the Supreme Burgomaster shares numerous executive rights with the city council . He / She is the executive head of the municipality , and also the ceremonial representative of the city . The main departments of the municipality are managed by seven burgomasters . Local affairs ( edit ) The Waldschlösschen Bridge is a subject of controversy in Dresden and other parts of Germany Local affairs in Dresden often centre around the urban development of the city and its spaces . Architecture and the design of public places is a controversial subject . Discussions about the Waldschlößchenbrücke , a bridge under construction across the Elbe , received international attention because of its position across the Dresden Elbe Valley World Heritage Site . The city held a public referendum in 2005 on whether to build the bridge , prior to UNESCO expressing doubts about the compatibility between bridge and heritage . Its construction caused loss of World Heritage site status in 2009 . In 2006 Dresden sold its publicly subsidized housing organization , WOBA Dresden GmbH , to the US - based private investment company Fortress Investment Group . The city received 987.1 million euro and paid off its remaining loans , making it the first large city in Germany to become debt - free . Opponents of the sale were concerned about Dresden 's loss of control over the subsidized housing market . Since October 2014 , PEGIDA , a nationalistic political movement based in Dresden has been organising weekly demonstrations against what it perceives as the Islamisation of Europe although the primarily Turkish and Muslim population make up only 0.2 % of the population of the city . As the number of demonstrators increased to 17,500 on December 22 , so has the international media coverage of it . Twin towns -- Sister cities ( edit ) See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany Along with its twin city Coventry in England , Dresden was one of the first two cities to pair with a foreign city after the Second World War . The cities became twins after the war in an act of reconciliation , as both had suffered near - total destruction from massive aerial bombing . Similar symbolism occurred in 1988 , when Dresden twinned with the Dutch city of Rotterdam . The Coventry Blitz and Rotterdam Blitz bombardments by the German Luftwaffe are also considered to be disproportional . Dresden has had a triangular partnership with Saint Petersburg and Hamburg since 1987 . Dresden has 14 twin cities . Coventry , West Midlands , England , United Kingdom , since 1959 Saint Petersburg , Russia , since 1961 Wrocław , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , since 1963 Skopje , Macedonia , since 1967 Ostrava , Czech Republic , since 1971 Brazzaville , Congo , since 1975 Florence , Tuscany , Italy , since 1978 Hamburg , Germany , since 1987 Rotterdam , South Holland , Netherlands , since 1988 Strasbourg , Bas - Rhin , Grand Est , France , since 1990 Salzburg , Austria , since 1991 Columbus , Ohio , United States , since 1992 Hangzhou , China , since 2009 Culture and architecture ( edit ) Main article : Culture in Dresden Dresden at night Dresden Frauenkirche , symbol of Dresden Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner had a number of their works performed for the first time in Dresden . Other famous artists , such as Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , Otto Dix , Oskar Kokoschka , Richard Strauss , Gottfried Semper and Gret Palucca , were also active in the city . Dresden is also home to several important art collections , world - famous musical ensembles , and significant buildings from various architectural periods , many of which were rebuilt after the destruction of the Second World War . Entertainment ( edit ) The Semperoper , completely rebuilt and reopened in 1985 Yenidze The Saxon State Opera descends from the opera company of the former electors and Kings of Saxony . Their first opera house was the Opernhaus am Taschenberg , opened in 1667 . The Opernhaus am Zwinger presented opera from 1719 to 1756 , when the Seven Years ' War began . The later Semperoper was completely destroyed during the bombing of Dresden during the second world war . The opera 's reconstruction was completed exactly 40 years later , on 13 February 1985 . Its musical ensemble is the Sächsische Staatskapelle Dresden , founded in 1548 . The Dresden State Theatre runs a number of smaller theatres . The Dresden State Operetta is the only independent operetta in Germany . The Herkuleskeule ( Hercules club ) is an important site in German - speaking political cabaret . There are several choirs in Dresden , the best - known of which is the Dresdner Kreuzchor ( Choir of The Holy Cross ) . It is a boys ' choir drawn from pupils of the Kreuzschule , and was founded in the 13th century . The Dresdner Kapellknaben are not related to the Staatskapelle , but to the former Hofkapelle , the Catholic cathedral , since 1980 . The Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra is the orchestra of the city of Dresden . Throughout the summer , the outdoor concert series `` Zwingerkonzerte und Mehr '' is held in the Zwingerhof . Performances include dance and music . A big event each year in June is the Bunte Republik Neustadt , a culture festival lasting 3 days in the city district of Dresden - Neustadt . Bands play live concerts for free in the streets , storefronts offer cultural experiences , and people can find all kinds of refreshments and food . At night as well , concerts continue , turning into a nightlife haven . Museums , presentations and collections ( edit ) Dresden hosts the Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden ( Dresden State Art Collections ) which , according to the institution 's own statements , place it among the most important museums presently in existence . The art collections consist of twelve museums , of which the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister ( Old Masters Gallery ) and the Grünes Gewölbe ( Green Vault ) and the Japanese Palace ( Japanisches Palais ) are the most famous . Also known are Galerie Neue Meister ( New Masters Gallery ) , Rüstkammer ( Armoury ) with the Turkish Chamber , and the Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden ( Museum of Ethnology ) . Other museums and collections owned by the Free State of Saxony in Dresden are : The Deutsche Hygiene - Museum , founded for mass education in hygiene , health , human biology and medicine The Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte ( State Museum of Prehistory ) The Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden ( State Collection of Natural History ) The Universitätssammlung Kunst + Technik ( Collection of Art and Technology of the Dresden University of Technology ) Verkehrsmuseum Dresden ( Transport Museum ) Festung Dresden ( Dresden Fortress ) The Dresden City Museum is run by the city of Dresden and focused on the city 's history . The Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr ( Military History Museum ) is placed in the former garrison in the Albertstadt . The book museum of the Saxon State Library presents the famous Dresden Codex . The Botanischer Garten Dresden is a botanical garden in the Großer Garten that is maintained by the Dresden University of Technology . Also located in the Großer Garten is the Dresden Zoo . The Kraszewski - Museum is a museum dedicated to the most prolific Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski , who lived in Dresden from 1863 to 1883 . Architecture ( edit ) Although Dresden is often said to be a Baroque city , its architecture is influenced by more than one style . Other eras of importance are the Renaissance and Historism , as well as the contemporary styles of Modernism and Postmodernism . Dresden has some 13 000 listed cultural monuments and eight districts under general preservation orders . Royal household ( edit ) Zwinger Palace The royal buildings are among the most impressive buildings in Dresden . The Dresden Castle was the seat of the royal household from 1485 . The wings of the building have been renewed , built upon and restored many times . Due to this integration of styles , the castle is made up of elements of the Renaissance , Baroque and Classicist styles . The Zwinger Palace is across the road from the castle . It was built on the old stronghold of the city and was converted to a centre for the royal art collections and a place to hold festivals . Its gate by the moat , surmounted by a golden crown , is famous . Other royal buildings and ensembles : Brühl 's Terrace was a gift to Heinrich , count von Brühl , and became an ensemble of buildings above the river Elbe . Dresden Elbe Valley with the Pillnitz Castle and other castles Sacred buildings ( edit ) Bernardo Bellotto 's Dresden included the Hofkirche during construction . The Hofkirche was the church of the royal household . Augustus the Strong , who desired to be King of Poland , converted to Catholicism , as Polish kings had to be Catholic . At that time Dresden was strictly Protestant . Augustus the Strong ordered the building of the Hofkirche , the Roman Catholic Cathedral , to establish a sign of Roman Catholic religious importance in Dresden . The church is the cathedral `` Sanctissimae Trinitatis '' since 1980 . The crypt of the Wettin Dynasty is located within the church . King Augustus III of Poland is buried in the Cathedral , as one of very few Polish Kings to be buried outside the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków . In contrast to the Hofkirche , the Lutheran Frauenkirche was built almost contemporaneously by the citizens of Dresden . It is said to be the greatest cupola building in Central and Northern Europe . The city 's historic Kreuzkirche was reconsecrated in 1388 . There are also other churches in Dresden , for example a Russian Orthodox Church in the Südvorstadt district . Contemporary architecture ( edit ) The locally controversial UFA - Palast Dresden has been an important site for the development of contemporary architecture for centuries , and this trend has continued into the 20th and 21st centuries . Historicist buildings made their presence felt on the cityscape until the 1920s sampled by public buildings such as the Staatskanzlei or the City Hall . One of the youngest buildings of that era is the Hygiene Museum , which is designed in an impressively monumental style , but employs plain façades and simple structures . It is often attributed , wrongly , to the Bauhaus school . Most of the present cityscape of Dresden was built after 1945 , a mix of reconstructed or repaired old buildings and new buildings in the modern and postmodern styles . Important buildings erected between 1945 and 1990 are the Centrum - Warenhaus ( a large department store ) representing the international Style , the Kulturpalast , and several smaller and two bigger complexes of Plattenbau housing in Gorbitz , while there is also housing dating from the era of Stalinist architecture . The New Synagogue After 1990 and German reunification , new styles emerged . Important contemporary buildings include the New Synagogue , a postmodern building with few windows , the Transparent Factory , the Saxon State Parliament and the New Terrace , the UFA - Kristallpalast cinema by Coop Himmelb ( l ) au ( one of the biggest buildings of Deconstructivism in Germany ) , and the Saxon State Library . Daniel Libeskind and Norman Foster both modified existing buildings . Foster roofed the main railway station with translucent Teflon - coated synthetics . Libeskind changed the whole structure of the Bundeswehr Military History Museum Museum by placing a wedge through the historical arsenal building . Other buildings ( edit ) The gilded equestrian sculpture of August the Strong of Poland and Saxony Other buildings include important bridges crossing the Elbe river , the Blaues Wunder bridge and the Augustusbrücke , which is on the site of the oldest bridge in Dresden . There are about 300 fountains and springs , many of them in parks or squares . The wells serve only a decorative function , since there is a fresh water system in Dresden . Springs and fountains are also elements in contemporary cityspaces . The most famous sculpture in Dresden is Jean - Joseph Vinache 's golden equestrian sculpture of August the Strong called the Goldener Reiter ( Golden Cavalier ) on the Neustädter Markt square . It shows August at the beginning of the Hauptstraße ( Main street ) on his way to Warsaw , where he was King of Poland in personal union . Another sculpture is the memorial of Martin Luther in front of the Frauenkirche . Dresden - Hellerau -- Germany 's first garden city ( edit ) The Garden City of Hellerau , at that time a suburb of Dresden , was founded in 1909 . In 1911 Heinrich Tessenow built the Hellerau Festspielhaus ( festival theatre ) and Hellerau became a centre of modernism with international standing until the outbreak of World War I . In 1950 , Hellerau was incorporated into the city of Dresden . Today the Hellerau reform architecture is recognized as exemplary . In the 1990s , the garden city of Hellerau became a conservation area . Living quarters ( edit ) Dresden 's urban parts are subdivided in rather a lot of city quarters , up to around 100 , among them relatively many larger villa quarters dominated by historic multiple dwelling units , especially , but not only along the river , most known are Blasewitz , Loschwitz , Pillnitz and Weißer Hirsch . Also some Art Nouveau living quarters and two bigger quarters typical for communist architecture -- but much renovated -- can be found . The villa town of Radebeul joins the Dresden city tram system , which is expansive due to the lack of an underground system . Cinemas and cinematics ( edit ) There are several small cinemas presenting cult films and low - budget or low - profile films chosen for their cultural value . Dresden also has a few multiplex cinemas , of which the Rundkino is the oldest . Dresden has been a centre for the production of animated films and optical cinematic techniques . Sport ( edit ) The Glücksgas Stadium , the current home of Dynamo Dresden Dresden is home to Dynamo Dresden , which had a tradition in UEFA club competitions up to the early 1990s . Dynamo Dresden won eight titles in the DDR - Oberliga . Currently , the club is a member of the 2 . Bundesliga after some seasons in the Bundesliga and 3rd Liga . In the early 20th century , the city was represented by Dresdner SC , who were one of Germany 's most successful clubs in football . Their best performances came during World War II , when they were twice German champions , and twice Cup winners . Dresdner SC is a multisport club . While its football team plays in the sixth - tier Landesliga Sachsen , its volleyball section has a team in the women 's Bundesliga . Dresden has a third football team SC Borea Dresden . ESC Dresdner Eislöwen is an ice hockey club playing in the 2nd Bundesliga again . Dresden Monarchs are an American football team in the German Football League . The Dresden Titans are the city 's top basketball team . Due to good performances , they have moved up several divisions and currently play in Germany 's second division ProA . The Titans ' home arena is the Margon Arena . Since 1890 , horse races have taken place and the Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e.V. are active and one of the big sporting events in Dresden . Major sporting facilities in Dresden are the Glücksgas Stadium , the Heinz - Steyer - Stadion and the EnergieVerbund Arena for ice hockey . Main sights ( edit ) Dresden Frauenkirche Zwinger Palace Semperoper Dresden New Town Hall Dresden old town Dresden Academy of Fine Arts Kreuzkirche , Dresden Dresden Frauenkirche Fürstenzug Münzgasse at Neumarkt View over Altmarkt ( Old market ) during Striezelmarkt Dresden at night Dresden Castle Katholische Hofkirche Yenidze at night Dresden TV tower Pillnitz Castle German Hygiene Museum Bundeswehr Military History Museum Blue Wonder Dresden Central Station Infrastructure ( edit ) Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in Dresden The longest trams in Dresden set a record in length The Bundesautobahn 4 ( European route E40 ) crosses Dresden in the northwest from west to east . The Bundesautobahn 17 leaves the A4 in a south - eastern direction . In Dresden it begins to cross the Ore Mountains towards Prague . The Bundesautobahn 13 leaves from the three - point interchange `` Dresden - Nord '' and goes to Berlin . The A13 and the A17 are on the European route E55 . Several Bundesstraße roads crossing or running through Dresden . There are two main inter-city transit hubs in the railway network in Dresden : Dresden Hauptbahnhof and Dresden - Neustadt railway station . The most important railway lines run to Berlin , Prague , Leipzig and Chemnitz . A commuter train system ( Dresden S - Bahn ) operates on three lines alongside the long - distance routes . Dresden Airport is the city 's international airport , located at the north - western outskirts of the town . Its infrastructure has been improved with new terminals and a motorway access route . Dresden Central Station is the main inter-city transport hub Dresden has a large tramway network operated by Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe , the municipal transport company . Because the geological bedrock does not allow the building of underground railways , the tramway is an important form of public transport . The Transport Authority operates twelve lines on a 200 km ( 124 mi ) network . Many of the new low - floor vehicles are up to 45 metres long and produced by Bombardier Transportation in Bautzen . While about 30 % of the system 's lines are on reserved track ( often sown with grass to avoid noise ) , many tracks still run on the streets , especially in the inner city . The CarGoTram is a tram that supplies Volkswagen 's Transparent Factory , crossing the city . The transparent factory is located not far from the city centre next to the city 's largest park . The districts of Loschwitz and Weisser Hirsch are connected by the Dresden Funicular Railway , which has been carrying passengers back and forth since 1895 . Public utilities ( edit ) The Sächsische Staatskanzlei ( Saxon State Chancellery ) is an institution assisting the President of the State Dresden is the capital of a German Land ( federal state ) . It is home to the Landtag of Saxony and the ministries of the Saxon Government . The controlling Constitutional Court of Saxony is in Leipzig . The highest Saxon court in civil and criminal law , the Higher Regional Court of Saxony , has its home in Dresden . Most of the Saxon state authorities are located in Dresden . Dresden is home to the Regional Commission of the Dresden Regierungsbezirk , which is a controlling authority for the Saxon Government . It has jurisdiction over eight rural districts , two urban districts and the city of Dresden . Like many cities in Germany , Dresden is also home to a local court , has a trade corporation and a Chamber of Industry and Trade and many subsidiaries of federal agencies ( such as the Federal Labour Office or the Federal Agency for Technical Relief ) . It hosts some divisions of the German Customs and the eastern Federal Waterways Directorate . Dresden is home to a military subdistrict command , but no longer has large military units as it did in the past . Dresden is the traditional location for army officer schooling in Germany , today carried out in the Offizierschule des Heeres . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Dresden Advanced Micro Devices factory The International Congress Center Dresden Until famous enterprises like Dresdner Bank left Dresden in the communist era to avoid nationalisation , Dresden was one of the most important German cities , an important industrial centre of the German Democratic Republic . The period of the GDR until 1990 was characterized by low economic growth in comparison to western German cities . In 1990 Dresden had to struggle with the economic collapse of the Soviet Union and the other export markets in Eastern Europe . After reunification enterprises and production sites broke down almost completely as they entered the social market economy , facing competition from the Federal Republic of Germany . After 1990 a completely new legal system and currency system was introduced and infrastructure was largely rebuilt with funds from the Federal Republic of Germany . Dresden as a major urban centre has developed much faster and more consistently than most other regions in the former German Democratic Republic , but it still faces many social and economic problems stemming from the collapse of the former system , including high unemployment levels . Between 1990 and 2010 the unemployment rate fluctuated between 13 % and 15 % and is still relatively high , with a low of 8.9 % in May 2012 . Dresden has raised its GDP per capita to 31,100 euro , close to the GDP per capita of some West German communities ( the average of the 50 biggest cities is around 35,000 euro ) . Thanks to the presence of public administration centres , a high density of semi-public research institutes and an extension of publicly funded high technology sectors , the proportion of highly qualified workers Dresden is again among the highest in Germany and by European criteria . Dresden regularly ranks among the best ten bigger cities in Germany to live in . Transparent Factory owned by Volkswagen Enterprises ( edit ) Three major sectors dominate Dresden 's economy : Silicon Saxony Saxony 's semiconductor industry was built up in 1969 . Major enterprises today are AMD 's spin - off GLOBALFOUNDRIES , Infineon Technologies , ZMDI and Toppan Photomasks . Their factories attract many suppliers of material and cleanroom technology enterprises to Dresden . The pharmaceutical sector developed at the end of the 19th century . The ' Sächsisches Serumwerk Dresden ' ( Saxon Serum Plant , Dresden ) , owned by GlaxoSmithKline , is a global leader in vaccine production . Another traditional pharmaceuticals producer is Arzneimittelwerke Dresden ( Pharmaceutical Works , Dresden ) . A third traditional branch is that of mechanical and electrical engineering . Major employers are the Volkswagen Transparent Factory , EADS Elbe Flugzeugwerke ( Elbe Aircraft Works ) , Siemens and Linde - KCA - Dresden . The tourism industry enjoys high revenue and supports many employees . There are around one hundred bigger hotels in Dresden , many of which cater in the upscale range . Dresden still has a shortage of corporate headquarters . Media ( edit ) The media sector is not particularly strong in Dresden . The media in Dresden include two major newspapers of regional record : the Sächsische Zeitung ( Saxon Newspaper , circulation around 228,000 ) and the Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten ( Dresden 's Latest News , circulation around 50,000 ) . Dresden has a broadcasting centre belonging to the Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk . The Dresdner Druck - und Verlagshaus ( Dresden printing plant and publishing house ) produces part of Spiegel 's print run , amongst other newspapers and magazines . Education and science ( edit ) Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden Universities ( edit ) Dresden is home to a number of renowned universities , but among German cities it is a more recent location for academic education . The Dresden University of Technology ( Technische Universität Dresden ) with more than 36,000 students ( 2011 ) was founded in 1828 and is among the oldest and largest Universities of Technology in Germany . It is currently the university of technology in Germany with the largest number of students but also has many courses in social studies , economics and other non-technical sciences . It offers 126 courses . In 2006 , the TU Dresden was successful in the German Universities Excellence Initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( Germany ) . The Dresden University of Technology founded a Kids - University in 2004 . The Dresden University of Applied Sciences ( Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden ) was founded in 1992 and had about 5,300 students in 2005 . The Dresden Academy of Fine Arts ( Hochschule für Bildende Künste Dresden ) was founded in 1764 and is known for its former professors and artists such as George Grosz , Sascha Schneider , Otto Dix , Oskar Kokoschka , Bernardo Bellotto , Carl - Gustav Carus , Caspar David Friedrich and Gerhard Richter . The Palucca School of Dance ( Palucca Hochschule für Tanz ) was founded by Gret Palucca in 1925 and is a major European school of free dance . The Carl Maria von Weber College of Music was founded in 1856 . Other universities include the `` Hochschule für Kirchenmusik '' , a school specialising in church music , the `` Evangelische Hochschule für Sozialarbeit '' , an education institution for social work . The `` Dresden International University '' is a private postgraduate university , founded a few years ago in cooperation with the Dresden University of Technology . Dresden World Trade Centre at night Research institutes ( edit ) Dresden hosts many research institutes , some of which have gained an international standing . The domains of most importance are micro - and nanoelectronics , transport and infrastructure systems , material and photonic technology , and bio-engineering . The institutes are well connected among one other as well as with the academic education institutions . Helmholtz - Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf is the largest complex of research facilities in Dresden , a short distance outside the urban areas . It focuses on nuclear medicine and physics . As part of the Helmholtz Association it is one of the German Big Science research centres . The Max Planck Society focuses on fundamental research . In Dresden there are three Max Planck Institutes ( MPI ) ; the `` MPI of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics '' , the `` MPI for Chemical Physics of Solids '' and the `` MPI for the Physics of Complex Systems '' . The Fraunhofer Society hosts institutes of applied research that also offer mission - oriented research to enterprises . With eleven institutions or parts of institutes , Dresden is the largest location of the Fraunhofer Society worldwide . The Fraunhofer Society has become an important factor in location decisions and is seen as a useful part of the `` knowledge infrastructure '' . The Leibniz Community is a union of institutes with science covering fundamental research and applied research . In Dresden there are three Leibniz Institutes . The `` Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research '' and the `` Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research '' are both in the material and high - technology domain , while the `` Leibniz Institute for Ecological and Regional Development '' is focused on more fundamental research into urban planning . Helmholtz - Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf was member of the Leibniz Community until the end of 2010 . Higher secondary education ( edit ) Dresden has more than 20 Gymnasien which prepare for a tertiary education , five of which are private . The `` Sächsisches Landesgymnasium für Musik '' with a focus on music is supported , as its name implies by the State of Saxony , rather than by the city . There are some Berufliche Gymnasien which combine vocational education and secondary education and a Abendgymnasium which prepares higher education of adults avocational . Sons and daughters of the town ( edit ) Georg Bartisch ( ca 1535 - 1607 ) , eye surgeon and author of first German - language textbook of ophthalmology Christine Bergmann ( born 1939 ) , politician ( SPD ) August Buchner ( 1591 -- 1661 ) , influential Baroque poet Carle Hessay ( 1911 - 1978 ) , Canadian painter Erich Kästner ( 1899 -- 1974 ) , author of books Victor Klemperer ( 1881 - 1960 ) Jewish author of `` I Will Bear Witness '' Siarhei Mikhalok ( born 1972 ) , Belarusian rock musician and actor Wolfgang Mischnick ( 1921 -- 2002 ) , politician FDP Karl Reinisch ( 1921 -- 2007 ) , engineer Gerhard Richter ( born 1932 ) , painter Arnulf Baring ( born 1932 ) , historian , lawyer , journalist and author Helmut Schön ( 1915 -- 1996 ) , football trainer , lead Germany to world championship in 1974 Herbert Wehner ( 1906 -- 1990 ) , politician SPD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Aktuelle Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden 2015 ) ( Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen ( in German ) . July 2016 . Jump up ^ Designated by article 2 of the `` Saxon Constitution '' . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 February 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.leipzig.de/news/news/leipzigs-einwohnerzahl-knackt-die-570-000/ Jump up ^ http://www.dresden.de/de/wirtschaft/wirtschaftsstandort-dresden.php Jump up ^ http://www.xn--stdteranking-hcb.de/deutschland_dresden.php Jump up ^ http://www.dresden.de/de/leben/stadtportrait/statistik/wirtschaft-finanzen/tourismus.php Jump up ^ http://www.lvz.de/Leipzig/Lokales/Staedteranking-Leipzig-landet-auf-Platz-zwei Jump up ^ http://www.dnn.de/Dresden/Lokales/HWWI-Staedteranking-Dresden-mit-grossem-Potenzial-auf-Platz-vier ^ Jump up to : Dresden.de . `` Prehistoric times '' , City of Dresden , n.d. Archived 19 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Rengert Elburg : Man - animal relationships in the Early Neolithic of Dresden ( Saxony , Germany ) ^ Jump up to : Fritz Löffler , Das alte Dresden , Leipzig 1982 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Geschichtlicher Hintergrund des Jubiläums `` 600 Jahre Stadtrecht Altendresden '' ( German ) Jump up ^ Dresden in the Time of Zelenka and Hasse Jump up ^ http://www.sachsen-tourismus.de/pl/regiony/regiony-i-miasta/drezno/ Jump up ^ Kazimierz Wyka , `` Mickiewicz , Adam Bernard '' , Polski Słownik Biograficzny , vol . XX , 1975 , p. 697 . Jump up ^ Rüdiger Nern , Erich Sachße , Bert Wawrzinek . Die Dresdner Albertstadt . Dresden , 1994 ; Albertstadt -- sämtliche Militärbauten in Dresden . Dresden , 1880 ^ Jump up to : Air Force Historical Studies Office : HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE 14 -- 15 FEBRUARY 1945 BOMBINGS OF DRESDEN Archived 17 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . including a list of all bombings Jump up ^ Bergander , Götz . Dresden im Luftkrieg : Vorgeschichte - Zerstörung - Folgen , p. 251 ff . Verlag Böhlau 1994 , ISBN 3 - 412 - 10193 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Names of Jewish victims of National Socialism in Dresden between 1933 and 1945 Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten '' . en.stsg.de . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Dresden Jewish Virtual Library '' . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Victims of the National Socialist judiciary Gedenkstätte Münchner Platz Dresden Stiftung Sächsische Gedenkstätten '' . en.stsg.de . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Nichol , John . `` Dresden WW2 bombing raids killed 25,000 people - but it WASN 'T a war crime '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/dresden-ww2-bombing-raids-killed-5159536 Jump up ^ `` BBC On This Day 14 1945 : On February 14 , 316 USAAF ( 8th Air Force ) B - 17 's dropped 294.3 tons of incendiaries and 487.7 tons of high explosives . On February 15 , 211 B - 17 's dropped 465.6 tons of bombs on the city . Thousands of bombs destroy Dresden '' . BBC News . 14 February 1945 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC : Up to 25,000 died in Dresden 's WWII bombing -- report , 18 March 2010 Jump up ^ Addison , Paul and Crang , Jeremy A. ( eds . ) . Firestorm : The Bombing of Dresden . Pimlico , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 928 - X . Chapter 9 p. 194 Jump up ^ `` ' I would have destroyed Dresden again ' : Bomber Harris was unrepentant over German city raids 30 years after the end of World War Two '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.lettersofnote.com/2009/11/slaughterhouse-five.html Jump up ^ `` On Dresden Anniversary , Massive Protest Against Neo-Nazi March Germany Deutsche Welle 14.02. 2009 '' . Dw-world.de . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Geh Denken -- Startseite '' . Geh-denken.de . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Shoumatoff , Alex . `` How 1,280 Artworks Stolen by the Nazis were Hidden in a Munich Apartment Until 2012 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dresden Elbe Valley , UNESCO World Heritage Register . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dresden loses UNESCO world heritage status , Deutsche Welle , 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bridge takes Dresden off Unesco world heritage list , The Guardian , 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Weltkulturerbe : Unesco - Titel in Gefahr , Focus , 14 March 2007 ; accessed 15 May 2007 Jump up ^ Dresden is deleted from UNESCO 's World Heritage List , UNESCO World Heritage Centre , 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kate ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Bridge takes Dresden off Unesco world heritage list World news '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 1 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Dresden.de : Location , area , geographical data Archived 6 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants Jump up ^ Dresden : `` Dresden -- a Green city '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 March 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ausgabe der Klimadaten : Monatswerte '' . Jump up ^ `` Statistische Mitteilungen Bevölkerung und Haushalte 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Landeshauptstadt Dresden . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Dresden : Einwohnerzahl Archived 12 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statistical office of the Free State of Saxony : Population and area of Saxony from 1815 on Jump up ^ State Office for statistics of Saxony . `` Population of Saxon cities and communities '' . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . Jump up ^ citypopulation.de quoting Federal Statistics Office . `` Principal Agglomerations ( of Germany ) '' . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Region Dresden . `` Statistical data of the Dresden Region '' . Retrieved 17 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Dresden : Population Archived 6 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statistical office of the Free State of Saxony : Sachsen sind im Durchschnitt 45 Jahre alt -- Dresdner am jüngsten , Hoyerswerdaer am ältesten ( German ) Jump up ^ `` Foreigners in Dresden '' . City of Dresden. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gemeindeordnung für den Freistaat Sachsen ( SächsGemO ) , § 2 '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Dresden.de : `` City Council '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Dresden : `` City Council '' . Archived from the original on 13 October 2006 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Dresden , City Council '' ( in German ) . City of Dresden. 25 May 2014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dresden.de '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ UNESCO : World Heritage Committee threatens to remove Dresden Elbe Valley ( Germany ) from World Heritage List Jump up ^ Dresden : `` Saleof the WOBA Dresden GmbH '' . Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 . Retrieved 26 February 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Kirschbaum , Erik ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West quickly gathering support in Germany '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Städtepartnerschaften '' ( in German ) . Landeshauptstadt Dresden , Büro der Oberbürgermeisterin . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Mary ( 2 August 2011 ) . `` Coventry 's twin towns '' . Coventry Telegraph . Archived from the original on 6 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coventry - Twin towns and cities '' . Coventry City Council . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Skopje - Twin towns & Sister cities '' . Official portal of City of Skopje . Grad Skopje - 2006 - 2013 , www.skopje.gov.mk . Archived from the original on 24 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Hamburg und seine Städtepartnerschaften ( Hamburg sister cities ) '' ( in German ) . Hamburg 's official website ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Strasbourg , Twin City '' . Strasbourg.eu & Communauté Urbaine . Archived from the original on 28 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Semperoper : History of the Sächsische Staatskapelle Archived 5 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Staatsoperette Dresden Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kreuzchor Archived 22 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive Jump up ^ steffen wollmerstaedt . `` Landesbühnen Sachsen l Dresden l Theater l Rathen l Zwinger l Sachsen '' . Dresden-theater.de . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Bunte Republik Neustadt Jump up ^ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden : Museums Jump up ^ Deutsches Hygiene - Museum : Deutsches Hygiene - Museum -- The Museum of Man Jump up ^ State Museum of Prehistory Archived 3 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Festung Dresden Jump up ^ Dresdner Verein Brühlsche Terrasse Archived 22 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` O Códice de Dresden '' . World Digital Library . 1200 -- 1250 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Dresden : Monument preservation Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden : The History of the Royal Palace Jump up ^ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden : History of the Zwinger and Semperbau Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden - Meissen : Kathedrale Ss . Trinitatis in Dresden Jump up ^ Evangelisch - Lutherische Kreuzkirchgemeinde Dresden : History of the Church of the Holy Cross Archived 29 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden e . V. : : DFB - Deutscher Fußball - Bund e.V '' . datencenter.dfb.de . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dresdener Rennverein 1890 e.V. Jump up ^ Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe : `` Profile '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe : Gleise und Haltestellen Jump up ^ Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe : `` CarGoTram '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Funicular Railway VVO Navigator - Your mobility portal for Dresden and the region '' . www.vvo-online.de . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Funicular Railway VVO Navigator - Your mobility portal for Dresden and the region '' . www.vvo-online.de . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sächsischer Landtag Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Oberlandesgericht Dresden '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 February 2008 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Bundesagentur für Arbeit : Data and time series of the German labour market Archived 12 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ State Office for Statistics of the Free State of Saxony : Regional GDPs of 2004 Jump up ^ Technische Universität Dresden : Profile of the TU Dresden Jump up ^ press release to the 2006 matriculation Archived 7 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Palucca Hochschule für Tanz Jump up ^ `` Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Max Planck Society . 2014 . Jump up ^ Fraunhofer Society : Institutes Jump up ^ IPF Jump up ^ IFW Jump up ^ `` Übersicht Dresdner Gymnasien - www.arbeitsagentur.de '' . arbeitsagentur.de . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Impressum / Disclaimer - Schulträger Freistaat Sachsen '' . cms. sachsen . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Official Dresden City Webpage Archived 3 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . References ( edit ) Dresden : Tuesday , 13 February 1945 by Frederick Taylor , 2005 ; ISBN 0 - 7475 - 7084 - 1 Dresden and the Heavy Bombers : An RAF Navigator 's Perspective by Frank Musgrove , 2005 ; ISBN 1 - 84415 - 194 - 8 Return to Dresden by Maria Ritter , 2004 ; ISBN 1 - 57806 - 596 - 8 Dresden : Heute / Today by Dieter Zumpe , 2003 ; ISBN 3 - 7913 - 2860 - 3 Destruction of Dresden by David Irving , 1972 ; ISBN 0 - 345 - 23032 - 9 Slaughterhouse - Five by Kurt Vonnegut , 1970 ; ISBN 0 - 586 - 03328 - 9 `` Disguised Visibilities : Dresden / '' Dresden '' by Mark Jarzombek in Memory and Architecture , Ed . By Eleni Bastea , ( University of Mexico Press , 2004 ) . Preserve and Rebuild : Dresden during the Transformations of 1989 -- 1990 . Architecture , Citizens Initiatives and Local Identities by Victoria Knebel , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 55954 - 3 La tutela del patrimonio culturale in caso di conflitto Fabio Maniscalco ( editor ) , 2002 ; ISBN 88 - 87835 - 18 - 7 Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Dresden External links ( edit ) Saxony portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dresden . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Dresden Official homepage of the city Dresden travel guide from Wikivoyage Official tourist office Homepage of the Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe , the public transport provider Network maps of the public transport system http://www.neumarkt-dresden.de/ Organisation for reconstruction of the Neumarkt Places adjacent to Dresden Dessau Berlin Cottbus Leipzig Dresden Görlitz Chemnitz Ústí nad Labem ( Czech Republic ) Capitals of states of the Federal Republic of Germany Capitals of area states Dresden ( Saxony ) Düsseldorf ( North Rhine - Westphalia ) Erfurt ( Thuringia ) Hanover ( Lower Saxony ) Kiel ( Schleswig - Holstein ) Magdeburg ( Saxony - Anhalt ) Mainz ( Rhineland - Palatinate ) Munich ( Bavaria ) Potsdam ( Brandenburg ) Saarbrücken ( Saarland ) Schwerin ( Mecklenburg - Vorpommern ) Stuttgart ( Baden - Württemberg ) Wiesbaden ( Hesse ) City - states Berlin City of Bremen ( State of Bremen ) Hamburg Capitals of former states Freiburg im Breisgau ( South Baden , 1949 -- 1952 ) Stuttgart ( Württemberg - Baden , 1949 -- 1952 ) Tübingen ( Württemberg - Hohenzollern , 1949 -- 1952 ) Unlike the mono - city states Berlin and Hamburg , the State of Bremen consists of two cities , thus state and capital are not identical . Urban and rural districts in the Free State of Saxony in Germany Urban districts Chemnitz Dresden Leipzig Rural districts Bautzen Erzgebirgskreis Görlitz Leipzig Meißen Mittelsachsen Nordsachsen Sächsische Schweiz - Osterzgebirge Vogtlandkreis Zwickau Former urban districts Görlitz Hoyerswerda Plauen Zwickau Former rural districts Annaberg Aue - Schwarzenberg Chemnitzer Land Delitzsch Döbeln Freiberg Kamenz Leipziger Land Löbau - Zittau Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis Mittweida Muldentalkreis Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis Riesa - Großenhain Sächsische Schweiz Stollberg Torgau - Oschatz Weißeritzkreis Zwickauer Land Cities in Germany by population 1,000,000 + Berlin Cologne Hamburg Munich 500,000 + Bremen Dortmund Dresden Düsseldorf Essen Frankfurt Hanover Leipzig Nuremberg Stuttgart 200,000 + Aachen Augsburg Bielefeld Bochum Bonn Braunschweig Chemnitz Duisburg Erfurt Freiburg im Breisgau Gelsenkirchen Halle ( Saale ) Karlsruhe Kiel Krefeld Lübeck Magdeburg Mainz Mannheim Münster Mönchengladbach Oberhausen Rostock Wiesbaden Wuppertal 100,000 + Bergisch Gladbach Bottrop Bremerhaven Cottbus Darmstadt Erlangen Fürth Göttingen Hagen Hamm Heidelberg Heilbronn Herne Hildesheim Ingolstadt Jena Kassel Koblenz Leverkusen Ludwigshafen Moers Mülheim an der Ruhr Neuss Offenbach am Main Oldenburg Osnabrück Paderborn Pforzheim Potsdam Recklinghausen Regensburg Remscheid Reutlingen Saarbrücken Salzgitter Siegen Solingen Trier Ulm Wolfsburg Würzburg complete list municipalities metropolitan regions cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Capitals of the former East German Bezirke East Berlin Cottbus Dresden Erfurt Frankfurt ( Oder ) Gera Halle Karl - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dresden a city that has been rebuilt since world war ii is situated on what river	[ "Dresden (German pronunciation: [ˈdʁeːsdn̩] ( listen); Czech: Drážďany, Polish: Drezno) is the capital city[2] and, after Leipzig, the second-largest city[3] of the Free State of Saxony in Germany. It is situated in a valley on the River Elbe, near the border with the Czech Republic." ]	[ "valley on" ]
847405558397840006	Hollywood Sign	Hollywood sign - wikipedia Hollywood sign The Hollywood Sign Hollywood Sign , 2015 Location within Los Angeles Metropolitan Area Former names The Hollywoodland Sign ( 1923 -- 1949 ) General information Location Griffith Park , Mount Lee , Hollywood Hills , Los Angeles , California Country United States Coordinates 34 ° 8 ′ 2.62 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 17.73 '' W / 34.1340611 ° N 118.3215917 ° W / 34.1340611 ; - 118.3215917 Coordinates : 34 ° 8 ′ 2.62 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 17.73 '' W / 34.1340611 ° N 118.3215917 ° W / 34.1340611 ; - 118.3215917 Completed 1923 Renovated repaired 1949 rebuilt 1978 repainted 2005 Cost $21,000 Client Woodruff and Shoults ( Hollywoodland ) Technical details Structural system Wood and sheet metal ( 1923 -- 1978 ) Steel ( 1978 -- present ) Size 44 ft ( 13.4 m ) tall , 352 ft ( 107.3 m ) long Design and construction Architect Thomas Fisk Goff Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monument Designated February 7 , 1973 Reference no . 111 The Hollywood Sign ( formerly the Hollywoodland Sign ) is an American landmark and cultural icon located in Los Angeles , California . It is situated on Mount Lee , in the Hollywood Hills area of the Santa Monica Mountains . The sign overlooks Hollywood , Los Angeles . `` HOLLYWOOD '' is spelled out in 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) - tall white capital letters and is 352 feet ( 107.3 m ) long . The sign was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development , but due to increasing recognition , the sign was left up . The sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades , but it has since undergone restoration , including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism . The sign is protected and promoted by The Hollywood Sign Trust , a nonprofit organization , while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park . Viewed from lower ground , the contours of the hills give the sign a wavy appearance . When viewed from the same height , the word appears nearly straight . The sign makes frequent appearances in popular culture , particularly in establishing shots for films and television programs set in or around Hollywood . Signs of similar style , but spelling different words , are frequently seen as parodies . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Deterioration 1.3 Restoration 1.3. 1 Donors 1.3. 2 The original sign and restoration of the `` H '' 1.4 Access controversy 1.5 Suicide of Peg Entwistle 1.6 2000 Millennium Celebration 2 Location 2.1 Surrounding land 3 Alterations 4 Depictions 4.1 Imitations 4.2 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) The sign was erected in 1923 and originally read `` HOLLYWOODLAND . '' Its purpose was to advertise the name of a new segregated , whites - only housing development in the hills above the Hollywood district of Los Angeles . H.J. Whitley had already used a sign to advertise his development Whitley Heights , which was located between Highland Avenue and Vine Street . He suggested to his friend Harry Chandler , the owner of the Los Angeles Times newspaper , that the land syndicate in which he was involved make a similar sign to advertise their land . Real estate developers Woodruff and Shoults called their development `` Hollywoodland '' and advertised it as a `` superb environment without excessive cost on the Hollywood side of the hills . '' They contracted the Crescent Sign Company to erect thirteen south - facing letters on the hillside . The sign company owner , Thomas Fisk Goff ( 1890 -- 1984 ) , designed the sign . Each letter was 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) wide and 50 feet ( 15.2 m ) high , and the whole sign was studded with around 4,000 light bulbs . The sign flashed in segments : `` HOLLY , '' `` WOOD , '' and `` LAND '' lit up individually , and then the whole . Below the Hollywoodland sign was a searchlight to attract more attention . The poles that supported the sign were hauled to the site by mules . Cost of the project was $21,000 , equivalent to $301,629 in 2017 . The sign was officially dedicated in 1923 . It was intended only to last a year and a half , but after the rise of American cinema in Los Angeles during the Golden Age of Hollywood , the sign became an internationally recognized symbol and was left there . Deterioration ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1970s , the sign reached its most dilapidated state . This image was taken shortly before the sign 's 1978 restoration . Over the course of more than half a century , the sign , designed to stand for only 18 months , sustained extensive damage and deterioration . During the early 1940s , Albert Kothe ( the sign 's official caretaker ) caused an accident that destroyed the letter H. Kothe , driving while inebriated , was nearing the top of Mount Lee when he lost control of his vehicle and drove off the cliff directly behind the H. While Kothe was not injured , his 1928 Ford Model A was destroyed , as was the original 50 foot ( 15.2 m ) tall illuminated letter H . In 1949 , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce began a contract with the City of Los Angeles Parks Department to repair and rebuild the sign . The contract stipulated that `` LAND '' be removed to spell `` Hollywood '' and reflect the district , not the `` Hollywoodland '' housing development . The Parks Department dictated that all subsequent illumination would be at the Chamber 's expense , so the Chamber opted not to replace the lightbulbs . The 1949 effort gave it new life , but the sign 's unprotected wood and sheet metal structure continued to deteriorate . By the 1970s , the first O had splintered and broken , resembling a lowercase u , and the third O had fallen down completely , leaving the severely dilapidated sign reading `` HuLLYWO. D . '' Restoration ( edit ) In 1978 , in large part because of the public campaign to restore the landmark by Hugh Hefner , founder of Playboy magazine , the Chamber set out to replace the severely deteriorated sign with a more permanent structure . Nine donors gave US $27,777.77 each ( totaling US $249,999.93 ) to sponsor replacement letters , made of steel supported by steel columns on a concrete foundation ( see Donors section below ) . The new letters were 45 feet ( 13.7 m ) tall and ranged from 31 to 39 feet ( 9.4 to 11.9 m ) wide . The new version of the sign was unveiled on November 11 , 1978 , as the culmination of a live CBS television special commemorating the 75th anniversary of Hollywood 's incorporation as a city . Refurbishment , donated by Bay Cal Commercial Painting , began again in November 2005 , as workers stripped the letters back to their metal base and repainted them white . Donors ( edit ) Satellite view of the sign Following the 1978 public campaign to restore the sign , the following nine donors gave $27,777.77 each ( which totaled $250,000 ) : H : Hugh Hefner ( founder of Playboy ) O : Giovanni Mazza ( Italian movie producer ) L : Les Kelley ( founder of the Kelley Blue Book ) L : Gene Autry ( actor ) Y : Terrence Donnelly ( publisher of the Hollywood Independent Newspaper ) W : Andy Williams ( singer ) O : Warner Bros. Records O : Alice Cooper ( singer ) , who donated in memory of close friend and comedian Groucho Marx , and who joked that he would also donate an `` O '' from his last name D: Dennis Lidtke ( businessman ) donated in the name of Matthew Williams The original sign and restoration of the `` H '' ( edit ) The original 1923 sign was presumed to have been destroyed until 2005 , when it was put up for sale on eBay by producer / entrepreneur Dan Bliss . It was sold to artist Bill Mack , who used the sheet metal as a medium to paint the likenesses of stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood . In August 2012 , Mack constructed an exact replica of the letter H from the metal . On August 9 , 2012 , Herb Wesson and Tom LaBonge of the Los Angeles City Council presented Mack with a Certificate of Recognition for his restoration efforts and preservation of the iconic symbol of Hollywood history . Access controversy ( edit ) In recent years , considerable public controversy has arisen over certain access points to the trails leading to the sign that are located in residential areas . Some residents of the neighborhoods adjoining the sign such as Beachwood Canyon and Lake Hollywood Estates have expressed concerns about the congestion and traffic caused by tourists and sightseers attracted to the sign . The Los Angeles Fire Department has also identified the surrounding land as a high fire risk area due to the brush and dry climate . Additionally , in comparison to access points directly within Griffith Park there is a notable lack of basic infrastructure ( parking , restrooms , potable water ) to handle the high number of visitors to these neighborhoods . The Los Angeles Times reported in 2013 that `` there are more than 40 tour companies running buses and vans in and out of ( Beachwood C ) anyon ... '' and residents `` ... are most concerned about safety issues because the curving hillside roads were not designed for so many cars and pedestrians . '' After multiple years of pressure from neighborhood activists , the city closed a trailhead at the end of Beachwood Drive leading to the Hollyridge Trail , a popular pathway to the sign that had been open for decades . Prior to this , the city made the northern parts of Beachwood Canyon into preferential parking districts , restricting parking on most of the streets in the neighborhood to its homeowners . Many public space advocates have contended that the city should not restrict access points to the sign from the public , suggesting that other avenues be explored to alleviate the challenges that tourism presents to the surrounding communities . They have also argued that the streets , sign , and parkland are public property and should be accessible to all since they are funded by public tax dollars . An aerial tramway to the top of Mount Lee and the sign has been proposed numerous times . In June 2018 , Warner Bros. proposed to fund an estimated $100 million tramway that would run from their Burbank studio lot and up the north face of Mount Lee to a new visitors area near the sign . Other proposals stakeholders have set forth include establishing an official visitor 's center for the sign , public shuttle service to lead tourists to the sign or trails , or even erecting a duplicate sign on the opposite side of Mount Lee . The Hollywood Sign Trust directs visitors to two viewing platforms , Griffith Observatory and the Hollywood and Highland Center . Visitors can hike to the sign from the Bronson Canyon entrance to Griffith Park or from Griffith Observatory . There is also a trailhead near the Lake Hollywood Reservoir located outside of Griffith Park , and although not an access point in itself , there is a popular scenic vista point around Lake Hollywood Park near the trailhead . Suicide of Peg Entwistle ( edit ) In September 1932 , 24 - year - old actress Peg Entwistle committed suicide by climbing a workman 's ladder up to the top of the ' H ' and jumping to her death . 2000 Millennium celebration ( edit ) The sign was the focal point for the Pacific time zone as part of a worldwide , coordinated series of events for the 2000 Millennium celebration . The sign was illuminated in various colors , one of the rare times the sign became lit . The colored light sequence was an alternative to the firework displays at several of the other world icons due to concerns about fire in the dry conditions . Location ( edit ) View from West Hollywood , near Santa Monica Boulevard , a few blocks south of Hollywood Boulevard . The historic Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel is visible on the left . Hollywood Sign from Runyon Canyon Park , San Gabriel Mountains in the background . A view of the back side of the sign from the top of the hill . The sign is located on the southern side of Mount Lee in Griffith Park , north of the Mulholland Highway , and to the south of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Hollywood Hills ) cemetery . The sign is located on rough , steep terrain , and there are barriers to prevent unauthorized access . In 2000 , the Los Angeles Police Department installed a security system featuring motion detection and closed - circuit cameras . Any movement in the marked restricted areas triggers an alarm that notifies the police . It is located at 34 ° 08 ′ 02.56 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 18.00 '' W / 34.1340444 ° N 118.3216667 ° W / 34.1340444 ; - 118.3216667 at a 1,578 - foot ( 481 m ) elevation . Surrounding land ( edit ) The building and tower located just behind and to the right of the sign is the City of Los Angeles Central Communications Facility , which supports all cellphone , microwave and radio towers used by the Los Angeles Police Department , the Fire Department , the Los Angeles Unified School District , and other municipal agencies . The building itself has no name and is essentially a large maintenance building for the antennas . From 1939 to 1947 , this site was the location of the studios and transmitter of the first television station in Los Angeles , W6XAO ( now KCBS - TV ) , founded by The Don Lee Network , hence the name Mount Lee . The TV studio left this location in 1948 , and the transmission facility left in 1951 , moving to the higher Mount Wilson . The sign in February 2010 during a donation drive raising money to preserve surrounding land . Land in the vicinity of the sign was purchased by Howard Hughes in 1940 , who planned to build a hilltop mansion at Cahuenga Peak for actress Ginger Rogers . Before long Rogers broke off their engagement and the lot remained empty . Hughes ' estate sold the property that lies to the left and above the sign for $1.7 million in 2002 to Fox River Financial Resources , a Chicago developer that planned to build luxury mansions along the ridgeline . It put the property on the market in 2008 for $22 million . As a result , the City of Los Angeles considered buying it , possibly by raising money from celebrities as was done for the 1978 restoration . Environmentalists and preservationists were concerned about the possibility of real estate development in the area . In April 2009 The Trust for Public Land ( TPL ) signed an option to buy the 138 acres ( 0.56 km ) property for a discounted price of $12.5 million . On February 11 , 2010 , as part of a campaign to help raise money and with the full support of both the city and the Hollywood Sign Trust , the organization covered each letter of the sign with large banners reading `` SAVE THE PEAK '' . On April 26 , 2010 , the Trust for Public Land announced it had raised enough money , with Playboy magazine founder Hugh Hefner stepping forward to donate the final $900,000. Hefner later gave an additional $100,000 donation . After the purchase , the parcel became an extension of nearby Griffith Park . Alterations ( edit ) It is illegal to make unauthorized physical alterations to the sign . Although the city has occasionally allowed it in the past for commercial purposes , current policy does not permit such changes to be made . This is largely due to neighborhood opposition and to past accidents . However , the sign has been unofficially altered a number of times , often eliciting a great deal of attention . Among the more famous modifications : HOLLYWeeD -- January 1976 and January 2017 : The sign was first altered in 1976 following the passage of a state law decriminalizing marijuana . The sign was altered again on New Year 's Day in 2017 , possibly done as a homage to a new California law making recreational marijuana legal that was passed during the 2016 election . HOLYWOOD -- April 1977 and September 1987 : The 1977 alteration was for Easter sunrise service , viewable from the Hollywood Bowl . And the 1987 alteration was for Pope John Paul II when he visited ; the second L was covered . OIL WAR -- 1991 , for the Gulf War . GO NAVY -- December 1983 : A group of Midshipmen , with permission , covered the sign for the Army - Navy football game 's first and only West Coast appearance . RAFFEYSOD -- in 1985 , an obscure rock band from New Orleans named the Raffeys altered the sign in an act of unauthorized self - promotion . FOX -- April 1987 , promotion for the primetime launch of the Fox television network . CALTECH -- May 1987 : Occurred on Hollywood 's centennial ( of its incorporation as a municipality ) , also one of Caltech 's many senior pranks . OLLY WOOD -- July 1987 , during the Oliver North and Iran -- Contra hearings . A yellow ribbon was tied around the sign in April 1991 , in celebration of the end of the Gulf War . This act also supported the Hollywood Salutes Gulf Veterans Celebrations ( D. Weiss , USNA'85 / instigator & PM ) A 75 - foot ( 22.9 m ) - tall cutout of Holli Would , main character from the film Cool World ( 1992 ) . The cutout , which appeared to sit on the sign , was added as part of a promotion for the film . The alteration angered local residents , who said the cartoon character was `` appalling '' and an insult to women . PerotWood -- 1992 and 1996 , to support Ross Perot and his presidential campaign . SAVE THE PEAK -- February 11 , 2010 , the original letters were covered with a series of large banners reading `` SAVE THE PEAK '' , part of a campaign by The Trust for Public Land to protect the land around the Hollywood Sign from real estate development ( see above ) . As the changeover progressed , variations such as `` SALLYWOOD '' and `` SAVETHEPOOD '' caused some hilarity . Depictions ( edit ) Imitations ( edit ) Multiple other places have imitated the sign in some way . Mosgiel , a satellite suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin , erected an imitation of the Hollywood sign -- reading MOSGIEL -- in 1987 . Since its opening in 1993 , Mickey 's Toontown at Disneyland has a faux hill with a sign that reads TOONTOWN and resembles the Hollywood sign . During the 2003 Scottish Parliament Election , the Scottish Conservative Party ran a billposter campaign depicting the Salisbury Crags of Holyrood Park with the message `` FOLLYROOD '' ( in the style of the Hollywood Sign ) , with the uncompleted Scottish Parliament Building in the foreground . The poster was intended as a jibe to the infamous cost overruns and alleged overly elaborate design of the Parliament building , which the Conservatives opposed . In May 2008 , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce licensed exclusive rights to Plymouth Rock Studios of Massachusetts to merge `` Hollywood '' with `` East '' , creating Hollywood East , a new industry trademark that represents the growing film industry in New England . The studio plans to find a site in Plymouth , Massachusetts for the permanent installation of the sign . In 2009 , a Hollinwood sign was erected by the side of the M60 motorway going through Hollinwood , Greater Manchester , to celebrate the City of Manchester 's twinning with Los Angeles . The sign was erected during the night and then taken down by the Highways Agency , as it was considered a distraction to motorway drivers . In March 2010 , authorities announced that the Wellington Airport in New Zealand would erect a WELLYWOOD sign on the hillside of the Miramar Peninsula . This was to reflect the filmmaking community in Wellington , notably Weta Digital , which produced effects for Lord of the Rings , King Kong , and Avatar . However , the proposed sign 's widespread unpopularity with local residents persuaded the airport staff to consider alternatives . On July 27 , 2012 , the city erected a sign that reads `` Wellington '' with the last letters blowing away to pay homage to Wellington 's ever present wind . In November 2010 , the Chilean municipality of Renca erected a sign high on Renca Hill that reads `` Renca la lleva '' ( `` Renca rocks '' , in Spanish ) . In 2010 , in the hope of promoting new businesses in the town of Basildon in Essex , England , Basildon District Council erected the letters reading the name of the town alongside the A127 road at a cost of £ 400,000 . In 2010 , Paddy Power , a large Irish betting company , erected a 270 feet ( 82.3 m ) wide and 50 feet ( 15.2 m ) high Hollywood - style sign reading Paddy Power on Cleeve Hill , in the regency town of Cheltenham , as part of a publicity campaign for Cheltenham Festival . It became the world 's largest free - standing sign of its kind . Entertainer Dolly Parton has many times cited the Hollywood Sign as the impetus behind her own Dollywood theme park , telling Spin Magazine in 1986 , `` When I first saw the Hollywood Sign , I thought , how wonderful would it be if I could change the ' H ' to a ' D ' for the day . '' In 2014 , Druskininkai , Lithuania opened a sign to celebrate social media in the resort town Druskininkai , that was voted the most likeable by the followers of the `` Likeable Lithuania campaign . '' There is an imitation of the sign at Hollywood , County Wicklow in Ireland . There is another imitation of the sign above the Harbor in Keelung , Taiwan located along the Huzi Mountain trail . There is an imitation of the sign near Szastarka , Poland . There is also an imitation of the sign at the Mount Panorama Circuit in Bathurst in Australia . Unlike other imitations , it is not free - standing and the letters are a series of hillside letters forming the words `` MOUNT PANORAMA '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This section appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce claims trademark rights over the sign 's image and demands license fees for commercial use . In films and television shows , the Hollywood Sign is often shown getting damaged or destroyed from the events of a particular scene ; period pieces may show just the `` LAND '' portion of the original sign being destroyed . It is an example of national landmarks being destroyed , a common feature seen in many disaster movies to increase the drama and tension . It is frequently a shorthand device to indicate the destruction of all of Los Angeles or the state of California . The sign has been depicted getting destroyed in the movies Earthquake ( 1974 ) , Independence Day ( 1996 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , 10.5 ( 2004 ) , Terminator Salvation ( 2009 ) , Sharknado ( 2013 ) , San Andreas ( 2015 ) , and countless other films . Other movies came up with fictional explanations for the elimination of the original LAND part of the sign . In the Shrek franchise , the Far Far Away Sign is based on the Hollywood Sign . In Matt Groening 's The Simpsons , the Springfield sign is based on the Hollywood sign . In the short - lived 1992 CBS game show , The Hollywood Game , the bonus round has its own Hollywood Sign . In Steven Spielberg 's film 1941 ( 1979 ) , the LAND part was shot down in a dogfight over Los Angeles involving John Belushi 's character . In Joe Johnston 's The Rocketeer ( 1991 ) , the character played by Timothy Dalton ( a Hollywood star working for the Nazis ) is about to exit a crashing zeppelin with faulty jetpack and his final words are , `` I 'll always miss Hollywood . '' He then jumps out of the zeppelin and crashes into the LAND part of the sign , destroying it . The TOONTOWN sign at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , is modeled after the Hollywood sign including the fake mountain in the background . The Vinewood Sign in the Grand Theft Auto series video games Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto V in the city of Los Santos is also based on the Hollywood sign with accessibility feature . See also ( edit ) Greater Los Angeles portal C - Rock Hill figure Hillside letters Outpost sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts About The Hollywood Sign '' . The Hollywood Sign . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Sign : A Beat - by - Beat Plotline '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Sign . May 19 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Hollywood Sign Trust '' . The Hollywood Sign . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keith , Gaelyn Whitley ( August 2010 ) . The Father of Hollywood . Tate Publishing . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61663 - 475 - 9 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gregory . `` The Story of Hollywoodland '' . Beachwood Canyon Neighborhood Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Joy ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Signs and Wonders ( review of The Hollywood Sign : Fantasy and Reality of an American Icon by Leo Braudy ) '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1923 : A Sign Is Born '' . The Hollywood Sign . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://hollywoodhistoricphotos.com/index.php/cPath/90_103_145 Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Sign '' . Sign A Rama Davie . September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20170524061523/http://waterandpower.org:80/museum/Early_Views_of_Hollywood_%281920_+%29.html Jump up ^ http://hollywoodhistoricphotos.com/index.php/cPath/90_103_145 ^ Jump up to : Braudy , Leo ( 2012 ) . The Hollywood Sign : Fantasy and Reality of an American Icon ( Icons of America ) . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 18145 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Sign Unveiled '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . November 11 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Sign Restoration Project 2005 '' . Bay Cal Painting . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Seid , Jessica ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Buy a piece of HOLLYWOOD '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Bill Mack 's Hollywood Sign Project '' . Erin Taylor Editions . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minn. sculptor restores H '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Associated Press . August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis sculptor unveils original H from Hollywood sign '' . KMSP - TV . August 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Discontent brewing under the Hollywood sign '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Pool , Bob ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood sign tourists , sightseers annoy local residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Faughder , Ryan ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` Warner Bros. wants to build a $100 - million aerial tramway to the Hollywood sign '' . Los Angeles Times . The idea of an aerial tram to the Hollywood sign has been floated numerous times over the years as a way to draw tourists away from the residential areas and raise revenue for the city Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Aerial tram to iconic Hollywood sign ? Warner Bros. proposes major project '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Alpert Reyes , Emily ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Does the Hollywood sign need an electric shuttle , an aerial tram -- or a second sign ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Sign : Best Viewpoints '' . The Hollywood Sign . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Sign : Hiking to the Sign '' . The Hollywood Sign . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Young Actress Ends Life In Hollywood '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . September 20 , 1932 . p. 11 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeruk , James , Jr. ( 2013 ) . Peg Entwistle and the Hollywood Sign Suicide : A Biography . McFarland . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 786 - 47313 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sign Security '' . The Hollywood Sign . August 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preservation campaigners cover Hollywood sign '' . KABC - TV . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago investors ' sale puts famous Hollywood sign in jeopardy , residents say '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Associated Press . April 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Original Benefactor Hugh Hefner Returns as Final Donor to Save Land Surrounding Hollywood Sign '' . Hollywood Sign Trust , Hollywood Chamber of Commerce , and City of Los Angeles . April 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2010 . Archived version April 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Hollywood Sign Pranks '' . LAist . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Valerie J. ( January 27 , 2007 ) . `` Daniel N. Finegood , 52 ; prankster known for creative alterations of Hollywood sign '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Javier E. ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` The high life ? LA 's iconic ' Hollywood ' sign becomes ' Hollyweed ' overnight '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve pranksters change Hollywood sign to read ' HOLLYWEED ' '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Pope John Paul II Visit '' . Los Angeles Police Department . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Papal Visit : Papal Digest : A Sign of the Times -- This One is ' Holywood ' '' . Los Angeles Times . September 16 , 1987 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Sign Gets New Look -- Briefly '' . Los Angeles Times . September 22 , 1990 . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Steve ( January 3 , 1985 ) . `` Hollywood Sign 's Puzzling Letters Remain a Mystery '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A rock band from New Orleans called The Raffeys ... '' UPI . January 7 , 1985 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Laura ( November 2008 ) . `` Nerd Humor Meets California Landmark '' . TIME . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schoch , Deborah ( July 6 , 1992 ) . `` Hollywood Residents Ca n't Shroud Anger Promotion : Paramount Pictures defends attaching a movie cartoon character to the famous sign . Citizens fear a tourist invasion and say that the landmark is being commercialized '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Character Opens Landmark Rift '' . San Jose Mercury News . Associated Press . July 7 , 1992 . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chazanov , Mathis ( July 7 , 1992 ) . `` 'D ' as in Disagreement Cartoon Character Atop Landmark Sign Sets Off Protests '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Banner Signs '' . billboards . July 2015 . Jump up ^ Race , Tamara ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Iconic Hollywood Sign Comes East '' . The Patriot Ledger . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lashley , Brian ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Hollinwood sign mystery solved '' . Manchester Evening News . Manchester , England . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wellingtonians rejoice at Wellywood U-turn '' . ONE News . TVNZ.co.nz . June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Renca la lleva `` , el letrero de la ex alcaldesa Vicky Barahona que podría pasar a mejor vida '' . El Mostrador ( in Spanish ) . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hollywood ' sign for Essex town '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Upset racecourse officials with Hollywood - style sign stunt '' . The Guardian . London . March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cummings , Sue ( May 1986 ) . `` Dollywood : The Wait is Over '' . Spin . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Didziausias Like zenklas -- Druskininkuose '' . Lietuvos rytas . Jump up ^ `` The World 's largest like '' . State Department of Tourism . February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the real Hollywood '' . Irish Examiner . August 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attractions introduction '' . Keelung Official Tourist Information . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Walory turystyczne '' . Urząd Gminy Szastarka . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing Inquiries '' . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dreyfus , Hannah ( July 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Hollywood Sign in the Movies '' . Parade . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hollywood Sign . Official website Greater Hollywood Districts and neighborhoods Beachwood Canyon Cahuenga Pass Colegrove East Hollywood Hollywood Hollywood Dell Hollywood Hills Laurel Canyon Little Armenia Melrose District Melrose Hill Nichols Canyon Outpost Estates Spaulding Square Thai Town Whitley Heights Yucca Corridor Points of interest Dolby Theatre Griffith Park Grauman 's Chinese Theatre Hollywood and Highland Center Hollywood Boulevard Hollywood Sign Walk of Fame La Brea Tar Pits Pantages Theatre Sunset Bronson Studios Sunset Gower Studios Neighboring cities and communities Beverly Hills Universal City West Hollywood LA Regions Crescenta Valley Downtown Eastside Harbor Area Greater Hollywood Northeast LA Northwest LA San Fernando Valley South LA Westside Wilshire Mid-City West Mid-Wilshire Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Downtown Los Angeles East and Northeast Sides Harbor Area Hollywood San Fernando Valley Silver Lake , Angelino Heights and Echo Park South Los Angeles Westside Wilshire and Westlake Areas GND : 1045922293 VIAF : 305925036 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hollywood_Sign&oldid=854462763 '' Categories : Billboards Griffith Park Hollywood Hills Hollywood history and culture Individual signs in the United States Landmarks in California Landmarks in Los Angeles Los Angeles Historic - Cultural Monuments Santa Monica Mountains Symbols of California Advertising structures 1923 establishments in California Buildings and structures completed in 1923 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from January 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with trivia sections from May 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the rights to the hollywood sign	[ "\"HOLLYWOOD\" is spelled out in 44-foot (13.4 m)-tall[1] white capital letters and is 352 feet (107.3 m) long. The sign was originally created in 1923 as an advertisement for a local real estate development, but due to increasing recognition, the sign was left up.[2] The sign has been a frequent target of pranks and vandalism across the decades, but it has since undergone restoration, including the installation of a security system to deter vandalism. The sign is protected and promoted by The Hollywood Sign Trust,[3] a nonprofit organization, while its site and the surrounding land are part of Griffith Park.\n" ]	[ "The Hollywood Sign Trust" ]
4853699510822626944	King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table	King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table - wikipedia King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table 1955 edition Author Roger Lancelyn Green Illustrator Lotte Reiniger Country England Language English Subject The legends of King Arthur Genre Fairy tales Folklore Publisher Puffin Books Publication date 1953 Media type Print Pages 330 King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table is a novel for children written by Roger Lancelyn Green . It was first published by Puffin Books in 1953 and has since been reprinted . In 2008 it was reissued in the Puffin Classics series with an introduction by David Almond ( the award - winning author of Clay , Skellig , Kit 's Wilderness and The Fire - Eaters ) , and the original illustrations by Lotte Reiniger . Green attempted to weave together the many legends surrounding King Arthur in a single narrative , claiming that Thomas Malory 's version of the story , Le Morte d'Arthur , was a loose collection of separate stories . Green attempted to relate each legend so that the entire story would have a beginning , middle and end . Green used many sources in addition to Malory . Summary ( edit ) After Uther Pendragon 's death , Merlin the magician forms a stone and in it a sword . After many years , the young Arthur , secretly the son of Uther Pendragon , pulls the sword out of the stone and becomes King . Together with Merlin , he constructs a round table , at which only the best knights of England may sit . More and more knights come to join the brotherhood of the Round Table , and each has his own adventures . Eventually , the holy knight Galahad , the son of Sir Lancelot , comes to Arthur 's court . With his coming , all the knights ride throughout Europe in search of the Holy Grail of Jesus Christ . Only five knights see the Grail : Sir Lancelot , Sir Percival , Sir Bors de Gaunnes , Sir Galahad and Sir Gawain . After the Grail is found , the last battle of the Knights of the Round Table is fought . In this battle many knights die , and with them King Arthur , Sir Gawain , who is Arthur 's nephew , and Mordred , the wicked son of King Arthur , and his half - sister Morgana le Fay . King Arthur is taken away to Avalon , a secret island after he is terribly wounded by Mordred while he was making the final stab with his sword to kill Mordred . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' ' King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table ' ' at Fantastic Fiction '' . Fantasticfiction.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Google Books . ' ' King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table ' ' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Jungbauer , Thomas ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table - Roger Lancelyn Green '' . Director Referate . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur_and_His_Knights_of_the_Round_Table&oldid=834081986 '' Categories : 1953 British novels Arthurian legend British children 's novels Children 's fantasy novels Modern Arthurian fiction 1953 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 20 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote king arthur and the knights of the round table	[ "King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table is a novel for children written by Roger Lancelyn Green. It was first published by Puffin Books in 1953 and has since been reprinted.[1] In 2008 it was reissued in the Puffin Classics series with an introduction by David Almond (the award-winning author of Clay, Skellig, Kit's Wilderness and The Fire-Eaters),[2] and the original illustrations by Lotte Reiniger.\n" ]	[ "Roger Lancelyn Green" ]
5583298874415357447	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time england reached finals world cup	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "2014" ]
-1598813337927317926	1996 AFL Grand Final	1996 AFL Grand Final - wikipedia 1996 AFL Grand Final Jump to : navigation , search 1996 AFL Grand Final The Melbourne Cricket Ground , where the 1996 AFL Grand Final took place . Sydney North Melbourne 13.10 ( 88 ) 19.17 ( 131 ) SYD 6.2 ( 38 ) 8.5 ( 53 ) 9.7 ( 61 ) 13.10 ( 88 ) NM 3.2 ( 20 ) 8.7 ( 55 ) 12.14 ( 86 ) 19.17 ( 131 ) Date 28 September 1996 Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Attendance 93,102 Ceremonies Pre-match entertainment A collection of past singers Accolades Norm Smith Medallist Glenn Archer ( North Melbourne ) Jock McHale Medallist Denis Pagan Broadcast in Australia Network Seven Network Commentators Bruce McAvaney and Sandy Roberts ← 1995 AFL Grand Final 1997 → The 1996 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the North Melbourne Football Club and the Sydney Swans , held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 28 September 1996 . It was the 100th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , staged to determine the premiers for the 1996 AFL season . The match , attended by 93,102 people , was won by North Melbourne by a margin of 43 points , marking that club 's third premiership victory . North Melbourne were awarded a gold premiership cup instead of the usual silver in honour of the centenary grand final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Match summary 3 Teams 4 Goal kickers 5 References 6 External links 7 See also Background ( edit ) Main article : 1996 AFL season Sydney were playing in a Grand Final for the first time since relocating from South Melbourne . It was the Swans ' first appearance in a premiership decider since losing the 1945 VFL Grand Final , while it was North Melbourne 's first since losing the 1978 VFL Grand Final . At the conclusion of the home and away season , Sydney had finished first on the AFL ladder with 16 wins and 5 losses and one draw , winning the McClelland Trophy . North Melbourne had finished second with 16 wins and 6 losses . The lead - up to the game was dominated by the tribunal case of Sydney defender Andrew Dunkley , who was to be the Swans ' match - up for star Kangaroos forward Wayne Carey . On the Wednesday before the Grand Final , Dunkley was reported on video evidence -- which was still relatively uncommon practice at the time -- for striking Essendon 's James Hird in the previous week 's preliminary final . On the Thursday , Sydney successfully obtained an Supreme Court injunction to prevent the case from being heard until after the Grand Final , with the judge ruling that requiring Dunkley to face the tribunal only one day after learning of the charge and two days before the Grand Final would deny him natural justice and deny him the time required to prepare a defence . Consequently , Dunkley was free to play . When Dunkley ultimately faced the tribunal , he was suspended for three weeks . Match summary ( edit ) Team Final North Melbourne 3.2 ( 20 ) 8.7 ( 55 ) 12.14 ( 86 ) 19.17 ( 131 ) Sydney 6.2 ( 38 ) 8.5 ( 53 ) 9.7 ( 61 ) 13.10 ( 88 ) The AFL 's centenary year was crowned by North Melbourne which made amends for the disappointment of three successive failed finals campaigns . The Kangaroos won their third flag ( and the only Gold Premiership Cup in history ) despite a slow start . Led by bullocking defender Glenn Archer and superstars Corey McKernan and Wayne Carey , the Kangaroos were hellbent in their premiership quest . The Swans , although overwhelmed at the finish , started well and kicked the last three goals of the first quarter to lead by 18 points at quarter time . When Jason Mooney goalled early in the second quarter the Swans ' lead extend to 24 points . However , Glenn Freeborn 's move to the forward line sparked the Kangaroos , with Freeborn kicking three goals for the quarter and Darren Crocker and Brett Allison each kicking one , and by half time the Kangaroos led by 2 points . North Melbourne dominated the third quarter , with two goals to Craig Sholl and one each to Peter Bell and Crocker , which saw them leading by 26 points at three quarter time . The Kangaroos kicked the first two goals of the final quarter through Anthony Stevens and Mark Roberts to effectively kill the contest . The two teams traded goals until the end of the game , with North ultimately triumphing by 43 points . Tony Lockett tried hard for the Swans in his first and only Grand Final , booting six goals . Paul Roos was playing in his 314th game of VFL / AFL football . He continues to hold the record for the most games played before participating in his first Grand Final . The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Archer for being judged the best player afield . Teams ( edit ) North Melbourne B : 8 Robert Scott 4 Mick Martyn 11 Glenn Archer HB : 2 Wayne Schwass 6 Ian Fairley 12 John Blakey C : 34 David King 37 Adam Simpson 7 Dean Laidley HF : 17 Glenn Freeborn 18 Wayne Carey ( c ) 33 Brett Allison F : 24 Craig Sholl 31 Corey McKernan 27 Darren Crocker Foll : 16 Matthew Capuano 3 Anthony Rock 10 Anthony Stevens Int : 5 Stuart Anderson 22 Mark Roberts 26 Peter Bell Coach : Denis Pagan Sydney B : 7 Brad Seymour 6 Andrew Dunkley 30 Mark Bayes HB : 39 Adam Heuskes 1 Paul Roos 19 Michael O'Loughlin C : 27 Wade Chapman 8 Daryn Cresswell 9 Shannon Grant HF : 34 Troy Luff 17 Jason Mooney 3 Dale Lewis F : 5 Craig O'Brien 4 Tony Lockett 11 Stuart Maxfield Foll : 15 Greg Stafford 12 Kevin Dyson 14 Paul Kelly ( c ) Int : 24 Derek Kickett 32 Daniel McPherson 29 Simon Garlick Coach : Rodney Eade Goal kickers ( edit ) North Melbourne Crocker 3 Freeborn 3 Allison 2 Roberts 2 Sholl 2 Stevens 2 Bell 1 Carey 1 Fairley 1 Rock 1 Simpson 1 Sydney Lockett 6 Luff 2 O'Loughlin 2 Cresswell 1 Kickett 1 Mooney 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russell Coulson ; Ron Reed ( 27 September 1996 ) . `` First round goes to Sydney '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , VIC . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Al Paton ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` SuperFooty takes a look at the biggest cases to hit the tribunal as Jack Viney prepares for his appeal '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Match details at AFL Tables See also ( edit ) 1996 AFL season Victorian / Australian Football League Grand Finals VFL Grand Finals 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL Grand Finals 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 North Melbourne Football Club 1996 AFL premiers North Melbourne 19.17 ( 131 ) defeated Sydney Swans 13.10 ( 88 ) , at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 2 . Schwass 3 . Rock 4 . Martyn 5 . Anderson 6 . Fairley 7 . Laidley 8 . Scott 10 . Stevens 11 . Archer 12 . Blakey 16 . Capuano 17 . Freeborn 18 . Carey ( c ) 22 . Roberts 24 . Sholl 26 . Bell 27 . Crocker 31 . McKernan 33 . Allison 34 . King 37 . Simpson Coach : Pagan North Melbourne Football Club History Records Captains Coaches Players Current squad Syd Barker Medal Leading goalkickers Captain : Jack Ziebell Coach : Brad Scott Nickname : Kangaroos Home grounds Arden Street Oval ( 1925 -- 64 ; 1966 -- 85 ) Coburg City Oval ( 1965 ) Sydney Cricket Ground ( 1979 ; 1999 -- 2002 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1984 -- 99 ) Manuka Oval ( 1998 ; 2001 -- 06 ) Docklands Stadium ( 2000 -- present ) Bellerive Oval ( 2012 -- present ) Premierships ( 4 ) 1977 1999 Seasons ( 93 ) 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related articles Murray Kangaroos North Melbourne Grand Final Breakfast Proposed relocation Round 16 , 2001 collapse against Essendon known as Kangaroos Football Club from 1999 -- 2007 Sydney Swans History Premierships Records Players Captains Coaches Awards Bob Skilton Medal Leading goalkickers Captain : Josh Kennedy Coach : John Longmire Nickname : Swans Home grounds Lake Oval ( 1897 -- 1981 ) Princes Park ( 1942 -- 43 ) Junction Oval ( 1944 -- 46 ) Sydney Cricket Ground ( 1980 -- present ) Stadium Australia ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Premierships ( 5 ) 1909 1918 1933 2005 2012 Seasons ( 119 ) 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Related articles Sydney Derby West Coast Eagles rivalry Known as South Melbourne Football Club from 1874 -- 1981 ; known as Swans Football Club in 1982 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=805424687 '' Categories : VFL / AFL Grand Finals 1996 in Australian rules football 1996 Australian Football League season North Melbourne Football Club Sydney Swans Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 08 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played in the 1996 afl grand final	[ "The 1996 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the North Melbourne Football Club and the Sydney Swans, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 28 September 1996. It was the 100th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers for the 1996 AFL season. The match, attended by 93,102 people, was won by North Melbourne by a margin of 43 points, marking that club's third premiership victory. North Melbourne were awarded a gold premiership cup instead of the usual silver in honour of the centenary grand final." ]	[ "Sydney Swans, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground" ]
7218675904206021833	Reconstruction Amendments	Reconstruction amendments - wikipedia Reconstruction amendments Jump to : navigation , search A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln , 1865 , entitled `` The ' Rail Splitter ' at Work Repairing the Union . '' The caption reads ( Johnson ) : Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever ! ! ( Lincoln ) : A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended ! The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution , adopted between 1865 and 1870 , the five years immediately following the Civil War . The last time the Constitution had been amended was with the Twelfth Amendment more than 60 years earlier in 1804 . The Reconstruction amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war . Their proponents saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was ( in Abraham Lincoln 's words ) `` half slave and half free '' to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed `` blessings of liberty '' would be extended to the entire populace , including the former slaves and their descendants . The Thirteenth Amendment ( proposed and ratified in 1865 ) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except for those duly convicted of a crime . The Fourteenth Amendment ( proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868 ) addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws for all persons . The Fifteenth Amendment ( proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870 ) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude . '' This amendment did not include a specific prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex ; it took another amendment -- the Nineteenth , ratified in 1920 -- to prohibit such discrimination explicitly . Men and women of all races , regardless of prior slavery , could vote in some states of the early United States , such as New Jersey , provided that they could meet other requirements , such as property ownership . These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to establish and prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States . The promise of these amendments was eroded by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century . Women were prohibited by some state constitutions and laws from voting , leading to Susan B. Anthony attempting to vote in New York in the 1872 Presidential election as an act of civil disobedience . In 1876 and later , some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African - Americans . Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the Slaughter - House Cases in 1873 , which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment 's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law ; and Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which originated the phrase `` separate but equal '' and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws . The full benefits of the Thirteenth , Fourteenth , and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thirteenth Amendment 2 Fourteenth Amendment 3 Fifteenth Amendment 4 Selected Supreme Court cases 4.1 Citizenship 4.2 Privileges or immunities 4.3 Incorporation 4.4 Substantive due process 4.5 Equal protection 4.6 Apportionment of Representatives 4.7 Power of enforcement 5 See also 6 References Thirteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Text of the 13th Amendment The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude , except as punishment for a crime . It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8 , 1864 , and , after one unsuccessful vote and extensive legislative maneuvering by the Lincoln administration , the House followed suit on January 31 , 1865 . The measure was swiftly ratified by all but three Union states ( the exceptions were Delaware , New Jersey , and Kentucky ) , and by a sufficient number of border and `` reconstructed '' Southern states , to be ratified by December 6 , 1865 . On December 18 , 1865 , Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been incorporated into the federal Constitution . It became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment . This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments to date . Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the original Constitution through provisions such as Article I , Section 2 , Clause 3 , commonly known as the Three - Fifths Compromise , which detailed how each state 's total slave population would be factored into its total population count for the purposes of apportioning seats in the United States House of Representatives and direct taxes among the states . Although many slaves had been declared free by Lincoln 's 1863 Emancipation Proclamation , their legal status after the Civil War was uncertain . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The two pages of the Fourteenth Amendment in the National Archives The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Congress on June 13 , 1866 . By July 9 , 1868 , it had received ratifications by the legislatures of the required number of states in order to officially become the Fourteenth Amendment . On July 20 , 1868 , Secretary of State William Seward certified that it had been ratified and added to the federal Constitution . The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws , and was proposed in response to issues related to treatment of freedmen following the war . The amendment was bitterly contested , particularly by Southern states , which were forced to ratify it in order to return their delegations to Congress . The Fourteenth Amendment , particularly its first section , is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution , forming the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , regarding abortion , and Bush v. Gore ( 2000 ) , regarding the 2000 presidential election . The second , third , and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom , if ever , litigated . The fifth section gives Congress enforcement power . The amendment 's first section includes several clauses : the Citizenship Clause , Privileges or Immunities Clause , Due Process Clause , and Equal Protection Clause . The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship , overruling the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) , which had held that Americans descended from Africans could not be citizens of the United States . The Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted in such a way that it does very little . While `` Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment reduces congressional representation for states that deny suffrage on racial grounds , '' it was not enforced after southern states disfranchised blacks in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( see below , at Fifteenth Amendment ) . While Northern Congressmen in 1900 raised objections to the inequities of southern states being apportioned seats based on total populations when they excluded blacks , Southern Democratic Party representatives formed such a powerful block that opponents could not gain approval for change of apportionment . The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life , liberty , or property without legislative authorization . This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states , as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy . The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction . This clause was the basis for the US Supreme Court 's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) , that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional , and its prohibition of laws against interracial marriage , in its ruling in Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) . This amendment was the foundation of elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 ( this also relied on the 15th Amendment ) , legislation to end legal segregation in the states and to provide for oversight and enforcement by the federal government of citizens ' rights to vote without discrimination . It has also been referred to for many other court decisions rejecting unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups . Fifteenth Amendment ( edit ) Main article : Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Text of the 15th Amendment The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen 's `` race , color , or previous condition of servitude '' . It was ratified on February 3 , 1870 , as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments . By 1869 , amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws , but the narrow election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that protecting the franchise of black voters was important for the party 's future . After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment , Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning franchise restrictions on the basis of race , color , or previous servitude on February 26 , 1869 . The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30 , 1870 . After blacks gained the vote , the Ku Klux Klan directed some of their attacks to disrupt their political meetings and intimidate them at the polls , to suppress black participation . In the mid-1870s , there was a rise in new insurgent groups , such as the Red Shirts and White League , who acted on behalf of the Democratic Party to violently suppress black voting . While white Democrats regained power in southern state legislatures , through the 1880s and early 1890s , numerous blacks continued to be elected to local offices in many states , as well as to Congress as late as 1894 . From 1890 to 1910 , all the states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and other laws that incorporated methods to disfranchise blacks , such as poll taxes , residency rules , and literacy tests administered by white staff , sometimes with exemptions for whites via grandfather clauses . When challenges reached the Supreme Court , it interpreted the amendment narrowly , ruling based on the stated intent of the laws rather than their practical effect . The results in voter suppression were dramatic , as voter rolls fells : nearly all blacks , as well as tens of thousands of poor whites in Alabama and other states , were forced off the voter registration rolls and out of the political system , effectively excluding millions of people from representation . Democratic state legislatures passed racial segregation laws for public facilities and other types of Jim Crow restrictions . During this period of political struggle , the rate of lynchings in the South reached an all - time high . In the twentieth century , the Court interpreted the amendment more broadly , striking down grandfather clauses in Guinn v. United States ( 1915 ) . It took a quarter century to finally dismantle the white primary system in the `` Texas primary cases '' ( 1927 -- 1953 ) . With the South having become a one - party region after the disfranchisement of blacks , Democratic Party primaries were the only competitive contests in the states . But Southern states reacted rapidly to Supreme Court decisions , often devising new ways to continue to exclude blacks from voter rolls and voting ; most blacks in the South did not gain the ability to vote until after passage of the mid-1960s federal civil rights legislation and beginning of federal oversight of voter registration and district boundaries . The Twenty - fourth Amendment ( 1964 ) forbade the requirement for poll taxes in federal elections ; by this time five of the eleven southern states continued to require such taxes . Together with the US Supreme Court ruling in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections ( 1966 ) , which forbade requiring poll taxes in state elections , blacks regained the opportunity to participate in the American political system . Selected Supreme Court cases ( edit ) Citizenship ( edit ) 1884 : Elk v. Wilkins 1898 : United States v. Wong Kim Ark 1967 : Afroyim v. Rusk 1980 : Vance v. Terrazas 1982 : Plyler v. Doe Privileges or immunities ( edit ) 1868 : Crandall v. Nevada 1873 : Slaughter - House Cases 1908 : Twining v. New Jersey 1920 : United States v. Wheeler 1948 : Oyama v. California 1999 : Saenz v. Roe Incorporation ( edit ) 1833 : Barron v. Baltimore 1873 : Slaughter - House Cases 1883 : Civil Rights Cases 1884 : Hurtado v. California 1897 : Chicago , Burlington & Quincy Railroad v. Chicago 1900 : Maxwell v. Dow 1908 : Twining v. New Jersey 1925 : Gitlow v. New York 1932 : Powell v. Alabama 1937 : Palko v. Connecticut 1947 : Adamson v. California 1952 : Rochin v. California 1961 : Mapp v. Ohio 1962 : Robinson v. California 1963 : Gideon v. Wainwright 1964 : Malloy v. Hogan 1967 : Reitman v. Mulkey 1968 : Duncan v. Louisiana 1969 : Benton v. Maryland 1970 : Goldberg v. Kelly 1972 : Furman v. Georgia 1974 : Goss v. Lopez 1975 : O'Connor v. Donaldson 1976 : Gregg v. Georgia 2010 : McDonald v. Chicago Substantive due process ( edit ) 1876 : Munn v. Illinois 1887 : Mugler v. Kansas 1897 : Allgeyer v. Louisiana 1905 : Lochner v. New York 1908 : Muller v. Oregon 1923 : Adkins v. Children 's Hospital 1923 : Meyer v. Nebraska 1925 : Pierce v. Society of Sisters 1934 : Nebbia v. New York 1937 : West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish 1965 : Griswold v. Connecticut 1973 : Roe v. Wade 1992 : Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1996 : BMW of North America , Inc. v. Gore 2003 : State Farm v. Campbell 2003 : Lawrence v. Texas Equal protection ( edit ) 1880 : Strauder v. West Virginia 1886 : Yick Wo v. Hopkins 1886 : Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad 1896 : Plessy v. Ferguson 1908 : Berea College v. Kentucky 1917 : Buchanan v. Warley 1942 : Skinner v. Oklahoma 1944 : Korematsu v. United States 1948 : Shelley v. Kraemer 1954 : Hernandez v. Texas 1954 : Brown v. Board of Education 1962 : Baker v. Carr 1967 : Loving v. Virginia 1971 : Reed v. Reed 1973 : San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez 1976 : Examining Board v. Flores de Otero 1978 : Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1982 : Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan 1986 : Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico 1996 : United States v. Virginia 1996 : Romer v. Evans 2000 : Bush v. Gore 2015 : Obergefell v. Hodges Apportionment of Representatives ( edit ) 1974 : Richardson v. Ramirez Power of enforcement ( edit ) 1883 : Civil Rights Cases 1966 : Katzenbach v. Morgan 1997 : City of Boerne v. Flores 1999 : Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank 2000 : United States v. Morrison 2000 : Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents 2001 : Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett 2003 : Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs 2004 : Tennessee v. Lane See also ( edit ) Crittenden Compromise Corwin Amendment National Freedom Day Reconstruction Acts 40 acres and a mule Ballot access Black suffrage Voting rights in the United States Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ( United Kingdom ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . `` The Reconstruction Amendments : Official Documents as Social History . '' Gilderlehrman.org . The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution : Abolition of Slavery . '' Archives.gov . National Archives , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Martin . `` 14th Amendment Summary - What Is the Fourteenth Amendment . '' About.com . N.p. , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Documents in American History . '' 15th Amendment to the Constitution : Primary Documents of American History ( Virtual Programs & Services , Library of Congress ) . N.p. , n.d. Web . 05 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : The 19th Amendment . '' Archive.gov . National Archives , n.d. Web . 5 Dec. 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 - 27 '' . United States National Archives . United States National Archives . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ COMMITTEE AT ODDS ON REAPPORTIONMENT , The New York Times , 20 Dec 1900 , accessed 10 Mar 2008 Jump up ^ Richard M. Valelly , The Two Reconstructions : The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement University of Chicago Press , 2009 , pp. 146 - 147 Jump up ^ Glenn Feldman , The Disenfranchisement Myth : Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama , Athens : University of Georgia Press , 2004 , pp. 135 -- 136 United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern By state Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction_Amendments&oldid=800363521 '' Categories : Amendments to the United States Constitution Political history of the American Civil War Reconstruction Era United States slavery law 1865 in American law 1866 in American law 1867 in American law 1868 in American law 1869 in American law 1870 in American law 1865 in American politics 1866 in American politics 1867 in American politics 1868 in American politics 1869 in American politics 1870 in American politics 1860s in the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Simple English Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the 13 14 and 15th amendments passed	[ "The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution,[1] adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War. The last time the Constitution had been amended was with the Twelfth Amendment more than 60 years earlier in 1804. The Reconstruction amendments were important in implementing the Reconstruction of the American South after the war. Their proponents saw them as transforming the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) \"half slave and half free\" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed \"blessings of liberty\" would be extended to the entire populace, including the former slaves and their descendants." ]	[ "between 1865 and 1870" ]
6873780829546612685	Pamela Baird	Pamela Baird - Wikipedia Pamela Baird Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( April 2008 ) Pamela Baird ( 1945 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Bexar County , TX Other names Pamela Beaird Pamela Beard Occupation Actress Years active 1955 -- 1964 Pamela Baird ( born Pamela Beaird on April 6 , 1945 ) is an American former actress , best known for her role as `` Mary Ellen Rogers '' , the girlfriend of `` Wally Cleaver '' on the classic sitcom , Leave It to Beaver . She appeared in seven of the show 's 235 episodes , but her name was mentioned in many other segments . Mary Ellen and Wally eventually wed , as they were shown as a married couple in the 1983 reunion movie Still the Beaver and the subsequent The New Leave It to Beaver series ( in which Janice Kent played Mary Ellen ) . Prior to Leave It to Beaver , Baird appeared as Hildy Broeberg in ten episodes of the CBS western series My Friend Flicka ( 1956 -- 1957 ) , starring Johnny Washbrook , Gene Evans , Anita Louise , and Frank Ferguson . Baird also appeared as one of Kelly 's ( Noreen Corcoran ) friends on the sitcom Bachelor Father . She is now married , has five children , and is legally named Pamela Beaird Hensley . She attended Covina High School , and graduated from Westminster Choir College , Princeton , New Jersey in 1968 . She graduated in 2005 with a degree in music from Southwestern Assemblies of God University . References ( edit ) Pamela Baird on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamela_Baird&oldid=727845105 '' Categories : Westminster Choir College alumni 1930s births Living people American child actresses American television actresses People from the Greater Los Angeles Area 20th - century American actresses American television actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Place of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2016 , at 16 : 13 . About Wikipedia	who played mary ellen on leave it to beaver	[ "Pamela Baird (born Pamela Beaird on April 6, 1945) is an American former actress, best known for her role as \"Mary Ellen Rogers\", the girlfriend of \"Wally Cleaver\" on the classic sitcom, Leave It to Beaver. She appeared in seven of the show's 235 episodes, but her name was mentioned in many other segments. Mary Ellen and Wally eventually wed, as they were shown as a married couple in the 1983 reunion movie Still the Beaver and the subsequent The New Leave It to Beaver series (in which Janice Kent played Mary Ellen)." ]	[ "Pamela Baird" ]
-1481491921227595833	Bill Knapp's	Bill Knapp 's - wikipedia Bill Knapp 's This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bill Knapp 's Former type Private Industry Casual dining restaurant Founded 1948 Defunct 2002 Headquarters Battle Creek , Michigan , USA Key people Clinton B. Knapp , Founder Website www.billknapps.com Bill Knapp 's was an American family restaurant chain . It was founded by Clinton B. Knapp ( March 13 , 1907 -- October 15 , 1974 ) , in Battle Creek , Michigan , in 1948 . The chain operated in Michigan , Ohio , Florida , Illinois and Indiana , with more than 60 locations at its peak . Contents 1 The menu 2 Demographics 3 Downfall 4 Chocolate cake legacy 5 References 6 External links The menu ( edit ) Bill Knapp 's featured a menu primarily filled with typical family dining items . The menu included a limited breakfast , sandwiches , baskets , and luncheon and dinner plates . A children 's menu , featuring meals named for animals , was also offered . Recipes for their fried chicken , bean soup , ham croquettes , vegetable soup , onion rings , au gratin potatoes , and chocolate cakes ( later purchased by Awrey Bakeries ) were also featured . Locations replenished inventory on a daily basis from the commissary in Battle Creek , Mich . with their own fleet of trucks . Bill Knapp placed great emphasis on the quality and freshness of the food , with added emphasis on preparing the food `` from scratch . '' Demographics ( edit ) Bill Knapp `` was interested in providing decent food for a reasonable price with friendly service . '' The target clientele of his restaurants was families , often three generations eating together at long tables pushed together . As the decades passed , the clientele remained nearly the same as it had when the first restaurant of the chain opened in 1948 . By the 1980s and 1990s , with the breakdown of extended families , the clientele was predominantly senior citizens . In 1998 , after its sale to an entrepreneur from California , Bill Knapp 's instituted a `` That was then , this is WOW '' marketing campaign , as well as an overall revamp of the chain 's image . The new ownership hung colorful shower curtains between eating booths , played rock and roll music ( often loudly ) throughout the dining areas , revised old building exteriors with newer , hipper color schemes , and further changes , including the installation of televisions and video games in restaurants . The `` That was then , this is WOW '' campaign not only changed the interior and exterior décor , but the menu as well . Prior to 1996 , Bill Knapp 's cuisine was prepared , home style , in a commissary which supplied all of its restaurants daily or every other day . In an effort to cut costs , the commissary model was abandoned in favor of purchasing food from food services local to each restaurant , as well as substituting Lipton soups and Kraft macaroni and cheese for the previously home - made versions provided by the commissary . Downfall ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This overhaul of the chain 's demographics , however , proved unsuccessful . Loyal diners felt alienated by the changes made ; abandonment of Mr. Knapp 's `` from - scratch '' philosophy drove these loyal customers away for good . Furthermore , the campaign failed to recruit the younger - family crowd , resulting in further erosion of the chain 's customer base . Another reason for the shift away from the made - from - scratch philosophy was a Listeria outbreak in the early 1990s . As the restaurant struggled to recover from the negative publicity , many new , updated food safety standards were initiated . Some food preparation that was taking place in the restaurants had to be moved back to the commissaries , to be monitored more closely . This was not as cost effective , as more foods needed to be processed and frozen to ensure safety . As commissary costs continued to rise , more of Bill Knapp 's signature foods had to be outsourced to larger processing facilities . By 2000 , the commissaries were becoming little more than distribution centers . Fresh , handmade hamburger patties were replaced by frozen , eggs by a powdered substitute , and even the marinated chicken breasts were coming in frozen packages . ( Raw chicken breasts had been marinated overnight in the restaurants . ) While the organization elevated food safety standards , higher costs combined with lower quality led the chain to its ultimate downfall . In 2001 , Bill Knapp 's tried to reverse course by announcing that `` The Tradition is Back , '' restoring the original menu and some original décor , but by then it was too late . On Tuesday May 21 , 2002 , Bill Knapp 's filed for voluntary Chapter 11 protection in U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Western District of Michigan . At the time company operated 29 restaurants . By the end of 2002 , the chain 's last restaurant had closed . Chocolate cake legacy ( edit ) Bill Knapp 's 6 - inch chocolate birthday cakes , officially known as Bill Knapp 's Celebration Cakes , were regarded as one of the chain 's dearest features . Because of the popularity of the cakes , Awrey 's Bakery purchased the rights to make them , following Bill Knapp 's original recipe . The cakes are available from Awrey 's in - store bakery and at many Kroger Stores as well . Winn - Dixie and Kroger now also carry Bill Knapp 's Chocolate , Nutty , and Glazed Dunkers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midwest 's Bill Knapp 's files for Chapter 11 - News Digests FindArticles . Retrieved on August 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Bill Knapp 's signature cakes exclusive at Meijer Meijer . Retrieved on August 2 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : Bill Knapp 's is gone , but not forgotten BattleCreekEnquirer.com Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bill Knapp 's old building Retrieved on August 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Bill Knapp 's new building Retrieved on August 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Bill Knapp 's files for Chapter 11 '' . ourmidland.com . Midland Daily News . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ An open letter to Bill Knapp 's guests from Jamie Brown The Internet Wayback Machine . Retrieved on August 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Best Chocolate Cake ; Bill Knapp 's Signature Cakes Exclusive at Meijer . Access My Library . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bill Knapp 's Celebration Cake Awrey 's Bakery . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 External links ( edit ) Bill Knapp 's on LocalWiki Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bill_Knapp%27s&oldid=843543970 '' Categories : Restaurants established in 1948 Defunct restaurant chains in the United States Defunct restaurants in the United States Companies based in Battle Creek , Michigan Defunct companies based in Michigan Companies disestablished in 2002 Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2002 1948 establishments in Michigan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 20 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did bill knapps go out of business	[ "By the end of 2002, the chain's last restaurant had closed.[7]\n" ]	[ "By the end of 2002" ]
-6730724310432101524	Droid Turbo	Droid Turbo - wikipedia Droid Turbo Jump to : navigation , search Motorola Droid Turbo ( XT1254 ) Brand Droid Manufacturer Motorola Mobility Slogan Rise To The Moment Series Droid Compatible networks List ( show ) CDMA EV - DO rev A ; 800 , 1900MHz GSM / GPRS / EDGE 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz UMTS / HSPA 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz LTE 700 MHz Band 13 / 1700 MHz Band 4 HSDPA+ ( 4G ) 42.2 Mbit / s HSUPA 5.76 Mbit / s First released October 30 , 2014 ; 3 years ago ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) Availability by country United States October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) ( Verizon ) Predecessor Droid Maxx Successor Droid Turbo 2 Related Moto X ( 2nd generation ) Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 143.5 mm ( 5.65 in ) H 73.3 mm ( 2.89 in ) W 8.3 -- 11.2 mm ( 0.33 -- 0.44 in ) Weight 176 g ( 6.2 oz ) Operating system Android 4.4. 4 ( KitKat ) , Upgradable to Android 6.0. 1 ( Marshmallow ) System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 805 CPU 2.7 GHz quad - core GPU 600 MHz Adreno 420 Memory 3 GiB dual - channel , 800 MHz LPDDR3 RAM Storage 32 GiB internal flash memory 64 GiB internal flash memory Removable storage None Battery 3,900 mAh Data inputs Micro USB 2.0 Display 5.2 in ( 130 mm ) diagonal 16 : 9 aspect ratio widescreen AMOLED RGB capacitive , multi-touch touchscreen 1440x2560 pixel Quad HD ( 565 PPI ) 16 M colors Corning Gorilla Glass 3 Rear camera 21 MP ( 5248 × 3936 px ) 15.5 MP ( 2952 × 5248 px in widescreen mode to fit screen aspect ratio ) 4K video recording ( 24 fps ) ; 1080p ( 30 fps ) ; 720p ( slow motion ) Front camera 2 MP also ultra HD rear camera ( 2160 ) Sound Speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity List ( show ) 3.5 mm stereo audio jack USB 2.0 Host micro USB Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 , 5 GHz ) 4.0 EDR 4G Wi - Fi hotspot aGPS ( assisted ) sGPS ( simultaneous ) NFC GLONASS Other Use time : up to 48 hours Standby time : up to 20 days Damage resistance : Corning Gorilla Glass 3 screen , Ballistic nylon backing , water - repellent nanocoating Media sharing : Miracast wireless video playback Qi Wireless Charging The Droid Turbo is a high end smartphone developed by Motorola Mobility . It is part of the Verizon Droid line , and was announced on October 28 , 2014 on the Verizon Droid Does website . The Droid Turbo maintains a similar design shape to its predecessor , the Droid Maxx , with new durable ballistic nylon or metallized glass fiber reinforced with Kevlar as the materials offered . The on - screen buttons for back , home , and multitask functions were kept off - screen as capacitive soft - keys below the display . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifications 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 1.3 Storage 2 International version 3 References Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Droid Turbo comes with a Snapdragon 805 quad - core processor clocked at 2.7 GHz , an Adreno 420 GPU , natural language processor for the phone 's contextual features , and is backed by a 3,900 mAh battery . The Droid Turbo also has a 5.2 - inch Quad HD display with a 565 pixels per inch pixel density at a 1440 × 2560 resolution . Software ( edit ) The Droid Turbo ships with Android 4.4. 4 KitKat . The Turbo also comes with Motorola 's Moto app , which includes features such as Moto Voice , Moto Display , Moto Actions , and Moto Assist . The device 's operating system 's first upgrade was to Android Lollipop , Android 5 . It 's last official upgrade was to Android Marshmallow , Android 6.0. 1 and Motorola has confirmed that they have officially dropped support for the device and that the Droid Turbo will not receive the Android Nougat update . Storage ( edit ) The Droid Turbo features 32 or 64 GB of internal flash memory and does not provide expandable memory via a MicroSDXC card slot . International version ( edit ) An international ( GSM ) version was announced in early November 2014 , to be branded as `` Moto Maxx '' , initially available only in Brazil , Puerto Rico and Mexico and released in Chile by early 2015 . Motorola has released the smartphone in India by the name of the Moto Turbo earlier in 2015 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Droid Turbo '' . Motorola . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Droid Turbo '' . Verizon Wireless . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Droid Turbo specs '' . Phone arena . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunther , Cory ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Moto Droid Turbo Hands - on & First Impressions '' . Gotta be Mobile . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Motorola Moto Maxx is official , comes to Brazil and Mexico first '' . GSM Arena . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rastogi , Rahul . `` Motorola Moto Turbo Full Specifications and Review '' . RigWig . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Motorola phones and smartphones by series 4LTR AURA ( R ) FONE ( F ) KRZR ( K ) MING ( A1680 ) PEBL ( U ) RAZR ( V , VE ) RAZR ( V ) RAZR ( V ) RIZR ( Z ) ROKR ( E , EM , W , Z , ZN ) SLVR ( L ) ZINE ( ZN ) A760 A780 A835 A845 A910 A920 A925 A1000 Android smartphones Atrix 4G Atrix 2 Atrix HD Backflip Calgary Charm Citrus CLIQ / DEXT CLIQ XT / DEXT XT Cliq2 / DEXT2 DEFY Devour Droid / Milestone Droid Bionic Droid 2 / Milestone 2 Droid Maxx & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / Xprt Droid RAZR Droid RAZR HD Motorola RAZR i Droid RAZR M Droid Turbo Droid X Droid 2 Droid X2 Droid 3 Droid 4 Electrify Flipout i1 Milestone XT701 Milestone XT720 Ming A1680 Moto E 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto G 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play Moto Z Play Z2 Play Photon 4G Photon Q Triumph Android tablets XOOM XOOM Family Edition Droid Xyboard / XOOM 2 C115 C168 / C168i C300 C331 C332 C333 C350 C550 C139 C620 C385 C390 cd / d cd160 cd920 cd930 d520 E365 E398 E550 E680 E770 E815 / E816 E1000 i i710 i860 i870 i920 / i930 i880 i455 / i450 i9 i680 i1000plus i58sr i1 International 3200 3300 M3188 M3288 M3588 M3688 M3788 M3888 MPx MPx200 MPx220 Others Accompli SlimLite Talkabout ( T180 , T190 , T191 ) Timeport Q Q Q8 Q9h Q9c Q9m Q11 T720 TAC DynaTAC MicroTAC StarTAC V V50 V60i V66i V180 V188 V190 V220 V235 V265 V276 V325 V360 V400 V500 V525 V535 V551 V557 V600 V620 V635 V710 V980 V3688 VE VE538 VE66 W156 / W160 W175 / W180 W181 W206 / W213 W220 W230 W270 W370 W375 W377 W385 W490 W510 Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - Mobile US G1 myTouch 3G myTouch 3G Slide Desire Z myTouch 4G myTouch 4G Slide Tattoo ThunderBolt Wildfire Huawei T - Mobile Pulse IDEOS U8150 U8800 ( Ideos X5 ) Sonic ( U8650 ) Ascend Honor LG G series 2 Mini G3 Stylus Flex Pro 2 Pro Lite x Flex 2 5 6 GW620 Optimus Optimus 2X Optimus 3D Optimus 4X HD Optimus Black Optimus Chic Optimus G Optimus L9 Optimus LTE Optimus One Optimus Q Optimus Slider Optimus Vu II Optimus Vu Optimus Zip VS740 V series V10 V20 Meizu M9 PRO 5 MX MX4 Pro 5 Misc . Amazon Fire Phone Canonical Ubuntu Edge Casio G'zOne Commando Dell Venue Essential Phone Garmin Nüvifone GeeksPhone One Intel AZ210 Karbonn a15 Kyocera Echo Lenovo LePhone / IdeaPhone Micromax Canvas A1 Nextbit Robin PepsiCo Pepsi P1 Vertu Ti Motorola Atrix 4G Backflip Charm Cliq XT Defy Devour Droid ( Milestone ) Droid Bionic Droid MAXX & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / XPRT ( Milestone Plus ) Droid Razr Maxx HD Maxx HD Droid Turbo Droid X ( Milestone X ) X2 Flipout i1 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play Moto G 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto E 2014 2015 2016 Moto Z Play Nokia Nokia 3 Nokia 5 Nokia 6 Nokia 8 Nokia X Nokia X+ Nokia XL Nokia X2 Nokia XL 4G OnePlus One X 3T 5 Pantech Vega Racer Vega R3 Vega N ° 6 Vega Iron Samsung Captivate Glide Galaxy Galaxy Spica Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy A Alpha A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 Pro Galaxy Beam Galaxy Core II LTE Galaxy Express Galaxy Express 2 Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy Mini Galaxy Mini 2 Galaxy Pocket Galaxy Pocket Plus Galaxy Pocket Neo Galaxy Round Galaxy S series Advance Duos Duos 2 Plus S 4G LTE II II Plus III III Mini 4 Mini 4 Active 5 5 Mini 5 Active 6 6 Active 7 8 Galaxy Star Galaxy W Galaxy Win Galaxy Y Galaxy Young Infuse 4G Transform Intercept Moment Sony Xperia series acro S C3 C4 Go Ion miro sola SP tipo U V X XA XA Ultra XA1 XA1 Ultra X Performance X Compact XZ XZs XZ Premium Z ZL ZR Z1 Z1 Compact E1 Z2 Z3 E3 Z3 Compact Z3+ / Z4 E4 Z5 Z5 Compact Z5 Premium E5 Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Xperia active Xperia arc Xperia acro Xperia mini Pro Xperia neo V Xperia Play Xperia pro Xperia ray Xperia X8 Xperia X10 Mini Mini Pro Xiaomi Mi 1 Mi 2 Mi 2A Mi 2S Mi 3 Mi 4 Mi 4i Mi 4c Mi 5 Mi Note Pro Redmi Redmi 1S Redmi Note Redmi Note 2 Redmi Note 3 Redmi Note 4 ZTE Blade Racer Skate Engage Android tablets Other Android devices List of features in Android Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Droid_Turbo&oldid=807843156 '' Categories : Smartphones Motorola mobile phones Android ( operating system ) devices Mobile phones introduced in 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه فارسی 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 12 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the new droid turbo come out	[ "The Droid Turbo is a high end smartphone developed by Motorola Mobility. It is part of the Verizon Droid line, and was announced on October 28, 2014 on the Verizon Droid Does website.[2] The Droid Turbo maintains a similar design shape to its predecessor, the Droid Maxx, with new durable ballistic nylon or metallized glass fiber reinforced with Kevlar as the materials offered. The on-screen buttons for back, home, and multitask functions were kept off-screen as capacitive soft-keys below the display.[1]" ]	[ "October 28, 2014" ]
-944732373730295590	To His Coy Mistress	To his Coy Mistress - wikipedia To his Coy Mistress To His Coy Mistress Had we but world enough , and time , This coyness , Lady , were no crime We would sit down and think which way To walk and pass our long love 's day . Thou by the Indian Ganges ' side Shouldst rubies find : I by the tide Of Humber would complain . I would Love you ten years before the Flood , And you should , if you please , refuse Till the conversion of the Jews . My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires , and more slow ; A hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes and on thy forehead gaze ; Two hundred to adore each breast , But thirty thousand to the rest ; An age at least to every part , And the last age should show your heart . For , Lady , you deserve this state , Nor would I love at lower rate . But at my back I always hear Time 's wingèd chariot hurrying near ; And yonder all before us lie Deserts of vast eternity . Thy beauty shall no more be found , Nor , in thy marble vault , shall sound My echoing song ; then worms shall try That long preserved virginity , And your quaint honour turn to dust , And into ashes all my lust : The grave 's a fine and private place , But none , I think , do there embrace . Now therefore , while the youthful hue Sits on thy skin like morning dew , And while thy willing soul transpires At every pore with instant fires , Now let us sport us while we may , And now , like amorous birds of prey , Rather at once our time devour Than languish in his slow - chapped power . Let us roll all our strength and all Our sweetness up into one ball , And tear our pleasures with rough strife Through the iron gates of life : Thus , though we can not make our sun Stand still , yet we will make him run . `` To His Coy Mistress '' is a metaphysical poem written by the English author and politician Andrew Marvell ( 1621 -- 1678 ) either during or just before the English Interregnum ( 1649 -- 60 ) . It was published posthumously in 1681 . This poem is considered one of Marvell 's finest and is possibly the best recognized carpe diem poem in English . Although the date of its composition is not known , it may have been written in the early 1650s . At that time , Marvell was serving as a tutor to the daughter of the retired commander of the New Model Army , Sir Thomas Fairfax . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Structure 3 Critical reception and themes 4 Allusions in other works 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The speaker of the poem starts by addressing a woman who has been slow to respond to his romantic advances . In the first stanza he describes how he would pay court to her if he were to be unencumbered by the constraints of a normal lifespan . He could spend centuries admiring each part of her body and her resistance to his advances ( i.e. , coyness ) would not discourage him . In the second stanza , he laments how short human life is . Once life is over , the speaker contends , the opportunity to enjoy one another is gone , as no one embraces in death . In the last stanza , the speaker urges the woman to requite his efforts , and argues that in loving one another with passion they will both make the most of the brief time they have to live . Structure ( edit ) The poem is written in iambic tetrameter and rhymes in couplets . The first verse stanza ( `` Had we ... '' ) is ten couplets long , the second ( `` But ... '' ) six , and the third ( `` Now therefore ... '' ) seven . The logical form of the poem runs : if ... but ... therefore ... Critical reception and themes ( edit ) Until recently , `` To His Coy Mistress '' had been received by many as a poem that follows the traditional conventions of carpe diem love poetry . Some modern critics , however , argue Marvell 's use of complex and ambiguous metaphors challenges the perceived notions of the poem . It as well raises suspicion of irony and deludes the reader with its inappropriate and jarring imagery . Some critics believe the poem is an ironic statement on sexual seduction . They reject the idea that Marvell 's poem carries a serious and solemn mood . Rather , the poem 's opening lines -- `` Had we but world enough , and time / This coyness , Lady , were no crime '' -- seems to suggest quite a whimsical tone of regret . In the second part of the poem , there is a sudden transition into imagery that involves graves , marble vaults and worms . The narrator 's use of such metaphors to depict a realistic and harsh death that awaits the lovers seems to be a way of shocking the lady into submission . As well , critics note the sense of urgency of the narrator in the poem 's third section , especially the alarming comparison of the lovers to `` amorous birds of prey '' . Allusions in other works ( edit ) At least two poets have taken up the challenge of responding to Marvell 's poem in the character of the lady so addressed . Annie Finch 's `` Coy Mistress '' suggests that poetry is a more fitting use of their time than lovemaking , while A.D. Hope 's `` His Coy Mistress to Mr. Marvell '' turns down the offered seduction outright . Many authors have borrowed the phrase `` World enough and time '' from the poem 's opening line to use in their book titles . The most famous is Robert Penn Warren 's 1950 novel World Enough and Time : A Romantic Novel , about murder in early - 19th - century Kentucky . With variations , it has also been used for books on the philosophy of physics ( World Enough and Space - Time : Absolute versus Relational Theories of Space and Time ) , geopolitics ( World Enough and Time : Successful Strategies for Resource Management ) , a science - fiction collection ( Worlds Enough & Time : Five Tales of Speculative Fiction ) , and a biography of the poet ( World Enough and Time : The Life of Andrew Marvell ) . The phrase is used as a title chapter in Andreas Wagner 's pop science book on the origin of variation in organisms , `` Arrival of the Fittest '' . The verse serves as an epigraph to Mimesis , literary critic Erich Auerbach 's most famous book . It is also the title of an episode of Big Finish Productions 's The Diary of River Song series 2 , and of part 1 of Doctor Who 's Series 10 finale . Also in the field of science fiction , Ursula K. Le Guin wrote a Hugo - nominated short story whose title , `` Vaster than Empires and More Slow '' , is taken from the poem . Ian Watson notes the debt of this story to Marvell , `` whose complex and allusive poems are of a later form of pastoral to that which I shall refer , and , like Marvell , Le Guin 's nature references are , as I want to argue , `` pastoral '' in a much more fundamental and interesting way than this simplistic use of the term . '' There are other allusions to the poem in the field of Fantasy and Science Fiction : the first book of James Kahn 's `` New World Series '' is titled `` World Enough , and Time '' ; the third book of Joe Haldeman 's `` Worlds '' trilogy is titled `` Worlds Enough and Time '' ; and Peter S. Beagle 's novel A Fine and Private Place about a love affair between two ghosts in a graveyard . The latter phrase has been widely used as a euphemism for the grave , and has formed the title of several mystery novels . Brian Aldiss 's novel Hothouse , set in a distant future in which the earth is dominated by plant life , opens with `` My vegetable love should grow / vaster than empires , and more slow . '' The phrase `` there will be time '' occurs repeatedly in a section of T.S. Eliot 's `` The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock '' ( 1915 ) , and is often said to be an allusion to Marvell 's poem . Prufrock says that there will be time `` for the yellow smoke that slides along the street '' , time `` to murder and create '' , and time `` for a hundred indecisions ... Before the taking of a toast and tea '' . As Eliot 's hero is , in fact , putting off romance and consummation , he is ( falsely ) answering Marvell 's speaker . Eliot also alludes to the lines near the end of Marvell 's poem , `` Let us roll all our strength and all / Our sweetness up into one ball '' , with his lines , `` To have squeezed the universe into a ball / To roll it toward some overwhelming question , '' as Prufrock questions whether or not such an act of daring would have been worth it . Eliot returns to Marvell in The Waste Land with the lines `` But at my back in a cold blast I hear / The rattle of the bones '' ( Part III , line 185 ) and `` But at my back from time to time I hear / The sound of horns and motors '' ( Part III , line 196 ) . The line `` deserts of vast eternity '' is used in the novel Orlando : A Biography , by Virginia Woolf , which was published in 1928 . Archibald MacLeish 's poem `` You , Andrew Marvell '' , alludes to the passage of time and to the growth and decline of empires . In his poem , the speaker , lying on the ground at sunset , feels `` the rising of the night '' . He visualizes sunset , moving from east to west geographically , overtaking the great civilizations of the past , and feels `` how swift how secretly / The shadow of the night comes on . '' B.F. Skinner quotes `` But at my back I always hear / Time 's wingèd chariot hurrying near '' , through his character Professor Burris in Walden Two , who is in a confused mood of desperation , lack of orientation , irresolution and indecision . ( Prentice Hall 1976 , Chapter 31 , p. 266 ) . This line is also quoted in Ernest Hemingway 's novel A Farewell to Arms , as in Arthur C. Clarke 's short story , The Ultimate Melody . The same line appears in full in the opening minutes of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger 's A Matter of Life and Death ( 1946 ) , spoken by the protagonist , pilot and poet Peter Carter : ' But at my back I always hear / Time 's wingèd chariot hurrying near ; And yonder all before us lie / Deserts of vast eternity . Andy Marvell , What a Marvel ' . The line `` A fine and private place , but none , I think , do there embrace '' appears in Stephen King 's novel Pet Sematary . The line `` My vegetable love should grow / Vaster than empires , and more slow '' is quoted by William S. Burroughs in the last entry of his diary ( July 29 , 1997 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Oxford Authors Authors Andrew Marvell . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 1990 . ISBN 9780192541833 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michelle . `` To His Coy Mistress by Andrew Marvell . '' Poetry Criticism . Detroit : Gale , Cengage Learning , 2008 . 171 - 282 . Gale.cengage.com : Literature Criticism Online . Web . 20 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ Person , James E. `` Andrew Marvell ( 1621 - 1678 ) . '' Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 . Detroit : Gale Research , 1986 . 391 - 451 . Gale.cengage.com : Literature Criticism Online . Web . 20 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ Coy Mistress , Poetry Foundation Jump up ^ Wagner , Andreas ( 2014 ) . Arrival of the Fittest . Jump up ^ `` The Forest as Metaphor for Mind : ' The Word for World is Forest ' and ' Vaster Than Empires and More Slow ' '' ( in : Science Fiction Studies , November 1975 ) - online : `` Ursula Le Guin and Pastoral Mode '' ; Rich Erlich : Study Guide for Ursula K. Le Guin 's The Word for World Is Forest `` Note allusion of Andrew Marvell 's poem , `` To His Coy Mistress , '' the source of the title to Le Guin 's `` Vaster than Empires . '' '' Jump up ^ Lehman , David . `` ' Carpe Diem ' in 46 Immortal Lines '' . wsj.com . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` You , Andrew Marvell '' , by Archibald MacLeish , at the Poetry Foundation Jump up ^ On Becoming a Poet , from The Weather of Words , by Mark Strand External links ( edit ) To His Coy Mistress : A Study Guide With an Annotated Copy of the Poem To His Coy Mistress public domain audiobook at LibriVox Poetry by Andrew Marvell List List of works by Andrew Marvell Poems `` The Garden '' `` The Mower 's Song '' `` To His Coy Mistress '' `` Upon Appleton House '' `` On Mr. Milton 's Paradise Lost '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_His_Coy_Mistress&oldid=857066492 '' Categories : 1650s poems 1681 poems Poetry by Andrew Marvell Poems published posthumously Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 10 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what type of poem is to his coy mistress	[ "\"To His Coy Mistress\" is a metaphysical poem written by the English author and politician Andrew Marvell (1621–1678) either during or just before the English Interregnum (1649–60). It was published posthumously in 1681.[1]\n" ]	[ "a metaphysical poem" ]
-413510349132666799	In medias res	In medias res - wikipedia In medias res Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In Medias Res ( disambiguation ) . A narrative work beginning in medias res ( Classical Latin : ( ɪn mɛdiaːs reːs ) , lit . `` into the middle things '' ) opens in the midst of action ( cf . ab ovo , ab initio ) . Often , exposition is bypassed and filled in gradually , either through dialogue , flashbacks or description of past events . For example , Hamlet begins after the death of Hamlet 's father . Characters make reference to King Hamlet 's death without the plot 's first establishment of said fact . Since the play focuses on Hamlet and the revenge itself more so than the motivation , Shakespeare utilizes in medias res to bypass superfluous exposition . Works that employ in medias res often , though not always , will subsequently use flashback and nonlinear narrative for exposition of earlier events in order to fill in the backstory . For example , in Homer 's Odyssey , we first learn about Odysseus 's journey when he is held captive on Calypso 's island . We then find out , in Books IX through XII , that the greater part of Odysseus 's journey precedes that moment in the narrative . On the other hand , Homer 's Iliad has relatively few flashbacks , although it opens in the thick of the Trojan War . Contents ( hide ) 1 First use of the phrase 2 Literary history 3 Cinematic history 4 See also 5 References 6 External links First use of the phrase ( edit ) The Roman lyric poet and satirist Horace ( 65 -- 8 BC ) first used the terms ab ōvō ( `` from the egg '' ) and in mediās rēs ( `` into the middle of things '' ) in his Ars poetica ( `` Poetic Arts '' , c. 13 BC ) , wherein lines 147 -- 149 describe the ideal epic poet : Nor does he begin the Trojan War from the egg , but always he hurries to the action , and snatches the listener into the middle of things ... The `` egg '' reference is to the mythological origin of the Trojan War in the birth of Helen and Clytemnestra from the double egg laid by Leda following her seduction by Zeus in the guise of a swan . Literary history ( edit ) Probably originated in oral tradition , the narrative technique of beginning a story in medias res is a stylistic convention of epic poetry , the exemplars in Western literature being the Iliad and the Odyssey ( both 7th century BC ) , by Homer . Likewise , the technique features in the Indian Mahābhārata ( c. 8th century BC -- c. 4th century AD ) . The classical - era poet Virgil ( Publius Vergilius Maro , 70 -- 19 BC ) continued this literary narrative technique in the Aeneid , which is part of the Greek literary tradition of imitating Homer . Later works featuring in medias res include the stories `` Sinbad the Sailor '' and `` The Three Apples '' from the One Thousand and One Nights ( c. 9th century ) , the German Nibelungenlied ( 12th century ) , the Spanish Cantar de Mio Cid ( c. 14th century ) , the Italian Divine Comedy ( 1320 ) by Dante Alighieri , the Portuguese The Lusiads ( 1572 ) by Luís Vaz de Camões , Jerusalem Delivered ( 1581 ) by Torquato Tasso , Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) by John Milton , and generally in Modernist literature . Modern novelists known to extensively employ in medias res in conjunction with flashbacks include William Faulkner and Toni Morrison . Cinematic history ( edit ) It is typical for film noir to begin in medias res ; for example , a private detective will enter the plot already in progress . Crossfire ( 1947 ) opens with the murder of Joseph Samuels . As the police investigate the crime , the story behind the murder is told via flashbacks . Dead Reckoning ( 1947 ) opens with Humphrey Bogart as Rip Murdock on the run and attempting to hide in a Catholic church . Inside , the backstory is told in flashback as Murdock explains his situation to a priest . The technique has been used across genres , including dramas such as Through a Glass Darkly ( 1961 ) , 81⁄2 ( 1963 ) , Raging Bull ( 1980 ) , and City of God ( 2002 ) ; crime thrillers such as Grievous Bodily Harm ( 1988 ) , The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) , and Kill Bill Volume 2 ( 2004 ) ; horror films such as Firestarter ( 1984 ) ; action films such as many in the James Bond franchise ; and comedies such as Dr. Strangelove ( 1964 ) . Many war films , such as The Thin Red Line ( 1998 ) , also begin in medias res , with the protagonists already actively in combat and no prior domestic scenes leading up to the film 's events . Occasionally adaptations of source material may employ in medias res while the original version did not . For example , the film adaptation of the stage musical Camelot employed in medias res while the original Broadway version did not ( although revivals of the musical have ) . Stanley Kubrick 's 1962 film adaptation of Lolita begins in medias res although the novel does not . Herman Wouk 's stage adaptation of his own novel The Caine Mutiny begins in medias res as it opens with the court - martial that occupies the final section of the novel , telling the earlier part of the story through flashbacks in court - room testimony . See also ( edit ) Reverse chronology Flashforward References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In medias res '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Horace . Ars poetica ( in Latin ) . nec gemino bellum Troianum orditur ab ovo ; / semper ad eventum festinat et in medias res / ( ... ) auditorem rapit ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher John ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era , 1760 - 1850 . Taylor & Francis . p. 319 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 422 - 5 Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) . Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights . Brill Publishers . pp. 86 -- 94 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 . Jump up ^ P. Raffa , Guy . The Complete Danteworlds : A Reader 's Guide to the Divine Comedy . University Of Chicago Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0226702704 . Jump up ^ Forman , Carol ( 1984 ) . Dante Alighieri 's Divine Comedy : The Inferno . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 7641 - 9107 - 1 Jump up ^ Knight , Deborah ( 2007 ) . Conard , Mark T. ; Porfirio , Robert , eds . The Philosophy of Film Noir . University Press of Kentucky . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9181 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Geoff ; McDonnell , Brian ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Film Noir . ABC - CLIO . pp. 146 , 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33306 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , William Charles ( 1980 ) . Screenwriting for Narrative Film and Television . Hastingshouse / Daytrips . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8038 - 6773 - 4 . Jump up ^ What is the term , In Medias Res ? Jump up ^ McFarlane , Brian ; Mayer , Geoff ( 1992 ) . New Australian Cinema . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 38768 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Murfin , Ross C. ; Ray , Supryia M. ( 2009 ) . The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms . Bedford / St. Martins . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22330 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chan , Kenneth ( 2009 ) . Remade in Hollywood . Hong Kong University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 962 - 209 - 056 - 9 . Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth ( 2007 ) . Horror Films of the 1980s . McFarland . pp. 135 , 389 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2821 - 2 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Kevin J. ( 2001 ) . Film Music . Edinburgh University Press . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1288 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glassmeyer , Danielle ( 2009 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's Epics : Gender of Violence '' . In Detora , Lisa M. wHeroes of Film , Comics and American Culture . McFarland . pp. 297 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3827 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of in medias res at Wiktionary Look up in , medias , or res in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Narrative Character Antagonist Antihero Archenemy Character arc Characterization Deuteragonist False protagonist Focal character Foil Protagonist Stock character Supporting character Tritagonist Narrator Tragic hero Plot Action Backstory Cliché Climax Cliffhanger Conflict Deus ex machina Dialogue Dramatic structure Exposition Eucatastrophe Foreshadowing Flashback Flashforward Frame story In medias res Pace Plot device Plot twist Poetic justice Reveal Self - fulfilling prophecy Subplot Trope Kishōtenketsu Setting Backstory Utopia Dystopia Alternate history Fictional location city country universe Theme Leitmotif Metaphor Moral Motif Irony Style Allegory Bathos Diction Figure of speech Imagery Narrative techniques Narration Stylistic device Suspension of disbelief Symbolism Tone Mode Mood Structure Linear narrative Nonlinear narrative films television series Types of fiction with multiple endings Form Epic Fable Fabliau Fairy tale Folktale Flash fiction Legend Novella Novel Parable Play Poem Screenplay Short story Genre Action fiction Adventure Comic Crime Docufiction Epistolary Erotic Fiction Fantasy Gothic Historical Horror Magic realism Mystery Nautical Paranoid Philosophical Picaresque Political Psychological Romance Saga Satire Science Speculative Superhero Thriller Urban Western List of writing genres Narration First - person Multiple narrators Stream of consciousness Stream of unconsciousness Unreliable Tense Past Present Future Related Audience Author Creative nonfiction Fiction writing Literary theory Literary science Narratology Monomyth Rhetoric Screenwriting Storytelling Literature portal Homer 's Odyssey ( 8th century BC ) Characters Characters House of Odysseus Penelope ( wife ) Telemachus ( son ) Anticlea ( mother ) Laërtes ( father ) Autolycus ( grandfather ) Eurycleia ( chief servant ) Mentor ( advisor ) Phemius ( musician ) Argos ( pet - dog ) Monarchs and royals Alcinous of Phaeacia Arete of Phaeacia Nestor of Pylos Menelaus of Sparta Princess Nausicaa of Phaeacia Agamemnon of Mycenae Gods Athena Apollo Artemis Atlas Calypso Circe Hermes Poseidon Zeus Oceanus Others Achilles Aeolus Ajax Amphimedon Anticlus Antiphates Antiphus Aretus Cyclopes Demodocus Demoptolemus Deucalion Dolius Echephron Echetus Elpenor Eumaeus Eupeithes Euryalus Eurylochus Halitherses Helen Heracles Idomeneus Irus Kikonians Laodamas Laestrygones Medon Melantho Mentes Old Man of the Sea Peisistratus Perimedes Perseus Philoetius Polites Polydamna Polyphemus Scylla and Charybdis Sirens Stratichus Tiresias Theoclymenus Thrasymedes Suitors Agelaus Amphinomus Antinous Ctesippus Eurymachus Leodes Melanthius Odyssean gods Athena Poseidon Calypso Circe Ino Hermes Zeus Heracles Films L'Odissea ( 1911 Italian ) Ulysses ( 1954 Italian ) Ulysses ' Gaze ( 1995 Greek ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( 2000 ) Keyhole ( 2012 ) TV L'Odissea ( 1968 ) Ulysses 31 ( 1981 Japanese anime ) The Odyssey ( 1997 ) Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists ( 2007 ) Star Trek : Odyssey ( 2007 ) Literature True History ( 2nd century AD ) Les Aventures de Télémaque ( 1699 ) The World 's Desire ( 1890 ) Ulysses ( 1922 ) The Human Comedy ( 1943 ) Big Fish : A Novel of Mythic Proportions ( 1998 ) Trojan Odyssey ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Lost Books of the Odyssey ( 2010 ) Poems Ulysses ( 1842 ) The Odyssey : A Modern Sequel ( 1938 ) The Cantos ( 1962 ) Pagan Operetta ( 1998 ) Stage Current Nobody ( play ) Cyclops ( play ) Ithaka ( play ) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria ( opera ) The Golden Apple ( musical ) Glam Slam Ulysses ( musical ) Home Sweet Homer ( musical ) Song `` Tales of Brave Ulysses '' ( song ) `` The Odyssey '' ( song ) The Odyssey ( symphony ) Study Homeric scholarship Homeric Question Chorizontes Geography of the Odyssey Historicity of the Homer epics Odysseus Unbound Homer 's Ithaca Rediscovering Homer The Baltic Origins of Homer 's Epic Tales `` Odysseus ' scar '' Hermoniakos ' Iliad Hysteron proteron Epithets in Homer Dactylic hexameter Translations `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' On Translating Homer Video games Odyssey : The Search for Ulysses Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey Phrases In medias res Between Scylla and Charybdis Related Telemachy Nekyia Trojan Horse Suitors of Penelope The Odyssey Old Man of the Sea The Apotheosis of Homer Contempt Cold Mountain ( novel ) Cold Mountain ( film ) Homer 's Daughter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_medias_res&oldid=801932467 '' Categories : Latin literary phrases Literary concepts Narratology Narrative techniques Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	starting a story in the middle of the action	[ "A narrative work beginning in medias res (Classical Latin: [ɪn mɛdiaːs reːs], lit. \"into the middle things\") opens in the midst of action (cf. ab ovo, ab initio).[1] Often, exposition is bypassed and filled in gradually, either through dialogue, flashbacks or description of past events. For example, Hamlet begins after the death of Hamlet's father. Characters make reference to King Hamlet's death without the plot's first establishment of said fact. Since the play focuses on Hamlet and the revenge itself more so than the motivation, Shakespeare utilizes in medias res to bypass superfluous exposition." ]	[ "in medias res" ]
1830121936194066779	Single Audit	Single audit - Wikipedia Single audit Jump to : navigation , search Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal This article needs to be updated . In particular : Uniform Guidance in 2 CFR 200 Subpart F has superseded OMB Circular A-133 . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2018 ) In the United States , the Single Audit , also known as the OMB Uniform Guidance , is a rigorous , organization - wide audit or examination of an entity that expends $750,000 or more of Federal assistance ( commonly known as Federal funds , Federal grants , or Federal awards ) received for its operations . Usually performed annually , the Single Audit 's objective is to provide assurance to the US federal government as to the management and use of such funds by recipients such as states , cities , universities , and non-profit organizations . The audit is typically performed by an independent certified public accountant ( CPA ) and encompasses both financial and compliance components . The Single Audits must be submitted to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse along with a data collection form , Form SF - SAC . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Purpose and components 3 Compliance audit : planning stage 3.1 Low - or high - risk auditee 3.2 Identification of major programs 3.2. 1 Step 1 : Type A or Type B 3.2. 2 Step 2 & 3 : Risk assessment 3.2. 3 Step 4 : Major program determination & percentage of coverage 4 Compliance audit : exam stage 4.1 OMB Circular A-133 compliance supplement 4.2 Compliance requirements 5 Financial audit 6 Data Collection and Reporting Package 7 Auditor responsibility 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Primary sources 10.1. 1 OMB circulars 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links History ( edit ) Before implementing the Single Audit , the federal government relied on numerous audits carried out on individual federally funded programs to ensure these funds were spent properly . Because the government had numerous agencies awarding hundreds of different programs , the task of auditing all programs became increasingly difficult and time consuming . To improve this situation , the Single Audit Act of 1984 standardized audit requirements for States , local governments , and Indian tribal governments that receive and use federal financial assistance programs . In 1985 , the United States Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) issued OMB Circular A-128 , `` Audits of State and Local Governments , '' to help recipients and auditors implement the new Single Audit . In 1990 , OMB administratively extended the Single Audit process to non-profit organizations by issuing OMB Circular A-133 , `` Audits of Institutions of Higher Education and Other Non-Profit Organizations '' which superseded OMB A-128 . These new guides and provisions standardized the Single Audit in the United States to include all states , local governments , non-profit organizations , and institutions that receive federal funds from the US government . On December 26 , 2013 , OMB issued the Uniform Administrative Requirements , Cost Principles , and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards , which standardized compliance and audit requirements for government entities , non-profit organizations and institutions of higher education . Purpose and components ( edit ) The federal government provides an extensive array of federal assistance to recipients reaching over $400 billion annually . This assistance is provided through thousands of individual grants and awards annually for the purpose of benefiting the general public in the areas of education , health , public safety , welfare , and public works , among others . However , as a condition of receiving this assistance recipients must comply with applicable federal and state laws and regulations , as well as any particular provisions tied with the specific assistance . The Single Audit provides the Federal government with assurance that these recipients comply with such directives by having an independent external source ( the CPA ) report on such compliance . However , it only applies to state , local government , and nonprofit recipients that expend $750,000 or more of such assistance in one year. ( 1 ) ( 2 ) A Single Audit encompasses an examination of a recipient 's financial records , financial statements , federal award transactions and expenditures , the general management of its operations , internal control systems , and federal assistance it received during the audit period ( the time period of recipient operations examined in the Single Audit , which is usually covers a natural or fiscal year ) . The Single Audit is divided into two areas : Compliance and Financial . The compliance component of a Single Audit covers the study and understanding ( planning stage ) as well as the testing and evaluation ( exam stage ) of the recipient with respect to federal assistance usage , operations and compliance with laws and regulations . The financial component is exactly like a financial audit of a non-federal entity which includes the audit of the financial statements and accompanying notes . Depending on the recipient , the Single Audit can be simple and straightforward , or it could be complex and troublesome . This is because there are millions of federal grants awarded each year to thousands of recipients , each with its own independent way of operating . Therefore , the Single Audit differs from recipient to recipient and from federal program to program . For these reasons , the federal government requires auditors to perform the compliance audit of a recipient with a planning stage and an exam stage . During the first stage , or planning stage , the auditor must study the recipient , determine whether there is a high or low risk that the recipient does not comply with laws and regulations , identify federal programs , and evaluate such programs . The second stage , or exam or audit stage , is where the auditor actually audits the federal assistance and programs . The planning stage is considered an integral part of the Single Audit because it allows the auditor to design and perform the audit based on the qualities , characteristics and needs of the recipient to be audited . Compliance audit : planning stage ( edit ) Low - or high - risk auditee ( edit ) Before determining which federal programs to examine , the auditor must first study the recipient itself . This evaluation requires the auditor to interview employees , observe operations , obtain third - party references , and read the recipient 's prior audit reports , among other procedures . This helps the auditor understand the recipient and determine whether it is likely that it does or does n't comply with federal laws and regulations . This is performed because the recipient 's operations , procedures , and work ethic directly affects the compliance of individual federal programs with laws and regulations . The evaluation concludes with the auditor determining , based on the evaluation , whether the recipient is a high - risk auditee or a low - risk auditee . A high - risk auditee is a recipient which has a high risk of not complying with federal laws and regulations , while a low - risk auditee is the exact opposite . For example , an auditor may judge a recipient to be a high - risk auditee because the audit reports of the past few years have numerous audit findings ( e.g. specific situations of non-compliance with laws and regulations , serious deficiencies in internal controls and / or acts of fraud ) , or because the auditor receives news from various sources that the recipient is engaged in illegal activities , such as money laundering . On the other hand , the auditor may determine that a recipient is low - risk because its management personnel have a good work ethic , the auditor has received good references from external sources , or because the recipient has never received any audit findings . However , the OMB Circular A-133 has set certain requirements a recipient must meet to be considered a low - risk recipient . This includes the following : Single audits have been performed on an annual basis in prior years . The auditor 's opinions on the financial statements and the Schedule of Federal Expenditures ( discussed later ) were unqualified ( financial statements are reasonably correct ) . There are no material weaknesses identified in prior year audits . None of the Federal programs previously audited had audit findings in the last two years . The OMB Circular A-133 uses the high and low risk determination to regulate the amount of auditing to be performed . Although the actual work necessary for a Single Audit is established by the auditor , the OMB has set a limit for auditing high - risk and low - risk recipients . For high - risk recipients , the auditor is required to audit not less than 40 % of all the federal assistance received during the year . For low - risk recipients , that limit is decreased to 20 % . This determination affects the entire Single Audit because the auditor adjusts the examination accordingly . Since the auditor must provide an opinion to the federal government on whether the recipient and its programs complied with laws and regulations , the auditor performs sufficient tests and audit procedures ( also known as audit work ) to confirm the opinion is correct . Normally , the auditor greatly increases the amount of auditing for high - risk auditees , to ensure their opinion is correct . For low - risk auditees , the auditor is not as rigorous ; but still recognizes that a low - risk recipient may still have compliance issues . Conversely , a high - risk determination does n't mean the recipient is non-compliant , just that they 're more likely to be . Identification of major programs ( edit ) Step 1 : Type a or Type B ( edit ) To determine which federal programs to audit under the compliance audit , federal assistance expended by the recipient ( also called federal expenditures ) during one year is identified by federal program name , Federal agency and CFDA number . These federal expenditures are then combined to determine the total amount expended during the year . Any recipient whose total federal expenditures during a year equal or exceed $750,000 requires a Single Audit . If the recipient does not meet this threshold , a Single Audit is not required , although the recipient may elect to have a program - specific audit ( an audit of a single federal program , without auditing the entire entity ) . Once this determination is performed , 2 CFR 200.518 requires that federal programs be categorized in two groups : Type A programs and Type B programs . Type A program -- a Type A program is any federal program within a recipient that meets the following criteria : If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than or equal to $750,000 and less than or equal to $25 million , then any program that expends more than $750,000 is Type A . If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than $25 million and less than or equal to $100 million , then any program that expends more than 3 % of total federal awards is Type A . If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than $100 million and less than or equal to $1 billion , then any program that expends more than $3 million is Type A . If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than $1 billion and less than or equal to $10 billion , then any program that expends more than 0.3 % of total federal awards is Type A . If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than $10 billion and less than or equal to $20 billion , then any program that expends more than $30 million is Type A . If total federal awards expended during the audit period are greater than $20 billion , then any program that expends more than 0.15 % of total federal awards is Type A . In other words , if a recipient expended a total of $25 million or less in federal assistance , then any single program which expended $750,000 or more is considered a Type A. If a recipient expended $30 million in federal assistance , then any single program which expended $900,000 or more ( 3 % × $30,000,000 ) is considered a Type A program . Type B program -- A Type B program is any single program which does not meet the Type A requirements . Example 1 -- The City of Example operates a Section 8 program , and expended $950,000 in Section 8 funds and $5,000,000 of total federal assistance during the year . Since this amount does not exceed $25,000,000 , the Section 8 program is considered a Type A program because $950,000 exceeds the $750,000 threshold . Example 2 -- Using the same data in Example 1 with the exception that the City of Example now expended a total of $30,000,000 in federal assistance , the Section 8 program would meet the Type A threshold because $950,000 is greater than $30,000,000 x 3 % ( $900,000 ) . Example 3 -- Using the same data in Example 1 with the exception that the City of Example now expended a total of $100,000,000 in federal assistance , the Section 8 program would not meet the Type A threshold because $950,000 is less than $3 million , and would be considered a Type B program . Step 2 & 3 : risk assessment ( edit ) Main article : Risk assessment After determining which programs are Type A and Type B , the OMB Circular A-133 requires that the auditor study and understand the operations and internal controls of such programs within the entity , and perform and document a risk assessment based on such study to determine whether each program has either a high or low risk of not complying with laws and regulations . Auditor may consider numerous factors including current and prior audit experience , good or poor internal controls over Federal programs , many or no prior audit findings , continuous or lack of oversight exercised by the federal government over the recipient , evidence or knowledge of fraud , and the inherent risk of the Federal program . For a Type A program to be considered low risk according to 2 CFR 200.518 , it must have been audited as a major program at least once in the past two years and must not have had : Material weaknesses in internal control A modified opinion in the audit report Known or likely questioned costs exceeding 5 % of total federal award expenditures For any Type A program considered to be a high risk of not complying , the OMB Circular A-133 requires that the auditor to perform a compliance audit on that program . For a Type A program that is considered to be of low risk , then the auditor is not required to perform a compliance audit , although the OMB Circular A-133 allows the auditor to do so if he / she chooses to . Although the risk assessment is performed by the auditor based on his / her judgment , the OMB Circular A-133 does have two requirements for a program to be considered low risk . In assessing the risk of Type B programs , auditors should use professional judgement and criteria established in the Uniform Guidance . According to 2 CFR 200.518 , a minimum number of Type B programs must be identified as high risk , calculated as 25 % of the number of low - risk Type A programs ( rounded up ) . In assessing risk , auditors are encouraged to use an approach that allows different programs to be identified as high risk over time . The auditor is not expected to perform risk assessments on smaller Type B programs with expenditures that do not exceed 25 % of the Type A threshold determined in step 1 . Type B programs which have a low risk of not complying are not required to be audited . Step 4 : major program determination & percentage of coverage ( edit ) High - risk Type A and high - risk Type B programs are considered major programs and must be audited . The auditor then totals all of the federal award expenditures for the identified major programs and divides by the total federal award expenditures for the entity as a whole . For low - risk auditees , major program expenditures as a percentage of total award expenditures must be at least 20 % . For high - risk auditees , the required coverage percentage is increased to 40 % . If the identified major programs do not meet the required coverage percentage , then the auditor must select additional programs to audit until the required coverage percentage is met . Compliance audit : exam stage ( edit ) After the auditor determines which federal programs to audit , the auditor performs a compliance audit that scrutinizes operations of the program -- examining files , documents , contracts , checks , etc . The auditor investigates , to some degree , transactions between the federal program and other parties . These functions are compared with the laws and regulations applicable to a program to see if they complied or not . The examination does not require observing every single document and every single process generated by the program , nevertheless the auditor is required to perform enough procedures to form an opinion on whether the program ( as a whole ) complied with laws and regulations . Due to the amount of federal regulations , the federal government has provided certain guides and literature to assist the auditor in the examination , which includes the OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement and the Compliance requirements : OMB Circular A-133 compliance supplement ( edit ) The OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement is a large and extensive guide created by the OMB for Single Audits , and is considered the most important tool of both the auditor and the recipient when performing , or being subject to , a Single Audit . It was created following amendments in 1996 to the Single Audit Act and serves to identify existing important compliance requirements that the Federal Government expects to be considered as part of a Single Audit . Without it , auditors would need to research thousands of laws and regulations for each single program of a recipient to determine which compliance requirements are important to the Federal Government . For Single Audits , the Supplement replaces any agency audit guides and other audit requirement documents for individual Federal programs . Compliance requirements ( edit ) Main article : Compliance requirements Compliance requirements are series of directives provided by Federal agencies that summarize hundreds of laws and regulations applicable to federal assistance and are important to the successful management of such assistance . The OMB created 14 basic and standard compliance requirements for which recipients must always comply with when receiving and using federal assistance , and provided detailed explanations , discussions , and guidance about them in the OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement . These compliance requirements only serve as guidelines for compliance with the specific laws and regulations applicable to the assistance and their objectives are designed to be generic in nature , because of the amount of different federal programs provided by the government . For example , many federal programs have eligibility requirements for individuals or organizations to participate in such programs because they have been established by either laws , regulations , or contract provisions . However , while the criterion for determining eligibility varies from program to program , the objective of the Eligibility compliance requirement that `` only eligible and qualified individuals or organizations participate '' is consistent and universal across all federal assistance programs . This eligibility universal criteria is called the Eligibility compliance requirement . Financial audit ( edit ) Main article : Financial audit The Single Audit requires that a recipient prepare financial statements specifically for the single audit . It also requires that a financial audit be performed on the recipient , which includes the federal assistance operations as well as the non-federal assistance operations . Tests of transactions and account balances are performed to ensure that the information presented in the financial statements , and notes thereof , are reasonably correct . Additionally , the recipient must prepare a Schedule of Federal Expenditures , which is a supplementary financial statement unique to recipients of federal assistance that details all the federal assistance expended by the recipient during the year , categorized by federal program . The auditor must then audit and report on this Schedule as if it were part of the standard financial statements . Data collection and Reporting Package ( edit ) After the Single Audit is concluded , the recipient prepares two documents : a `` Data Collection Form and a `` Reporting Package '' . The data collection form , Form SF - SAC , is a standard form which is basically a summary of the Single Audit . It includes details of the auditor , a list of the federal programs audited , and a summary of any audit findings reported by the auditor . The Form SF - SAC is available at http://harvester.census.gov/fac/ . The Reporting Package includes all the auditor 's final reports along with the recipient 's financial statements . It includes : Auditor 's reports Management Discussion and Analysis ( MD&A ) -- This serves as an introduction to the recipient 's financial statements where the recipient 's management ( e.g. , Governors , in the case of states ; Mayors , in the case of cities ; President , in the case of non-profit organizations , etc . ) discusses the results of operations and other financial information , offering insight and detailed description about the recipient itself . Recipient 's financial statements -- This contains the financial statements required by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board ( GASB ) , which includes the Government - wide statements as well as the Fund Financial Statements . Recipient 's notes to the financial statements -- This includes any notes and disclosures for the financial statements as required by US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Supplemental Information -- This section includes both financial and non-financial information relative to the recipient which is not covered in the MD&A or the financial statements and their respective notes . Schedule of Federal Award Expenditures -- This document details all federal assistance expenditures made by the recipient during the audit period , categorized by the federal program and federal agency . Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs -- If the auditor finds situations where the recipient did not comply with laws and regulations , where internal controls are deficient , or a situation of illegal acts or fraud , the auditor is required to report such situations to the federal government in this section , as well as any questioned costs . Questioned costs are amounts that the recipient expended , but which the auditor has determined that they were not permitted and must be returned to the federal government . Schedule of Prior Audit Findings -- In this section , the auditor is required to follow up and report about the recipient 's corrective action on any audit findings reported in prior years . Both the Data Collection and the Reporting Package are kept by the recipient with copies submitted to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse ( FAC ) , and to any Federal agency who specifically requests it . Federal guidelines require recipients to submit the documents no more than 30 days after the auditor submits his reports or 9 months after the final day of the audit period , whichever comes first . Auditor responsibility ( edit ) The auditor is responsible for conducting the actual audit of the recipient in accordance with Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards ( GAGAS ) and using the guidance provided by the OMB Circular A-133 and its Compliance Supplement , all of which establish certain rules to follow during the Single Audit . The auditor must establish audit objectives that determine whether the recipient complied with laws and regulations . They must research the recipient 's federal assistance awards and programs to determine applicability of specific laws and regulations . They must understand the recipient , its organization , operations , internal control systems , and ability to responsibly manage federal assistance . They must perform audit procedures ( some of which are suggested by the Compliance Supplement ) to meet these audit objectives . The auditor must understand the recipient 's internal control system to determine if the recipient has proper safeguards that help manage federal assistance responsibly . After obtaining sufficient knowledge of that system , the auditor must perform audit procedures to verify the recipient 's internal control system works properly , and the recipient 's federal program operations comply with laws and regulations ( e.g. , the compliance audit portion of the Single Audit ) . As part of the Single Audit , the auditor must prepare and submit three individual reports to the recipient and to the federal government . The first report is an opinion , or a disclaimer thereof , on whether the recipient 's financial statements are presented in conformity with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles , identical to a financial audit 's report on a non-recipient entity . The second report is about the status of internal controls relative to the financial statements and major programs . The third report is an opinion , or a disclaimer thereof , on the degree to which the recipient has complied with laws , regulations , and the terms and conditions of the federal assistance awards . Following the last two reports , if the Single Audit produced audit findings , the auditor must prepare the Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs discussed earlier . The auditor 's judgment is necessary to determine which audit procedures are sufficient to achieve the audit objectives , and whether additional or alternative audit procedures are needed to achieve such objectives . The auditor is responsible for determining the nature , timing , and extent of the audit procedures necessary to meet the audit objectives ( i.e. , it is the auditor who determines the necessary amount of his / her audit work needed to form an opinion on whether the recipient complied with laws and regulations ) . See also ( edit ) Audit Attestation Administration of federal assistance in the United States Budget theory Code of Federal Regulations Comprehensive income Crony capitalism Federal Accountability Act ( Canada ) Government Accountability Office Government Accountability Office investigations of the Department of Defense Government - owned corporation Permanent fund Public company Revenue ( bottom line vs. `` top line '' ) Working Group on Financial Markets Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : OMB Office of Federal Financial Management , The Single Audit ^ Jump up to : OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart B -- Audits ; § ___. 200 -- Audit requirements , Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` a133_200 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Understanding Single Audits Archived 2006 - 09 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . by Henry Flood , Grantsmanship Center Magazine , Fall 2002 , retrieved on June 30 , 2006 Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart B -- Audits ; § ___. 220 -- Frequency of audits ^ Jump up to : OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement ; Part I : Background , Purpose and Applicability ; Background ; pg. 1 - 1 , par . 1 through 4 and pg. 1 -- 2 , par . 1 through 2 Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 Title 1 -- Purpose Jump up ^ https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/12/26/2013-30465/uniform-administrative-requirements-cost-principles-and-audit-requirements-for-federal-awards Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement ; Part I : Background , Purpose and Applicability ; Overview of this Supplement ; Internal Control ; pg. 1 -- 6 , par . 5 ^ Jump up to : OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of Audit Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 530 -- Criteria for a low - risk auditee Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( f ) -- Percentage of coverage rule Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of audit ; section ( d ) ( 4 ) -- Compliance Jump up ^ 2 CFR 200.501 Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( b ) -- Step 1 ^ Jump up to : 2 CFR 200.518 Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( b ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( c ) -- Step 2 Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( g ) -- Documentation of risk ^ Jump up to : OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 525 -- Criteria for Federal program risk ^ Jump up to : OMB Circular A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 520 -- Major program determination ; section ( e ) -- Step 4 ^ Jump up to : OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of audit ; section ( d ) -- Compliance Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement ; Part III : Compliance Requirements Jump up ^ OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement ; Part III : Compliance Requirements , pg. 3 - E-1 , Eligibility Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart C -- Auditees ; § ___. 310 -- Financial Statements ; section ( a ) -- Financial statements ^ Jump up to : OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of audit ; section ( b ) -- Financial statements Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart C -- Auditees ; § ___. 310 -- Financial Statements ; section ( b ) -- Schedule of Federal Expenditures ^ Jump up to : OMB A-133 ; Subpart C -- Auditees ; § ___. 320 -- Report submission ; section ( c ) -- Reporting Package Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` a133_320c '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 505 -- Audit reporting Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart C -- Auditees ; § ___. 320 -- Report submission Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of audit ; section ( a ) -- General Jump up ^ OMB A-133 ; Subpart E -- Auditors ; § ___. 500 -- Scope of audit ; section ( c ) -- Internal control ^ Jump up to : The Single Audit Act , AICPA References ( edit ) Primary sources ( edit ) United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133 , Audits of States , Local Governments , and Non-Profit Organizations , as revised on June 26 , 2007 . United States Office of Management and Budget OMB Circular A-133 : Compliance Supplement United States Office of Management and Budget ; Office of Federal Financial Management , The Single Audit OMB circulars ( edit ) United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-21 , `` Cost Principles for Educational Institutions '' United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-87 , `` Cost Principles for State , Local , and Indian Tribal Governments '' United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-110 , `` Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education , Hospitals , and Other Non-Profit Organizations '' United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-122 , `` Cost Principles for Non-Profit Organizations '' United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133 , `` Audits of States , Local Governments , and Non-Profit Organizations '' United States Office of Management and Budget Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement Secondary sources ( edit ) The Single Audit Resource Center ; Federal Grants Management Handbook , Thompson Publishing Group Single Audit Information Service , Thompson Publishing Group Warren Ruppel ( 2003 ) , Miller Not - For - Profit Organization Audits With Single Audits : 2003 -- 2004 , Aspen Law & Business , ISBN 0 - 7355 - 3741 - 0 Rhett D. Harrell ( May 4 , 2006 ) , Local Government and Single Audits 2006 , CCH ( Wolters Kluwer ) , ISBN 0 - 8080 - 9023 - 2 The Single Audit Act : Audits of States , Local Governments and Non-Profit Organizations ; AICPA Audit Committee Toolkit : Non-profit Organizations ; American Institute of Certified Public Accountants ( AICPA ) External links ( edit ) OMB Grants Management Web site Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance website . It includes a list of all non-classified federal programs for which awards are made to recipients . Chief Financial Officer 's Council ( `` Single Audit Basics '' and `` Where to Get Help '' is posted here . ) IGnet 's Single Audit Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Single_Audit&oldid=827468916 '' Categories : Single Audit Accounting in the United States Government Accountability Office Government audit Public finance United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Public economics Political corruption Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the auditor s responsibility for the schedule of expenditures of federal awards	[ "In the United States, the Single Audit, also known as the OMB Uniform Guidance, is a rigorous, organization-wide audit or examination of an entity that expends $750,000 or more of Federal assistance (commonly known as Federal funds, Federal grants, or Federal awards) received for its operations.[1][2][3] Usually performed annually,[4] the Single Audit’s objective is to provide assurance to the US federal government as to the management and use of such funds by recipients such as states, cities, universities, and non-profit organizations. The audit is typically performed by an independent certified public accountant (CPA) and encompasses both financial and compliance components. The Single Audits must be submitted to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse along with a data collection form, Form SF-SAC." ]	[ "to provide assurance to the US federal government as to the management and use of such funds by recipients such as states, cities, universities, and non-profit organizations" ]
-5949280473758264391	The Bachelorette (season 8)	The Bachelorette ( season 8 ) - wikipedia The Bachelorette ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Bachelorette ( season 8 ) Promotional image of the season showing Emily Maynard on a pier with her daughter . Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 ( including 1 special ) Release Original network ABC Original release May 14 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) -- July 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 Next → Season 9 List of The Bachelorette episodes The Bachelorette 8 is the eighth season of ABC reality television series The Bachelorette . The show premiered on May 14 , 2012 , featuring Emily Maynard dating 25 men . Maynard was chosen by Brad Womack in the fifteenth season of The Bachelor , but they split after the show . Maynard is the second former Bachelor winner to star in The Bachelorette and she is one of the three Bachelor winners chosen in the lead of the series . Jen Schefft of season three was the first ( and subsequently Rebecca `` Becca '' Kufrin in the fourteenth season six years later ) . This is the first season of The Bachelorette filmed in Maynard 's hometown of Charlotte , North Carolina , where she and her daughter Ricki Hendrick live ( along with the child 's paternal grandfather ; the child 's father died before she was born ) , rather than Los Angeles , marking this as the first time a show in The Bachelor franchise has taken place in the Southern United States and also the second time one has been filmed on the East Coast since New York City in season three . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 1.1 Future appearances 1.1. 1 The Bachelor 1.1. 2 Bachelor Pad 1.1. 3 The Bachelorette 1.1. 4 Bachelor in Paradise 1.1. 5 Dancing with the Stars 2 Call - out order 3 Episodes ( dates ) 3.1 Week 1 3.2 Week 2 3.3 Week 3 3.4 Week 4 3.5 Week 5 3.6 Week 6 3.7 Week 7 3.8 Week 8 3.9 Week 9 3.10 Week 10 ( Finale ) 4 Post-show 4.1 After the final rose 5 Ratings 5.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) Biographical information according to ABC official series site , which gives first names only , plus footnoted additions . Ages stated are at time of contest . The cast includes race car driver Arie Luyendyk , Jr. and singer - songwriter David Homyk . Michael Nance died on May 29 , 2017 . The official cause of his death was multiple drug toxicity , according to the Travis County Office of the Medical Examiner . His death was ruled as accidental . Name Age Hometown Occupation Outcome Place Jef Holm 27 St. George , Utah Entrepreneur Winner Arie Luyendyk , Jr . 30 Scottsdale , Arizona Race Car Driver Runner - up Sean Lowe 28 Irving , Texas Insurance Agent Week 9 Chris Bukowski 25 Chicago , Illinois Corporate Sales Director Week 8 John Wolfner 30 Creve Coeur , Missouri Data Destruction Specialist Week 7 5 Doug Clerget 33 Tacoma , Washington Single Dad / Real Estate Agent 6 Ryan Bowers 31 Evans , Georgia Pro Sports Trainer Week 6 7 Travis Pope 30 Madison , Mississippi Advertising Sales Representative 8 Alejandro Velez 25 San Francisco , California Mushroom Farmer Week 5 9 Kalon McMahon 27 Houston , Texas Luxury Brand Consultant 10 Charlie Grogan 32 Worcester , Massachusetts Recruiter Week 4 11 -- 12 Michael Nance 26 Austin , Texas Rehab Counselor Nathan Baake 25 Casa Grande , Arizona Accountant 13 Stevie Alberino 26 Monroe Township , New Jersey Party M.C. Week 3 14 Alessandro Goulart 30 Saint Paul , Minnesota Grain Merchant 15 Tony Pieper 31 Beaverton , Oregon Single Dad / Lumber Trader 16 Aaron Martell 36 North Sydney , Nova Scotia Biology Teacher Week 2 17 -- 18 Kyle Dillon 29 Long Beach , California Financial Adviser Joe Gendreau 27 Orlando , Florida Field Energy Adviser 19 Brent Richter 41 Midland , Texas Technology Salesman Week 1 20 -- 25 David Homyk 33 Charlottesville , Virginia Singer / Songwriter Jackson Longnecker 29 Lockport , Illinois Fitness Model Jean - Paul LaCount 35 Moraga , California Marine Biologist Lerone Anu 29 Laguna Beach , California Real Estate Consultant Randy Lee Woyak 30 Oak Creek , Wisconsin Marketing Manager Future appearances ( edit ) The Bachelor ( edit ) Third place finalist Sean Lowe was featured in the seventeenth season of The Bachelor , over runner - up Arie Luyendyk , Jr. and The Bachelorette season 6 winner Roberto Martinez . Luyendyk would eventually be featured in the twenty - second season of The Bachelor . Bachelor Pad ( edit ) Finalists Chris Bukowski , Kalon McMahon , and Tony Pieper returned in the third season of Bachelor Pad . Bukowski and his partner Sarah Newlon finished as the runners - up . McMahon was eliminated in week 6 with Lindzi Cox , finishing in 5th place . Pieper was eliminated at the beginning of week 7 with Blakeley Jones , finishing in 4th . The Bachelorette ( edit ) Bukowski crashed the tenth season of The Bachelorette on night one , but bachelorette Andi Dorfman decided she did n't want to meet him . Bachelor in Paradise ( edit ) Bukowski and McMahon then returned on the first season of Bachelor in Paradise . Neither found love . Bukowski returned yet again for the fourth time on the second season of Bachelor in Paradise but quit the same week he came to paradise . He then announced that he would retire from the bachelor franchise and this would be his last appearance . Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Outside of Bachelor Nation franchise , Lowe was later featured on the sixteenth season of Dancing with the Stars , he partnered with Peta Murgatroyd and finished in 6th . Call - out order ( edit ) Order Bachelors Week 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sean Doug Ryan Chris Doug Sean Chris Sean Arie Jef Jef David Chris Jef Sean Jef Jef Sean Jef Jef Arie Arie Doug Ryan Kalon Arie John Doug Jef Arie Sean Sean Jackson Kalon Arie Jef Sean Ryan Arie Chris Chris 5 Joe Arie Michael Charlie Arie Chris Doug John John 6 Arie Charlie Nathan Doug Travis John Doug 7 Kyle Jef Sean Michael Chris Travis Ryan 8 Chris Nathan Chris Travis Ryan Arie Travis 9 Aaron Sean Doug Alejandro Kalon Alejandro 10 Alessandro Joe Travis Ryan Alejandro Kalon 11 Jef Kyle Tony John Charlie Michael 12 Lerone Aaron John Kalon 13 Stevie Alejandro Alessandro Nathan Nathan 14 Charlie John Charlie Stevie 15 Tony Alessandro Alejandro Alessandro 16 Randy Michael Stevie Tony 17 Nathan Stevie Aaron Kyle 18 Brent Tony 19 John Travis Joe 20 Travis Brent 21 Michael David 22 Jean - Paul Jackson 23 Alejandro Jean - Paul 24 Ryan Lerone 25 Kalon Randy The contestant was given the first impression rose The contestant was given a rose during the date The contestant was eliminated The contestant was eliminated during the date The contestant was eliminated outside the rose ceremony The contestant was part of non-elimination bottom two The contestant won the competition Episodes ( dates ) ( edit ) Week 1 ( edit ) Original airdate : May 14 , 2012 Emily Maynard began her quest for love in her hometown of Charlotte . With 25 suitors , Maynard was charmed by a letter written by Doug 's 11 - year - old son . Memorable moments including Kalon 's arrival by helicopter , Travis 's carrying an ostrich egg and Jef 's skateboard throwing at the entrance of the mansion . At the rose ceremony , Maynard pared the field to nineteen . Doug received the first impression rose . Brent , David , Jackson , Jean - Paul , Lerone and Randy were sent home . Week 2 ( edit ) Original airdate : May 21 , 2012 The nineteen remaining suitors moved into a mansion in Charlotte , North Carolina prior to the start of the second episode . 1 - on - 1 : Ryan . The two went to Emily 's house to bake cookies for Ricki 's soccer team . `` You do n't watch The Bachelor and think you 're going to be baking cookies on the first date , but I 'm willing to do most anything for Emily , '' Ryan said , and his easygoing attitude about the date impressed her . Back at the house , the boys speculated how soon they would be able to meet Emily 's daughter ( he agreed to wait at Emily 's request ) , and whether or not she and Ryan would have chemistry . The two had dinner together , where Ryan talked about how he believed he needed to pursue a woman and step out of his comfort zone to win her heart , which worried Emily . She told Ryan she did not want him to see falling in love with her as a contest , and he agreed with her . Later they saw a concert by the country band Gloriana and danced to `` ( Kissed You ) Good Night '' . He received a rose . Group : Jef , Kalon , Alejandro , Alessandro , Tony , Chris , Charlie , Aaron , Kyle , Nathan , Michael , Stevie and John . The men performed a charity show with The Muppets for the Levine Children 's Hospital where they were chosen to either sing , dance or perform stand - up comedy . Tony confessed that he grew up with The Muppets and did a Kermit the Frog voice . Then during the after party Kalon and Stevie had an altercation . Charlie opened up to Emily about his speech difficulties resulting from a past accident . Emily gave Jef the group date rose . 1 - on - 1 : Joe . The couple take a private airplane to West Virginia to a resort Emily remembered from her childhood called the Greenbrier and there was a love clock . Emily did not feel any chemistry with Joe . She did n't give him a rose , and he was sent home . Rose Ceremony : Aaron and Kyle are sent home at the rose ceremony , and sixteen bachelors are left in the competition . Week 3 ( edit ) Original airdate : May 28 , 2012 1 - on - 1 : Chris . The couple scaled a building in downtown Charlotte . They then had a rooftop dinner that included a private concert by country singer Luke Bryan . Emily ended the date by giving Chris a rose . Group : Charlie , Alejandro , Stevie , Alessandro , Sean , Ryan , John , Michael , Doug , Jef , Tony and Travis . The men were grilled on parenting by Emily 's friends , and they were put to the test by a bunch of rambunctious kids . During the interviews , Sean did shirtless push - ups for Emily 's friends , who took a liking to him . During the after party , Doug revealed that he was a foster child . Emily thought it was best for Tony to leave the competition before the date ended because he missed his son after playing with the children at the park which also had Doug miss his son . Emily gave Sean the group date rose . 1 - on - 1 : Arie . The couple took a private airplane to Dollywood in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee for a tour of the park . Emily then met her idol , country singer Dolly Parton . Arie and Emily danced to a song that Dolly wrote for them , and Emily gave Arie a rose . Rose Ceremony : During the cocktail party , Emily asked Alessandro to leave the competition after he called Emily and her daughter `` a compromise '' . At the Rose ceremony , Stevie was the only bachelor sent home . Thirteen men remain to travel with Emily to their first international destination , Bermuda . Week 4 ( edit ) Original airdate : June 4 , 2012 Located in : Bermuda 1 - on - 1 : Doug . The other men joked with Doug about the potential outcome of his date , which caused tension to build among the bachelors . Emily hoped her date with Doug would resolve the bad blood between the men . The two went shopping around town in Bermuda , they wrote a postcard for Doug 's son , Austin , in response to the letter that Austin wrote to Emily before the season premiere . The pair walked through the Moon Gate together . Emily then gave Doug a rose . Group : Charlie , Ryan , Chris , Jef , Sean , Arie , Travis , and Kalon . The bachelors were divided into two teams for a sailing competition . During the race , Jef injured his finger . The Yellow Team ( Arie , Ryan , Jef , and Kalon ) won the race . They got to have dinner with Emily , while the Red Team went home early . Charlie was upset that he could n't stay on the date , and he cried on the ride home . At dinner , Ryan made a toast to Emily , his `` trophy wife , '' which disgusted Arie . Arie told Emily that the guys have been giving him a hard time since they caught him kissing Emily at last week 's cocktail party . Emily was disappointed with Jef for not kissing her during their alone time . Ryan told Emily that he was upset with her for kissing Arie in front of the other guys . Emily gave the group date rose to Jef , who confessed that he was beginning to fall for Emily . 2 - on - 1 : John and Nathan . The guys thought that John would stay because he was older . Chris , one of the younger bachelors , was offended by the comments made by Doug . Emily , John , and Nathan jumped off cliffs together before having dinner in one of the nearby caves . After dinner , Emily felt a stronger connection with John and gave him the 2 - on - 1 rose . Nathan was subsequently sent home . The Rose Ceremony : Emily spent her time during the cocktail hour talking to all of the men . Ryan remarked that if he were eliminated , he would want to be the next Bachelor . Doug and Chris had an argument about Doug 's earlier comments about his age . At the rose ceremony , Michael and Charlie were eliminated , leaving ten men to travel with Emily to London , England . Week 5 ( edit ) Original airdate : June 11 , 2012 Located in : London 1 - on - 1 : Sean . The pair took a private double - decker bus for a tour of London and kissed outside Buckingham Palace . Sean was asked to speak on the famous Speaker 's Corner , where he professed that he felt hopeful that he would find true love with Emily . They had a quiet picnic together , and Emily gave Sean a rose . Group : Alejandro , Chris , Ryan , Doug , Kalon , Arie , Travis and John . Emily and the bachelors went to Stratford - upon - Avon , where they performed scenes from Romeo and Juliet . Kalon , Ryan , Alejandro and John played Romeo , while Arie and Doug had to play the female nurse role . Ryan kissed Emily twice during his scene with her . Afterward in a pub , Ryan gave Emily a turquoise necklace . Meanwhile , Kalon referred to Emily 's daughter , Ricki , as `` baggage '' , which infuriated the other bachelors and prompted Doug to tell Emily about it . Heartbroken , she sent Kalon home immediately , telling him to `` get the f * * * out '' . The men were impressed with the way Emily handled the situation , but she was too upset to hand out the group date rose . She was upset that no one came to her sooner , and she was worried that the men did not have her best interests at heart . During the Men Tell All , she revealed she made a mistake for not giving out the rose and would have given it to Doug for telling her about the Kalon situation . 1 - on - 1 : Jef . The two went to a traditional afternoon tea , where a housekeeper constantly corrected their etiquette . They escaped to a pub , where Jef told Emily that when Kalon made his comment about Ricki , he confronted him about it . Emily felt reassured that Jef had fought for her . The two then went for dessert in the London Eye , ending their date with their first kiss . Emily gave Jef a rose . The Rose Ceremony : Emily was still angry with all of the men on the group date for not being more protective of her . She specifically confronted Arie , telling him how disappointed she was in him . At the rose ceremony , Arie and Alejandro were the last two men standing . Emily made Arie sweat it out until the end , but she gave him the final rose . Alejandro was eliminated , and the eight men left traveled with Emily to Croatia . Week 6 ( edit ) Original Airdate June 18 , 2012 Located in : Croatia 1 - on - 1 : Travis . The pair went to Dubrovnik , Croatia where Emily asked Travis to stand on the city 's famed `` balancing stone '' . According to an old legend , if a man can stand on the stone and take off his shirt or his jacket , he and his love will be together forever . Travis stood on the stone , but he did n't take his clothes off . At dinner , Travis opened up to Emily about his past engagement and his lack of dating since the break - up . In the end , Emily could n't see Travis as more than a friend . She did n't give him a rose , and Travis was eliminated . Group : John , Doug , Chris , Jef , Arie and Sean . The boys and Emily went to a theater to watch the new Disney movie Brave . After the movie , the men were forced to wear kilts and compete in their own version of the `` Highland Games '' from the movie . The three tasks were archery , caber toss and a two - on - one tug of war-esque game . All of the men excelled at the games except for Chris . Emily then awarded Chris the `` Bravery Cup '' , much to Sean 's dismay . At dinner , Sean , Jef , Arie and Chris were shown having alone time with Emily , all sharing kisses with her . Arie ended his alone time with Emily by pinning her against a wall and passionately kissing her . Still , Arie 's hopes of getting a rose were dashed when Emily gave the group date rose to Chris . 1 - on - 1 : Ryan . The other men in the house were annoyed with Ryan 's pompous attitude . Emily and Ryan went on a road trip together , where they went fishing for oysters . After their fishing expedition , Ryan again called Emily his perfect `` trophy wife '' . Emily was disturbed with the language that Ryan used to describe his future wife . When Ryan showed Emily his list of qualities that he looks for in his wife , Emily decided that she could not give Ryan a rose . Ryan tried to persuade Emily to let him stay , but she stuck to her guns , and Ryan was eliminated . Arie snuck out of the guys ' hotel to where Emily was staying to visit her after her date with Ryan . He apologized for not protecting her more in London , and he promised that he would always have her back . Jokingly , Emily gave Arie the rose that was meant for Ryan as a secret way of assuring him of her feelings . After leaving , Arie confessed that he is in love with Emily . Rose Ceremony : Emily openly voiced her concerns about her feelings for John and Doug . John pleasantly surprised Emily by opening up to her about his deceased grandparents , while Emily needed to coax Doug to even put his arm around her . Emily gave roses to Sean , Jef and Arie . With one rose left , Emily left the room to talk to Chris Harrison . When she returned , she told the men that she was unsure of herself , and she did n't want to miss out on a great relationship with any of them . Chris Harrison then re-entered the room with not one , but two more roses , meaning that all of the men were safe . Emily then gave the final two roses to John and Doug as she announced that the six of them would be traveling to Prague with her . Week 7 ( edit ) Original Airdate June 25 , 2012 Located in : Prague 1 - on - 1 : Arie . The pair took a tour of Prague with Emily as the tour guide . Emily was furious when she found out that Arie was in a relationship over ten years ago with a show producer , Cassie Lambert , who is one of Emily 's close friends . The three involved discussed the incident off - camera , where Emily apologized for overreacting and she and Arie continued their romance . 1 - on - 1 : John . They took a boat ride , and they painted on the Lennon Wall . They then followed a Czech tradition by putting a padlock on a gate to give them eternal love , but Emily could n't help but notice the symbolism behind John 's difficulty with the lock . Regardless , they later had dinner in a dungeon . No 1 - on - 1 rose was given out ; John had to wait until the rose ceremony to learn his fate . Group : Chris , Sean , and Doug . Chris was upset that he did n't get a 1 - on - 1 date . Emily asked Doug to leave the competition in the middle of the date because she gave him too many chances to make his move , and she thought he needed to be home with his son . Chris thought he was going to get the group date rose , but Emily gave the rose to Sean instead . 1 - on - 1 : Jef . The pair went to a puppet store , with Jef buying a third puppet for Ricki . They went to an old library and acted out their journey on the show with their puppets . After this , they laid on the floor and talked about their future together . No 1 - on - 1 rose was given out ; Jef had to wait until the rose ceremony to learn his fate . Rose Ceremony : Emily decided to cancel the cocktail party because she already had her mind made up . She gave the first two roses to Jef and Arie . With one rose left , Chris asked to speak with Emily where he pleaded his case to her . Upon their return to the ceremony , Emily gave Chris the final rose , forcing John to go home . Emily will now travel to meet the families of Sean , Arie , Jef and Chris . Week 8 ( edit ) Original Airdate July 2 , 2012 Located in : Hometowns Chris : Chris ' hometown date was first in Chicago , Illinois . Emily and Chris went to a Polish restaurant , and then met his parents and two sisters . Chris ' older sister was critical of Emily , but Chris ' dad told Emily that he knows his son feels strongly for her . Chris ' family treated Emily to traditional Polish song and dance . Chris ended the night by telling Emily that he loves her . Jef : Jef 's hometown date took place at his family 's ranch near St. George , Utah . Jef took Emily for a ride on an ATV , and then they went clay pigeon shooting . Emily pretended to not know how to work a gun , but in reality , she took lessons at home in North Carolina . Jef 's parents were in South Carolina doing charity work . Therefore , Emily only met Jef 's siblings : his two older brothers , his two sisters and his sister - in - law . Jef 's brother was n't sure if Jef was ready to be a father to Ricki , but after seeing Jef with Emily , he grew to accept their relationship . Jef concluded his date by reading Emily a letter that he wrote to her on the plane ride home from Prague , ending the letter by telling her that he is hopelessly in love with her . Arie : Emily met Arie for his hometown date at Phoenix International Raceway where she suited up and rode with Arie in his IndyCar . Emily never experienced IndyCar racing , but she was comfortable due to her past involvement with NASCAR . Arie told Emily that he knew they would have to win over his mother when they met his family . Emily met Arie 's parents , Arie , Sr. and Mieke , his younger twin brothers and his sister . Emily was uncomfortable when Arie 's mother began speaking to her son in Dutch . Arie apologized because he does n't like speaking Dutch in front of people who ca n't understand it . Emily spoke with Arie 's mother , who strongly approved of her son 's relationship . Arie told his father that he could n't wait to propose to Emily . Sean : Emily 's last hometown date took place in Dallas , Texas with Sean . Emily met Sean 's family including his parents , his sister , his brother - in - law , former football player Andrew Shull and his niece and nephew . Emily fell in love with the atmosphere in which Sean lives , and she thought she could see her and Ricki living there . Sean played a joke on Emily by leading her to believe that he still lived at home in a room filled with stuffed animals . Emily was relieved to learn that it was a joke . As she rode away from Sean 's home , he chased her down the block to give her one last kiss goodbye . Rose Ceremony : At the rose ceremony , Emily became emotional because she did n't want the families of the men to think that they did anything wrong . She gave roses to Arie , Jef and Sean , which meant that Chris was eliminated . He was shocked by her decision , and he was upset that she could n't give him a reason as to why she was sending him home . Chris left , angry and heartbroken , while Emily announced to the final three contenders that they would be spending their last week on the island of Curaçao . Week 9 ( edit ) Original Airdate July 9 , 2012 Located in : Curaçao Sean : Emily & Sean flew to a private island together . She wanted him to open up about how he felt about her , but he did n't really know how . Emily described their relationship as a slow - and - steady process that grows better with time . They go snorkeling and have dinner that night on a beach . Sean read her a letter that he wrote for Ricki and he also told her that he was falling in love with her . Emily offered him the overnight date card to spend more time with him , but he did not stay the night as it did n't line up with Emily 's beliefs and the example that she wanted to set for her daughter . Jef : Emily & Jef spent the day on a boat . They also went paddle - surfing and cliff - jumping . Emily felt like they balanced each other well and Jef was comfortable with how their relationship was progressing . He also wondered about how he would fit in with Emily & Ricki 's life , as that was the one aspect of Emily 's life that he had n't been exposed to yet . Emily also asks him to stay on their date for a bit longer , although they do n't spend the night together , with both of them knowing that the fantasy suite would n't change a thing about their relationship . Arie : Emily & Arie went swimming with dolphins in the middle of the ocean . They commented on the obvious physical attraction that they have towards one another . They also have dinner that night at Emily 's place . They attempt to learn more about one another and about each other 's daily lives . Emily mentioned that although she did want to offer Arie the overnight date card , she could n't because she did n't trust herself and escorted him out right after dinner . Rose Ceremony : Sean is eliminated at the rose ceremony . Week 10 ( finale ) ( edit ) Original Airdate July 22 , 2012 Located in : Curaçao Jef and Arie start off meeting Emily 's family . This includes her parents , Dave and Suzy , as well as her older brother , Ernie , and his wife . Both men ask for Emily 's father 's permission for his blessing if either of them were to get engaged to Emily . Her family collectively approves both guys and are n't able to give her a clear preference , which was what she was looking for . Her mother advises her to wait on an engagement if she is n't completely ready , something that Emily takes to heart . A few days later , Jef is the first one to have his last date with Emily . He tells Emily that he had kept Ricki in mind throughout the whole process and expresses interest in meeting her before the experience is over , as her daughter is the only part of her life that he did n't know . Emily agrees and decides to let Jef meet Ricki back at the hotel that the two were staying at . The three have a pool day , with Emily being impressed at how comfortable Ricki had become around Jef in such a short amount of time . During the dinner portion of their date , Jef gives Emily a book about Curaçao , so that the two would always remember their adventures on The Bachelorette together . The next day , Emily meets up with Chris Harrison . She reveals that she has already picked Jef in her heart and does n't want to put Arie through an unnecessary final date . She gets emotional while thinking about how to tell Arie that he is n't the one . Meanwhile , Arie is confident in his relationship with Emily and fully plans on proposing to her at the end . He creates a love potion for her right before she comes to deliver the bad news . She sends a confused and upset Arie home while in tears . At the final rose ceremony , Emily tells Jef that he was the only man left , having also been the only guy to meet her daughter and the only one to even receive a last date . She officially declares her love for him and as does he . Jef proposes to Emily and she says yes . The engaged couple are then joined by Ricki and the three walk off of the show hand - in - hand . Post-show ( edit ) After the final rose ( edit ) The `` After the Final Rose '' episode aired on Sunday July 22 , 2012 . The episode was done live rather than pre-taped and it aired right after the season finale , this was the second time in the show , season three was the first . Former bachelorettes Ashley Hebert and her fiancé J.P. Rosenbaum , Ashley Spivey , DeAnna Pappas and former bachelor Michael Stagliano were present at the live event . Arie , runner up , confronted Emily about his elimination . The viewers learned that after the show was finished taping , he had difficulty finding closure with the demise of his relationship with Emily . He took it upon himself to fly to her home town of Charlotte , N.C. to see her . When he arrived there , he regretted his decision because he thought it would be an intrusion into her life and her daughter 's life . Instead , he left his diary on her doorstep in hopes that it would clarify any doubts she had about his feelings toward her . Emily chose not to read the diary out of respect for him and Jef ( her fiance ) . She returned the diary to him on the live portion of the show . Next , Jef came onto the stage and he and Emily were introduced to the public for the first time as an engaged couple . Jef confirmed that their relationship had been progressing well and he had begun to form a bond with her daughter Ricki . Emily and Jef let the public know that they would be going to Africa later in the year to do some charity work with Jef 's company People Water , and they decided that Jef would move to Charlotte to be with Emily primarily because they did not think it would be a good idea to uproot Ricki from her life . The couple would live separately until the wedding . A wedding date had not yet been set . On October 16 , 2012 , just months after their public engagement , the couple announced their breakup . Ratings ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode First Air Date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly rank Weekly rank May 14 , 2012 2.6 7 8.05 7 22 May 21 , 2012 2.4 6 7.53 16 May 28 , 2012 1.9 5 5.79 22 June 4 , 2012 2.2 6 6.77 9 5 June 11 , 2012 2.3 7 7.43 10 6 June 18 , 2012 2.3 7 7.04 9 7 June 25 , 2012 2.3 7 7.03 11 8 July 2 , 2012 2.5 8 7.49 8 9 July 9 , 2012 2.5 7 8.11 5 MTA July 16 , 2012 2.2 6 7.16 9 10 July 22 , 2012 3.1 9 8.86 AFR July 22 , 2012 3.1 8 8.80 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Janes , Theodén ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Emily Maynard , ' Bachelorette ' filming in Charlotte this week '' . Charlotte Observer . Jump up ^ Adams , Char . `` '' Bachelorette Alum Michael Nance Died of ' Multiple Drug Toxicity ' : Autopsy Report `` '' . People . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Scott ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` There 's at least one more Utahn on `` The Bachelorette '' `` . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Michael ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Laguna Beach man tries to woo ' The Bachelorette ' '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' bachelor Sean Lowe : I think Ryan Bowers is a little misunderstood '' . Reality TV World . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sean Lowe : I desperately called Emily Maynard after ' The Bachelorette ' but she ignored me '' . Reality TV World . Jump up ^ `` 2 Chicago guys will compete for ' The Bachelorette ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emily 's Guys '' . Reality Steve . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' host Chris Harrison : Doug Clerget ' reeks of insincerity ' '' . Reality TV World . Jump up ^ Lucchesi , Paolo ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Urban farmers are so trendy that they 're going on The Bachelorette now '' . Inside Scoop San Francisco . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette 's Charlie Grogan : Talking to Emily Maynard was like talking to the wall sometimes '' . Reality TV World . ^ Jump up to : Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Charlie Grogan : Getting sent home from ' The Bachelorette ' was an absolute shock '' . Reality TV World . ^ Jump up to : Kwiatkowski , Elizabeth ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Bachelorette ' star Emily Maynard cuts three bachelors , but only one during Rose Ceremony '' . Reality Tv World.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emily Maynard Hurt By Brad Womack Jab '' . The Hollywood Gossip . May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pottie , Erin ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cape Bretoner books room at ' Bachelorette ' mansion '' . Cape Breton Post . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Carrie ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` The Bachelorette 's Joe Gendreau : ' We Just Did n't Click ' '' . People . Jump up ^ Dugan , Christina ( 7 September 2017 ) . `` The Bachelor : Arie Luyendyk Jr . Will Be Season 22 's Leading Man '' . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Bachelorette 's Emily Maynard and Jef Holm End Engagement '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Bachelorette ' Breakup : Emily Maynard and Jef Holm End Engagement '' . ABC News . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' , ' NCIS ' Top Week 35 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' American Idol ' Tops Week 36 Viewing ; ' Modern Family ' is Number One Scripted Program '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 37 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 38 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Top Week 39 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals Top Week 40 Viewing '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : US Olympic Gymnastics Trials , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Week 41 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' America 's Got Talent ' Tops Week 42 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : FOX MLB All - Star Game Tops Week 43 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' The Bachelorette ' & ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Week 44 Viewing '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) The Bachelor U.S. seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Bachelors Alex Michel Aaron Buerge Andrew Firestone Bob Guiney Jesse Palmer Byron Velvick Charlie O'Connell Travis Lane Stork Prince Lorenzo Borghese Andrew Baldwin Brad Womack Matt Grant Jason Mesnick Jake Pavelka Ben Flajnik Sean Lowe Juan Pablo Galavis Chris Soules Ben Higgins Nick Viall Arie Luyendyk Jr . Contestants Mandy Clemens Catherine Warren Shayne Lamas Melissa Rycroft Tenley Molzahn Gia Allemand Keltie Colleen Jamie Otis Catherine Giudici Brittany Fetkin Ashley Iaconetti The Bachelorette Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bachelorettes Trista Rehn Meredith Phillips Jen Schefft DeAnna Pappas Jillian Harris Ali Fedotowsky Ashley Hebert Emily Maynard Desiree Hartsock Andi Dorfman Kaitlyn Bristowe JoJo Fletcher Rachel Lindsay Becca Kufrin Contestants Ryan Sutter Jesse Csincsak Ryan Hoag Ed Swiderski David Homyk Evan Bass Chad Johnson Jordan Rodgers Kenny Layne International versions Australia 1 : Sam Frost 2 : Georgia Love 3 : Sophie Monk Canada India Tamil Nadu ( State of India ) Germany Romania Switzerland Other spin - offs Bachelor Pad Bachelor in Paradise 5 Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise Episodes Bachelor Live The Bachelor Winter Games International Spin - offs Bachelor in Paradise Australia Hosts Chris Harrison Melissa Rycroft ( Bachelor Pad Season 1 only ) International versions Australia 1 : Tim Robards 2 : Blake Garvey 3 : Sam Wood 4 : Richie Strahan 5 : Matty Johnson Brazil 1 : Gianluca Perino Canada 1 : Brad Smith 2 : Tim Warmels 3 : Chris Leroux Romania 1 : Cătălin Botezatu 2 : Edward Popescu Strohlen 3 : Sergiu Barboni 4 : Bogdan Vlădău United Kingdom 1 : David Donald 2 : Jamie Williams 3 : Anthony Thomas 4 : Gavin Henson 5 : Spencer Matthews New Zealand 1 : Arthur Green 2 : Jordan Mauger 3 : Zac Franich italics - Non-selected roles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bachelorette_(season_8)&oldid=832463401 '' Categories : 2012 American television seasons The Bachelor seasons The Bachelorette ( U.S. TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 04 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did emily maynard choose in her season	[ "\n\nName\nAge\nHometown\nOccupation\nOutcome\nPlace\n\n\nJef Holm[3]\n27\nSt. George, Utah\nEntrepreneur\nWinner\n1\n\n\nArie Luyendyk, Jr.[4]\n30\nScottsdale, Arizona\nRace Car Driver\nRunner-up\n2\n\n\nSean Lowe[5][6]\n28\nIrving, Texas\nInsurance Agent\nWeek 9\n3\n\n\nChris Bukowski[7]\n25\nChicago, Illinois\nCorporate Sales Director\nWeek 8\n4\n\n\nJohn Wolfner[8]\n30\nCreve Coeur, Missouri\nData Destruction Specialist\nWeek 7\n5\n\n\nDoug Clerget[9]\n33\nTacoma, Washington\nSingle Dad/Real Estate Agent\n6\n\n\nRyan Bowers[5]\n31\nEvans, Georgia\nPro Sports Trainer\nWeek 6\n7\n\n\nTravis Pope[8]\n30\nMadison, Mississippi\nAdvertising Sales Representative\n8\n\n\nAlejandro Velez[10]\n25\nSan Francisco, California\nMushroom Farmer\nWeek 5\n9\n\n\nKalon McMahon[8]\n27\nHouston, Texas\nLuxury Brand Consultant\n10\n\n\nCharlie Grogan[11]\n32\nWorcester, Massachusetts\nRecruiter\nWeek 4\n11–12\n\n\nMichael Nance[12]\n26\nAustin, Texas\nRehab Counselor\n\n\nNathan Baake[12]\n25\nCasa Grande, Arizona\nAccountant\n13\n\n\nStevie Alberino\n26\nMonroe Township, New Jersey\nParty M.C.\nWeek 3\n14\n\n\nAlessandro Goulart[13]\n30\nSaint Paul, Minnesota\nGrain Merchant\n15\n\n\nTony Pieper[13]\n31\nBeaverton, Oregon\nSingle Dad/Lumber Trader\n16\n\n\nAaron Martell[14][15]\n36\nNorth Sydney, Nova Scotia\nBiology Teacher\nWeek 2\n17–18\n\n\nKyle Dillon[4][14]\n29\nLong Beach, California\nFinancial Adviser\n\n\nJoe Gendreau[14][16]\n27\nOrlando, Florida\nField Energy Adviser\n19\n\n\nBrent Richter[14]\n41\nMidland, Texas\nTechnology Salesman\nWeek 1\n20–25\n\n\nDavid Homyk[8][14]\n33\nCharlottesville, Virginia\nSinger/Songwriter\n\n\nJackson Longnecker[14]\n29\nLockport, Illinois\nFitness Model\n\n\nJean-Paul LaCount[14]\n35\nMoraga, California\nMarine Biologist\n\n\nLerone Anu[4][14]\n29\nLaguna Beach, California\nReal Estate Consultant\n\n\nRandy Lee Woyak[14]\n30\nOak Creek, Wisconsin\nMarketing Manager\n\n" ]	[ "Jef Holm" ]
7779470620549889466	Sound film	Sound film - Wikipedia Sound film Jump to : navigation , search `` Talking pictures '' redirects here . For the British television channel , see Talking Pictures TV . 1908 poster advertising Gaumont 's sound films . The Chronomégaphone , designed for large halls , employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound . A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound , or sound technologically coupled to image , as opposed to a silent film . The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900 , but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical . Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound - on - disc systems , and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate . Innovations in sound - on - film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology , which took place in 1923 . The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid - to late 1920s . At first , the sound films which included synchronized dialogue , known as `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were exclusively shorts . The earliest feature - length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects . The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927 . A major hit , it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound - on - disc technology . Sound - on - film , however , would soon become the standard for talking pictures . By the early 1930s , the talkies were a global phenomenon . In the United States , they helped secure Hollywood 's position as one of the world 's most powerful cultural / commercial centers of influence ( see Cinema of the United States ) . In Europe ( and , to a lesser degree , elsewhere ) , the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics , who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema . In Japan , where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance , talking pictures were slow to take root . In India , sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation 's film industry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early steps 2 Crucial innovations 2.1 Advanced sound - on - film 2.2 Advanced sound - on - disc 2.3 Fidelity electronic recording and amplification 3 Triumph of the `` talkies '' 3.1 Transition : Europe 3.2 Transition : Asia 4 Consequences 4.1 Technology 4.2 Labor 4.3 Commerce 4.4 Aesthetic quality 4.5 Cinematic form 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Historical writings 8.2 Historical films History ( edit ) Early steps ( edit ) Further information : Kinetoscope Image from The Dickson Experimental Sound Film ( 1894 or 1895 ) , produced by W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophone , combining the Kinetoscope and phonograph . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself . On February 27 , 1888 , a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison , the two inventors privately met . Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion , six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition , he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image - casting zoopraxiscope with Edison 's recorded - sound technology . No agreement was reached , but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope , essentially a `` peep - show '' system , as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph . The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895 , but individual , cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection . In 1899 , a projected sound - film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama , based primarily on the work of Swiss - born inventor François Dussaud , was exhibited in Paris ; similar to the Kinetophone , the system required individual use of earphones . An improved cylinder - based system , Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre , was developed by Clément - Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France , allowing short films of theater , opera , and ballet excerpts to be presented at the Paris Exposition in 1900 . These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound . Phonorama and yet another sound - film system -- Théâtroscope -- were also presented at the Exposition . Three major problems persisted , leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation . The primary issue was synchronization : pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices , which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem . Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve . While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences , audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces . Finally , there was the challenge of recording fidelity . The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices ( acoustical horns , for the most part ) , imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live - recorded sound . Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other `` famous artists '' shown in `` living visions '' at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet - Lioret system . Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways . An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on gramophone records -- known as sound - on - disc technology ; the records themselves were often referred to as `` Berliner discs '' , after one of the primary inventors in the field , German - American Emile Berliner . In 1902 , Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound - on - disc Chronophone , involving an electrical connection he had recently patented , to the French Photographic Society . Four years later , Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone , a compressed - air amplification system based on the Auxetophone , developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons . Despite high expectations , Gaumont 's sound innovations had only limited commercial success -- though improvements , they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well . For some years , American inventor E.E. Norton 's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system ( sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc - or cylinder - based ) ; it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone . In 1913 , Edison introduced a new cylinder - based synch - sound apparatus known , just like his 1895 system , as the Kinetophone ; instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet , they were now projected onto a screen . The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector , allowing -- under ideal conditions -- for synchronization . However , conditions were rarely ideal , and the new , improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year . By the mid-1910s , the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided . Beginning in 1914 , The Photo - Drama of Creation , promoting Jehovah 's Witnesses ' conception of mankind 's genesis , was screened around the United States : eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action were synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph . Meanwhile , innovations continued on another significant front . In 1900 , as part of the research he was conducting on the photophone , the German physicist Ernst Ruhmer recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc - light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film . He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip , with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell . The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium 's resistance to electrical currents , which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver . He called this invention the photographophone , which he summarized as : `` It is truly a wonderful process : sound becomes electricity , becomes light , causes chemical actions , becomes light and electricity again , and finally sound . '' Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French - born , London - based Eugene Lauste , who had worked at Edison 's lab between 1886 and 1892 . In 1907 , Lauste was awarded the first patent for sound - on - film technology , involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto celluloid . As described by historian Scott Eyman , It was a double system , that is , the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture ... In essence , the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve , a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit . The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm , focusing the resulting light waves through the slit , where it would be photographed on the side of the film , on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide . In 1908 , Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer , with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product . Though sound - on - film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema , Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations , which came to an effective dead end . In 1914 , Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound - on - film work ; that same year , he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin . Hungarian engineer Denes Mihaly submitted his sound - on - film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918 ; the patent award was published four years later . Whether sound was captured on cylinder , disc , or film , none of the available technology was adequate for big - league commercial purposes , and for many years the heads of the major Hollywood film studios saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures . Crucial innovations ( edit ) A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s . Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction , or playback : Advanced sound - on - film ( edit ) In 1919 , American inventor Lee De Forest was awarded several patents that would lead to the first optical sound - on - film technology with commercial application . In De Forest 's system , the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite , or `` married '' , print . If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording , it could be absolutely counted on in playback . Over the next four years , he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field , Theodore Case . At the University of Illinois , Polish - born research engineer Joseph Tykociński - Tykociner was working independently on a similar process . On June 9 , 1922 , he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound - on - film motion picture to members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . As with Lauste and Tigerstedt , Tykociner 's system would never be taken advantage of commercially ; however , De Forest 's soon would . Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts , touting their technological distinction : no phonograph . On April 15 , 1923 , at New York City 's Rivoli Theater , came the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound - on - film , the future standard : a set of shorts under the banner of De Forest Phonofilms , accompanying a silent feature . That June , De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee , Freeman Harrison Owens , for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents . Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts , Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field . The following year , De Forest 's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture -- the two - reeler Love 's Old Sweet Song , directed by J. Searle Dawley and featuring Una Merkel . However , phonofilm 's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries , popular music acts , and comedy performances . President Calvin Coolidge , opera singer Abbie Mitchell , and vaudeville stars such as Phil Baker , Ben Bernie , Eddie Cantor and Oscar Levant appeared in the firm 's pictures . Hollywood remained suspicious , even fearful , of the new technology . As Photoplay editor James Quirk put it in March 1924 , `` Talking pictures are perfected , says Dr. Lee De Forest . So is castor oil . '' De Forest 's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms ; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions , a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures , which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets . By the end of 1930 , the Phonofilm business would be liquidated . In Europe , others were also working on the development of sound - on - film . In 1919 , the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field , three German inventors , Josef Engl ( 1893 -- 1942 ) , Hans Vogt ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , and Joseph Massolle ( 1889 -- 1957 ) , patented the Tri-Ergon sound system . On September 17 , 1922 , the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound - on - film productions -- including a dramatic talkie , Der Brandstifter ( The Arsonist ) -- before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin . By the end of the decade , Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system . In 1923 , two Danish engineers , Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen , patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel . Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone . Domestic competition , however , eclipsed Phonofilm . By September 1925 , De Forest and Case 's working arrangement had fallen through . The following July , Case joined Fox Film , Hollywood 's third largest studio , to found the Fox - Case Corporation . The system developed by Case and his assistant , Earl Sponable , given the name Movietone , thus became the first viable sound - on - film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio . The following year , Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system , though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage . In 1927 , as well , Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens , who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch - sound film . Advanced sound - on - disc ( edit ) Parallel with improvements in sound - on - film technology , a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs . In sound - on - disc technology from the era , a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical interlock to a specially modified film projector , allowing for synchronization . In 1921 , the Photokinema sound - on - disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to D.W. Griffith 's failed silent film Dream Street . A love song , performed by star Ralph Graves , was recorded , as was a sequence of live vocal effects . Apparently , dialogue scenes were also recorded , but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them . On May 1 , 1921 , Dream Street was re-released , with love song added , at New York City 's Town Hall theater , qualifying it -- however haphazardly -- as the first feature - length film with a live - recorded vocal sequence . There would be no others for more than six years . Poster for Warner Bros . ' Don Juan ( 1926 ) , the first major motion picture to premiere with a full - length synchronized soundtrack . Audio recording engineer George Groves , the first in Hollywood to hold the job , would supervise sound on Woodstock , 44 years later . In 1925 , Sam Warner of Warner Bros. , then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions , saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound - on - disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York 's Vitagraph Studios , which they had recently purchased . The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers , if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them . Consequently , in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W.J. Rich , a financier , giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system . To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president . Vitaphone , as this system was now called , was publicly introduced on August 6 , 1926 , with the premiere of Don Juan ; the first feature - length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout , its soundtrack contained a musical score and added sound effects , but no recorded dialogue -- in other words , it had been staged and shot as a silent film . Accompanying Don Juan , however , were eight shorts of musical performances , mostly classical , as well as a four - minute filmed introduction by Will H. Hays , president of the Motion Picture Association of America , all with live - recorded sound . These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio . Warner Bros . ' The Better ' Ole , technically similar to Don Juan , followed in October . Sound - on - film would ultimately win out over sound - on - disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages : Synchronization : no interlock system was completely reliable , and a projectionist 's error , or an inexactly repaired film break , or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture Editing : discs could not be directly edited , severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut Distribution : phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution Wear and tear : the physical process of playing the discs degraded them , requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings Nonetheless , in the early years , sound - on - disc had the edge over sound - on - film in two substantial ways : Production and capital cost : it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems -- turntable / interlock / projector -- were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image - and - audio - pattern - reading projectors required by sound - on - film Audio quality : phonograph discs , Vitaphone 's in particular , had superior dynamic range to most sound - on - film processes of the day , at least during the first few playings ; while sound - on - film tended to have better frequency response , this was outweighed by greater distortion and noise As sound - on - film technology improved , both of these disadvantages were overcome . The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback : Western Electric engineer E.B. Craft , at left , demonstrating the Vitaphone projection system . A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes , enough to match that of a 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . Fidelity electronic recording and amplification ( edit ) In 1913 , Western Electric , the manufacturing division of AT&T , acquired the rights to the de Forest audion , the forerunner of the triode vacuum tube . Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time . Western Electric then branched - out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry . Beginning in 1922 , the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound - on - disc and sound - on film synchronised sound systems for motion - pictures . The engineers working on the sound - on - disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress . The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches ( about 40 cm ) in diameter rotating at 33 1 / 3 rpm . This could play for 11 minutes , the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft / min ( 24 frames / s ) . Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft / min ( 14 inches or 356 mm / s ) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10 - inch 78 rpm commercial disc . In 1925 , the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio , including sensitive condenser microphones and rubber - line recorders ( named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc ) . That May , the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures ; he founded Vitagraph , in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest , just one month later . In April 1926 , Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation , leading to the production of Don Juan and its accompanying shorts over the following months . During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents , the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company 's sound - on - film competitors . Meanwhile , Bell Labs -- the new name for the AT&T research operation -- was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over loudspeakers at theater - filling volume . The new moving - coil speaker system was installed in New York 's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission , for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver , was filed on August 4 , just two days before the premiere of Don Juan . Late in the year , AT&T / Western Electric created a licensing division , Electrical Research Products Inc . ( ERPI ) , to handle rights to the company 's film - related audio technology . Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity , but having lapsed in its royalty payments , effective control of the rights was in ERPI 's hands . On December 31 , 1926 , Warners granted Fox - Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system ; in exchange for the sublicense , both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox 's related revenues . The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed . Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios , pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction . The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium . Triumph of the `` talkies '' ( edit ) In February 1927 , an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies : Famous Players - Lasky ( soon to be part of Paramount ) , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Universal , First National , and Cecil B. DeMille 's small but prestigious Producers Distributing Corporation ( PDC ) . The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion . The alliance then sat back and waited to see what sort of results the frontrunners came up with . In May , Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI ( along with the Fox - Case sublicense ) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox 's for use of Western Electric technology . Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema , moving in different directions both technologically and commercially : Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas , while Warners concentrated on talking features . Meanwhile , ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios . Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma , Washington , showing The Jazz Singer , on Vitaphone , and a Fox newsreel , on Movietone , together on the same bill . The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity . On May 20 , 1927 , at New York 's Roxy Theater , Fox Movietone presented a sound film of the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh 's celebrated flight to Paris , recorded earlier that day . In June , a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York and Washington , D.C. , was shown . These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date . In May , as well , Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue : the short They 're Coming to Get Me , starring comedian Chic Sale . After rereleasing a few silent feature hits , such as Seventh Heaven , with recorded music , Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23 : Sunrise , by acclaimed German director F.W. Murnau . As with Don Juan , the film 's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects ( including , in a couple of crowd scenes , `` wild '' , nonspecific vocals ) . Then , on October 6 , 1927 , Warner Bros . ' The Jazz Singer premiered . It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio , earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad , almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warners film . Produced with the Vitaphone system , most of the film does not contain live - recorded audio , relying , like Sunrise and Don Juan , on a score and effects . When the movie 's star , Al Jolson , sings , however , the film shifts to sound recorded on the set , including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad - libbed speech -- one of Jolson 's character , Jakie Rabinowitz ( Jack Robin ) , addressing a cabaret audience ; the other an exchange between him and his mother . The `` natural '' sounds of the settings were also audible . Though the success of The Jazz Singer was due largely to Jolson , already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars , and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film ( let alone the `` first '' ) , the movie 's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in . The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before The Jazz Singer , and the film 's success did not change things overnight . Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios ( PDC had dropped out of the alliance ) , along with United Artists and others , sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film . Initially , all ERPI - wired theaters were made Vitaphone - compatible ; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well . However , even with access to both technologies , most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own . No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a part - talking feature until the low - budget - oriented Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) premiered The Perfect Crime on June 17 , 1928 , eight months after The Jazz Singer . FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor , General Electric 's RCA division , which was looking to market its new sound - on - film system , Photophone . Unlike Fox - Case 's Movietone and De Forest 's Phonofilm , which were variable - density systems , Photophone was a variable - area system -- a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard . ( In both sorts of systems , a specially - designed lamp , whose exposure to the film is determined by the audio input , is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines . In a variable - density process , the lines are of varying darkness ; in a variable - area process , the lines are of varying width . ) By October , the FBO - RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood 's newest major studio , RKO Pictures . Dorothy Mackaill and Milton Sills in The Barker , First National 's inaugural talkie . The film was released in December 1928 , two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. had released three more talkies , all profitable , if not at the level of The Jazz Singer : In March , Tenderloin appeared ; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts , though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue . Glorious Betsy followed in April , and The Lion and the Mouse ( 31 minutes of dialogue ) in May . On July 6 , 1928 , the first all - talking feature , Lights of New York , premiered . The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce , but grossed $1.252 million , a record rate of return surpassing 5,000 % . In September , the studio released another Al Jolson part - talking picture , The Singing Fool , which more than doubled The Jazz Singer 's earnings record for a Warners movie . This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical 's ability to turn a song into a national hit : inside of nine months , the Jolson number `` Sonny Boy '' had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales . September 1928 also saw the release of Paul Terry 's Dinner Time , among the first animated cartoons produced with synchronized sound . Soon after he saw it , Walt Disney released his first sound picture , the Mickey Mouse short Steamboat Willie . Over the course of 1928 , as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the popularity of its sound films , the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology . Paramount , the industry leader , put out its first talkie in late September , Beggars of Life ; though it had just a few lines of dialogue , it demonstrated the studio 's recognition of the new medium 's power . Interference , Paramount 's first all - talker , debuted in November . The process known as `` goat glanding '' briefly became widespread : soundtracks , sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song , were added to movies that had been shot , and in some cases released , as silents . A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a `` musical . '' ( Griffith 's Dream Street had essentially been a `` goat gland . '' ) Expectations swiftly changed , and the sound `` fad '' of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929 . In February 1929 , sixteen months after The Jazz Singer 's debut , Columbia Pictures became the last of the eight studios that would be known as `` majors '' during Hollywood 's Golden Age to release its first part - talking feature , Lone Wolf 's Daughter . In late May , the first all - color , all - talking feature , Warner Bros . ' On with the Show ! , premiered . Yet most American movie theaters , especially outside of urban areas , were still not equipped for sound : while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929 , they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters , which had actually grown in number as well , from 22,204 to 22,544 . The studios , in parallel , were still not entirely convinced of the talkies ' universal appeal -- through mid-1930 , the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions , silent as well as talking . Though few in the industry predicted it , silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory . Points West , a Hoot Gibson Western released by Universal Pictures in August 1929 , was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio . Transition : Europe ( edit ) The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27 , 1928 . According to film historian Rachael Low , `` Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable . '' On January 16 , 1929 , the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered : the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand , Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand , Madame ) . Dialogueless , it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . The movie was made with the sound - on - film system controlled by the German - Dutch firm Tobis , corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern . With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film , Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor , Klangfilm , a joint subsidiary of Germany 's two leading electrical manufacturers . Early in 1929 , Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies . As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe , Tobis - Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents , stalling the introduction of American technology in many places . Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system 's value , Tobis also established its own production operations . During 1929 , most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound . Many of the trend - setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages . One of Europe 's first two feature - length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking : The Crimson Circle was a coproduction between director Friedrich Zelnik 's Efzet - Film company and British Sound Film Productions ( BSFP ) . In 1928 , the film had been released as the silent Der Rote Kreis in Germany , where it was shot ; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP 's corporate parent . It was given a British trade screening in March 1929 , as was a part - talking film made entirely in the UK : The Clue of the New Pin , a British Lion production using the sound - on - disc British Photophone system . In May , Black Waters , a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all - talker , received its initial trade screening ; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound - on - film system . None of these pictures made much impact . The Prague - raised star of Blackmail ( 1929 ) , Anny Ondra , was an industry favorite , but her thick accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound . Without post-dubbing capacity , her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry . Ondra 's British film career was over . The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all - British Blackmail . Directed by twenty - nine - year - old Alfred Hitchcock , the movie had its London debut June 21 , 1929 . Originally shot as a silent , Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences , along with a score and sound effects , before its premiere . A British International Pictures ( BIP ) production , it was recorded on RCA Photophone , General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis - Klangfilm markets . Blackmail was a substantial hit ; critical response was also positive -- notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle , for example , called it `` perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen . '' On August 23 , the modest - sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie : G'schichten aus der Steiermark ( Stories from Styria ) , an Eagle Film -- Ottoton Film production . On September 30 , the first entirely German - made feature - length dramatic talkie , Das Land ohne Frauen ( Land Without Women ) , premiered . A Tobis Filmkunst production , about one - quarter of the movie contained dialogue , which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music . The response was underwhelming . Sweden 's first talkie , Konstgjorda Svensson ( Artificial Svensson ) , premiered on October 14 . Eight days later , Aubert Franco - Film came out with Le Collier de la reine ( The Queen 's Necklace ) , shot at the Épinay studio near Paris . Conceived as a silent film , it was given a Tobis - recorded score and a single talking sequence -- the first dialogue scene in a French feature . On October 31 , Les Trois masques debuted ; a Pathé - Natan film , it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie , though it was shot , like Blackmail , at the Elstree studio , just outside London . The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system . The Braunberger - Richebé talkie La Route est belle , also shot at Elstree , followed a few weeks later . Before the Paris studios were fully sound - equipped -- a process that stretched well into 1930 -- a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany . The first all - talking German feature , Atlantik , had premiered in Berlin on October 28 . Yet another Elstree - made movie , it was rather less German at heart than Les Trois masques and La Route est belle were French ; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director , it was also shot in English as Atlantic . The entirely German Aafa - Film production It 's You I Have Loved ( Dich hab ich geliebt ) opened three - and - a-half weeks later . It was not `` Germany 's First Talking Film '' , as the marketing had it , but it was the first to be released in the United States . The first Soviet talkie , Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life ; 1931 ) , concerns the issue of homeless youth . As Marcel Carné put it , `` in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation . '' In 1930 , the first Polish talkies premiered , using sound - on - disc systems : Moralność pani Dulskiej ( The Morality of Mrs. Dulska ) in March and the all - talking Niebezpieczny romans ( Dangerous Love Affair ) in October . In Italy , whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s , the first talkie , La Canzone dell'amore ( The Song of Love ) , also came out in October ; within two years , Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival . The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well , Tonka Šibenice ( Tonka of the Gallows ) . Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures -- Belgium ( in French ) , Denmark , Greece , and Romania . The Soviet Union 's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930 : Dziga Vertov 's nonfiction Entuziazm had an experimental , dialogueless soundtrack ; Abram Room 's documentary Plan velikikh rabot ( The Plan of the Great Works ) had music and spoken voiceovers . Both were made with locally developed sound - on - film systems , two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world . In June 1931 , the Nikolai Ekk drama Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life or A Start in Life ) , premiered as the Soviet Union 's first true talking picture . Throughout much of Europe , conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity , requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places . While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain -- with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930 , similar to the U.S. figure -- in France , by contrast , more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932 . According to scholar Colin G. Crisp , `` Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the ( French ) industrial press , and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935 . '' The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union ; as of May 1933 , fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound . Transition : asia ( edit ) Director Heinosuke Gosho 's Madamu to nyobo ( The Neighbor 's Wife and Mine ; 1931 ) , a production of the Shochiku studio , was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema . During the 1920s and 1930s , Japan was one of the world 's two largest producers of motion pictures , along with the United States . Though the country 's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features , the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West . It appears that the first Japanese sound film , Reimai ( Dawn ) , was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system . Using the sound - on - disc Minatoki system , the leading Nikkatsu studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929 : Taii no musume ( The Captain 's Daughter ) and Furusato ( Hometown ) , the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound - on - film talkies in 1931 using a variable - density process called Tsuchibashi . Two years later , however , more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents . Two of the country 's leading directors , Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu , did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936 , respectively . As late as 1938 , over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue . The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the benshi , a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening . As director Akira Kurosawa later described , the benshi `` not only recounted the plot of the films , they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen ... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right , solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre . '' Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues , The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market , not by any inner need or natural evolution ... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form . It did n't lack anything , least in Japan , where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary . Sound films were not better , just more economical . As a cinema owner you did n't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more . And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment . By the same token , the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound -- allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology . Alam Ara premiered March 14 , 1931 , in Bombay . The first Indian talkie was so popular that `` police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds . '' It was shot with the Tanar single - system camera , which recorded sound directly onto the film . The Mandarin - language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān ( 歌女紅牡丹 , Singsong Girl Red Peony ) , starring Butterfly Wu , premiered as China 's first feature talkie in 1930 . By February of that year , production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil 's Playground , arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture ; however , the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie . In September 1930 , a song performed by Indian star Sulochana , excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri ( 1928 ) , was released as a synchronized - sound short , the country 's first . The following year , Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature , the Hindi - Urdu Alam Ara , and produced Kalidas , primarily in Tamil with some Telugu . Nineteen - thirty - one also saw the first Bengali - language film , Jamai Sasthi , and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu , Bhakta Prahlada . In 1932 , Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released ( though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process ) ; the first Gujarati - language film , Narsimha Mehta , and all - Tamil talkie , Kalava , debuted as well . The next year , Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian - language talkie , Dukhtar - e-loor . Also in 1933 , the first Cantonese - language films were produced in Hong Kong -- Sha zai dongfang ( The Idiot 's Wedding Night ) and Liang xing ( Conscience ) ; within two years , the local film industry had fully converted to sound . Korea , where pyonsa ( or byun - sa ) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi , in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture : Chunhyangjeon ( 春香傳 / 춘향전 ) is based on the seventeenth - century pansori folktale `` Chunhyangga '' , of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009 . Consequences ( edit ) Technology ( edit ) Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking , depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths . The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped , as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack . In the short term , the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production . Cameras were noisy , so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors , at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera . For a time , multiple - camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots . The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally . Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , from First National Pictures ( which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound ) , gives a behind - the - scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies . Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings , known as `` blimps '' , designed to suppress noise and boom microphones that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors . In 1931 , a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced : three - way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low , medium , and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass `` woofer '' , a midrange driver , and a treble `` tweeter . '' There were consequences , as well , for other technological aspects of the cinema . Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed . Before sound , 16 frames per second ( fps ) was the supposed norm , but practice varied widely . Cameras were often undercranked or overcranked to improve exposures or for dramatic effect . Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows . Variable frame rate , however , made sound unlistenable , and a new , strict standard of 24 fps was soon established . Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy arc lights used for filming in studio interiors . The switch to quiet incandescent illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock . The sensitivity of the new panchromatic film delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical . As David Bordwell describes , technological improvements continued at a swift pace : `` Between 1932 and 1935 , ( Western Electric and RCA ) created directional microphones , increased the frequency range of film recording , reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range . '' These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities : `` Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre , pitch , and loudness . '' Another basic problem -- famously spoofed in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain -- was that some silent - era actors simply did not have attractive voices ; though this issue was frequently overstated , there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own . By 1935 , rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction , a process known as `` looping '' , had become practical . The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes . Example of a variable - area sound track -- the width of the white area is proportional to the amplitude of the audio signal at each instant . With Hollywood 's wholesale adoption of the talkies , the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound - film production was soon resolved . Over the course of 1930 -- 31 , the only major players using sound - on - disc , Warner Bros. and First National , changed over to sound - on - film recording . Vitaphone 's dominating presence in sound - equipped theaters , however , meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound - on - disc versions of their films alongside the sound - on - film prints . Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method , leaving two major American systems : the variable - area RCA Photophone and Western Electric 's own variable - density process , a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone . Under RCA 's instigation , the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible , meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other . This left one big issue -- the Tobis - Klangfilm challenge . In May 1930 , Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents , helping bring Tobis - Klangfilm to the negotiating table . The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing , full playback compatibility , and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment . As a contemporary report describes : Tobis - Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for : Germany , Danzig , Austria , Hungary , Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , Holland , the Dutch Indies , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Finland . The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India , and Russia . All other countries , among them Italy , France , and England , are open to both parties . The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes , and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s . During these years , as well , the American studios began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone 's variable - area approach -- by the end of 1936 , only Paramount , MGM , and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI . Labor ( edit ) The unkind cover of Photoplay , December 1929 , featuring Norma Talmadge . As movie historian David Thomson puts it , `` sound proved the incongruity of ( her ) salon prettiness and tenement voice . '' While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry , it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time . Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios ; as suggested above , those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk . The career of major silent star Norma Talmadge effectively came to an end in this way . The celebrated German actor Emil Jannings returned to Europe . Moviegoers found John Gilbert 's voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona , and his star also faded . Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent - era stars as old - fashioned , even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era . The career of Harold Lloyd , one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s , declined precipitously . Lillian Gish departed , back to the stage , and other leading figures soon left acting entirely : Colleen Moore , Gloria Swanson , and Hollywood 's most famous performing couple , Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford . As actress Louise Brooks suggested , there were other issues as well : Studio heads , now forced into unprecedented decisions , decided to begin with the actors , the least palatable , the most vulnerable part of movie production . It was such a splendid opportunity , anyhow , for breaking contracts , cutting salaries , and taming the stars ... Me , they gave the salary treatment . I could stay on without the raise my contract called for , or quit , ( Paramount studio chief B.P. ) Schulberg said , using the questionable dodge of whether I 'd be good for the talkies . Questionable , I say , because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater . So without hesitation I quit . Buster Keaton was eager to explore the new medium , but when his studio , MGM , made the changeover to sound , he was quickly stripped of creative control . Though a number of Keaton 's early talkies made impressive profits , they were artistically dismal . Several of the new medium 's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater , where performers such as Jolson , Eddie Cantor , Jeanette MacDonald , and the Marx Brothers were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song . James Cagney and Joan Blondell , who had teamed on Broadway , were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930 . A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras : John Barrymore , Ronald Colman , Myrna Loy , William Powell , Norma Shearer , the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy , and the incomparable Charlie Chaplin , whose City Lights ( 1931 ) and Modern Times ( 1936 ) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects . Janet Gaynor became a top star with the synch - sound but dialogueless Seventh Heaven and Sunrise , as did Joan Crawford with the technologically similar Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) . Greta Garbo was the one non -- native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide . Silent film extra Clark Gable , who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career , went on to dominate the new medium for decades . The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists , journalists , and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue . Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were Nathanael West , William Faulkner , Robert Sherwood , Aldous Huxley , and Dorothy Parker . As talking pictures emerged , with their prerecorded musical tracks , an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work . More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped ; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard , `` During the 1920s live musical performances at first - run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema . '' With the coming of the talkies , those featured performances -- usually staged as preludes -- were largely eliminated as well . The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices . One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled `` Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever '' and reads in part : Canned Music on Trial This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres . The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education . Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music . If the theatre - going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable . Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanisation . It can not be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist , upon the human contact , without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost . By the following year , a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs . Commerce ( edit ) Premiering February 1 , 1929 , MGM 's The Broadway Melody was the first smash - hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . In September 1926 , Jack L. Warner , head of Warner Bros. , was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable : `` They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures , and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play , the action , the plot , and the imagined dialogue for himself . '' Much to his company 's benefit , he would be proven very wrong -- between the 1927 -- 28 and 1928 -- 29 fiscal years , Warners ' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million . Sound film , in fact , was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry . During that same twelve - month span , Paramount 's profits rose by $7 million , Fox 's by $3.5 million , and Loew 's / MGM 's by $3 million . RKO , which had n't even existed in September 1928 and whose parent production company , FBO , was in the Hollywood minor leagues , by the end of 1929 was established as one of America 's leading entertainment businesses . Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound : the musical . Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929 , and more than eighty the following year . Even as the Wall Street crash of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into depression , the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune . The 1929 -- 30 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous , with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs . Reality finally struck later in 1930 , but sound had clearly secured Hollywood 's position as one of the most important industrial fields , both commercially and culturally , in the United States . In 1929 , film box - office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation ; by 1931 , the figure had reached 21.8 percent . The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half . Hollywood ruled on the larger stage , as well . The American movie industry -- already the world 's most powerful -- set an export record in 1929 that , by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film , was 27 percent higher than the year before . Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded . In fact , the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers , relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards . The production of multiple versions of export - bound talkies in different languages ( known as `` Foreign Language Version '' ) , as well as the production of the cheaper `` International Sound Version '' , a common approach at first , largely ceased by mid-1931 , replaced by post-dubbing and subtitling . Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets , by 1937 , American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe . Poster for Acabaram - se os otários ( 1929 ) , performed in Portuguese . The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an Iberian language . Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors , they did the same at home . As historian Richard B. Jewell describes , `` The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion . '' The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale shakeout in the business , resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies ( MGM , Paramount , Fox , Warners , RKO ) and the three smaller studios also called `` majors '' ( Columbia , Universal , United Artists ) that would predominate through the 1950s . Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects : Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources , their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus . Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the studio system finally coalesce , with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry . The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was India . As one distributor of the period said , `` With the coming of the talkies , the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation . This was achieved by music . '' From its earliest days , Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical -- Alam Ara featured seven songs ; a year later , Indrasabha would feature seventy . While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood , ten years after the debut of Alam Ara , over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country . Most of India 's early talkies were shot in Bombay , which remains the leading production center , but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation . Within just a few weeks of Alam Ara 's March 1931 premiere , the Calcutta - based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi Shirin Farhad and the Bengali Jamai Sasthi . The Hindustani Heer Ranjha was produced in Lahore , Punjab , the following year . In 1934 , Sati Sulochana , the first Kannada talking picture to be released , was shot in Kolhapur , Maharashtra ; Srinivasa Kalyanam became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu . Once the first talkie features appeared , the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States . Already by 1932 , the majority of feature productions were in sound ; two years later , 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures . Since 1934 , with the sole exception of 1952 , India has been among the top three movie - producing countries in the world every single year . Aesthetic quality ( edit ) In the first , 1930 edition of his global survey The Film Till Now , British cinema pundit Paul Rotha declared , `` A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema . It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and can not be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema . '' Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form ; Alfred Hitchcock , though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe , held that `` the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema '' and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside `` photographs of people talking '' . In Germany , Max Reinhardt , stage producer and movie director , expressed the belief that the talkies , `` bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings . '' Westfront 1918 ( 1930 ) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds , like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight . In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados , both at the time and subsequently , silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents . For instance , despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed , silent cinema is represented by eleven films in Time Out 's Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll , held in 1995 . The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film -- not only in the United States , but also in the West as a whole -- was 1929 ; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ( Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) , Zemlya ( 1930 ) , City Lights ( 1931 ) ) and zero talkies in the Time Out poll . ( City Lights , like Sunrise , was released with a recorded score and sound effects , but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a `` silent '' -- spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema . ) The earliest sound film to place is the French L'Atalante ( 1934 ) , directed by Jean Vigo ; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , directed by Howard Hawks . The first sound feature film to receive near - universal critical approbation was Der Blaue Engel ( The Blue Angel ) ; premiering on April 1 , 1930 , it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin 's UFA studio . The first American talkie to be widely honored was All Quiet on the Western Front , directed by Lewis Milestone , which premiered April 21 . The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was Westfront 1918 , directed by G.W. Pabst for Nero - Film of Berlin . Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of `` the new verisimilitude ( that ) rendered silent cinema 's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow , as well as its preference for allegorical characters , anachronistic . '' Cultural historians consider the French L'Âge d'Or , directed by Luis Buñuel , which appeared late in 1930 , to be of great aesthetic import ; at the time , its erotic , blasphemous , anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal . Swiftly banned by Paris police chief Jean Chiappe , it was unavailable for fifty years . The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero - Film 's M , directed by Fritz Lang , which premiered May 11 , 1931 . As described by Roger Ebert , `` Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time , but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives , providing a rat 's - eye view . '' Cinematic form ( edit ) `` Talking film is as little needed as a singing book . '' Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky , one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement , in 1927 . While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art , others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity . The following year , a group of Soviet filmmakers , including Sergei Eisenstein , proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition , the so - called contrapuntal method , would raise the cinema to `` ... unprecedented power and cultural height . Such a method for constructing the sound - film will not confine it to a national market , as must happen with the photographing of plays , but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea . '' So far as one segment of the audience was concerned , however , the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation : Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes , `` Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse , cinema , on equal terms with hearing people . The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again . '' Image of sumo wrestlers from Melodie der Welt ( 1929 ) , `` one of the initial successes of a new art form '' , in André Bazin 's description . `` It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds . '' On March 12 , 1929 , the first feature - length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere . The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production , it was not a drama , but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line : Melodie der Welt ( Melody of the World ) , directed by Walter Ruttmann . This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound . As described by scholar William Moritz , the movie is `` intricate , dynamic , fast - paced ... juxtapos ( ing ) similar cultural habits from countries around the world , with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects . '' Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film : `` Melodie der Welt became the first important sound documentary , the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse . '' Melodie der Welt was a direct influence on the industrial film Philips Radio ( 1931 ) , directed by Dutch avant - garde filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld , who described its audiovisual aims : To render the half - musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature . In this film every intermediate stage can be found : such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music , the noises of the machine dominating the musical background , the music itself is the documentary , and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo . Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 Entuziazm and by Chaplin in Modern Times , a half - decade later . A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling , beyond the obvious function of recording speech . In Blackmail , Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character 's monologue so the word `` knife '' would leap out from a blurry stream of sound , reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist , who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing . In his first film , the Paramount Applause ( 1929 ) , Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots . At a certain point , Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays ; according to the director , `` They said we could n't record the two things -- the song and the prayer -- on one mike and one channel . So I said to the sound man , ' Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing ? ' '' Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking . One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was Le Million , directed by René Clair and produced by Tobis 's French division . Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later , the picture was both a critical and popular success . A musical comedy with a barebones plot , it is memorable for its formal accomplishments , in particular , its emphatically artificial treatment of sound . As described by scholar Donald Crafton , Le Million never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets . ( It ) replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets . Clair created teasing confusions between on - and off - screen sound . He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks , as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football ( or rugby ) crowd . These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film , though as special effects and `` color '' , not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive , non-naturalistic design achieved by Clair . Outside of the comedic field , the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by Melodie der Welt and Le Million would be pursued very rarely in commercial production . Hollywood , in particular , incorporated sound into a reliable system of genre - based moviemaking , in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling . As accurately predicted in 1928 by Frank Woods , secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , `` The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama ... The talking scenes will require different handling , but the general construction of the story will be much the same . '' See also ( edit ) Category : Film sound production for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording History of film List of film sound systems Sound stage The American Fotoplayer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wierzbicki ( 2009 ) , p. 74 ; `` Representative Kinematograph Shows '' ( 1907 ). The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont 's Elgéphone , which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1997 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) claims that German inventor and filmmaker Oskar Messter began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 ( p. 168 ) , but this seems to be an error . Koerber ( 1996 ) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden ( located in the back room of a restaurant ) , it reopened under his management on September 21 , 1896 ( p. 53 ) , but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 ; Cosandey ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lloyd and Robinson ( 1986 ) , p. 91 ; Barnier ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 , 29 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Gratioulet went by his given name , Clément - Maurice , and is referred to thus in many sources , including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co. ; in fact , it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville ( Barnier , ibid . ) . Jump up ^ Sound engineer Mark Ulano , in `` The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph '' ( part 2 of his essay `` Moving Pictures That Talk '' ) , describes the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema : This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization . The scenes to be shown were first filmed , and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph ( usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph ) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance . In showing the films , synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector 's speed to match the phonograph . the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barnier ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone , it was apparently not a lack of volume . Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay `` What 's Louder than Loud ? The Auxetophone '' : `` Was the Auxetophone loud ? It was painfully loud . '' For a more detailed report of Auxetophone - induced discomfort , see The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones . ^ Jump up to : Altman ( 2005 ) , pp. 158 -- 65 ; Altman ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Lindvall ( 2007 ) , pp. 118 -- 25 ; Carey ( 1999 ) , pp. 322 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1901 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1908 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Sipilä , Kari ( April 2004 ) . `` A Country That Innovates '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . `` Eric Tigerstedt '' . Film Sound Sweden . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . See also A.M. Pertti Kuusela , E.M.C Tigerstedt `` Suomen Edison '' ( Insinööritieto Oy : 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Bognár ( 2000 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 2 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Moone ( 2004 ) ; Łotysz ( 2006 ) . Note that Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference . Moone , writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department , says the audience was `` members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . '' Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 30 ; Eyman ( 1997 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hall , Brenda J. ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923 , but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film -- Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 66 ; Hijiya ( 1992 ) , p. 103 -- both give 1924 . There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director Fritz Lang 's Siegfried ( 1924 ) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut -- Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 100 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 66 , 564 -- which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout . There is no consensus , however , concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch - sound . For a possible occasion for such a recording , see the August 24 , 1925 , New York Times review of Siegfried , following its American premiere at New York City 's Century Theater the night before , which describes the score 's performance by a live orchestra . Jump up ^ Quoted in Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 203 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 4 . Jump up ^ See Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , op . cit . A number of sources erroneously state that Owens 's and / or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox - Case Movietone system . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 4 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 29 . Crafton ( 1997 ) misleadingly implies that Griffith 's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound - enhanced premiere . He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace ( p. 58 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Historical Development of Sound Films , E.I. Sponable , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947 Jump up ^ The eight musical shorts were Caro Nome , An Evening on the Don , La Fiesta , His Pastimes , The Kreutzer Sonata , Mischa Elman , Overture `` Tannhäuser '' and Vesti La Giubba . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 76 -- 87 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Liebman ( 2003 ) , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( March 24 , 2002 ) . `` Dynamic Range '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven E. ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955 Jump up ^ The Bell `` Rubber Line '' Recorder . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) . `` Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 42 , 50 . See also Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 , perhaps the best online source for details on these developments , though here it fails to note that Fox 's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement . Archived April 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , p. 60 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , p. 4 ( online ) . The previous highest - grossing Warner Bros. film was Don Juan , which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million , foreign and domestic . Historian Douglas Crafton ( 1997 ) seeks to downplay the `` total domestic gross income '' of The Jazz Singer , $1.97 million ( p. 528 ) , but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio . Crafton 's claim that The Jazz Singer `` was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies '' ( p. 529 ) offers a skewed perspective . Although the movie was no match for the half - dozen biggest hits of the decade , the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest - earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two , The King of Kings and Wings . It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies ; the first three of which , according to Glancy 's analysis of in - house Warner Bros. figures , `` earned just under $1,000,000 each '' , and the fourth , Lights of New York , a quarter - million more . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Why The Jazz Singer ? '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Note that Allen , like many , exaggerates The Jazz Singer 's commercial success ; it was a big hit , but not `` one of the big box office hits of all time '' . Jump up ^ Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hirschhorn ( 1979 ) , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Schatz ( 1998 ) says the production cost of Lights of New York totaled $75,000 ( p. 64 ) . Even if this number is accurate , the rate of return was still over 1,600 % . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Eames ( 1985 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) describes the term 's derivation : `` The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these ( retrofitted films ) as ' goat glands ' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s , including restorative elixers , tonics , and surgical procedures . It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films '' ( pp. 168 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ The first official releases from RKO ( which produced only all - talking pictures ) appeared still later in the year , but after the October 1928 merger that created it , the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Block and Wilson ( 2010 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 169 -- 71 , 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ In 1931 , two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue ( now customarily classified as `` silents '' ) : Charles Chaplin 's City Lights ( United Artists ) and F.W. Murnau and Robert Flaherty 's Tabu ( Paramount ) . The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930 . Four other silent features , all low - budget Westerns , were also released in early 1930 ( Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 173 ) . Jump up ^ As Thomas J. Saunders ( 1994 ) reports , it premiered the same month in Berlin , but as a silent . `` Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927 -- a premiere boasting dialogue and song '' : The Singing Fool ( p. 224 ) . In Paris , The Jazz Singer had its sound premiere in January 1929 ( Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ) . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` How the Pictures Learned to Talk : The Emergence of German Sound Film '' . Weimar Cinema . filmportal.de . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1980 ) , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , pp. 178 , 203 -- 5 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 432 ; `` Der Rote Kreis '' . Deutsches Filminstitut . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Note also that IMDb.com incorrectly refers to Der Rote Kreis / The Crimson Circle as a British International Pictures ( BIP ) coproduction ( it also spells Zelnik 's first name `` Frederic '' ) . The authentic BIP production Kitty is sometimes included among the candidates for `` first British talkie . '' In fact , the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release . The stars later came to New York to record dialogue , with which the film was rereleased in June 1929 , after much better credentialed candidates . See sources cited above . Jump up ^ Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 131 -- 32 , 136 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Spoto ( 1984 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Wagenleitner ( 1994 ) , p. 253 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Jelavich ( 2006 ) , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 595 , n . 59 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 ; `` Epinay ville du cinéma '' . Epinay-sur-Seine.fr . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Erickson , Hal . `` Le Collier de la reine ( 1929 ) '' . Allmovie . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Chiffaut - Moliard , Philippe ( 2005 ) . `` Le cinéma français en 1930 '' . Chronologie du cinéma français ( 1930 -- 1939 ) . Cine - studies . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . In his 2002 book Genre , Myth , and Convention in the French Cinema , 1929 -- 1939 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press ) , Crisp says that Le Collier de la reine was `` ' merely ' sonorized , not dialogued '' ( p. 381 ) , but all other available detailed descriptions ( including his own from 1997 ) mention a dialogue sequence . Note also that Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of Les Trois masques and Cine - studies gives its release ( `` sortie '' ) date as November 2 . Note finally , where Crisp defines in Genre , Myth , and Convention a `` feature '' as being a minimum of sixty minutes long , this article follows the equally common , and Wikipedia - prevalent , standard of forty minutes or longer . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 82 ; Fisher , David ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Chronomedia : 1929 '' . Chronomedia . Terra Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Carné ( 1932 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Haltof ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ See Nichols and Bazzoni ( 1995 ) , p. 98 , for a description of La Canzone dell'amore and its premiere . Jump up ^ Stojanova ( 2006 ) , p. 97 . According to Il Cinema Ritrovato , the program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero ( Bologna ; November 22 -- 29 , 1992 ) , the film was shot in Paris . According to the IMDb entry on the film , it was a Czech - German coproduction . The two claims are not necessarily contradictory . According to the Czech - Slovak Film Database , it was shot as a silent film in Germany ; soundtracks for Czech , German , and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of Joinville . Jump up ^ See Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 10 -- 14 . Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930 , but it has not been possible to independently confirm this . The first talkies from Finland , Hungary , Norway , Portugal , and Turkey appeared in 1931 , the first talkies from Ireland ( English - language ) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932 , the first Dutch talkie in 1933 , and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934 . In the Americas , the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929 -- North of ' 49 was a remake of the previous year 's silent His Destiny . The first Brazilian talkie , Acabaram - se os otários ( The End of the Simpletons ) , also appeared in 1929 . That year , as well , the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York : East Side Sadie ( originally a silent ) , followed by Ad Mosay ( The Eternal Prayer ) ( Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 414 ) . Sources differ on whether Más fuerte que el deber , the first Mexican ( and Spanish - language ) talkie , came out in 1930 or 1931 . The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934 . Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called El Caballero de Max ; every other published source surveyed cites La Serpiente roja ( 1937 ) . Nineteen - thirty - one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent : South Africa 's Mocdetjie , in Afrikaans . Egypt 's Arabic Onchoudet el Fouad ( 1932 ) and Morocco 's French - language Itto ( 1934 ) followed . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 9 , 174 , 585 , 669 -- 70 , 679 , 733 . Several sources name Zemlya zhazhdet ( The Earth Is Thirsty ) , directed by Yuli Raizman , as the first Soviet sound feature . Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930 , it was rereleased with a non-talking , music - and - effects soundtrack the following year ( Rollberg ( 2008 ) , p. 562 ) . Jump up ^ Morton ( 2006 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 210 -- 11 , 450 , 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Nolletti ( 2005 ) , p. 18 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Burch ( 1979 ) , pp. 145 -- 46 . Note that Burch misdates Madamu to nyobo as 1932 ( p. 146 ; see above for sources for correct 1931 date ) . He also incorrectly claims that Mikio Naruse made no sound films before 1936 ( p. 146 ; see below for Naruse 's 1935 sound films ) . Jump up ^ Anderson and Richie ( 1982 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Naruse 's first talking picture , Otome - gokoro sannin shimai ( Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts ) , as well as his widely acclaimed Tsuma yo bara no yo ni ( Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! ) , also a talkie , were both produced and released in 1935 . Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution . See Russell ( 2008 ) , pp. 4 , 89 , 91 -- 94 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 ; `` Mikio Naruse -- A Modern Classic '' . Midnight Eye . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jacoby , Alexander ( April 2003 ) . `` Mikio Naruse '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Ozu 's first talking picture , which came out the following year , was Hitori musuko ( The Only Son ) . See Richie ( 1977 ) , pp. 222 -- 24 ; Leahy , James ( June 2004 ) . `` The Only Son ( Hitori Musuko ) '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Sharp , Jasper ( March 7 , 2002 ) . `` A Page of Madness ( 1927 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See Freiberg ( 2000 ) , `` The Film Industry . '' Jump up ^ Quoted in Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The History of Sound . '' Jump up ^ Reade ( 1981 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ranade ( 2006 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Pradeep ( 2006 ) ; Narasimham ( 2006 ) ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , `` Kalaimaamani '' . `` Tamil Cinema History -- The Early Days : 1916 -- 1936 '' . INDOlink Tamil Cinema . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2000 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 328 ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 255 ; Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The First Sound Films '' ; Bhuyan ( 2006 ) , `` Alam Ara : Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema . '' In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture , Sathi Sulochana ( Guy ( 2004 ) ) ; Bhakta Dhruva ( aka Dhruva Kumar ) was released soon after , though it was actually completed first ( Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 258 , 260 ) . A few websites refer to the 1932 version of Heer Ranjha as the first Punjabi talkie ; the most reliable sources all agree , however , that it is performed in Hindustani . The first Punjabi - language film is Pind di Kuri ( aka Sheila ; 1935 ) . The first Assamese - language film , Joymati , also came out in 1935 . Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie , Sita Bibaha , as 1934 , but the most authoritative source to definitively date it -- Chapman ( 2003 ) -- gives 1936 ( p. 328 ) . The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) entry gives `` 1934 ? '' ( p. 260 ) . Jump up ^ Lai ( 2000 ) , `` The Cantonese Arena . '' Jump up ^ Ris ( 2004 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Maliangkay , Roald H ( March 2005 ) . `` Classifying Performances : The Art of Korean Film Narrators '' . Image & Narrative . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2000 ) , pp. 72 -- 74 ; `` What Is Korea 's First Sound Film ( '' Talkie `` ) ? '' . The Truth of Korean Movies . Korean Film Archive . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Millard ( 2005 ) , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1995 ) . `` Let 's Hear It For Sound '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 300 -- 1 , 302 . Jump up ^ Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 124 ; Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 301 , 302 . Note that Bordwell 's assertion in the earlier text , `` Until the late 1930s , the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity , so most dialogue was recorded direct '' ( p. 302 ) , refers to a 1932 source . His later ( coauthored ) description , which refers to the viability of looping in 1935 , appears to replace the earlier one , as it should : in fact , then and now , most movie dialogue is recorded direct . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ See Bernds ( 1999 ) , part 1 . Jump up ^ See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 435 . Jump up ^ `` Outcome of Paris '' ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 480 , 498 , 501 -- 9 ; Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 732 -- 33 , 285 -- 87 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 34 , 22 , 20 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 480 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 288 -- 89 , 526 -- 27 , 728 -- 29 , 229 , 585 -- 86 : Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 , 28 -- 29 , 33 -- 34 , 18 -- 19 , 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ See Dardis ( 1980 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 , for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton 's early sound films . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 376 -- 77 , 463 -- 64 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 57 , 103 , 118 , 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 69 , 103 -- 5 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 , 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 90 , 167 , 689 -- 90 , 425 -- 26 , 122 -- 24 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 54 , 67 , 148 , 113 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 281 , 154 -- 56 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 87 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 274 -- 76 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ( 1997 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s ( reprint ed . ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0520209494 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 -- 1929 '' . Our History . American Federation of Musicians . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . `` 1927 -- With the release of the first ' talkie , ' The Jazz Singer , orchestras in movie theaters were displaced . The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology . Within three years , 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost , while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology . 1928 -- While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of ' canned music ' with motion pictures , the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone , Movietone and phonograph record work . Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult , the AFM was able to set high prices for this work . '' Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1985 ) , p. 429 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Music on Trial '' . Ad * Access . Duke University Libraries . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . The text of the ad continues : Is Music Worth Saving ? No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question . Music is a well - nigh universally beloved art . From the beginning of history , men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life , to make them happier . Aborigines , lowest in the scale of savagery , chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark - skin drums . Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages , and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor . Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself ? Jump up ^ Oderman ( 2000 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Movies '' ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929 , but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30 . The fiscal year roughly paralleled ( but was still almost a month off from ) the traditional Hollywood programming year -- the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May ; this was followed by a fourteen - week `` open season '' , when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months . See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 183 , 268 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Finler ( 2003 ) , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Segrave ( 1997 ) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before ( p. 79 ) . Crafton ( 1997 ) reports the new mark in this peculiar way : `` Exports in 1929 set a new record : 282,215,480 feet ( against the old record of 9,000,000 feet ( 2,700,000 m ) in 1919 ) '' ( p. 418 ) . But in 1913 , for instance , the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film ( Segrave ( 1997 ) , p. 65 ) . Note also that Crafton says of the 1929 exports , `` Of course , most of this footage was silent '' , though he provides no figures ( p. 418 ) . In contrast , if not necessarily contradiction , Segrave points to the following : `` At the very end of 1929 the New York Times reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening '' ( p. 77 ) . Jump up ^ Eckes and Zeiler ( 2003 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Jewell ( 1982 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schatz ( 1998 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 ; Joshi ( 2003 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Guy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 30 , 32 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ; `` Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Agate ( 1972 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Kaes ( 2009 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 448 -- 49 ; Brownlow ( 1968 ) , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) , pp. x -- xi . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 1987 ) , pp. 1045 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeremy . `` Westfront 1918 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1987 ) , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ M , for instance , is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th Century Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . poll and the 2002 Sight and Sound Top Ten ( among the 60 films receiving five or more votes ) . See also , e.g. , Ebert ( 2002 ) , pp. 274 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ebert ( 2002 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein ( 1928 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 2004 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bazin ( 1967 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ There is disagreement on the running time of the film . The Deutsches Filminstitut 's webpage on the film Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . gives 48 minutes ; the 35 Millimeter website 's entry gives 40 minutes . According to filmportal.de Archived January 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , it is `` some 40 minutes '' . Jump up ^ Moritz ( 2003 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ See Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 ; Truffaut ( 1984 ) , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Milne ( 1980 ) , p. 659 . See also Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 334 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Bordwell ( 1985 ) , p. 298 . See also Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 125 . Sources ( edit ) Altman , Rick ( 1995 ) . `` The Sound of Sound '' , Cineaste , vol. 21 , January 1 ( archived online ) . Altman , Rick ( 2005 ) . Silent Film Sound , New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11662 - 4 Anderson , Joseph L. , and Donald Richie ( 1982 ) . The Japanese Film : Art and Industry , expanded ed . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05351 - 0 Barnier , Martin ( 2002 ) . En route vers le parlant : histoire d'une évolution technologique , économique et esthétique du cinéma ( 1926 -- 1934 ) . Liège : Editions du Céfal . ISBN 2 - 87130 - 133 - 6 Bazin , André ( 1967 ( 1958 -- 65 ) ) . `` Cinema and Exploration '' , in his What Is Cinema ? , trans . and ed . Hugh Gray , pp. 154 -- 163 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Bernds , Edward ( 1999 ) . Mr. Bernds Goes to Hollywood : My Early Life and Career in Sound Recording at Columbia With Frank Capra and Others . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press ( excerpted online ) . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3602 - 5 Bhuyan , Avantika ( 2006 ) . `` Going , Going , Gone ... '' , Screen Weekly , March 31 ( available online ) . Block , Alex Ben , and Lucy Autrey Wilson , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 Bognár , Desi Kégl ( 2000 ) . International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film , 2d ed . Burlington , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80376 - 0 Bordwell , David ( 1985 ) . `` The Introduction of Sound '' , chap. in Bordwell , Janet Staiger , and Kristin Thompson , The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960 , pp. 298 -- 308 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06054 - 8 Bordwell , David , and Kristin Thompson ( 1995 ( 1993 ) ) . `` Technological Change and Classical Film Style '' , chap. in Balio , Tino , Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 , pp. 109 -- 41 . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20334 - 8 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2029 - 4 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2005 ) . The First Hollywood Sound Shorts , 1926 -- 1931 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1030 - 2 Brooks , Louise ( 1956 ) . `` Mr. Pabst '' , Image , no . 5 , September 7 . Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The Parade 's Gone By ... Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03068 - 0 Burch , Noël ( 1979 ) . To the Distant Observer : Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03877 - 0 Carey , Frances ( 1999 ) . The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8325 - 0 Carné , Marcel ( 1932 ) . `` Cinema and the World '' , trans . Claudia Gorbman , in French Film Theory and Criticism : A History / Anthology , 1907 -- 1939 . Volume 2 : 1929 -- 1939 , ed . Richard Abel , pp. 102 -- 5 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05518 - 1 Chapman , James ( 2003 ) . Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 162 - 8 Chatterji , Shoma A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Culture - specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema '' , paper presented at International Symposium on Sound in Cinema , London , April 15 -- 18 ( available online ) . Cosandey , Roland ( 1996 ) . `` François ( or Franz ) Dussaud ( 1870 -- 1953 ) '' , in Who 's Who of Victorian Cinema : A Worldwide Survey , ed . Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan . London : BFI Publishing ( available online ) . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 539 - 1 Crafton , Donald ( 1997 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19585 - 2 Crawford , Merritt ( 1931 ) . `` Pioneer Experiments of Eugene Lauste in Recording Sound '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 17 , no . 4 , October 1931 , pp. 632 -- 644 . ( available online ) . Crisp , Colin G. ( 1997 ) . The Classic French Cinema , 1930 -- 1960 . Bloomington / London : Indiana University Press / I.B. Tauris . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21115 - 8 Dardis , Tom ( 1980 ( 1979 ) ) . Keaton : The Man Who Would n't Lie Down . Middlesex , England , and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 005701 - 3 Dibbets , Karel ( 1999 ) . `` High - tech Avant - garde : Philips Radio , '' in Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context , ed . Kees Bakker , pp. 72 -- 86 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 425 - X Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount Story . New York : Crown . 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 Ebert , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Great Movies . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1038 - 9 Eckes , Alfred E. and Thomas W. Zeiler ( 2003 ) . Globalization and the American Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80409 - 4 Eisenstein , Sergei et al. ( 1928 ) . `` A Statement '' , in his Film Form : Essays in Film Theory ( 1957 ( 1949 ) ) , trans . Jay Leyda , pp. 257 -- 60 . New York : Meridian ( available online ) . Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The Speed of Sound : Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926 -- 1930 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81162 - 6 Finler , Joel W. ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story , 3d ed . London and New York : Wallflower . ISBN 1 - 903364 - 66 - 3 Freiberg , Freda ( 1987 ) . `` The Transition to Sound in Japan '' , in History on / and / in Film , ed . Tom O'Regan and Brian Shoesmith , pp. 76 -- 80 . Perth : History & Film Association of Australia ( available online ) . Freiberg , Freda ( 2000 ) . `` Comprehensive Connections : The Film Industry , the Theatre and the State in the Early Japanese Cinema '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros. Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : The William Schaefer Ledger '' , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , March . Gomery , Douglas ( 1980 ) . `` Economic Struggle and Hollywood Imperialism : Europe Converts to Sound '' , in Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( 1985 ) , ed . Elisabeth Weis and John Belton , pp. 25 -- 36 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 Gomery , Douglas ( 1985 ) . `` The Coming of Sound : Technological Change in the American Film Industry '' , in Technology and Culture -- The Film Reader ( 2005 ) , ed . Andrew Utterson , pp. 53 -- 67 . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31984 - 6 Gomery , Douglas ( 2005 ) . The Coming of Sound : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96900 - X Guy , Randor ( 2004 ) . `` First Film to Talk in Kannada '' , The Hindu , December 31 ( available online ) . Hall , Mordaunt ( 1930 ) . `` Because I Loved You -- Germany 's First Talking Film '' , The New York Times , January 25 ( available online ) . Haltof , Marek ( 2002 ) . Polish National Cinema . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 275 - X Hamilton , Elizabeth C. ( 2004 ) . `` Deafening Sound and Troubling Silence in Volker Schlöndorff 's Die Blechtrommel '' , in Sound Matters : Essays on the Acoustics of German Culture ( 2004 ) , ed . Nora M. Alter and Lutz Koepnick , pp. 130 -- 41 . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 436 - 1 Hijiya , James A. ( 1992 ) . Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio . Cranbury , N.J. , and London : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 23 - 8 Hirschhorn , Clive ( 1979 ) . The Warner Bros. Story . New York : Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53834 - 2 Hubbard , Preston J. ( 1985 ) . `` Synchronized Sound and Movie - House Musicians , 1926 -- 29 '' , American Music , vol. 3 , no . 4 , Winter . Jelavich , Peter ( 2006 ) . Berlin Alexanderplatz : Radio , Film , and the Death of Weimar Culture . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24363 - 3 Jewell , Richard B. , with Vernon Harbin ( 1982 ) . The RKO Story . New York : Arlington House / Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 2003 ) . Bollywood : Popular Indian Cinema . London : Dakini . ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 2 - 3 Kaes , Anton ( 2009 ) . Shell Shock Cinema : Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03136 - 3 Kemp , Philip ( 1987 ) . `` Josef Von Sternberg '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 1041 -- 51 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Kenez , Peter ( 2001 ) . Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin . London and New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 632 - 8 Koerber , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Oskar Messter , Film Pioneer : Early Cinema Between Science , Spectacle , and Commerce '' , in A Second Life : German Cinema 's First Decades , ed . Thomas Elsaesser , pp. 51 -- 61 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 172 - 2 Lai , Linda ( 2000 ) . `` Hong Kong Cinema in the 1930s : Docility , Social Hygiene , Pleasure - Seeking & the Consolidation of the Film Industry '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Lasky , Betty ( 1989 ) . RKO : The Biggest Little Major of Them All . Santa Monica , California : Roundtable . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 41 - 5 Lee , Hyangjin ( 2000 ) . Contemporary Korean Cinema : Identity , Culture , and Politics . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6008 - 7 Liebman , Roy ( 2003 ) . Vitaphone Films : A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1279 - 8 Lindvall , Terry ( 2007 ) . Sanctuary Cinema : Origins of the Christian Film Industry . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5210 - 1 Lloyd , Ann , and David Robinson ( 1986 ) . The Illustrated History of the Cinema . London : Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 754 - 5 Łotysz , Sławomir ( 2006 ) . `` Contributions of Polish Jews : Joseph Tykociński -- Tykociner ( 1877 -- 1969 ) , Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Gazeta , vol. 13 , no . 3 , winter -- spring ( available online ) . Low , Rachael ( 1997a ( 1971 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1918 -- 1929 ( The History of British Film , Volume IV ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15649 - 1 Low , Rachael ( 1997b ( 1985 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1929 -- 1939 : Film Making in 1930s Britain ( The History of British Film , Volume VII ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15451 - 0 Millard , Andre J. ( 2005 ) . America on Record : A History of Recorded Sound , 2d ed . Cambridge et al. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83515 - 1 Milne , Tom ( 1980 ) . `` Rouben Mamoulian '' , in Cinema : A Critical Dictionary , ed . Richard Roud , pp. 658 -- 663 . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 22257 - 7 Moone , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` Joseph Tykociner : Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Ingenuity , vol. 9 , no . 1 , March ( archived online ) . Moritz , William ( 2003 ) . Optical Poetry : The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 86196 - 634 - 1 Morton , David ( 2006 ) . Sound Recording : The Life Story of a Technology . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8398 - 9 . Narasimham , M.L. ( 2006 ) . `` A Leader and a Visionary '' , The Hindu , September 8 ( available online ) . Nichols , Nina Da Vinci , and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni ( 1995 ) . Pirandello and Film . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3336 - 1 Nolletti , Arthur ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke : Laughter through Tears . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34484 - 0 Oderman , Stuart ( 2000 ) . Lillian Gish : A Life on Stage and Screen . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0644 - 5 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' ( 1930 ) , Film - Kurier , July 22 ( available online ) . Pradeep , K. ( 2006 ) . `` When the Stars Talked '' , The Hindu , March 17 ( available online ) . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish , and Paul Willemen ( 2002 ( 1999 ) ) . BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema , rev . ed . Oxford and New York : BFI / Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 669 - X Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . New Delhi : Promilla / Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 81 - 85002 - 64 - 9 Reade , Eric ( 1981 ( 1979 ) ) . History and Heartburn : The Saga of Australian Film , 1896 -- 1978 . East Brunswick , N.J. : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3082 - 0 `` Representative Kinematograph Shows : Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome '' ( 1907 ) , Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly , September 5 . Richie , Donald ( 1977 ) . Ozu . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03277 - 2 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , 2d ed . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 Ris , Peter Harry ( 2004 ) . `` Jayu Manse / Hurrah ! for Freedom '' , in The Cinema of Japan & Korea , ed . Justin Bowyer , pp. 33 -- 40 . London : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 11 - 8 Robertson , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Film Facts . New York : Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7943 - 0 Robinson , David ( 1997 ) . From Peepshow to Palace : The Birth of American Film . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10338 - 7 Rollberg , Peter ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6072 - 4 Rosen , Miriam ( 1987 ) . `` Luis Buñuel '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 71 -- 92 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1901 ) . `` The Photographophone '' , Scientific American , July 20 , 1901 , vol. 85 , no . 3 , p. 36 . ( available online ) . Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1908 ) . Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice ( translated from the German by James Erskine - Murray ) , New York : C. Van Nostrand Company . ( available online ) . Russell , Catherine ( 2008 ) . The Cinema of Naruse Mikio : Women and Japanese Modernity . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4312 - 6 Saunders , Thomas J. ( 1994 ) . Hollywood in Berlin : American Cinema and Weimar Germany . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08354 - 7 Schatz , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Genius of the System : Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19596 - 2 Segrave , Kerry ( 1997 ) . American Films Abroad : Hollywood 's Domination of the World 's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0346 - 2 Sponable , E.I. ( 1947 ) . `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 48 , nos. 4 -- 5 , April / May ( available online ) . Spoto , Donald ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31462 - X Stojanova , Christina ( 2006 ) . `` Post-Communist Cinema '' , in Traditions in World Cinema , ed . Linda Badley , R. Barton Palmer , and Steven Jay Schneider , pp. 95 -- 114 . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3873 - 0 `` Talking Movies : They 'll Never Take , Asserts Film Company 's Head '' ( 1926 ) , Associated Press , September 3 ( available online ) . Thomson , David ( 1998 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Film , 3d ed . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75564 - 0 Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) . Eighth ed. , ed . John Pym . London and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028365 - X Truffaut , François ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . Hitchcock , rev . ed . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52601 - 4 Wagenleitner , Reinhold ( 1994 ) . Coca - Colonization and the Cold War : The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War , trans . Diana M. Wolf . Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2149 - 7 Wierzbicki , James ( 2009 ) . Film Music : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99198 - 6 Wlaschin , Ken ( 1979 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World 's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films . New York and London : Salamander / Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53714 - 1 External links ( edit ) Film Sound History well - organized bibliography of online articles and resources ; part of the FilmSound website Hollywood Goes for Sound charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios , 1928 -- 1929 ; part of the Terra Media website Progressive Silent Film List ( PSFL ) / Early Sound Films comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world ; part of the Silent Era website Recording Technology History extensive chronology of developments , including subsites , by Steven E. Schoenherr ; see , in particular , Motion Picture Sound A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures compiled by Miguel Mera , Royal College of Music , London ; part of the School of Sound website The Silent Film Bookshelf links to crucial primary and secondary source documents , a number of which cover the era of transition to sound Sound Stage -- The History of Motion Picture Sound informative illustrated survey ; part of the American WideScreen Museum website J. Domański `` Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film '' Historical writings ( edit ) `` Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film '' 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin `` Dialogue and Sound '' essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film : The Redemption of Physical Reality ( 1960 ) `` The Film to Come '' essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier ; first published in Film - Kurier , January 7 , 1928 Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems ; issued by RCA Photophone , 1930 `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' chronology by sound - film pioneer E.I. Sponable ; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April / May 1947 `` Madam , Will You Talk ? '' article on the history of Bell Laboratories ' early research into sound film , by Stanley Watkins , Western Electric engineer ; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946 `` Merger of the Sound Film Industry -- The Founding Agenda of Tobis '' corporate manifesto first published in Film - Kurier , July 20 , 1928 `` The Official Communiqué : Foundations of the Sound - Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 23 , 1930 Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system ; issued by ERPI , December 1928 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 22 , 1930 `` The Singing Fool '' review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca . 1929 `` Sound - Film Confusion '' 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim `` Sound Here and There '' essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1 , 1929 `` Sound in Films '' essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939 `` Theory of the Film : Sound '' 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs `` What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies '' prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead ; first published in Radio News , April 1931 Historical films ( edit ) Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca . 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org ( hide ) Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	during which period did hollywood convert to sound film production	[ "The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s. At first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as \"talking pictures\", or \"talkies\", were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects. The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the leading brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would soon become the standard for talking pictures." ]	[ "the mid- to late 1920s" ]
1806852723717576767	The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)	The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Adventures of Robin Hood Genre Drama Adventure Folklore Period drama Created by Based on traditional legends Starring Richard Greene Bernadette O'Farrell Patricia Driscoll Alexander Gauge Archie Duncan Alan Wheatley John Arnatt Opening theme Edwin Astley Ending theme Carl Sigman sung by Dick James Composer ( s ) Edwin Astley Albert Elms Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 143 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Hannah Weinstein Producer ( s ) Sidney Cole Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Sapphire Films Distributor Official Films Inc. for ITC Entertainment Release Picture format 4 : 3 35mm Black - and - white Audio format Monaural Original release 25 September 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 25 ) ATV -- 1 March 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 01 ) ATV The Adventures of Robin Hood is a British television series comprising 143 half - hour , black and white episodes broadcast weekly between 1955 and 1959 on ITV . It stars Richard Greene as the outlaw Robin Hood and Alan Wheatley as his nemesis , the Sheriff of Nottingham . The show followed the legendary character Robin Hood and his band of merry men in Sherwood Forest and the surrounding vicinity . While some episodes dramatised the traditional Robin Hood tales , most episodes were original dramas created by the show 's writers and producers . The programme was produced by Sapphire Films Ltd for ITC Entertainment , was filmed at Nettlefold Studios with some location work , and was the first of many pre-filmed shows commissioned by Lew Grade . In 1954 , Grade was approached by American producer Hannah Weinstein to finance a series of 39 half - hour episodes , at a budget of £ 10,000 an episode , of a series she wished to make called ' The Adventures of Robin Hood ' , for which she had already signed Richard Greene to the project as Robin Hood and been given the backing of US distribution company , Official Films Inc , who were confident of selling it to the US market . Grade was so impressed by her proposal that he agreed immediately to back the series , hoping to make large profits by selling programmes to the lucrative American market . In the UK , the series premiered on ATV London , on Sunday 25 September 1955 the US premiere was on Monday 26 September 1955 by CBS , ATV Midlands began the series on Friday 17 February 1956 , the series had a staggered start across the other regions from 1956 -- 1961 as the ITV regional stations came on - air for the first time in the UK . The series was shot on 35mm film to provide the best possible picture quality , and had fade - outs where US commercials were intended to slot in ( the series was sponsored in the US by Johnson & Johnson ( Baby products , Band - Aid ) and Wildroot ( Hair products ) . To mark the end of production on the series Mr. and Mrs. Fisher ( Hannah Weinstein and her new husband John Fisher ) and Richard Greene threw a final wrap party at The High Pine Club on 10 December 1958 , cast members Alexander Gauge , Archie Duncan , Patricia Driscoll with husband Duncan Lamont , Paul Eddington , the Sheriff Alan Wheatley and his deputy John Arnatt attended . Also there were producer Sidney Cole , Ken Hodges ( lighting cameraman ) , Noel Rowland ( camera operator ) , Pip Pearson ( sound ) , and directors including Compton Bennett , Gordon Parry , Terry Bishop , Robert Day , Peter Seabourne , and Anthony Squire , and stuntman Rupert Evans . The show aired on the Nine Network in Australia , CBC in Canada , and on CBS in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Minor characters 1.3 Historical characters 2 Plot and Writing 3 Episodes 4 Production details 4.1 Blacklisted writers 4.2 Filming 4.3 Crew 4.4 Music 4.4. 1 Theme song 4.5 Artistic details 4.6 Sponsorship 5 Influence 6 Merchandise 6.1 Products 6.2 DVD 7 Compilation Episodes 8 Film 9 References 10 External links Characters ( edit ) Richard Greene as Robin Hood Maid Marian ( Patricia Driscoll ) with the Merry Men Main characters ( edit ) Robin Hood ( Robin of Locksley ) , a Saxon nobleman returned from the Crusades and forced into outlawry in Sherwood Forest . Played by Richard Greene . The Sheriff of Nottingham , Robin Hood 's enemy who schemes to capture the outlaw . Played by Alan Wheatley . Little John , Robin Hood 's trusted friend and his second in command . Played by Archie Duncan . Duncan was briefly replaced by Rufus Cruikshank for ten episodes after Duncan was injured when a horse bolted toward the spectators , mostly children , watching the location filming of the episode `` Checkmate '' on 20 April 1955 . Archie Duncan grabbed the bridle , stopping the horse , but the cart it was pulling ran him over , causing a fractured kneecap and cuts and bruises . He received the Queen 's Commendation for Bravery Award and £ 1,360 in damages from Sapphire films . Maid Marian ( Lady Marian Fitzwalter ) , a Norman - Irish noblewoman and Robin Hood 's lover . Played in series one and two by Bernadette O'Farrell and in series three and four by Patricia Driscoll . Friar Tuck , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by Alexander Gauge . Will Scarlet , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by Ronald Howard ( 2 episodes / Series 1 ) and Paul Eddington ( Series 4 ) . Derwent , a member of Robin 's band . Played by Victor Woolf . Excepting Robin , this character was featured in the most episodes of the show , a total of 112 . Joan , the barmaid at the Blue Boar Inn , a friend of Robin and his band . Played by Simone Lovell . Sir Richard of the Lea , a friend of Robin and his band . Played by Ian Hunter . Hunter had earlier played King Richard the Lionheart in the 1938 production The Adventures of Robin Hood starring Errol Flynn . Lady Leonia , wife of Sir Richard of the Lea . Played by Patricia Burke in 5 episodes . The Deputy Sheriff of Nottingham , ( The Sheriff 's replacement in series 4 ) , played by John Arnatt . Minor characters ( edit ) Alan - a-Dale , a member of Robin Hood 's band . Played by John Schlesinger ( two episodes ) , Richard Coleman ( 3 episodes / Series 4 ) . Ethel , Derwent 's wife played by Paula Byrne Historical characters ( edit ) Queen Eleanor , mother of King Richard and Prince John . Played by ( Jill Esmond ) ( 2 episodes , series 1 ) Richard the Lionheart , the King of England and brother of Prince John . Played by Patrick Barr ( 2 episodes , series 1 ) Prince John , the scheming friend of the Sheriff of Nottingham and brother of King Richard . Played by Donald Pleasence , Hubert Gregg , and Brian Haines . Princess Avice of Gloucester , the first wife of Prince John played by Helen Cherry before her divorce from John , Isabella of Angoulême , the second wife of Prince John played by Zena Walker before her marriage to John though not played as a 12 - year - old . Prince Arthur played by Peter Asher ( 3 episodes series 1 & 2 ) , Richard O'Sullivan ( 1 episode series 3 ) and Jonathon Bailey ( 1 episode series 4 ) Constance , Duchess of Brittany ( Prince Arthur 's mother ) , played by Dorothy Alison ( 3 episodes series 1 & 2 ) , Pamela Alan ( 1 episode series 3 ) , and Patricia Marmont ( 1 episode series 4 ) King William the Lion of Scotland played by Duncan McKintrye . Many soon - to - be-famous faces pop up , including : Lionel Jeffries ( `` Murder Ahoy '' and `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' ) , Leslie Phillips , Jane Asher , Anne Reid ( Coronation Street and Dinnerladies ) , Edward Mulhare ( The Ghost & Mrs. Muir and Knight Rider ) , Patrick Troughton ( the Second Doctor ) , Irene Handl , Nicholas Parsons , Desmond Llewelyn ( Q in the Bond films ) , Sam Kydd , Sid James , Joan Sims and Bernard Bresslaw ( Carry On films ) , Leo McKern ( Rumpole of the Bailey ) , Alfie Bass ( The Army Game ) , Sylvia Kay ( Just Good Friends ) , Harry H. Corbett and Wilfrid Brambell ( Steptoe and Son ) , Barbara Mullen ( Dr Finlay 's Casebook ) , Richard O'Sullivan ( Man About the House ) , Geoffrey Bayldon ( Catweazle ) , Billie Whitelaw , Ronald Allen , Gordon Jackson , Conrad Phillips ( William Tell ) , Martin Benson ( Sword of Freedom ) . John Schlesinger as an actor appeared in three episodes as singing minstrels ( Hale and Alan a Dale ( 2 ) ) . A number of actors appeared in supporting roles in most episodes , for series one these include : Victor Woolf , Willoughby Gray , John Drake , John Longden , Charles Stapley , John Dearth , Arthur Skinner , Paul Connell , and Gabriel Toyne . And for later series include : Paul Hansard , Paul Eddington , Michael Lane , Edward Mulhare , Shaun O'Riordan , Morris Barry , Patrick Troughton , Wilfrid Brambell , Nigel Davenport , Harry H. Corbett , Kevin Stoney , Ronald Hines , and Max Faulkner , who also did stunt / double work . Frank Maher later Patrick McGoohan 's stunt double played many small non-speaking parts , and stuntman Terry Yorke , who doubled for Richard Greene , played many small roles throughout all four series . Plot and writing ( edit ) Robin Hood protects Maid Marian and fends off a villain played by John Dearth The series is set in the 12th Century , during the reign of King Richard . Robin of Locksley , a nobleman , is forced into the life of an outlaw , dwelling in Sherwood Forest with a band of men who right the wrongs committed by the rich and powerful against the poor and defenceless . Given the name Robin Hood by the outlaw band 's leader , Will Scatlock , who was fatally wounded . Hood 's enemy in the series is the Sheriff of Nottingham who , with his cohorts , schemes to capture the outlaw by any means possible . Lady Marian Fitzwalter ( Maid Marian ) , a young noblewoman and Robin Hood 's lover , keeps him informed of the Sheriff of Nottingham 's whereabouts and intentions . Episodes are punctuated with manly deeds of derring - do , tense escapes and pursuits , princely tournaments , the thundering hoof - beats of powerful steeds , the clattering of flashing swords , and the whizzing of fatally - placed arrows . In `` A Year and A Day '' ( Series 2 ) , a refugee peasant explains that , under English law , a peasant who escapes serfdom and lives in a city for `` a year and a day '' is a free man , given the man lives openly , not in hiding . When Robin Hood helps the peasant move about the city , the Sheriff invokes `` the law of hue and cry '' , explaining that any man within hearing must drop his chores and help apprehend the felon . In `` A Christmas Goose '' ( Season 3 ) , a boy 's goose nips a lord 's horse so the lord is thrown . The lord condemns the goose to death -- for his Christmas dinner . But Robin Hood counters that under English common law , an accused animal is entitled to a fair trial , the same as a human . While Robin Hood drags out the trial , Friar Tuck gets the cook drunk and switches geese . When the deception is revealed , the lord relents and pardons the goose . Two episodes , `` Brother Battle '' ( # 84 ) and `` To Be a Student '' ( # 90 ) emphasized the Catholic Church 's struggle to educate commoners , and even the children of serfs , despite laws forbidding the practice and in the face of opposition from the nobility . The writers created supporting characters who were likable and occasionally resourceful . In `` The Goldmaker 's Return '' ( Season 2 ) , Robin Hood is away in France on a mission . Lady Marian , Little John , and the other Merry Men carry the day without the star of the show ever showing his face . Most of the time , however , Robin is required to save the day following the usual comment about `` Many men will be noticed . Only one going in will be successful , '' etc . Despite simplistic plotting required by the 30 - minute format , the writing was both professional in its handling of situations , and pointed in its dialog . Anachronisms abound : the lipsticked girl with modern hairdo in the Friar Tuck episode , for instance , wine cups for each occupant at a table in Checkmate when that only became the practice hundreds of years later , the 20th century school implements in Brother Battle , and a `` bard '' in The Challenge episode who sings a song to the late 17th century tune of Lillibulero , in 13th century England . All this is typical of every series of historical fiction , but the show 's producers pointed with pride to their accuracy , courtesy of hired consultants . There was also an element of self - parody at times that sat uneasily on the series . In one episode , The Challenge , the plot - as - such was finished halfway through the show , and during the rest , the hapless Richard of the Lea and his wife worried as their larder and wine cellar were emptied during a siege with Robin , Little John , and Tuck eating and dancing all day and night . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Adventures of Robin Hood ( TV series ) episodes ( including DVD release information ) . 143 episodes were filmed in four series . Production details ( edit ) Blacklisted writers ( edit ) The Adventures of Robin Hood was produced by Hannah Weinstein , who had left - wing political views . Weinstein hired many blacklisted American writers to script episodes of the series : these included Ring Lardner Jr. , Waldo Salt , Robert Lees , and Adrian Scott . Howard Koch , who was also blacklisted , served for a while as the series ' script editor . The blacklisted writers were credited under pseudonyms , to avoid the attention of studio executives . ( The sponsored prints of the first five episodes of series one , screened by CBS in the US on its first run , had no writer credits on their end title sequences , writers were only credited on sponsored prints from episode 6 onward , only later non-sponsored US re-run prints of series one have writer credits for these episodes , some of which differ from writer credits on UK prints . As an example , Lawrence McClellan is credited as writer of `` The Coming of Robin Hood '' on US prints , for the UK the pseudonym used is Eric Heath . ) After the blacklist collapsed , Lardner said that the series ' format allowed him `` plenty of opportunities to comment on issues and institutions in Eisenhower - era America ; '' presumably A Tuck in Time was such an episode , in which a twin of Friar Tuck arrives boasting of his willingness to sell a weapon that could destroy the world . In addition to the redistributive themes of a hero who robs from the rich and gives to the poor , many episodes in the programme 's first two seasons included the threat that Robin and his band would be betrayed to the authorities by friends or loved ones , much as the blacklisted writers had been . But the half - hour length episodes and broad - target market precluded any political criticism that went beyond the generalities of 19th century Robin Hood revival books . Filming ( edit ) Whilst interiors were filmed at Nettlefold Studios , location shooting for the series took place on the nearby Wisley common , Wisley , Surrey , and at the adjoining Foxwarren Park estate , near Cobham , owned by Hannah Weinstein . Horses used for filming were also stabled at Foxwarren house , which had a projection room for viewing daily film rushes and completed films . In 1956 a replica castle exterior , complete with drawbridge , was built in the grounds of the estate for filming of ' The Adventures of Sir Lancelot ' series ( it features prominently in title sequence for the colour episodes ) , this was used predominantly for castle scenes in series 3 & 4 of Robin Hood , it first appears as Chateau Marmont in ' The Bandit of Brittany ' during series 2 , in place of the standing castle and village set on the backlot at Nettlefold studios used in series 1 & most of series 2 . As well as this , establishing shots and short film sequences were also shot at various medieval buildings in the UK including : Allington Castle in Kent , this was used to establish Fitzwalter Castle , Marian 's home in the series , Painshill Park , near Cobham , Saltwood Castle in Hythe , and Pencoed Castle near Magor in Monmouthshire . Three Northumberland sites were used -- Alnwick Castle , Lindisfarne Castle , and Warkworth Castle . Bodiam Castle in East Sussex , Leith Hill near Dorking , Framlingham Castle in Suffolk , Newark Priory near Ripley , Castle Mill in Dorking , and Newark Mill amongst others were used through the series . Crew ( edit ) Directors of Photography -- Gerald Gibbs ( series 1 ) , Ken Hodges ( series 1 -- 4 ) , Ernest Palmer ( series 2 ) , Michael Reed ( series 2 -- 3 ) , Ian Craig ( series 4 ) Camera Operators -- Noel Rowland ( series 1 -- 4 ) , Eric Williams ( series 4 ) Art Directors -- Peter Proud ( series 1 ) , John Blezard ( series 2 -- 4 ) , Peter Mullins ( series 2 -- 3 ) Production Designer -- Peter Proud ( series 2 ) Art Supervisor -- William Kellner ( series 2 ) Assistant Director -- Christopher Noble Sound -- H.P. Pearson Film Editors -- Bill Lewthwaite , Peter Seabourne , Harry Booth , Inman Hunter , and Thelma Connell ( series 1 ) , Joan Warwick ( series 2 -- 4 ) , David Hawkins ( series 2 ) , Lee Doig ( series 3 -- 4 ) , Peter Rolfe Johnson ( series 4 ) , Richard Sidwell ( series 4 ) Dubbing Editors -- Harry Booth and Michael Deeley ( series 1 ) , Freddie Cook ( series 2 ) Supervising Film Editors -- Thelma Connell ( series 1 -- 2 ) , Maurice Rootes ( series 2 ) Continuity -- Joanna Busby / Barbara Thomas ( series 1 ) Olga Marshall ( series 2 ) Make - Up Supervisor -- Walter Schneiderman Hairdressers -- Eileen Bates ( series 1 -- 2 ) , Bill Griffiths ( series 1 ) , Betty Sheriff ( series 2 ) Wardrobe Supervisor -- Brenda Gardner Script Editors -- Albert G. Ruben ( series 1 -- 3 ) , Kathryn Dawes ( series 2 ) , Peggy Phillips ( series 2 -- 3 ) , Raymond Bowers ( series 4 ) Production Supervisor / Manager -- George Mills ( series 1 ) , Harold Buck ( series 1 -- 4 ) Assistant Producer -- John C. George Production Associate -- Richard Greene ( series 4 ) Associate Producer -- Thelma Connell ( series 2 -- 4 ) Producer -- Sidney Cole ( series 1 -- 4 ) ( credited as Associate Producer on series 1 ) Executive Producer -- Hannah Weinstein Music ( edit ) Each episode in the first two series started with a country scene of faux - normal life in Olde England during which an introductory poem in rhymed cadence to the tune of the English folksong `` Early One Morning , '' which derived from a much later period than the series . The poem was a humorous summary vignette of what could be expected in the episode . An actor portraying the Minstrel would use the same melody at the final fade to black before the end credits for 1st run CBS sponsored screenings in the USA , letting viewers know that the sponsor `` now begs a word with you . '' `` Sumer Is Icumen In '' is featured throughout the series . At times it is heard as background music at parties . In `` The Betrothal , '' Sir Richard 's son plays it on his flute while his betrothed sings it . In the episode `` Carlotta , '' Little John sings it to his sweetheart . In `` The Path of True Love , '' Marian sings it to stall Sir Charles . In one of its most prominent uses , Robin forces a group of soldiers to sing it . The Merry Men perform the soul cake song in `` The Thorkil Ghost , '' with Derwent singing a solo . Theme song ( edit ) Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James . The song is still fondly remembered : Robin Hood , Robin Hood , Riding through the glen Robin Hood , Robin Hood , With his band of men Feared by the bad , Loved by the good Robin Hood , Robin Hood , Robin Hood He called the greatest archers to a tavern on the green They vowed to help the people of the king They handled all the trouble on the English country scene And still found plenty of time to sing ( Chorus ( 1st paragraph ) repeat ) In 1956 the theme song was released on Parlophone records by Dick James with Stephen James and his chums and Ron Goodwin 's Orchestra and reached number 14 in the UK charts ( 78rpm single : R. 4117 / 45rpm single : MSP6199 ) , and by PYE records as a 78rpm single by Gary Miller with Tony Osbourne orchestra and the Beryl Stott chorus ( PYE N. 15020 ) and reached number 10 on the UK charts . Versions by Frankie Laine ( CBS Coronet ) , Nelson Riddle and his Orchestra ( Capitol ) , Alan Dale ( Coral ) , Joe Reisman 's orchestra and chorus ( RCA Victor ) , and Ronnie Ronaldo ( Colombia ) were also issued . These versions had the extended song with fives verses and the chorus six times . The sound effect at the atart of the theme tune , of the arrow being fired into a tree , was produced by record producer Joe Meek , who was also the recording engineer on the Gary Miller version . This song was parodied by Monty Python 's Flying Circus in their Dennis Moore sketch , which depicted a masked highwayman from the 18th century ( more like the Scarlet Pimpernel ) stealing lupins from the rich to give to the poor . It is also played at every Nottingham Forest home match . `` Robin des Bois '' was the theme recorded for the French TV market , sung in French , it can be heard on the 3rd series episode `` Farewell To Tuck '' released by Network on DVD . The series was first broadcast in France as `` Aventures dans la Foret de Sherwood '' in 1965 on ORTF . Other countries to broadcast the series include Canada 1955 -- 1958 on CBOT , Toronto , and CKCO , Kitchener , Ontario , Australia 1956 -- 1961 on HSV7 ( The Seven Network ) , Finland in 1964 on NORDEEZE , Holland in 1965 / 66 on AVRO and Germany between 1971 and 1974 on ARD . First series episodes also exist with a variant downbeat instrumental end theme by Edwin Astley , it can be heard on the episode `` The Highlander '' released by Network DVD . Artistic details ( edit ) Art director Peter Proud , an expert at wartime camouflage , hit on the idea of putting many props on wheels to facilitate quick set changes , since one 26 - minute episode was shot every four and a half days . The show boasted `` 140 set pieces ( baronial fireplaces , staircases , stone walls , entrance halls , and the like ) '' . There was some outdoor location filming , mainly involving horse - riding doubles and stuntmen , and without dialogue recording . Sets were designed from parchments and sketches from the British Museum , and modeled on castles of Harlech , Farleigh , and Framlingham . Some of the 100 soldiers who manned the battlements of Nottingham Castle were miniature toy soldiers . Sponsorship ( edit ) 1958 advertisement featuring the series ' alternate title , The Adventures in Sherwood Forest In the US the original CBS syndication prints had a few variants to the original UK prints , after the brief title sequence the US prints would repeat this sequence but with `` Brought to You By '' and after the arrow strikes the tree the sponsors name `` Wildroot Cream - Oil '' superimposed , `` Johnson & Johnson '' sponsored episodes had a voice - over over the opening titles `` Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood '' and over the repeated sequence `` presented by '' followed by the names of two Johnson & Johnson products , images of which would appear over the shot of the arrow in the tree , a commercial featuring one of the products would then be shown , the Wildroot Cream - Oil sponsored episodes would then feature an animated commercial showing a Robin Hood -- type figure with lank hair and a dinosaur . A Minstrel song would then be sung at the beginning of each episode , over the episode title , providing a playful poetic synopsis in short prose of what could be expected to be seen . After the final fade to black a sequence featuring an actor playing the Minstrel would be shown as he sang these lyrics to the tune of `` Early One Morning '' : `` We 'll have the merry time again with Robin and his Merry Men and the folk who 'll bring him to you then now beg a word with you . '' followed by a commercial for the next week 's sponsor before the end titles would be shown , ( Wildroot Cream Oil and Johnson & Johnson sponsored alternate episodes ) the end credits start with the opening sequence , with Sandy Becker mentioning the sponsors name again , and the sponsors product appearing on screen through the end titles which are shown over the shot of the tree . This caption also appeared : `` This film was flown to the USA via Pan American World Airways '' . The opening minstrel tunes were also sung to the tune of ' Early One Morning ' . There were two sponsors of the CBS syndicated screenings , Wildroot Cream - Oil ( a hair tonic company ) , and Johnson & Johnson ( known in the UK and US for its baby powder ) . The commercials involved `` within '' the episodes appeared originally on all three Seasons broadcast at 7.30 pm ( eastern standard time ) / 6.30 pm ( central standard time ) Monday nights on CBS ( not series 4 ) . Alternative title captions appear over the opening sequence on some US prints . Instead of `` Richard Greene in The Adventures of Robin Hood '' they state `` Richard Greene plays Robin Hood -- Adventures in Sherwood Forest '' . This practice occurred because of an FCC rule demanding that reruns of a series be retitled for syndication packaging if aired while first - run episodes of the series were still being shown on one of the three major networks . Five years of `` Gunsmoke '' episodes , for instance , were retitled `` Marshall Dillon '' for syndicated run because `` Gunsmoke '' was still going strong on CBS . Alternate US end credit titles crediting the series as `` A Hannah Weinstein Production for Sapphire Films Limited '' , ( and for later episodes from 1958 credited as `` A Hannah Fisher Production '' ) also exist . In the UK , at the time , sponsorship of programmes was not allowed and each episode had one commercial break in the middle . Influence ( edit ) The series was an immediate hit on both sides of the Atlantic , drawing 32,000,000 viewers per week . Sapphire films were commissioned to make four other series by Lew Grade : The Adventures of Sir Lancelot ( 1956 / 57 ) ( broadcast by NBC on Monday nights at 8.00 pm ) , The Buccaneers ( 1956 / 57 ) ( broadcast by CBS on Saturday nights at 7.30 pm ) , Sword of Freedom ( 1957 / 58 ) , and The Four Just Men ( 1958 / 59 ) . ITC continued to make and sell TV series to the US until the late 1970s , including The Saint , The Prisoner , Thunderbirds , Space 1999 , The Muppet Show and many more . Merchandise ( edit ) Products ( edit ) Many licensed products and knockoffs were sold , including books , jigsaw puzzles , iron - on patches , toy bows and arrows , a series of bubble gum cards , and more . The `` Robin Hood '' shoe brand sporting Richard Green 's likeness on the interior heel lasted long after the series stopped production . Magazine Enterprises featured Richard Greene photos on three Robin Hood comic books . Robin and Marian made the cover of TV Guide in the Week of 12 -- 18 May 1956 . DVD ( edit ) In Region 1 , Mill Creek Entertainment has released all 4 seasons on DVD . They have also released a complete series set featuring all 143 episodes of the series . Alpha Video has released 22 single volume collections of the series , featuring various episodes . In Region 2 , Network DVD has released all 4 seasons on DVD in the UK . Three DVD boxsets of the series have also been released in Germany by KNM Home Entertainment as `` Die Abenteuer Von Robin Hood '' with German language soundtracks in 2009 . DVD Name Ep # Release dates Region 1 Region 2 The Complete First Season 39 18 March 2008 3 March 2008 The Complete Second Season 39 14 October 2008 1 December 2008 The Complete Third Season 39 31 March 2009 1 November 2008 The Complete Fourth Season 26 25 August 2009 24 January 2005 The Complete Series 143 25 August 2009 12 December 2011 Compilation episodes ( edit ) In the 1990s , three movie - length compilation features ( approx. 90 min . each ) were created from the series by producers Philip May & Joseph Shields , through editing parts of the various episodes , though not necessarily in chronological order . These were as follows : Robin Hood : The Movie ( 1991 ) -- featuring edited material from episodes : 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 8 & 27 . Notably , Will Scatlock who dies at the end of episode 2 in the series ( thereby transferring the outlaw leadership to Robin Hood ) , is not killed until the end of the 90 min feature . Robin Hood 's Greatest Adventures ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Quest for the Crown ( 1991 ) Film ( edit ) In 1960 , Sydney Cole and Richard Greene produced the feature film Sword of Sherwood Forest for Hammer Film Productions ( in association with Yeoman Films ) , directed by Terence Fisher , written by Alan Hackney , director of photography was Ken Hodges , and the film editor was Lee Doig , all TV series alumni . Richard Greene starred as Robin Hood with Peter Cushing as The Sheriff of Nottingham , blonde haired Sarah Branch played Maid Marian with Nigel Green as Little John , Jack Gwillim as Archbishop Hubert Walter , and Richard Pasco as Edward , Earl of Newark . Oliver Reed also had a small role . It was filmed in colour and in a widescreen process referred to as ' Megascope ' on the opening titles . The film itself was a retelling of how Robin first met Marion . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : First broadcast in UK by ATV London . See : TV Transmission dates at the BFI online website ( British Film Institute ) . The series first run was broadcast on Sunday afternoons at 5.30 or 5.25 pm in the UK for all four series by ATV London from 1955 -- 1959 , other regions varied day and year of transmission . See : Wikipedia page : History of ITV . CBS in the US broadcast the first three series on Monday nights at 7.30 pm from 26 September 1955 to 30 June 1958 . See : epguides.com website . The fourth series episodes were screened in the US on Saturday mornings at 11.30 am between 10 January 1959 and 26 September 1959 . See : Robin Hood Bold Outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood website . Dates given on Network DVD release are incorrect for UK first run as ATV London being the weekend London broadcast station did not transmit programmes on Monday evenings in 1955 and are in fact CBS US TX dates . Network dates for series 4 are for a UK TX on ABC Weekend Television ( Midlands & the North ) not first run ATV London . Jump up ^ Series at the BFI retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ TV Heroes Lew Grade part 4 by Carl Ellis : Transdiffusion Broadcasting System website retrieved 28 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Riding through the Glen by David Brockman ( 2006 ) : Transdiffusion Broadcasting System website retrieved 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ TV Transmission at the BFI Retrieved 7 March 2011 Jump up ^ ' The ITV Encyclopedia of Adventure ' by Dave Rogers published by Boxtree Limited in association with Independent Television Publications Ltd in 1988 ISBN 1 - 85283 - 217 - 7 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Dinosaur TV article Jump up ^ Airdates at Robin Hood Bold outlaw of Barnsdale and Sherwood website retrieved 28 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Tom Dewe ( 7 October 2006 ) . `` The outlaws '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Mill Creek Entertainment set of DVD 's ( US ) . Jump up ^ ROBIN HOOD -- Lyrics -- International Lyrics Playground ^ Jump up to : `` Meanwhile , Back at the Castle ... '' , TV Guide , Week of 12 -- 18 May 1956 . Jump up ^ Adventures of Robin Hood -- The Complete Series Jump up ^ The Adventures of Robin Hood Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0012VCMR0 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00113NWVE Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001DKG87K Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001NPKR9K Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001RHGRQ6 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001KY5ZQY Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002DH20QA Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0006U3T9S Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002DH20YM External links ( edit ) The Adventures of Robin Hood at TV.com The Adventures of Robin Hood on IMDb The Adventures of Robin Hood at epguides.com The Adventures of Robin Hood : A Robin Hood Spotlight Download episodes of The Adventures of Robin Hood at the Internet Archive Fishko Files , WNYC , 25 June 2010 . ( hide ) Robin Hood Characters Robin Hood Maid Marian Merry Men Much the Miller 's Son Little John Friar Tuck Alan - a-Dale Will Scarlet Will Stutely Gilbert Whitehand Arthur a Bland David of Doncaster The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield Sheriff of Nottingham Guy of Gisbourne Prince John Bishop of Hereford Richard at the Lee King Richard Settings Sherwood Forest Nottingham Loxley Barnsdale Wentbridge Screen Film Robin Hood ( 1912 ) Robin Hood ( 1922 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1938 ) Son of the Guardsman ( 1946 ) The Prince of Thieves ( 1948 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1954 ) Sword of Sherwood Forest ( 1960 ) A Challenge for Robin Hood ( 1967 ) The Scalawag Bunch ( 1971 ) Wolfshead : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Arrows of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin and Marian ( 1976 ) Aaj Ka Robin Hood ( 1988 ) O Mistério de Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) TV Robin Hood ( 1953 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1955 ) The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1975 ) Robin of Sherwood ( 1984 ) The New Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1997 ) Robin Hood ( 2006 ) Animated Robin Hood Makes Good ( 1939 ) Rabbit Hood ( 1949 ) Robin Hood Daffy ( 1958 ) Robin Hoodwinked ( 1958 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) Robin Hood ( 1990 ) Young Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Parody When Things Were Rotten ( 1975 ) The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1984 ) Maid Marian and Her Merry Men ( 1989 ) Robin Hood : Men in Tights ( 1993 ) Alternate settings Mexicali Rose ( 1939 film ) Robin and the 7 Hoods ( 1964 film ) Naan Sigappu Manithan ( 1985 Tamil film ) Nyayam Meere Cheppali ( 1985 Telugu film ) Catch Me Now ( 2008 Chinese TV series ) Alyas Robin Hood ( 2016 Philippines TV Series ) Popular culture Robin Hood ( Once Upon a Time character ) Robin Hood ( DC Comics character ) Child ballads 8 : Erlinton 102 : Willie and Earl Richard 's Daughter 103 : Rose the Red and White Lily 115 : Robyn and Gandeleyn 117 : A Gest of Robyn Hode 118 : Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 119 : Robin Hood and the Monk 120 : Robin Hood 's Death 121 : Robin Hood and the Potter 123 : Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 124 : The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 126 : Robin Hood and the Tanner 127 : Robin Hood and the Tinker 128 : Robin Hood Newly Revived 129 : Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 130 : Robin Hood and the Scotchman 131 : Robin Hood and the Ranger 132 : The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 136 : Robin Hood 's Delight 138 : Robin Hood and Allan - a-Dale 139 : Robin Hood 's Progress to Nottingham 140 : Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 141 : Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 142 : Little John a Begging 143 : Robin Hood and the Bishop 144 : Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 145 : Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 146 : Robin Hood 's Chase 147 : Robin Hood 's Golden Prize 148 : The Noble Fisherman 149 : The Noble Fisherman 151 : The King 's Disguise , and Friendship with Robin Hood 152 : Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 153 : Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 154 : A True Tale of Robin Hood Stage / Theatre The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington ( 1598 and 1601 plays ) The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest ( 1871 operetta ) Robin Hood ( 1890 opera ) The Foresters ( 1892 play ) Twang ! ! ( 1965 musical parody ) Robin Hood ( 1934 opera ) Robin Hood ( 1998 ballet ) Robin des Bois ( 2013 musical ) Video games Robin of the Wood ( 1985 ) The Curse of Sherwood ( 1987 ) The Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Conquests of the Longbow : The Legend of Robin Hood ( 1991 ) Robin Hood : The Legend of Sherwood ( 2002 ) Robin Hood : Defender of the Crown ( 2003 ) Volume ( 2015 ) Literature Ivanhoe ( 1819 ) Maid Marian ( 1822 ) The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood ( 1883 ) Bows against the Barons ( 1934 ) The Outlaws of Sherwood ( 1988 ) Through a Dark Mist ( 1991 ) Lady of the Forest ( 1992 ) In the Shadow of Midnight ( 1994 ) The Last Arrow ( 1997 ) Lady of Sherwood ( 1999 ) Ronin Hood of the 47 Samurai ( 2005 ) King Raven Trilogy ( 2006 ) Music Legend ( 1984 soundtrack ) Robin Hood ( 2006 soundtrack ) Robin Hood -- czwarta strzała ( 1997 ) `` Love '' ( song ) `` Not in Nottingham '' ( song ) `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' ( song ) The Tale of Gamelyn Alan Dale Outlaw ( 2009 ) Holy Warrior ( 2010 ) King 's Man ( 2011 ) Related Miss Robin Hood The Son of Robin Hood The Bandit of Sherwood Forest Princess of Thieves Robin Hood Morality Test `` Robot of Sherwood '' `` Robin Good and His Not - So - Merry Men '' Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)&oldid=800790017 '' Categories : 1950s British drama television series 1955 British television programme debuts 1959 British television programme endings Black - and - white British television programmes British adventure television series English - language television programs Television series by ITC Entertainment ITV television dramas CBS network shows Television series set in the Middle Ages Robin Hood television series Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 17 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the theme song for robin hood	[ "Carl Sigman wrote the words and music for the theme song which was sung by Dick James. The song is still fondly remembered:" ]	[ "Dick James" ]
-5366287698358275923	Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again	Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Soundtracks Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs Tribute albums Abba-esque Abbasalutely The ABBA Generation ABBAmania A Tribute to ABBA Dancing Queen `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Portal Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!_Here_We_Go_Again&oldid=866516930 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s musical comedy films 2010s prequel films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic musical films 2010s sequel films American comedy films American musical comedy films American romantic musical films American romantic comedy films American sequel films British musical comedy films British romantic comedy films British sequel films Prequel films ABBA Films set in Greece Films set in Manhattan Films set in Oxford Films set in Paris Films set in Stockholm Films set in Tokyo Films set on islands Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films shot in Croatia Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in Surrey IMAX films Jukebox musical films Mamma Mia ! Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	mamma mia here we go again sky release date	[ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week of its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats.[5] The film has been a box office success, grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the performances and musical numbers.[6][7]\n" ]	[ "July 20, 2018" ]
381462991070061752	Sofia the First	Sofia the First - wikipedia Sofia the First Jump to : navigation , search Sofia the First Genre Fantasy Adventure Musical Created by Craig Gerber Directed by Jamie Mitchell Larry Leichliter ( co-director , 7 episodes ) Voices of Ariel Winter Wayne Brady Sara Ramirez Travis Willingham Darcy Rose Byrnes Tim Gunn Jess Harnell Zach Callison Tyler Merna Nicolas Cantu Theme music composer Jeannie Lurie Gabriel Mann Opening theme `` Sofia The First ! '' , performed by Ariel Winter Ending theme `` Sofia The First ! '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Kevin Kliesch Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 95 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jamie Mitchell Craig Gerber ( co ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Disney Television Animation Toiion Animation Studios TeamTO ( since season 3 ) Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Junior Original release November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor External links Official website disneyjunior.disney.com/sofia-the-first Sofia the First is an American animated television series produced for Disney Channel . Jamie Mitchell is the Director and Executive Producer and Craig Gerber serves as Story Editor and Producer . The show follows the adventures of Sofia , played by Ariel Winter . Sofia becomes a princess when her mother , Miranda , marries King Roland II of Enchancia . The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Plot 3 Cast and characters 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The series pilot episode `` Once Upon a Princess '' , premiered on November 18 , 2012 on Disney Channel , featuring a cameo from Cinderella . The 3 good fairies from Sleeping Beauty also get introduced as teachers . The series itself premiered on January 11 , 2013 on Disney Channel during its Disney Junior block . Disney Junior renewed Sofia the First for a second season on March 5 , 2013 , and then the series was renewed on January 8 , 2014 . The show 's second double - length episode , The Floating Palace , aired on November 24 , 2013 , with an appearance from Ariel . The third double - length episode , The Curse of Princess Ivy , aired on November 23 , 2014 , featuring Rapunzel . On April 14 , 2015 , the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior . Gerber clarified in December that it will begin in Spring and have 24 22 - minute episodes plus 2 60 - minute specials . On January 29 , 2015 , a spin - off series was announced titled Elena of Avalor . The series premiered on July 22 , 2016 on Disney Channel . In addition , a television movie premiered on November 20 , 2016 titled Elena and the Secret of Avalor , which featured characters from Sofia the First . Plot ( edit ) A young girl named Sofia and her mother Miranda lived a peasant life in the kingdom of Enchancia . One day , Sofia 's mother marries King Roland II , which leads to her becoming a princess . As she adjusts to her new role , Sofia works to live amongst the royal family while having different adventures along the way . King Roland presents Sofia with a magical amulet , which , Sofia discovers , gives her the power to talk to animals and summon Disney princesses in the time of need . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Sofia the First characters Ariel Winter as Sofia Darcy Rose Byrnes as Princess Amber Zach Callison as Prince James ( Season 1 - Early Season 2 ) Tyler Merna as Prince James ( Season 2 - Mid-Season 3 ) Nicolas Cantu as Prince James ( Mid-Season 3 - ) Sara Ramirez as Queen Miranda Travis Willingham as King Roland II Jess Harnell as Cedric Wayne Brady as Clover Tim Gunn as Baileywick Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Sofia the First episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) 25 January 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 30 February 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 28 ) August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) 28 August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 24 April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) In October 2012 , Sofia was initially identified as Disney 's first Latina princess when a producer spoke during a press tour . A Disney Junior general manager later clarified that `` ... Sofia is a fairytale girl who lives in a fairytale world . All our characters come from fantasy lands that may reflect elements of various cultures and ethnicities but none are meant to specifically represent those real world cultures . '' Sofia has a mixed fairy - tale heritage , as a Disney spokeswoman elaborated , `` ... Sofia 's mother , Queen Miranda , was born in a fictitious land , Galdiz , a place with Latin influences . Miranda met Sofia 's father , Birk Balthazar , who hailed from the kingdom of Freezenberg , and together they moved to Enchancia , the place where Sofia was born . '' Galdiz is based on Spain and Freezenberg is based on Scandinavia . The National Hispanic Media Coalition president / CEO interpreted Kanter 's half - Spanish ( - inspired ) description of Sofia as her not qualifying as Latina . Sofia the First : Once Upon a Princess premiered on Disney Channel on November 18 , 2012 , garnering 8.17 million viewers ( when the Live + 7 ratings were tabulated ) , which made it the # 1 cable TV telecast of all time for kids 2 - 5 and girls 2 - 5 . It also set a record for the # 1 preschool cable TV telecast ever in total viewers and for adults 18 - 49 . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Disney portal Cartoon portal 2010s portal Disney Princess References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Jr 's ' Sofia The First ' Set To Debut January 11 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media , LLC . November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.toiion.com/html/eng_toiion_project_sofia.html Jump up ^ http://www.teamto.com/en/les-productions/princesse-sofia/ Jump up ^ `` Kevin Kliesch talks about composing the score for Disney Junior 's `` Sofia the First '' `` . Media Mikes . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 5 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Junior 's ' Sofia The First ' Renewed For Second Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Sofia The First ' , ' Doc McStuffins ' & ' Jake and the Neverland Pirates ' Renewed by Disney Junior '' . TV by the Numbers . Disney Channel . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` ' Sofia The First ' & ' Doc McStuffins ' Renewed At Disney Junior '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ @ _CraigGerber ( 4 December 2016 ) . `` @ JMRollie 24 22 - minute episodes and 2 60 - minute specials '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date For ' Sofia ' Spinoff ' Elena Of Avalor ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` In Elena and the Secret of Avalor , Jane Fonda Plays Sorceress Who Imprisoned Elena '' . tvinsider.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ; Mitchell , Jamie ( 16 October 2012 ) . `` ' Sofia the First ' : Disney 's first Hispanic princess ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . She is Latina , ... It 's sort of a matter - of - fact situation rather than an overt thing . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Cindy ; Kanter , Nancy . `` Disney producer ' misspoke ' : ' First Latina princess ' is n't Latina '' . CNN . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Cindy . `` Backlash for Disney 's first Latina princess '' . CNN . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sieczkowski , Cavan ; Kanter , Nancy ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Princess Sofia Is Not Latina , Says Disney '' . Huffington Post . Sofia 's mom comes from a fictitious land , Galdiz , which was inspired by Spain . Jump up ^ Gicas , Peter ; Gerber , Craig ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Disney Backpedal ? Mouse House Now Says New Princess Sofia Is Not Latina After Controversy Erupts '' . Eonline . a mixed - heritage princess in a fairy - tale world . Her mother is originally from an enchanted kingdom inspired by Spain ( Galdiz ) and her birth father hailed from an enchanted kingdom inspired by Scandinavia Jump up ^ `` Alex Nogales ' , NHMC President & CEO , Statement on `` Sofia the First '' `` . 23 October 2012 . Yesterday we met with Nancy Kanter , Senior Vice President , Original Programming & General Manager , Disney Junior Worldwide , to discuss Disney Junior 's `` Sofia the First . '' She shared that `` Sofia the First '' is in fact not a Latina Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Disney Channel 's ' Sofia the First ' Crowned # 1 Cable TV Telecast Ever in Kids 2 - 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voices for sofia the first	[ "Sofia the First is an American animated television series produced for Disney Channel. Jamie Mitchell is the Director and Executive Producer and Craig Gerber serves as Story Editor and Producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, played by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch.[4]" ]	[ "Ariel Winter" ]
-3208563725706569619	Tyrannosaurus	Tyrannosaurus - wikipedia Tyrannosaurus Jump to : navigation , search `` T. rex '' redirects here . For the Marc Bolan fronted rock band , see T. Rex ( band ) . For other uses , see T. rex ( disambiguation ) . Tyrannosaurus Temporal range : Late Cretaceous , 68 -- 66 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Reconstruction of the T. rex type specimen ( CM 9380 ) at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Dinosauria Order : Saurischia Suborder : Theropoda Family : † Tyrannosauridae Subfamily : † Tyrannosaurinae Tribe : † Tyrannosaurini Osborn , 1906 Genus : † Tyrannosaurus Osborn , 1905 Type species † Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn , 1905 Synonyms Genus synonymy ( show ) Manospondylus Cope , 1892 Dynamosaurus Osborn , 1905 Nanotyrannus ? Bakker , Williams & Currie , 1988 Stygivenator Olshevsky , 1995 Dinotyrannus Olshevsky , 1995 Species synonymy ( show ) Manospondylus gigas Cope , 1892 Aublysodon amplus ? Marsh , 1892 Deinodon amplus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Manospondylus amplus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Stygivenator amplus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Tyrannosaurus amplus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Aublysodon cristatus ? Marsh , 1892 Deinodon cristatus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Stygivenator cristatus ? ( Marsh , 1892 ) Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn , 1905 Tyrannosaurus imperiosus ( Osborn , 1905 ) Gorgosaurus lancensis ? Gilmore , 1946 Albertosaurus lancensis ? ( Gilmore , 1946 ) Aublysodon lancensis ? ( Gilmore , 1946 ) Deinodon lancensis ? ( Gilmore , 1946 ) Nanotyrannus lancensis ? ( Gilmore , 1946 ) Stygivenator molnari ( Paul , 1988 ) Dinotyrannus megagracilis Olshevsky , 1995 Tyrannosaurus is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur . The species Tyrannosaurus rex ( rex meaning `` king '' in Latin ) , is one of the most well - represented of the large theropods . Tyrannosaurus lived throughout what is now western North America , on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia . Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids . Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period , 68 to 66 million years ago . It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids , and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction . Like other tyrannosaurids , Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long , heavy tail . Relative to its large and powerful hind limbs , Tyrannosaurus fore limbs were short but unusually powerful for their size and had two clawed digits . The most complete specimen measures up to 12.3 m ( 40 ft ) in length , up to 3.66 meters ( 12 ft ) tall at the hips , and according to most modern estimates 8.4 metric tons ( 9.3 short tons ) to 14 metric tons ( 15.4 short tons ) in weight . Although other theropods rivaled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size , it is still among the largest known land predators and is estimated to have exerted the largest bite force among all terrestrial animals . By far the largest carnivore in its environment , Tyrannosaurus rex was most likely an apex predator , preying upon hadrosaurs , armoured herbivores like ceratopsians and ankylosaurs , and possibly sauropods . Some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger . The question of whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or a pure scavenger was among the longest ongoing debates in paleontology . It is accepted now that Tyrannosaurus rex acted as a predator , and opportunistically scavenged as modern mammalian and avian predators do . More than 50 specimens of Tyrannosaurus rex have been identified , some of which are nearly complete skeletons . Soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens . The abundance of fossil material has allowed significant research into many aspects of its biology , including its life history and biomechanics . The feeding habits , physiology and potential speed of Tyrannosaurus rex are a few subjects of debate . Its taxonomy is also controversial , as some scientists consider Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia to be a second Tyrannosaurus species while others maintain Tarbosaurus is a separate genus . Several other genera of North American tyrannosaurids have also been synonymized with Tyrannosaurus . As the archetypal theropod , Tyrannosaurus is one of the best - known dinosaurs since the 20th century , and has been featured in film , advertising , and postal stamps , as well as many other types of media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Skin and possible feathers 2 History of research 2.1 Earliest finds 2.2 Manospondylus 2.3 Notable specimens 3 Classification 4 Paleobiology 4.1 Life history 4.2 Sexual dimorphism 4.3 Posture 4.4 Arms 4.5 Soft tissue 4.6 Thermoregulation 4.7 Footprints 4.8 Locomotion 4.9 Brain and senses 4.10 Feeding strategies 4.10. 1 Cannibalism 4.10. 2 Pack behavior 4.11 Pathology 5 Paleoecology 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Description Size ( in green ) compared with selected giant theropods Tyrannosaurus rex was one of the largest land carnivores of all time ; the largest complete specimen , located at the Field Museum of Natural History under the name FMNH PR2081 and nicknamed Sue , measured 12.3 meters ( 40 ft ) long , and was 3.66 meters ( 12 ft ) tall at the hips , and according to the most recent studies estimated to have weighed between 8.4 metric tons ( 9.3 short tons ) to 14 metric tons ( 15.4 short tons ) when alive . Not every adult Tyrannosaurus specimen recovered is as big . Historically average adult mass estimates have varied widely over the years , from as low as 4.5 metric tons ( 5.0 short tons ) , to more than 7.2 metric tons ( 7.9 short tons ) , with most modern estimates ranging between 5.4 metric tons ( 6.0 short tons ) and 8.0 metric tons ( 8.8 short tons ) . Hutchinson et al. ( 2011 ) found that the maximum weight of Sue , the largest complete Tyrannosaurus specimen , was between 9.5 and 18.5 metric tons ( 9.3 -- 18.2 long tons ; 10.5 -- 20.4 short tons ) , though the authors stated that their upper and lower estimates were based on models with wide error bars and that they `` consider ( them ) to be too skinny , too fat , or too disproportionate '' and provided a mean estimate at 14 metric tons ( 15.4 short tons ) for this specimen . Packard et al. ( 2009 ) tested dinosaur mass estimation procedures on elephants and concluded that those of dinosaurs are flawed and produce over-estimations ; thus , the weight of Tyrannosaurus , as well as other dinosaurs , could have been much less . Other estimations have concluded that the largest known Tyrannosaurus specimens had masses approaching or exceeding 9 tonnes . Life restoration of T. rex with feathers , a trait inferred by phylogenetic bracketing Due to the relatively small number of recovered specimens and the large population of individuals present at any given time when Tyrannosaurus was alive , there could have easily been larger specimens than those currently known including `` Sue '' , though discovery of these largest individuals may be forever untenable due to the incomplete nature of the fossil record . Holtz has also suggested that `` it is very reasonable to suspect that there were individuals that were 10 , 15 , or even 20 percent larger than Sue in any T. rex population . '' The neck of Tyrannosaurus rex formed a natural S - shaped curve like that of other theropods , but was short and muscular to support the massive head . The forelimbs had only two clawed fingers , along with an additional small metacarpal representing the remnant of a third digit . In contrast the hind limbs were among the longest in proportion to body size of any theropod . The tail was heavy and long , sometimes containing over forty vertebrae , in order to balance the massive head and torso . To compensate for the immense bulk of the animal , many bones throughout the skeleton were hollow , reducing its weight without significant loss of strength . Profile view of a skull ( AMNH 5027 ) The largest known Tyrannosaurus rex skull measures up to 1.52 meters ( 5.0 ft ) in length . Large fenestrae ( openings ) in the skull reduced weight and provided areas for muscle attachment , as in all carnivorous theropods . But in other respects Tyrannosaurus 's skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosauroid theropods . It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout , allowing unusually good binocular vision . The skull bones were massive and the nasals and some other bones were fused , preventing movement between them ; but many were pneumatized ( contained a `` honeycomb '' of tiny air spaces ) which may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter . These and other skull - strengthening features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite , which easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids . The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped ( most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V - shaped upper jaws ) , which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite , although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth . The teeth of Tyrannosaurus rex displayed marked heterodonty ( differences in shape ) . The premaxillary teeth at the front of the upper jaw were closely packed , D - shaped in cross-section , had reinforcing ridges on the rear surface , were incisiform ( their tips were chisel - like blades ) and curved backwards . The D - shaped cross-section , reinforcing ridges and backwards curve reduced the risk that the teeth would snap when Tyrannosaurus bit and pulled . The remaining teeth were robust , like `` lethal bananas '' rather than daggers , more widely spaced and also had reinforcing ridges . Those in the upper jaw were larger than those in all but the rear of the lower jaw . The largest found so far is estimated to have been 30.5 centimeters ( 12 in ) long including the root when the animal was alive , making it the largest tooth of any carnivorous dinosaur yet found . Skin and possible feathers Main article : Feathered dinosaur Head model showing `` traditional '' naked skin and lipless jaws , Natural History Museum of Vienna While there is no direct evidence for Tyrannosaurus rex having had feathers , many scientists now consider it likely that T. rex had feathers on at least parts of its body , due to their presence in related species . Mark Norell of the American Museum of Natural History summarized the balance of evidence by stating that : `` we have as much evidence that T. rex was feathered , at least during some stage of its life , as we do that australopithecines like Lucy had hair . '' The first evidence for feathers in tyrannosauroids came from the small species Dilong paradoxus , found in the Yixian Formation of China , and reported in 2004 . As with many other theropods discovered in the Yixian , the fossil skeleton was preserved with a coat of filamentous structures which are commonly recognized as the precursors of feathers . Because all known skin impressions from larger tyrannosauroids known at the time showed evidence of scales , the researchers who studied Dilong speculated that feathers may correlate negatively with body size -- that juveniles may have been feathered , then shed the feathers and expressed only scales as the animal became larger and no longer needed insulation to stay warm . Subsequent discoveries showed that even some large tyrannosauroids had feathers covering much of their bodies , casting doubt on the hypothesis that they were a size - related feature . Full size model in Poland , depicting Tyrannosaurus with both feathers and scales , as well as lipped jaws While skin impressions from a Tyrannosaurus rex specimen nicknamed `` Wyrex '' ( BHI 6230 ) discovered in Montana in 2002 , as well as some other giant tyrannosauroid specimens , show at least small patches of mosaic scales , others , such as Yutyrannus huali ( which was up to 9 meters ( 30 ft ) long and weighed about 1,400 kilograms ( 3,100 lb ) ) , preserve feathers on various sections of the body , strongly suggesting that its whole body was covered in feathers . It is possible that the extent and nature of feather covering in tyrannosauroids may have changed over time in response to body size , a warmer climate , or other factors . In 2017 , based on skin impressions from the `` Wyrex '' ( BHI 6230 ) specimen and other closely related tyrannosaurids , it was suggested that large - bodied tyrannosaurids were scaly and , if partly feathered , these were limited to the dorsum . In 2016 it was proposed that large theropods like Tyrannosaurus had teeth covered in lips like modern day lizards , rather than having bare teeth like crocodiles . This was based on the presence of enamel , which according to this theory , may have to remain hydrated , an issue not faced by aquatic species like crocodilians or toothless species like birds , which have lipless mouths and toothless beaks . Based on comparisons of bone texture of Daspletosaurus with crocodilians , a 2017 theory suggests that Tyrannosaurus and other tyrannosaurids may not have had lips at all and instead had large , flat scales that left no room for lips . The skull of Daspletosaurus also suggests that tyrannosaurids including Tyrannosaurus had integumentary sensory organs similar to crocodilians likely used in touch , temperature readings , prey detection and precise control of jaw movements . History of research Main article : Timeline of tyrannosaur research Skeletal restoration by William D. Matthew from 1905 , the first reconstruction of this dinosaur ever published Henry Fairfield Osborn , president of the American Museum of Natural History , named Tyrannosaurus rex in 1905 . The generic name is derived from the Greek words τυράννος ( tyrannos , meaning `` tyrant '' ) and σαύρος ( sauros , meaning `` lizard '' ) . Osborn used the Latin word rex , meaning `` king '' , for the specific name . The full binomial therefore translates to `` tyrant lizard the king '' or `` King Tyrant Lizard '' , emphasizing the animal 's size and perceived dominance over other species of the time . Earliest finds Type specimen of Dynamosaurus imperiosus Teeth from what is now documented as a Tyrannosaurus rex were found in 1874 by Arthur Lakes near Golden , Colorado . In the early 1890s , John Bell Hatcher collected postcranial elements in eastern Wyoming . The fossils were believed to be from a large species of Ornithomimus ( O. grandis ) but are now considered Tyrannosaurus rex remains . Vertebral fragments found by Edward Drinker Cope in western South Dakota in 1892 and assigned to Manospondylus gigas have also been recognized as belonging to Tyrannosaurus rex . Barnum Brown , assistant curator of the American Museum of Natural History , found the first partial skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex in eastern Wyoming in 1900 . H.F. Osborn originally named this skeleton Dynamosaurus imperiosus in a paper in 1905 . Brown found another partial skeleton in the Hell Creek Formation in Montana in 1902 . Osborn used this holotype to describe Tyrannosaurus rex in the same paper in which D. imperiosus was described . In 1906 , Osborn recognized the two as synonyms , and acted as first revisor by selecting Tyrannosaurus as the valid name . The original Dynamosaurus material resides in the collections of the Natural History Museum , London . In total , Brown found five Tyrannosaurus partial skeletons . In 1941 , Brown 's 1902 find was sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Brown 's fourth and largest find , also from Hell Creek , is on display in the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Manospondylus Illustration of the type specimen ( AMNH 3982 ) of Manospondylus gigas The first named fossil specimen which can be attributed to Tyrannosaurus rex consists of two partial vertebrae ( one of which has been lost ) found by Edward Drinker Cope in 1892 . Cope believed that they belonged to an `` agathaumid '' ( ceratopsid ) dinosaur , and named them Manospondylus gigas , meaning `` giant porous vertebra '' in reference to the numerous openings for blood vessels he found in the bone . The M. gigas remains were later identified as those of a theropod rather than a ceratopsid , and H.F. Osborn recognized the similarity between M. gigas and Tyrannosaurus rex as early as 1917 . Owing to the fragmentary nature of the Manospondylus vertebrae , Osborn did not synonymize the two genera . In June 2000 , the Black Hills Institute located the type locality of M. gigas in South Dakota and unearthed more tyrannosaur bones there . These were judged to represent further remains of the same individual , and to be identical to those of Tyrannosaurus rex . According to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) , the system that governs the scientific naming of animals , Manospondylus gigas should therefore have priority over Tyrannosaurus rex , because it was named first . The Fourth Edition of the ICZN , which took effect on January 1 , 2000 , states that `` the prevailing usage must be maintained '' when `` the senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899 '' and `` the junior synonym or homonym has been used for a particular taxon , as its presumed valid name , in at least 25 works , published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years ... '' Tyrannosaurus rex may qualify as the valid name under these conditions and would most likely be considered a nomen protectum ( `` protected name '' ) under the ICZN if it is ever formally published on , which it has not yet been . Manospondylus gigas could then be deemed a nomen oblitum ( `` forgotten name '' ) . Notable specimens Main article : Specimens of Tyrannosaurus Sue specimen , Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago Sue Hendrickson , amateur paleontologist , discovered the most complete ( approximately 85 % ) and the largest Tyrannosaurus fossil skeleton known in the Hell Creek Formation near Faith , South Dakota , on August 12 , 1990 . This Tyrannosaurus , nicknamed Sue in her honor , was the object of a legal battle over its ownership . In 1997 this was settled in favor of Maurice Williams , the original land owner . The fossil collection was purchased by the Field Museum of Natural History at auction for $7.6 million , making it the most expensive dinosaur skeleton to date . From 1998 to 1999 Field Museum of Natural History preparators spent over 25,000 man - hours taking the rock off each of the bones . The bones were then shipped off to New Jersey where the mount was made . The finished mount was then taken apart , and along with the bones , shipped back to Chicago for the final assembly . The mounted skeleton opened to the public on May 17 , 2000 in the great hall ( Stanley Field Hall ) at the Field Museum of Natural History . A study of this specimen 's fossilized bones showed that Sue reached full size at age 19 and died at age 28 , the longest any tyrannosaur is known to have lived . Early speculation that Sue may have died from a bite to the back of the head was not confirmed . Though subsequent study showed many pathologies in the skeleton , no bite marks were found . Damage to the back of the skull may have been caused by post-mortem trampling . Recent speculation indicates that Sue may have died of starvation after contracting a parasitic infection from eating diseased meat ; the resulting infection would have caused inflammation in the throat , ultimately leading Sue to starve because she could no longer swallow food . This hypothesis is substantiated by smooth - edged holes in her skull which are similar to those caused in modern - day birds that contract the same parasite . The specimens `` Sue '' , AMNH 5027 , `` Stan '' , and `` Jane '' , to scale with a human . Another Tyrannosaurus , nicknamed Stan , in honor of amateur paleontologist Stan Sacrison , was found in the Hell Creek Formation near Buffalo , South Dakota , in the spring of 1987 . It was not collected until 1992 , as it was mistakenly thought to be a Triceratops skeleton . Stan is 63 % complete and is on display in the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research in Hill City , South Dakota , after an extensive world tour during 1995 and 1996 . This tyrannosaur , too , was found to have many bone pathologies , including broken and healed ribs , a broken ( and healed ) neck and a spectacular hole in the back of its head , about the size of a Tyrannosaurus tooth . In the summer of 2000 , Jack Horner discovered five Tyrannosaurus skeletons near the Fort Peck Reservoir in Montana . One of the specimens was reported to be perhaps the largest Tyrannosaurus ever found . Skeleton of Bucky and cast of Stan , at the Children 's Museum of Indianapolis In 2001 , a 50 % complete skeleton of a juvenile Tyrannosaurus was discovered in the Hell Creek Formation in Montana , by a crew from the Burpee Museum of Natural History of Rockford , Illinois . Dubbed Jane , the find was initially considered the first known skeleton of the pygmy tyrannosaurid Nanotyrannus but subsequent research has revealed that it is more likely a juvenile Tyrannosaurus . It is the most complete and best preserved juvenile example known to date . Jane has been examined by Jack Horner , Pete Larson , Robert Bakker , Greg Erickson , and several other renowned paleontologists , because of the uniqueness of her age . Jane is currently on exhibit at the Burpee Museum of Natural History in Rockford , Illinois . In a press release on April 7 , 2006 , Bozeman Campus , Montana State University , US revealed that it possessed the largest Tyrannosaurus skull yet discovered . Discovered in the 1960s and only recently reconstructed , the skull measured 59 inches ( 150 cm ) long compared to the 55.4 inches ( 141 cm ) of Sue 's skull , a difference of 6.5 % . Classification Tyrannosaurus is the type genus of the superfamily Tyrannosauroidea , the family Tyrannosauridae , and the subfamily Tyrannosaurinae ; in other words it is the standard by which paleontologists decide whether to include other species in the same group . Other members of the tyrannosaurine subfamily include the North American Daspletosaurus and the Asian Tarbosaurus , both of which have occasionally been synonymized with Tyrannosaurus . Tyrannosaurids were once commonly thought to be descendants of earlier large theropods such as megalosaurs and carnosaurs , although more recently they were reclassified with the generally smaller coelurosaurs . Diagram showing the differences between a generalized Tarbosaurus ( A ) and Tyrannosaurus ( B ) skull In 1955 , Soviet paleontologist Evgeny Maleev named a new species , Tyrannosaurus bataar , from Mongolia . By 1965 , this species had been renamed Tarbosaurus bataar . Despite the renaming , many phylogenetic analyses have found Tarbosaurus bataar to be the sister taxon of Tyrannosaurus rex , and it has often been considered an Asian species of Tyrannosaurus . A recent redescription of the skull of Tarbosaurus bataar has shown that it was much narrower than that of Tyrannosaurus rex and that during a bite , the distribution of stress in the skull would have been very different , closer to that of Alioramus , another Asian tyrannosaur . A related cladistic analysis found that Alioramus , not Tyrannosaurus , was the sister taxon of Tarbosaurus , which , if true , would suggest that Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus should remain separate . The discovery and description of Qianzhousaurus would later disprove this and revealed that Alioramus belonged to the clade Alioramini . The discovery of the tyrannosaurid Lythronax further indicates that Tarbosaurus and Tyrannosaurus are closely related , forming a clade with fellow Asian tyrannosaurid Zhuchengtyrannus , with Lythronax being their sister taxon . A further study from 2016 by Steve Brusatte , Thomas Carr et al. , also indicates Tyrannosaurus may have been an immigrant from Asia , as well as a possible descendent of Tarbosaurus . The study further indicates the possibility that Tyrannosaurus may have driven other tyrannosaurids that were native to North America extinct through competition . Other finds in 2006 indicate giant tyrannosaurs may have been present in North America as early as 75 million years ago . Whether or not this specimen belongs to Tyrannosaurus rex , a new species of Tyrannosaurus , or a new genus entirely is still unknown . Other tyrannosaurid fossils found in the same formations as Tyrannosaurus rex were originally classified as separate taxa , including Aublysodon and Albertosaurus megagracilis , the latter being named Dinotyrannus megagracilis in 1995 . These fossils are now universally considered to belong to juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex . A small but nearly complete skull from Montana , 60 centimeters ( 2.0 ft ) long , may be an exception . This skull was originally classified as a species of Gorgosaurus ( G. lancensis ) by Charles W. Gilmore in 1946 , but was later referred to a new genus , Nanotyrannus . Opinions remain divided on the validity of N. lancensis . Many paleontologists consider the skull to belong to a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex . There are minor differences between the two species , including the higher number of teeth in N. lancensis , which lead some scientists to recommend keeping the two genera separate until further research or discoveries clarify the situation . Nanotyrannus lancensis holotype , possibly a juvenile Tyrannosaurus Below is the cladogram of Tyrannosauridae based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Loewen et al. in 2013 . Tyrannosauridae Albertosaurinae Gorgosaurus libratus Albertosaurus sarcophagus Tyrannosaurinae Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurid Daspletosaurus torosus Two Medicine tyrannosaurid Teratophoneus curriei Bistahieversor sealeyi Lythronax argestes Tyrannosaurus rex Tarbosaurus bataar Zhuchengtyrannus magnus Paleobiology Life History A graph showing the hypothesized growth curve , body mass versus age ( drawn in black , with other tyrannosaurids for comparison ) . Based on Erickson et al. 2004 The identification of several specimens as juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex has allowed scientists to document ontogenetic changes in the species , estimate the lifespan , and determine how quickly the animals would have grown . The smallest known individual ( LACM 28471 , the `` Jordan theropod '' ) is estimated to have weighed only 30 kg ( 66 lb ) , while the largest , such as FMNH PR2081 ( Sue ) most likely weighed about 5,650 kg ( 12,460 lb ) . Histologic analysis of Tyrannosaurus rex bones showed LACM 28471 had aged only 2 years when it died , while Sue was 28 years old , an age which may have been close to the maximum for the species . Histology has also allowed the age of other specimens to be determined . Growth curves can be developed when the ages of different specimens are plotted on a graph along with their mass . A Tyrannosaurus rex growth curve is S - shaped , with juveniles remaining under 1,800 kg ( 4,000 lb ) until approximately 14 years of age , when body size began to increase dramatically . During this rapid growth phase , a young Tyrannosaurus rex would gain an average of 600 kg ( 1,300 lb ) a year for the next four years . At 18 years of age , the curve plateaus again , indicating that growth slowed dramatically . For example , only 600 kg ( 1,300 lb ) separated the 28 - year - old Sue from a 22 - year - old Canadian specimen ( RTMP 81.12. 1 ) . A 2004 histological study performed by different workers corroborates these results , finding that rapid growth began to slow at around 16 years of age . 11 - year - old juvenile ( Jane ) specimen , with adult in the background , Burpee Museum of Natural History Another study corroborated the latter study 's results but found the growth rate to be much faster , finding it to be around 1800 kilograms ( 4000 lbs ) . Although these results were much higher than previous estimations , the authors noted that these results significantly lowered the great difference between its actual growth rate and the one which would be expected of an animal of its size . The sudden change in growth rate at the end of the growth spurt may indicate physical maturity , a hypothesis which is supported by the discovery of medullary tissue in the femur of a 16 to 20 - year - old Tyrannosaurus rex from Montana ( MOR 1125 , also known as B - rex ) . Medullary tissue is found only in female birds during ovulation , indicating that B - rex was of reproductive age . Further study indicates an age of 18 for this specimen . In 2016 , it was finally confirmed by Mary Higby Schweitzer and Lindsay Zanno et al that the soft tissue within the femur of MOR 1125 was medullary tissue . This also confirmed the identity of the specimen as a female . The discovery of medullary bone tissue within Tyrannosaurus may prove valuable in determining the sex of other dinosaur species in future examinations , as the chemical makeup of medullary tissue is unmistakable . Other tyrannosaurids exhibit extremely similar growth curves , although with lower growth rates corresponding to their lower adult sizes . Over half of the known Tyrannosaurus rex specimens appear to have died within six years of reaching sexual maturity , a pattern which is also seen in other tyrannosaurs and in some large , long - lived birds and mammals today . These species are characterized by high infant mortality rates , followed by relatively low mortality among juveniles . Mortality increases again following sexual maturity , partly due to the stresses of reproduction . One study suggests that the rarity of juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex fossils is due in part to low juvenile mortality rates ; the animals were not dying in large numbers at these ages , and so were not often fossilized . This rarity may also be due to the incompleteness of the fossil record or to the bias of fossil collectors towards larger , more spectacular specimens . In a 2013 lecture , Thomas Holtz Jr. suggested that dinosaurs `` lived fast and died young '' because they reproduced quickly whereas mammals have long life spans because they take longer to reproduce . Gregory S. Paul also writes that Tyrannosaurus reproduced quickly and died young , but attributes their short life spans to the dangerous lives they lived . Sexual dimorphism Skeleton casts mounted in a mating position , Jurassic Museum of Asturias As the number of known specimens increased , scientists began to analyze the variation between individuals and discovered what appeared to be two distinct body types , or morphs , similar to some other theropod species . As one of these morphs was more solidly built , it was termed the ' robust ' morph while the other was termed ' gracile ' . Several morphological differences associated with the two morphs were used to analyze sexual dimorphism in Tyrannosaurus rex , with the ' robust ' morph usually suggested to be female . For example , the pelvis of several ' robust ' specimens seemed to be wider , perhaps to allow the passage of eggs . It was also thought that the ' robust ' morphology correlated with a reduced chevron on the first tail vertebra , also ostensibly to allow eggs to pass out of the reproductive tract , as had been erroneously reported for crocodiles . In recent years , evidence for sexual dimorphism has been weakened . A 2005 study reported that previous claims of sexual dimorphism in crocodile chevron anatomy were in error , casting doubt on the existence of similar dimorphism between Tyrannosaurus rex sexes . A full - sized chevron was discovered on the first tail vertebra of Sue , an extremely robust individual , indicating that this feature could not be used to differentiate the two morphs anyway . As Tyrannosaurus rex specimens have been found from Saskatchewan to New Mexico , differences between individuals may be indicative of geographic variation rather than sexual dimorphism . The differences could also be age - related , with ' robust ' individuals being older animals . Only a single Tyrannosaurus rex specimen has been conclusively shown to belong to a specific sex . Examination of B - rex demonstrated the preservation of soft tissue within several bones . Some of this tissue has been identified as a medullary tissue , a specialized tissue grown only in modern birds as a source of calcium for the production of eggshell during ovulation . As only female birds lay eggs , medullary tissue is only found naturally in females , although males are capable of producing it when injected with female reproductive hormones like estrogen . This strongly suggests that B - rex was female , and that she died during ovulation . Recent research has shown that medullary tissue is never found in crocodiles , which are thought to be the closest living relatives of dinosaurs , aside from birds . The shared presence of medullary tissue in birds and theropod dinosaurs is further evidence of the close evolutionary relationship between the two . Posture Outdated reconstruction ( by Charles R. Knight ) , showing upright pose Modern representations in museums , art , and film show Tyrannosaurus rex with its body approximately parallel to the ground and tail extended behind the body to balance the head . Like many bipedal dinosaurs , Tyrannosaurus rex was historically depicted as a ' living tripod ' , with the body at 45 degrees or less from the vertical and the tail dragging along the ground , similar to a kangaroo . This concept dates from Joseph Leidy 's 1865 reconstruction of Hadrosaurus , the first to depict a dinosaur in a bipedal posture . In 1915 , convinced that the creature stood upright , Henry Fairfield Osborn , former president of the American Museum of Natural History , further reinforced the notion in unveiling the first complete Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton arranged this way . It stood in an upright pose for 77 years , until it was dismantled in 1992 . By 1970 , scientists realized this pose was incorrect and could not have been maintained by a living animal , as it would have resulted in the dislocation or weakening of several joints , including the hips and the articulation between the head and the spinal column . The inaccurate AMNH mount inspired similar depictions in many films and paintings ( such as Rudolph Zallinger 's famous mural The Age of Reptiles in Yale University 's Peabody Museum of Natural History ) until the 1990s , when films such as Jurassic Park introduced a more accurate posture to the general public . Arms The forelimbs might have been used to help T. rex rise from a resting pose , as seen in this cast ( Bucky specimen ) When Tyrannosaurus rex was first discovered , the humerus was the only element of the forelimb known . For the initial mounted skeleton as seen by the public in 1915 , Osborn substituted longer , three - fingered forelimbs like those of Allosaurus . A year earlier , Lawrence Lambe described the short , two - fingered forelimbs of the closely related Gorgosaurus . This strongly suggested that Tyrannosaurus rex had similar forelimbs , but this hypothesis was not confirmed until the first complete Tyrannosaurus rex forelimbs were identified in 1989 , belonging to MOR 555 ( the `` Wankel rex '' ) . The remains of Sue also include complete forelimbs . Tyrannosaurus rex arms are very small relative to overall body size , measuring only 1 meter ( 3.3 ft ) long , and some scholars have labelled them as vestigial . The bones show large areas for muscle attachment , indicating considerable strength . This was recognized as early as 1906 by Osborn , who speculated that the forelimbs may have been used to grasp a mate during copulation . It has also been suggested that the forelimbs were used to assist the animal in rising from a prone position . Diagram illustrating arm anatomy Another possibility is that the forelimbs held struggling prey while it was killed by the tyrannosaur 's enormous jaws . This hypothesis may be supported by biomechanical analysis . Tyrannosaurus rex forelimb bones exhibit extremely thick cortical bone , which have been interpreted as evidence that they were developed to withstand heavy loads . The biceps brachii muscle of an adult Tyrannosaurus rex was capable of lifting 199 kilograms ( 439 lb ) by itself ; other muscles such as the brachialis would work along with the biceps to make elbow flexion even more powerful . The M. biceps muscle of T. rex was 3.5 times as powerful as the human equivalent . A Tyrannosaurus rex forearm had a limited range of motion , with the shoulder and elbow joints allowing only 40 and 45 degrees of motion , respectively . In contrast , the same two joints in Deinonychus allow up to 88 and 130 degrees of motion , respectively , while a human arm can rotate 360 degrees at the shoulder and move through 165 degrees at the elbow . The heavy build of the arm bones , strength of the muscles , and limited range of motion may indicate a system evolved to hold fast despite the stresses of a struggling prey animal . In the first detailed scientific description of Tyrannosaurus forelimbs , paleontologists Kenneth Carpenter and Matt Smith dismissed notions that the forelimbs were useless or that Tyrannosaurus rex was an obligate scavenger . According to paleontologist Steven Stanley from the University of Hawaii , the roughly 1 meter long arms of a Tyrannosaurus rex were used for slashing prey . Especially by juvenile dinosaurs as their arms grow slower in proportion to their bodies and a younger Tyrannosaurus rex would have proportionally much longer arms than an adult one . Soft tissue In the March 2005 issue of Science , Mary Higby Schweitzer of North Carolina State University and colleagues announced the recovery of soft tissue from the marrow cavity of a fossilized leg bone from a Tyrannosaurus rex . The bone had been intentionally , though reluctantly , broken for shipping and then not preserved in the normal manner , specifically because Schweitzer was hoping to test it for soft tissue . Designated as the Museum of the Rockies specimen 1125 , or MOR 1125 , the dinosaur was previously excavated from the Hell Creek Formation . Flexible , bifurcating blood vessels and fibrous but elastic bone matrix tissue were recognized . In addition , microstructures resembling blood cells were found inside the matrix and vessels . The structures bear resemblance to ostrich blood cells and vessels . Whether an unknown process , distinct from normal fossilization , preserved the material , or the material is original , the researchers do not know , and they are careful not to make any claims about preservation . If it is found to be original material , any surviving proteins may be used as a means of indirectly guessing some of the DNA content of the dinosaurs involved , because each protein is typically created by a specific gene . The absence of previous finds may be the result of people assuming preserved tissue was impossible , therefore not looking . Since the first , two more tyrannosaurs and a hadrosaur have also been found to have such tissue - like structures . Research on some of the tissues involved has suggested that birds are closer relatives to tyrannosaurs than other modern animals . T. rex femur ( MOR 1125 ) from which demineralized matrix and peptides ( insets ) were obtained In studies reported in Science in April 2007 , Asara and colleagues concluded that seven traces of collagen proteins detected in purified Tyrannosaurus rex bone most closely match those reported in chickens , followed by frogs and newts . The discovery of proteins from a creature tens of millions of years old , along with similar traces the team found in a mastodon bone at least 160,000 years old , upends the conventional view of fossils and may shift paleontologists ' focus from bone hunting to biochemistry . Until these finds , most scientists presumed that fossilization replaced all living tissue with inert minerals . Paleontologist Hans Larsson of McGill University in Montreal , who was not part of the studies , called the finds `` a milestone '' , and suggested that dinosaurs could `` enter the field of molecular biology and really slingshot paleontology into the modern world '' . Subsequent studies in April 2008 confirmed the close connection of Tyrannosaurus rex to modern birds . Postdoctoral biology researcher Chris Organ at Harvard University announced , `` With more data , they would probably be able to place T. rex on the evolutionary tree between alligators and chickens and ostriches . '' Co-author John M. Asara added , `` We also show that it groups better with birds than modern reptiles , such as alligators and green anole lizards . '' The presumed soft tissue was called into question by Thomas Kaye of the University of Washington and his co-authors in 2008 . They contend that what was really inside the tyrannosaur bone was slimy biofilm created by bacteria that coated the voids once occupied by blood vessels and cells . The researchers found that what previously had been identified as remnants of blood cells , because of the presence of iron , were actually framboids , microscopic mineral spheres bearing iron . They found similar spheres in a variety of other fossils from various periods , including an ammonite . In the ammonite they found the spheres in a place where the iron they contain could not have had any relationship to the presence of blood . Schweitzer has strongly criticized Kaye 's claims and argues that there is no reported evidence that biofilms can produce branching , hollow tubes like those noted in her study . San Antonio , Schweitzer and colleagues published an analysis in 2011 of what parts of the collagen had been recovered , finding that it was the inner parts of the collagen coil that had been preserved , as would have been expected from a long period of protein degradation . Other research challenges the identification of soft tissue as biofilm and confirms finding `` branching , vessel - like structures '' from within fossilized bone . Thermoregulation Main article : Physiology of dinosaurs Life restoration based on specimen FMNH PR2081 `` Sue '' , an adult T. rex As of 2014 , it is not clear if Tyrannosaurus was endothermic ( warm - blooded ) . Tyrannosaurus , like most dinosaurs , was long thought to have an ectothermic ( `` cold - blooded '' ) reptilian metabolism . The idea of dinosaur ectothermy was challenged by scientists like Robert T. Bakker and John Ostrom in the early years of the `` Dinosaur Renaissance '' , beginning in the late 1960s . Tyrannosaurus rex itself was claimed to have been endothermic ( `` warm - blooded '' ) , implying a very active lifestyle . Since then , several paleontologists have sought to determine the ability of Tyrannosaurus to regulate its body temperature . Histological evidence of high growth rates in young Tyrannosaurus rex , comparable to those of mammals and birds , may support the hypothesis of a high metabolism . Growth curves indicate that , as in mammals and birds , Tyrannosaurus rex growth was limited mostly to immature animals , rather than the indeterminate growth seen in most other vertebrates . Oxygen isotope ratios in fossilized bone are sometimes used to determine the temperature at which the bone was deposited , as the ratio between certain isotopes correlates with temperature . In one specimen , the isotope ratios in bones from different parts of the body indicated a temperature difference of no more than 4 to 5 ° C ( 7 to 9 ° F ) between the vertebrae of the torso and the tibia of the lower leg . This small temperature range between the body core and the extremities was claimed by paleontologist Reese Barrick and geochemist William Showers to indicate that Tyrannosaurus rex maintained a constant internal body temperature ( homeothermy ) and that it enjoyed a metabolism somewhere between ectothermic reptiles and endothermic mammals . Other scientists have pointed out that the ratio of oxygen isotopes in the fossils today does not necessarily represent the same ratio in the distant past , and may have been altered during or after fossilization ( diagenesis ) . Barrick and Showers have defended their conclusions in subsequent papers , finding similar results in another theropod dinosaur from a different continent and tens of millions of years earlier in time ( Giganotosaurus ) . Ornithischian dinosaurs also showed evidence of homeothermy , while varanid lizards from the same formation did not . Even if Tyrannosaurus rex does exhibit evidence of homeothermy , it does not necessarily mean that it was endothermic . Such thermoregulation may also be explained by gigantothermy , as in some living sea turtles . Footprints Probable footprint from New Mexico Two isolated fossilized footprints have been tentatively assigned to Tyrannosaurus rex . The first was discovered at Philmont Scout Ranch , New Mexico , in 1983 by American geologist Charles Pillmore . Originally thought to belong to a hadrosaurid , examination of the footprint revealed a large ' heel ' unknown in ornithopod dinosaur tracks , and traces of what may have been a hallux , the dewclaw - like fourth digit of the tyrannosaur foot . The footprint was published as the ichnogenus Tyrannosauripus pillmorei in 1994 , by Martin Lockley and Adrian Hunt . Lockley and Hunt suggested that it was very likely the track was made by a Tyrannosaurus rex , which would make it the first known footprint from this species . The track was made in what was once a vegetated wetland mud flat . It measures 83 centimeters ( 33 in ) long by 71 centimeters ( 28 in ) wide . A second footprint that may have been made by a Tyrannosaurus was first reported in 2007 by British paleontologist Phil Manning , from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana . This second track measures 72 centimeters ( 28 in ) long , shorter than the track described by Lockley and Hunt . Whether or not the track was made by Tyrannosaurus is unclear , though Tyrannosaurus and Nanotyrannus are the only large theropods known to have existed in the Hell Creek Formation . A set of footprints in Glenrock , Wyoming dating to the Maastrichtian stage of the late cretaceous and hailing from the Lance Formation were recently described by Scott Persons , Phil Currie et al. in January 2016 , and are believed to belong to either a juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex or the dubious tyrannosaurid genus Nanotyrannus lancensis . From measurements and based on the positions of the footprints , the animal was believed to be traveling at a walking speed of around 2.8 to 5 miles per hour and was estimated to have a hip height of 1.56 m ( 5.1 ft ) to 2.06 m ( 6.8 ft ) . A follow - up paper appeared in 2017 , increasing the speed estimations by 50 - 80 % . Locomotion Only known tyrannosaurid trackway ( Bellatoripes fredlundi ) , from the Wapiti Formation , British Columbia There are two main issues concerning the locomotory abilities of Tyrannosaurus : how well it could turn ; and what its maximum straight - line speed was likely to have been . Both are relevant to the debate about whether it was a hunter or a scavenger . Tyrannosaurus may have been slow to turn , possibly taking one to two seconds to turn only 45 ° -- an amount that humans , being vertically oriented and tailless , can spin in a fraction of a second . The cause of the difficulty is rotational inertia , since much of Tyrannosaurus ' mass was some distance from its center of gravity , like a human carrying a heavy timber horizontally -- although it might have reduced the average distance by arching its back and tail and pulling its head and forelimbs close to its body , rather like the way ice skaters pull their arms closer in order to spin faster . Scientists have produced a wide range of maximum speed estimates , mostly around 11 meters per second ( 40 km / h ; 25 mph ) , but a few as low as 5 -- 11 meters per second ( 18 -- 40 km / h ; 11 -- 25 mph ) , and a few as high as 20 meters per second ( 72 km / h ; 45 mph ) . Researchers have to rely on various estimating techniques because , while there are many tracks of very large theropods walking , so far none have been found of very large theropods running -- and this absence may indicate that they did not run . Scientists who think that Tyrannosaurus was able to run point out that hollow bones and other features that would have lightened its body may have kept adult weight to a mere 4.5 metric tons ( 5.0 short tons ) or so , or that other animals like ostriches and horses with long , flexible legs are able to achieve high speeds through slower but longer strides . Some have also argued that Tyrannosaurus had relatively larger leg muscles than any animal alive today , which could have enabled fast running at 40 -- 70 kilometers per hour ( 25 -- 43 mph ) . Femur ( thigh bone ) Tibia ( shin bone ) Metatarsals ( foot bones ) Dewclaw Phalanges ( toe bones ) Skeletal anatomy of a T. rex right leg Jack Horner and Don Lessem argued in 1993 that Tyrannosaurus was slow and probably could not run ( no airborne phase in mid-stride ) , because its ratio of femur ( thigh bone ) to tibia ( shin bone ) length was greater than 1 , as in most large theropods and like a modern elephant . Holtz ( 1998 ) noted that tyrannosaurids and some closely related groups had significantly longer distal hindlimb components ( shin plus foot plus toes ) relative to the femur length than most other theropods , and that tyrannosaurids and their close relatives had a tightly interlocked metatarsus that more effectively transmitted locomotory forces from the foot to the lower leg than in earlier theropods ( `` metatarsus '' means the foot bones , which function as part of the leg in digitigrade animals ) . He therefore concluded that tyrannosaurids and their close relatives were the fastest large theropods . Thomas Holtz Jr. echoed these sentiments in his 2013 lecture , stating that the giant allosaurs had shorter feet for the same body size than Tyrannosaurus , whereas Tyrannosaurus had longer , skinnier and more interlocked feet for the same body size ; attributes of faster moving animals . T. rex foot showing the compressed arctometatarsalian condition of the middle metatarsal , compared to that of Allosaurus A study by Eric Snively and Anthony P. Russel published in 2003 also found that the tyrannosaurid arctometatarsals and elastic ligaments worked together in what he called a ' tensile keystone model ' to strengthen the feet of Tyrannosaurus , increase the animal 's stability and add greater resistance to dissociation over that of other theropod families ; while still allowing resiliency that is otherwise reduced in ratites , horses , giraffids and other animals with metapodia to a single element . The study also pointed out that elastic ligaments in larger vertebrates could store and return relatively more elastic strain energy , which could have improved locomotor efficiency and decrease the strain energy transferred to the bones . The study suggested that this mechanism could have worked efficiently in tyrannosaurids as well . Hence , the study involved identifying the type of ligaments attached to the metatarsals , then how they functioned together and comparing it to those of other theropods and modern day analogs . The scientists found that arctometatarsals may have enabled tyrannosaurid feet to absorb forces such as linear deceleration , lateral acceleration and torsion more effectively than those of other theropods . It is also stated in their study that this may imply , though not demonstrate , that tyrannosaurids such as Tyrannosaurus had greater agility than other large theropods without an arctometatarsus . Christiansen ( 1998 ) estimated that the leg bones of Tyrannosaurus were not significantly stronger than those of elephants , which are relatively limited in their top speed and never actually run ( there is no airborne phase ) , and hence proposed that the dinosaur 's maximum speed would have been about 11 meters per second ( 40 km / h ; 25 mph ) , which is about the speed of a human sprinter . But he also noted that such estimates depend on many dubious assumptions . Farlow and colleagues ( 1995 ) have argued that a Tyrannosaurus weighing 5.4 metric tons ( 6.0 short tons ) to 7.3 metric tons ( 8.0 short tons ) would have been critically or even fatally injured if it had fallen while moving quickly , since its torso would have slammed into the ground at a deceleration of 6 g ( six times the acceleration due to gravity , or about 60 meters / s2 ) and its tiny arms could not have reduced the impact . Giraffes have been known to gallop at 50 kilometers per hour ( 31 mph ) , despite the risk that they might break a leg or worse , which can be fatal even in a safe environment such as a zoo . Thus it is possible that Tyrannosaurus also moved fast when necessary and had to accept such risks . In another study , Gregory S. Paul pointed out that the flexed kneed and digitigrade adult Tyrannosaurus were much better adapted for running than elephants or humans , pointing out that Tyrannosaurus had a large ilium bone and cnemial crest that would have supported large muscles needed for running . He also mentioned that Alexander 's ( 1989 ) formula to calculate speed by bone strength was only partly reliable . He suggests that the formula is overly sensitive to bone length ; making long bones artificially weak . He also pointed out that the lowered risk of being wounded in combat may have been worth the risk of Tyrannosaurus falling while running . Restoration of a walking T. rex Most recent research on Tyrannosaurus locomotion does not support speeds faster than 40 kilometers per hour ( 25 mph ) , i.e. moderate - speed running . For example , a 2002 paper in Nature used a mathematical model ( validated by applying it to three living animals , alligators , chickens , and humans ; later eight more species including emus and ostriches ) to gauge the leg muscle mass needed for fast running ( over 40 km / h or 25 mph ) . They found that proposed top speeds in excess of 40 kilometers per hour ( 25 mph ) were infeasible , because they would require very large leg muscles ( more than approximately 40 -- 86 % of total body mass ) . Even moderately fast speeds would have required large leg muscles . This discussion is difficult to resolve , as it is unknown how large the leg muscles actually were in Tyrannosaurus . If they were smaller , only 18 kilometers per hour ( 11 mph ) walking or jogging might have been possible . A study in 2007 used computer models to estimate running speeds , based on data taken directly from fossils , and claimed that Tyrannosaurus rex had a top running speed of 8 meters per second ( 29 km / h ; 18 mph ) . An average professional football ( soccer ) player would be slightly slower , while a human sprinter can reach 12 meters per second ( 43 km / h ; 27 mph ) . These computer models predict a top speed of 17.8 meters per second ( 64 km / h ; 40 mph ) for a 3 - kilogram ( 6.6 lb ) Compsognathus ( probably a juvenile individual ) . Muscle mass reconstruction of M. caudofemoralis longus In 2010 , Scott Persons , a graduate student from the University of Alberta , proposed that Tyrannosaurus 's speed may have been enhanced by strong tail muscles . He found that theropods such as T rex had certain muscle arrangements that are different from modern day birds and mammals but with some similarities to modern reptiles . He concluded that the caudofemoralis muscles which link the tail bones and the upper leg bones could have assisted Tyrannosaurus in leg retraction and enhanced its running ability , agility and balance . The caudofemoralis muscle would have been a key muscle in femoral retraction ; pulling back the leg at the femur . The study also found that theropod skeletons such as those of Tyrannosaurus had adaptations ( such as elevated transverse processes in the tail vertebrae ) to enable the growth of larger tail muscles and that Tyrannosaurus 's tail muscle mass may have been underestimated by over 25 percent and perhaps as much as 45 percent . The caudofemoralis muscle was found to comprise 58 percent of the muscle mass in the tail of Tyrannosaurus . Tyrannosaurus also had the largest absolute and relative caudofemoralis muscle mass out of the three extinct organisms in the study . This is because Tyrannosaurus also had additional adaptations to enable large tail muscles ; the elongation of its tail 's hemal arches . According to Persons , the increase in tail muscle mass would have moved the center of mass closer to the hindquarters and hips which would have lessened the strain on the leg muscles to support its weight ; improving its overall balance and agility . This would also have made the animal less front - heavy , thus reducing rotational inertia . Persons also notes that the tail is also rich in tendons and septa which could have been stores of elastic energy , and thereby improved locomotive efficiency . Persons adds that this means non-avian theropods actually had broader tails than previously depicted , as broad or broader laterally than dorsoventrally near the base . Heinrich Mallison from Berlin 's Museum of Natural History also presented a theory in 2011 , suggesting that Tyrannosaurus and many other dinosaurs may have achieved relatively high speeds through short rapid strides instead of the long strides employed by modern birds and mammals when running , likening their movement to power - walking . This , according to Mallison , would have been achievable irrespective of joint strength and lessened the need for additional muscle mass in the legs , particularly at the ankles . To support his theory , Mallison assessed the limbs of various dinosaurs and found that they were different from those of modern mammals and birds ; having their stride length greatly limited by their skeletons , but also having relatively large muscles at the hindquarters . He found a few similarities between the muscles in dinosaurs and race - walkers ; having less muscle mass in the ankles but more at the hindquarters . John Hutchinson advised caution regarding this theory , suggesting that they must first look into dinosaur muscles to see how frequently they could have contracted . In July 2017 , a study by William Sellers et al. , published in the journal PeerJ found that an adult Tyrannosaurus was incapable of running due to very high skeletal loads . The study used the latest computing technology to test its findings . The researchers used two different structural mechanical systems to create the computer model . The weight they settled on for their calculations was a conservative estimate of 7 tons . The model showed that speeds above 11 mph ( 18 km / h ) would have probably shattered the leg bones of Tyrannosaurus . The finding may mean that running was also not possible for other giant theropod dinosaurs like Giganotosaurus , Mapusaurus and Acrocanthosaurus . Another study in July 2017 by Miriam Hirt et al. , published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution found that the top speed of Tyrannosaurus was around 17 mph ( 27 km / h ) . Other dinosaurs including Triceratops , Velociraptor and Brachiosaurus were also analyzed in the study , as were many living animals like elephants , cheetahs and rabbits . The speed of Tyrannosaurus was calculated by factoring its weight in conjunction with the medium upon which it travelled ( in the case of the theropod , land ) and by the assumptions that : one ; animals reach their maximum speeds during comparatively short sprints , and two ; Newton 's laws of motion dictate that mass has to overcome inertia . It found that large animals like Tyrannosaurus exhaust their energy reserves long before they reach their theoretical top speed , resulting in a parabola - like relationship between size and speed . The equation can calculate the top speed of an animal with almost 90 % accuracy and can be applied to both living and extinct animals . Those who argue that Tyrannosaurus was incapable of running estimate the top speed of Tyrannosaurus at about 17 kilometers per hour ( 11 mph ) . This is still faster than its most likely prey species , hadrosaurids and ceratopsians . In addition , some advocates of the idea that Tyrannosaurus was a predator claim that tyrannosaur running speed is not important , since it may have been slow but still faster than its probable prey . Thomas Holtz also noted that Tyrannosaurus had proportionately longer feet than the animals it hunted : duck - billed dinosaurs and horned dinosaurs . Paul and Christiansen ( 2000 ) argued that at least the later ceratopsians had upright forelimbs and the larger species may have been as fast as rhinos . Healed Tyrannosaurus bite wounds on ceratopsian fossils are interpreted as evidence of attacks on living ceratopsians ( see below ) . If the ceratopsians that lived alongside Tyrannosaurus were fast , that casts doubt on the argument that Tyrannosaurus did not have to be fast to catch its prey . Brain and senses The eye - sockets faced mainly forwards , giving it good binocular vision ( Sue specimen ) . A study conducted by Lawrence Witmer and Ryan Ridgely of Ohio University found that Tyrannosaurus shared the heightened sensory abilities of other coelurosaurs , highlighting relatively rapid and coordinated eye and head movements , as well as an enhanced ability to sense low frequency sounds that would allow tyrannosaurs to track prey movements from long distances and an enhanced sense of smell . A study published by Kent Stevens of the University of Oregon concluded that Tyrannosaurus had keen vision . By applying modified perimetry to facial reconstructions of several dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurus , the study found that Tyrannosaurus had a binocular range of 55 degrees , surpassing that of modern hawks , and had 13 times the visual acuity of a human , thereby surpassing the visual acuity of an eagle which is only 3.6 times that of a person . This would have allowed Tyrannosaurus to discern objects as far as 6 km ( 3.7 mi ) away , which is greater than the 1.6 km ( 1 mi ) that a human can see . Thomas Holtz Jr. would note that high depth perception of Tyrannosaurus may have been due to the prey it had to hunt ; noting that it had to hunt horned dinosaurs such as Triceratops , armored dinosaurs such as Ankylosaurus and the duck - billed dinosaurs may have had complex social behaviors . He would suggest that this made precision more crucial for Tyrannosaurus enabling it to , `` get in , get that blow in and take it down . '' In contrast , Acrocanthosaurus had limited depth perception because they hunted large sauropods , which were relatively rare during the time of Tyrannosaurus . Cast of the braincase at the Australian Museum , Sydney . Tyrannosaurus had very large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves relative to their brain size , the organs responsible for a heightened sense of smell . This suggests that the sense of smell was highly developed , and implies that tyrannosaurs could detect carcasses by scent alone across great distances . The sense of smell in tyrannosaurs may have been comparable to modern vultures , which use scent to track carcasses for scavenging . Research on the olfactory bulbs has shown that Tyrannosaurus rex had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 sampled non-avian dinosaur species . Somewhat unusually among theropods , T. rex had a very long cochlea . The length of the cochlea is often related to hearing acuity , or at least the importance of hearing in behavior , implying that hearing was a particularly important sense to tyrannosaurs . Specifically , data suggests that Tyrannosaurus rex heard best in the low - frequency range , and that low - frequency sounds were an important part of tyrannosaur behavior . A study by Grant R. Hurlburt , Ryan C. Ridgely and Lawrence Witmer obtained estimates for Encephalization Quotients ( EQs ) , based on reptiles and birds , as well as estimates for the ratio of cerebrum to brain mass . The study concluded that Tyrannosaurus had the relatively largest brain of all adult non-avian dinosaurs with the exception of certain small maniraptoriforms ( Bambiraptor , Troodon and Ornithomimus ) . The study found that Tyrannosaurus 's relative brain size was still within the range of modern reptiles , being at most 2 standard deviations above the mean of non-avian reptile EQs . The estimates for the ratio of cerebrum mass to brain mass would range from 47.5 to 49.53 percent . According to the study , this is more than the lowest estimates for extant birds ( 44.6 percent ) , but still close to the typical ratios of the smallest sexually mature alligators which range from 45.9 -- 47.9 percent . Feeding strategies Main article : Feeding behaviour of Tyrannosaurus Tyrannosaurus tooth marks on bones of various herbivorous dinosaurs A 2012 study by scientists Karl Bates and Peter Falkingham suggested that the bite force of Tyrannosaurus could have been the strongest of any terrestrial animal that has ever lived . The calculations suggested that adult T. rex could have generated from 35,000 to 57,000 Newtons of force in the back teeth . Even higher estimates were made by professor Mason B. Meers of the University of Tampa in 2003 . In his study , Meers estimated a possible bite force of around 183,000 to 235,000 Newtons or 18.3 to 23.5 metric tons ( 20.2 to 25.9 short tons ) . Research done by Greg Erikson and Paul Gignac et al and published in the journal Scientific Reports indicates that Tyrannosaurus could bite down with around 8,000 pounds of force when feeding , exerting a pressure of 431,000 pounds per square inch with their teeth . This allowed Tyrannosaurus to drive open cracks present in bone during repetitive , mammal - like biting and produce high - pressure fracture arcades , leading to a catastrophic explosion of some bones and allowing the theropod to fully exploit carcasses of other dinosaurs , giving it access to the mineral salts and marrow within bone that other carnivores in the same environment could not access . Research done by Stephan Lautenschlager et al. of the University of Bristol , also reveals Tyrannosaurus was also capable of a maximum jaw gape of around 63.5 degrees , a necessary adaptation for a wide range of jaw angles in order to power the creature 's strong bite . The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was a predator or a pure scavenger is as old as the debate about its locomotion . Lambe ( 1917 ) described a good skeleton of Tyrannosaurus close relative Gorgosaurus and concluded that it and therefore also Tyrannosaurus was a pure scavenger , because the Gorgosaurus teeth showed hardly any wear . This argument is no longer taken seriously , because theropods replaced their teeth quite rapidly . Ever since the first discovery of Tyrannosaurus most scientists have speculated that it was a predator ; like modern large predators it would readily scavenge or steal another predator 's kill if it had the opportunity . Paleontologist Jack Horner has been a major advocate of the idea that Tyrannosaurus was exclusively a scavenger and did not engage in active hunting at all , though Horner himself has claimed that he never published this idea in the peer - reviewed scientific literature and used it mainly as a tool to teach a popular audience , particularly children , the dangers of making assumptions in science ( such as assuming T. rex was a hunter ) without using evidence . Nevertheless , Horner presented several arguments in the popular literature to support the pure scavenger hypothesis : Tyrannosaur arms are short when compared to other known predators . Horner argues that the arms were too short to make the necessary gripping force to hold on to prey . Tyrannosaurs had large olfactory bulbs and olfactory nerves ( relative to their brain size ) . These suggest a highly developed sense of smell which could sniff out carcasses over great distances , as modern vultures do . Research on the olfactory bulbs of dinosaurs has shown that Tyrannosaurus had the most highly developed sense of smell of 21 sampled dinosaurs . Opponents of the pure scavenger hypothesis have used the example of vultures in the opposite way , arguing that the scavenger hypothesis is implausible because the only modern pure scavengers are large gliding birds , which use their keen senses and energy - efficient gliding to cover vast areas economically . Researchers from Glasgow concluded that an ecosystem as productive as the current Serengeti would provide sufficient carrion for a large theropod scavenger , although the theropod might have had to be cold - blooded in order to get more calories from carrion than it spent on foraging ( see Metabolism of dinosaurs ) . They also suggested that modern ecosystems like the Serengeti have no large terrestrial scavengers because gliding birds now do the job much more efficiently , while large theropods did not face competition for the scavenger ecological niche from gliding birds . Tyrannosaur teeth could crush bone , and therefore could extract as much food ( bone marrow ) as possible from carcass remnants , usually the least nutritious parts . Karen Chin and colleagues have found bone fragments in coprolites ( fossilized feces ) that they attribute to tyrannosaurs , but point out that a tyrannosaur 's teeth were not well adapted to systematically chewing bone like hyenas do to extract marrow . Since at least some of Tyrannosaurus 's potential prey could move quickly , evidence that it walked instead of ran could indicate that it was a scavenger . On the other hand , recent analyses suggest that Tyrannosaurus , while slower than large modern terrestrial predators , may well have been fast enough to prey on large hadrosaurs and ceratopsians . Other evidence suggests hunting behavior in Tyrannosaurus . The eye sockets of tyrannosaurs are positioned so that the eyes would point forward , giving them binocular vision slightly better than that of modern hawks . Horner also pointed out that the tyrannosaur lineage had a history of steadily improving binocular vision . It is not obvious why natural selection would have favored this long - term trend if tyrannosaurs had been pure scavengers , which would not have needed the advanced depth perception that stereoscopic vision provides . In modern animals , binocular vision is found mainly in predators . The damage to the tail vertebrae of this Edmontosaurus annectens skeleton ( on display at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science ) indicates that it may have been bitten by a Tyrannosaurus A skeleton of the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus annectens has been described from Montana with healed tyrannosaur - inflicted damage on its tail vertebrae . The fact that the damage seems to have healed suggests that the Edmontosaurus survived a tyrannosaur 's attack on a living target , i.e. the tyrannosaur had attempted active predation . There is also evidence for an aggressive interaction between a Triceratops and a Tyrannosaurus in the form of partially healed tyrannosaur tooth marks on a Triceratops brow horn and squamosal ( a bone of the neck frill ) ; the bitten horn is also broken , with new bone growth after the break . It is not known what the exact nature of the interaction was , though : either animal could have been the aggressor . Since the Triceratops wounds healed , it is most likely that the Triceratops survived the encounter and managed to overcome the Tyrannosaurus . Paleontologist Peter Dodson estimates that in a battle against a bull Triceratops , the Triceratops had the upper hand and would successfully defend itself by inflicting fatal wounds to the Tyrannosaurus using its sharp horns . When examining Sue , paleontologist Pete Larson found a broken and healed fibula and tail vertebrae , scarred facial bones and a tooth from another Tyrannosaurus embedded in a neck vertebra . If correct , these might be strong evidence for aggressive behavior between tyrannosaurs but whether it would have been competition for food and mates or active cannibalism is unclear . Further recent investigation of these purported wounds has shown that most are infections rather than injuries ( or simply damage to the fossil after death ) and the few injuries are too general to be indicative of intraspecific conflict . Some researchers argue that if Tyrannosaurus were a scavenger , another dinosaur had to be the top predator in the Amerasian Upper Cretaceous . Top prey were the larger marginocephalians and ornithopods . The other tyrannosaurids share so many characteristics that only small dromaeosaurs and troodontids remain as feasible top predators . In this light , scavenger hypothesis adherents have suggested that the size and power of tyrannosaurs allowed them to steal kills from smaller predators , although they may have had a hard time finding enough meat to scavenge , being outnumbered by smaller theropods . Most paleontologists accept that Tyrannosaurus was both an active predator and a scavenger like most large carnivores . Two teeth from the lower jaw of specimen MOR 1125 , `` B - rex '' , showing the variation in tooth size within an individual Tyrannosaurus may have had infectious saliva used to kill its prey . This theory was first proposed by William Abler . Abler examined the teeth of tyrannosaurids between each tooth serration ; the serrations may have held pieces of carcass with bacteria , giving Tyrannosaurus a deadly , infectious bite much like the Komodo dragon was thought to have . Jack Horner regards Tyrannosaurus tooth serrations as more like cubes in shape than the serrations on a Komodo monitor 's teeth , which are rounded . All forms of saliva contain possibly hazardous bacteria , so the prospect of it being used as a method of predation is disputable . Tyrannosaurus , and most other theropods , probably primarily processed carcasses with lateral shakes of the head , like crocodilians . The head was not as maneuverable as the skulls of allosauroids , due to flat joints of the neck vertebrae . Cannibalism A study from Currie , Horner , Erickson and Longrich in 2010 has been put forward as evidence of cannibalism in the genus Tyrannosaurus . They studied some Tyrannosaurus specimens with tooth marks in the bones , attributable to the same genus . The tooth marks were identified in the humerus , foot bones and metatarsals , and this was seen as evidence for opportunistic scavenging , rather than wounds caused by intraspecific combat . In a fight , they proposed it would be difficult to reach down to bite in the feet of a rival , making it more likely that the bite marks were made in a carcass . As the bite marks were made in body parts with relatively scanty amounts of flesh , it is suggested that the Tyrannosaurus was feeding on a carcass in which the more fleshy parts had already been consumed . They were also open to the possibility that other tyrannosaurids practiced cannibalism . Other evidence for cannibalism has been unearthed . Pack behavior Mounted skeletons of different age groups , Los Angeles Natural History Museum Philip J. Currie of the University of Alberta has suggested that Tyrannosaurus may have been pack animals . Currie compared Tyrannosaurus rex favorably to related species Tarbosaurus bataar and Albertosaurus sarcophagus , fossil evidence from which Currie had previously used to suggest that they lived in packs . Currie pointed out that a find in South Dakota preserved three Tyrannosaurus rex skeletons in close proximity to each other . After using CT scanning , Currie stated that Tyrannosaurus would have been capable of such complex behavior , because its brain size is three times greater than what would be expected for an animal of its size . Currie elaborated that Tyrannosaurus had a larger brain - to - body - size proportion than crocodiles and three times more than plant eating dinosaurs such as Triceratops of the same size . Currie believed Tyrannosaurus to be six times smarter than most dinosaurs and other reptiles . Because the available prey , such as Triceratops and Ankylosaurus , were well - armored , and that others were fast - moving , it would have been necessary for Tyrannosaurus to hunt in groups . Currie speculated that juveniles and adults would have hunted together , with the faster juveniles chasing down the prey and the more powerful adults making the kill , by analogy to modern - day pack hunters where each member contributes a skill . Life restoration of a T. rex defending its chick Currie 's pack - hunting hypothesis has been harshly criticized by other scientists . Brian Switek , writing for The Guardian in 2011 , noted that Currie 's pack hypothesis has not been presented as research in a peer - reviewed scientific journal , but primarily in relation to a television special and tie - in book called Dino Gangs . Switek also noted that Currie 's argument for pack hunting in Tyrannosaurus rex is primarily based on analogy to a different species , Tarbosaurus bataar , and that the supposed evidence for pack hunting in T. bataar itself has not yet been published and subjected to scientific scrutiny . According to Switek and other scientists who have participated in panel discussions about the Dino Gangs television program , the evidence for pack hunting in Tarbosaurus and Albertosaurus is weak , based primarily on the association of several skeletons , for which numerous alternative explanations have been proposed ( e.g. drought or floods forcing numerous specimens together to die in one place ) . In fact , Switek notes that the Albertosaurus bonebed site , on which Currie has based most of the interpretations of supposed pack hunting in related species , preserves geological evidence of just such a flood . Switek said , `` bones alone are not enough to reconstruct dinosaur behaviour . The geological context in which those bones are found -- the intricate details of ancient environments and the pace of prehistoric time -- are essential to investigating the lives and deaths of dinosaurs , '' and noted that Currie must first describe the geological evidence from other tyrannosaur bonebed sites before jumping to conclusions about social behavior . Switek described the sensational claims provided in press releases and news stories surrounding the Dino Gangs program as `` nauseating hype '' and noted that the production company responsible for the program , Atlantic Productions , has a poor record involving exaggerating claims about new fossil discoveries , most notably the controversial claim it published regarding the supposed early human ancestor Darwinius , which soon turned out to be a relative of lemurs instead . Lawrence Witmer pointed out that social behavior ca n't be determined by brain endocasts and the brains of solitary leopards are identical to those of a cooperatively hunting lion ; estimated brain sizes only show that an animal may have hunted in groups . In his opinion , the brains of tyrannosaurs were large enough for what he dubs `` communal hunting '' , a semi-organized behavior that falls between solitary and cooperative hunting . Witmer claims that communal hunting is a step towards the evolution of cooperative hunting . He found it hard to believe that tyrannosaurs would n't have exploited the opportunity to join others in making a kill , and thus decrease risk and increase their chances of success . On July 23 , 2014 , evidence , for the first time , in the form of fossilized trackways in Canada , showed that tyrannosaurs may have hunted in groups . Pathology Restoration of an individual ( based on MOR 980 ) with parasite infections In 2001 , Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior . Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by regular behavior than other types of injuries . Of the 81 Tyrannosaurus foot bones examined in the study one was found to have a stress fracture , while none of the 10 hand bones were found to have stress fractures . The researchers found tendon avulsions only among Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus . An avulsion injury left a divot on the humerus of Sue the T. rex , apparently located at the origin of the deltoid or teres major muscles . The presence of avulsion injuries being limited to the forelimb and shoulder in both Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus suggests that theropods may have had a musculature more complex than and functionally different from those of birds . The researchers concluded that Sue 's tendon avulsion was probably obtained from struggling prey . The presence of stress fractures and tendon avulsions in general provides evidence for a `` very active '' predation - based diet rather than obligate scavenging . A 2009 study showed that holes in the skulls of several specimens that were previously explained by intraspecific attacks might have been caused by Trichomonas - like parasites that commonly infect avians . Further evidence of intraspecific attack were found by Joseph Peterson and his colleagues in the juvenile Tyrannosaurus nicknamed Jane . Peterson and his team found that Jane 's skull showed healed puncture wounds on the upper jaw and snout which they believe came from another juvenile Tyrannosaurus . Subsequent CT scans of Jane 's skull would further confirm the team 's hypothesis , showing that the puncture wounds came from a traumatic injury and that there was subsequent healing . The team would also state that Jane 's injuries were structurally different from the parasite - induced lesions found in Sue and that Jane 's injuries were on her face whereas the parasite that infected Sue caused lesions to the lower jaw . Paleoecology Tyrannosaurus and other animals of the Hell Creek Formation Tyrannosaurus lived during what is referred to as the Lancian faunal stage ( Maastrichtian age ) at the end of the Late Cretaceous . Tyrannosaurus ranged from Canada in the north to at least Texas and New Mexico in the south of Laramidia . During this time Triceratops was the major herbivore in the northern portion of its range , while the titanosaurian sauropod Alamosaurus `` dominated '' its southern range . Tyrannosaurus remains have been discovered in different ecosystems , including inland and coastal subtropical , and semi-arid plains . Several notable Tyrannosaurus remains have been found in the Hell Creek Formation . During the Maastrichtian this area was subtropical , with a warm and humid climate . The flora consisted mostly of angiosperms , but also included trees like dawn redwood ( Metasequoia ) and Araucaria . Tyrannosaurus shared this ecosystem with Triceratops , related ceratopsians Nedoceratops , Tatankaceratops and Torosaurus , the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus annectens and possibly a species of Parasaurolophus , the armored dinosaurs Denversaurus , Edmontonia and Ankylosaurus , the dome headed dinosaurs Pachycephalosaurus , Stygimoloch , Sphaerotholus , and Dracorex , the hypsilophodont Thescelosaurus , and the theropods Ornithomimus , Struthiomimus , Orcomimus , Acheroraptor , Dakotaraptor , Richardoestesia , Paronychodon , Pectinodon , and Troodon . Another formation with tyrannosaur remains is the Lance Formation of Wyoming . This has been interpreted as a bayou environment similar to today 's Gulf Coast . The fauna was very similar to Hell Creek , but with Struthiomimus replacing its relative Ornithomimus . The small ceratopsian Leptoceratops also lived in the area . In its southern range Tyrannosaurus lived alongside the titanosaur Alamosaurus , the ceratopsians Torosaurus , Bravoceratops and Ojoceratops , hadrosaurs which consisted of a species of Edmontosaurus , Kritosaurus and a possible species of Gryposaurus , the nodosaur Glyptodontopelta , the oviraptorid Ojoraptosaurus , possible species of the theropods Troodon and Richardoestesia , and the pterosaur Quetzalcoatlus . The region is thought to have been dominated by semi-arid inland plains , following the probable retreat of the Western Interior Seaway as global sea levels fell . Tyrannosaurus may have also inhabited Mexico 's Lomas Coloradas formation in Sonora . Though skeletal evidence is lacking , six shed and broken teeth from the fossil bed have been thoroughly compared with other theropod genera and appear to be identical to those of Tyrannosaurus . If true , the evidence indicates the range of Tyrannosaurus was possibly more extensive than previously believed . It is possible that tyrannosaurs were originally Asian species , migrating to North America before the end of the Cretaceous period . In popular culture Main article : Tyrannosaurus in popular culture Since it was first described in 1905 , Tyrannosaurus rex has become the most widely recognized dinosaur species in popular culture . It is the only dinosaur that is commonly known to the general public by its full scientific name ( binomial name ) ( Tyrannosaurus rex ) , and the scientific abbreviation T. rex has also come into wide usage . Robert T. Bakker notes this in The Dinosaur Heresies and explains that a name like `` Tyrannosaurus rex is just irresistible to the tongue . '' See also Timeline of tyrannosaur research References Notes Jump up ^ Pronounced / tɪˌrænəˈsɔːrəs , taɪ - / , meaning `` tyrant lizard '' , from the Ancient Greek tyrannos ( τύραννος ) , `` tyrant '' , and sauros ( σαῦρος ) , `` lizard '' Citations Jump up ^ `` Tyrannosaurus '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Hicks , J.F. ; Johnson , K.R. ; Obradovich , J.D. ; Tauxe , L. ; Clark , D. ( 2002 ) . `` Magnetostratigraphy and geochronology of the Hell Creek and basal Fort Union Formations of southwestern North Dakota and a recalibration of the Cretaceous -- Tertiary Boundary '' ( PDF ) . Geological Society of America Special Papers. 361 : 35 -- 55 . doi : 10.1130 / 0 - 8137 - 2361 - 2.35 . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2361 - 2 . Jump up ^ DiChristina , Mariette ( Apr 14 , 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tyrants '' ... was merely the last survivor of a startling variety of tyrannosaurs that lived across the globe right up until the asteroid impact 66 million years ago ... ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , J.R. ; Bates , K.T. ; Molnar , J. ; Allen , V. ; Makovicky , P.J. ( 2011 ) . `` A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion , Ontogeny , and Growth '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 10 ) : e26037 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0026037 . PMC 3192160 . PMID 22022500 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sue Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Sue at the Field Museum . Field Museum of Natural History . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Scott ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Mass estimates : North vs South redux '' . Scott Hartman 's Skeletal Drawing.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Therrien , F. ; Henderson , D.M. ( 2007 ) . `` My theropod is bigger than yours ... or not : estimating body size from skull length in theropods '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 115 . doi : 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2007 ) 27 ( 108 : MTIBTY ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0272 - 4634 . ^ Jump up to : Snively , Eric ; Henderson , Donald M. ; Phillips , Doug S. ( 2006 ) . `` Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs : Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics '' ( PDF ) . Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 51 ( 3 ) : 435 -- 454 . Retrieved October 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Meers , Mason B. ( August 2003 ) . `` Maximum bite force and prey size of Tyrannosaurus rex and their relationships to the inference of feeding behavior '' . Historical Biology . 16 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1080 / 0891296021000050755 . Jump up ^ Switeck , Brian ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` When Tyrannosaurus Chomped Sauropods '' . Smithsonian Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , John ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` Tyrannosaurus rex : predator or media hype ? '' . What 's in John 's Freezer ? . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , J.F. ; Hall - Martin , A.J. ; Russell , Dale ( 1985 ) . `` Long bone circumference and weight in mammals , birds and dinosaurs '' . Journal of Zoology. 207 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 61 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1985. tb04915. x . ^ Jump up to : Bakker , Robert T. ( 1986 ) . The Dinosaur Heresies . New York : Kensington Publishing . p. 241 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 04287 - 2 . OCLC 13699558 . Jump up ^ Henderson , D.M. ( January 1 , 1999 ) . `` Estimating the masses and centers of mass of extinct animals by 3 - D mathematical slicing '' . Paleobiology. 25 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Gregory M. ; Makovicky , Peter J. ; Currie , Philip J. ; Norell , Mark A. ; Yerby , Scott A. ; Brochu , Christopher A. ( 2004 ) . `` Gigantism and comparative life - history parameters of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs '' . Nature . 430 ( 7001 ) : 772 -- 775 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02699 . PMID 15306807 . ^ Jump up to : Farlow , J.O. ; Smith , M.B. ; Robinson , J.M. ( 1995 ) . `` Body mass , bone ' strength indicator ' , and cursorial potential of Tyrannosaurus rex '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 ( 4 ) : 713 -- 725 . doi : 10.1080 / 02724634.1995. 10011257 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Seebacher , Frank ( 2001 ) . `` A new method to calculate allometric length -- mass relationships of dinosaurs '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 60 . 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( 2003 ) . `` Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex : insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high - resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull '' . Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs. 7 : 1 -- 138 . doi : 10.2307 / 3889334 . JSTOR 3889334 . Jump up ^ Lipkin , Christine ; Carpenter , Kenneth ( 2008 ) . `` Looking again at the forelimb of Tyrannosaurus rex '' . In Carpenter , Kenneth ; Larson , Peter E. Tyrannosaurus rex , the Tyrant King ( Life of the Past ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 167 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35087 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Kent A. ( June 2006 ) . `` Binocular vision in theropod dinosaurs '' . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 ( 2 ) : 321 -- 330 . doi : 10.1671 / 0272 - 4634 ( 2006 ) 26 ( 321 : BVITD ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ^ Jump up to : Jaffe , Eric ( July 1 , 2006 ) . `` Sight for ' Saur Eyes : T. rex vision was among nature 's best '' . Science News . 170 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.2307 / 4017288 . JSTOR 4017288 . 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Jump up ^ Douglas , K. ; Young , S. ( 1998 ) . `` The dinosaur detectives '' . New Scientist . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . One palaeontologist memorably described the huge , curved teeth of T. rex as ' lethal bananas ' Jump up ^ `` Sue 's vital statistics '' . Sue at the Field Museum . Field Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hone , D. ( 2012 ) `` Did Tyrannosaurus rex have feathers ? '' The Guardian , October 17 , 2012 . Accessed online August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keim , B. ( 2012 ) . `` Giant Feathered Tyrannosaur Found in China . '' Wired , April 4 , 2012 . Accessed online August 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Xing Xu ; Norell , Mark A. ; Xuewen Kuang ; Xiaolin Wang ; Qi Zhao ; Chengkai Jia ( October 7 , 2004 ) . `` Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids '' . Nature . 431 ( 7009 ) : 680 -- 684 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02855 . 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ISSN 0094 - 8373 . ^ Jump up to : Witmer , Lawrence M. ; Ridgely , Ryan C. ( September 2009 ) . `` New Insights Into the Brain , Braincase , and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs ( Dinosauria , Theropoda ) , with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior '' . The Anatomical Record . 292 ( 9 ) : 1266 -- 1296 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 20983 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Emily , John ( July 3 , 2006 ) . Supersight for a Dino King . Retrieved July 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , Stevens , Kent A. ( April 1 , 2011 ) The Binocular Vision of Theropod Dinosaurs. Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` T. Rex brain study reveals a refined ' nose ' '' . Calgary Herald . October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hurlburt , Grant S. ; Ridgely , Ryan C. ; Witmer , Lawrence M. ( July 5 , 2013 ) ( This volume originated in a conference held on September 16 -- 18 , 2005 , titled ' The Origin , Systematics , and Paleobiology of Tyrannosauridae , ' and sponsored by the Burpee Museum of Natural History and Northern Illinois University ) . `` Chapter 6 : Relative size of brain and cerebrum in Tyrannosaurid dinosaurs : an analysis using brain - endocast quantitative relationships in extant alligators '' . In Parrish , Michael J. ; Molnar , Ralph E. ; Currie , Philip J. ; Koppelhus , Eva B. Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology ( Life of the Past ) . Indiana University Press . pp. 134 -- 154 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 00947 - 0 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( October 2012 ) . `` The Tyrannosaurus Rex 's Dangerous and Deadly Bite '' . Smithsonian.com . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , Bates , K.T & Falkingham P.L. ( 2012 ) . Estimating maximum bite performance in Tyrannosaurus rex using multi-body dynamics . Biological Letters . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.0056 Jump up ^ Crispian Scully , ( 2002 ) Oxford Handbook of Applied Dental Sciences , Oxford University Press -- ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 851096 - 3 P156 Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/05/170517090520.htm Jump up ^ `` Estimating cranial musculoskeletal constraints in theropod dinosaurs Open Science '' . Rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org. 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived November 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lambe , L.B. ( 1917 ) . `` The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus '' . Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Canada . 100 : 1 -- 84 . doi : 10.4095 / 101672 . Jump up ^ Farlow , J.O. & Holtz , T.R. ( 2002 ) . `` The fossil record of predation in dinosaurs '' ( PDF ) . In Kowalewski , M. & Kelley , P.H. The Fossil Record of Predation . The Paleontological Society Papers. 8 . pp. 251 -- 266 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Horner , J.R. ( 1994 ) . `` Steak knives , beady eyes , and tiny little arms ( a portrait of Tyrannosaurus as a scavenger ) '' . The Paleontological Society Special Publication. 7 : 157 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Amos , J. ( July 31 , 2003 ) . `` T. rex goes on trial '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Sound file '' ( MP3 ) . Media.libsyn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Amos , Jonathan ( 2003 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Science / Nature T. rex goes on trial '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` T. Rex brain study reveals a refined ' nose ' '' . Calgary Herald . October 28 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul , G.S. ( 1988 ) . Predatory Dinosaurs of the World . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 61946 - 2 . OCLC 18350868 . Jump up ^ Ruxton , GD ; Houston , DC ( April 2003 ) . `` Could Tyrannosaurus rex have been a scavenger rather than a predator ? An energetics approach '' . Proceedings : Biological Sciences . 270 ( 1516 ) : 731 -- 3 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2002.2279 . PMC 1691292 . PMID 12713747 . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chin , Karen ; Tokaryk , Timothy T. ; Erickson , Gregory M. ; Calk , Lewis C. ( June 18 , 1998 ) . `` A king - sized theropod coprolite '' . Nature . 393 ( 6686 ) : 680 -- 682 . doi : 10.1038 / 31461 . Summary at Monastersky , R. ( June 20 , 1998 ) . `` Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex '' . Science News . 153 ( 25 ) : 391 . doi : 10.2307 / 4010364 . JSTOR 4010364 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Walters , Martin ( 1995 ) . Bloomsbury Illustrated Dictionary of Prehistoric Life ( Bloomsbury Illustrated Dictionaries ) . Godfrey Cave Associates Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85471 - 648 - 4 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , K. ( 1998 ) . `` Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs '' . Gaia. 15 : 135 -- 144 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Happ , John ; Carpenter , Kenneth ( 2008 ) . `` An analysis of predator -- prey behavior in a head - to - head encounter between Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops '' . In Carpenter , Kenneth ; Larson , Peter E. Tyrannosaurus rex , the Tyrant King ( Life of the Past ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 355 -- 368 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35087 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Peter , The Horned Dinosaurs , Princeton Press . p. 19 Jump up ^ Tanke , Darren H. ; Currie , Philip J. ( 1998 ) . `` Head - biting behavior in theropod dinosaurs : paleopathological evidence '' ( PDF ) . Gaia ( 15 ) : 167 -- 184 . ISSN 0871 - 5424 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Carbone , Chris ; Turvey , Samuel T. ; Bielby , Jon ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Intra-guild Competition and its Implications for One of the Biggest Terrestrial Predators , Tyrannosaurus rex '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 278 : 2682 -- 2690 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2010.2497 . PMC 3136829 . PMID 21270037 . Jump up ^ 1999 . The teeth of the Tyrannosaurus . Scientific American 281 : 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ The Complete T. Rex : How Stunning New Discoveries are Changing our Understanding of the World 's Most Famous Dinosaur copyright 1993 by John R. Horner : pp 214 -- 215 Jump up ^ Snively , Eric. ; Cotton , John R. ; Ridgely , Ryan ; Witmer , Lawrence M. ( 2013 ) . `` Multibody dynamics model of head and neck function in Allosaurus ( Dinosauria , Theropoda ) '' . Palaeontologica Electronica. 16 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Longrich N R. , Horner J.R. , Erickson G.M. & Currie P.J. ( 2010 ) , `` Cannibalism in Tyrannosaurus rex '' , Public Library of Science . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Tyrannosaurs were probably cannibals '' . sciencemag.org . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Archived January 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Collins , Nick ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Tyrannosaurus Rex ' hunted in packs ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Paul ( 2012 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Op - Ed : T. Rex pack hunters ? Scary , but likely to be true '' . Digitaljournal.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Switek , Brian ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` A bunch of bones does n't make a gang of bloodthirsty tyrannosaurs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Witmer , Lawrence ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Dino Gangs : solitary , communal , or cooperative hunting in tyrannosaurs '' . Pick & Scalpel WitmerLab at Ohio University . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Researchers find first sign that tyrannosaurs hunted in packs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCrea , R.T. ( 2014 ) . `` A ' Terror of Tyrannosaurs ' : The First Trackways of Tyrannosaurids and Evidence of Gregariousness and Pathology in Tyrannosauridae '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 7 ) : e103613 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9j3613M . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0103613 . PMC 4108409 . PMID 25054328 . Jump up ^ Rothschild , B. , Tanke , D.H. , and Ford , T.L. , 2001 , Theropod stress fractures and tendon avulsions as a clue to activity : In : Mesozoic Vertebrate Life , edited by Tanke , D.H. , and Carpenter , K. , Indiana University Press , p. 331 -- 336 . Jump up ^ Wolff EDS , Salisbury SW , Horner JR , Varricchi DJ ( 2009 ) . Hansen , Dennis Marinus , ed . `` Common Avian Infection Plagued the Tyrant Dinosaurs '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 9 ) : e7288 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0007288 . PMC 2748709 . PMID 19789646 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Peterson , Joseph E. ; Henderson , Michael D. ; Sherer , Reed P. ; Vittore , Christopher P. ( November 2009 ) . `` Face Biting On A Juvenile Tyrannosaurid And Behavioral Implications '' . PALAIOS. 24 ( 11 ) : 780 -- 784 . doi : 10.2110 / palo. 2009. p09 - 056r . Jump up ^ Parisi , Tom ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` The terrible teens of T. rex NIU scientists : Young tyrannosaurs did serious battle against each other '' . Northern Illinois University . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Estes , R. , and P. Berberian. 1970 . Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana . Breviora volume 343 , 35 pages Jump up ^ Derstler , Kraig ( 1994 ) . `` Dinosaurs of the Lance Formation in eastern Wyoming '' . In Nelson , Gerald E. ( ed . ) . The Dinosaurs of Wyoming . Wyoming Geological Association Guidebook , 44th Annual Field Conference . Wyoming Geological Association . pp. 127 -- 146 . Jump up ^ Weishampel , David B. ; Barrett , Paul M. ; Coria , Rodolfo A. ; Loeuff , Jean Le ; Xu Xing ; Zhao Xijin ; Sahni , Ashok ; Gomani , Elizabeth M.P. ; Noto , Christopher R. ( 2004 ) . `` Dinosaur Distribution '' . In Weishampel , David B. ; Dodson , Peter ; Osmólska , Halszka . The Dinosauria ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 574 -- 588 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24209 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jasinski , S.E. , Sullivan , R.M. , & Lucas , S.G. ( 2011 ) . Taxonomic composition of the Alamo Wash local fauna from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation ( Naashoibito Member ) San Juan Basin , New Mexico . Bulletin , 53 , 216 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Serrano - Brañas ; et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Tyrannosaurid teeth from the Lomas Coloradas Formation , Cabullona Group ( Upper Cretaceous ) Sonora , México '' . Cretaceous Research . 49 : 163 -- 171 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cretres. 2014.02. 018 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/articles/srep20252 Further reading Farlow , J.O. ; Gatesy , S.M. ; Holtz , T.R. , Jr. ; Hutchinson , J.R. ; Robinson , J.M. ( 2000 ) . `` Theropod Locomotion '' . American Zoologist . The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology . 40 ( 4 ) : 640 -- 663 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 40.4. 640 . External links Find more aboutTyrannosaurusat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Taxonomy from Wikispecies The University of Edinburgh Lecture Dr Stephen Brusatte - Tyrannosaur Discoveries Feb 20 , 2015 28 species in the tyrannosaur family tree , when and where they lived Stephen Brusatte Thomas Carr 2016 Exhibits American Museum of Natural History Dinosaurs portal Paleontology portal Cretaceous portal United States portal Prehistory of North America portal ( hide ) Tyrannosauroidea Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Clade : Dinosauria Order : Saurischia Suborder : Theropoda Clade : Coelurosauria Basal tyrannosaurs Dryptosaurus Alectrosaurus ? Bagaraatan Eotyrannus Xiongguanlong Appalachiosaurus Aviatyrannis ? Labocania Timurlengia ? Timimus Proceratosauridae Guanlong Proceratosaurus Sinotyrannus Yutyrannus Juratyrant Stokesosaurus Kileskus Dilong Coeluridae Coelurus Tanycolagreus Tyrannosauridae Albertosaurinae Albertosaurus Gorgosaurus Tyrannosaurinae Daspletosaurus Bistahieversor Teratophoneus Tarbosaurus Zhuchengtyrannus Lythronax Tyrannosaurus Nanuqsaurus ? Nanotyrannus ? Raptorex Alioramini Alioramus Qianzhousaurus Taxon identifiers Wd : Q14332 EoL : 4433634 Fossilworks : 38613 GBIF : 4822631 NCBI : 436494 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrannosaurus&oldid=809097818 '' Categories : Tyrannosaurus Apex predators Fossil taxa described in 1905 Hell Creek fauna Lance fauna Laramie Formation Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Maastrichtian genus extinctions Maastrichtian genus first appearances Maastrichtian life Paleontology in Colorado Paleontology in Montana Paleontology in South Dakota Paleontology in Wyoming Scollard fauna Taxa named by Henry Fairfield Osborn Tyrannosaurids Words coined in the 1900s Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what time period did the t rex live in	[ "Tyrannosaurus[nb 1] is a genus of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur. The species Tyrannosaurus rex (rex meaning \"king\" in Latin), is one of the most well-represented of the large theropods. Tyrannosaurus lived throughout what is now western North America, on what was then an island continent known as Laramidia. Tyrannosaurus had a much wider range than other tyrannosaurids. Fossils are found in a variety of rock formations dating to the Maastrichtian age of the upper Cretaceous Period, 68 to 66 million years ago.[2] It was the last known member of the tyrannosaurids,[3] and among the last non-avian dinosaurs to exist before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction." ]	[ "Cretaceous Period" ]
-748966948584192911	Howl's Moving Castle (film)	Howl 's Moving Castle ( film ) - wikipedia Howl 's Moving Castle ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Howl 's Moving Castle Japanese release poster Japanese ハウルの動く城 Hepburn Hauru no Ugoku Shiro Directed by Hayao Miyazaki Produced by Toshio Suzuki Screenplay by Hayao Miyazaki Based on Howl 's Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones Starring Chieko Baisho Takuya Kimura Akihiro Miwa Music by Joe Hisaishi Cinematography Atsushi Okui Edited by Takeshi Seyama Production company Studio Ghibli Distributed by Toho Release date 5 September 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 05 ) ( Venice ) 20 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) ( Japan ) Running time 119 minutes Country Japan Language Japanese Budget ¥ 2.4 billion USD $24 million Box office ¥ 23.2 billion USD $235.1 million ( worldwide ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( Japanese : ハウルの動く城 , Hepburn : Hauru no Ugoku Shiro ) is a 2004 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki . The film is loosely based on the novel of the same name by British author Diana Wynne Jones . The film was produced by Toshio Suzuki , animated by Studio Ghibli and distributed by Toho . The Japanese voice cast featured Chieko Baisho and Takuya Kimura , while the version dubbed in English starred Emily Mortimer , Jean Simmons , Lauren Bacall and Christian Bale . The story is set in a fictional kingdom where both magic and early 20th century technology are prevalent , against the backdrop of a war with another kingdom . The film tells the story of a young hatter named Sophie after she is turned into an old woman by a witch 's curse . She encounters a wizard named Howl , and gets caught up in his resistance to fighting for the king . Influenced by Miyazaki 's opposition to the United States ' invasion of Iraq in 2003 , the film contains strongly anti-war themes . Miyazaki stated that he `` had a great deal of rage about ( the Iraq war ) , '' which led him to make a film which he felt would be poorly received in the US . It also explores the theme of old age , depicting age positively as something which grants the protagonist freedom . The film contains feminist elements as well , and carries messages about the value of compassion . In 2013 Miyazaki said the film was his favorite creation , explaining `` I wanted to convey the message that life is worth living , and I do n't think that 's changed . '' The movie is thematically significantly different from the book ; while the book focuses on challenging class and gender norms , the film focuses on love , and personal loyalty and the destructive effects of war . '' Howl 's Moving Castle had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on 5 September 2004 , and was released in Japanese theaters on 20 November 2004 . The film went on to gross $190 million in Japan and $235 million worldwide , making it one of the most financially successful Japanese films in history . The film received critical acclaim , particularly for its visuals and Miyazaki 's treatment of its themes . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 78th Academy Awards , but lost to Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit , in 2006 , and won several other awards , including four Tokyo Anime Awards and a Nebula Award for Best Script . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Themes 3.1 Pacifism 3.2 Flight and critique of modernity 3.3 Old age and compassion 4 Production 5 Comparisons between film and novel 6 Music 7 Release and reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Top ten lists 7.4 Accolades 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie , a young milliner , encounters a wizard named Howl on her way to visit her sister Lettie . Upon returning home , she meets the Witch of the Waste , who transforms her into a ninety - year - old woman . Seeking to break the curse , Sophie leaves home and sets off through the countryside ; she meets a living scarecrow , whom she decides to call ' Turnip Head ' . He leads her to Howl 's moving castle , where she meets Howl 's young apprentice Markl , and the fire - demon Calcifer , who is the source of the castle 's magic . When Howl appears , Sophie announces that she has hired herself as a cleaning lady . Meanwhile , Sophie 's nation is caught up in a war with a neighboring kingdom , who is searching for their missing prince . The King summons Howl to fight in the war ; however , Howl decides to send Sophie to the King ( under the pretense of being his mother ) to tell him that Howl is too much of a coward to fight . Before leaving , he gives Sophie a charmed ring that connects her to Calcifer . Sophie meets Suliman , the king 's advisor , and also the Witch of the Waste , whom Suliman punishes by draining all of her power , causing her to regress into a harmless old woman . Suliman warns that Howl will meet the same fate if he does not fight . Howl arrives to rescue Sophie ; Suliman tries to trap him , but with Sophie 's help , they escape along with the former witch . Sophie learns that Howl 's life is somehow bound to Calcifer 's , and that Howl has been transforming into a bird - like creature in order to interfere with both sides in the war , but each transformation makes it more difficult for him to return to human form . Howl then has the castle magically - linked to Sophie 's home , parking the castle itself on the town 's outskirts . A few days later , the town is bombed by enemy aircraft and Suliman 's henchmen attack the abode . Howl heads out to protect the group ; Sophie then moves everyone out of the abode and removes Calcifer from the fireplace , which collapses the castle . The witch realizes that Calcifer has Howl 's heart , and grabs the fire demon ; Sophie panics and pours water onto the witch , which douses Calcifer . The castle then splits in two ; Sophie falls down a chasm and is separated from the group . Following the charmed ring , Sophie wanders into a scene from the past : she sees a young Howl catch a falling star -- Calcifer -- and give him his heart . Sophie calls for them to find her in the future as she is teleported away . She returns to the present and finds Howl , and they reunite with the others . The witch returns Howl 's heart , and Sophie places it back inside Howl , reviving him and freeing Calcifer , though he decides to stay . Sophie 's curse is broken , and after she kisses Turnip Head on the cheek he reverts back to human form -- revealed to be the missing prince from the enemy kingdom , who promptly heads for home . Suliman , watching through a crystal globe , decides to end the war . As the bombers are seen flying away , Howl and the others are seen high in the air in a new flying castle . Voice cast ( edit ) Chieko Baisho , who voiced Sophie in the Japanese version of the film Emily Mortimer , who voiced the young Sophie in the version of the film dubbed into English Character Japanese English ( Disney Release ) Sophie ( Sofî ) ( young ) Chieko Baisho Emily Mortimer Sophie ( old ) Jean Simmons Howl ( Hauru ) Takuya Kimura Christian Bale Witch of the Waste ( Arechi No Majo ) Akihiro Miwa Lauren Bacall Calcifer ( Karushifā ) Tatsuya Gashūin Billy Crystal Markl ( Marukuru ) Ryūnosuke Kamiki Josh Hutcherson Madame Suliman ( Sariman ) Haruko Kato Blythe Danner Lettie Yayoi Kazuki Jena Malone Honey Mayuno Yasokawa Mari Devon Prince Justin / Turnip Head ( Kakashi No Kabu ) Yō Ōizumi Crispin Freeman Madge Rio Kanno Liliana Mumy King of Ingary ( Kokuō ) Akio Ōtsuka Mark Silverman Hin Daijirō Harada Frank Welker Themes ( edit ) Pacifism ( edit ) Howl 's Moving Castle contains strong anti-war themes , influenced by Miyazaki 's distaste for the 2003 Iraq War . When he received an Oscar for Spirited Away , he said that he `` had a great deal of rage about ( the war ) . So ( he ) felt some hesitation about the award . '' Miyazaki identifies as a pacifist . On the eve of the Iraq War , Miyazaki decided to make a film that he felt would be poorly received in the United States . Despite the film 's success in that country , literary scholar Dani Cavallaro stated that Miyazaki was able to `` create a film which ought , in principle , to have caused a certain unease among American audiences . '' In the movie , Madame Suliman appears to have only sadistic motivations for creating conflict , and despite being omniscient , is unable to recognize the idiocy of the war until the very end of the story . This reflects Miyazaki 's desire to show real - world conflicts as also being somewhat arbitrary and fueled by the desires of capricious people . Cavallaro stated that the depiction of the war carried `` an unmistakable bitter taste . '' The universe of Howl 's Moving Castle is depicted as not having clear - cut villains and heroes ; instead , the characters are complex , and even those that are initially portrayed in a negative light , such as Howl , are shown as capable of change . Matt Kimmich has stated , however , that the simplistic message of the film is that `` war is bad . '' A scene where Sophie is standing in a beautiful field of flowers is interrupted by a war machine , `` a finger accusing empire as the destroyer of peace . '' This portrayal is in strong contrast to other Miyazaki films like Princess Mononoke , which criticizes military conflict in a more nuanced manner . Andrew Osmond stated that `` Howl 's pure - hearted anti-war stance is presented as nihilism with no alternative as he fights forces from each side and becomes the worst terror of all , '' in the form of the monstrous bird . By transforming into the bird , Howl risks losing his own humanity ; Calcifer comments at one point that he will soon not be able to return to human form . In contrast , Ashitaka in Princess Mononoke fights the demonic sickness with which he is afflicted , and tries to negotiate a peace between the two sides . Osmond states that both films also point out the limits of masculinity , as exemplified by Howl and Ashitaka . Flight and critique of modernity ( edit ) Like several other Miyazaki films , Howl 's Moving Castle reflects the director 's love of flying . Sequences in the film include both several aircraft of inventive design , as well as Howl transforming into a bird . Miyazaki examines flight as a theme most directly in the later film The Wind Rises . Miyazaki stated that he was attracted to military aircraft as a child , but that he grew to detest them because of the destructive purpose for which they are created . Thus Howl 's Moving Castle contains images both of aircraft shown as harmless , and large military craft depicted as ugly and destructive . Cavallaro writes that Miyazaki wants to `` portray flight as an object of admiration and awe , '' but that he is not `` ( blind ) to its abuse by unscrupulous strategists and rulers . '' The nuanced view of flight is part of Miyazaki 's broader critique of modern society and technology . Margaret Talbot writes that in person , Miyazaki exhibits `` a profound dissatisfaction with modern life , '' particularly with the effects of technology and a disconnection from nature . Many of his films depict technological hubris as among the roots of evil . The battleships which are seen moving over the landscape are depicted as `` gleaming with modernity and parading righteousness , '' but are then shown to be highly destructive . In contrast , the semi-organic castle demonstrates `` Miyazaki 's Taoist presentation of industrialism needing to be aligned with nature '' according to Carl and Garrath Wilson . Antonio Lioi writes that Miyazaki often depicts beautiful scenes in contrast to those containing symbols of modernity , such as the scene where Sophie 's reverie is interrupted by a war machine . This contrast is part of an ecological criticism of modernity , but Miyazaki also offers an alternative , in the form of beautiful natural scenery . Old age and compassion ( edit ) Miyazaki stated that an attractive aspect of the story of Howl 's Moving Castle was the relatively positive light it shed on growing old . When Sophie becomes old as a result of the witch 's spell , she also feels more able to speak her mind . According to Miyazaki , old women are only infrequently allowed to dominate the screen as in Howl 's Moving Castle , which made it a risky concept . Elizabeth Parsons stated that the film disrupts the stereotype of `` aged unattractiveness , '' when the artificially aged Sophie manages to rescue two attractive men ( who come to love her ) and to unintentionally end the war in her country . Sophie 's actions are those usually associated with grandmothers , such as being kind and nurturing to those around her , and engaging in housework ; however , these actions are depicted as being powerful and heroic . Sophie is one of several strong female protagonists in Miyazaki 's films . According to Parsons , this gives the film a feminist aspect as well . Additionally , even though Sophie manages to make her presence in the castle legitimate by claiming to be a cleaning lady , the film goes on to show that the housework is equitably distributed , strengthening its feminist aspect . In 2013 , Miyazaki stated that Howl 's Moving Castle was his favorite creation , and explained his choice by saying `` I wanted to convey the message that life is worth living , and I do n't think that 's changed . '' In the film , Sophie is shown to overcome extreme challenges by learning to put the well - being of those she cares about above her own self - interest , a quality which Miyazaki refers to as devotion . Several of the protagonists in Miyazaki 's films , such as Ashitaka and San in Princess Mononoke and Sheeta and Pazu in Castle in the Sky learn to survive by learning the same lesson . Cavallaro states that Miyazaki spreads this moral through the entire film , to convey human beings ' ability to be compassionate , such as when the scarecrow holds an umbrella over Sophie 's head when it rains . Over the course of the film , Howl , its most vain and selfish character , also learns to put others before himself . When Madame Suliman returns the Witch of the Waste to her true form as a decrepit old woman , Sophie takes her in and cares for her , despite the witch being responsible for Sophie 's curse , thus strongly demonstrating the idea of compassion . The witch then nearly destroys Howl through her selfish behavior , but also helps save the castle at the end . Parsons writes that `` In Miyazaki 's balancing act , old women can be powerful and weak , positive and negative , nurturing and selfish , maligned and loved ; in short , they can not be simply categorized or stereotyped , and they can not be dismissed as fantasy malefactors embodied by evil witches . '' They are also given a lot of space in the film as active characters , something not commonly found in western movies . Production ( edit ) Director and screenwriter Hayao Miyazaki in 2009 Toshio Suzuki , who produced the film , at its premiere In September 2001 , Studio Ghibli announced the production of two films . The first would become The Cat Returns and the second was an adaptation of Diana Wynne Jones ' novel , Howl 's Moving Castle . A rumor persists that Miyazaki had an idea to do Howl 's Moving Castle during a visit to Strasbourg Christmas market . Toshio Suzuki , who produced Howl 's Moving Castle , stated that Miyazaki was inspired to make the film when he read Jones ' novel , and was struck by the image of a castle moving around the countryside . The novel does not explain how the castle moved , and Miyazaki was interested in figuring out how the castle might move , which led to the image of a castle on chicken legs . The complex moving castle changes and rearranges itself several times throughout the movie in response to Howl 's eccentricity and the various situations . The basic structure of the castle consists of more than 80 elements including turrets , a wagging tongue , cogwheels and chicken legs , that were rendered as digital objects . Mamoru Hosoda of Toei Animation was originally selected to direct the film , but quit the project after Studio Ghibli 's executives rejected many of his concept ideas . The film was shelved until Miyazaki took over . The project resumed with production in February 2003 . It was scheduled to be completed in the spring of 2004 , and released in the summer of that year . Miyazaki went to Colmar and Riquewihr in Alsace , France , to study the architecture and the surroundings for the setting of the film . Additional inspiration came from the concepts of future technology in Albert Robida 's work . Commentators have stated that Miyazaki 's imagery was influenced by his fondness for the `` illusion art '' of 19th century Europe . Suzuki stated that unlike many Western films , in which the imagery went `` from the general ( to ) the specific , '' Miyazaki employed a uniquely Japanese approach , frequently beginning with a very specific image and moving from there . However , Howl 's Moving Castle , and Miyazaki films in general , have a focus on realistic imagery in a way that other anime films do not . The film was produced digitally , but the original backgrounds were drawn by hand and painted prior to being digitized , and the characters were also drawn by hand prior to scanning them into the computer . The 1400 storyboard cuts for the film were completed on 16 January 2004 . On 25 June the in - between animation was completed and checking was completed on 26 June . Studio Ghibli used digital technology to run many copies of the still portions of a scene , a process which avoids inconsistencies between various still frames , but can create an impression of artificiality . Therefore , the studio chose to manually retouch the digitally altered images , recreating the `` feel '' of a hand - drawn image . Like with the other Studio Ghibli movies , the film was co-produced with other companies , which were Tokuma Shoten , the Nippon Television Network , Dentsu , Buena Vista Home Entertainment , Mitsubishi and Toho . Comparisons between film and novel ( edit ) The film has several differences from the novel , partly due to the different requirements of the two media . Diana Wynne Jones ' novel has a very large cast of characters , and several plot threads that were too complex to be transferred into the film . As a result , characters such as Sophie 's second sister Martha are left out , as is the plot thread involving Markl ( who is called Michael in the novel , and depicted as an adolescent , rather than as a young boy ) courting her . Jones discussed the film with Studio Ghibli representatives , but did not have any input or involvement in the production of the film . Miyazaki traveled to England in the summer of 2004 to give Jones a private viewing of the finished film . She has been quoted as saying `` It 's fantastic . No , I have no input -- I write books , not films . Yes , it will be different from the book -- in fact it 's likely to be very different , but that 's as it should be . It will still be a fantastic film . '' The novel depicts Howl 's castle as a tall , dark and sinister wizard 's tower , very different from the complex image in the film . The film 's castle may be seen as a parody of the machines seen in the movie , driven both by steam - engines and by magic . In the film , it is a `` rotund collage of chimneys , roofs , steam pipes , and other odd appendages , borne along on mechanized bird legs '' that is similar to Baba Yaga 's hut in the popular fairy tale . It is vaguely organic , and almost depicted as a life - form . Similarly , Calcifer is a demonic figure in the book , as compared to the `` endearing '' persona and image that he has in the film . Both film and novel try to render fantastic elements as mundane and ordinary things . Although they are set in a fantasy universe , the characters are often shown performing routine tasks , like cooking breakfast or washing up , in contrast to the heroic actions typical of a fantasy universe . In the novel , Jones disrupts the fantasy - world setting by including scenes in which the characters travel to the real - world Wales . The movie , however , avoids this digression , and maintains a constant setting . Miyazaki 's biggest addition to the plot of the book was the use of the war as a large part of the plot . In the book , the war is only tangentially referred to ; the king orders Howl to find the king 's missing brother Justin , because Justin 's military skills are needed for a forthcoming war . Howl 's frequent disappearances are because of his womanizing habits , which makes Sophie see him as a superficial and cowardly person . In the film , however , Howl disappears from the scene in order to transform into a giant bird and disrupt the battle plans of both armies . The roles of several characters also differ between novel and film due to this plot change . The Witch of the Waste is the chief antagonist of the book , whereas in the film she is reduced by Madame Suliman 's magic to an ultimately harmless old woman who evokes sympathy in the audience and in Sophie . In contrast , the film conflates the novel 's two characters of Mrs. Penstemmon and the wizard Suliman into Madame Suliman . Although Suliman comes closest to being a traditional villain in the film , she is shown as having ambiguous motivations , and reviewers have stated that the real villain is war itself . Howl loses the `` rakish '' womanizing aspect that was a significant part of his character in the novel . In contrast , Sophie becomes a more conventional figure in the film ; she is less grumpy and outspoken , and demonstrates her love for Howl earlier and more explicitly . The storyline in the novel of Sophie being a powerful sorceress in her own right is muted in the film , although she is still shown to have control over her curse . The thematic focus of the story also differs between the novel and the film . Reviewer Antonia Levi wrote that the experience of watching the film was similar to reading high quality fan fiction ; although the characters and the setting were the same , the story was different . Although in both cases the story begins with Sophie being a prisoner of her circumstances and of social norms , the challenges she faces are slightly different . Levi said that `` Jones uses Sophie , Howl , and Calcifer in a fairytale format to tell a story about challenging class and gender expectations , Miyazaki uses the same characters to tell a story about personal loyalty , love , and war . '' Music ( edit ) Joe Hisaishi , who composed and conducted the score , in 2011 The score was composed and conducted by Joe Hisaishi , and performed by the New Japan Philharmonic . The soundtrack CD was first released on 19 November 2004 by Tokuma Japan Communications . Hisaishi also composed and conducted a Howl 's Moving Castle : Symphony Suite , an album published on 21 January 2004 which includes ten re-arranged pieces from the original soundtrack . He and Youmi Kimura also composed Howl 's Moving Castle CD Maxi - Single , a CD single published on 27 October 2004 which includes the film 's theme song , sung by Chieko Baisho ( the Japanese voice actor for Sophie ) , its karaoke version , and a piano version of the film 's main theme , `` The Merry - Go - Round of Life '' . Release and reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened at the 61st Venice Film Festival in 2004 , and was released in Japan on 20 November 2004 . The film grossed $14.5 million in its first week of release in Japan alone . The film was distributed in Japan by Toho , and made $190,000,000 in that country . It was distributed internationally by various companies , and made approximately an additional $45,000,000 outside Japan , for a worldwide total of $235,184,110 . The film was later dubbed into English by Pixar 's Pete Docter . It was distributed in the United States by Buena Vista , a subsidiary of Disney . It was released on DVD on 10 March 2006 . It was one of the most commercially successful Japanese films ever made . Soon after its release , it became the third most financially successful film in Japan , behind Titanic and Spirited Away . GKIDS re-released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on 17 October 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 87 % approval rating based on 175 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Exquisitely illustrated by master animator Miyazaki , Howl 's Moving Castle will delight children with its fantastical story and touch the hearts and minds of older viewers as well . '' The film also holds an 80 / 100 average on Metacritic , based on 40 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . USA Today critic Claudia Puig gave the film a positive review , praising it for its ability to blend `` a childlike sense of wonder with sophisticated emotions and motives '' . Helen McCarthy in 500 Essential Anime Movies said that the natural world was `` beautifully represented '' , with `` some absolutely breathtaking mountains and lakeside landscapes '' . She also praised the design of the Castle and added that Miyazaki added his own themes to the film : `` man 's relationship to nature , the futility of war , and the joy of flight '' . Joel Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal called the film `` a moveable feast of delights '' . Richard Corliss of TIME magazine wrote , `` Palaces and shimmering lakes , warplanes and fire sprites all come to life at the breath of Miyazaki 's graphic genius . '' Writing for The Boston Globe , Ty Burr said , `` At its best , ' Howl 's Moving Castle ' offers a rich fantasy of adolescent escape , of romance in the old and epic sense . At its worst , it 's the most amazing 12 - course meal you ca n't bring yourself to finish . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote , `` Admirers of ( Hayao Miyazaki 's ) work , which is wildly imaginative , emotionally intense and surpassingly gentle , will find much to appreciate in this film because it demonstrates , once again , his visual ingenuity and his sensitivity as a storyteller . For newcomers to his world , `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' is a fitting introduction to one of modern cinema 's great enchanters . '' Conversely , Roger Ebert , also of the Chicago Sun - Times , gave it two and a half out of four stars , and called the film a `` disappointment '' compared to his recent movies . Jonathan Trout of the BBC said , `` Youngsters and Miyazaki fans will coo at the world 's depth and rich surreality , but opaque plotting , and a tendency to mope with Sophie whilst Howl is off affecting events let the momentum of the first act vanish into thin air . '' Writing for Salon , Stephanie Zacharek said , `` the plot of `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' meanders so listlessly that its details become less and less charming . Miyazaki 's storytelling style resembles that of a breathless young tot who 's fearlessly exercising his newfound powers of expression . '' Stephen Hunter from The Washington Post criticized the plot of the film , saying `` There is no story , or rather , there 's no force to the story , which meanders almost casually this way and that for no apparent reason . '' However , he said that the movie also empowered young women , and was `` beautiful beyond telling . '' David Rooney , writing in Variety , stated that `` the narrative motor roars ahead in the opening hour and is more erratic thereafter , '' and suggested that better translation would help . Literary scholar Matt Kimmich stated that the film came across as `` uneasy compromise between two plots and two imaginations , '' referring to Jones ' original story and Miyazaki 's style of animation and storytelling . However , he stated that those scenes which were not dependent either on Jones ' original plot or Miyazaki 's added plot threads found `` a visual humor that recalls the verbal wit and lightness of Jones 's novel , '' and that the `` animation manages to free itself from the demands of the two plots -- and flies . '' Top ten lists ( edit ) `` There 's a word for the kind of comic , dramatic , romantic , transporting visions Miyazaki achieves in Howl 's : bliss . '' -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone The film appeared on many critics ' top ten lists of the best films of 2005 . 2nd -- Ella Taylor , LA Weekly ( tie ) 4th -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times 5th -- Tasha Robinson , The A.V. Club 6th -- Lawrence Toppman , The Charlotte Observer 6th -- Jonathan Rosenbaum , The Chicago Reader ( tie ) 8th -- Michael Sragow , The Baltimore Sun 8th -- Michael Wilmington , The Chicago Tribune NA -- Peter Rainer , The Christian Science Monitor ( listed alphabetically ) Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Howl 's Moving Castle ( film ) Year Award Category Result Recipient Reference 61st Venice Film Festival Osella Awards for Technical Achievement Won Howl 's Moving Castle Mainichi Film Awards Best Japanese Movie Overall ( Readers ' Choice Award ) Won Howl 's Moving Castle Japan Media Arts Festival Excellence Prize , Animation Won Howl 's Moving Castle 2005 Tokyo Anime Award Animation of the Year Won Howl 's Moving Castle Best Director Won Hayao Miyazaki Best Voice Actor / Actress Won Chieko Baisho Best Music Won Joe Hisaishi Maui Film Festival Audience Award Won Howl 's Moving Castle Seattle International Film Festival Golden Space Needle Award 1st Runner - up Howl 's Moving Castle 2006 78th Academy Awards Best Animated Feature Nominated Howl 's Moving Castle Saturn Awards Best Animated Film Nominated Howl 's Moving Castle 2007 Nebula Award Best Script Won Hayao Miyazaki ( script ) , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( English translation ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rooney 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Metacritic 2005 . ^ Jump up to : boxofficemojo 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Geoghegan 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cavallaro 2015 , pp. 61 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Cavallaro 2015 , pp. 171 -- 172 . ^ Jump up to : Levi 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rotten Tomatoes 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmich 2007 , pp. 134 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Cavallaro 2015 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Talbot 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lioi 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cavallaro 2015 , pp. 146 -- 147 . ^ Jump up to : Scott 2005a . ^ Jump up to : Wilson & Wilson 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Parsons 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Cavallaro 2006 , pp. 157 -- 171 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Walt Disney - Film - Entertainment - theage.com.au '' . www.theage.com.au . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shilling 2002 . Jump up ^ Cavallaro 2015 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Schnell 2013 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Schnell 2013 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Cavallaro 2015 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimmich 2007 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmich 2007 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ nausicaa1 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimmich 2007 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Kimmich 2007 , pp. 129 -- 130 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmich 2007 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ `` Music in the movies : Joe Hisaishi '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghibli 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Travers 2005 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Gkids , Studio Ghibli Ink Home Entertainment Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Puig 2005 . Jump up ^ McCarthy 2009 . Jump up ^ Morgenstern 2005 . Jump up ^ Corliss 2005 . Jump up ^ Burr 2005 . Jump up ^ Scott 2005b . Jump up ^ Ebert 2005 . Jump up ^ Trout 2005 . Jump up ^ Zacharek 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Stephen ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` The Emperor Has No Story '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimmich 2007 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Kimmich 2007 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Metacritic 2007 . Jump up ^ Biennale 2004 . Jump up ^ animenews 2016 . Jump up ^ Japan Media Arts 2004 . ^ Jump up to : imdb 2016 . ^ Jump up to : nausicaa2 2016 . Jump up ^ Oscars 2006 . Jump up ^ animenews 2006 . Jump up ^ Locus 2007 . Sources ( edit ) `` Howl Nominated for Saturn Award '' . animenewsnetwork. 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . `` 2004 Mainichi Film Awards '' . animenewsnetwork. 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . `` Official Awards of the 61st Venice Film Festival '' . labiennale.org/. 11 September 2004 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2004 . Burr , Ty ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` Though unintelligible at times , Miyazaki 's ' Castle ' is magical '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Cavallaro , Dani ( 2006 ) . The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5129 - 6 . Cavallaro , Dani ( 2015 ) . Hayao Miyazaki 's World Picture . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4766 - 2080 - 0 . Corliss , Richard ( 5 June 2005 ) . `` Movies : For Children of All Ages '' . TIME . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Ebert , Roger ( 9 June 2005 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle Movie Review ( 2005 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 December 2011 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle adapted for the stage in Southwark '' . BBC . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Online Ghibli . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Online Ghibli . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Gordon , Devin ( 2005 ) . `` A ' Positive Pessimist ' '' . The Hayao Miyazaki Web . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . `` 2004 Japan Media Arts Festival Awards '' ( in Japanese ) . Japan Media Arts Plaza , Agency for Cultural Affairs . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2009 . Levi , Antonia ( 2008 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Mechademia. 3 : 261 -- 263 . doi : 10.1353 / mec. 0.0059 . Kimmich , Matt ( 2007 ) . `` Animating the Fantastic : Hayao Miyazaki 's Adaptation of Diana Wynne Jones 's Howl 's Moving Castle '' . In Straytner , Leslie ; Keller , James R. Fantasy Fiction into Film . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . Lioi , Anthony ( 2010 ) . `` The City Ascends : Laputa : Castle in the Sky as Critical Ecotopia '' . Interdisciplinary Comics Studies . 5 ( 2 ) . `` The Locus Index to SF Awards : 2007 Nebula Awards '' . Locus . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 December 2011 . McCarthy , Helen ( 2009 ) . 500 Essential Anime Movies : The Ultimate Guide . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 147450 - 7 . `` Metacritic : 2007 Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 January 2008 . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Morgenstern , Joel ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` Married , With Howitzers : ' Mr. and Mrs. Smith ' Battle , Slaying Nuance and Humor '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . `` ( Howl 's Moving Castle ) -- Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . nausicaa.net . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . `` Hauru no Ugoku Shiro -- Credits '' . nausicaa.net . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . `` The 78th Academy Awards ( 2006 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Oscars.org . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Parsons , Elizabeth ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Animating Grandma : the indices of age and agency in contemporary children 's films '' . Journal of Aging , Humanities , and the Arts . 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 221 -- 229 . doi : 10.1080 / 19325610701638243 . Puig , Claudia ( 9 June 2005 ) . `` ' Howl 's Moving Castle ' enchants '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 June 2013 . `` Howl 's Moving Castle Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Rooney , David ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` Review : ' Howl 's Moving Castle ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . `` Studio Ghibli Diary '' . Translated by Schnell , Philip . Nausicaa.net . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Scott , A.O. ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` A Cursed Teenager Turns 90 . Let the Adventures Begin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Scott , A.O. ( July 2005 ) . `` Where the Wild Things Are : The Miyazaki Menagerie '' ( PDF ) . The Asia - Pacific Journal . 3 ( 7 ) . Shilling , Mark ( 17 December 2002 ) . `` New Hayao Miyazaki film heads Toho line - up '' . ScreenDaily . Archived from the original on 7 August 2003 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Smith , Lindsay ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` War , Wizards , and Words : Transformative Adaptation and Transformed Meanings in Howl 's Moving Castle '' . The Projector Film and Media Journal . 11 ( 1 ) . Talbot , Margaret ( March 2006 ) . `` The Auteur of Anime '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal . 4 ( 3 ) . Travers , Peter ( 9 June 2005 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Trout , Jonathan ( 13 September 2005 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Wilson , Carl ; Wilson , Garrath T. ( 2015 ) . `` Taoism , Shintoism , and the ethics of technology : an ecocritical review of Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Resilience : A Journal of the Environmental Humanities. 2 ( 3 ) : 189 -- 194 . doi : 10.5250 / resilience. 2.3. 0189 . Zacharek , Stephanie ( 10 June 2005 ) . `` Howl 's Moving Castle '' . Salon . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Howl 's Moving Castle ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Howl 's Moving Castle Official Website by Disney Howl 's Moving Castle on IMDb Hauru no ugoku shiro at The Big Cartoon DataBase Howl 's Moving Castle at Rotten Tomatoes Howl 's Moving Castle at AllMovie Howl 's Moving Castle ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia `` ハウルの動く城 ( Hauru no ugoku shiro ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Japanese Movie Database . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . Works of Hayao Miyazaki Films directed and written Feature The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) My Neighbor Totoro ( 1988 ) Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) Porco Rosso ( 1992 ) Princess Mononoke ( 1997 ) Spirited Away ( 2001 ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) Ponyo ( 2008 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) How Do You Live ? ( TBA ) Short On Your Mark ( 1995 ) Kujiratori ( 2001 ) Koro no Daisanpo ( 2002 ) Imaginary Flying Machines ( 2002 ) Looking for a Home ( 2006 ) Hoshi o Katta Hi ( 2006 ) Mizugumo Monmon ( 2006 ) Pandane to Tamago Hime ( 2010 ) Films written Panda ! Go , Panda ! ( 1972 ) Whisper of the Heart ( 1995 ) Arrietty ( 2010 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2011 ) TV directed and / or written Lupin the Third Part I ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) Lupin the Third Part II ( 1980 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Nadia : The Secret of Blue Water ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Manga The Wonderful World of Puss ' n Boots Sabaku no Tami Animal Treasure Island Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind The Journey of Shuna Hikōtei Jidai Hayao Miyazaki 's Daydream Data Notes The Wind Rises Links to related articles Studio Ghibli People Founders Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Isao Takahata Others Joe Hisaishi Katsuya Kondō Yoshifumi Kondō Kitarō Kōsaka Gorō Miyazaki Yoshiaki Nishimura Kazuo Oga Yasuo Ōtsuka Yoshinori Kanada Hiromasa Yonebayashi Films Feature films Castle in the Sky My Neighbor Totoro Grave of the Fireflies Kiki 's Delivery Service Only Yesterday Porco Rosso Ocean Waves Pom Poko Whisper of the Heart Princess Mononoke My Neighbors the Yamadas Spirited Away The Cat Returns Howl 's Moving Castle Tales from Earthsea Ponyo Arrietty From Up on Poppy Hill The Wind Rises The Tale of the Princess Kaguya When Marnie Was There How Do You Live ? Short films Nandarō On Your Mark Ghiblies Ghiblies Episode 2 Imaginary Flying Machines The Whale Hunt Koro 's Big Day Out Mei and the Kittenbus Looking for a Home The Day I Harvested a Planet The Night of Taneyamagahara Water Spider Monmon Iblard Jikan A Sumo Wrestler 's Tail Mr. Dough and the Egg Princess Video Games Jade Cocoon : Story of the Tamamayu Jade Cocoon 2 Magic Pengel : The Quest for Color Ni no Kuni Dominion of the Dark Djinn Wrath of the White Witch Other productions Shiki - Jitsu ( Studio Kajino ) Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence Ronja , the Robber 's Daughter The Red Turtle Related articles Catbus Ghibli Museum Ghibli Museum Library The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness Mary and the Witch 's Flower Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Nausicaa.net Studio Kajino Studio Ponoc Susuwatari Topcraft Book Category Portal Works Works by Diana Wynne Jones Chrestomanci Charmed Life ( 1977 ) The Magicians of Caprona ( 1980 ) Witch Week ( 1982 ) The Lives of Christopher Chant ( 1988 ) Mixed Magics ( 2000 ) Conrad 's Fate ( 2005 ) The Pinhoe Egg ( 2006 ) Dalemark Quartet Cart and Cwidder ( 1975 ) Drowned Ammet ( 1977 ) The Spellcoats ( 1979 ) Crown of Dalemark ( 1993 ) Derkholm Dark Lord of Derkholm ( 1998 ) Year of the Griffin ( 2000 ) Howl 's Moving Castle Howl 's Moving Castle ( 1986 ) Castle in the Air ( 1990 ) House of Many Ways ( 2008 ) Magids Deep Secret ( 1997 ) The Merlin Conspiracy ( 2003 ) Standalone works Wilkins ' Tooth ( 1973 ) The Ogre Downstairs ( 1974 ) Dogsbody ( 1975 ) Eight Days of Luke ( 1975 ) Power of Three ( 1977 ) The Time of the Ghost ( 1981 ) The Homeward Bounders ( 1981 ) Archer 's Goon ( 1984 ) Fire and Hemlock ( 1984 ) A Tale of Time City ( 1987 ) A Sudden Wild Magic ( 1992 ) Hexwood ( 1993 ) The Tough Guide To Fantasyland ( 1997 ) The Game ( 2007 ) Enchanted Glass ( 2010 ) Earwig and the Witch ( 2012 ) Adaptations Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2004 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest -- David Howard and Robert Gordon ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon James Schamus , Kuo Jung Tsai , and Hui - Ling Wang ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , Stephen Sinclair , and Peter Jackson ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Fran Walsh , Philippa Boyens , and Peter Jackson ( 2004 ) Serenity -- Joss Whedon ( 2005 ) Howl 's Moving Castle -- Hayao Miyazaki , Cindy Davis Hewitt , and Donald H. Hewitt ( 2006 ) Pan 's Labyrinth -- Guillermo del Toro ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton , Jim Reardon , and Pete Docter ( 2008 ) Ray Bradbury Award for Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Terminator 2 : Judgment Day -- James Cameron ( 1992 ) Babylon 5 -- J. Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Tokyo Anime Award for Animation of the Year Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2004 ) Howl 's Moving Castle ( 2005 ) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( 2006 ) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2007 ) Evangelion : 1.0 You Are ( Not ) Alone ( 2008 ) Ponyo ( 2009 ) Summer Wars ( 2010 ) The Secret World of Arrietty ( 2011 ) From Up on Poppy Hill ( 2012 ) Wolf Children ( 2013 ) The Wind Rises / Attack on Titan ( 2014 ) Ping Pong the Animation ( 2015 ) Love Live ! The School Idol Movie / Shirobako ( 2016 ) A Silent Voice / Yuri on Ice ( 2016 ) 2000s portal Film portal Anime and manga portal BNF : cb15000432k ( data ) GND : 1041701381 SUDOC : 090242254 VIAF : 225395383 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(film)&oldid=841917465 '' Categories : 2004 films 2000s fantasy films 2004 anime films Adventure anime and manga Animated films based on novels Anime and manga based on novels Feminist anime and manga Films about curses Fantasy adventure films Fantasy war films Films scored by Joe Hisaishi Films based on British novels Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by Hayao Miyazaki Films set in castles Howl 's Moving Castle Japanese animated fantasy films Nebula Award for Best Script - winning works Sentient objects in fiction Steampunk anime and manga Studio Ghibli animated films War anime and manga Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 23 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the voice of calcifer in howl's moving castle	[ "\n\nCharacter\nJapanese\nEnglish (Disney Release)\n\n\nSophie (Sofî) (young)[2]\nChieko Baisho\nEmily Mortimer\n\n\nSophie (old)[2]\nJean Simmons\n\n\nHowl (Hauru)[2]\nTakuya Kimura\nChristian Bale\n\n\nWitch of the Waste (Arechi No Majo)[2]\nAkihiro Miwa\nLauren Bacall\n\n\nCalcifer (Karushifā)\nTatsuya Gashūin[2]\nBilly Crystal\n\n\nMarkl (Marukuru)\nRyūnosuke Kamiki[2]\nJosh Hutcherson\n\n\nMadame Suliman (Sariman)[2]\nHaruko Kato\nBlythe Danner\n\n\nLettie\nYayoi Kazuki\nJena Malone[8]\n\n\nHoney\nMayuno Yasokawa\nMari Devon\n\n\nPrince Justin/Turnip Head (Kakashi No Kabu)\nYō Ōizumi[2]\nCrispin Freeman[8]\n\n\nMadge\nRio Kanno\nLiliana Mumy\n\n\nKing of Ingary (Kokuō)\nAkio Ōtsuka[2]\nMark Silverman\n\n\nHin[2]\nDaijirō Harada\nFrank Welker\n\n" ]	[ "Billy Crystal" ]
-8033784709408703231	Sod's law	Sod 's law - wikipedia Sod 's law Jump to : navigation , search For the album by British rock band Spear of Destiny , see Sod 's Law ( album ) . Sod 's law is a name for the axiom that `` if something can go wrong , it will '' , with the further addendum , in British culture , borrowed from Finagle 's law , that it will happen at `` the worst possible time '' . This may simply be construed , again in British culture , as `` hope for the best , expect the worst '' . The phrase is seemingly derived , at least in part , from the colloquialism an `` unlucky sod '' ; a term for someone who has had some bad unlucky experience , and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person . The term is still used in the United Kingdom , though in North America the eponymous `` Murphy 's law '' is more popular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison with Murphy 's law 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Comparison with Murphy 's law ( edit ) Sod 's law is similar to , but broader than , Murphy 's law ( `` Whatever can go wrong will go wrong '' ) . For example , concepts such as `` bad fortune will be tailored to the individual '' and `` good fortune will occur in spite of the individual 's actions '' are sometimes given as examples of Sod 's law in action . This would broaden Sod 's law to a general sense of being `` mocked by fate '' . In these aspects it is similar to some definitions of irony , particularly the irony of fate . Murphy 's technological origin on John Stapp 's Project MX981 is more upbeat -- it was a reminder to the engineers and team members to be cautious and make sure everything was accounted for , to let no stone be left unturned -- not an acceptance of an uncaring uninfluenceable fate . According to David J. Hand , emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at Imperial College London , Sod 's law is a more extreme version of Murphy 's law . While Murphy 's law says that anything that can go wrong , will go wrong ( eventually ) , Sod 's law requires that it always goes wrong with the worst possible outcome . Hand suggests that belief in Sod 's law is a combination of the law of truly large numbers and the psychological effect of the law of selection . The former says we should expect things to go wrong now and then , and the latter says we remember the exceptional events where something went wrong , but the great number of mundane events where nothing exceptional happened are forgotten . Examples ( edit ) `` Perhaps this would be a better example of Sod 's law : ' When you toss a coin , the more strongly you want heads , the more likely it is to come up tails ' '' -- Richard Dawkins `` Traffic lights turn red when you 're in a hurry , or your e-mail crashes just as you are about to hit ' send ' on that critical message '' -- David Hand `` ... a composer such as Beethoven loses his hearing , or a drummer such as Rick Allen ... loses an arm in a car crash '' -- David Hand Both Dawkins and Hand offered these examples as part of a critique of the thinking that leads to belief in such laws , rather than examples supporting the existence of the law . Both went on to explain the effect in terms of selection bias and the law of truly large numbers . See also ( edit ) Finagle 's law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 1992 ) . Dictionary of Catch Phrases . Scarborough House . p. 278 . ISBN 9781461660408 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy 's laws origin '' . The Desert Wings . Murphy 's laws site . March 3 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : David J. Hand , The Improbability Principle : Why Coincidences , Miracles , and Rare Events Happen Every Day , pp. 197 - 198 , Macmillan , 2014 ISBN 0374711399 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Dawkins ( 2012 ) . The Magic of Reality : How We Know What 's Really True . Simon and Schuster . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9013 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Michael Scannell , The basic laws ( Murphy 's and Sod 's ) , a clear explanation of the difference . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sod%27s_law&oldid=818175073 '' Categories : Adages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 01 : 30 . About Wikipedia	where did the saying sods law come from	[ "The phrase is seemingly derived, at least in part, from the colloquialism an \"unlucky sod\"; a term for someone who has had some bad unlucky experience, and is usually used as a sympathetic reference to the person." ]	[ "seemingly derived, at least in part, from the colloquialism an \"unlucky sod\"; a term for someone who has had some bad unlucky experience" ]
8413184853525395881	I Am Number Four (film)	I Am Number Four ( film ) - wikipedia I Am Number Four ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search I Am Number Four Theatrical release poster Directed by D.J. Caruso Produced by Michael Bay Screenplay by Alfred Gough Miles Millar Marti Noxon Based on I Am Number Four by Pittacus Lore Starring Alex Pettyfer Timothy Olyphant Teresa Palmer Dianna Agron Callan McAuliffe Kevin Durand Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Vince Filippone Jim Page Production company DreamWorks Pictures Reliance Entertainment Bay Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $150 million I Am Number Four is a 2011 American teen science fiction action thriller film directed by D.J. Caruso and starring Alex Pettyfer , Timothy Olyphant , Teresa Palmer , Dianna Agron , and Callan McAuliffe . The screenplay , by Alfred Gough , Miles Millar , and Marti Noxon , is based on novel of the same name , one of the Lorien Legacies young adult science fiction novels . Produced by Michael Bay , I Am Number Four was the first film production from DreamWorks Pictures to be released by Touchstone Pictures , as part of the studio 's 2009 distribution deal with Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The Hollywood Reporter estimated the budget to be between $50 million and $60 million . The film was released in both conventional and IMAX theatres on February 18 , 2011 , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $150 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Release 6 Reception 7 Soundtrack 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( Edit ) John Smith is an alien from the planet Lorien . He was sent to Earth as a child with eight others to escape the invading Mogadorians , who destroyed Lorien . Here , John is protected by a Guardian , Henri , and has developed powers , including enhanced strength , speed and agility , telekinesis and the power to transmit plasma light through his hands . The Mogadorians , led by the Commander learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them . The Loriens can only be killed in sequence ; Number One through Number Nine , though , and three of them are already dead , with John being Number Four . Knowing this , he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise , Ohio , where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names Bernie Kosar . He also falls for an amateur photographer , Sarah Hart . Her ex-boyfriend , football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam . During the Spring Fair , Mark and his friends chase Sarah and John into the woods , where they try to beat John up . However , he uses his powers to fend them off and rescue Sarah . Sam witnesses this and how he had used his powers . John reveals his true origins to Sam . The next day , Mark 's father , the local sheriff , interrogates Henri on John 's whereabouts when his son and his friends were attacked . Henri tells John that too many people are suspicious of them so they have to leave . John refuses because of Sarah . Meanwhile , the Mogadorians continue searching for John , while being trailed by another Lorien , Number Six , who is also trying to locate Number Four . Number Six 's guardian was killed , and she realizes that the remaining six of the Lorien Garde will have to team up and fight against the Mogadorians . She knows Number Three is dead and that Number Four is being hunted . The Mogadorians eventually locate John and manipulate two conspiracy theorists into capturing Henri . When John and Sam go to rescue him , they are attacked but manage to fend the Mogadorians off . However , Henri dies after John and Sam escape with some Lorien artifacts , including a blue rock that acts as a tracking device for other Loriens . Sam 's father , a conspiracy theorist who disappeared while hunting aliens in Mexico , had another of the rocks . While Sam searches for it , John tries to say goodbye to Sarah at a party , only to discover that the Mogadorians have framed him and Henri for the murders of the conspiracy theorists . Mark sees John and calls his father , who corners John and Sarah . John saves Sarah from a fall , revealing his powers in the process , and they escape to their high school . Meanwhile , The Commander arrives in Paradise , in a convoy of trucks . He is confronted by Mark and his father , and after injuring the sheriff , he forces Mark to show him where John is hiding . Mark takes him to the school , which he knows is Sarah 's hideout . There , John , Sarah , and Sam are attacked by the Mogadorians , who brought two giant monsters to hunt the trio . They are saved by Number Six and Bernie , who is actually a shapeshifting Chimera sent by John 's biological parents to protect him . John and Number Six , who can teleport and can block energy attacks , continue to fight the Mogadorians . They eventually defeat them all , including the Commander . The following day , John and Number Six unite their blue rocks and discover the location of the other four surviving Lorians . John decides to let Sam come with them in hopes of finding Sam 's father . They set off to find the others so they can all protect Earth from the Mogadorians , leaving Sarah and a repentant Mark , who lies to his father about John 's whereabouts and returns a box left to John by his Dad that was in police evidence . John leaves after promising to return to Paradise and to Sarah . Cast ( edit ) Alex Pettyfer as Daniel Jones / John Smith / Number Four Timothy Olyphant as Henri Teresa Palmer as Number Six Dianna Agron as Sarah Hart Callan McAuliffe as Sam Goode Kevin Durand as Mogadorian Commander Jake Abel as Mark James Jeff Hochendoner as Sheriff James Patrick Sebes as Kevin Greg Townley as Number Three Reuben Langdon as Number Three 's Guardian Emily Wickersham as Nicole Brian Howe as Frank Andy Owen as Bret Charles Carroll as Sam 's stepfather Garrett M. Brown as Mr. Simms Cooper Thornton as Mr. Hart Judith Hoag as Mrs. Hart Beau Mirchoff as Drew Tucker Albrizzi ( uncredited ) as Tuck Production ( Edit ) Development ( Edit ) The film was produced by DreamWorks and Reliance Entertainment . Film producer and director Michael Bay brought the manuscript of the young adult novel I Am Number Four to Stacey Snider and Steven Spielberg at DreamWorks . A bidding war developed for the film rights between DreamWorks and J.J. Abrams , with DreamWorks winning the rights in June 2009 , with the intention of having Bay produce and possibly direct the project . The rights were purchased with the hope of attracting teenage fans of The Twilight Saga films , and the potential of establishing a film franchise , with at least six more installments planned by the book 's publisher . Al Gough and Miles Millar , the creators of the television series Smallville , were hired to write the screenplay in August 2009 . Marti Noxon , writer and producer for the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , also contributed to the screenplay . D.J. Caruso was brought on to direct in early 2010 , after Bay opted to focus on directing the third film of the Transformers series . Caruso had been selected by Spielberg to direct Disturbia and Eagle Eye for DreamWorks , and had success with both films . Caruso had less than a year to prepare , shoot and edit the film , due to a worldwide release date set for Presidents Day weekend . Chris Bender , J.C. Spink , and David Valdes executive produced the film . Steven Spielberg contributed to the film 's characters , but did not take a credit on the film . It was the first DreamWorks film to be released by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures label , as part of the 30 - picture distribution deal between DreamWorks and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . The film was also the first release for DreamWorks after the studio 's financial restructuring in 2008 . Casting ( Edit ) In March 2010 , Alex Pettyfer was in talks to play the title character in the film , Number Four . It was later confirmed that the 21 - year - old British actor would play the lead . Sharlto Copley was going to star as Henri , Number Four 's guardian and mentor , but had to drop out due to press obligations with his film The A-Team . Copley was replaced by Timothy Olyphant . Kevin Durand plays the villain of the film , Commander , the Mogadorian who leads the hunt for the Lorics on Earth . DreamWorks went through multiple rounds of tests to find the right actress for the female romantic lead . Dianna Agron , a star in the Fox television series Glee , won the role . She plays Sarah Hart , a girl who used to date a high school football player , but falls for Number Four and keeps his secret . Jake Abel plays the football player , Mark James , an antagonist in the film . Teresa Palmer plays the other Loric , Number Six , and 16 - year - old Australian actor Callan McAuliffe plays Sam Goode , Number Four 's best friend . Filming ( Edit ) Principal photography began on May 17 , 2010 , using 20 locations all within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area . DreamWorks selected the area primarily due to tax incentives from the Pennsylvania Film Production Tax Credit . The film studio also had a positive experience shooting She 's Out of My League in Pittsburgh in 2008 . The production was scheduled to last 12 to 13 weeks . Cinematographer Guillermo Navarro shot the film on 35 mm , using a format known as Super 1 : 85 . Beaver , the former Conley Inn in Homewood , and nearby Buttermilk Falls were used as locations in the film ; interior and exterior scenes were shot near a boat launch in Monaca . A spring fair scene was filmed in Deer Lakes Park in West Deer ; Port Vue , North Park , New Kensington and Hyde Park were also used as locations . The setting of the film 's fictional town of Paradise , Ohio is Vandergrift , Pennsylvania , where filming took place from June to July 2010 . Producers chose Vandergrift as the `` hero town '' of the film because of its unique look and curved streets , laid out by Frederick Law Olmsted , the designer of New York City 's Central Park . Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville was chosen over 50 other schools in the area , due to its proximity to nearby woods , a part of the film 's plot , and its surrounding hills . The school was also selected for its one floor layout , wide hallways , and its football stadium in front . Teachers and recent graduates appear in the film , and a set that replicates the school was built in a studio in Monroeville for filming explosion scenes . In the last few weeks of production , scenes were filmed at the 200 - year - old St. John 's Lutheran Stone Church in Lancaster Township . Additional filming took place in the Florida Keys in the beginning of the film in Big Pine Key , Florida as well as the spanning of the drive over the bridge showcases the keys 7 mile bridge . Post-production ( Edit ) I Am Number Four was edited by Jim Page , with Industrial Light & Magic developing the visual effects for the alien Pikens . The film was scored by former Yes guitarist Trevor Rabin . Release ( Edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was issued in late September 2010 , and a full - length trailer premiered on December 8 . Advertisements ran in Seventeen and Teen Vogue magazines , Disney released a promotional iPhone app in January 2011 . Disney also developed a lot of Internet content to target a teen audience with their marketing campaign . A cast tour , in association with American retailer Hot Topic , and cast media appearances were scheduled to lead up to the release of the film . I Am Number Four premiered at the Village Theatre in Los Angeles on February 9 , 2011 . The film was released in theaters on February 18 , 2011 , and was also released in the IMAX format . Home media ( Edit ) The film was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download on May 24 , 2011 . The release was produced in three different packages : a three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack , a single - disc Blu - ray , and a single - disc DVD . The `` Digital Copy '' included with the 3 - disc version is a stand - alone disc that allows users to play the film from any location via iTunes or Windows Media Player . All releases include bloopers and the `` Becoming Number 6 '' featurette , while the single - disc Blu - ray and three - disc Blu - ray , DVD , and `` Digital Copy '' combo pack versions additionally include six deleted scenes with an introduction from the director . In its first three weeks of release , 316,081 Blu - ray units were sold in the US , bringing in $7,693,808 . As of October 2 , 2011 , the standard DVD of ' I am Number Four ' has sold 767,692 copies in the United States , generating $12,571,326 , and thus bringing the total gross to $166,247,931 . Release ( Edit ) I Am Number Four grossed $55,100,437 at the North American box office and $90,778,000 overseas , for a worldwide total of $149,878,437 . It topped the worldwide box office on its second weekend ( February 25 -- 27 , 2011 ) with $28,086,805 . The film opened at number two in the United States and Canada with a gross of $19,449,893 . In its second weekend , it dropped 43.4 % , earning $11,016,126 . The only other market where it has grossed over $10 million is China . It began in third place with $3.4 million , but had an increase of 91 % in its second week , topping the box office with $6.4 million . In its third week , it decreased by 21 % to $5.0 million . As of March 27 , 2011 , it has grossed $17,328,244 . Reception ( Edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 33 % approval rating and an average rating of 4.8 / 10 based on 158 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` It 's positioned as the start of a franchise , but I Am Number Four 's familiar plot and unconvincing performances add up to one noisy , derivative , and ultimately forgettable sci - fi thriller . '' Metacritic gives the film an average score of 36 out of 100 based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Empire Magazine gave the film three out of a possible five stars and said , `` If you can make it through the bland schmaltz of the first half you 'll be rewarded with a spectacular blast of sustained action and the promise of even better to come . This could be the start of something great . '' Soundtrack ( Edit ) `` Radioactive '' - Kings of Leon `` Tighten Up '' - The Black Keys `` Rolling in the Deep '' - Adele `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' - Rockwell `` Shelter '' - The xx `` Soldier On '' - The Temper Trap `` Invented '' - Jimmy Eat World `` Curfew '' - Beck `` As She 's Walking Away '' - Zac Brown Band ( ft . Alan Jackson ) `` Letters from the Sky '' - Civil Twilight Source : Sequel ( edit ) In 2011 , screenwriter Noxon told Collider.com that plans for an imminent sequel were shelved due to the disappointing performance of the first installment at the box office . In 2013 , director Caruso was asked if there are any possibilities that The Power of Six will get a movie adaption , he replied : `` There 's been some talk in the past couple of months about trying to do something because there is this audience appetite out there ( ... ) . Most of the people on Twitter that contact me from all over the world ask , `` Where 's the next movie ? '' I think DreamWorks is getting those too so it 'll be interesting . I do n't know if I 'd be involved , but I know they 're talking about it . '' In a 2015 interview , James Frey , the co-author of the series , said that he hoped more movies would be made . See also ( edit ) Cyborg 009 References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' Likely to Rank No. 1 at Box Office This Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I AM NUMBER FOUR ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ; Kaufman , Amy ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' I Am Number Four ' to be No. 1 at holiday weekend box office ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schooley , Tim ( April 7 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks production of `` I Am Number Four '' to shoot in Pittsburgh `` . Pittsburgh Business Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ; Brooks Barnes ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` A Slimmer DreamWorks Gets a New Financing Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jay A. Fernandez ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Four ' deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sellers , John A. ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Alert : ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' I Am No. 4 ' the Next ' Twilight ' ? '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` The alien next door : D.J. Caruso makes sci - fi debut with ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Film Journal International . Retrieved January 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Smallville ' duo to write Bay 's ' Number Four ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cieply , Michael ; Barnes , Brooke ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Spielberg and DreamWorks Energize the Magic Machine Anew '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Laurie ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` An alien ticket to Paradise : Movie crew invades Franklin Regional '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Variety : Disney signs deal with DreamWorks Company will handle distribution for films , Variety , February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alex Pettyfer circles DreamWorks ' ' Number Four ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alex Pettyfer Says I Am Number Four '' . EmpireOnline.com. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartyze , Monika ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Sharlto Copley Ditches ' I Am Number Four ' Over Lack of Alien Costume ? '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` '' Lost '' Baddie Kevin Durand Books Two Sci - Fi Movies `` . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' star Dianna Agron to join sci - fi movie ' I Am Number Four ' '' . Heat Vision Blog. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Movie Awards Red Carpet Interviews with Jake Abel ( I AM NUMBER FOUR ) and Nicola Peltz ( THE LAST AIRBENDER ) '' . Collider.com . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Callan McAuliffe cast in U.S. action flick '' . UPI.com . May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The East at a glance '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yerace , Tom ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift 's architecture lures big - budget film '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barabara ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` DreamWorks film , `` I Am Number Four , '' begins shooting here next month `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( December 8 , 2010 ) . `` D.J. Caruso Interview I Am Number Four Plus Edit Bay Visit Recap '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tady , Scott ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Movie magic almost as exciting as catfish '' . Beaver County Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barkousky , Len ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Allegheny County Council OKs movie filming in two parks '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Skena , Rossilynne ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vandergrift locations part of week 's ' Number Four ' film shoot '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' I Am Number Four ' Movie To Shoot In Murrysville '' . WTAE - TV . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved June 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rittmeyer , Brian C. ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' offers many Western Pennsylvania locations '' . Valley News Dispatch . Retrieved February 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keener , Craig ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Stone Church site of sci - fi film '' . Butler Eagle . Jump up ^ Fay , Francis X. , Jr . ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` NHSAA Wall of Honor Hollywood director was All - State tennis player '' . The Hour . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` Lumen - escent : the VFX of I Am Number Four '' . fxguide.com . Creating killer machines -- the Pikens . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Edit Bay Visit : I Am Number Four with D.J. Caruso '' . movieweb.com . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` ' I Am Number Four ' trailer : Glowing hands and flipping cars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` DJ Caruso Talks I Am Number Four '' . Empire . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four on DVD , BD '' . IGN . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Aims for Number One on DVD and Blu - ray This May '' . Movies.com. 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Release : I Am Number Four DVD and Blu - ray pre-order '' . Disc Dish. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Blu - ray and DVD Hit on May 24th '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Jason ( 11 April 2011 ) . `` I Am Number Four Hits DVD and Blu - ray Combo Pack In May '' . SciFi Mafia . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ I am Number Four - DVD Sales Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I Am Number Four Review '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.what-song.com/Movies/Soundtrack/778/I-Am-Number-Four Jump up ^ `` Marti Noxon - I Am Number Four Sequel ' Shelved ' '' . contactmusic.com. 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Recently Cancelled Sequels : Not Coming Soon ! '' . contactmusic.com. 2 December 2012 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jamie ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : DIRECTOR D.J. CARUSO TALKS ' STANDING UP , ' ' PREACHER , ' ' INVERTIGO ' AND A POSSIBLE ' I AM NUMBER FOUR ' SEQUEL '' . iamrogue.com . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to I Am Number Four ( film ) . I Am Number Four on IMDb I Am Number Four at Box Office Mojo I Am Number Four at Rotten Tomatoes I Am Number Four at Metacritic Lorien Legacies James Frey Main series I Am Number Four The Power of Six The Rise of Nine The Fall of Five The Revenge of Seven The Fate of Ten United As One Film I Am Number Four ( film ) About the series List of Lorien Legacies characters Films directed by D.J. Caruso The Salton Sea ( 2002 ) Taking Lives ( 2004 ) Two for the Money ( 2005 ) Disturbia ( 2007 ) Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) Inside ( 2011 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) The Disappointments Room ( 2016 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) Michael Bay Filmography Films directed Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Transformers ( 2007 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) Pain & Gain ( 2013 ) Transformers : Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) Transformers : The Last Knight ( 2017 ) Producer only The Texas Chainsaw Massacre ( 2003 ) The Amityville Horror ( 2005 ) The Texas Chainsaw Massacre : The Beginning ( 2006 ) The Hitcher ( 2007 ) The Unborn ( 2009 ) Friday the 13th ( 2009 ) Horsemen ( 2009 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street ( 2010 ) I Am Number Four ( 2011 ) The Purge ( 2013 ) The Purge : Anarchy ( 2014 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) Ouija ( 2014 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) The Purge : Election Year ( 2016 ) Ouija : Origin of Evil ( 2016 ) A Quiet Place ( 2018 ) Bumblebee ( 2018 ) See also Platinum Dunes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Am_Number_Four_(film)&oldid=797495934 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s science fiction films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American superhero films Films based on science fiction novels Films set in Ohio Films shot in California Films shot in Florida Films shot in Pennsylvania IMAX films Reliance Entertainment films Film scores by Trevor Rabin Films directed by D.J. Caruso Films produced by Michael Bay Films based on young adult literature Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does i am number four take place	[ "The Mogadorians, led by the Commander learn about the nine children and come to Earth to find them. The Loriens can only be killed in sequence; Number One through Number Nine, though, and three of them are already dead, with John being Number Four. Knowing this, he and Henri move from a beachside bungalow in Florida to an old farm in Paradise, Ohio, where John befriends conspiracy theorist Sam Goode and a dog which he names Bernie Kosar. He also falls for an amateur photographer, Sarah Hart. Her ex-boyfriend, football player Mark James is a bully who torments both John and Sam." ]	[ "Paradise, Ohio" ]
1417501388376141846	America's Got Talent (season 13)	America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) America 's Got Talent Promotional poster for the season . Season 13 Broadcast from May 29 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) Judges Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Host ( s ) Tyra Banks Broadcaster NBC Winner Shin Lim Origin Boston , Massachusetts Genre ( s ) Magician Runner - up Zurcaroh Chronology ◀ 2018 Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host . The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre , beginning August 14 , 2018 . AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment , Cowell 's company . Dunkin ' Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season . Shin Lim was named the winner on the season finale , September 19 , 2018 . This marks the second magician to win . Acrobatic group Zurcaroh and violinist Brian King Joseph came in second and third place respectively . Contents 1 Preliminary auditions 1.1 Golden buzzer 2 Judge Cuts 2.1 Golden Buzzer 2.2 Week 1 2.3 Week 2 2.4 Week 3 2.5 Week 4 3 Quarterfinals 3.1 Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) 3.2 Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) 3.3 Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) 4 Semifinals 4.1 Week 1 ( September 4 -- 5 ) 4.2 Week 2 ( September 11 -- 12 ) 5 Finals 5.1 Finale 6 Top 36 acts 7 International broadcast 8 Ratings 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 8.2 Special episodes 9 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows 10 References 11 External links Preliminary auditions Season 13 judges and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando , Cincinnati , Savannah , Milwaukee , Houston , Las Vegas , New York City , Nashville , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . Auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles and began to air on May 29 , 2018 . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season . Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode , Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh . Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40 - year - old singer Michael Ketterer . Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin . Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena . Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer , using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips . Judge Cuts The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 . Like the previous season , one guest judge will join the judges ' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons . Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge 's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used . Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use . Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges are Ken Jeong , Olivia Munn , Martina McBride , and Chris Hardwick , who was also a guest judge in the previous season . The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7 , 2018 . This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers . After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Daniel Emmet , Human Fountains and Front Pictures ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . Golden buzzer The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round . Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act . An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows . In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children 's Choir . In week 2 , Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale . In the third week , Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha , a ballroom dance duo . Chris Hardwick gave the season 's final Golden Buzzer for Flau'jae , a 14 - year old rapper , in the final week of the Judge Cuts . Key Buzzed Golden buzzer Advanced Quarterfinal Wildcard Eliminated Advanced Immediately Week 1 Guest judge : Ken Jeong Date : July 17 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Jeong Mel B Mandel Junior New System Dance Group Advanced Harold & Regan Dance Duo Eliminated Us the Duo Band Advanced Kevin Blake Magician Eliminated Mochi 5 Diabolo Artist Advanced Lilly Wilker 6 Animal Impressionist Eliminated Oscar and Pam 7 Singing Dog & Pianist Eliminated Daniel Emmet 8 Opera Singer Quarterfinal Wildcard Voices of Hope 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Aaron Crow 10 Danger Act Advanced Carmen Lynch 11 Stand - up Comedienne Eliminated Christina Wells 12 Singer Advanced Patches 13 Rapper Eliminated Andrew Johnston 14 Singer Eliminated Celina and Filiberto 15 Dance Duo Eliminated Trinh Tra My 16 Aerialist Eliminated Jack Tenney 17 Trampolinist Eliminated Duo Transcend 18 Trapeze Duo Advanced Week 2 Guest judge : Olivia Munn Date : July 24 , 2018 Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Munn Mel B Mandel Human Fountains Novelty Act Quarterfinal Wildcard Shin Lim Close - up Magician Advanced The Melisizwe Brothers Band Eliminated Macey Mac Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Sophie Fatu 5 Singer Eliminated Reyes del Swing 6 Salsa Dance Troupe Eliminated The Future Kingz 7 Dance Group Advanced Lioz Shem Tov 8 Comedy Mentalist Eliminated Angel City Chorale 9 Choir Advanced Immediately Shannon and Reckon 10 Dog Act Eliminated EXISDANCE 11 Multimedia Dance Act Eliminated Hans 12 Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Advanced Vivien Vajda 13 Jump Rope Acrobat Eliminated Rob Lake 14 Illusionist Advanced Leah Mathies 15 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Hunter Price 16 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Joseph O'Brien 17 Singer / Pianist Advanced Vicki Barbolak 18 Stand - up Comedienne Advanced Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , O'Brien chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Week 3 Guest judge : Martina McBride Date : July 31 , 2018 This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum McBride Mel B Mandel The Savitsky Cats Cat Act Advanced Blue Tokyo Acrobatic Dance Group Eliminated OC Music and Dance Orchestral Band Eliminated The PAC Dance Team Dance Group Advanced Angel Garcia 5 Singer Eliminated Jeffrey Li 6 Singer Eliminated Ms. Trysh 7 Singer Eliminated Kazi 8 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Bone Hampton 9 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated Quin and Misha 10 Ballroom Dance Duo Advanced Immediately Noah Guthrie 11 Singer / Guitarist Advanced Jules and Jerome 12 Teeterboard Duo Eliminated Fratelli Rossi 13 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Bensax International 14 Saxophonist Eliminated Oliver Graves 15 Stand - up Comedian Eliminated UDI Dance 16 Blacklight Dance Group Advanced We Three 17 Band Advanced The Sacred Riana 18 Illusionist Advanced Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , Guthrie chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . Week 4 Guest judge : Chris Hardwick Date : August 7 , 2018 This is the first time in America 's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows . Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Hardwick Mel B Mandel Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist Advanced Yumbo Dump Comedy Duo Advanced Academy of Villains Dance Group Eliminated Da RepubliK Dance Group Advanced Berlin 5 Singer / Pianist Eliminated Sergey and Sasha 6 Acrobatic Duo Eliminated Flau'jae 7 Rapper Advanced Immediately Elijah Holt 8 Trampolinist Eliminated Sixto and Lucia 9 Quick Change Duo Eliminated Brody Ray 10 Singer / Guitarist Eliminated Ronnie Lamarque 11 Singer Eliminated Glennis Grace 12 Singer Advanced Diabolowalker 13 Diabolo Dance Group Eliminated Troy James 14 Contortionist Eliminated Street Drum Corps 15 Percussion Group Eliminated NUNNABOVE 16 Band Eliminated Lord Nil 17 Escape Artist Advanced Samuel J. Comroe 18 Stand - up Comedian Advanced Quarterfinals The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14 , 2018 with twelve acts performing each night . The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals . Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act , determined by popular vote , using `` Google 's Instant Save '' , sometimes also known as the `` Dunkin ' Save '' due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts , via the America 's Got Talent app or the official website . In the first week of the Quarterfinals , Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals , Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum . Key Buzzed Judges ' Choice Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Advanced ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Advanced ( Recived Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save ) Advanced ( Received Judges ' Wildcard ) Eliminated Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) Guest : Darci Lynne Farmer Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Mochi Diabolo Artist Lost Judges ' Choice Human Fountains Novelty Act Eliminated Angel City Chorale Choir Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save The PAC Dance Team Dance Group Eliminated Amanda Mena 5 Singer Advanced Junior New System 6 Dance Group Won Judges ' Choice We Three 7 Band Advanced Lord Nil 8 Escape Artist Eliminated Flau'jae 9 Rapper Eliminated Shin Lim 10 Close - up Magician Advanced Vicki Barbolak 11 Stand - up Comedienne Advanced Courtney Hadwin 12 Singer Advanced Jump up ^ After the Judges ' choice was split evenly , Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round . Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) Guests : The Illusionists and Light Balance Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Makayla Phillips Singer Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save Da RepubliK Dance Group Won Judges ' Choice Noah Guthrie Singer / Guitarist Advanced Yumbo Dump Comedy Duo X X Eliminated Samuel J. Comroe 5 Stand - up Comedian Advanced Voices of Hope 6 Choir Advanced The Savitsky Cats 7 Cat Act Eliminated Glennis Grace 8 Singer Advanced The Sacred Riana 9 Illusionist Eliminated Quin and Misha 10 Ballroom Dance Duo Eliminated Front Pictures 11 Multimedia Performance Act Received Judges ' Wildcard Duo Transcend 12 Trapeze Duo Advanced Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act , but then took his buzzer back at the end . Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act , but then took her buzzer back at the end . Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) Guest : Beautiful Broadway Act Order Performance type Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel The Future Kingz Dance Group Lost Judges ' Choice Us the Duo Band Advanced Daniel Emmet Opera Singer Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist Advanced Aaron Crow 5 Danger Act Won Judges ' Choice Joseph O'Brien 6 Singer / Pianist Eliminated Hans 7 Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Eliminated UDI Dance 8 Blacklight Dance Group Eliminated Christina Wells 9 Singer Advanced Zurcaroh 10 Acrobatic Group Advanced Rob Lake 11 Illusionist Eliminated Michael Ketterer 12 Singer Advanced Semifinals The live semifinals started on September 4 , 2018 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . Key Buzzed Judges ' Choice Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) Advanced ( Won Judges ' Choice ) Advanced ( Recived Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save ) Eliminated Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) Week 1 ( September 4 -- 5 ) Act Order Performance description Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Amanda Mena Singer ; performed `` Happy '' by Pharrell . Eliminated Junior New System Dance Group ; dancers performed with a basketball themed red stiletto extravaganza to `` Work Bitch '' by Britney Spears , `` Bang Bang '' by Jessie J ft . Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj , and `` Lose Control '' by Missy Elliott ft . Ciara & Fatman Scoop . Eliminated Us the Duo Band ; performed an original song called `` Broke '' . Eliminated Voices of Hope Choir ; performed `` Defying Gravity '' from Wicked by Idina Menzel . Lost Judges ' Choice Shin Lim 5 Close - up Magician ; started the act by placing a card in his back pocket `` for later '' . He asked Heidi to pick a card and sign it . He put the signed card down and after he made a gesture , smoke began to rise from beneath it , at which point the card was shown to be blank . He opened his mouth , smoke came billowing out , and Heidi 's card appeared from it . He placed her card in a plastic bag and then asked Tyra to pick a card and sign it . Tyra 's card jumped from Shin 's hand to his vest pocket , and thence to the card that started in his back pocket . Tyra 's card then appeared in his mouth amidst a cloud of smoke , then switched places with Heidi 's card in the plastic bag before the two cards switched back . He put both cards into the plastic bag and then vanished them in full view of the audience . Finally , he placed the remaining cards back in the box , and when smoke began pouring from the box he crushed it flat , making the box immediately disappear . Advanced Makayla Phillips 6 Singer ; performed `` Who You Are '' by Jessie J . Eliminated Front Pictures 7 Multimedia Performance Act ; starts in outer space and then gets a low oxygen tank . Ends up swimming with sea creatures such as turtles , dolphins , and whales . Eliminated Duo Transcend 8 Trapeze Duo ; performed a dangerous trapeze act for half of the performance , and the other half was a fire roller skate act where Mary hung onto Tyce with just her legs wrapped around his neck . Won Judges ' Choice Samuel J. Comroe 9 Stand - up Comedian ; explains about being the only kid out of his six siblings with tourettes . Then talks about how a woman tried to pray away his Tourette Syndrome . He ends with a story about how he was at a party with his black friends and the cops came . The cops told him to blink twice if he was in danger , and having tourettes he is likely to blink , so his black friends had to run . Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save Michael Ketterer 10 Singer ; performed `` When I Look At You '' by Miley Cyrus . Advanced Zurcaroh 11 Acrobatic Group ; the act was set in Egypt . Start with a dance on the floor , and then began leaping and flipping from the air while other members held gold wings and swung them simultaneously . They ended with two men swinging from a rope that dangled from the ceiling , and then made a human tower where the little girl on the top jumped down . Advanced Jump up ^ After the Judges ' choice was split evenly , Duo Transcend was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the finale . Week 2 ( September 11 -- 12 ) Guest : BTS and A Magical Cirque Christmas Act Order Performance description Buzzes Result Cowell Klum Mel B Mandel Christina Wells Singer ; performed `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin . Eliminated Da RepubliK Dance Group ; dancers mixed a combination of flipping and dancing to `` Get Ugly '' by Jason Derulo , `` Hit the Floor '' by Twista ft . Pitbull , and `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix - a-Lot . Eliminated Noah Guthrie Singer ; performed `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston . Eliminated Daniel Emmet Opera Singer ; performed `` Somewhere '' from West Side Story by Reri Grist . Won Judges ' Choice Angel City Chorale 5 Choir ; performed `` The Rising '' by Bruce Springsteen . Eliminated Aaron Crow 6 Danger Act ; starts the act with a video of Crow asking Howie for his help in this routine . It then cuts back to the main stage with Howie trapped in a box . In total there are four boxes . Crow first asks Heidi to choose a box out of the four , then ask Mel B to do the same . Heidi selected box 3 and Mel B picked box 1 . Crow proceeded to cut a rope that crushed box 3 . He then did the same thing to box 1 . Simon then had to pick a box which turned out to be box 4 , Crow then crushed box 4 . Finally , Crow opened box 2 and Howie was inside and safe . Eliminated Vicki Barbolak 7 Stand - up Comedienne ; talks about how she is extra attracted to Italian men . She says the best way to get a guy to notice you is to trace your body . Next , she explains that no diet has worked for her in the past . She ends talking about if a cop caught her drunk in her trailer , she would just trace her body . Advanced We Three 8 Band ; performed an original song called `` Make Up '' . Lost Judges ' Choice Glennis Grace 9 Singer ; performed `` This Woman 's Work '' by Kate Bush . Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save Brian King Joseph 10 Electric Violinist ; started in the audience and made his way to the main stage . Performed `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' by Coolio ft . L.V. to an electric mix on the song . Advanced Courtney Hadwin 11 Singer ; performed `` Born to Be Wild '' by Steppenwolf . Advanced Finals The final performances took on September 18 , followed by the final results show aired on September 19 , 2018 . No acts were buzzed . During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . Key Advanced to the Top 5 Top 10 Act Order Performance Description Result Brian King Joseph Electric Violinist ; performed `` Heartless '' by Kanye West to an electric beat on the song . Joseph was surrounded by fire and two drummers . Advanced Daniel Emmet Opera Singer ; gives an opera take on `` Perfect '' by Ed Sheeran . Top 10 Vicki Barbolak Stand - up Comedienne ; starts by saying she thought the finale was a bathing suit contest . She proceeds to strip into her bathing suit and talk about her time as a stripper . Chats about all the accomplishments her grandson has in school , to later say he is homeschooled . She says her dad is an ex-football player , and she has the typical looks of a football player 's daughter . Ends with talking about Hooter 's and how she wants tom open a restaurant for women called , `` Woodpeckers '' . Top 10 Glennis Grace Singer ; performed `` Run '' by Snow Patrol . Top 10 Zurcaroh 5 Acrobatic Group ; started all lined up in a row . They broke out and performed a ritual dance to `` Baba Yetu '' . Next , they created a human tower , and threw the little girl at the top off . They showed a scene where a little boy sees a girl acrobat and is scared of her appearance . The remaining acrobats do a flag routine . The little boy comes back and is n't scared of the girl anymore . They end the routine by making another human tower and throwing three girls in the air to be caught . Advanced Samuel J. Comroe 6 Stand - up Comedian ; explains how he met his wife . Tells a story about a guy he met that was squeezing his girlfriend 's butt . The guy then walked up to Comroe and said he does n't really have tourettes because he does n't cuss . Comroe said when he cusses it is from the heart . He finishes talking about how he does not like rude people . If you honk at him , he will follow you home . If he opens the door and you do n't say thank you , he will pull you back in . Advanced Courtney Hadwin 7 Singer ; performed `` River Deep , Mountain High '' by Tina Turner . Top 10 Shin Lim 8 Close - up Magician ; played piano for a bit , and talked about how he used to play piano until carpal tunnel made him stop , then got Tyra to randomly select a card . He then made multiple copies of this card appear and disappear , and displayed the name of the card with floating playing cards . Advanced Duo Transcend 9 Trapeze Duo ; opens with both at the top of the trapeze . Mary blindfolds Tyce , and proceeds to dangle for his leg in the air . She then does many flips by just holding onto his arms . Mary stands on Tyce 's shoulders and jumps down with Tyce just barely catching her . They continue to do flips . Mary takes off his blindfold and holds him by just her arms . They conclude by Mary dropping Tyce , on purpose . Top 10 Michael Ketterer 10 Singer ; performed `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell . Advanced Finale Guest performers in the finale included Kiss , Bebe Rexha , The Struts , Plácido Domingo , and Lindsey Stirling . Other celebrity appearances included David Spade , Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila . The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . Act ( s ) Performance Description Glennis Grace Singer ; Guest performer Bebe Rexha sang a duet with Grace of her song `` Meant to Be '' . Samuel J. Comroe Stand - up Comedian ; Clips were shown of Comroe performing and acting as a judge to comment on the Mel B 's performance as a stand - up comedienne . Courtney Hadwin Singer ; Guest performer The Struts sang a duet with Hadwin of their song `` Could Have Been Me '' and Janis Joplin 's version of `` Piece of My Heart '' song . Daniel Emmet Opera Singer ; Guest performer Plácido Domingo sang a duet with Emmet of Les pêcheurs de perles opera song `` Au fond du temple saint '' ( generally known as `` The Pearl Fishers Duet '' ) . Vicky Barbolak Stand - up Comedienne ; Guest performer David Spade performed together with Barbolak . Michael Ketterer Singer ; Sang `` The Courage To Love '' by Garth Brooks . Shin Lim Close - up Magician ; Guest volunteers Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila Brian King Joseph & Duo Transcend Electric Violinist and Trapeze Duo ; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling and Joseph performed performed `` Roundtable Rival '' and `` The Force of Nature '' while Duo Transcend performs . Zurcaroh Acrobatic Group ; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling Key 1st place ( Winner ) 2nd place ( Runner - ups ) 3rd place 4th place 5th place Act Result Shin Lim Winner Zurcaroh Runner - Ups Brian King Joseph 3rd place Samuel J. Comroe 4th place Michael Ketterer 5th place Top 36 acts Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Top 5 Finalist Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) Name of Act Age ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Quarterfinal Semifinal Result Shin Lim 26 Magic Close - up Magician Acton , Massachusetts Winner Zurcaroh 8 -- 39 Acrobatics Acrobatic Group Götzis , Austria Runners - Up Brian King Joseph 27 Music Electric Violinist Los Angeles , California 3rd place Samuel J. Comroe 30 Comedy Stand - up Comedian Los Angeles , California 4th place Michael Ketterer 40 Singing Singer Anaheim , California 5th place Courtney Hadwin 13 Singing Singer County Durham , England Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Daniel Emmet 25 Singing Opera Singer Las Vegas , Nevada Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Duo Transcend 29 & 32 Acrobatics Trapeze Duo Salt Lake City , Utah Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) Glennis Grace 40 Singing Singer Amsterdam , Netherlands Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save ) Vicki Barbolak 60 Comedy Stand - up Comedienne Oceanside , California Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) Voices of Hope 5 -- 17 Singing Choir Orange County , California Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) We Three 21 -- 27 Singing Band McMinnville , Oregon Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Aaron Crow 49 Danger Danger Act Bruges , Belgium Eliminated Amanda Mena 15 Singing Singer Boston , Massachusetts Eliminated Angel City Chorale 19 -- 88 Singing Choir Los Angeles , California Eliminated Christina Wells 42 Singing Singer Houston , Texas Eliminated Da RepubliK 15 -- 32 Dance Dance Group Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Eliminated Front Pictures 41 & 43 Variety Multimedia Performance Act Kiev , Ukraine Eliminated Junior New System 18 -- 25 Dance Dance Group Manila , Philippines Eliminated Makayla Phillips 16 Singing Singer Canyon Lake , California Eliminated Noah Guthrie 24 Singing Singer / Guitarist Greer , South Carolina Eliminated Us the Duo 27 & 28 Singing Band Los Angeles , California Eliminated Mochi 29 Variety Diabolo Artist Shizuoka , Japan N / A Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) The Future Kingz 7 -- 23 Dance Dance Group Chicago , Illinois N / A Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) Flau'jae 14 Music Rapper Savannah , Georgia N / A Eliminated Hans `` 19 '' Variety Singer / Accordionist / Dancer Adelaide , Australia N / A Eliminated Human Fountains 24 -- 29 Variety Novelty Act Los Angeles , California N / A Eliminated Joseph O'Brien 20 Singing Singer / Pianist Columbia , Tennessee N / A Eliminated Lord Nil 38 Danger Escape Artist Italy N / A Eliminated Quin and Misha 70 & 35 Dance Ballroom Dance Duo Orlando , Florida N / A Eliminated Rob Lake 35 Magic Illusionist Norman , Oklahoma N / A Eliminated The PAC Dance Team 15 -- 18 Dance Dance Group Sahuarita , Arizona N / A Eliminated The Sacred Riana 25 Magic Illusionist Jakarta , Indonesia N / A Eliminated The Savitsky Cats 24 & 45 Animal Cat Act Ukraine N / A Eliminated UDI Dance 20 -- 37 Dance Blacklight Dance Group Tomsk , Russia N / A Eliminated Yumbo Dump 31 & 34 Comedy Comedy Duo Okayama , Japan N / A Eliminated International Broadcast This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US . It airs on AXN starting May 31 , 2018 ( UTC + 8 ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31 . In Singapore , the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31 , 2018 . Ratings U.S. Nielsen ratings Episode Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank Auditions Week 1 May 29 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.5 11 12.16 Auditions Week 2 June 5 , 2018 2.2 10 11.27 Auditions Week 3 June 12 , 2018 2.3 10 11.46 Auditions Week 4 June 19 , 2018 2.2 10 11.86 5 Auditions Week 5 June 26 , 2018 2.0 9 11.32 6 Auditions Week 6 July 10 , 2018 2.1 9 11.55 7 Judge Cuts 1 July 17 , 2018 2.1 9 11.33 8 Judge Cuts 2 July 24 , 2018 2.0 8 11.68 9 Judge Cuts 3 July 31 , 2018 2.1 9 11.83 10 Judge Cuts 4 August 7 , 2018 1.9 9 11.04 11 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) August 14 , 2018 2.1 10 11.10 12 Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) August 15 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 8 9.85 13 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) August 21 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 9 11.21 14 Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) August 22 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 8 9.69 15 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) August 28 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 10.78 16 Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) August 29 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 7 9.90 17 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) September 4 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.8 8 10.69 5 18 Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) September 5 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.5 7 9.89 7 19 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) September 11 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.9 8 10.75 20 Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) September 12 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 8 10.15 5 21 The Finals September 18 , 2018 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 10 12.99 22 Season Finale September 19 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 10 12.88 Special episodes Specials Title First air date Timeslot ( EDT ) Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Nightly Rank Weekly Rank S1 Best of Auditions July 11 , 2018 Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.9 5 5.98 S2 Road to Lives August 9 , 2018 Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 0.7 3.82 21 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows Act Television show Season Result Notes Academy of Villains America 's Got Talent 7 Semifinalist Sergey and Sasha 10 Cut Before Judge Cuts Silicon Valley Girls 11 Cut Before Judge Cuts Auditioned as `` Trio Grace '' Junior New System Asia 's Got Talent Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals . The Sacred Riana Winner Yumbo Dump Semi-Finalist UDI Britain 's Got Talent 9 Finalist Wes - P 12 Semi-Finalist Auditioned as `` Mr. Uekusa '' Aaron Crow 7 Semi-Finalist La France a un incroyable talent 11 Semi-Finalist Zurcaroh 12 Finalist Received the golden buzzer during the auditions . David Pereira 8 Finalist Got Talent España Finalist Noah Guthrie Glee 6 N / A Played Roderick Meeks Recurring role ; 12 episodes . Lioz Shem Tov Israel 's Got Talent Semi-Finalist Jeffrey Li Little Big Shots N / A Rob Lake Masters of Illusion N / A Shin Lim Penn & Teller : Fool Us Fooler Jimmy Ichihana Non-Fooler Flau'jae The Rap Game Final Four Troy James Showtime At The Apollo N / A Glennis Grace Eurovision Song Contest 50 ( 2005 ) Semi-Finalist Dutch contestant with `` My Impossible Dream '' Soundmixshow 10 ( 1994 ) Winner Sang `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston Courtney Hadwin The Voice Kids ( UK ) Finalist One - chair turn from Danny Jones . Angel Garcia La Voz Kids ( US ) Eliminated in the Battles Auditioned as `` Angelito Garcia '' . One - chair turn from Prince Royce . Amanda Mena Winner Three - chair turner and joined Team Royce . References Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Renewed For Season 13 By NBC With All 4 Judges & Host Tyra Banks Returning `` . deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Judging Panel , Tyra Banks Set to Return for Season 13 `` . variety.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' AGT '' Brings Everyone Back : Howie , Simon , Mel B , Heidi , and Host Tyra Banks All Sign on for Summer 2018 `` . thewrap.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Season 13 Auditions Start November 5 ( 9 Cities ) '' . 2paragraphs.com . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gerdes , Caroline ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` How To Audition For `` America 's Got Talent '' And Show Your Skills To The World `` . bustle.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandoval , Michael ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Returns To The Pasadena Civic Auditorium `` . socalmuse.com . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Seamayer , Zach ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Tyra Banks Presses Golden Buzzer For Amazing Acrobatic Dance Group On `` America 's Got Talent '' Premiere `` . Yahoo . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weigle , Lauren ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' 2018 Golden Buzzer Winners So Far -- 7 / 17 / 2018 '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1311 ) `` LIVE QUARTER FINALS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT - ( # 1312 ) `` LIVE RESULTS 1 '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 13 Viewer Votes '' . August 15 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : How to use Dunkin ' Save to keep your favorite act on ' AGT ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BTS to Appear on ' America 's Got Talent ' Semifinal '' . Billboard . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Magician Shin Lim wins Season 13 '' . USA Today . 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 21 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca . `` Asia , America and Britain have Talent on AXN Deals News Rapid TV News '' . www.rapidtvnews.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent , Britain 's Got Talent Head to AXN in Asia -- TVASIA '' . TVASIA. 2018 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent S13 Show Info - Toggle '' . Toggle.sg. 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals , ' America 's Got Talent ' start summer strong : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for May 28 - June 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` NBA Finals carry ABC again : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Beat Shazam ' adjust up , ' World of Dance ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 19 - 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' takes over No. 1 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings for June - 26 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' 20 / 20 ′ adjusts up , ' The Outpost ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' dominate : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and all shows hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` MLB All - Star Game , ' America 's Got Talent ' lead : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last Defense ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads again : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Outpost ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and NFL Preseason keep NBC on top : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for July 30 -- August 5 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' The Outpost ' adjust down , ' Beat Shazam ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads in 18 - 49 and viewers : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 6 - 10 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Castaways , ' ' Making It ' adjust down , ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' dominate : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 13 - 19 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' encore adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Beat Shazam , ' ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' Making It ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' leads again , NFL follows closely behind : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 20 - 26 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Burden of Truth ' adjusts down : Wednesday final broadcast '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Love Connection ' encore adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' NBC dominates with ' Got Talent ' and NCAA coverage : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for August 27 -- Sept. 2 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Making It ' and ' Castaways ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' leads , ' REL ' premiere beats ' AGT ' : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 3 - 9 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother , ' ' America 's Got Talent , ' and ' World of Dance ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Castaways ' and NBC Fall Preview adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' keep NBC on top : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 10 - 16 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Big Brother ' adjust up , ' Castaways ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' Castaways ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` NBC cements its season win in 18 - 49 and viewers with football and ' AGT ' finale : Broadcast top 25 and network rankings for Sept. 17 - 23 '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' and ' America 's Got Talent ' adjust up , ' I Feel Bad ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Originals ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Trial & Error , ' ' Big Brother , ' everything else adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PH dance group Junior New System gets Golden Buzzer on ' Asia 's Got Talent ' '' . Rappler . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian magician The Sacred Riana is crowned winner of Asia 's Got Talent Season 2 '' . Straits Time . 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ 彭嘉彬 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) . `` ( 亞洲達人秀 ) 肥都係一種才藝 ? 日本相撲手組合靠大肚腩過關 '' . 香港 01 ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Asia 's Got Talent ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Yumbo Dump Semi-Final 3 -- VOTING CLOSED Asia 's Got Talent 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` International Dance Troop Wows On `` France 's Got Talent '' -- InspireMore `` . InspireMore . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Star Noah Guthrie Performed Rihanna 's ' Love on the Brain ' for ' America 's Got Talent ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Watch Peterlee schoolgirl Courtney Hadwin wow on The Voice Kids '' . nechronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ La Voz Kids ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) , Amanda Mena canta `` Because of You '' en La Voz Kids , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 External links Official website IMDB America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) America 's Got Talent Season 13 ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Season 14 ( 2019 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Shin Lim Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Zurcaroh Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Alexandr Magala Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Mike Yung Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Us the Duo Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=864113596 '' Categories : America 's Got Talent seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Use mdy dates from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do the live shows start for agt	[ "The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14, 2018 with twelve acts performing each night.[10] The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals.[11] Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act, determined by popular vote, using \"Google's Instant Save\", sometimes also known as the \"Dunkin' Save\" due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts, via the America's Got Talent app or the official website.[12][13] In the first week of the Quarterfinals, Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals, Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum.\n" ]	[ "quarterfinals" ]
5568348320454766555	Elon Musk	Elon Musk - Wikipedia Elon Musk For the book , see Elon Musk : Tesla , SpaceX , and the Quest for a Fantastic Future . Elon Musk FRS Musk in 2015 Elon Reeve Musk ( 1971 - 06 - 28 ) June 28 , 1971 ( age 47 ) Pretoria , Transvaal , South Africa Residence Bel Air , Los Angeles , California , United States Citizenship South Africa ( 1971 -- present ) Canada ( 1989 -- present ) United States ( 2002 -- present ) Alma mater Queen 's University University of Pennsylvania Occupation Entrepreneur , engineer , and investor Net worth US $ 20.2 billion ( August 2018 ) Title CEO , Lead Designer of SpaceX CEO of Tesla , Inc . CEO of Neuralink Founder of The Boring Company Political party Independent Spouse ( s ) Justine Musk ( m . 2000 ; div. 2008 ) Talulah Riley ( m . 2010 ; div. 2012 ) ( m . 2013 ; div. 2016 ) Children 6 ( 1 deceased ) Parent ( s ) Errol Musk ( father ) Maye Musk ( mother ) Relatives Kimbal Musk ( brother ) Tosca Musk ( sister ) Lyndon Rive ( cousin ) Awards Fellow of the Royal Society Signature Elon Reeve Musk FRS ( / ˈiːlɒn / ; born June 28 , 1971 ) is a business magnate , investor and engineer . He is the founder , CEO , and lead designer of SpaceX ; co-founder , CEO , and product architect of Tesla , Inc. ; co-founder and CEO of Neuralink ; and co-founder of PayPal . In December 2016 , he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of The World 's Most Powerful People . As of August 2018 , he has a net worth of $20.2 billion and is listed by Forbes as the 46th - richest person in the world . Born in Pretoria , South Africa , Musk taught himself computer programming at the age of 12 . He moved to Canada when he was 17 to attend Queen 's University . He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later , where he received an economics degree from the Wharton School and a degree in physics from the College of Arts and Sciences . He began a Ph. D. in applied physics and material sciences at Stanford University in 1995 but dropped out after two days to pursue an entrepreneurial career . He subsequently co-founded Zip2 , a web software company , which was acquired by Compaq for $340 million in 1999 . Musk then founded X.com , an online bank . It merged with Confinity in 2000 and became PayPal , which was bought by eBay for $1.5 billion in October 2002 . In May 2002 , Musk founded SpaceX , an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company , of which he is CEO and lead designer . He co-founded Tesla , Inc. , an electric vehicle and solar panel manufacturer , in 2003 , and operates as its CEO and product architect . In 2006 , he inspired the creation of SolarCity , a solar energy services company that is now a subsidiary of Tesla , and operates as its chairman . In 2015 , Musk co-founded OpenAI , a nonprofit research company that aims to promote friendly artificial intelligence . In July 2016 , he co-founded Neuralink , a neurotechnology company focused on developing brain -- computer interfaces , and is its CEO . In December 2016 , Musk founded The Boring Company , an infrastructure and tunnel - construction company . In addition to his primary business pursuits , Musk has envisioned a high - speed transportation system known as the Hyperloop , and has proposed a vertical take - off and landing supersonic jet electric aircraft with electric fan propulsion , known as the Musk electric jet . Musk has stated that the goals of SpaceX , Tesla , and SolarCity revolve around his vision to change the world and humanity . His goals include reducing global warming through sustainable energy production and consumption and reducing the `` risk of human extinction '' by establishing a human colony on Mars . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Early childhood 1.2 Education 2 Career 2.1 Zip2 2.2 X.com and PayPal 2.3 SpaceX 2.4 Tesla 2.5 SolarCity 2.6 Hyperloop 2.7 OpenAI 2.8 Neuralink 2.9 The Boring Company 2.10 pravduh.com 2.11 Tham Luang cave rescue 2.11. 1 Mini-submarine design , operation and viability 2.11. 2 Media coverage and Musk 's behavior 3 Views 3.1 Political 3.1. 1 Lobbying 3.1. 2 Subsidies 3.2 Destiny and religion 3.3 Extraterrestrial life 3.4 Artificial intelligence 3.5 Public transport 4 Personal life 4.1 Philanthropy 4.2 Family 4.3 Zolpidem usage 5 Awards and recognition 6 In popular media 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life Early childhood Musk was born on June 28 , 1971 , in Pretoria , Transvaal , South Africa , the son of Maye Musk ( née Haldeman ) , a model and dietitian from Regina , Saskatchewan , Canada , and Errol Musk , a South African electromechanical engineer , pilot , and sailor . He has a younger brother , Kimbal ( born 1972 ) , and a younger sister , Tosca ( born 1974 ) . His paternal grandmother was British , and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry . His maternal grandfather was American , from Minnesota . After his parents divorced in 1980 , Musk lived mostly with his father in the suburbs of Pretoria , which Musk chose two years after his parents split up , but now says was `` not a good idea '' . As an adult , Musk has severed relations with his father . He has a half - sister , and half - brother . During his childhood , Musk was an avid reader . At age 10 , he developed an interest in computing with the Commodore VIC - 20 . He taught himself computer programming at the age of 12 , sold the code of a BASIC - based video game he created called Blastar , to a magazine called PC and Office Technology , for approximately $500 . A web version of the game is available online . His childhood reading included Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series from which he drew the lesson that `` you should try to take the set of actions that are likely to prolong civilization , minimize the probability of a dark age and reduce the length of a dark age if there is one . '' Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood and was once hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs and then beat him until he lost consciousness . Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School , and Bryanston High School before graduating from Pretoria Boys High School . He moved to Canada in June 1989 , just before his 18th birthday , after obtaining a Canadian passport through his Canadian - born mother . Education At age 17 , in 1989 , Elon Musk moved to Canada to attend Queen 's University and avoid mandatory service in the South African military . He left in 1992 to study business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania . He graduated with an undergraduate degree in economics and stayed for a second bachelor 's degree in physics . After leaving Penn , Elon Musk headed to Stanford University in California to pursue a PhD in energy physics . However , his move was timed perfectly with the Internet boom , and he dropped out of Stanford after just two days to become a part of it , launching his first company , Zip2 Corporation . Career Zip2 Main article : Zip2 In 1995 , Musk and his brother , Kimbal , started Zip2 , a web software company , with money raised from a small group of angel investors . The company developed and marketed an Internet `` city guide '' for the newspaper publishing industry . Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with CitySearch . While at Zip2 , Musk wanted to become CEO ; however , none of the board members would allow it . Compaq acquired Zip2 for US $307 million in cash and US $34 million in stock options in February 1999 . Musk received US $22 million for his 7 percent share from the sale . X.com and PayPal Main articles : PayPal and X.com In March 1999 , Musk co-founded X.com , an online financial services and e-mail payment company , with US $10 million from the sale of Zip2 . One year later , the company merged with Confinity , which had a money - transfer service called PayPal . The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001 . PayPal 's early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service . Musk was ousted in October 2000 from his role as CEO ( although he remained on the board ) due to disagreements with other company leadership , notably over his desire to move PayPal 's Unix - based infrastructure to Microsoft Windows . In October 2002 , PayPal was acquired by eBay for US $1.5 billion in stock , of which Musk received US $165 million . Before its sale , Musk , who was the company 's largest shareholder , owned 11.7 % of PayPal 's shares . In July 2017 , Musk purchased the domain x.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount stating that it has `` great sentimental value '' to him . SpaceX Main article : SpaceX Wikinews has related news : SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket blasts Elon Musk 's personal Tesla into solar orbit In 2001 , Musk conceptualized `` Mars Oasis '' , a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars , containing food crops growing on Martian regolith , in an attempt to regain public interest in space exploration . In October 2001 , Musk travelled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell ( an aerospace supplies fixer ) , and Adeo Ressi ( his best friend from college ) , to buy refurbished Dnepr Intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that could send the envisioned payloads into space . The group met with companies such as NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras ; however , according to Cantrell , Musk was seen as a novice and was consequently spat on by one of the Russian chief designers , and the group returned to the United States empty - handed . In February 2002 , the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs , bringing along Mike Griffin . Griffin had worked for the CIA 's venture capital arm , In - Q - Tel , as well as NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory , and was just leaving Orbital Sciences , a maker of satellites and spacecraft . The group met again with Kosmotras , and were offered one rocket for US $8 million ; however , this was seen by Musk as too expensive ; Musk consequently stormed out of the meeting . On the flight back from Moscow , Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed . According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor Steve Jurvetson , Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time . It was concluded that theoretically , by applying vertical integration and the modular approach from software engineering , SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70 - percent gross margin . Ultimately , Musk ended up founding SpaceX with the long - term goal of creating a `` true spacefaring civilization . '' Musk and President Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010 With US $100 million of his early fortune , Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies , or SpaceX , in May 2002 . Musk is chief executive officer ( CEO ) and chief technology officer ( CTO ) of the Hawthorne , California - based company . SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology . The company 's first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets ( a nod to Star Wars ' Millennium Falcon ) , and its first spacecraft is the Dragon ( a nod to Puff the Magic Dragon ) . In seven years , SpaceX designed the family of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multipurpose spacecraft . In September 2008 , SpaceX 's Falcon 1 rocket became the first privately funded liquid - fueled vehicle to put a satellite into Earth orbit . On May 25 , 2012 , the SpaceX Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS , making history as the first commercial company to launch and berth a vehicle to the International Space Station . In 2006 , SpaceX was awarded a contract from NASA to continue the development and test of the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle and Dragon spacecraft in order to transport cargo to the International Space Station , followed by a US $1.6 billion NASA Commercial Resupply Services program contract on December 23 , 2008 , for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the Space Station , replacing the US Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011 . Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled solely by the Soyuz , but SpaceX is one of two companies awarded a contract by NASA as part of the Commercial Crew Development program , which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability by 2018 . On December 22 , 2015 , SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of its Falcon rocket back at the launch pad . This was the first time in history such a feat had been achieved by an orbital rocket and is a significant step towards rocket reusability lowering the costs of access to space . This first stage recovery was replicated several times in 2016 by landing on an autonomous spaceport drone ship , an ocean - based recovery platform , and by the end of 2017 , SpaceX had landed and recovered the first stage on 16 missions in a row where a landing and recovery were attempted , including all 14 attempts in 2017 . 20 out of 42 first stage Falcon 9 boosters have been recovered overall since the Falcon 9 maiden flight in 2010 . In the most recent full year -- 2017 -- SpaceX launched 18 successful Falcon 9 flights , more than doubling their highest previous year of 8 . On February 6 , 2018 , SpaceX successfully launched the Falcon Heavy , the fourth - highest capacity rocket ever built ( after Saturn V , Energia and N1 ) and the most powerful rocket in operation as of 2018 . The inaugural mission carried a Tesla Roadster belonging to Musk as a dummy payload . SpaceX is both the largest private producer of rocket engines in the world , and holder of the record for highest thrust - to - weight ratio for a rocket engine ( the Merlin 1D ) . SpaceX has produced more than 100 operational Merlin 1D engines . Each Merlin 1D engine can vertically lift the weight of 40 average family cars . In combination , the 9 Merlin engines in the Falcon 9 first stage produce anywhere from 5.8 to 6.7 MN ( 1.3 to 1.5 million pounds ) of thrust , depending on altitude . Musk was influenced by Isaac Asimov 's Foundation series and views space exploration as an important step in preserving and expanding the consciousness of human life . Musk said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human species . An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us , and we face risks the dinosaurs never saw : an engineered virus , inadvertent creation of a micro black hole , catastrophic global warming or some as - yet - unknown technology could spell the end of us . Humankind evolved over millions of years , but in the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish ourselves . Sooner or later , we must expand life beyond this green and blue ball -- or go extinct . Musk 's goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 10 . In a 2011 interview , he said he hopes to send humans to Mars ' surface within 10 -- 20 years . In Ashlee Vance 's biography , Musk stated that he wants to establish a Mars colony by 2040 , with a population of 80,000 . Musk stated that , since Mars ' atmosphere lacks oxygen , all transportation would have to be electric ( electric cars , electric trains , Hyperloop , electric aircraft ) . Musk stated in June 2016 that the first unmanned flight of the larger Mars Colonial Transporter ( MCT ) spacecraft is aimed for departure to the red planet in 2022 , to be followed by the first manned MCT Mars flight departing in 2024 . In September 2016 , Musk revealed details of his architecture to explore and colonize Mars . By 2016 , Musk 's private trust holds 54 % of SpaceX stock , equivalent to 78 % of voting shares . In late 2017 , SpaceX unveiled the design for its next - generation launch vehicle and spacecraft system -- BFR -- that would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities with a single set of very large vehicles : Earth - orbit , Lunar - orbit , interplanetary missions , and even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth , and totally replace the Falcon 9 , Falcon Heavy and Dragon vehicles in the 2020s . The BFR will have a 9 - meter ( 30 ft ) core diameter . Significant development on the vehicles began in 2017 , while the new rocket engine development began in 2012 . Tesla Main article : Tesla , Inc . Tesla , Inc. ( originally Tesla Motors ) was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning , who financed the company until the Series A round of funding . Both men played active roles in the company 's early development prior to Elon Musk 's involvement . Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004 , joining Tesla 's board of directors as its chairman . Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design at a detailed level , but was not deeply involved in day - to - day business operations . Following the financial crisis in 2008 , Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect , positions he still holds today . Tesla Motors first built an electric sports car , the Tesla Roadster in 2008 , with sales of about 2,500 vehicles to 31 countries . Tesla began delivery of its four - door Model S sedan on June 22 , 2012 . It unveiled its third product , the Model X , aimed at the SUV / minivan market , on February 9 , 2012 ; however , the Model X launch was delayed until September 2015 . In addition to its own cars , Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Smart EV , Mercedes B - Class Electric Drive and Mercedes A Class , and to Toyota for the RAV4 EV . Musk was able to bring in both companies as long - term investors in Tesla . Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the NUMMI plant , now known as the Tesla Factory ( Fremont , California ) in 2010 Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011 Musk and Senator Dianne Feinstein next to a Tesla Model S ( 2010 ) Musk has favored building a sub-US $30,000 compact Tesla model and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in - house ; this led to the Model 3 that is planned to have a base price of US $35,000 . Several mainstream publications have compared him with Henry Ford for his work on advanced vehicle powertrains . In a May 2013 interview with All Things Digital , Musk said that to overcome the range limitations of electric cars , Tesla is `` dramatically accelerating '' its network of supercharger stations , tripling the number on the East and West coasts of the U.S. that June , with plans for more expansion across North America , including Canada , throughout the year . As of January 29 , 2016 , Musk owns about 28.9 million Tesla shares , which equates to about 22 % of the company . As of 2014 , Musk 's annual salary is one dollar , similar to that of Steve Jobs and other CEOs ; the remainder of his compensation is in the form of stock and performance - based bonuses . In 2014 , Musk announced that Tesla would allow its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith in a bid to entice automobile manufacturers to speed up development of electric cars . `` The unfortunate reality is electric car programs ( or programs for any vehicle that does n't burn hydrocarbons ) at the major manufacturers are small to non-existent , constituting an average of far less than 1 % of their total vehicle sales , '' Musk said . In February 2016 , Musk announced that he had acquired the Tesla.com domain name from Stu Grossman , who had owned it since 1992 , and changed Tesla 's homepage to that domain . In January 2018 , Musk was granted a $2.6 billion award by the company , awarding him with 20.3 million shares and could raise Tesla 's market value to $650 billion . Majority shareholder approval is pending . The grant was also meant to end speculation about Musk 's potential departure from Tesla to devote more time to his other business ventures . A report by advisory firm Glass Lewis & Co. to clients argued against granting the award . Despite what the New York Post described as an `` astronomical deal '' in pay , Musk accepted $750 million in public funds from New York Governor Andrew Cuomo as part of the Buffalo Billion project , a plan to invest money to help the economy of the Buffalo , New York area . The money was used to build a factory and infrastructure for solar panel maker SolarCity , which Tesla acquired . As of March 2018 , the plant employed `` just a few hundred workers and its future remains uncertain . '' ( The Buffalo area actually lost nearly 5,000 jobs between December 2016 and December 2017 ) . SolarCity Main article : SolarCity Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity , which was then co-founded in 2006 by his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive . By 2013 , SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States . SolarCity was acquired by Tesla , Inc. in 2016 and is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Tesla . The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla was to help combat global warming . In 2012 , Musk announced that SolarCity and Tesla are collaborating to use electric vehicle batteries to smooth the impact of rooftop solar on the power grid , with the program going live in 2013 . On June 17 , 2014 , Musk committed to building a SolarCity advanced production facility in Buffalo , New York , that would triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States . Musk stated the plant will be `` one of the single largest solar panel production plants in the world , '' and it will be followed by one or more even bigger facilities in subsequent years . Hyperloop Main articles : Hyperloop and Hyperloop pod competition On August 12 , 2013 , Musk unveiled a concept for a high - speed transportation system incorporating reduced - pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on an air cushion driven by linear induction motors and air compressors . The mechanism for releasing the concept was an alpha - design document that , in addition to scoping out the technology , outlined a notional route where such a transport system might be built : between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area . After earlier envisioning Hyperloop , Musk assigned a dozen engineers from Tesla and SpaceX who worked for nine months , establishing the conceptual foundations and creating the designs for the transportation system . An early design for the system was then published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs . Musk 's proposal , if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited , would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances . The alpha design was proposed to use a partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamic drag , which it is theorized would allow for high - speed travel with relatively low power , with certain other features like air - bearing skis and an inlet compressor to reduce freestream flow . The document of alpha design estimated the total cost of an LA - to - SF Hyperloop system at US $6 billion , but this amount is speculative . In June 2015 , Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods to operate on a SpaceX - sponsored mile - long track in a 2015 -- 2017 Hyperloop pod competition . The track was used in January 2017 , and Musk also started building a tunnel . Hyperloop One , a company unaffiliated with Musk , had announced that it had done its first successful test run on its DevLoop track in Nevada on July 13 , 2017 . It was on May 12 , 2017 at 12 : 02 a.m. and had lasted 5.3 seconds , reaching a top speed of 70 mph . On July 20 , 2017 , Elon Musk announced that he had gotten `` verbal government approval '' to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington D.C , stopping in both Philadelphia and Baltimore . However , the New York City Transit Authority , Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority , Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority , Maryland Transit Administration , United States Department of Homeland Security , as well as the mayors of New York , Philadelphia , Baltimore , and Washington D.C. stated that they are unaware of any such agreement . OpenAI Main article : OpenAI In December 2015 , Musk announced the creation of OpenAI , a not - for - profit artificial intelligence ( AI ) research company . OpenAI aims to develop artificial general intelligence in a way that is safe and beneficial to humanity . By making AI available to everyone , OpenAI wants to `` counteract large corporations who may gain too much power by owning super-intelligence systems devoted to profits , as well as governments which may use AI to gain power and even oppress their citizenry . '' Musk has stated he wants to counteract the concentration of power . In 2018 Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid `` potential future conflict '' with his role as CEO of Tesla as Tesla increasingly becomes involved in AI . Neuralink Main article : Neuralink In 2016 , Musk co-founded Neuralink , a neurotechnology startup company to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence . The company is centered on creating devices that can be implanted in the human brain , with the eventual purpose of helping human beings merge with software and keep pace with advancements in artificial intelligence . These enhancements could improve memory or allow more direct interfacing with computing devices . Musk sees Neuralink and OpenAI as related : `` OpenAI is a nonprofit dedicated to minimizing the dangers of artificial intelligence , while Neuralink is working on ways to implant technology into our brains to create mind - computer interfaces . '' The Boring company Main article : The Boring Company On December 17 , 2016 , while stuck in traffic , Musk tweeted `` Am going to build a tunnel boring machine and just start digging ... '' The company was named ' The Boring Company ' . On January 21 , 2017 , Musk tweeted `` Exciting progress on the tunnel front . Plan to start digging in a month or so . '' The first tunnel will start on the SpaceX campus , and will probably go to a nearby parking garage . As of January 26 , 2017 , discussions with regulatory bodies have begun , but no requests for permits to dig in the Los Angeles area had been filed with the California Department of Transportation by late January 2017 . In February 2017 , the company began digging a 30 - foot - wide , 50 - foot - long , and 15 - foot - deep `` test trench '' on the premises of Space X 's offices in Los Angeles , since the construction requires no permits . Musk has said that a 10-fold decrease in tunnel boring cost per mile is necessary for economic feasibility of the proposed tunnel network . Pravduh.com After a string of negative press targeting Tesla caused Musk to become `` frustrated '' , specifically articles published by Reveal News criticizing Tesla for its factory safety procedures , Musk announced on Twitter that he is planning on creating a website where users could rate the truthfulness of specific articles in addition to the credibility of journalists and publications . He suggested calling it `` Pravda '' after a Soviet Union - era Communist Party newspaper of the same name This caused backlash from many journalists , claiming that a platform where any user could freely vote on an article 's or a journalist 's credibility could be prone to abuse . After realizing the site `` pravda.com '' is used by the Ukrainian Internet newspaper Ukrayinska Pravda , Musk bought the site pravduh.com on May 25 , 2018 . It currently links to Musk 's Twitter page , and its future is unclear . Tham Luang cave rescue Mini-submarine being tested by divers in a pool . In July 2018 , Musk attempted to provide assistance to rescuers during the Tham Luang cave rescue by ordering his employees to build a small rescue pod . Musk , responding to requests for help from Twitter users , ordered engineers from two of his companies to design a `` kid - sized '' submarine to help the rescue effort and publicised the process via Twitter . Engineers at Musk 's companies SpaceX and The Boring Company built the mini-submarine out of a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube and personally delivered it to Thailand . In case the mini-submarine could not fit through the cave system , Elon Musk also requested Wing Inflatables , a California - based inflatable boat manufacturer , to build inflatable escape pods . The pods were designed , fabricated , and tested in one day before being flown to Thailand . By this time , eight of the twelve children had already been rescued and Thai authorities decided not to use the submarine , describing it as technologically impressive but impractical . Mini-submarine design , operation and viability The device was named `` Wild Boar '' after the children 's soccer team . The design was intended to solve the problem of safely transporting untrained kids , which could n't be taught the difficult scuba skills required to exit the cave on their own , and had a risk of panicking and putting themselves in danger . The submarine is a five - foot - long , 12 - inches - wide sealed tube weighting about 90 pounds . The hull was made from an already built liquid oxygen transfer tube for the company 's Falcon 9 rocket . With no propulsion of its own , it was intended to be pulled by two divers through the cave system , having 4 handles and four attachments for oxygen tanks . The head of the device is a cone that protects the air lines point of attachment and might guide the hull in the narrow passages of the cave . The rear hatch is an transparent acrylic disc that would allow divers to see the occupant . The supervisor of the rescue operation Narongsak Osatanakorn dismissed the submarine as `` not practical for this mission '' . The British rescue caver , Vern Unsworth , who had been exploring the cave for the past six years and who had originally located the trapped football team , said that Musk 's idea `` had absolutely no chance of working ... the submarine , I believe , was about five foot six long , rigid , so it would n't have gone round corners or round any obstacles . It would n't have made the first 50 metres into the cave from the dive start point . '' Musk tweeted that Richard Stanton , leader of the international diving team , had earlier urged Musk to continue construction of the mini-submarine as a back - up , in case the flooding worsened . The device could safely hold an occupant , but it was not clear that it could have been used at this operation , as its rigid body was only slightly smaller than the narrowest passages in the cave . Media coverage and Musk 's behavior One of the divers said to have played a `` major role '' in the rescue criticized the submarine as amounting to nothing more than a `` PR stunt '' that `` had absolutely no chance of working '' and `` he had no conception of what the cave passage was like '' ; and said that Musk `` can stick his submarine where it hurts '' . Musk reasserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and name - called the diver , referring to him unsubstantially as `` pedo guy '' , causing backlash against Musk . He subsequently deleted the tweets , along with an earlier tweet in which he told another critic of the device `` Stay tuned jackass '' . On 16 July , the diver stated that he was considering legal action in relation to Musk 's comments . After Musk 's Tweets , Tesla shares fell 4 % as some investors worried about his erratic behavior . Tesla investors subsequently demanded that Musk apologize . Two days later , Musk issued an apology for his remarks : `` The fault is mine and mine alone '' and `` ... my words were spoken in anger ... '' On August 28 , 2018 , in response to criticism from a writer on Twitter regarding how Musk had handled the diver 's criticism , Musk circled back to the pedophilia accusation tweeting `` You do n't think it 's strange he has n't sued me ? He was offered free legal services . ( ... ) '' . The following day , a letter from L. Lin Wood , the rescuer 's attorney , dated August 6th , emerged , showing that he had been making preparations for a libel lawsuit . Views Political Musk speaking alongside former Irish Taoiseach ( Prime Minister ) Enda Kenny in 2013 Politically , Musk has described himself as `` half Democrat , half Republican . '' In his own words : `` I 'm somewhere in the middle , socially liberal and fiscally conservative . '' Prompted by the emergence of self - driving cars and artificial intelligence , Musk has voiced support for a universal basic income ; he additionally backs direct democracy . He has described himself as a socialist , but `` not the kind that shifts resources from most productive to least productive , pretending to do good , while actually causing harm '' - arguing instead , `` true socialism seeks greatest good for all . '' He supports targeting an inclusive tax rate of 40 % , prefers consumption taxes to income taxes , and supports the estate tax , as the `` probability of progeny being equally excellent at capital allocation is not high . '' Musk has described the United States as `` ( inarguably ) the greatest country that has ever existed on Earth , '' describing it as `` the greatest force for good of any country that 's ever been . '' Musk believes outright that there `` would not be democracy in the world if not for the United States , '' arguing there were `` three separate occasions in the 20th - century where democracy would have fallen with World War I , World War II and the Cold War , if not for the United States . '' Musk also stated that he thinks `` it would be a mistake to say the United States is perfect , it certainly is not . There have been many foolish things the United States has done and bad things the United States has done . '' Prior to the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States , Musk criticized candidate Trump by saying : `` I feel a bit stronger that he is probably not the right guy . He does n't seem to have the sort of character that reflects well on the United States . '' Following Donald Trump 's inauguration , Musk expressed approval of Trump 's choice of Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State and accepted an invitation to appear on a panel advising President Trump . Regarding his cooperation with Trump , Musk has subsequently commented : `` The more voices of reason that the President hears , the better . '' He subsequently resigned from both in June 2017 , in protest at Trump 's decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on climate change . Lobbying In an interview with The Washington Post , Musk stated he was a `` significant ( though not top - tier ) donor to Democrats , '' but that he also gives heavily to Republicans . Musk further stated , `` in order to have your voice be heard in Washington , you have to make some little contribution . '' A recent report from the Sunlight Foundation ( a nonpartisan group that tracks government spending ) , found that `` SpaceX has spent over US $4 million on lobbying Congress since it was established in 2002 and doled out more than US $800,000 in political contributions '' to Democrats and Republicans . The same report noted that `` SpaceX 's campaign to win political support has been systematic and sophisticated , '' and that `` unlike most tech - startups , SpaceX has maintained a significant lobbying presence in Washington almost since day 1 . '' The report further noted that `` Musk himself has donated roughly US $725,000 to various campaigns since 2002 . In 2004 , he contributed US $2,000 to President George W. Bush 's reelection campaign , maxing out ( over US $100,000 ) to Barack Obama 's reelection campaign and donated US $5,000 to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio , who represents Florida , a state critical to the space industry . ( ... ) All told , Musk and SpaceX gave out roughly US $250,000 in the 2012 election cycle . '' Additionally , SpaceX hired former Republican Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott to represent the company , via the Washington - based lobbying group Patton Boggs LLP . Alongside Patton Boggs LLP , SpaceX uses several other outside lobbying firms , who work with SpaceX 's own lobbyists . Musk had been a supporter of the U.S. political action committee ( PAC ) FWD.us , which was started by fellow high - profile entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg and advocates for immigration reform . However , in May 2013 , Musk publicly withdrew his support in protest of advertisements the PAC was running that supported causes like the Keystone Pipeline . Musk and other members , including David O. Sacks , pulled out , criticizing the strategy as `` cynical . '' Musk further stated , `` we should n't give in to the politics . If we give in to that , we 'll get the political system we deserve . '' In December 2013 , Sean Becker of the media / political website Mic called Musk a `` complete hypocrite , '' stating that `` ( for ) the 2014 election cycle , Musk has contributed to the Longhorn PAC and the National Republican Congressional Committee -- both of which have funded the campaigns of anti-science , anti-environment candidates such as Rep. Michelle Bachman ( R - Minn . ) . '' Musk has directly contributed to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio , who has been accused of holding similar positions regarding climate change . Subsidies Musk has stated that he does not believe the U.S. government should provide subsidies to companies but should instead use a carbon tax to price in the negative externality of air pollution and discourage `` bad behavior . '' Musk argues that the free market would achieve the `` best solution , '' and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences . Musk 's statements have been widely criticized , with Stanford University Professor Fred Turner noting that `` if you 're an entrepreneur like Elon Musk , you will take the money where you can get it , but at the same time believe as a matter of faith that it 's entrepreneurship and technology that are the sources of social change , not the state . It is not quite self - delusion , but there is a habit of thinking of oneself as a free - standing , independent agent , and of not acknowledging the subsidies that one received . And this goes on all the time in Silicon Valley . '' Author Michael Shellenberger argued that `` in the case of Musk , it is hard not to read that as a kind of defensiveness . And I think there is a business reason for it . They are dealing with a lot of investors for whom subsidies are not the basis for a long - term viable business , and they often want to exaggerate the speed with which they are going to be able to become independent . '' Shellenberger continues , `` we would all be better off if these entrepreneurs were a bit more grateful , a bit more humble . '' While journalist and author Jim Motavalli , who interviewed Musk for High Voltage , his 2011 book about the electric vehicle industry , speculated that `` Elon is now looking at it from the point of view of a winner , and he does n't want to see other people win because they get government money -- I do think there is a tendency of people , once they have succeeded , to want to pull the ladder up after them . '' In 2015 , Musk 's statements were subject to further scrutiny when an LA Times article claimed that SpaceX , Tesla , SolarCity and buyers of their products had or were projected to receive together an estimated US $4.9 billion in government subsidies over twenty years . One example given is New York state , which is spending $750 million to build a solar panel factory in Buffalo which will be leased to SolarCity for $1 a year . The deal also includes no property taxes for a decade , an estimated $260 million valuation . Musk employs a former U.S. State Department official as the chief negotiator for Tesla . Destiny and religion When asked whether he believed `` there was some kind of destiny involved '' in humanity 's transition to a multi-planetary species , rather than `` just physics , '' Musk responded : Well , I do . Do I think that there 's some sort of master intelligence architecting all of this stuff ? I think probably not because then you have to say : `` Where does the master intelligence come from ? '' So it sort of begs the question . So I think really you can explain this with the fundamental laws of physics . You know it 's complex phenomenon from simple elements . Musk has stated that he does not pray , or worship any being , although previously admitted to praying before an important Falcon 1 launch , asking `` any entities that ( were ) listening '' to `` bless ( the ) launch . '' When asked whether he believed `` religion and science could co-exist , '' Musk replied `` probably not . '' Extraterrestrial life Although Musk believes `` there is a good chance that there is simple life on other planets , '' he `` questions whether there is other intelligent life in the known universe . '' Musk later clarified his `` hope that there is other intelligent life in the known universe , '' and stated that it is `` probably more likely than not , but that 's a complete guess . '' Musk has also considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox : The absence of any noticeable life may be an argument in favour of us being in a simulation ... Like when you 're playing an adventure game , and you can see the stars in the background , but you ca n't ever get there . If it 's not a simulation , then maybe we 're in a lab and there 's some advanced alien civilization that 's just watching how we develop , out of curiosity , like mould in a petri dish ... If you look at our current technology level , something strange has to happen to civilizations , and I mean strange in a bad way ... And it could be that there are a whole lot of dead , one - planet civilizations . Artificial intelligence Musk has frequently spoken about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence , declaring it `` the most serious threat to the survival of the human race . '' During a 2014 interview at the MIT AeroAstro Centennial Symposium , Musk described AI as `` ( humanity 's ) biggest existential threat , '' further stating , `` I 'm increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight , maybe at the national and international level , just to make sure that we do n't do something very foolish . '' Musk described the creation of artificial intelligence as `` summoning the demon '' . Despite this , Musk has previously invested in DeepMind , an AI firm , and Vicarious , a company working to improve machine intelligence . In January 2015 , he donated $10 million to the Future of Life Institute , an organization focused on challenges posed by advanced technologies . He is the co-chairman of OpenAI , a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company . Musk has said that his investments are , `` not from the standpoint of actually trying to make any investment return ... I like to just keep an eye on what 's going on with artificial intelligence . '' Musk continued , `` There have been movies about this , you know , like Terminator -- there are some scary outcomes . And we should try to make sure the outcomes are good , not bad . '' In June 2016 , Musk was asked whether he thinks humans live in a computer simulation , to which he answered : The strongest argument for us probably being in a simulation I think is the following : 40 years ago we had Pong -- two rectangles and a dot . That 's where we were . Now 40 years later we have photorealistic , 3D simulations with millions of people playing simultaneously and it 's getting better every year . And soon we 'll have virtual reality , we 'll have augmented reality . If you assume any rate of improvement at all , then the games will become indistinguishable from reality , just indistinguishable . Elon Musk 's dark warnings over Artificial Intelligence have brought him some controversy . He and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg have clashed with the latter terming his warnings `` irresponsible '' . Musk responded to Mark 's censure by saying that he had discussed AI with Zuckerberg and found him to have only a `` limited understanding '' of the subject . In 2014 Slate 's Adam Elkus argued `` our ' smartest ' AI is about as intelligent as a toddler -- and only when it comes to instrumental tasks like information recall . Most roboticists are still trying to get a robot hand to pick up a ball or run around without falling over . '' Elkus goes on to argue that Musk 's `` summoning the demon '' analogy may be harmful because it could result in `` harsh cuts '' to AI research budgets . The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation ( ITIF ) , a Washington D.C. think - tank , awarded its Annual Luddite Award to `` alarmists touting an artificial intelligence apocalypse '' ; its president , Robert D. Atkinson , complained that Musk and others say AI is the largest existential threat to humanity . Atkinson stated `` That 's not a very winning message if you want to get AI funding out of Congress to the National Science Foundation . '' Nature sharply disagreed with the ITIF in an April 2016 editorial , siding instead with Musk , and concluding : `` It is crucial that progress in technology is matched by solid , well - funded research to anticipate the scenarios it could bring about ... If that is a Luddite perspective , then so be it . '' In a 2015 Washington Post editorial , researcher Murray Shanahan stated that human - level AI is unlikely to arrive `` anytime soon , '' but that nevertheless `` the time to start thinking through the consequences is now . '' Public transport At a Tesla event on the sidelines of the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems in December 2017 , Musk stated that : I think public transport is painful . It sucks . Why do you want to get on something with a lot of other people , that does n't leave where you want it to leave , does n't start where you want it to start , does n't end where you want it to end ? And it does n't go all the time . ( ... ) It 's a pain in the ass . That 's why everyone does n't like it . And there 's like a bunch of random strangers , one of who might be a serial killer , OK , great . And so that 's why people like individualized transport , that goes where you want , when you want . Afterwards , he dismissed an audience member 's response that public transportation functioned effectively in Japan . His comment sparked widespread criticism from both the public and transit experts . Urban planning expert Brent Toderian started the hashtag # GreatThingsThatHappenedonTransit which was widely adopted by Twitter users in order to dispel Musk 's notion that everybody hated public transport . Yonah Freemark , an urbanist and journalist specialising in planning and transportation , summarised Musk 's views on public transport as `` It 's terrible . You might be killed . Japanese trains are awful . Individualized transport for everyone ! Congestion ? Induced demand ? Climate change impacts ? Unwalkable streets ? Who cares ! '' Jarrett Walker , a known public transport expert and consultant from Portland , said that `` Musk 's hatred of sharing space with strangers is a luxury ( or pathology ) that only the rich can afford , '' referring to the theory that planning a city around the preferences of a minority yields an outcome that usually does not work for the majority . Musk responded with `` You 're an idiot , '' later saying `` Sorry ( ... ) Meant to say ' sanctimonious idiot . ' '' The exchange received a significant amount of media attention and prompted Nobel laureate Paul Krugman to comment on the controversy , saying that apparently , `` You 're an idiot '' is Musk 's idea of a cogent argument . Personal life Musk owned a McLaren F1 supercar , which he crashed while it was uninsured . He also previously owned an Aero L - 39 , a Czech - made jet trainer aircraft . The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking was registered to Musk ( N900SX ) , and Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his plane , opening the door for Robert Duvall and escorting Aaron Eckhart aboard . Musk owns Wet Nellie , the Lotus Esprit from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me . He plans to convert it into the functional car - submarine from the film . Musk attended the Burning Man festival in 2004 and has said he first thought up the idea for SolarCity at the festival . Tosca Musk , Elon 's sister , is a filmmaker . She is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced various movies . Musk stated that he wants `` to die on Mars , just not on impact . '' Philanthropy Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation , which focuses its philanthropic efforts on providing solar - power energy systems in disaster areas . In 2010 , the Musk Foundation collaborated with SolarCity to donate a 25 - kW solar power system to the South Bay Community Alliance 's hurricane response center in Coden , Alabama . In July 2011 , the Musk Foundation donated US $250,000 towards a solar power project in Sōma , Japan , a city that had been recently devastated by a tsunami . In July 2014 , Musk was asked by cartoonist Matthew Inman and William Terbo , the grandnephew of Nikola Tesla , to donate US $8 million toward the construction of the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe . Ultimately , Musk agreed to donate US $1 million toward the project and additionally pledged to build a Tesla Supercharger in the museum car park . Musk donated US $10 million to the Future of Life Institute in January 2015 , to run a global research program aimed at keeping artificial intelligence beneficial to humanity . As of 2015 , Musk is a trustee of the X Prize Foundation and a signatory of The Giving Pledge . Family Musk met his first wife , Canadian author Justine Wilson , while both were students at Ontario 's Queen 's University . They married in 2000 and separated in 2008 . Their first son , Nevada Alexander Musk , died of sudden infant death syndrome ( SIDS ) at the age of 10 weeks . They later had five sons through in vitro fertilization -- twins in 2004 , followed by triplets in 2006 . They share custody of all five sons . In 2008 , Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley , and in 2010 , the couple married . In January 2012 , Musk announced that he had ended his four - year relationship with Riley , tweeting to Riley , `` It was an amazing four years . I will love you forever . You will make someone very happy one day . '' In July 2013 , Musk and Riley remarried . In December 2014 , Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley ; however , the action was withdrawn . The media announced in March 2016 that divorce proceedings were again under way , this time with Riley filing for divorce from Musk . The divorce was finalized in late 2016 . Musk began dating American actress Amber Heard in 2016 but the two split up after one year due to their conflicting schedules . On May 7 , 2018 , Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they had begun dating . Zolpidem usage In an apparent admission of mixing zolpidem and alcohol , Musk tweeted in June 2017 : `` A little red wine , vintage record , some Ambien ... and magic ! '' Musk gained media attention for mentioning the dangerous drug combination publicly on his social media . Awards and recognition In 2006 , Musk served as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board . Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 for his work on Tesla and SpaceX . 2007 Index Design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster . Global Green 2006 product design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster , presented by Mikhail Gorbachev . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the field of space transportation in 2007 / 2008 . Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1 , the first privately developed liquid - fuel rocket to reach orbit . National Wildlife Federation 2008 National Conservation Achievement award for Tesla and SolarCity . Other 2008 recipients include journalist Thomas Friedman , U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy ( D - VT ) , and Florida Governor Charlie Crist . National Space Society 's Von Braun Trophy in 2008 / 2009 , given for leadership of the most significant achievement in space . Prior recipients include Burt Rutan and Steve Squyres . Listed as one of Time 's 100 people who most affected the world in 2010 . The world governing body for aerospace records , Fédération Aéronautique Internationale , presented Musk in 2010 with the highest award in air and space , the FAI Gold Space Medal , for designing the first privately developed rocket to reach orbit . Prior recipients include Neil Armstrong , Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn . Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine . Recognized as a Living Legend of Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the Space Shuttle ( Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft ) . Other recipients include Buzz Aldrin and Richard Branson . In February 2011 , Forbes listed Musk as one of `` America 's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under . '' In June 2011 , Musk was awarded the US $250,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization In 2012 , Musk was awarded the Royal Aeronautical Society 's highest award : a Gold Medal . Musk was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine 's American Ingenuity Award in the Technology category . In 2013 , Musk was named the Fortune Businessperson of the year for SpaceX , SolarCity , and Tesla . In 2015 , he was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership . In June 2016 , Business Insider named Musk one of the `` Top 10 Business Visionaries Creating Value for the World '' along with Mark Zuckerberg and Sal Khan . In December 2016 , Musk was ranked 21st on Forbes list of The World 's Most Powerful People . Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 2018 . In popular media In Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) , Musk met Tony Stark ( Robert Downey Jr . ) in a restaurant , and had some brief lines regarding an `` idea for an electric jet . '' In January 2015 , Musk made a guest appearance playing himself on The Simpsons in an episode titled `` The Musk Who Fell to Earth '' ; the episode poked fun at many of Musk 's ideas . In November 2015 , Musk appeared in an episode of The Big Bang Theory , playing himself , volunteering at a soup kitchen with Howard . Musk was featured in the 2015 environmental documentary Racing Extinction , in which a custom Tesla Model S was designed to help project images of critically endangered species onto public buildings , including the Empire State Building and the Vatican . In 2016 , Musk appeared as himself in the romantic comedy film Why Him ? where he was briefly met by one of the main characters , Ned Flemming played by Bryan Cranston , in a bar at a party . Also in 2016 , Musk was referenced by Dr. Martin Stein on The CW time - travel TV show DC 's Legends of Tomorrow . During time travel to the past , Stein meets his younger self and introduced himself as Elon Musk , to disguise his own identity . In October 2017 , Musk was prematurely immortalized as a historic pioneer on the CBS All Access series Star Trek : Discovery . Set in the year 2256 , Captain Gabriel Lorca attempts to motivate a scientist on his ship by asking him `` How do you want to be remembered in history ? Alongside the Wright Brothers , Elon Musk , Zefram Cochrane ? Or as a failed fungus expert . A selfish little man who put the survival of his own ego before the lives of others ? '' According to an article in techcrunch.com published the day after the episode aired , this mention is `` also interesting because of its notable omission of Amazon and Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos : This other space entrepreneur is such a big fan of Star Trek that he pitched and succeeded in landing a cameo in Star Trek Beyond as an alien being , but he does n't rate a mention from Lorca among the spaceflight pantheon . '' Musk is significantly referenced numerous times in Hat Films ' 2017 album , Neon Musk . In November 2017 , Musk appeared as himself in the Season 1 , Episode 6 , episode of The Big Bang Theory spin - off prequel series Young Sheldon . The successful first landing of a SpaceX Falcon 9 first stage on a drone ship on April 8 , 2016 , is shown being covered by CNN . This is followed by a scene where Musk is shown alone in his office reading the notebook that young Sheldon mailed NASA in 1989 ( a scene shown earlier in the episode ) containing calculations detailing how this feat could be accomplished . References Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor 's Home in Bel Air For Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Elon Musk 's M Bel Air Mansion '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hull , Dana ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Timeline : Elon Musk 's accomplishments '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 -- via Mercury News . Jump up ^ Zanerhaft , Jaron ( 2013 ) . `` Elon Musk : Patriarchs and Prodigies '' . CSQ. C - Suite Quarterly . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk '' . Forbes . 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Jump up ^ `` SEC 10 - K '' . Paypal . December 31 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( @ elonmusk ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thanks PayPal for allowing me to buy back X.com ! No plans right now , but it has great sentimental value to me '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ McKnight , John Carter ( September 25 , 2001 ) . `` Elon Musk , Life to Mars Foundation '' . Mars Now , a weekly column . Space Frontier Foundation . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon . `` Risky Business '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vance , Ashlee ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk 's space dream almost killed Tesla '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Steve Jurvetson Saved Elon Musk '' . Business Insider . September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SpaceX and Daring to Think Big -- Steve Jurvetson . YouTube . January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( September 8 , 2006 ) . `` SpaceX wins NASA competition to replace Space Shuttle '' . SpaceX . 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Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` SpaceX successfully lands a Falcon 9 rocket at sea for the third time '' . The Verge . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry , Caleb ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` SpaceX concludes 2017 with fourth Iridium Next launch '' . SpaceNews . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wall ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Used SpaceX Rocket Launches 10 Communications Satellites Once Again '' . Space.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gebhardt , Chris ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Falcon Heavy success paves the way for open access to space beyond Earth -- NASASpaceFlight.com '' . NASASpaceFlight.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Is SpaceX Changing the Rocket Equation ? '' . airspacemag.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen . `` 100th Merlin 1D engine flies on Falcon 9 rocket -- Spaceflight Now '' . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SpaceX completes 100th Merlin 1D Engine '' . SpaceX . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Roy ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elon Musk 's mission to Mars '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 75 most influential people : Elon Musk '' . Esquire . October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Space Exploration Technologies Corporation Press Release '' . SpaceX . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk : I 'll Put a Man on Mars in 10 Years '' . Market Watch . New York . April 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk speaks at the Hyperloop Pod Award Ceremony ( 2016.1. 30 ) . January 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Elon Musk provides new details on his ' mind blowing ' mission to Mars '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Elon Musk 's Plan : Get Humans to Mars , and Beyond '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Fred ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Elon Musk 's stake in SpaceX is actually worth more than his Tesla shares '' . Electrek . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( September 29 , 2017 ) . Becoming a Multiplanet Species ( video ) . 68th annual meeting of the International Astronautical Congress in Adelaide , Australia : SpaceX . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Dent , Steve ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk 's Mars dream hinges on a giant new rocket '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burns , Matt ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` A Brief History of Tesla '' . TechCrunch . TechCrunch.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordqvist , Joseph ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tesla Motors Inc. -- Company Information '' . Market Business News . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Hamilton , Tyler ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Tesla CEO following in Henry Ford 's tracks '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Del Ray , Jason ( May 29 , 2013 ) , Musk : You 'll Be Able to Drive Your Tesla Cross-Country by Year 's End With Supercharger Expansion , All Things D Jump up ^ Claudia Assis ; Jeremy C. Owens . `` Elon Musk exercises Tesla options , pays million tax bill with own cash '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chris Ziegler ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elon Musk bought million more worth of Tesla this week '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's Elon Musk worked for free last year '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durisin , Megan ( August 10 , 2013 ) . `` Musk get US $4.3 million of stock options for Model X work '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Our Patent Are Belong To You '' . Tesla Motors . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dana Hull ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Musk Gets Tesla.com Domain Name After Waiting a Decade '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tesla 's $2.6 Billion Musk Award Too Costly , Glass Lewis Says '' . Bloomberg.com . March 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musk 's New Pay Deal Could Make Him the World 's Richest Man -- If Tesla Succeeds '' . Bloomberg.com . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York taxpayers ' gift to Elon Musk '' . New York Post . March 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Management Team '' . SolarCity . Jump up ^ Kanellos , Michael ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Newsmaker : Elon Musk on rockets , sports cars , and solar power '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 250 Solar Contractors '' . Solar Power World . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's Acquisition of SolarCity Receives Shareholder Approval '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early Christmas Present For Elon Musk As Shareholders Bless Tesla - SolarCity Merger '' . Forbes . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla - Current Report '' . ir.tesla.com . Jump up ^ The unveiling of the Tesla Motors Electric Car . Autoblog . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Diggelen , Alison van . `` Tesla and SolarCity Collaborate on Clean Energy Storage '' . KQED . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Aaron Smith ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Elon Musk 's sunny plans for Buffalo '' . CNNMoney . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the hype of Hyperloop : An analysis of Elon Musk 's proposed transit system '' . Gizmag.com . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ashlee Vance . `` Revealed : Elon Musk Explains the Hyperloop , the Solar - Powered High - Speed Future of Inter-City Transportation '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperloop Update : Elon Musk Will Start Developing It Himself '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Musk announces plans to build Hyperloop demonstrator '' . gizmag.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hyperloop Alpha '' ( PDF ) . SpaceX . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hyperloop '' . Tesla . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperloop Designed for Quick , Convenient Commute '' . ABC News . March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperloop '' . SpaceX . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mazza , Sandy ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hyperloop competition brings new mass - transit technology to life in Hawthorne '' . Daily Bulletin . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Andrew J. ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Talking to Hyperloop One about its big ' Kitty Hawk ' moment -- and what comes next '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Says He Has ' Verbal ' OK To Build N.Y. - D.C. Hyperloop '' . NPR.org . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felton , Ryan ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's A Running List of Comments From Public Agencies on Elon Musk 's ' Verbal Govt Approval ' To Build A Hyperloop From NYC To D.C. '' Jalopnik . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markoff , John ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Artificial - Intelligence Research Center Is Founded by Silicon Valley Investors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Steven ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` How Elon Musk and Y Combinator Plan to Stop Computers From Taking Over '' . Medium / Backchannel . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk , who has sounded the alarm on AI , leaves the organization he co-founded to make it safer '' . CNBC . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk launches Neuralink , a venture to merge the human brain with AI '' . The Verge . March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Golson , Jordan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk : `` Without tunnels , we will all be in traffic hell forever '' `` . The Verge . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Will Begin Digging His `` Boring Company '' Tunnel in About A Month `` . Fortune . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parnell , Brid - Aine . `` Elon Musk Teases Traffic - Busting Tunneling Firm ' The Boring Co . ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Solon , Olivia ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk to dig tunnel to ease traffic in LA , but he does n't yet have permission '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Mazza , Sandy . `` Elon Musk wants to start digging a traffic - relieving tunnel in Hawthorne ' in a month or so ' '' . Los Angeles Daily Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chafkin , Max ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk Is Really Boring '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heathman , Amelia . `` Elon Musk 's boring machine has already built a ' test trench ' in LA '' . Wired UK . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanley , Steve . `` Elon Musk Talks About His Vision Of The Future At TED2017 '' . Gas2 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk joins the Truth Squad and so can you '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla says its factory is safer . But it left injuries off the books '' . Reveal. 2018 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( @ elonmusk ) ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Tweet on credibility website idea '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk thinks you can crowdsource truth , but that 's not how the internet works '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/peter.holley.923 . `` Pravda : Elon Musk 's solution for punishing journalists '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( @ elonmusk ) ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Tweet on buying Pravduh.com '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk joins effort to free Thai boys from cave , as immediate diving attempt ruled out '' . Jump up ^ Glaser , April . `` Elon Musk Is Trying to Aid the Thai Cave Rescue by Sending His Engineers and Brainstorming on Twitter '' . Slate . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk says SpaceX is building a ' kid - sized submarine ' to rescue trapped soccer team '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 8 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ferris , Robert ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk says his ' mini-submarine ' can be used for other things '' . CNBC . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arcata 's Wing Inflatables , SpaceX collaborate on Thailand cave rescue '' . madriverunion.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Answering Elon Musk 's call for help to build Thailand 's cave rescue pod in 24 hours '' . teslarati.com . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thai cave rescue : Elon Musk delivers tiny submarine , rescuers say no thanks '' . ABC News . 10 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rawlinson , Kevin ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk queries expertise of Thai cave rescue officials '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Suhartono , Muktita ; Jacobs , Julia ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk Defends His Rejected Mini-Sub Plan for Thai Cave '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Let 's Talk About Elon Musk 's Submarine '' . Hackaday. 2018 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Thai official : Elon Musk 's submarine `` not practical for this mission '' ( Updated ) `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ McKay , Tom . `` Elon Musk Says He 's Building a Tiny ' Submarine ' to Rescue Thai Soccer Team Trapped in Cave '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Chris Baynes ( 14 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk can ' stick his submarine where it hurts ' , says British caver who helped rescue Thai schoolboys '' . Independent . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ David Z. Morris ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk Calls Diver in Thai Soccer Team Rescue a Pedophile '' . Fortune . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Stanton email correspondence '' . twitter.com . Archived from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Furious Elon Musk calls Thailand cave rescue diver a ' pedo ' By Linda Massarella , NYP July 15 , 2018 Jump up ^ Michaels , Matthew ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk calls British diver from the Thai cave rescue a ' pedo guy ' after he said Elon ' can stick his submarine where it hurts ' '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Sam ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk calls British diver in Thai cave rescue a ' pedo ' in baseless attack '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British caver ' could sue ' Elon Musk '' . BBC News . 2018 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Safi , Michael ; Levin , Sam ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` British cave diver considering legal action over Elon Musk 's ' pedo ' attack '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelleher , Kevin ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` After Elon Musk 's ' Pedo ' Tweet , Tesla Shares Fall 4 % as Some Investors Worry About His Erratic Behavior '' . Fortune . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Sam ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Tesla investors demand Elon Musk apologize for calling Thailand diver ' pedo ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ryan . `` Elon Musk apologizes to British cave diver following baseless ' pedo guy ' claim '' . CNBC . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Charis ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk apologises for calling Thai rescue diver a ' pedo ' '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . 17 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Elon Musk apologises for calling Thai cave rescue diver ' pedo guy ' '' . CNET . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan . `` Elon Musk Revisits Baseless Pedophile Claims '' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Mac , Ryan ( 29 August 2018 ) . `` The Rescuer Elon Musk Called A `` Pedo '' Is Preparing A Libel Claim `` . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( 29 August 2018 ) . `` Cave explorer Elon Musk called a ' pedo guy ' is preparing a lawsuit '' . CNBC . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk : The Way Of The Future '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strange , Adario ( November 5 , 2016 ) . `` Elon Musk thinks universal income is answer to automation taking human jobs '' . mashable.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wattenberg , Ben . `` Elon Musk and the frontier of Technology '' . Think Tank . PBS.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk on Trump presidency : ' I do n't think he 's the right guy ' '' . businessinsider.in . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Dave ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk : I 'm Trump 's voice of reason '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US quits Paris climate pact : Reaction from around the world following the US president 's decision on the Paris accord '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk anouncing departing presidential councils on Twitter '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elon Musk , SpaceX Founder , Battles Entrenched Rivals Over NASA Contracts '' . The Huffington Post . February 20 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama and Congress at odds over Elon Musk '' . fightforvotes.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy P. Carney , `` Carney : Green stimulus profiteer comes under IRS scrutiny '' , WashingtonExaminer.com , October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` SpaceX blasts off literally and politically '' . Sunlight Foundation . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salant , Jonathan D. ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Billionaires Battle as Bezos - Musk Companies Vie for Launch Pad '' . Bloomberg.com . Bloomberg Business . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Kovach , `` Elon Musk Says He Quit Mark Zuckerberg 's PAC Because It Was Too Cynical '' , BusinessInsider.com , May 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Becker , Sean ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Elon Musk Donated to Anti-Science Republicans '' . Mic . Policy. Mic . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Werber , Cassie . `` Elon Musk says tax - free carbon is `` the dumbest experiment in history '' `` . Quartz . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taxpayer Subsidies Helped Tesla Motors , So Why Does Elon Musk Slam Them ? '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harkinson , Josh ( September 2013 ) . `` Taxpayer Subsidies Helped Tesla Motors , So Why Does Elon Musk Slam Them ? '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Jerry ( May 30 , 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk 's growing empire is fuelled by billion in government subsidies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Going to Mars with Elon Musk '' . OnInnovation.com . June 2008 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Going To Mars ( alt link retrieved Feb 2 , 2018 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Elon Musk and Rainn Wilson discuss colonizing Mars , global warming , and the fear of failure '' . The Verge . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk , CEO and CTO , Space Exploration Technologies Corp ( SpaceX ) , Peter Diamandis , CEO , X Prize Foundation and John Doerr , Venture Capital , Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ross ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Elon Musk Interview on Mars Colonization '' . Aeon . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Elon Musk : artificial intelligence is our biggest existential threat '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking think we should ban killer robots '' . Washington Post . July 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kosoff , Maya ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk Is Donating Million To Keep Killer Robots From Taking Over The World '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Muoio , Danielle ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk just announced a new artificial intelligence research company '' . Tech Insider . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Elon Musk says he invested in DeepMind over ' Terminator ' fears '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` We are living in a computer simulation , Elon Musk says '' . The Independent . June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elkus , Adam ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Do n't Fear Artificial Intelligence '' . Slate . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Artificial Intelligence Alarmists Win ITIF 's Annual Luddite Award , ITIF Website , January 19 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Artificial intelligence alarmists ' like Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking win ' Luddite of the Year ' award '' . The Independent ( UK ) . January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , Emily ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk nominated for ' luddite ' of the year prize over artificial intelligence fears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anticipating artificial intelligence '' . Nature . 532 ( 7600 ) : 413 . April 26 , 2016 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 532Q. 413 ... doi : 10.1038 / 532413a . PMID 27121801 . Jump up ^ Murray Shanahan ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Machines may seem intelligent , but it 'll be a while before they actually are '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Mike ( 15 Dec 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk Sparks Heated Twitter Debate Over Boring Company 's Vision '' . Inverse . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Elle ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' I met my wife on a train platform ' : Twitter responds to Elon Musk with positive public transport stories '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Aarian ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk Really Does n't Like Mass Transit Systems He 's Trying to Build '' . WIRED . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toderian , Brent ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk may say bad things about public transit , but I asked Twitter to share their # GreatThingsThatHappenedOnTransit ! As usual , Twitter responded in spades . Here are some of my favourites for posterity - please enjoy & share ! '' . @ BrentToderian . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton - Smith , Lexy ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Brisbane 's urban planning ' average ' and making residents sick , expert says '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , David Z. ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk Calls Transit Expert ' An Idiot , ' Says Public Transport ' Sucks ' '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jarrett ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` In cities , @ elonmusk 's hatred of sharing space with strangers is a luxury ( or pathology ) that only the rich can afford . Letting him design cities is the essence of elite projection '' . @ humantransit . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jarrett ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Dangers of Elite Projection -- Human Transit '' . Human Transit . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` You 're an idiot '' . @ elonmusk . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry '' . @ elonmusk . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Meant to say `` sanctimonious idiot '' `` . @ elonmusk . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk 's idea of a cogent argument : `` You 're an idiot '' http://fortune.com/2017/12/16/elon-musk-public-transport/ ... `` . @ paulkrugman . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Hardigree . `` Elon Musk Explains How He Wrecked An Uninsured Million McLaren F1 '' . Jalopnik . Jump up ^ Aaltonen , Sami. `` 1997 McLaren F1 # 067 '' . 1993 - 1998 McLaren F1 road car . in 2000 or 2001 ... bought by Elon Musk. ... kept the car from 1999 - 2007 and during his ownership he drove an accident , but the car was n't badly damaged . Jump up ^ Musk , Elon ( 6 October 2003 ) . `` My Idea Of Fun : Flying Elon Musk , CEO , Space Exploration Technologies , developer of space - launch vehicles '' . Fortune . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . the most fun plane I have is a Russian fighter jet . It 's called an L - 39 . It has a Czech air frame , a Ukrainian engine , Russian avionics Jump up ^ Wayne , Leslie ( February 5 , 2006 ) . `` A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Goodall , Geoff ; Chapman , John ( 2008 ) . Aero Vodochody / LET L - 29 Delfin ( PDF ) . Warbirds Directory. 031629 , L - 39C , N97NL , Elon Musk , Palo Alto CA , later Los Angeles CA 28.3. 02 / 06 Jump up ^ FlightAware . `` Aircraft Registration N900SK '' . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Woodyard , `` Tesla 's Elon Musk buys 007 's sub to make it real '' , USAToday.com , October 18 , 2013 ; accessed November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tosca Musk profile at '' . Musk entertainment . Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel . `` Elon Musk Wants to Go to Mars '' National Geographic November 2016 . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk and SolarCity Donate Solar Power Project to Coastal Response Center in Alabama '' . Enhanced Online News . Business Wire . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Donates Solar Power Project to Soma City in Fukushima Prefecture , Japan '' . BusinessWire.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What it 's like to own a Tesla Model S -- Part 2 -- The Oatmeal '' . theoatmeal.com . Jump up ^ Greg Kumparak . `` Elon Musk Donates Million to the Oatmeal 's Nikola Tesla Museum '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk donates M to keep AI beneficial , Future of Life Institute , 2015 , retrieved January 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Donates M To Make Sure AI Does n't Go The Way of Skynet '' . Mashable. 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk '' . XPRIZE . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Luisa ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Giving Pledge Signs on 12 More Wealthy Americans Including Tesla 's Elon Musk And Home Depot 's Arthur Blank '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Durand Streisand , Elizabeth . `` A Look at Elon Musk 's Rocky Romantic History '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Junod , Justine ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Elon Musk : Triumph of His Will '' . Esquire . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Justine Musk TEDxUIUC ( posted June 1 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Elliott , Hannah . `` Elon Musk -- In Photos : Forbes Life Elon Musk '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lai , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Elon Musk Divorce : Announces Split From Talulah Riley On Twitter '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk Divorce : Announces Split From Talulah Riley On Twitter '' , The Huffington Post , January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk and Talulah Riley divorce for a second time '' . The Telegraph . 2016 - 10 - 22 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Elon Musk 's wife files for divorce '' , Mashable.com , March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` lon Musk and Talulah Riley Are Divorced for a Second Time '' . People . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Martha ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Tesla CEO Elon Musk breaks up with Amber Heard , report says '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grimes is dating Elon Musk '' . Consequence of Sound . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elon Musk ( @ elonmusk ) ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` A little red wine , vintage record , some Ambien ... and magic ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Matyszczyk , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk 's strange , strange Ambien tweet '' . CNET . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tan , Yvette ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Elon Musk 's weird Ambien tweets are back '' . Mashable . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Priorities in Space Science Enabled by Nuclear Power And Propulsion . The National Academies Press . 2006 . ISBN 9780309180108 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chafkin , Max ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` Entrepreneur of the Year , 2007 : Elon Musk '' . inc.com . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Roadster '' . Index . 2007 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla Motors team '' . Tesla Motors . Jump up ^ `` SpaceX successfully launches Falcon 1 to orbit '' . Space Exploration Technologies Corp. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Awards '' . National Wildlife Federation . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Space Community Gathers at National Space Society 's ISDC 2009 '' ( Press release ) . National Space Society . June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Favreau , Jon ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` The 2010 Time 100 '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with the highest FAI awards '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale . December 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Living Legend of Aviation Awards '' . Kittie Hawk Air Academy . 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` America 's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . To make this list , you had to be the chief executive of one of the 20 biggest publicly traded companies in the U.S. ( as of Feb. 11 , by market capitalization ) with a CEO aged 40 or under . Jump up ^ Dula , Art ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Heinlein Prize Honors Elon Musk of SpaceX '' . The Heinlein Prize . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 RAeS Gold Medal '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Welsh ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Tesla 's Elon Musk is Fortune Businessperson of the Year '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The top 10 business visionaries creating value for the world '' . Business Insider . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ `` Distinguished scientists elected as Fellows and Foreign Members of the Royal Society '' . Royalsociety.org . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk '' . Royalsociety.org . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tate , Ryan . `` 10 Awkward Hollywood Cameos by Tech Founders '' . Wired.com . Wired.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elon Musk SpaceX Tesla on the Simpsons -- Business Insider '' . Business Insider . January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear on Upcoming Episode of the Big Bang Theory - CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Field , Kyle . `` Tesla Stars In `` Racing Extinction '' Documentary `` . CleanTechnica . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bova , Dan . `` ' Why Him ? ' Director on Elon Musk 's Amazing ' I Ca n't Come to Work Today ' Excuse '' . entrepreneur.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' DC 's Legends of Tomorrow ' Power Rankings , Week 2 : Burn , Baby , Burn -- Observer '' . Observer . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Alan . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' ranks Elon Musk alongside Wright Brothers and warp drive '' . Geekwire.com . Geek Wire . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mack , Eric . `` How Elon Musk goes down in history with the Wright Brothers '' . CNET.com . CNET . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Elon Musk gets a nod as a space pioneer from ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Techcrunch.com . Tech Crunch . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neon Musk by Hat Films '' . Bandcamp . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler . `` Young Sheldon Episode 6 recap : Sheldon discovers physics '' . Foxnews.com . Fox News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Further reading Davenport , Christian . The Space Barons ; Elon Musk . Jeff Bezos , and the Quest to Colonize the Cosmos . PublicAffairs ( 2018 ) . ISBN 978 - 1610398299 Fernholz , Tim . Rocket Billionaires : Elon Musk , Jeff Bezos , and the New Space Race . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ( 2018 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 328 - 66223 - 1 Vance , Ashlee . Elon Musk : How the Billionaire CEO of SpaceX and Tesla is Shaping our Future . Virgin Books ( 2015 ) . ISBN 9780753555620 . Afterthoughts by Ashlee Vance External links Find more aboutElon Muskat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Elon Musk on IMDb Gimien , Mark ( August 17 , 1999 ) . `` Fast Track '' . Salon . Statement of Elon Musk at House Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee Hearings on the Future Market for Commercial Space ( 2005 ) History of PayPal , gawker.com ( 2007 ) Bailey , Brandon ( 2010 ) . `` Elon Musk : Will his Silicon Valley story have a Hollywood ending ? '' . San Jose Mercury News . `` Science Fiction Books That Inspired Elon Musk '' , MediaBistro.com , March 19 , 2013 . `` Elon Musk 's Space Dream Almost Killed Tesla '' ( Bloomberg , 2015 ) Appearances on C - SPAN `` An interview with Elon Musk '' . HobbySpace . August 5 , 2003 . `` Lift off with Elon Musk '' . Carte Blanche . September 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Bergin , Chris ( January 20 , 2006 ) . `` SpaceX 's Musk and Thompson Q and A '' . nasaspaceflight.com . Video interview of Elon Musk by Zadi Diaz of EPIC FU , June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 Gray , Sadie ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Forget the bungalow , retire to Mars '' . Sunday Times . London , UK . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Musk profile onInnovation.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 An interview at the Founders Showcase , August 5 , 2010 Elon Musk : ' I 'm planning to retire to Mars ' , video interview for The Guardian , August 1 , 2010 60 Minutes interview ; March 18 , 2012 . A 20 minute interview about sending humans to Mars with BBC 's Jonathan Amos , March 20 , 2012 Elon Musk : The mind behind Tesla , SpaceX , SolarCity , ted.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 Musk , Elon ( January 6 , 2015 ) . `` I am Elon Musk , CEO / CTO of a rocket company , AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Elon Musk Powers Up : Inside Tesla 's Billion Gigafactory Fast Company , November 2015 Elon Musk Profiled , Bloomberg Risk Takers ( 45min ) - same video on YouTube Elon Musk : The future we 're building -- and boring , ted.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 Biography portal Business and economics portal Cars portal Ecology portal Space portal United States portal Elon Musk Companies Zip2 ( 1995 -- 1999 ) PayPal ( 1999 -- 2002 ) SpaceX ( 2002 -- present ) Tesla , Inc. ( 2004 -- present ) SolarCity ( 2006 -- present ) OpenAI ( 2015 -- present ) Neuralink ( 2016 -- present ) The Boring Company ( 2016 -- present ) Other endeavors Hyperloop Musk electric jet Wet Nellie Roadster in space Family Maye Musk ( mother ) Justine Musk ( first wife ) Talulah Riley ( second wife ) Kimbal Musk ( brother ) Tosca Musk ( sister ) Lyndon Rive ( cousin ) Related Elon Musk : Tesla , SpaceX , and the Quest for a Fantastic Future Category WikiQuote Commons Tesla , Inc . People Elon Musk ( CEO , Chief Product Architect ) J.B. Straubel ( CTO ) Franz von Holzhausen ( Chief Designer ) Martin Eberhard ( co-founder , inaugural CEO ) Marc Tarpenning ( co-founder , inaugural CFO ) Products Current vehicles Model S Model X Model 3 Discontinued vehicles Roadster ( 2008 ) Future vehicles Model Y Semi Roadster ( 2020 ) Other Powerwall Autopilot Solar Roof Collaborations Mercedes A-Class E-Cell Mercedes B - Class Electric Drive Smart electric drive RAV4 EV Second generation Facilities Tesla Factory Gigafactories 1 ( Clark , NV ) 2 ( Buffalo , NY ) Proposed Europe factory Proposed Shanghai factory Superchargers and battery - swapping stations Other History Timeline Dealership disputes SolarCity Roadster in space Category PayPal Mafia Individuals Peter Thiel Reid Hoffman Max Levchin Ken Howery Luke Nosek Elon Musk Steve Chen Keith Rabois Chad Hurley Roelof Botha Jawed Karim Yishan Wong Eric M. Jackson David O. Sacks Premal Shah Russel Simmons Jeremy Stoppelman Companies founded or co-founded PayPal LinkedIn YouTube Slide.com Yelp Geni.com Yammer SpaceX Tesla , Inc . Palantir Technologies Kiva.org Investments Friendster Facebook Powerset Vator Six Apart Zynga IronPort Flickr Digg Grockit Ooma Quantcast RapLeaf SmartDrive Systems TransferWise Ping.fm Nanosolar Knewton Kongregate Last.fm TokBox Xoom Joost Funds Founders Fund Clarium Capital Greylock Partners Sequoia Capital Valar Ventures Mithril Capital Other The PayPal Wars Thank You for Smoking The Stanford Review SpaceX History of SpaceX Vehicles Rockets Current Falcon 9 `` Full Thrust '' Block 5 Falcon Heavy In development BFR Retired Falcon 1 Falcon 9 v1. 0 v1. 1 `` Full Thrust '' v1. 2 Block 4 Cancelled Falcon 1e Falcon 5 Falcon 9 Air ITS launch vehicle Test vehicles Grasshopper ( retired ) F9R Dev1 † ( destroyed ) DragonFly ( retired ) Spacecraft Cargo Dragon BFR satellite delivery spacecraft BFR tanker Crewed Dragon 2 BFR spaceship Reusable hardware First - stage boosters B1019 B1021 B1023 B1029 Cargo capsules C106 Engines Merlin ( 1A , 1B , 1C , 1D , Vacuum ) Kestrel ( retired ) Draco SuperDraco Raptor Methalox thruster Missions Falcon 1 launches Falcon 9 launches Falcon Heavy launches test flight Lunar tourism Launch sites Orbital Cape Canaveral , Florida CCAFS Launch Complex 40 Kennedy Launch Pad 39A Vandenberg , California Launch Complex 4E Brownsville , Texas Boca Chica Kwajalein , Marshall Islands Omelek Island † Atmospheric McGregor test site New Mexico test site † Landing sites Autonomous spaceport drone ships Landing Zones 1 and 2 , Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 4W , Vandenberg Other facilities Headquarters and factory ( Hawthorne , California ) Rocket development and test facility ( McGregor , Texas ) Satellite development facility ( Redmond , Washington ) Regional offices ( Chantilly , Houston , Seattle , Washington DC ) Contracts Commercial Orbital Transportation Services ( COTS ) Commercial Resupply Services ( CRS ) Commercial Crew Development ( CCDev ) Commercial Crew integrated Capability ( CCiCap ) R&D programs SpaceX reusable launch system development program Falcon 9 first - stage landing tests Red Dragon ( cancelled ) SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure Starlink People Elon Musk ( CEO , CTO ) Gwynne Shotwell ( President & COO ) Tom Mueller ( VP of Propulsion Development ) Italics indicate unflown vehicles and future missions or sites . † denotes failed missions , destroyed vehicles and abandoned sites . Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2018 Fellows Jim Al - Khalili Polly Arnold Jillian Banfield Margaret Brimble Neil Brockdorff Frank Caruso Vincenzo Cerundolo Kevin Costello Robert Crabtree Philip Dawid Peter Dayan Richard Dixon Gregory Edgecombe Wenfei Fan Roger Goody Robin Grimes Gregory Hannon Demis Hassabis Judy Hirst Graeme Jameson Harren Jhoti Sophien Kamoun Andrew King Dimitri Kullmann Dominic Kwiatkowski Richard Marais Cathie Martin Elon Musk Peter O'Hearn Vassilis Pachnis Tracy Palmer Colin Prentice Lalita Ramakrishnan Nancy Reid Graham Richards David Richardson Sheila Rowan Ingrid Scheffer Michelle Simmons John Smol Timothy Softley John Speakman Graeme Stephens Angela Strank Charles Swanton Peter Visscher Guy Wilkinson Geordie Williamson Daniel Wise Nikolay Zheludev Honorary David Willetts ( Baron Willetts of Havant ) Foreign Carolyn Bertozzi Martin Chalfie Sebsebe Demissew Jeffrey Friedman Fabiola Gianotti Albrecht Hofmann Butler Lampson Tullio Pozzan Joachim Sauer Adi Shamir BIBSYS : 15034797 GND : 1062481119 ISNI : 0000 0004 2658 2862 LCCN : n2014017754 NDL : 001156447 VIAF : 306339060 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elon_Musk&oldid=857118484 '' Categories : 1971 births Living people Elon Musk 20th - century American businesspeople 20th - century American engineers 21st - century American businesspeople 21st - century American engineers Alumni of Pretoria Boys High School American aerospace businesspeople American aerospace designers American aerospace engineers American billionaires American chairmen of corporations American chief executives in the automobile industry American chief executives of energy companies American chief executives of financial services companies American chief executives of manufacturing companies American computer businesspeople American computer programmers American corporate directors American financial company founders American founders of automobile manufacturers American inventors American investors American libertarians American nonprofit executives American people of British descent American people of Canadian descent American people of German descent American people of Pennsylvania Dutch descent American people of South African descent American philanthropists American railroad executives of the 21st century American railroad pioneers American railway entrepreneurs American software engineers American technology chief executives American technology company founders American transhumanists American transportation businesspeople Anglophone South African people Automotive pioneers Basic income proponents Businesspeople from Los Angeles Businesspeople in software California Institute of Technology trustees Chief technology officers Engineers from California Fellows of the Royal Society Giving Pledgers Hyperloop PayPal people People associated with solar power People from Pretoria People with acquired American citizenship Naturalized citizens of Canada Pioneers of rail transport Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal winners South African billionaires South African business executives South African chief executives South African company founders South African computer programmers South African corporate directors South African emigrants to the United States South African engineers South African investors South African people of American descent South African people of British descent South African people of Canadian descent South African people of German descent South African philanthropists Space advocates SpaceX people Stanford University people Sustainable transport pioneers Tesla Inc. people Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni White South African people Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from May 2018 Use American English from November 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Pages using Template : Post-nominals with missing parameters Biography with signature Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	telsa was cofounded by what south african born inventor	[ "Elon Reeve Musk FRS (/ˈiːlɒn/; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate, investor[7][8] and engineer.[9] He is the founder, CEO, and lead designer of SpaceX;[10] co-founder, CEO, and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; co-founder and CEO of Neuralink; and co-founder of PayPal.\nIn December 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.[11] As of August 2018,[update] he has a net worth of $20.2 billion and is listed by Forbes as the 46th-richest person in the world.[12]\n" ]	[ "Elon Reeve Musk" ]
2038464940402680397	Star Maa	STAR MAA - Wikipedia STAR MAA This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Star Maa స్టార్ మా Launched 2002 ( 2002 ) Network STAR India Picture format 576i SD 1080i HD Slogan అదే బంధం ... సరికొత్త ఉత్తేజం ... Same bonding ... New Inspiration ... Country India Language Telugu Headquarters Hyderabad , Telangana , India Formerly called Maa TV ( 2002 - 2017 ) Sister channel ( s ) Star maa Movies Star Maa Music Star Maa Gold Website www.startv.com Availability Satellite Airtel digital TV Channel 881 ( SD ) Channel 882 ( HD ) Tata Sky Channel 13 ( SD ) Channel 22 ( HD ) DishTV Channel 6 ( SD ) Channel 5 ( HD ) Reliance Digital TV Channel 78 ( SD ) Channel 57 ( HD ) Sun Direct TV Channel 17 ( SD ) Channel 76 ( HD ) Videocon d2h Channel 8 ( SD ) Channel 7 ( HD ) Cable Hathway Channel 20 ( SD ) Channel 58 ( HD ) IPTV Mio TV ( Singapore ) Channel 671 Star Maa is the one of the Telugu - language television channel based in Hyderabad , India . STAR MAA TV and its subsidiary channels are part of 21st Century Fox 's STAR India network . STAR MAA is a Telugu TV channel network known for its humdrum programming with advertisements . In February 2015 , Star India , a unit of 21st Century Fox , has acquired the entire broadcast business of MAA Television Network Ltd for ₹ 2,500 crore ( US $360 million ) . The major channels of Telugu language are owned by either a Ramoji Group , national network or a network from their neighboring states . In terms of programme ratings , STAR MAA , the main General Entertainment Channel ( GEC ) in the network , is among the top 20 TV channels in India . MAA Television Network Limited as a corporate entity was formed in 2001 and the main GEC channel , MAA TV , was launched in 2002 . The second channel , MAA Music , was launched in 2008 . It is one of the Telugu - language TV channels . The channel is available on cable , DTH and IPTV platforms in India . In the USA it is available through Dish TV and IPTV . It is now available in Singapore on IPTV Singtel mio TV Channel 671 . Star Maa is also available in countrys Malaysia on Cable TV ABNXcess on Channel 583 and Dubai . Contents 1 Channels 2 Current Shows 3 Popularity 4 Shows 5 Serials 6 CineMAA awards 7 References Channels ( edit ) Maa TV founded by Penmetsa Murali Krishnam Raju , MAA TV Network has four channels in the network : STAR Maa STAR Maa Music STAR Maa Movies Star Maa Gold Current Shows ( edit ) Title Time slot Notes Bich please 02 : 00 P.M. kodala kodala koduku pellama 05 : 00 P.M. Agnisakshi 6 : 30 P.M. Lakshmi Kalyanam 7 : 00 P.M. Karthika Deepam 7 : 30 P.M. Koyilamma 8 : 00 P.M. Kumkuma Puvvu 8 : 30 P.M. Kadha Lo Rajakumari 9 : 00 P.M. Sundarkanda 9 : 30 P.M. Neelikaluvalu 10 : 00 P.M. CID 10 : 30 P.M. Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Sat - Sun 9 : 00pm & Mon - Fri 9 : 30pm Popularity ( edit ) Daily serials such as KODALA KODALA KODUKU PELLAMA'at 05 : 00 PM ' and Chinnari Pellikuturu . And also Radha - Madhu , ammamma.com , Laya , Maa Pasalapoodi Kathalu , and Sivaranjani helped in maintaining the channel 's popularity . MAA TV expanded its operations with the launch of MAA Music channel in 2008 . In 2011 it launched two new channels , MAA Movies and MAA Juniors . MAA Juniors channel ceased operations on 25 January 2012 . A new entertainment channel , MAA Gold , was launched on 4 February 2012 during the MAA Music Awards event . Shows ( edit ) Tollywood Squares - ( Telugu version of the popular show Hollywood Squares ) Hosted by Navdeep BIGG BOSS - ( Season 2 ) Hosted by Nani Ali Talkies - a film - based talk show hosted by ace comedian Ali ; film celebrities come to `` Ali Talkies '' to chat up regarding their recent releases Maa Mahalakshmi - a game show targeted at women , hosted by Anasuya Bharadwaj Maa Voori Vanta - the longest running cookery show on MAA TV , which brings various recipes from across the world closer to the audience Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu ( Seasons1 -- 4 ) - Telugu version of the highly popular show Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Rangam ( Seasons 1 and 2 ) - a dance show featuring Telugu television celebrities Rela Re Rela ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) - a music talent show which brought out the hidden Telugu folk talent from across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana Super Singer ( Seasons 1 -- 9 ) - a music talent show targeted at introducing new singers to the Tollywood music industry bale chance le ' Serials ( edit ) Choopulu Kalasina Shubavela Abhinandana Ashta Chamma Attarillu Chigurakulalo Chilakamma Chinnari Pellikuthuru CID `` Malleswari '' `` Mahabharatam '' Naadhi Aadajanma Eetaram Illalu '' Hara Hara Mahadeva Janaki Ramudu Kodala Kodala Koduku Pellama Pavan Pellante Nurella Panta Puttinti Pattu Cheera Ramulamma Sasirekha Parinayam Kapade Kavacham Kumkuma Puvvu Srinivas Kalyanam OK Jaanu CineMAA Awards ( edit ) Maa TV presents the CineMAA Awards to Tollywood personalities every year . The trophy was designed by Neil Foley Designs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAA music awards to honour Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/aug/augrel28.php Telugu - language television Public Channel DD Sapthagiri DD Yadagiri GEC 's DD Sapthagiri DD Yadagiri E tv Gemini TV Vissa Zee Telugu Star Maa Maa Gold Ashirwad Gold ( Studio ONE ) Metro TV Charan TV BCN Channel News Channels General Y TV TV9 Gemini News NTV TV5 HM TV Sakshi TV ABN Andhra Jyothi Mahaa News STUDION news I NEWS CVR News 10TV 6TV Express TV 99 TV No. 1 NEWS Raj News Andhra Specific ETV Andhra Pradesh Telangana Specific ETV Telangana 6TV Telangana V6 News Jai Telangana TV T News Devotional Hindu Sri Chakra TV Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel Bhaarat Today Bhakthi TV OM CVR Spiritual 6TV Darsanam Pooja TV gyana YOGI Siva Sakthi Sai TV Jaya Jaya Sankara TV Hindu Dharmam TV Muslim Ruju Margam TV Sphoorthy TV Christian Joy TV SatyaMargam TV Christ Calvary TV Subhavaartha Television Aradhana TV Rakshana TV Calvary TV Bible TV Nireekshana TV Sankeertana TV Music Gemini Music Raj Musix Telugu Maa Music Movies ETV Cinema Gemini Movies Gemini Life MAA Movies Gemini Action Cinema Club Film Based Xtra Tollywood Women 's channel Vanitha TV Kids Kushi Tv Comedy ETV Plus Gemini Comedy Health CVR Health ETV Life TV 7 Health Planet Cookery ETV AbhiRuchi Shopping Naaptol Telugu ( Cine 21 ) Shop Cj Telugu HD Channels E TV HD GEMINI HD Star MAA HD Channels having Telugu Audio Feed Kids Cartoon Network ( India ) Hungama TV Nickelodeon India Disney Channel ( India ) Disney XD India Disney Junior ( India ) Infotainment Discovery Channel / HD FYI TV18 History TV18 / HD National Geographic / HD History TV18 / HD Sony BBC Earth / HD Shopping Shopping Zone Orange TV Others CVR English Local Channels ( City / Cable Based ) Ongole V Channel V Music V Info V Movies SATYA Channel SATYA Cable SATYA News SATYA Gold UR Choice Guntur Siti Telugu Siti Music Siti Text Defunct Channels GEC RVS TV Sitara TV R TV A TV Local TV News RK NEWS Zee 24 Gantalu HY TV TV1 Devotional Samskruthi Movies UTV Action Telugu Kids Maa Junior Upcoming Star Sports Telugu Star Sports Telugu HD SAB Telugu All Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Maa&oldid=853661574 '' Categories : Telugu - language television channels Television channels and stations established in 2002 2002 establishments in India Television stations in Hyderabad Star India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 05 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the owner of maa tv channel	[ "In February 2015, Star India, a unit of 21st Century Fox, has acquired the entire broadcast business of MAA Television Network Ltd for ₹2,500 crore (US$360 million). The major channels of Telugu language are owned by either a Ramoji Group, national network or a network from their neighboring states.\n" ]	[ "Star India, a unit of 21st Century Fox" ]
4558045615994475558	Janie's Got a Gun	Janie 's Got a Gun - wikipedia Janie 's Got a Gun Jump to : navigation , search `` Water Song '' redirects here . For the young adult fantasy novels , see Watersong . For songs titled `` Water '' , see Water ( disambiguation ) § Songs . `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Pump B - side `` Voodoo Medicine Man '' Released September 20 , 1989 Format Cassette , CD , 12 '' single , 7 '' single Recorded Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 38 ( album ) 5 : 28 ( single ) Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Steven Tyler and Tom Hamilton Producer ( s ) Bruce Fairbairn Aerosmith singles chronology `` F.I.N.E. '' ( 1989 ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' ( 1989 ) `` What It Takes '' ( 1989 ) `` F.I.N.E. '' ( 1989 ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' ( 1989 ) `` What It Takes '' ( 1989 ) Audio sample file help `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith and written by Steven Tyler and Tom Hamilton . It was originally titled `` Danny 's Got a Gun '' after a close friend of Tyler , but was later changed . It was released as the second single from Pump in 1989 . It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1990 , and also made it to number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . The song also reached number - one in Australia , their first number - one single there , and one of two number - one singles for the band in that country . It reached number 12 in Sweden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song structure 2 Background and writing 3 Content 4 Music video 5 Covers and other versions 6 Awards 7 Charts 8 Rankings on lists 9 References 10 External links Song structure ( edit ) On the album , `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' is preceded by a 10 - second instrumental called `` Water Song '' , which features the work of instrumentalist Randy Raine - Reusch , who uses a glass harmonica , wind gong , and bullroarers to produce the special effects heard at the start of the song . Tyler came up with the main riff of `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' using a low - tone setting on his keyboard . Hamilton then came up with the bassline . The guitars and drum parts were configured in later and Tyler wrote the lyrics . The guitar solo is played by Joe Perry and is accompanied by the main riff and rhythmic clapping . Background and writing ( edit ) Tyler said he came up with the title and melody before he knew what direction he wanted the song to take . It had taken nine months to finish the lyrics ; after Tyler read a Newsweek article on gunshot victims , he was able to connect the song with the theme of child abuse and incest . The singer declared that `` I got really angry that nobody was paying homage to those who were abused by Mom and Dad '' . The line `` He jacked a little bitty baby '' was originally `` He raped a little bitty baby , '' but was changed for commercial purposes . Tyler often sings the original line when performing live . In addition , the line `` ... and put a bullet in his brain '' was sometimes changed to `` ... and left him in the pouring rain '' for the radio airplay version to make the song sound less graphic . Content ( edit ) The song is one of few Aerosmith songs to deal with a heavy social issue . The lyrics are about a girl named Janie who takes revenge on her father after years of being sexually abused by him . Music video ( edit ) The video , released in 1989 , was directed by noted video director and later film director David Fincher . The actress playing Janie is Kristin Dattilo of The Chris Isaak Show fame . Actress Lesley Ann Warren played Janie 's mother and actor Nicholas Guest played her father . Covers and other versions ( edit ) The song was parodied as `` Elmo 's Got a Gun '' by Tommy & Rumble , about Sesame Street character Elmo going on a gruesome killing spree . It is often erroneously attributed to `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . The song appears on the duo 's 1998 album Have a Cigar and has been featured in several fan - made music videos , mostly featured on YouTube . In the 2001 comedy film Not Another Teen Movie , main character Jake is told that in order to seduce a classmate , Janie Briggs , he should sing her a song that features her name . Unfortunately , he chooses to sing `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' , which gets Janie tasered and arrested by campus police for suspicion of carrying a concealed weapon . The song title was parodied on The Daily Show on February 13 , 2006 ; at one point , while Jon Stewart and his `` correspondents '' were mocking the Dick Cheney hunting incident , a placard displayed the caption `` Cheney 's Got a Gun . '' A parody song of that same name was written by Bob Rivers and was featured on the website AtomFilms . Three other `` Cheney 's Got a Gun '' parodies were submitted to the popular music parody website AmIRight , along with the Bob Rivers version of the parody . Steven Tyler re-recorded a version of the song for his 2016 solo studio album We 're All Somebody from Somewhere . Awards ( edit ) The song won the band a Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1991 . This was the band 's first Grammy win . The song 's video won the band an MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video as well as MTV Video Music Award - Viewer 's Choice in 1990 . These awards marked the band 's first VMA wins . Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1989 - 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 47 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 12 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 76 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Album Rock Tracks End of year chart ( 1990 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 61 Rankings on lists ( edit ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' ranked # 37 on VH1 's 100 Greatest ' 80s Songs . The video of `` Janie 's Got A Gun '' ranked at # 4 for the year of 1990 on MTV . In 1993 , `` Rolling Stone : The Top 100 Music Videos '' included `` Janie '' at # 95 . In 1999 , `` MTV : 100 Greatest Videos Ever Made '' included it at # 48 . In 2001 , `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Videos '' included it at # 48 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raine - Reusch , Randy . `` Aeromsith , Yes , Cranberries '' . asza.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/readers-poll-the-10-best-aerosmith-songs-of-all-time-20121107/8-janies-got-a-gun-0242863 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/talk-this-way-rolling-stones-1994-interview-with-aerosmiths-steven-tyler-20110427?page=4 Jump up ^ 25th anniversary interview Jump up ^ `` Am I Right - Song Parody Lyrics , Search '' . Amiright.com. 2006 . Retrieved July 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- Janie 's Got a Gun '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : A '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Aerosmith -- Janie 's Got a Gun '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- Janie 's Got a Gun '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1990 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' video on YouTube atomfilms.com -- Cheney 's Got a Gun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Love Shack '' by The B - 52 's Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single February 17 , 1990 - February 24 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' by Sinéad O'Connor ( hide ) Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janie%27s_Got_a_Gun&oldid=799417850 '' Categories : Aerosmith songs 1989 songs 1989 singles Hard rock ballads Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Steven Tyler Songs written by Tom Hamilton ( musician ) Music videos directed by David Fincher Song recordings produced by Bruce Fairbairn Geffen Records singles Songs about child abuse Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Euskara Français Italiano Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 16 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in janie's got a gun	[ "The video, released in 1989, was directed by noted video director and later film director David Fincher. The actress playing Janie is Kristin Dattilo of The Chris Isaak Show fame. Actress Lesley Ann Warren played Janie's mother and actor Nicholas Guest played her father." ]	[ "Kristin Dattilo" ]
-5985212369048456144	Old English Sheepdog	Old English Sheepdog - wikipedia Old English Sheepdog Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Old English Sheepdog A show - standard Old English Sheepdog Origin England ( hide ) Classification / standards FCI Group 1 , Section 1 Sheepdogs # 16 standard AKC Herding Group standard ANKC Working Group standard CKC Group 7 - Herding Dogs standard KC ( UK ) Pastoral standard NZKC Working standard UKC Herding Dog standard Domestic dog ( Canis lupus familiaris ) The Old English Sheepdog ( OES ) is a large breed of dog which was developed in England from early herding types of dog . The Old English Sheepdog can grow a very long coat , with fur covering the face and eyes . Obsolete names of the breed include Shepherd 's Dog and bob - tailed sheep - dog . It is still nicknamed Bob - tail ( or Bobtail ) because historically , the tail was traditionally docked in this breed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Docking 3 History 4 Health 5 Temperament 6 Activities 7 Famous Old English Sheepdogs 8 Coat care 9 Dulux Dog 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Appearance ( edit ) The Old English Sheepdog is a large dog , immediately recognizable by its long , thick , shaggy grey and white coat , with fur covering their face and eyes . The ears lie flat to the head . Historically , the breed 's tail was commonly docked ( resulting in a panda bear - like rear end ) , but tailed Old English sheepdogs are now common , as many countries have outlawed cosmetic docking . When the dog has a tail , it has long fur ( feathering ) , is low set , and normally hangs down . The Old English Sheepdog stands lower at the shoulder than at the loin , and walks with a `` bear - like roll from the rear '' . Height at the withers is at least 61 cm ( 24 in ) , with females slightly smaller than males . The body is short and compact , and ideal weights are not specified in the breed standards , but may be as much as 46 kg ( 101 lb ) for large males . Colour of the double coat may be any shade of grey , grizzle , black , blue , or blue merle , with optional white markings . The undercoat is water resistant . Puppies are born with a black and white coat , and it is only after the puppy coat has been shed that the more common grey or silver shaggy hair appears . Old English Sheepdogs only shed when they are brushed . Docking ( edit ) Undocked Old English Sheepdogs are becoming a more common sight as many countries have now banned docking . The Kennel Club ( UK ) and The Australian National Kennel Council breed standards do not express a preference for ( legally ) docked or un-docked animals , and either can be shown . The American Kennel Club breed standard states that the tail should be `` docked close to the body , when not naturally bob tailed '' , even though the practice of cosmetic docking is currently opposed by the American Veterinary Medical Association . It is believed that the practice of tail docking came about in the 18th century as a result of taxation laws that required working dogs to be docked as evidence of their working status , but nowadays , in places where the practice is still legal , tail docking is mainly performed for purely cosmetic reasons . History ( edit ) Ch . Slumber , best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1914 , one of the two times an Old English Sheepdog has won there . The Old English Sheepdog comes from the very old pastoral type dogs of England , but no records were kept of the dogs , and everything about the earliest types is guesswork . A small drop - eared dog seen in a 1771 painting by Gainsborough is believed by some to represent the early type of the Old English Sheepdog . In the early 19th century a bobtailed drovers dog , called the Smithfield or Cotswold Cor , was noticed in the southwestern counties of England and may have been an ancestor . Most fanciers agree that the Bearded Collie was among the original stock used in developing today 's breed . Some speculate that the Russian Owtchar was among the breed 's ancestors . The Old English Sheepdog was at first called the `` Shepherd 's Dog '' and was exhibited for the first time at a show in Birmingham , England , in 1873 . There were only three entries , and the judge felt the quality of the dogs was so poor that he offered only a second placing . From that beginning , the breed became a popular show dog , and , although the shape of the dog itself has changed very little over the years , elaborate grooming including backcombing and powdering the fur was recorded as early as 1907 . The breed was exported to the United States in the 1880s , and by the turn of the 20th century , five of the ten wealthiest American families bred and showed the Old English Sheepdog . The breed continues to be a popular show dog today . Health ( edit ) US and UK surveys put the average lifespan of the Old English Sheepdog at 10 -- 11 years . The Old English Sheepdog Club of America sponsors investigations into diseases encountered in the breed in order to assist breeders in selecting healthy dogs for breeding , and breeders of Old English Sheepdogs who are members of the Old English Sheepdog Club of America must support its Code of Ethics in breeding and selling sheepdogs . Some diseases being investigated include hip dysplasia , cataracts , glaucoma , entropion , thyroid problems , deafness , diabetes , HD , PRA , allergies and skin problems . There is no data on how many dogs are affected , or what percent of the breed is affected by any of these ailments . Heatstroke is also a serious concern in full coated dogs . Cancer is a major cause of death amongst Old English Sheepdogs . Temperament ( edit ) The breed standards describe the ideal Old English Sheepdog as never being nervous or aggressive . The New Zealand Kennel Club adds that `` they are sometimes couch potatoes '' and `` may even try to herd children by gently bumping them . '' This breed 's temperament can be described as intelligent , social and adaptable . The American Kennel Club adds that the breed has `` a clownish energy '' and `` may try to herd people or other objects . '' With wide open spaces being the ideal setting for an Old English Sheepdog , the breed is a natural fit in a rural setting , such as working on a farm ; although , with proper exercise and training , they are perfectly comfortable with a suburban or urban lifestyle . Their remarkable , inherent herding instincts , sense of duty , and sense of property boundaries may be nurtured and encouraged accordingly , or subdued by their owners . Old English Sheepdogs should not be deprived of the company and the warmth of people . Activities ( edit ) The Old English Sheepdog can compete in dog agility trials , obedience , Rally obedience , Schutzhund , showmanship , flyball , tracking , and herding events . Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests . Old English Sheepdogs that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials . Famous Old English Sheepdogs ( edit ) See generally , List of fictional dogs Alfie in Serpico Annabell in Foofur Ambrosius in Labyrinth ( film ) Barney in Barney ( TV series ) Barkley in Sesame Street Barry in The Tale of Edward Bebe in Captain Kangaroo `` Big Dog '' in 2 Stupid Dogs Boot in The Perishers Broo in The Raccoons Chiffon in The Shaggy Dog ( 1959 ) Cu in Song of the Sea Jerry in 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure Digby in Digby , the Biggest Dog in the World Drooler in Krypto the Superdog Edison in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Elwood in The Shaggy D.A. Lat in The Brady Bunch Farley in For Better or For Worse Hot Dog in Archie Comics Martha , Paul McCartney 's Old English Sheepdog was said to be the namesake of Martha My Dear . Max in The Little Mermaid and The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Mr. Mugs Mooch in Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure Muffin Mclay in Hairy Maclary from Donaldson 's Dairy , the first book in a series of children 's picture books featuring Hairy Maclary Nana in Hook ( film ) Nate in Open Season 3 Niblet , Giblet , and Rebound on Pound Puppies Sam in Cats & Dogs and Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Samson in Samson en Gert ( TV series ) Shag in Road Rovers Schaeffer in The Raccoons Tiger in The Patty Duke Show Wordsworth in Jamie and the Magic Torch Coat care ( edit ) An Old English Sheepdog in a shorter coat clip . The Old English Sheepdog 's long coat requires a thorough brushing at least once weekly , which may take one to three hours . Without regular care , the coat can become `` a trap for dust , debris , fecal matter , urine and moisture . '' Matting may become painful to the animal , such as in between the toes , and can restrict movement in severe cases . Prospective owners may be deterred by the level of care required if long hair is desired . The preferred method of grooming involves starting from the base of the hairs to keep the thick undercoat hair mat - and tangle - free . The brushing should be started at a very young age to get the dog used to it . A hairband may be used to keep a dog 's fur out of its eyes . Many people trim their dogs ' coats to a more manageable length . A professional quality electric shear reduces time spent trimming . However , dogs that are being shown in conformation must retain their natural coat . Some people shave their Sheepdog 's hair and spin it into yarn . Dulux dog ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Old English Sheepdog is the brand mascot for Dulux paint . The dog was first introduced in Australian advertising campaigns in the 1960s . Since then they have been a constant and highly popular feature of Dulux television and print advertisements in Australia , South Africa and the UK , and people in those markets refer colloquially to the breed as a `` Dulux dog '' . Over the years , different dogs have appeared in the advertisements , all very similar in appearance , as most of them have been selected from a closely related line of pedigree dogs . The first Dulux dog was Shepton Dash , who held the role for eight years . His successor , Fernville Lord Digby , was the most famous Dulux dog and also made his owner , Cynthia Harrison , famous . When filming commercials , Digby was treated like a star and was driven to the studio by a chauffeur . Barbara Woodhouse was employed to train Digby and his three stunt doubles , who were used whenever specific tricks or actions needed to be filmed . Apart from Dash , all the Dulux dogs have been breed champions . Five of them have won ' Best of Show ' prizes . The most recent Dulux Dog , Don , is Crufts Qualified . See also ( edit ) Bobtail ( disambiguation ) Dog terminology English Shepherd Pastoral References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Old English Sheepdog '' . oldenglishsheepdogclubofamerica.org . Jump up ^ Barton , Frank Townend ( 1908 ) . `` The Siamese -- Abyssinian -- Manx '' . The Cat : Its Points and Management in Health and Disease . London , England : Everett & Co. p. 31 . Retrieved 18 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Fédération Cynologique Internationale Breed Standard Jump up ^ `` Canadian kennel Club breed standard '' . Ckc.ca . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Kennel Club '' . thekennelclub.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` PetPlanet Breed Info '' . Petplanet.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Kennel Club Breed Standard '' . Akc.org . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian National Kennel Council breed standard '' . Ankc.org.au. 21 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ AVMA.org Archived 25 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Greater London Old English Sheepdog Club Breed History Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Anne Rogers ; Andrew H. Brace ( 1995 ) . The International Encyclopedia of Dogs . Howell Book House . pp. 326 -- 328 . ISBN 0 - 87605 - 624 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Dog Longevity by Dr. Kelly M. Cassidy , 2007 '' . Users.pullman.com . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Old English Sheepdog Club Of America 2009 Breed Health Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Buying and Owning an Old English Sheepdog '' . oldenglishsheepdogclubofamerica.org . Jump up ^ The Old English Sheepdog , by Kim D.R. Dearth , Dog World Magazine , March 2001 online Archived 22 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Old English Sheepdog Club of America Health Website '' . Oeshealth.org . Retrieved 9 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NZKC - Breed Standard - OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG '' . nzkc.org.nz . Jump up ^ Hartnagle - Taylor , Jeanne Joy ; Taylor , Ty ( 2010 ) . Stockdog Savvy . Alpine Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57779 - 106 - 5 . Jump up ^ Raul ( 10 January 2010 ) . `` The Story About Paul McCartney 's Dog Martha '' . John Lennon , Paul McCartney , The Beatles . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old English Sheepdog . Old English Sheepdog at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Pastoral dogs Herding and droving dogs Australian Cattle Dog Australian Kelpie Australian Shepherd Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog Basque Shepherd Dog Bearded Collie Beauceron Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Groenendael ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Laekenois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Malinois ) Belgian Shepherd Dog ( Tervuren ) Bergamasco Berger Picard Black Mouth Cur Blue Lacy Bohemian Shepherd Border Collie Bouvier des Flandres Briard Can de Chira Cão da Serra de Aires Carea Castellano Manchego Carea Leonés Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Leopard Dog Catalan Sheepdog Collie Collie ( Smooth ) Croatian Sheepdog Cumberland Sheepdog Dutch Shepherd Dog English Shepherd Farm Collie Finnish Lapphund Galician Palleiro Garafian Shepherd German Shepherd Huntaway Icelandic Sheepdog King Shepherd Koolie Lancashire Heeler Lapponian Herder Magellan sheep dog McNab Miniature American Shepherd Miniature Australian Shepherd Mucuchies Mudi New Zealand Heading Dog Norwegian Buhund Old English Sheepdog Old German Herding Dogs ( Altdeutsche ) Polish Lowland Sheepdog Puli Pumi Pyrenean Shepherd Reindeer Herder Rough Collie Samoyed Sardinian Sheperd Dog Schapendoes Schipperke Scotch Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smithfield Spanish Water Dog Swedish Lapphund Swedish Vallhund Tibetan Terrier Welsh Corgi ( Cardigan ) Welsh Corgi ( Pembroke ) Welsh Sheepdog White Shepherd Livestock guardian dogs Aidi Akbash Dog Anatolian Shepherd Armenian mountain dog Bucovina Shepherd Dog Bernese Mountain Dog Cão de Castro Laboreiro Cão de Gado Transmontano Cão Fila de São Miguel Carpathian Shepherd Dog Caucasian Shepherd Dog Central Asian Shepherd Dog Estrela Mountain Dog Gaddi Kutta Georgian Shepherd Great Pyrenees Greater Swiss Mountain Dog Greek Shepherd Himalayan Sheepdog Hovawart Kuchi ( dog ) Kumaon Mastiff Kangal Dog Karakachan Karst Shepherd Komondor Kuvasz Landseer Leonberger Majorca Shepherd Dog Maremma Sheepdog Mioritic Perro Majorero Polish Tatra Sheepdog Puli Pyrenean Mastiff Rafeiro do Alentejo Šarplaninac Slovak Cuvac South Russian Ovcharka Spanish Mastiff Tibetan Mastiff Tornjak Dogs originating in Britain Hounds Beagle Bloodhound Dumfriesshire Hound English Foxhound Greyhound Harrier Otterhound Scottish Deerhound Welsh Hound Whippet Gun dogs Clumber Spaniel Curly Coated Retriever Cocker Spaniel English Setter English Springer Spaniel Field Spaniel Flat - Coated Retriever Golden Retriever Gordon Setter Labrador Retriever Pointer Sussex Spaniel Welsh Springer Spaniel Terriers Working breeds Airedale Terrier Bedlington Terrier Black and Tan Terrier Border Terrier Cairn Terrier Dandie Dinmont Terrier Fox Terrier ( Smooth & Wire ) Jack Russell Terrier Lakeland Terrier Manchester Terrier Norfolk Terrier Norwich Terrier Parson Russell Terrier Patterdale Terrier Plummer Terrier Russell Terrier Scottish Terrier Sealyham Terrier Skye Terrier Sporting Lucas Terrier Welsh Terrier West Highland White Terrier Toy breeds English Toy Terrier Toy Manchester Terrier Yorkshire Terrier Bull types Bull Terrier Bull Terrier ( Miniature ) Staffordshire Bull Terrier Herding dogs Bearded Collie Border Collie Cardigan Welsh Corgi English Shepherd Lancashire Heeler Old English Sheepdog Pembroke Welsh Corgi Rough Collie Shetland Sheepdog Smooth Collie Welsh Sheepdog Other Bulldog Bullmastiff Cavalier King Charles Spaniel English Mastiff French Bulldog King Charles Spaniel Northern Inuit Dog Types Fell Terrier Longdog Lurcher Extinct Blue Paul Terrier English Water Spaniel English White Terrier Norfolk Spaniel North Country Beagle Old English Bulldog Old Welsh Grey Sheepdog Paisley Terrier Southern Hound Talbot Toy Bulldog Toy Trawler Spaniel Turnspit dog Tweed Water Spaniel Welsh hillman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_English_Sheepdog&oldid=831905688 '' Categories : Dog breeds Herding dogs Dog breeds originating in England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2012 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 19 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do old english sheep dogs turn grey	[ "Colour of the double coat may be any shade of grey, grizzle, black, blue, or blue merle, with optional white markings. The undercoat is water resistant.[7] Puppies are born with a black and white coat, and it is only after the puppy coat has been shed that the more common grey or silver shaggy hair appears. Old English Sheepdogs only shed when they are brushed." ]	[ "after the puppy coat has been shed" ]
3222239454461486998	SEC Championship Game	SEC Championship game - wikipedia SEC Championship game Jump to : navigation , search `` SEC Championship '' redirects here . For other uses , see SEC Championships . SEC Football Championship Game Conference Football Championship SEC Logo Sport Football Conference Southeastern Conference Current stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Current location Atlanta , Georgia Played 1992 -- present Last contest 2016 Current champion Alabama Most championships Alabama ( 7 ) Florida ( 7 ) TV partner ( s ) CBS Official website SECSports.com - Football Sponsors Dr Pepper ( 1992 -- present ) Host stadiums Legion Field ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Georgia Dome ( 1994 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Host locations Birmingham , Alabama ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Atlanta , Georgia ( 1994 -- present ) The SEC Championship Game ( officially SEC Championship on CBS presented by Dr Pepper for broadcast and sponsorship purposes ) is an annual American football game that has determined the Southeastern Conference 's season champion since 1992 . The championship game pits the SEC Western Division regular season champion against the Eastern Division regular season champion . It is typically played on the first Saturday of December . Ten of the fourteen current SEC members have played in the SEC Championship Game . Kentucky and Vanderbilt have yet to reach the game from the East , while Ole Miss and Texas A&M have yet to reach the game from the West . The overall series between both divisions is led by the Western Division , 14 -- 11 . While ten SEC members have played in the game , only six have won : Florida , Georgia , and Tennessee of the Eastern Division , and Alabama , Auburn , and LSU of the Western Division . Each of these teams has won the championship multiple times . Alabama is the current SEC champion . The SEC Championship Game has been aired on CBS since 2001 ; the current broadcast team is Brad Nessler as the play - by - play announcer , Gary Danielson as the color analyst , and Allie LaForce as the sideline reporter . Since 2007 , the game is held the first Saturday of December at 4 : 00 PM Eastern . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Results 2.1 Results by team 2.2 Home / away designation 2.3 Rematches 2.4 Common matchups 3 Selection criteria 3.1 Two - team tie - breaker procedure 3.2 Three or more - team procedure 4 Winner 's bowl performance 5 Runner up 's bowl performance 6 Footnotes 7 See also History ( edit ) The SEC was the first NCAA conference in any division to hold a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular - season contests . Such a game was made possible by two separate developments . The first came in 1987 , when the NCAA membership approved a proposal sponsored by the Division II Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association that allowed any conference with 12 football members to split into divisions and stage a championship game between the divisional winners . The SEC took advantage of this rule by adding the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina in 1992 , bringing the conference membership to 12 , and splitting into two football divisions . The format has since been adopted by other conferences to decide their football champion ( the first being the Big 12 in 1996 ) . The first two SEC Championship Games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . From 1994 until 2016 , the game has been played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta . With the Georgia Dome scheduled to be demolished after the 2016 season , the SEC chose to keep the title game in Atlanta at the Georgia Dome 's replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium . The game will be played at the new stadium through 2027 . Alabama Arkansas Auburn Florida Georgia Kentucky LSU Missouri Ole Miss Mississippi State South Carolina Tennessee Texas A&M Vanderbilt -- Eastern division -- Western division -- Championship Game site In 2016 , Alabama and Florida met in the SEC Championship Game for the ninth time in the twenty - five year history of the game , the record for the most times any two teams have faced each other in the championship game . And at least one of those two teams has qualified for the game in 14 of 25 seasons . The only other matchup in the SEC Championship played more than twice is Georgia and LSU , which has been played three times . Alabama has faced Florida in nine of their eleven SEC Championship Game appearances . In addition , the 2009 game marked the second consecutive year that the No. 1 ( Florida ) and No. 2 ( Alabama ) ranked teams in the AP Poll met in the SEC Championship game . 2009 was the first time any conference championship game had featured two undefeated teams . Alabama won 32 -- 13 and earned a berth in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game , which it went on to win as well . Auburn and Missouri met in the 2013 SEC Championship Game ( in Missouri 's 2nd year in the SEC ) . Auburn won the game 59 -- 42 , breaking the previous record of 56 points for most points scored by a single team in the SEC Championship Game ( previously set by Auburn in 2010 ) . In recent years , the game has been nicknamed the `` national semifinal '' for college football . The 2008 , 2009 , and 2012 games were essentially national semifinal games , as both participating teams were virtually guaranteed a berth in the BCS national championship game with a win . The 2013 game was not thought of as such at the time of the game , but results of other games later that day meant that it effectively was such a semifinal . Between 2006 and 2013 the winner of the SEC Championship Game went on to play in the BCS National Championship Game eight straight years , posting a 6 - 2 record in the game . Since 2014 , the SEC Championship Game winner has gone on to appear in the College Football Playoff every season , and as such , the SEC Championship Game has been re-labeled a `` national quarterfinal '' , since the winner ( Alabama each time ) has advanced to the CFP semifinals . Results ( edit ) Results from all SEC Championship games that have been played . Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to matchup . Year Eastern Division Western Division Site Attendance TV Rating MVP 1992 12 Florida Gators 21 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 28 Legion Field Birmingham , AL 83,091 9.8 CB Antonio Langham , Alabama 1993 9 Florida Gators 28 16 Alabama Crimson Tide 13 76,345 QB Terry Dean , Florida 1994 6 Florida Gators 24 3 Alabama Crimson Tide 23 Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 74,751 10.5 DT Ellis Johnson , Florida 1995 2 Florida Gators 34 23 Arkansas Razorbacks 71,325 7.2 QB Danny Wuerffel , Florida 4 Florida Gators 45 11 Alabama Crimson Tide 30 74,132 7.0 QB Danny Wuerffel , Florida 1997 3 Tennessee Volunteers 30 11 Auburn Tigers 29 74,896 QB Peyton Manning , Tennessee 1998 1 Tennessee Volunteers 24 23 Mississippi State Bulldogs 14 74,795 WR Peerless Price , Tennessee 1999 5 Florida Gators 7 7 Alabama Crimson Tide 34 71,500 WR Freddie Milons , Alabama 2000 7 Florida Gators 28 18 Auburn Tigers 6 73,427 QB Rex Grossman , Florida 2001 2 Tennessee Volunteers 20 21 LSU Tigers 31 74,843 7.0 QB Matt Mauck , LSU 2002 4 Georgia Bulldogs 30 22 Arkansas Razorbacks 75,835 3.2 QB David Greene , Georgia 2003 5 Georgia Bulldogs 13 3 LSU Tigers 34 74,913 4.1 RB Justin Vincent , LSU 15 Tennessee Volunteers 28 3 Auburn Tigers 38 74,892 4.8 QB Jason Campbell , Auburn 2005 13 Georgia Bulldogs 34 3 LSU Tigers 14 73,717 3.9 QB D.J. Shockley , Georgia 2006 4 Florida Gators 38 8 Arkansas Razorbacks 28 73,374 4.7 WR Percy Harvin , Florida 2007 15 Tennessee Volunteers 14 5 LSU Tigers 21 73,832 6.0 QB Ryan Perrilloux , LSU 2008 2 Florida Gators 31 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 20 75,892 10.4 QB Tim Tebow , Florida 2009 1 Florida Gators 13 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 32 75,514 11.8 QB Greg McElroy , Alabama 19 South Carolina Gamecocks 17 1 Auburn Tigers 56 75,802 6.3 QB Cam Newton , Auburn 2011 12 Georgia Bulldogs 10 1 LSU Tigers 42 74,515 7.4 CB Tyrann Mathieu , LSU 2012 3 Georgia Bulldogs 28 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 32 75,624 10.0 RB Eddie Lacy , Alabama 2013 5 Missouri Tigers 42 3 Auburn Tigers 59 75,632 8.7 RB Tre Mason , Auburn 2014 14 Missouri Tigers 13 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 42 73,526 7.7 QB Blake Sims , Alabama 2015 18 Florida Gators 15 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 29 75,320 8.3 RB Derrick Henry , Alabama 2016 15 Florida Gators 16 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 54 74,632 7.0 LB Reuben Foster , Alabama Results by team ( edit ) Appearances School Wins Losses Win % Year ( s ) Won 12 Florida 7 5 . 583 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2006 , 2008 11 Alabama 7 . 636 1992 , 1999 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 6 Georgia . 400 2002 , 2005 5 LSU . 800 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 5 Auburn . 600 2004 , 2010 , 2013 5 Tennessee . 400 1997 , 1998 Arkansas 0 . 000 Missouri 0 . 000 Mississippi State 0 . 000 South Carolina 0 . 000 Kentucky , Ole Miss , Texas A&M , and Vanderbilt have yet to make an appearance in an SEC Championship Game . Home / away designation ( edit ) The team designated as the `` home '' team alternates between division champions . The designation goes to the Eastern champion in even - numbered years and the Western champion in odd - numbered years . As of the 2016 contest , the designated `` home '' team is 15 -- 10 overall in SEC championship games . In 2009 , the Western division champion , Alabama , was the home team , ending a streak where the SEC Western team had worn white jerseys in nine consecutive SEC Championship Games ( 2000 -- 2008 ) . This was because LSU had represented the Western division in the previous four seasons that the Western division champion was the `` home '' team , and LSU traditionally chooses to wear white jerseys for home games . Additionally , for the next three years ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , the Eastern representative wore their home jerseys because in 2011 , LSU again represented the Western division . Rematches ( edit ) The SEC Championship game has featured a rematch of a regular season game a total of six times ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 ) . The team which won the regular season game is 5 -- 1 in the rematches , the lone exception being in 2001 when LSU defeated Tennessee in the championship game after losing to them in the regular season . Common matchups ( edit ) Matchups that have occurred more than once : # of Times East Division West Division Record Years Played 9 Florida Alabama Alabama 5 -- 4 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2016 Georgia LSU LSU 2 -- 1 2003 , 2005 , 2011 Florida Arkansas UF 2 -- 0 1995 , 2006 Tennessee Auburn Tied 1 -- 1 1997 , 2004 Tennessee LSU LSU 2 -- 0 2001 , 2007 Selection criteria ( edit ) Division standings are based on each team 's overall conference record . The SEC Commissioner 's Regulations requires each football team play all eight conference games in a season in order to be eligible to compete for a divisional title and play in the SEC Championship Game . Often , two or more teams tie for the best record in their division and each team is recognized as a divisional co-champion . However , tiebreakers are used to determine who will represent the division in the championship game . Two - team tie - breaker procedure ( edit ) Head - to - head competition between the two tied teams . Records of the tied teams within the division . Records against the team within the division with the best overall ( divisional and non-divisional ) conference record and proceeding through the division . Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last . Complete record vs. all non-divisional opponents . Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams if there be any . Record vs. common non-divisional opponent ( if there be any ) with the best overall conference ( divisional and non-divisional ) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division . Best cumulative conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents Coin flip of the tied teams NOTE : Although all division rivals meet during the season and NCAA overtime is played in case of a tie game , the SEC has provisions in case a game ends in a tie under NCAA Rule 3 - 3 - 3 ( c ) and ( d ) , Suspending the Game , or if the two tied teams did not play an official game because of weather . As such , SEC rules still contain the remaining procedures if those circumstances were to happen . Three or more - team procedure ( edit ) ( Once the tie has been reduced to two teams , go to the two - team tie - breaker format . ) Combined head - to - head record among the tied teams . Record of the tied teams within the division . Records against the team within the division with the best overall ( divisional and non-divisional ) Conference record and proceeding through the division . Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last . Complete record vs. non-division teams . Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams . Record vs. common non-divisional team with the best overall Conference ( divisional and non-divisional ) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division . Best cumulative Conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents ( Note : If two teams ' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record , then the two - team tiebreaker procedures apply . If four teams are tied , and three teams ' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record , the three - team tiebreaker procedures will be used beginning with # 1 Coin flip of the tied teams with the team with the odd result being the representative ( Example : If there are two teams with tails and one team with heads , the team with heads is the representative ) Winner 's Bowl performance ( edit ) Currently the SEC champion plays in the Sugar Bowl unless they have been selected to play in a College Football Playoff semi-final bowl . In the SEC Championship Game era , ten winners of the game have gone on to win the national title ( outright or shared ) , with eleven SEC teams winning national titles overall , including seven consecutive titles from the 2006 -- 2012 seasons . In 2011 LSU won the SEC Championship Game and advanced to the BCS National Championship Game which they lost 21 -- 0 to fellow SEC member Alabama . Rankings are from the AP Poll at the time the game was played . Season SEC Champ Result Opponent Opp . Conference Bowl Game National Champion 1992 # 2 Alabama W 34 -- 13 # 1 Miami Big East 1993 Sugar Bowl Alabama 1993 # 8 Florida W 41 -- 7 # 3 West Virginia Big East 1994 Sugar Bowl Florida State 1994 # 5 Florida L 17 -- 23 # 7 Florida State ACC 1995 Sugar Bowl Nebraska 1995 # 2 Florida L 24 -- 62 # 1 Nebraska Big 8 1996 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska # 3 Florida W 52 -- 20 # 1 Florida State ACC 1997 Sugar Bowl Florida 1997 # 3 Tennessee L 17 -- 42 # 2 Nebraska Big 12 1998 Orange Bowl Nebraska , Michigan 1998 # 1 Tennessee W 23 -- 16 # 2 Florida State ACC 1999 Fiesta Bowl Tennessee 1999 # 5 Alabama L 34 -- 35 # 8 Michigan Big Ten 2000 Orange Bowl Florida State 2000 # 7 Florida L 20 -- 37 # 2 Miami Big East 2001 Sugar Bowl Oklahoma 2001 # 12 LSU W 47 -- 34 # 7 Illinois Big Ten 2002 Sugar Bowl Miami 2002 # 4 Georgia W 26 -- 13 # 16 Florida State ACC 2003 Sugar Bowl Ohio State 2003 # 3 LSU W 21 -- 14 # 2 Oklahoma Big 12 2004 Sugar Bowl LSU , USC # 3 Auburn W 16 -- 13 # 9 Virginia Tech ACC 2005 Sugar Bowl USC 2005 # 8 Georgia L 35 -- 38 # 13 West Virginia Big East 2006 Sugar Bowl Texas 2006 # 2 Florida W 41 -- 14 # 1 Ohio State Big Ten 2007 BCS Champ . Game Florida 2007 # 2 LSU W 38 -- 24 # 1 Ohio State Big Ten 2008 BCS Champ . Game LSU 2008 # 2 Florida W 24 -- 14 # 1 Oklahoma Big 12 2009 BCS Champ . Game Florida 2009 # 1 Alabama W 37 -- 21 # 2 Texas Big 12 2010 BCS Champ . Game Alabama # 1 Auburn W 22 -- 19 # 2 Oregon Pac - 10 2011 BCS Champ . Game Auburn 2011 # 1 LSU L 0 -- 21 # 2 Alabama SEC 2012 BCS Champ . Game Alabama 2012 # 2 Alabama W 42 -- 14 # 1 Notre Dame Independent 2013 BCS Champ . Game Alabama 2013 # 2 Auburn L 31 -- 34 # 1 Florida State ACC 2014 BCS Champ . Game Florida State 2014 # 1 Alabama L 35 -- 42 # 4 Ohio State Big Ten 2015 Sugar Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Ohio State 2015 # 2 Alabama W 38 -- 0 # 3 Michigan State Big Ten 2015 Cotton Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Alabama W 45 -- 40 # 1 Clemson ACC 2016 CFP National Championship 2016 # 1 Alabama W 24 - 7 # 4 Washington Pac - 12 2016 Peach Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Clemson L 31 -- 35 # 2 Clemson ACC 2017 CFP National Championship Runner up 's Bowl performance ( edit ) Rankings are from the AP Poll at the time the game was played . Season SEC Runner Up Result Opponent Opp . Conference Bowl Game 1992 # 14 Florida W 27 -- 10 # 12 NC State ACC 1992 Gator Bowl 1993 # 18 Alabama W 24 -- 10 # 12 North Carolina ACC 1993 Gator Bowl 1994 # 6 Alabama W 24 -- 17 # 13 Ohio State Big Ten 1995 Citrus Bowl 1995 # 24 Arkansas L 10 -- 20 North Carolina ACC 1995 Carquest Bowl # 16 Alabama W 17 -- 14 # 15 Michigan Big Ten 1997 Outback Bowl 1997 # 13 Auburn W 21 -- 17 Clemson ACC 1998 Peach Bowl 1998 # 25 Mississippi State L 11 -- 38 # 20 Texas Big 12 1999 Cotton Bowl 1999 # 10 Florida L 34 -- 37 # 9 Michigan State Big Ten 2000 Citrus Bowl 2000 # 20 Auburn L 28 -- 31 # 17 Michigan Big Ten 2001 Citrus Bowl 2001 # 8 Tennessee W 45 -- 17 # 17 Michigan Big Ten 2002 Citrus Bowl 2002 # 25 Arkansas L 14 -- 29 Minnesota Big Ten 2002 Music City Bowl 2003 # 11 Georgia W 34 -- 27 # 12 Purdue Big Ten 2004 Capital One Bowl # 15 Tennessee W 38 -- 7 # 22 Texas A&M Big 12 2005 Cotton Bowl 2005 # 10 LSU W 40 -- 3 # 9 Miami ACC 2005 Peach Bowl 2006 # 12 Arkansas L 14 -- 17 # 6 Wisconsin Big Ten 2007 Capital One Bowl 2007 # 16 Tennessee W 21 -- 17 # 18 Wisconsin Big Ten 2008 Outback Bowl 2008 # 4 Alabama L 17 -- 31 # 6 Utah Mountain West 2009 Sugar Bowl 2009 # 5 Florida W 51 -- 24 # 4 Cincinnati Big East 2010 Sugar Bowl # 19 South Carolina L 17 -- 26 # 23 Florida State ACC 2010 Chick - Fil - A Bowl 2011 # 18 Georgia L 30 -- 33 # 12 Michigan State Big Ten 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 # 7 Georgia W 45 -- 31 # 16 Nebraska Big Ten 2013 Capital One Bowl 2013 # 9 Missouri W 41 -- 31 # 13 Oklahoma State Big 12 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic 2014 # 16 Missouri W 33 -- 17 # 25 Minnesota Big Ten 2015 Citrus Bowl 2015 # 19 Florida L 7 -- 41 # 14 Michigan Big Ten 2016 Citrus Bowl 2016 # 20 Florida W 30 -- 3 # 21 Iowa Big Ten 2017 Outback Bowl Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staples , Andy ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Should NCAA alter title game requirements ? Look at the rule 's origin '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.secsports.com/index.php?change_well_id=9993&s Jump up ^ `` SEC Championship Game to remain in Atlanta until 2027 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://secsports.com/index.php?change_well_id=2&url_article_id=54 Jump up ^ http://www.sportsmediawatch.com/2015/12/sec-championship-ratings-cbs-alabama-florida-overnights-highest-season-college-football/ ^ Jump up to : SEC Divisional Tie - Breaker ( SEC website ) Jump up ^ http://www.nokiasugarbowl.com ^ Jump up to : Bowl Coalition ( 1992 - 1994 ) or Bowl Alliance ( 1995 - 1997 ) Championship Game Jump up ^ Nebraska shared the 1997 NCAA title with Michigan ^ Jump up to : BCS National Championship Game Jump up ^ Alabama took the spot of ACC champion Florida State in the Orange Bowl , as the Seminoles were selected to play in the BCS national championship game in the Sugar Bowl . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1839834 Jump up ^ http://media.www.mtsusidelines.com/media/storage/paper202/news/2004/01/14/Sports/Lsu-Usc.Split.National.Championship-580477.shtml Jump up ^ Southern California won the BCS Championship but the title was vacated following an investigation into improper payments to various players . USC retained its AP National Championship . See also ( edit ) List of Southeastern Conference champions List of NCAA Division I FBS Conference Championship games SEC Championship Game Years 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Venues Legion Field ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Georgia Dome ( 1994 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- future ) Southeastern Conference football Eastern Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores Western Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Aggies Championships & awards SEC Championship Game All - time standings Southeastern Conference football individual awards SEC Football Legends Seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games Current American Athletic Championship Game ( 2015 -- present ) ACC Championship Game ( 2005 -- present ) Big Ten Championship Game ( 2011 -- present ) C - USA Championship Game ( 2005 -- present ) MAC Championship Game ( 1997 -- present ) MW Championship Game ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 Championship Game ( 2011 -- present ) SEC Championship Game ( 1992 -- present ) Future Big 12 Championship Game ( 1996 -- 2010 ; 2017 ) Sun Belt Championship Game ( 2018 ) Former WAC Championship Game ( 1996 -- 1998 ) College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEC_Championship_Game&oldid=808847701 '' Categories : SEC Championship Game Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 15 : 48 . 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About Wikipedia	who has won the most sec football titles	[ "\n\nAppearances\nSchool\nWins\nLosses\nWin %\nYear(s) Won\n\n\n12\nFlorida\n7\n5\n.583\n1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2006, 2008\n\n\n11\nAlabama\n7\n4\n.636\n1992, 1999, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n6\nGeorgia\n2\n3\n.400\n2002, 2005\n\n\n5\nLSU\n4\n1\n.800\n2001, 2003, 2007, 2011\n\n\n5\nAuburn\n3\n2\n.600\n2004, 2010, 2013\n\n\n5\nTennessee\n2\n3\n.400\n1997, 1998\n\n\n3\nArkansas\n0\n3\n.000\n\n\n\n2\nMissouri\n0\n2\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nMississippi State\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nSouth Carolina\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n", "\n\nAppearances\nSchool\nWins\nLosses\nWin %\nYear(s) Won\n\n\n12\nFlorida\n7\n5\n.583\n1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2006, 2008\n\n\n11\nAlabama\n7\n4\n.636\n1992, 1999, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n6\nGeorgia\n2\n3\n.400\n2002, 2005\n\n\n5\nLSU\n4\n1\n.800\n2001, 2003, 2007, 2011\n\n\n5\nAuburn\n3\n2\n.600\n2004, 2010, 2013\n\n\n5\nTennessee\n2\n3\n.400\n1997, 1998\n\n\n3\nArkansas\n0\n3\n.000\n\n\n\n2\nMissouri\n0\n2\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nMississippi State\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nSouth Carolina\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n" ]	[ "Florida", "Alabama" ]
-6814783246587155159	There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)	There Must Be an Angel ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) - wikipedia There Must Be an Angel ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Be Yourself Tonight Released 13 June 1985 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1984 Genre Synthpop , gospel Length 5 : 22 ( album version ) 4 : 31 ( radio edit ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1985 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) `` Would I Lie to You ? '' ( 1985 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 1985 ) `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' ( 1985 ) Music video `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' on YouTube `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' is a 1985 song written and performed by the British musical duo Eurythmics . Released as the second single from their fifth album Be Yourself Tonight , the song features a harmonica solo by the American musician Stevie Wonder . The song became a worldwide success ; most notably in Ireland , Norway and the United Kingdom , where it became the duo 's only chart - topping single to date . The song has been covered by several musical artists , including Brittany Murphy , Fantastic Plastic Machine , Leningrad Cowboys , Luciano Pavarotti , Kylie Minogue , Jessica G. Pilnäs and , most noticeably , German pop group No Angels who scored their second number - one hit in Austria and Germany with their interpretation for the reissue of their album Elle'ments in August 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original version 2 Personnel 3 Formats and track listings 4 Charts 5 Leningrad Cowboys version 5.1 Track listing 6 No Angels version 6.1 Recording and release 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Music video 6.4 Track listings 6.5 Credits and personnel 6.6 Charts 6.6. 1 Weekly charts 6.6. 2 Year - end charts 6.7 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References 9 External links Original version ( edit ) Upon its release , `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' became Eurythmics ' first ( and to date only ) number - one single in the UK , also topping the charts in Ireland , Norway and Brazil . While the song peaked at number 22 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , it became another Top 10 success for the band in Sweden , Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , France , Austria and Australia . In 2013 the song was voted as the third - best number - one song of all time in the NME . Personnel ( edit ) Eurythmics Annie Lennox -- vocals , keyboards David A. Stewart -- keyboards Additional Personnel Stevie Wonder -- harmonica Michael Kamen -- strings Dean Garcia -- bass guitar Olle Romo -- drums Richard Cross -- backing vocals Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7 '' Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 7 '' Edit ) - 4 : 36 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 12 '' Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( LP Version ) - 5 : 22 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 Limited 12 '' Remix Single A : `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( Special Dance Mix ) - 6 : 20 B : `` Grown Up Girls '' ( Non-LP Track ) - 4 : 17 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 - 86 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canadian Adult Contemporary Chart 21 Canadian Singles Chart 23 France ( SNEP ) 8 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italy ( FIMI ) 41 Japanese Singles Chart 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 31 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales 36 Leningrad Cowboys version ( edit ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' Single by Leningrad Cowboys from the album Mongolian Barbeque Released March 1997 Format CD Genre Rock Length 4 : 31 Label Johanna Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) Leningrad Cowboys Leningrad Cowboys singles chronology `` Where 's The Moon '' ( 1996 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1997 ) `` Be Worry Do n't Happy '' ( 1997 ) `` Where 's The Moon '' ( 1996 ) `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' ( 1997 ) `` Be Worry Do n't Happy '' ( 1997 ) In 1997 recorded the Finnish parody rock band Leningrad Cowboys a cover for their 1997 album Mongolian Barbeque . In that cover the mouth organ was replaced by an electric guitar for the instrumentation and the intro was so taken with the electric guitar , this version is very different from original . The cover also served as a B - side for her cover of the song `` You 're My Heart , You 're My Soul '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 31 `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Folk version ) -- 5 : 00 `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Remix version ) -- 6 : 01 `` Dancing in the Street '' -- 3 : 14 No Angels version ( edit ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' Single by No Angels from the album Elle'ments Released 12 August 2001 Format CD single download Recorded Studio Audiostudios , ( Berlin , Germany ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 55 ( radio edit ) Label Cheyenne Polydor Zeitgeist Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) Patrik Majer Peter Plate Ulf Leo Sommer No Angels singles chronology `` Rivers of Joy '' ( 2001 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` When the Angels Sing '' / `` Atlantis '' ( 2001 ) `` Rivers of Joy '' ( 2001 ) `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` When the Angels Sing '' / `` Atlantis '' ( 2001 ) Recording and release ( edit ) In summer 2001 , producers Patrik Majer , Ulf Leo Sommer , and Rosenstolz member Peter Plate consulted on a contemporary version of the track , re-recorded by German girl band No Angels . The song was one of a couple of tracks considered to be remade by the quintet , but was eventually picked when the producers of the animated feature The Little Polar Bear ( for which band member Vanessa Petruo provided vocals ) agreed to accept the track as film 's theme song . `` We were speechless and very happy about ( the decision ) . The animated movie was a world premiere and something really big for us . We immediately said ' yes ' , '' Lucy Diakovska said in an interview . Sandy Mölling noted , that the song was an all - time favourite of the band : `` I liked Annie Lennox ' voice ever since I can remember . '' However , Petruo stated in 2005 that the song was `` most unnecessary '' of all cover versions the band had released between the years of 2001 and 2003 . The track premiered on 9 July 200 , on the RTL Berlin radio network , receiving a positive reception from music critics , and on 17 July 2001 a preview was available on - demand in its entirety on the band 's official website . Finally released as the band 's third single on 12 August 2001 in German - speaking Europe , the original CD single spawned both an unlugged and an orchestral version , latter featuring music by the Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg . The record was subsequently included on the Special Winter Edition reissue of the Elle'ments album ( 2001 ) . `` There Must Be an Angel '' was awarded for `` Top Single Germany '' at the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) The group 's first non-album release following `` Daylight in Your Eyes '' and `` Rivers of Joy '' , it entered the charts straight at number - one on the German Singles Chart , staying at the top for five consecutive weeks , twelve weeks in the top forty , and seventeen weeks inside the top sixty . `` There Must Be an Angel '' was eventually certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) for more than 250,000 shipped copies and ranked 13th on the 2001 year - end chart in Germany . In Austria , the single opened at number 8 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 singles chart . However , it was not until 23 September 2001 , the song 's fifth week of release , `` There Must Be an Angel '' eventually climbed to the top spot . It remained another week at number - one and stayed twenty - one weeks within the top sixty of the chart , ranking nineteenth on the Austrian year - end chart in 2001 . In Switzerland , the single debuted at a moderate number 36 on the Swiss Singles Chart . Benefiting from strong airplay however , the song reached number 2 in its third week of release , becoming the No Angels ' second highest - charting single there to date . As in Germany , `` There Must Be an Angel '' was certified gold by the Swiss arm of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) and ranked twenty - one on the Swiss year - end chart . In Poland , `` There Must Be an Angel '' reached number 29 on the Polish Airplay Chart . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` There Must Be an Angel '' was filmed at the Gatow Airport in Berlin - Spandau . The music video for `` There Must Be an Angel '' was directed by Jörn Heitmann and filmed near the General - Steinhof - Kaserne at the Gatow Airport in Berlin - Spandau , Germany on 19 July 2001 . Inspired by Tony Scott 's 1986 film Top Gun , the clip features the quintet as fighter pilots of the fictional US military squadron 68 at an also - fictional airbase in Angelville , United States . Additionally , it incorporates a 1940s World War II theme , heavily inspired by performances of Marilyn Monroe , The Andrews Sisters and others during their USO shows . Among the aircraft shown in the video are MiG - 21s , a B - 57 Canberra , a F - 104 Starfighter and a Dassault Mystère . `` There Must Be an Angel '' world premiered in early August 2001 on television , but was temporarily banned from music networks due to its military theme , following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 . Track listings ( edit ) Maxi single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 55 2 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Unplugged Version ) 4 : 22 3 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Score Version ) 5 : 34 4 . `` 100 % Emotional '' ( Radio Edit ) Johan Åberg Paul Rein Winston Sela Peter Ries 3 : 03 2 - Track CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 55 2 . `` There Must Be an Angel '' ( Unplugged Version ) 4 : 22 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Vocals : N. Benaissa , L. Diakovska , S. Mölling , V. Petruo , J. Wahls Writers : Patrik Majer , Peter Plate , Ulf Leo Sommer Mixing and recording : Patrik `` El Pattino '' Majer Mastering : Michael Schwabe Keyboards and programming : P. Majer Additional keyboards : Peter Plate Guitars : Peter Weihe Strings : The Hamburg Strings Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Charts ) 29 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 21 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1996 , Brittany Murphy covered the song in her film , Double Jeopardy . In 1998 , Fantastic Plastic Machine covered the song on his second album Luxury . In 2001 , German singer / band leader Max Raabe and Palast Orchester covered the song in cabaret / big band style for his Super Hits album . In 2009 , Brazilian artist Fernanda Takai included a version for her solo Luz Negra album . In 2011 , Kylie Minogue covered the song for her Aphrodite Les Folies Tour . In 2012 , French singer Louisy Joseph covered the song on her second album Ma Radio . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EURYTHMICS - THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) ( SONG ) '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Chartsurfer . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` NO ANGELS - THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( SONG ) - Chart History '' . Austriancharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Richard CROSS la voix angélique de Must Be Talking To An Angel ( Eurythmics ) - clip - star academy - TF1 '' . elgringooo.fr . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : E '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Song artist 244 - The Eurythmics '' . Tsort.info . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Brian Currin . `` South African Rock Lists Website - SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- EURYTHMICS -- THERE MUST BE AN ANGEL ( PLAYING WITH MY HEART ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` EURYTHMICS full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Eurythmics . `` Eurythmics - Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Kale , Akira ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Making of Der Kleine Eisbär '' . C4D - Treff . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Neue Single ' There Must Be an Angel ! '' . NoAngels.tv . Retrieved on 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vanessa Petruo Interview '' . Rent a Pocher . Retrieved on 30 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart History '' . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung '' . Musicline ( in German ) . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( No Angels ; ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' . Die Musikbranche ( in German ) . Austriancharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2001 2001 '' ( in German ) . Swisscharts . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Airplay Charts - Lista krajowa 42 / 2001 '' . PiF PaF Production . Archived from the original on 20 July 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Willer , Beate . `` Geheimer Video - Dreh der No Angels auf dem Airport Gatow '' . Berliner Kurier . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels drehen Video - Clip im Luftwaffenmuseum '' . BW - Fyler. 2001 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clips Collage . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel / 100 % Emotional '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' . Discogs . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- No Angels Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Airplay Charts - Lista krajowa 42 / 2001 '' . PiF PaF Production . Archived from the original on 20 July 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- No Angels -- There Must Be An Angel '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2001 '' . AustrianCharts.at . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles - Jahrescharts ( 2001 ) '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( No Angels ; ' There Must Be an Angel ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Max Raabe und Palast Orchester - News , Bilder , Konzerte und Videos 2013 - Neuigkeiten '' . Palastorchester.de. 2014 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Folha de S. Paulo , 1 November 2009 . Retrieved on 4 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Frankie '' by Sister Sledge UK number one single ( Eurythmics version ) 21 July 1985 Succeeded by `` Into the Groove '' by Madonna Preceded by `` Oua Oua '' by Max . Brothers ( featuring Kanui & Lulu ) Austrian number - one single ( No Angels version ) 23 September 2001 -- 6 October 2001 Succeeded by `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue Preceded by `` Follow Me '' by Uncle Kracker German number - one single ( No Angels version ) 27 August 2001 -- 24 September 2001 Succeeded by `` Only Time '' by Enya Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book No Angels Nadja Benaissa Lucy Diakovska Sandy Mölling Vanessa Petruo Jessica Wahls Studio albums Elle'ments Now ... Us ! 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-4319489913291962510	War for the Planet of the Apes	War for the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.7 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the performances ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , direction , and musical score . The film received a nomination for Best Special Visual Effects at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Possible fourth film 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years have passed since the human - hating bonobo Koba attacked the human survivors in San Francisco . Forcing Caesar and his tribe of intelligent apes against a rogue U.S. military faction known as Alpha - Omega . Led by a ruthless Colonel , Alpha - Omega employs many apes formerly loyal to Koba . These apes are derogatorily called `` donkeys '' . An attack by an Alpha - Omega platoon on an ape colony is rebuffed when Caesar rallies his apes in defense . Capturing alive a soldier named Preacher , three other soldiers and `` donkey '' gorilla named Red , Caesar explains that he executed Koba for causing the war and only desires peace . Caesar then releases the soldiers , hoping the display of mercy will show the Colonel that the apes are not savages . Meanwhile , Red escapes by injuring the albino gorilla Winter . While ceremonially disposing of the dead apes , Caesar welcomes back his eldest son Blue Eyes and his lieutenant Rocket from a long journey . Blue Eyes reports that they have found a place across the desert that is ideal for them . An uneasy Winter beseeches that the tribe leave immediately . Though agreeing to leave , Caesar feels they need to prepare first . That night , the Colonel leads a team of soldiers in infiltrating the ape 's home . Believing he had succeeded , the Colonel begins to leave only to be discovered by Caesar . Enraged upon seeing that the human killed his wife Cornelia and son , he attempts to prevent the Colonel 's escape but fails . After the attack the apes can not find Winter . In the morning , the tribe gathers to journey to safety . Leaving his youngest son , Cornelius , in the care of Blue Eyes ' wife Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge while serving as the decoy for the other apes . Accompanied by his orangutan adviser Maurice , gorilla lieutenant Luca , and Rocket , the apes enter an abandoned village where they kill a deserted soldier in self - defense . Searching the village the apes discover a mute girl . Maurice befriends and adopts the girl , giving her a small rag doll . At a beach side military camp , the apes spot Winter inside and the group sneak in . Winter , who became a `` donkey '' , tells Caesar that the Colonel has departed for the border , to meet soldiers from the north . Winter attempts to call out for help but the apes restrain him and in the struggle Caesar accidentally kills him . In the morning the military breaks camp and the apes follow . Along the way , the apes discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a surviving soldier reveals that he is mute like the girl . Dying from his wounds , Caesar kills him in an act of mercy . Climbing atop a radio tower , the apes search for direction the soldier 's traveled . During this , a hooded figure steals one of their horses and the apes give chase . Ending at a lodge , the apes corner the figure who is revealed to be a chimpanzee named Bad Ape . The group is surprised to discover he is an intelligent ape but from another zoo . While camping with Bad Ape they discover he knows where the border is and he hesitantly agrees to lead them there . The group reach the border where they see a quarantine facility . When attempting to get a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from some soldiers . An angered Caesar decides to proceed alone rather than endanger his allies further . At the facility , Caesar learns that Alpha - Omega captured his tribe and are forcing them to build a wall without food or water . Caesar is then captured by Red who brings him to the Colonel . The Colonel tells Caesar that he intended to kill him rather than his son and wife . With an act of defiance Caesar causes the other apes to stop working but the Colonel threatens to kill Caesar to get the apes to continue working . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off other military who are against him for killing his own soldiers . The Colonel commends Caesar 's intelligence and goes on to tell Caesar that the Simian Flu virus had mutated and the human carriers became mute and devolved into a primitive state . The mutation infecting his only son , The Colonel killed him and ordered his men to kill anyone that happens to be infected or defies his instruction . A survivor of this purge told the military in the north who sent men to relieve the Colonel of his command . The Colonel says he spared one person to give a message to the military to come after him at the facility . The Colonel knows that the facility used to be a weapons depot and plans on using it 's resources to fight off the military . Finally the Colonel declares that he is fighting a `` holy war '' for humanity 's survival and redemption . Caesar is tortured with starvation to force his clan to work . The mute girl sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll . To prevent her from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates the doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel leading out of the facility . Here Maurice names the girl Nova , and along with Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes , but Caesar remains behind to settle his affair with the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army . Caesar finds the Colonel has been infected by the virus from contact with Nova 's doll . Caesar chooses not to kill the Colonel , instead watching him commit suicide with his pistol . The escaping apes are caught in the crossfire between the two armies . Red watches the apes suffering and begins to doubt his allegiance to Alpha - Omega . Caesar attempts to blow up a large fuel tank to take out the Alpha - Omega forces from behind but he is shot with a crossbow by Preacher . Red uses a grenade launcher to kill Preacher and saves Caesar 's life but is shot dead by a soldier . Caesar succeeds in blowing up the fuel tank and escapes the facility as it is consumed in cascade of explosions . The victorious northern army notices Caesar but before they can kill him , an avalanche descends upon the base . The apes , carrying Nova , all survive by climbing nearby trees . The apes then cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's fatal arrow wound . Maurice promises to tell Cornelius who his father was and what he did for their tribe . Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds , dying peacefully while Maurice and the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as Colonel J. Wesley McCollough , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule . However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost . So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . '' Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like The Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . The parallels between Caesar as Moses and the Colonel as Pharaoh are quite evident . Caesar arranges for the escape of his oppressed and enslaved fellow apes . The oppressor army is totally destroyed by an overwhelming `` sea '' as in the Exodus story . Finally , when Caesar and his clan reach the mountain overlooking the `` promised land '' he dies -- just as Moses did on Mt . Nebo . Reeves indebtedness to the Exodus story is substantial . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Apes ' Past is Prologue '' 10 : 53 2 . `` Assault of the Earth '' 5 : 29 3 . `` Exodus Wounds '' 4 : 23 4 . `` The Posse Polonaise '' 1 : 39 5 . `` The Bad Ape Bagatelle '' 1 : 13 6 . `` Do n't Luca Now '' 3 : 53 7 . `` Koba Dependent '' 2 : 54 8 . `` The Ecstasy of the Bold '' 1 : 57 9 . `` Apes Together Strong '' 7 : 12 10 . `` A Tide in the Affairs of Apes '' 5 : 31 11 . `` Planet of the Escapes '' 2 : 42 12 . `` The Hating Game '' 2 : 04 13 . `` A Man Named Suicide '' 5 : 32 14 . `` More Red Than Alive '' 2 : 41 15 . `` Migration '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Paradise Found '' 5 : 35 17 . `` End Credits '' 9 : 30 Total length : 75 : 11 Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to about a year later on July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office . It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the cast 's performances ( particularly Serkis ) , Reeves 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography and its morally complex storyline . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 294 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . '' Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Motion / Title Graphics War for the Planet of the Apes : 20th Century Fox , Wild Card Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Hollywood Visual Effects Award Dan Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Erik Winquist Won Hollywood Post Alliance November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film Dan Barrett , Anders Langlands , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Luke Millar , Erik Winquist , and Weta Digital Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Summer 20th Century Fox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Motion Capture Performance Steve Zahn Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Dan Barrett , and Joel Whist Won Utah Film Critics Association Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Action / War War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Blockbuster Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won North Carolina Film Critics Association December 29 , 2017 Best Special Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Columbus Film Critics Association January 4 , 2018 Actor of the Year ( for an exemplary body of work ) Woody Harrelson Runner - up Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Art Directors Guild January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film James Chinlund Nominated Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production Daniel Barrett , Sidney Kombo - Kintombo , Emile Ghorayeb , Luisma Lavin Peredo , and Alessandro Bonora Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Film Editing William Hoy Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Sound War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Joe Letteri , Ryan Stafford , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joel Whist Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Photoreal Feature Eteuati Tema , Aidan Martin , Florian Fernandez , Mathias Larserud for `` Bad Ape '' Nominated Dennis Yoo , Ludovic Chailloleau , Douglas McHale , Tim Forbes for `` Caesar '' Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Chris McLaughlin , Ryan Salcombe , Seungjin Woo , Francesco Dell'Anna for `` Hidden Fortress '' Nominated Phillip Leonhardt , Paul Harris , Jeremy Fort , Thomas Lo for `` Prison Camp '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature David Caeiro Cebrian , Johnathan Nixon , Chet Leavai , Gary Boyle Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Christoph Salzmann , Robin Hollander , Ben Morgan , Ben Warner Won British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Special Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Dialogue / ADR Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Supervising Dialogue Editor : R.J. Kizer ; Vocal Editors : Kim Foscato , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; ADR Editors : Laura Graham , and Jim Brookshire Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Effects / Foley Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Sound Effects Editors : David Grimaldi , Jack Whittaker , Ken McGill , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; Foley Editors : John Morris , Matthew Harrison , Thom Brennan , Willard Overstreet ; Foley Artists : Dan O'Connell , and John T. Cucci Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Awards February 22 , 2018 Score of the Year Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Michael Giacchino Won Film Music Composition of the Year `` End Credits '' from War for the Planet of the Apes by Michael Giacchino Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Pending Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Sutherlin ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Cast on Trump Parallels : ' It 's Unbelievable ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film - BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ https://heavy.com/movies/2017/07/war-for-the-planet-of-apes-how-many-years-before-original-timeline-is-set-year/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Meet the Actors Behind the Ape Characters '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Luca Speaks ! '' . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Direct ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 '' . Twitter.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Current ' Planet Of The Apes ' Series Might Not Be Just A Trilogy '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Franich ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes director reveals films that influenced the sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Talks About New ' Apes ' Films Eventually Reaching the 1968 ' Planet of the Apes ' Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Serkis on Next ' Planet of the Apes ' : `` There 's Potential War '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher McKittrick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : a `` Biblical Epic Western War Movie '' `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . calgaryherald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Filming Starts '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Gittins ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Budget : War for the Planet of the Apes With Motion - Captured Andy Serkis & Steve Zahn And Woody Harrelson Starts Filming Mid-Week in Metro Vancouver '' . yvrshoots.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Parts of Planet of the Apes sequel to be shot in Alberta in January '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis unsure about Tin Tin sequel '' . TV 3 . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Matt Reeves & Dylan Clark '' . ThoughtCo.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Offers A Masterful Vision Of Humanity 's Many Forms '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' review : The trilogy 's epic conclusion holds nothing back '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Is n't the Apocalypse Now Remake It Wants to Be '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Says He 's Not Doing Brando in ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Masterworks to Release ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack '' . Filmmusicreporter.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pate , Rohan ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES Soundtrack Album Details Released '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Pushes ' Apes ' Sequel By A Year ; ' X-Men ' Spinoff , ' Assassin 's Creed ' Set For 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage ; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Logo Revealed ; Trailer Coming Sunday ? '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay . `` War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # WarForTheApesContest '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Contest TV Commercial ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC '' . Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Top ' Spider - Man ' for # 1 at the Weekend Box Office ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelly . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Do Battle With ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' at Box Office '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's summer box - office lesson : ' The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone ' '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , Seth Kelley ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Battle ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : The Apes unseat Spider - Man '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Seizes $50.5 M ; ' Girls Trip ' Is Malcolm D. Lee 's Highest Opening ; The Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $44.2 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $260 M Overseas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 , 26 Jun . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : New ' Planet of the Apes ' Makes You Root Against Your Species '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Series Ends With Best ' Apes ' Movie Yet '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Review : Matt Reeves Concludes the Best Sci - Fi Trilogy Since the First ' Star Wars ' '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Trailer Awards ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees - Hollywood Film Awards '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ lidplussdesign . `` HPA Online , Hollywood Professional Association '' . www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film - HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WAFCA Award Winners - The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association ( WAFCA ) '' . www.wafca.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Francisco Film Critics Nominate Andy Serkis for Best Actor , go deep in for Shape of Water '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Announce Nominations - Awards Daily '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations - ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 By Seattle Film Critics Society - Seattle Film Critics Society `` . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Surreal ' A Ghost Story ' is best movie of 2017 , says Utah Film Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Name ' The Shape Of Water ' Best Picture '' . Jump up ^ `` PFCS 2017 Award Winners '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Jump up ^ `` 2017 North Carolina Film Critics Association Awards - North Carolina Film Critics Association '' . ncfilmcritics.org . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2017 - COFCA '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the HFCS winner is : Lady Bird '' . www.movingpictureblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Film Critics Association Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . GeorgiaEntertainmentNews.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sandra Gonzalez , . `` SAG Award nominations 2018 : The list '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Film - Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 30 , 2017 . thewrap.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---dialogue-adr Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---effects-foley Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2017/ Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-winners-2017/ Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=827797740 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played caesar in war planet of the apes	[ "Andy Serkis as Caesar, an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes.[9]" ]	[ "Andy Serkis" ]
5135267629654530972	The Wonder Years	The Wonder Years - wikipedia The Wonder Years Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Wonder Years ( disambiguation ) . The Wonder Years Created by Neal Marlens Carol Black Starring Fred Savage Dan Lauria Alley Mills Olivia d'Abo Jason Hervey Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Narrated by Daniel Stern Theme music composer Lennon -- McCartney Opening theme `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' by Joe Cocker Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 115 ( list of episodes ) Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) The Black - Marlens Company New World Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC Original release January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) -- May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) The Wonder Years is an American coming - of - age comedy - drama television series created by Neal Marlens and Carol Black . It ran on ABC from 1988 until 1993 . The pilot aired on January 31 , 1988 , following ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XXII . It stars Fred Savage as Kevin Arnold , an adolescent boy growing up in a suburban middle - class family , and takes place from 1968 -- 1973 . The show earned a spot in the Nielsen Top 30 during its first four seasons . TV Guide named it one of the 20 best shows of the 1980s . After six episodes , The Wonder Years won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1988 . In addition , at age 13 , Fred Savage became the youngest actor ever nominated as Outstanding Lead Actor for a Comedy Series . The show was also awarded a Peabody Award in 1989 for `` pushing the boundaries of the sitcom format and using new modes of storytelling '' . In total , the series won 22 awards and was nominated for 54 more . In 1997 , `` My Father 's Office '' was ranked # 29 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time , and in the 2009 revised list the pilot episode was ranked # 43 . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked The Wonder Years # 63 on its list of 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time . In 2017 , James Charisma of Paste ranked the show 's opening sequence # 14 on a list of The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time . As of recent years many critics and fans consider The Wonder Years to be a classic and that it has had tremendous impact on the industry over the years and has inspired many other shows and how they are structured . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Conception 1.2 Writing 1.3 Casting 1.4 Filming 1.5 Lawsuit 1.6 Cancellation 2 Plot synopsis 2.1 Final episode and epilogue 3 Cast 3.1 Syndication 4 Opening Sequence 4.1 First version ( Pilot ) 4.2 Second version ( Seasons one through five ) 4.3 Third version ( Season six ) 5 Home video releases 5.1 DVD music replacements 6 Soundtrack 7 Book 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) The series was conceived by writers Neal Marlens and Carol Black . They set out to create a family show that would appeal to the baby - boomer generation by setting the series in the late ' 60s , a time of radical change in America 's history . They also wanted the series to tie this setting in to the life of a normal boy growing up during the period . After writing the script for the pilot episode , Marlens and Black began pitching the series to television networks . None of them were interested , except for ABC , with whom Marlens and Black reached an agreement . Marlens had originally wanted the setting to be his native Huntington , Long Island , where he grew up . Elements were also taken from Black 's childhood from the White Oak section of Silver Spring , Maryland . ABC , however , insisted that the location remain nonspecific ( the colloquial `` Anytown , USA '' ) . Writing ( edit ) When they started writing the series , Marlens and Black took a script for a future film that they had been toying with , which featured an off - screen narrator . Black explained , `` We liked the concept that you could play with what people think and what they 're saying , or how they would like to see themselves as opposed to how the audience is seeing them . '' They based the show , in part , on their own childhood growing up in the suburbs . Black recalled that `` we naturally ( took ) elements of our experience and ( threw ) them into the pot . The basic setup , the neighborhood , the era -- that 's the time and place where we grew up . '' Casting ( edit ) Fred Savage in 1990 The search for the main lead of the show did not take long . Marlens and Black went to five casting directors and interviewed them for recommendations . All five of them recommended Fred Savage , who at the time was famous for his roles as the grandson in The Princess Bride and as Charlie / Marshall in Vice Versa . Marlens and Black , having never heard of Savage , decided to see the rough cut of Vice Versa . Said Marlens , `` ( We saw ) a marvelous actor with a natural quality -- which essentially means he has no quality at all except being a kid . It sounds funny , but it 's a rare thing to find in a child actor . '' Marlens and Black took this approach when casting the other kids for the show , looking for natural ability rather than professionalism . According to Marlens , they saw 300 to 400 kids before narrowing it down to 70 , `` My wife and I made the final choice ... each of whom had to be approved by the network . '' For the choice of Savage 's character 's main love interest , the choice came down to actress Danica McKellar and her sister , Crystal McKellar . With just days to go before shooting , the producers eventually selected Danica to play Winnie Cooper . However , Mary Buck , the head of casting , noted that , `` it was practically a tossup '' . Crystal McKellar was liked so much by the producers that they eventually created the character of Becky Slater so that they could have her on the show . Danica later reflected on the experience , `` I auditioned , like everyone else . They had read lots of girls but had n't found their ' Winnie ' yet , and I was thrilled to be chosen . '' Filming ( edit ) At the end of the first season , Marlens and Black departed from the show . Although they never gave a reason for their sudden departure , it may have been due to Black 's pregnancy . She hinted at it in an interview in April 1988 , saying `` We have secret plans to leave Los Angeles before our kids reach the age of cognizance . '' One challenge for the cast and crew was filming around a child actor , meaning that the show had to obey child labor laws . Savage at the time explained , `` You have to get at least three hours of school in every day . So whenever I 'm on a break , I go to school . It 's really intense because I have to get a lot done in short periods . And it 's hard because if they need you back on the set , they pull you away every twenty minutes . If you 're writing an essay and suddenly get inspired , you 've got to stop and go back to work . '' Many exterior shots were filmed in Burbank , California . Lawsuit ( edit ) As the show was in the process of wrapping its sixth and final season , a costume designer on the show named Monique Long filed a sexual harassment charge against stars Fred Savage and Jason Hervey . The suit brought a lot of unwanted publicity to the show . In the end , the case was settled out of court , with Savage stating that he was `` completely exonerated '' , adding that it was a `` terrible experience '' . Cancellation ( edit ) The Wonder Years wrapped its sixth and final season in May 1993 . Its cancellation was partially blamed on conflict between producers and executives at ABC . As Kevin matured , the producers wanted the storylines to mature as well . However , the executives at ABC felt uncomfortable with more explicit content given the time slot , saying , `` We felt it was inappropriate to present Kevin 's awakening because of the setting in the 1960s , the gentle tone of the series and , most importantly , the 8 p.m. time period . '' Bob Brush noted that , `` When Kevin became 16 and 17 , there were really things he needed to get to that we could n't do at 8 p.m. , especially with the kind of venerable cachet that the show had obtained with its audience . We would get notes from the network saying , `` You could do this on any show besides The Wonder Years . '' Other reasons for the show 's cancellation were escalating costs and declining ratings . The cast 's salary increases , coupled with location shooting ( which was due to the producers wanting to reflect Kevin obtaining his driver 's license ) , led to Brush claiming that they were spending $1.2 million an episode . The final episode aired on May 12 , 1993 . Bob Brush noted that the finale was not what he would have wanted it to be , but because the cast and crew were unsure at the time of filming if the sixth season was going to be the last , he was forced to have the ending be open - ended , until the recording of Daniel Stern 's narration . Fans were somewhat disappointed with the ending , in particular the revelation that Kevin and Winnie do n't end up as a couple . Brush acknowledged this disappointment , saying , `` Some viewers ( were ) surprised that nothing works out the way your fondest wish would be , '' and explained , `` The message I wanted in there is that that 's part of the beauty of life . It 's fine to say , ' I 'd like everything to be just the way it was when I was 15 and I was happy , ' but it seemed more nurturing to me to say that we leave these things behind and we go on to forge new lives for ourselves . '' In a January 2018 interview with Yahoo ! Entertainment , Alley Mills said that the sexual - harassment lawsuit against Fred Savage and Jason Hervey was a significant factor in the show 's cancellation . Plot synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of The Wonder Years episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 6 January 31 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 31 ) April 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 19 ) 10 18.8 ( Tied with ALF ) 17 November 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 30 ) May 16 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 16 ) 22 16.3 ( Tied with The Hogan Family and The NBC Sunday Night Movie ) 23 October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) May 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 16 ) 8 19.2 23 September 19 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 15 ) 30 14.2 5 24 October 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 02 ) May 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 13 ) N / A N / A 6 22 September 23 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) N / A N / A The series depicts the social and family life of a boy in a typical American suburban middle - class family from 1968 to 1973 , covering the ages of 12 through 17 . Each year in the series takes place exactly 20 years before airing ( 1988 to 1993 ) . The show 's plot centers on Kevin Arnold , son of Jack and Norma Arnold . Kevin 's father holds a management job at NORCOM , a defense contractor , while his mother is a housewife . Kevin also has an older brother , Wayne , and an older sister , Karen . Two of Kevin 's friends and neighbors are prominently featured throughout the series : his best friend , Paul Pfeiffer , and his crush - turned - girlfriend Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper . Storylines are told through Kevin 's reflections as an adult in his mid-30s , voiced by narrator Daniel Stern . In the pilot episode , Winnie 's older brother Brian , who Kevin admires , is killed in action in Vietnam in 1968 . Kevin meets Winnie in a nearby wooded area called Harpers Woods . This unsaid relationship between Winnie and Kevin remains dormant for a long while , with Winnie starting to date a popular 8th grader named Kirk McCray and Kevin briefly going steady with Becky Slater . After Kevin breaks up with Becky due to his feelings for Winnie , Becky becomes a recurring nuisance for Kevin . Winnie eventually dumps Kirk as well , and Kevin and Winnie share a second kiss at the start of the 1969 summer vacation . Around St. Valentine 's Day 1970 , Winnie temporarily dates Paul , who has broken up with his girlfriend Carla . Winnie and Kevin start dating each other soon after . Just before the summer break , Winnie and her family move to a house four miles away . Although Winnie attends a new school , Lincoln Junior High , she and Kevin decide to remain together and maintain a successful long distance relationship . A beautiful new student named Madeline Adams joins Kevin 's school and quickly catches Kevin 's eye , but it is Winnie who breaks up with Kevin after meeting Roger , a jock at her new school . Neither relationship lasts long , but Winnie and Kevin do n't reunite until she is injured in a car crash . After graduating from junior high , Kevin and Winnie both go to McKinley High and Paul attends a prep school . Paul would later transfer to McKinley High and join Kevin and Winnie . Earlier seasons of the show tended to focus on plots involving events within the Arnold household and Kevin 's academic struggles , whereas later seasons focused much more on plots involving dating and Kevin 's friends . Kevin has several brief flings during the summer of 1971 and the 1971 -- 1972 academic year . After Kevin 's grandfather gets his driver 's license revoked , he sells his car to Kevin for a dollar . Paul transfers to McKinley High after his first semester at prep school when his father runs into financial troubles . Wayne decides to join the army as a result of his inability to do well in school . This gets turned around when Wayne is n't able to get his physical . Winnie and Kevin are reunited when they go on a double date to a school dance and find themselves more attracted to each other than their respective partners . In late 1972 , Kevin 's older brother Wayne starts working at NORCOM , and dates his co-worker Bonnie , a divorcée with a son , but the relationship does not last . Kevin 's father quits NORCOM , and buys a furniture manufacturing business . Final episode and epilogue ( edit ) In the series finale double episode , Winnie decides to take a job for the summer of 1973 as a lifeguard at a resort . Kevin , meanwhile , is at his job at his father 's furniture factory and calls Winnie , who is distant and seems to be enjoying her time away from Kevin . Eventually , Kevin and his father fight and Kevin announces that he is leaving , reasoning that he needs to `` find himself . '' Kevin drives to the resort where Winnie is working , hopeful that she can secure him a job and they can spend the rest of the summer together . Kevin eventually secures a job at the resort , and plays a round of poker with the in - house band . He wins big , and goes out to search for Winnie to tell her of his good fortune . To his surprise , he sees Winnie engaged in a passionate kiss with another lifeguard . The next day , Kevin confronts her and they fight . Kevin then plays another round of poker , losing his car in a bet . Desperate , Kevin confronts Winnie and her new boyfriend at the restaurant and ends up punching him in the face . Kevin then leaves the resort on foot . On a desolate stretch of highway , Kevin decides to begin hitchhiking . He finally gets picked up by an elderly couple and much to his surprise he finds Winnie in the backseat . Winnie was fired over the fight Kevin instigated at the resort . Kevin and Winnie begin to argue and the elderly couple loses patience and kicks them out of the car . A rain storm begins and Kevin and Winnie search for shelter . They find a barn and discuss how much things are changing and the future . They make up and kiss passionately . ( It is loosely implied that the two lose their virginity with each other . ) The narrator 's monologue states Once upon a time , there was a girl I knew who lived across the street , brown hair , brown eyes . When she smiled , I smiled , when she cried , I cried . Every single thing that ever happened to me that mattered , in some way , had to do with her . That day , Winnie and I promised each other that no matter what , that we will always be together . It was a promise full of passion , truth and wisdom . It was the kind of promise that can only come from the hearts of the very young . They soon find their way back to their hometown and arrive hand - in - hand to a Fourth of July parade . During this parade , the adult Kevin ( Daniel Stern ) describes the fate of the show 's main characters . Kevin makes up with his father , graduates from high school in 1974 , and leaves for college , later becoming a writer . Paul studies law at Harvard . Karen , Kevin 's sister , gives birth to a son in September 1973 . Kevin 's mother becomes a businesswoman and corporate board chairwoman . Kevin 's father dies in 1975 , and Wayne takes over his father 's furniture business . Winnie studies art history in Paris while Kevin stays in the United States . Winnie and Kevin end up writing to each other once a week for the next eight years . When Winnie returns to the United States in 1982 , Kevin meets her at the airport with his wife and eight - month - old son . The final sounds , voice - over narration , and dialogue of the episode and series is that of Kevin ( voice of Daniel Stern ) , with children heard in the background : Growing up happens in a heartbeat . One day you 're in diapers , the next day you 're gone . But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul . I remember a place , a town , a house , like a lot of houses . A yard like a lot of other yards . On a street like a lot of other streets . And the thing is , after all these years , I still look back ... with wonder . A little boy ( Stern 's real life son , Henry ) can be heard asking his dad to come out and play catch during a break in the final narration . Kevin responds , `` I 'll be right there '' as the episode -- and series -- closes . In 2011 , the finale was ranked # 11 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Wonder Years characters Paul , Kevin and Winnie Kevin Arnold ( Fred Savage ) : Character born March 18 , 1956 , Kevin grew up in the turbulent late 1960s and early 1970s . The voice of Kevin as an adult ( and the show 's narrator ) is supplied by Daniel Stern ( Arye Gross in the original broadcast of the pilot ) . John `` Jack '' Arnold ( Dan Lauria ) : Character born on November 6 , 1927 , died in 1975 . Kevin 's father was a gruff , laconic man and a Korean War veteran ; he grew up during the Great Depression , served in the US Marine Corps , and is seen in photographs wearing the uniform of a First Lieutenant . He works at NORCOM , a large military defense corporation , in a middle management position he loathes . Later , he starts his own business , building and selling handcrafted furniture . The series 's last episode reveals that he dies in 1975 near the end of Kevin 's freshman year of college -- that is , two years after the time of the show 's finale -- although in a previous episode , an adult Kevin says his father would later be the grandfather of Kevin 's sons . Jack represents the viewpoint of the `` Silent Generation '' that grew up during the Depression and came of age during the Second World War ; it was confused and angered by the rapid changes taking place in the 1960s . He is described as a Republican who voted for Richard Nixon twice in the presidential elections of 1968 and 1972 . Norma Arnold ( née Gustavson ) ( Alley Mills ) : Character born circa 1928 , Kevin 's housewife mother . Unlike her husband , Norma is friendly and upbeat . She met Jack as a college freshman . When he graduated , she moved across the country with him and did not finish college . She eventually gets her degree late in the series and begins work at a software startup called Micro Electronics . Although she came of age at the same time as her husband , she is less conservative than her husband and increasingly yearns to break out of her homemaker role , reflecting the rise of feminism in the 1960s . Karen Arnold ( Olivia d'Abo ) : Character born circa 1950 , Kevin 's older , hippie sister . Her free - spirited ways clash with her overbearing father 's conservatism , and she depends upon her mother as a mediator . When Karen moves in with her boyfriend Michael ( David Schwimmer ) during her freshman year of college , she has a falling out with her father . The pair marry one year later and move to Alaska , where Michael has secured a good job . Karen ultimately accepts some of her parents ' viewpoints and has a baby , while her husband learns to support his wife and child . Wayne Arnold ( Jason Hervey ) : Character born circa 1954 , Wayne is Kevin 's older brother . Wayne enjoys physically tormenting Kevin and Paul , calling Kevin `` butthead '' or `` scrote '' . He takes over the family furniture business when his father dies . Wayne is usually portrayed as a loser in romantic relationships . For a time , he dated a girl named Dolores , but that was more casual than serious . In later seasons , Wayne matures . In the final season , he begins a serious relationship with a divorcée named Bonnie , but is left heartbroken when she reconciles with her husband . Paul Joshua Pfeiffer ( Josh Saviano ) : Character born March 14 , 1956 , Paul is Kevin 's long time best friend , a bright and excellent student , and an allergy sufferer . He is also Jewish and in one episode celebrates his Bar Mitzvah . Although Kevin and Paul are best friends in the series 's early seasons , their relationship becomes somewhat strained later . Kevin begins to spend more time with Chuck and Jeff , causing tension with Paul . Paul also attends a private prep school for one season , leaving Kevin alone to start public high school . In another episode , Kevin tattles on Paul after Paul loses his virginity . In the final episode , it is revealed that Paul eventually attends Harvard . Gwendolyn `` Winnie '' Cooper ( Danica McKellar ) : Winnie is Kevin 's main love interest and neighbor . Her older brother 's death in the Vietnam War plays a big part in the pilot . In another episode , Winnie 's parents separate in grief over the death of their son . In the epilogue of the final episode , it is revealed that Winnie travels overseas to study art history in Paris . Kevin and Winnie write to each other every week for eight years until she returns ; in the concluding moments of the finale , Kevin says that when Winnie returned to the States , Kevin met her accompanied by his wife and first child , despite the hope among Wonder Years fans that Kevin and Winnie would themselves marry . `` Like I said , '' says Kevin at the end , `` things never turn out exactly the way you plan them . '' As suggested in an episode entitled `` The Accident '' and in the finale episode of the series , every important event in Kevin 's life has somehow involved Winnie . Syndication ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reruns of the show aired in syndication between September 1992 and September 1997 . Nick at Nite then reran the show from October 13 , 1997 to February 3 , 2001 . It also reran on The New TNN ( January 22 , 2001 to September 28 , 2001 ) , ABC Family ( November 12 , 2001 to October 2 , 2004 ) , Ion Television ( April 2 , 2007 to October 4 , 2007 ) , and The Hub ( October 11 , 2010 to August 31 , 2012 ) . In Canada , the show aired on CTS Ontario from September 2010 until September 2 , 2011 . In Australia , the show aired on Network Ten between 1989 and 1995 , then from March 31 , 2012 on ABC1 . In Spain the series initially aired Mondays 9 : 30pm on TVE2 ( now La2 ) as part of the Monday night Comedy block which also featured Murphy Brown . The series was later promoted to main channel TVE1 where it aired Fridays 9pm . Years later , in the late 90s , commercial station Antena 3TV recovered the series and aired it first in its 2pm comedy hour , later relocating it to a 530pm slot as part of the youth macro-show La Merienda . Opening sequence ( edit ) Three different versions of the opening were made and each set to the Joe Cocker rendition of With a Little Help from My Friends . First version ( pilot ) ( edit ) This first version of the opening was very basic : Nothing but a black screen was shown , after the title logo , with each cast member 's name appearing in the center one by one . Much like the Arye Gross narration , this version of the opening was only used once when the pilot first aired after Super Bowl XXII . Second version ( seasons one through five ) ( edit ) This opening now consists of home movie footage from the pilot , after the title logo is shown , ending with the `` Created by '' credit . In season five , more footage is added to show how much the cast has aged . Third version ( season six ) ( edit ) The opening was overhauled completely in this version . Now , it consisted of stock footage and images of various moments throughout 60 's and early 70s culture ( i.e. John Lennon and Yoko Ono 's Bed - in , The Kent State Shootings , The Moon Landing , an anti-war protest . ) , and was set to a new edit of Cocker 's rendition of the song ( starting with the chorus , versus the opening of the song , as was the case in seasons one through five ) . The final image in this version is of Kevin , Paul , Winnie , and presumably some of their classmates in a group photograph edited to look like it belonged in the time period . Home video releases ( edit ) Initially , the first four episodes were released on 2 VHS Tapes by Anchor Bay in 1997 , with most of the music intact ( a select few songs , however , were re-recordings ) . In the coming years , fees for licensing music prevented further episodes from being released at that point on VHS . The two volumes that were released on VHS were later released on DVD in 2000 . Four episodes of the series were also included in two official `` best - of '' DVD sets ( The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years ) , without much of the original music . For many years , The Wonder Years remained unreleased on DVD as official season box sets , due to music licensing issues . Because of this issue , The Wonder Years routinely appeared high on the list of TV shows in - demand for a DVD release . In a blog update on the Netflix website on March 30 , 2011 , and a press release issued the next day , Netflix stated that they would be adding The Wonder Years to their instant streaming service . The other three 20th Century Fox series noted as part of the deal were added to the Watch Instantly service by April 2 , while The Wonder Years remained unavailable . On October 1 , 2011 , 114 full - length episodes of the series were added to Netflix streaming . The clip show from the end of Season 4 , which was released on DVD , has not been included . On September 26 , 2011 , it was announced that Amazon Prime 's streaming video service would be adding The Wonder Years , describing the series as `` available on digital video for the first time '' , although Netflix added the series ahead of Amazon 's release . All 115 episodes ( including the clip show ) became available to Prime members starting October 6 , 2011 . On both digital streaming services , portions of the soundtrack have been replaced . The show 's opening theme , Joe Cocker 's rendition of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends , '' has been replaced on Netflix and Amazon with the version of the song that played in the UK and other overseas airings . The majority of the show 's soundtrack remains unchanged . Songs such as `` Light My Fire '' by The Doors and `` Foxy Lady '' by Jimi Hendrix have been replaced by generic sound - alikes with different lyrics . On February 11 , 2014 , StarVista / Time Life announced the upcoming DVD release of the complete series in the second half of the year , noting that they were `` painstakingly securing the rights for virtually every song . '' On June 11 , packaging details for complete set were revealed . The packaging consists of a miniature school locker featuring a replica yearbook with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia . Also included are two notebooks similar to those carried by the two lead characters , each featuring detailed episode information , production photos , all 115 episodes plus over 15 hours of bonus features on 26 DVDs . Customized Wonder Years magnets are also included . On September 30 , 2014 , the complete series was released to those that pre-ordered the set through mail order from Time Life / Star Vista . Also a box set for the first four seasons was released as well . October 10 , 2014 , though was considered the official release date . On October 7 , 2014 , Star Vista released Season One on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time . Season Two was released on February 3 , 2015 . Season Three was released on May 26 , 2015 . Season Four was released on January 12 , 2016 . Season Five was released on May 24 , 2016 . Season Six was released on September 27 , 2016 . On October 6 , 2015 , Star Vista released The Wonder Years - The Complete Series : Collectors Box set and The Wonder Years - The Complete Series DVD collections in a wide general retail release . On May 9 , 2016 , Fabulous Films released The Wonder Years - The Deluxe Edition on 26 DVDs in the UK . It was intended to be the first release to contain every episode in its original transmission presentation , although in the end this did not happen . The set includes over 23 hours of bonus material . On October 1 , 2017 , The Wonder Years was removed from Netflix after being on there for 7 years . DVD Name Ep # Release dates DVD Special Features Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season One 6 October 7 , 2014 N / A June 8 , 2016 Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion , May 28 , 2014 Featurette : With a Little Help from My Friends : The Early Days of The Wonder Years Interviews with : Creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black Fred Savage Danica McKellar Josh Saviano Season Two 17 February 3 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Interview with Fred Savage ( Part 1 ) Interview with Danica McKellar ( Part 1 ) Highlights from The Wonder Years cast reunion Interview with The Wonder Years creators Neal Marlins and Carol Black Season Three 23 May 26 , 2015 N / A June 8 , 2016 Cast Interviews Hall Pass : Roundtable with Danica McKellar , Fred Savage , and Josh Saviano A Family Affair : At Home With The Arnolds Season Four 23 January 12 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 Teachers That Made A Difference Cast Interviews Season Five 24 May 24 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 That 's A Wrap ! : Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 Will You Love Me Tomorrow : The Wonder Years Love Stories Cast Interviews Season Six 22 September 27 , 2016 N / A June 8 , 2016 One - Hour ABC Broadcast Of The Series Finale At Last : The Final Episode Interview Bob Brush , Executive Produce From The Vault : Alley Mills And Bob Brush Letters The Complete Series 115 September 30 , 2014 N / A April 20 , 2016 Two notebooks , each featuring detailed episode information and production photos Replica yearbook embellished with signatures from cast members , behind - the - scenes photos and classic show memorabilia , and liner notes penned by Fred Savage , series creators Neal Marlens and Carol Black , and executive producer Bob Brush 2014 Los Angeles cast reunion , featuring all key cast together for the first time in 16 years Extensive individual interviews with all seven key cast members ( Fred Savage , Danica McKellar , Josh Saviano , Dan Lauria , Alley Mills , Olivia d'Abo and Jason Hervey ) , as well as with notable actors featured as guest stars or in recurring roles , such as David Schwimmer , Ben Stein , Bob Picardo and Seth Green In - depth interviews with narrator Daniel Stern , Neal Marlens , Carol Black , Bob Brush and other production personnel 10 brand - new featurettes : `` With A Little Help From My Friends '' : The Early Days of The Wonder Years `` The Times They Are A-Changin ' '' : The Era `` My Generation '' : The Kids Grow Up `` When A Man Loves A Woman '' : Kevin & Winnie Forever `` Bookends '' : Kevin & Paul `` A Family Affair '' : At Home With The Arnolds `` I Love You For Sentimental Reasons '' : Fan - Favorite Episodes `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' : The Wonder Years ' Love Stories `` ABC '' : Teachers That Made A Difference `` Both Sides Now '' : The Music That Made The Moments `` That 's a Wrap ! Mark B. Perry 's Farewell Set Tour Season 5 '' - Writer / Producer Mark B. Perry 's home video set tour from the end of his final season on the show , which includes new commentary from him . `` From the Vault : Alley Mills and Bob Brush Letters '' - Alley Mills reads her emotional , written conversation with Executive Producer Bob Brush about the show 's finale . The one - hour finale as it was originally aired on ABC on May 12 , 1993 , including a deleted scene not included in the half - hour broadcasts of the final two episodes ( both the one - hour finale and half - hour versions of the final two episodes will be included in the extras ) . DVD music replacements ( edit ) The Time Life DVD releases feature approximately 96 % of the original music soundtrack , including Joe Cocker 's cover of `` With a Little Help From My Friends '' at the opening . There were altogether some 15 exceptions , in most instances featuring generic studio replacement music in place of the original song , while on a few occasions the original soundtrack song was replaced with another version of the same tune . None of the necessary music replacements resulted in footage from the episodes being removed . In the episode `` The Phone Call '' , the `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was replaced with a song called `` Star Crossed Lovers '' , which has been used in many other TV shows and movies , including The Brady Bunch . In `` Dance With Me '' , Joe Cocker 's cover of `` The Letter '' was replaced with the original version by The Box Tops , while the Herman 's Hermits version of `` There 's a Kind of Hush '' was replaced with a rerecording by the Craggy Blue Project . The episode `` Heart of Darkness '' had two replacements : `` Riders on the Storm '' by The Doors was replaced with `` Children of the Night '' , while Richie Havens ' cover of The Beatles ' song `` Here Comes the Sun '' was replaced by `` Train to Nowhere '' . In the episode `` Whose Woods Are These ? '' , the Blood , Sweat & Tears recording entitled `` Variations on a Theme By Erik Satie ( 1st and 2nd Movements ) '' ( adapted from Satie 's `` Three Gymnopédies '' ) was replaced with `` Le Suenne Fite '' . The episode `` How I Am Spending My Summer Vacation '' replaced the Doors ' `` Light My Fire '' with `` Love 's on Fire '' , while the episode `` Summer Song '' replaced Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` Spinning Wheel '' with a rerecording by former BS&T frontman David Clayton Thomas . In `` Family Car '' , Neil Young 's `` Long May You Run '' was replaced with `` Keep Your Motor Running '' . In `` Wayne on Wheels '' , `` Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet '' was again replaced by `` Star Crossed Lovers '' . In the episode `` The Treehouse '' , Doris Day 's `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' was replaced with `` Call the Whole Thing Off '' . In the episode `` Little Debbie '' , `` Tammy '' by Liberace was replaced with a song called `` Sammy '' . `` Clip Show '' contains the scene from `` Heart of Darkness '' in which `` Here Comes the Sun '' is replaced with `` Train to Nowhere '' . The episode `` Kevin Delivers '' dropped Blood , Sweat & Tears ' `` You 've Made Me So Very Happy '' with a rerecording by David Clayton Thomas . In the episode `` Alice in Autoland '' , Al Green 's `` Let 's Stay Together '' was replaced with a rerecording by him . In the final episode `` Independence Day '' , the Ennio Morricone song `` Brothers '' from the 1986 motion picture The Mission , which was played over the pivotal barn scene featuring Kevin and Winnie 's last kiss , was replaced with the generic tune `` Pastorale '' ( for this instance alone , the same replacement was used in the 1998 The Best of The Wonder Years DVD release ) . Also , not a music change per se , but the Daniel Stern redub of the pilot is used , with the standard opening sequence . Other than the above music changes , all other music is intact . Of the 115 total episodes , over 100 are completely unaffected by the soundtrack changes . The UK DVD release from Fabulous Films was intended to have no replaced music , but reviews on online retailers and fan websites show that this is not the case . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Wonder Years : Music from the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era The official soundtrack was released in 1988 by Atlantic / WEA and contains a total of 13 tracks , featuring Joe Cocker 's cover of The Beatles ' `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' , which is the show 's theme song . After the series ' original run was over , Laserlight Digital released a 5 - disc compilation box set under the title Music from ' The Wonder Years in 1994 . This is the same company that later released the only two DVDs for the series , The Best of The Wonder Years and The Christmas Wonder Years . The disc included 40 oldies favorites and 5 original songs ( each is repeated twice in the set ) written exclusively for the series by W.G. Snuffy Walden . In 2014 , Time Life released a new soundtrack for the show which accompanies deluxe versions of their complete series DVD set . The CD is not available for purchase separately from the DVD box set , however . Book ( edit ) In 1990 the book The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties by Edward Gross was published by Pioneer Books ( ISBN 1 - 55698 - 258 - 5 ) . It contains information about the creation and production of the show , interviews with cast and crew , and an extensive episode guide ( up to the middle of the 4th season when the book was published ) . While long out of print and hard to find , the author gave permission to a fan website to publish the book online for free in its entirety . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Recipient Result 1991 American Cinema Editors ' Eddie Award Best Edited Episode from a Television Series Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated 1993 Best Edited Half Hour Series for Television Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` The Wedding '' ) Nominated 1989 ASCAP Film and Television Music Award Top TV Series Stewart Levin Won 1988 BMI Film & TV Awards BMI TV Music Award W.G. Snuffy Walden , John Lennon and Paul McCartney Won 1989 Won 1990 Won 1988 Casting Society of America 's Artios Award Best Casting for TV , Comedy Episodic Mary V. Buck and Susan Edelman Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Meg Liberman and Marc Hirschfeld Nominated 1989 Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Steve Miner ( For the pilot episode ) Won 1991 Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1989 Golden Globe Award Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Won 1990 Nominated Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Fred Savage Nominated 1991 Nominated 1988 Humanitas Prize 30 Minute Category Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Matthew Carlson Won 1990 Todd W. Langen Won David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated 1991 Bob Brush Won Mark B. Perry ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated 1992 Craig Hoffman ( For episode `` Hardware Store '' ) Nominated 1993 Sy Rosen ( For episode `` The Nose '' ) Nominated 1990 Peabody Award ABC Television and Black / Marlens Company in association with New World Television Won 1988 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens and Jeffrey Silver Won Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1989 Outstanding Comedy Series Carol Black , Neal Marlens , Bob Brush , Steve Miner and Jeffrey Silver Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Michael J. Weithorn ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` Our Miss White '' ) Won Michael Dinner ( For episode `` How I 'm Spending My Summer Vacation '' ) Nominated Steve Miner ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Robert Picardo Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Maxine Stuart Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Stuart Bass ( For episode `` Loosiers '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costume Design for a Series Scilla Andreen ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Birthday Boy '' ) Nominated 1990 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Bob Stevens , Jill Gordon , Matthew Carlson , Michael Dinner , Ken Topolsky and Kerry Ehrin Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Michael Dinner ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series David Huddleston Nominated Outstanding Editing for a Series - Single Camera Production Dennis C. Vejar ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Ray West and John L. Mack ( For episode `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' ) Nominated 1991 Outstanding Comedy Series Bob Brush , Jill Gordon , Ken Topolsky , David Chambers and Michael Dinner Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Peter Baldwin ( For episode `` The Ties That Bind '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and John L. Mack ( For episode `` Little Debbie '' ) Nominated 1992 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episode `` Grandpa 's Car '' ) Nominated 1993 Agamemnon Andrianos , David John West , Nello Torri and Craig Hunter ( For episodes `` Summer '' and `` Independence Day '' ) Nominated 1988 Television Critics Association Award Program of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Won 1989 Nominated 1990 Nominated 2006 TV Land Award Favorite Series Finale Nominated 2007 Favorite Heard - But - Not - Seen Character Daniel Stern Nominated 2008 Character You 'd Pay to Do Your Homework for You Danica McKellar Nominated 1989 Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1990 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Won 1991 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated Best Writing in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Specialty Player Robert Picardo Nominated 1992 Best Quality Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Fred Savage Nominated 1989 Writers Guild of America Award Episodic Comedy Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For episode `` My Father 's Office '' ) Won Carol Black and Neal Marlens ( For the pilot episode ) Nominated 1990 Matthew Carlson ( For episode `` Pottery Will Get You Nowhere '' ) Nominated Todd W. Langen ( For episode `` Coda '' ) Won 1991 Bob Brush ( For episode `` Goodbye '' ) Nominated David M. Stern ( For episode `` The Powers That Be '' ) Nominated Bob Stevens ( For episode `` Rock ' N ' Roll '' ) Nominated 1989 Young Artist Award Best Family Television Series Won Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Comedy Series Fred Savage Won Best Young Actor Guest - Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Robin Thicke Nominated Best Young Actor in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress in a Featured , Co-Starring , Supporting , Recurring Role in a Comedy , Drama Series , or Special Danica McKellar Won 1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Fred Savage Nominated Jason Hervey Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Robert Jayne Nominated Joshua John Miller Nominated 1992 Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Brandon Crane Won Best Young Actress Guest - Starring or Recurring Role in a TV Series Crystal McKellar Nominated Lisa Paige Robinson Nominated 1993 Best Young Actor Co-Starring in a Television Series Josh Saviano Nominated Best Young Actress Co-Starring in a Television Series Danica McKellar Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Giovanni Ribisi Nominated Best Young Actress Guest - Starring in a Television Series Wendy J. Cooke Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years ' Pays Its Respects to ' 60s Suburbia - Los Angeles Times '' . Articles.latimes.com. April 8 , 1988 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ( January 30 , 1988 ) . `` TV : ' Wonder Years , ' A New Series on ABC '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Haithman , Diane ( November 30 , 1988 ) . `` Success Turns Into Mixed Blessing for Creators of ' Wonder Years ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Steve ( October 3 , 1989 ) . `` ' The Wonder Years ' Faces Growing Pains '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peabody Award Winners Archive Archived April 15 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` Special Collectors ' Issue '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb : '' . IMDb . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time '' . Paste ( magazine ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years Complete Series Finally coming to DVD with Complete Soundtrack '' . February 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The TV Shows That Owe a Debt to The Wonder Years '' . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Documentary '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` just up the pike : the wonder years were set in white oak , sort of '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Carol ( December 1 , 1996 ) . `` Can Sitcom Make It With L.I. Setting ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 29 . Mr. Marlens wanted to set the series , based on his childhood in the suburbs , on Long Island ... `` Everybody felt ' Wonder Years ' was set in their home street . '' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindenhurst native Dan Lauria stars in ' A Christmas Story ' at Madison Square Garden '' . Newsday . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Twelvesomething ' '' . philly - archives . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Boy 's ' Wonder Years ' At Age 12 , Fred Savage Is Already An Acting Pro As He Portrays A 1960s Child '' . philly - archives . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NAMES IN THE NEWS : Sisters Rivals on ' Wonder Years ' '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Interview with Danica McKellar ( Winnie Cooper ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Talking with Fred Savage : My parents never push me '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scene It Before : The Wonder Years Neighborhood - Los Angeles Magazine '' . January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Years ' Stars Accused of Sexual Harassment : Television : Fred Savage and Jason Hervey are named by former costume designer . Show 's spokesmen deny charges '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Savage 's Post - ` Wonder Years ' / He 's all grown up , a Stanford student and a bad guy on TV '' . SFGate . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TVography ~ The Wonder Years ~ Comedy Coming of Age . YouTube . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years ' : With Rising Costs , Aging Cast , Series Comes to a Close '' . latimes . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Savage accused of sex harassment years ago '' . January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiefer , Halle . `` Alley Mills Says The Wonder Years Canceled Over Sexual - Harassment Lawsuit '' . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1691 - 1692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Peter ( May 9 , 1993 ) . `` Television : Closing the Album On ' The Wonder Years ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Steve ( May 12 , 1993 ) . `` Reeling in the Bittersweet ' Wonder Years ' : With Rising Costs , Aging Cast , Series Comes to a Close '' . the Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales , TV Guide Network , May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lee , Felicia R. ( January 19 , 2006 ) . `` A Sitcom 70 's Child Grows Up to Be an Alter Ego '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nick at Nite Log Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com search page : wonder + year + vhs '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Lieber , Scott ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Pricey nostalgia '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Best of the Wonder Years DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Most , if not all , of the original soundtrack has been changed to either covers or generic music . Jump up ^ Thommes , Matt ( June 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Wonder Years on DVD : costly music licensing Matt Thommes '' . Matthom.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( September 24 , 2007 ) . `` What to Watch ? How About a ' Simpsons ' Episode From 1999 ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Among the 300,000 registered users of the Web site www.tvshowsondvd.com , The Wonder Years is the most in - demand unreleased show Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years on DVD , Release Info , News at TVShowsOnDVD.com ( login required to see voting results ) '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Voting Results - Unreleased Rank : 1st / Overall Rank : 3rd Jump up ^ `` The Netflix Blog : GLEE AVAILABLE TO WATCH INSTANTLY '' . March 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Fox and Netflix announce distribution deal which makes `` Glee '' and `` Sons of Anarchy '' available to watch instantly from Netflix starting April 1 '' ( Press release ) . April 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . In addition , library series such as `` Ally McBeal '' and `` The Wonder Years '' will stream instantly for the first time from Netflix . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Glee '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Sons of Anarchy '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : Ally McBeal '' . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Heather ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` The Netflix Blog : Rediscovering The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix : The Wonder Years '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , Amazon Prime Make Streaming Deal '' . Reuters . September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 01 . The new additions from the FOX library include 24 , Arrested Development , The X-Files , Ally McBeal , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , and - available on digital video for the first time - The Wonder Years . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Wonder Years Season 1 , Ep. 1 `` Pilot '' `` . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Frazer , Bryant ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Post Haste Sound Remasters The Wonder Years for Digital Video Release '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . showed up on Netflix ( streaming only ) this month , sans iconic Joe Cocker theme song Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - StarVista / Time - Life Press Release Announces ' The Complete Series ' on DVD ! '' . February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years - A Pic of the Collectible Packaging , General Contents for ' The Complete Series ' Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years DVD news : Announcement for The Wonder Years - Season 1 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years DVD news : General Release for The Wonder Years - The Complete Series - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wonder Years ( TV Show ) > TWY on DVD '' . www.wonder-years.tv . Jump up ^ `` The Wonders Years : The Complete First Season ( 1988 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years : The Complete Second Season ( 1988 ) . Amazon.com Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - The Complete Series DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Jump up ^ The Wonder Years ( 1988 - 93 Television Series ) . `` The Wonder Years OST '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Years - Growing up in the Sixties '' . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Wonder Years Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wonder Years . The Wonder Years on IMDb The Wonder Years at TV.com http://www.wonder-years.tv Episode and Music Guide plus the official `` The Wonder Years '' book by Edward Gross Documentary The Wonder Years -- Coming of Age at the-wonder-years.com Peter 's `` The Wonder Years '' fansite The Show `` The Wonder Years '' , Cast , Pictures , and Trivia Preceded by Hard Copy The Wonder Years Super Bowl lead - out program 1988 Succeeded by Brotherhood of the Rose 1989 The Wonder Years Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Good - bye '' Related Characters Episodes Soundtrack Awards and nominations Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series The Red Skelton Show ( 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1959 ) The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( 1967 ) Get Smart ( 1968 ) Get Smart ( 1969 ) My World and Welcome to It ( 1970 ) All in the Family ( 1971 ) All in the Family ( 1972 ) All in the Family ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( 1977 ) All in the Family ( 1978 ) Taxi ( 1979 ) Taxi ( 1980 ) Taxi ( 1981 ) Barney Miller ( 1982 ) Cheers ( 1983 ) Cheers ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years ( 1988 ) Cheers ( 1989 ) Murphy Brown ( 1990 ) Cheers ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( 1992 ) Seinfeld ( 1993 ) Frasier ( 1994 ) Frasier ( 1995 ) Frasier ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Frasier ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal ( 1999 ) Will & Grace ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) Friends ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2003 ) Arrested Development ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond ( 2005 ) The Office ( 2006 ) 30 Rock ( 2007 ) 30 Rock ( 2008 ) 30 Rock ( 2009 ) Modern Family ( 2010 ) Modern Family ( 2011 ) Modern Family ( 2012 ) Modern Family ( 2013 ) Modern Family ( 2014 ) Veep ( 2015 ) Veep ( 2016 ) Veep ( 2017 ) TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - ish , season 2 ( 2016 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2017 ) Joe Cocker Studio albums With a Little Help from My Friends Joe Cocker ! Joe Cocker I Can Stand a Little Rain Jamaica Say You Will Stingray Luxury You Can Afford Sheffield Steel Civilized Man Cocker Unchain My Heart One Night of Sin Night Calls Have a Little Faith Organic Across from Midnight No Ordinary World Respect Yourself Heart & Soul Hymn for My Soul Hard Knocks Fire It Up Live albums Mad Dogs & Englishmen Live in L.A. Space Captain Live in New York Joe Cocker Live On Air Standing Here - Live in Colorado The Complete Fillmore East Concerts Live at Woodstock Fire It Up : Live ( 2013 ) Compilations Cocker Happy Joe Cocker 's Greatest Hits The Best of Joe Cocker ( 1983 ) Joe Cocker Classics Volume 4 The Legend The Best of Joe Cocker ( 1992 ) The Long Voyage Home Greatest Hits The Anthology Greatest Love Songs The Ultimate Collection 1968 - 2003 Ultimate Collection Gold Icon Related articles Discography The Wonder Years ( TV series ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wonder_Years&oldid=833182791 '' Categories : The Wonder Years 1980s American comedy - drama television series 1980s American teen television series 1980s teen drama television series 1990s American comedy - drama television series 1988 American television series debuts 1993 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows English - language television programs American high school television series Middle school television series Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners Super Bowl lead - out programs Television series by New World Television Television series set in 1968 Television series set in 1969 Television series set in 1970 Television series set in 1971 Television series set in 1972 Television series set in 1973 Television shows set in the United States Television shows set in Vietnam Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Television series created by Carol Black Television series created by Neal Marlens Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Corsu Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 03 : 14 . 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About Wikipedia	who sang the theme song for the wonder years	[ "\n\nThe Wonder Years\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nNeal Marlens\nCarol Black\n\n\nStarring\nFred Savage\nDan Lauria\nAlley Mills\nOlivia d'Abo\nJason Hervey\nDanica McKellar\nJosh Saviano\n\n\nNarrated by\nDaniel Stern\n\n\nTheme music composer\nLennon–McCartney\n\n\nOpening theme\n\"With a Little Help from My Friends\" by Joe Cocker\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n6\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n115 (list of episodes)\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nCamera setup\nSingle-camera\n\n\nRunning time\n22–24 minutes\n\n\nProduction company(s)\nThe Black-Marlens Company\nNew World Television\n\n\nDistributor\n20th Television\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nABC\n\n\nOriginal release\nJanuary 31, 1988 (1988-01-31) – May 12, 1993 (1993-05-12)\n\n" ]	[ "Joe Cocker" ]
8707085278920353630	Rogue One	Rogue One - wikipedia Rogue One Jump to : navigation , search Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Gareth Edwards Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Screenplay by Chris Weitz Tony Gilroy Story by John Knoll Gary Whitta Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Felicity Jones Diego Luna Ben Mendelsohn Donnie Yen Mads Mikkelsen Alan Tudyk Jiang Wen Forest Whitaker Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Greig Fraser Edited by John Gilroy Colin Goudie Jabez Olssen Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date December 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 10 ) ( Pantages Theatre ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $265 million ( gross ) $200 million ( net ) Box office $1.056 billion Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , or simply Rogue One , is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards . The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta . It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series , set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film , and follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star , the Galactic Empire 's superweapon . The cast includes Felicity Jones , Diego Luna , Ben Mendelsohn , Donnie Yen , Mads Mikkelsen , Alan Tudyk , Riz Ahmed , Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker . Based on an idea first pitched by Knoll , 10 years before it entered development , the film was made to be different in tone and style from the traditional Star Wars films , including omitting the customary opening crawl and transitional screen wipes . Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios near London in early August 2015 and wrapped in February 2016 . The film then went through extensive reshoots and additional filming in mid-June 2016 , with Gilroy acting as director of them . The film premiered in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 . Rogue One received positive reviews , with praise for its acting , action sequences , score , visuals , and darker tone , although it received criticism for its underdeveloped characters , and generated controversy for its use of CGI in the recreation of specific characters and performers . The film has grossed over $1 billion worldwide , making it the 23rd highest - grossing film of all - time unadjusted for inflation , the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , and the third highest - grossing film in the Star Wars franchise . It received two Academy Awards nominations for Best Sound Mixing and Best Visual Effects . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Views on CGI 5.3 Accolades 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Tie - in novels 6.3 Comics 6.4 Video games 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Research scientist Galen Erso and his family are in hiding on the planet Lah'mu when Imperial weapons developer Orson Krennic arrives to press him into completing the Death Star , a space station - based superweapon capable of destroying entire planets . Galen 's wife , Lyra , is killed in the confrontation while their daughter , Jyn , escapes and is rescued by rebel extremist Saw Gerrera . Fifteen years later , cargo pilot Bodhi Rook defects from the Empire , taking a holographic message recorded by Galen to Gerrera on the desert moon Jedha . After learning about the Death Star from an agent at the trading outpost Ring of Kafrene , Rebel Alliance intelligence officer Cassian Andor frees Jyn from an Imperial labor camp at Wobani before bringing her to the Rebel leader Mon Mothma , who convinces her to find and rescue Galen so the Alliance can learn more about the Death Star . Cassian is covertly ordered to kill Galen rather than extract him . Jyn , Cassian , and reprogrammed Imperial droid K - 2SO travel to Jedha , where the Empire is removing kyber crystals from the holy city to power the Death Star while Gerrera and his partisans are engaged in an armed insurgency against them . With the aid of blind spiritual warrior Chirrut Îmwe and his mercenary friend Baze Malbus , Jyn makes contact with Gerrera , who has been holding Rook captive . Gerrera shows her the message , in which Galen reveals he has secretly built a vulnerability into the Death Star and directs them to retrieve the schematics from an Imperial data bank on the planet Scarif . On the Death Star , Krennic orders a low - powered test shot which destroys Jedha 's capital . Jyn and her group take Rook and flee the moon , but Gerrera remains to die with the city . Grand Moff Tarkin congratulates Krennic before using Rook 's defection and security leak as a pretext to take control of the project . Rook leads the group to Galen 's Imperial research facility on the planet Eadu , where Cassian chooses not to kill Galen . Jyn makes her presence known moments before Rebel bombers attack the facility . Galen is wounded and dies in his daughter 's arms , before she escapes with her group on board a stolen Imperial cargo shuttle . Krennic is summoned by Darth Vader to answer for the attack on Eadu . Krennic seeks his support for an audience with the Emperor , but Vader instead orders him to ensure no further breaches occur . Jyn proposes a plan to steal the Death Star schematics using the Rebel fleet but fails to gain approval from the Alliance Council , who feel victory against the Empire is now impossible . Frustrated at their inaction , Jyn 's group lead a small squad of Rebel volunteers to raid the databank themselves . Arriving at Scarif on the stolen Imperial ship , which Rook dubs `` Rogue One '' , a disguised Jyn and Cassian enter the base with K - 2SO while the other Rebels attack the resident Imperial garrison as a diversion . The Rebel fleet learns of the raid from intercepted Imperial communications and deploy in support . K - 2SO sacrifices himself so Jyn and Cassian can retrieve the data . Îmwe is killed after activating the master switch to allow communication with the Rebel fleet , and Malbus dies in battle shortly afterwards . Rook is killed by a grenade after informing the Rebel fleet that it must deactivate the shield surrounding the planet to allow the transmission of the schematics . Jyn and Cassian obtain the schematics , but they are ambushed by Krennic , who is eventually shot and wounded by Cassian . Jyn transmits the schematics to the Rebel command ship . The Death Star enters orbit above Scarif , where Tarkin uses another low - power shot to destroy the compromised base , killing Krennic , Cassian , and Jyn . The Rebel fleet prepares to jump to hyperspace , but many of the fleet 's ships are intercepted by Vader 's flagship . Vader boards the Rebel command ship and attempts to regain the schematics , but a small starship escapes with the plans on board . Aboard the fleeing ship , Princess Leia declares that the schematics will provide hope for the Rebellion . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Star Wars cast members Felicity Jones as Jyn Erso , a young renegade woman who is detained for her crimes against the Empire until she is freed by the Rebel Alliance . She has used many aliases during her life such as Lianna Hallik , Tanith Pontha , and Kestrel Dawn , while her father affectionately calls her `` Stardust '' . Beau and Dolly Gadsdon as a young Jyn Erso at different points in her life . Diego Luna as Cassian Andor , a Rebel Alliance Captain and Intelligence officer . Ben Mendelsohn as Orson Krennic , the Director of Advanced Weapons Research for the Imperial Military . Donnie Yen as Chirrut Îmwe , a blind warrior who believes in the Force . He is said to be one of the Guardians of the Whills . Mads Mikkelsen as Galen Erso , Jyn 's father and a research scientist . Alan Tudyk as K - 2SO , a former Imperial enforcer droid who was reprogrammed by Cassian Andor to serve the Rebellion . Riz Ahmed as Bodhi Rook , a former Imperial cargo pilot who defects to the Rebels under the influence of Galen Erso . Jiang Wen as Baze Malbus , a longtime companion of Chirrut Îmwe and one - time devoted Guardian of the Whills , now a Rebel warrior and mercenary . Forest Whitaker as Saw Gerrera , a veteran of the Clone Wars and a friend of the Erso family who had mentored Jyn in her later childhood years . Jimmy Smits , Genevieve O'Reilly , and Anthony Daniels reprise their roles from previous films as Bail Organa , Mon Mothma , and C - 3PO , respectively . James Earl Jones also reprises his role from previous films as the voice of Darth Vader , who is physically portrayed by Spencer Wilding and Daniel Naprous , replacing David Prowse who played the role in the original films . Grand Moff Tarkin and Princess Leia Organa are played by Guy Henry and Ingvild Deila , respectively , with the digital likenesses of Peter Cushing and Carrie Fisher superimposed . Henry also provides the voice for Tarkin , while archival audio of Fisher is used for Leia . Angus MacInnes and Drewe Henley are featured as Gold Leader Dutch Vander and Red Leader Garven Dreis , respectively , via unused footage from A New Hope ; MacInnes returned to record new dialogue for Vander , while new dialogue for the deceased Henley was assembled from archival material . David Ankrum , who voiced Wedge Antilles in A New Hope , reprises his role in a vocal cameo . Ian McElhinney , Michael Smiley , Andy de la Tour and Tim Beckmann play General Jan Dodonna , Dr. Evazan , General Hurst Romodi and Captain Raymus Antilles , respectively . Warwick Davis plays Weeteef Cyubee , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Additionally , Alistair Petrie plays General Davits Draven , Ben Daniels plays General Antoc Merrick , and Valene Kane plays Lyra Erso , Jyn 's mother . Jonathan Aris , Fares Fares and Sharon Duncan - Brewster appear as Senators Nower Jebel , Vasp Vaspar , and Tynnra Pamlo , respectively . Simon Farnaby plays a member of Blue Squadron . Jordan Stephens appears as Rebel Alliance member Corporal Tonc . Nick Kellington plays Bistan , the door gunner on a U-wing during the battle on Scarif . Ian Whyte plays Moroff , a member of Saw Gerrera 's Partisans . Daniel Mays appears as Tivik . Rian Johnson and Ram Bergman , director and producer of Star Wars : The Last Jedi , respectively , cameo as two Death Star technicians . Richard Franklin plays one of the Death Star engineers . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Rogue One is the first film in the Star Wars Anthology series , a series of stand - alone spin - off films in the Star Wars franchise . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the stand - alone films would not cross over with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spinoff movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the stand - alone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . John Knoll , visual effects supervisor for the Star Wars prequel trilogy , pitched the idea for the film 10 years before its development ; after the Disney acquisition he felt as if he had to pitch it again or forever wonder `` what might 've happened if I had '' . In May 2014 , Disney announced that Gareth Edwards would direct the film and Gary Whitta would write the script . That October , cinematographer Greig Fraser revealed that he would work on the film . In January 2015 , it was revealed that Whitta had completed his work on the script , and would no longer be with the project . Simon Kinberg was considered as a replacement . Later in the month , it was announced that Chris Weitz had signed to write the script for the film . In March 2015 , the title was announced . In July 2016 , discussing whether the film would feature an opening crawl , Kennedy said , `` we 're in the midst of talking about it , but I do n't think these ( Anthology ) films will have an opening crawl . '' Edwards said : `` The idea is this film is supposed to be different than the saga films ... ( however , ) this film is born out of a crawl . The thing that inspired this movie was a crawl and what was written in that . There 's this feeling that if we did a crawl , then it 'll create another movie . And so the honest answer is you 'll have to wait and see . '' That same month , at the 2016 Star Wars Celebration , Edwards said the title had three meanings : `` a military sign '' , referring to the Red Squadron from A New Hope ; `` the ' rogue ' one '' of the franchise , given that it is the first film to not be part of the main saga ; and a description of Jyn Erso 's personality . In November 2016 , Kennedy confirmed that the film would not feature an opening crawl , instead beginning in `` a way that is traditional , with just the title . '' Edwards stated that the style of the film would be similar to that of a war film , stating , `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter stated that numerous actresses , including Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara , and Felicity Jones were being tested for the film 's lead . In February 2015 , it was announced that Jones was in final talks to star in the film , while Aaron Paul and Édgar Ramírez were being eyed for the male lead role . In March 2015 , Jones was officially cast . In March 2015 , Deadline.com reported a rumor that Ben Mendelsohn was being considered for a lead role . The next month , TheWrap reported that Sam Claflin was being eyed for a role , while Riz Ahmed was in negotiations to join the film . In May , Mendelsohn , Ahmed , and Diego Luna were added to the cast of the film , in the lead roles . Forest Whitaker was added to the cast in June 2015 . In July 2015 , Jonathan Aris was cast to play Senator Jebel . Genevieve O'Reilly was cast as Mon Mothma , reprising her role from Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . James Earl Jones was confirmed to return as the voice of Darth Vader in June 2016 . Filming ( edit ) Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , was used as a filming location for the planet Scarif Principal photography on the film began at Elstree Studios , in Hertfordshire , on August 8 , 2015 . Much of the other photography was completed at or near Pinewood Studios at Buckinghamshire , UK where huge sets were built to complement scenes filmed elsewhere in the world . The film was shot using Ultra Panavision 70 lenses with Arri Alexa 65 large format digital 6K cameras . Canary Wharf tube station was used as a location for interior shots of the Imperial security complex on Scarif Filming locations were used around the world . In Iceland , the crew shot in Reynisfjara , and around the mountains of Hjörleifshöfði and Hafursey at Mýrdalssandur , which were used to represent Lah'mu and Eadu . Also used were the Krafla area with its volcanic crater and around Lake Mývatn 's rock formations . The islands of Gan and Baresdhoo of the Laamu Atoll in the Maldives , as well as RAF Bovingdon , were used to represent Scarif . Wadi Rum in Jordan was used to represent Jedha . Pymmes Park in Edmonton , London was also used for location filming , and scenes set on Yavin 4 were filmed at RAF Cardington . Gareth Edwards selected the London Underground 's Canary Wharf station as a location for a chase scene in an Imperial base ; the location shoot took place between midnight and 4 am , when the station was closed to the public . The film spent a total of $265 million and received a $45 million subsidy from the United Kingdom 's film incentive program . Post-production ( edit ) On February 11 , 2016 , Disney executives stated that the film was `` virtually completed '' . Several weeks of pre-scheduled reshoots began in mid-June 2016 . In August 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Tony Gilroy had spearheaded the reshoots , in lieu of Edwards , and that Gilroy would have just as much say in the final cut of the film as Edwards . Gilroy was initially brought on in order to retool the ending of the film , which was not coming together as hoped under Edwards 's direction . Fearing that Disney would require the survival of at least some of the new characters , an alternate , happier ending was conceived with characters Jyn and Cassian escaping the destruction of Scarif ; when it became apparent that Disney would accept the deaths of those characters , the producers opted for the more tragic ending they had envisioned . At least some footage from the unused ending was produced and made it into early trailers . Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) produced the film 's visual effects . ILM used CGI and digitally altered archive footage to insert Peter Cushing 's likeness over the body of actor Guy Henry . Lucasfilm secured permission from the late actor 's estate to include him in the film . The team reportedly searched through countless hours of Cushing footage in order to find suitable material to build from , then Henry provided the motion capture and voice work with the reference material augmented and mapped over his performance like a digital body mask . Cushing 's family were heavily involved with the creation and had input right down to `` small , subtle adjustments '' . Cushing 's mannerisms , including his manner of speaking and facial tics , were studied by the visual effects artists and applied to the digital Tarkin . A similar process was used in the portrayal of Princess Leia ; Carrie Fisher 's appearance as Leia in the first film was superimposed over Norwegian actress Ingvild Deila 's face and archival audio of Fisher saying `` Hope '' was used to voice the character . Post-production wrapped on November 28 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) It does borrow from traditions that both John Williams and George Lucas borrowed from when they made the original Star Wars , you know . George was looking at Flash Gordon , the old serials , and John was looking at Gustav Holst and different composers along the way to get a baseline for what he wanted to communicate . There is a wonderful musical language that John put together for the original films . I wanted to honor that vernacular but still do something new with it , something that was still me in a way . -- Michael Giacchino on balancing the musical traditions of Star Wars with his original music for Rogue One . In March 2015 , it was reported that Alexandre Desplat , who had worked with Edwards on Godzilla , would compose the score for Rogue One . Despite rumors that a contract had not been initially set in place by Lucasfilm , Desplat confirmed in an April 2016 interview that he would serve as composer for the film . Concerning the film , Desplat commented that `` ( Edwards and I ) had a great partnership on Godzilla , and I ca n't wait to be starting with him . It will be in a few weeks from now , and it is very exciting and frightening at the same time because it 's such a legendary project . To be called to come after John Williams ... it 's a great challenge for me . '' However , in September 2016 , it was announced that Michael Giacchino would be replacing Desplat as composer , after the film 's reshoots altered the post-production schedule , and reportedly left Desplat no longer available . Giacchino only had four and a half weeks to compose the music for the film , beginning almost immediately after finishing production on Doctor Strange . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly in November 2016 , Giacchino stated : `` It is a film that is in many ways a really great World War II movie , and I loved that about it . But it also has this huge , huge heart at the center of it , and that was the one thing I just did n't want to discount . Yes , it 's an action movie , and it 's a Star Wars film , and it has all the things that you would come to expect and love about that , but I did n't want to forget that it was also an incredibly emotional movie as well . That was what really pulled me in . '' Giacchino incorporated John Williams ' themes from previous films into the score . The official soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 16 , 2016 . All music was composed by Giacchino except where noted . Giacchino , who has a history of using track titles that contain wordplay , shared his alternate list in the liner notes of the soundtrack release . These names are listed in the notes . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Michael Giacchino Released December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Studio Sony Scoring Stage Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 09 : 18 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino Michael Giacchino chronology Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) Doctor Strange 2016 Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) The Book of Henry 2017 Star Wars soundtrack chronology The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) The Force Awakens 2015 Rogue One ( 2016 ) Rogue One2016 The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Filmtracks Movie - Wave Movie Music UK Positive Soundtrack Geek No . Title Length 1 . `` He 's Here for Us '' ( `` A Krennic Connection '' ) 3 : 20 2 . `` A Long Ride Ahead '' ( `` Jyn and Scare It '' ) 3 : 56 3 . `` Wobani Imperial Labor Camp '' ( `` Jyncarcerated '' ) 0 : 54 4 . `` Trust Goes Both Ways '' ( `` Going to See Saw '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 45 5 . `` When Has Become Now '' ( `` That New Death Star Smell '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 1 : 59 6 . `` Jedha Arrival '' ( `` Jedha Call Saw '' ) 2 : 48 7 . `` Jedha City Ambush '' ( `` When Ambush Come to Shove '' ) 2 : 19 8 . `` Star - Dust '' ( `` Erso - Facto '' ) 3 : 47 9 . `` Confrontation on Eadu '' ( `` Go Do , That Eadu , That You Do , So Well '' ; includes `` Death Star Motif '' by John Williams ) 8 : 05 10 . `` Krennic 's Aspirations '' ( `` Have a Choke and a Smile '' ; includes `` Imperial Motif '' and `` The Imperial March '' by John Williams ) 4 : 16 11 . `` Rebellions Are Built on Hope '' ( `` Erso in Vain '' ) 2 : 56 12 . `` Rogue One '' ( `` Takes One to Rogue One '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 2 : 04 13 . `` Cargo Shuttle SW - 0608 '' ( `` World 's Worst Vacation Destination '' ) 3 : 59 14 . `` Scrambling the Rebel Fleet '' ( `` Scarif Tactics '' ; includes `` The Force Theme '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 33 15 . `` AT - ACT Assault '' ( `` Bazed and Confused '' ; includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Imperial Walkers '' by John Williams ) 2 : 55 16 . `` The Master Switch '' ( `` Switch Hunt '' ) 4 : 02 17 . `` Your Father Would Be Proud '' ( `` Transmission Impossible '' ) 4 : 51 18 . `` Hope '' ( `` Live and Let Jedi '' ; includes `` The Imperial March '' , `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Blockade Runner '' , and `` The Force Theme '' by John Williams ) 1 : 37 19 . `` Jyn Erso and Hope Suite '' 5 : 51 20 . `` The Imperial Suite '' 2 : 29 21 . `` Guardians of the Whills Suite '' 2 : 52 Total length : 69 : 18 Release ( edit ) Rogue One premiered at the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles on December 10 , 2016 . The film was released in certain European countries on December 14 , 2016 , and was released in North America on December 16 , with China getting the film on January 6 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Promotion of Rogue One was initially delayed by the release of the film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation in July 2015 , because the titles are similar . Paramount Pictures registered and cleared the title with the Motion Picture Association of America in January 2015 , well before Disney announced the title of its forthcoming Star Wars spinoff . Disney and Lucasfilm had to reach an agreement with Paramount over promotion in order to avoid any confusion in the public mind . Disney agreed to embargo promotion on Rogue One until after mid-2015 , with the exception of a very short teaser which was screened at Star Wars Celebration in Anaheim that year . A teaser trailer for Rogue One , released by Lucasfilm on April 7 , 2016 , was praised by reviewers for its portrayal of strong female characters . The Daily Telegraph described Jyn Erso 's character as `` a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' , calling the film `` progressive '' , while noting its painstaking faithfulness to the production design style of the original Star Wars trilogy . The Hollywood Reporter also noted the visual nods to the original trilogy , and examined the film 's possible narrative direction , considering that the outcome is to some extent already revealed in the opening crawl of A New Hope . The Atlantic writer David Sims stated that the trailer brought `` back some memorable pieces of architecture , from the lumbering AT - AT walkers to the Death Star itself , not to mention the glorious 70s costuming of Star Wars . '' He added that the trailer has `` the look '' , blending the old with the new . The trailer was viewed close to 30 million times in its first 29 hours , at a rate of 800,000 views per hour , from Facebook and YouTube , which is 200,000 views shy of what the first teaser trailer for Star Wars : The Force Awakens was receiving in November 2014 . In June 2016 , Rogue One was promoted at the Star Wars Celebration Europe III event in London . During the event , a new official poster was unveiled , which depicts a battle taking place on the tropical planet Scarif , with the Death Star looming large in a blue sky , above which is printed the tagline `` A Rebellion Built on Hope '' . A second teaser trailer was also unveiled , screened exclusively for the Celebration audience , and not streamed online . This new trailer was reviewed favorably by critics ; The Daily Telegraph noted that the trailer revealed new locations such as the planets Jedha and Scarif , and that its most significant revelation came in the final seconds of the teaser , with the appearance of Darth Vader , reflected in a computer screen and accompanied by his classic breathing sound effect . Variety also hailed the Vader reveal , and noted that the emphasis of the production was much more on the kinetic depiction of large battle sequences and full - on warfare , comparing it to Francis Ford Coppola 's 1979 Vietnam War epic Apocalypse Now . A showreel was also shown during the event , which featured footage from the film , cut with behind - the - scenes shots and interviews with the director and cast members . The second trailer was shown publicly during a broadcast of the 2016 Summer Olympics and received favourable media reviews ; Wired stated that the trailer was `` littered with nostalgic throwbacks to the original trilogy '' , while Rolling Stone described the CGI landscape shots seen in the footage as `` eye - poppingly gorgeous '' . A further trailer released in October 2016 prompted The Hollywood Reporter to comment that the newly revealed footage looked like `` a trailer to a different movie than the one advertised earlier '' , remarking that Jyn Erso appeared to be portrayed as a more vulnerable character , and highlighting the appearance of Galen Erso as a protective father figure . Vanity Fair also commented on the emphasis given to Jyn 's relationship with her father , suggesting that Rogue One was drawing on `` the Star Wars franchise 's greatest natural resource : daddy issues '' . The film 's publicity tour began in Mexico on November 23 , 2016 . In Asia , Disney focused marketing efforts on Donnie Yen , where his individual poster is used for marketing in territories including Japan , Singapore , Indonesia , Thailand , Hong Kong , China , Vietnam and Malaysia . The official Star Wars Facebook page of the respective Asian countries also featured clips and videos of Donnie Yen speaking various languages , greeting fans and telling them to support the film . In addition , Disney also released various versions of international trailers with more footage of Yen . Home media ( edit ) Rogue One was released on Digital HD on March 24 , 2017 , and by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D and DVD on April 4 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Rogue One grossed $532.2 million in the United States and Canada and $523.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.056 billion . On January 21 , 2017 , the film became Disney 's fourth of 2016 to earn $1 billion in ticket sales , joining Captain America : Civil War , Zootopia and Finding Dory . It is the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , the third highest - grossing Star Wars film , and the 22nd highest - grossing film of all time , all unadjusted for inflation . It is also the third Star Wars film to gross over $1 billion worldwide , following The Phantom Menace and The Force Awakens . In the United States , it was the top - grossing film of 2016 . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $319.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 3rd most profitable release of 2016 . In late November 2016 , box office projections for the United States and Canada had the film grossing $100 -- 150 million during its opening weekend . Disney chairman Bob Iger noted that Disney and Lucasfilm did not expect Rogue One to match The Force Awakens ' total gross of $2.1 billion , nor its $248 million opening . Pre-sale tickets for the film went on sale at 12 : 01 AM EST on November 28 , 2016 . Within 10 minutes , ticket sale sites such as Fandango crashed , much like they had in advance of The Force Awakens the year prior . In its first 24 hours , the film had the second - highest number of pre-sale tickets ever sold , behind only The Force Awakens . Worldwide , the film was expected to gross $280 -- 350 million in its opening weekend . In the United States , the film made $29 million from its Thursday night previews , making it the highest grossing Thursday opening of 2016 . On Friday , the film earned $71.1 million , earning the 12th highest grossing opening day of all time . The film grossed $46.3 million on Saturday , securing a total of $155.1 million in its opening weekend , the third biggest debut of 2016 . It topped the box office once again in its second weekend , grossing $64 million ( down 58.7 % ) over the three day weekend , and $96.1 million over the four day weekend . On Christmas Day , it grossed $25.9 million . It finished first at the box office again in its third weekend , grossing $49.6 million ( - 22.5 % ) over the three day weekend and $65.5 million over the four day weekend , becoming the seventh film of 2016 to top the box office three times , following Deadpool , Zootopia , The Jungle Book , Finding Dory , Suicide Squad , and Moana . In its fourth weekend , Sunday projections had the film grossing $22 million , besting newcomer Hidden Figures ' $21.8 million . However , final figures the following day revealed the film tallied a weekend total of $21.9 million , falling to second place behind Hidden Figures ' $22.8 million . Critical response ( edit ) Rogue One received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 370 reviews with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Rogue One draws deep on Star Wars mythology while breaking new narrative and aesthetic ground -- and suggesting a bright blockbuster future for the franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score 65 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film 9 / 10 , saying , `` Rogue One is a movie crammed with fan service , but when fan service is done this well , there 's little to complain about and much to adore . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , writing , `` this spin - off / prequel has the same primitive , lived - in , emotional , loopy , let 's - put - on - a-show spirit that made us fall in love with the original trilogy . '' / Film gave Rogue One 8 / 10 , writing that the film is enjoyable but does not have the emotional weight of The Force Awakens , because `` no character in Rogue One was strongly compelling '' . PopMatters wrote , `` Rogue One seems to enjoy spending time on a whole new batch of moons and planets we have n't seen before , reveling in the clutter and clamor of far - flung settlements where anti-Imperial sentiments fester . But the film is bogged down in engineering the complex maneuverings of spy games , dogfights , and the most sprawling Rebel - versus - Empire land battle scene since the opening of The Empire Strikes Back . '' Justin Chang , writing for the Los Angeles Times , called Rogue One `` a swiftly paced , rough - and - ready entertainment . '' The New York Times wrote , `` All the pieces are there , in other words , like Lego figures in a box . The problem is that the filmmakers have n't really bothered to think of anything very interesting to do with them . A couple of 9 - year - olds on a screen - free rainy afternoon would come up with better adventures , and probably also better dialogue . '' Richard Brody of The New Yorker called the film `` lobotomized and `` depersonalized '' , and wrote it `` is n't so much a movie as a feature - length promotional film for itself ; it 's a movie that is still waiting to be made . '' The Washington Post wrote `` Rogue One represents an unobjectionable exercise in franchise extension . It 's fine . It 'll do . For now . '' IndieWire 's David Ehrlich gave the film a C+ rating , calling it `` a spirited but agonizingly safe attempt to expand cinema 's most holy blockbuster franchise and keep the wheels greased between proper installments ( ... ) just a glorified excuse to retcon some sense into one of the silliest things about the original . '' While he praised the set design and visuals , calling them `` gorgeous '' , he criticized a lack of interesting character development and a script that felt `` completely constricted by its purpose . '' Peter Bradshaw , film critic of The Guardian says `` Rogue One does n't really go rogue at any stage , and it is n't a pop culture event like The Force Awakens , in whose slipstream this appears ; part of its charm resides in the eerie , almost dreamlike effect of continually producing familiar elements , reshuffled and reconfigured , a reaching back to the past and hinting at a preordained future . There are some truly spectacular cameos from much - loved personae , involving next - level digital effects -- almost creepily exact , so that watching feels at various stages like going into a time machine , back to the 80s and 70s '' . Rogue One introduced many new characters into the Star Wars mythology , with Chirrut Îmwe , played by Donnie Yen , and K - 2SO , played by Alan Tudyk , being the most popular . Yen 's performance , in particular , was also applauded by audiences worldwide . In a poll on the official Star Wars website in May 2017 , in which more 30,000 people voted , Chirrut Îmwe was voted as the most popular Rogue One character . Views on CGI ( edit ) While much of the computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) received plaudits , some news organizations published criticism about certain aspects , including the visual effects ( VFX ) that were used to revive Peter Cushing , who died in 1994 , as Grand Moff Tarkin . The Guardian 's Catherine Shoard described the `` resurrection '' as a `` digital indignity '' . Joseph Walsh of The Guardian raised legal and ethical issues about bringing a long - dead actor to life . However , Lucasfilm had obtained permission from Peter Cushing 's estate before deciding to use his likeness . The Washington Times 's Eric Althoff rejected the entire concept of using CGI to recreate a deceased actor : `` Alas , what we get is , basically , not a simulation , but an approximation of a simulation -- a dead character portrayed by a living actor inhabiting not the character , but imitating the dead actor . '' Some journalists also criticized the quality of the CGI that was used to represent a younger Carrie Fisher in order to portray Princess Leia at an earlier time , as well as its suitability in movie - making . Eliana Dockterman of Time wrote that `` there was something particularly plastic about this version of the young Carrie Fisher -- so smooth and so perfect it could n't be real -- that pulled me out of the moment . '' Kelly Lawler of USA Today said : `` ... while Tarkin is merely unnerving , the Leia cameo is so jarring as to take the audience completely out of the film at its most emotional moment . Leia 's appearance was meant to help the film end on a hopeful note ( quite literally , as ' hope ' is her line ) , but instead it ends on a weird and unsettling one . '' Michael Cavna of The Washington Post described the facial effect as feeling `` distractingly artificial and nearly alien , like a plastered death mask robbed of authentic actorly effect , well beyond the usual artifice of Botox . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Sound Mixing David Parker , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Best Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 12 , 2017 Best Makeup and Hair Amanda Knight , Neal Scanlan and Lisa Tomblin Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll , Mohen Leo and Nigel Sumner Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Live Action Joel Iwataki , Nick Kray , David Parker , Frank Rinella , Christopher Scarabosio and Stuart Wilson Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 21 , 2017 Excellence in Fantasy Film David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Rogue One Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Film Rogue One Won Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Won Best Male Newcomer Riz Ahmed Nominated Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Costume Design Rogue One Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Hugo Awards August 11 , 2017 Best Dramatic Presentation - Long form Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards April 8 , 2017 Outstanding Locations in Period Film Mark Somner and David O'Reily Nominated Outstanding Film Commission `` Jedha '' - Royal Film Commission Jordan Won MTV Movie & TV Awards May 17 , 2017 Movie of the Year Rogue One Nominated Best Hero Felicity Jones Nominated Ray Bradbury Award May 20 , 2017 Outstanding Dramatic Presentation Chris Weitz , Tony Gilroy and Gareth Edwards Nominated Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Science Fiction Film Rogue One Won Best Director Gareth Edwards Won Best Writing Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy Nominated Best Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Best Supporting Actor Diego Luna Nominated Best Music Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Editing John Gilroy , Colin Goudie and Jabez Olssen Nominated Best Production Design Doug Chiang and Neil Lamont Nominated Best Costume Design David Crossman and Glyn Dillon Nominated Best Make - up Amy Byrne Nominated Best Special Effects Neil Corbould , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Mohen Leo Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Sci - Fi Movie Rogue One Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actor Diego Luna Nominated Choice Sci - Fi Movie Actress Felicity Jones Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Neil Corbould , Erin Dusseault , Hal Hickel , John Knoll and Nigel Sumner Nominated Outstanding Animated Performance in a Photoreal Feature `` Grand Moff Tarkin '' -- Cyrus Jam , Sven Jensen , Jee Young Park and Steve Walton Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature `` Scarif Complex '' -- Enrico Damm , Yanick Dusseault , Kevin George and Olivier Vernay - Kim Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project `` Space Battle '' -- Steve Ellis , Barry Howell , Euising Lee and John Levin Nominated Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project `` Princess Leia '' -- Paul Giacoppo , Gareth Jensen , James Tooley and Todd Vaziri Nominated `` Star Destroyer '' -- Marko Chulev , Steven Knipping , Jay Machado and Akira Orikasa Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature `` Jedha Destruction '' -- Luca Mignardi , Ciaran Moloney , Matt Puchala and Miguel Perez Senent Nominated Jump up ^ Each date is linked to the article about the awards held that year , wherever possible . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Characters from the film appeared in the second half of the animated television series Star Wars Rebels , starting with Saw Gerrera in the Season 3 mid-season one - hour special episode `` Ghosts of Geonosis '' . The Imperial Death Troopers appeared in that season 's one - hour finale , `` Zero Hour '' . More characters and vehicles that were first introduced in the film appear in the series ' fourth and final season , while the film 's main antagonist , Orson Krennic , is mentioned by name . Tie - in novels ( edit ) A tie - in novel to the film , Catalyst : A Rogue One Novel , was released on November 15 , 2016 . Written by veteran Star Wars novelist James Luceno , the story is set some years before the events of Rogue One , and provides a backstory to the 2016 film . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was written by Alexander Freed , and was released on December 16 , 2016 . Months after the film was released , Disney Lucasfilm Press published another novel titled Star Wars : Rebel Rising on May 2 , 2017 . Written by Beth Revis , the novel explains what happened to Jyn Erso between the time her mother died and the day when Rebel agents freed her from an Imperial labor camp , a time period that the film skips over in its opening minutes . Comics ( edit ) Months after the film was released , Marvel Comics adapted the film into a six - part comic book miniseries , which adds extra content . The miniseries ' complete collection was released on December 12 , 2017 . In August 2017 , IDW Publishing announced that it will make a one - shot graphic novel adaptation of the film , which was released one day after the Marvel miniseries ' collection was released . Unlike the Marvel miniseries , this graphic novel will have slightly more cartoony visuals . Video games ( edit ) A downloadable expansion pack was released for the Star Wars Battlefront reboot , titled Rogue One : Scarif , that allows players the ability to play through the various locations , characters and set pieces from the planet introduced in Rogue One . A free virtual reality mission for PlayStation 4 was also released alongside the expansion . Several characters and concepts from the film were also included in the mobile games Star Wars : Force Arena , Star Wars Commander and Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , all available on iOS and Android . See also ( edit ) 2016 in science fiction List of films featuring eclipses List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of films featuring space stations List of Star Wars films and television series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( May 2017 ) . `` 2016 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. Feature Film Study . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : could Disney want to cap the success of Star Wars spin - off ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One trailer released '' . BBC News . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hildago , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars : Rogue One : The Ultimate Visual Guide . Dorling Kindersley . p. 35 . ISBN 9780241232422 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leak Reveals New Characters , Names , Vehicles '' . IGN . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saavedra , John ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - First Trailer Analysis '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Heroes , Villains , and Badass Droid of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( UPDATED ) '' . io9 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Rogue One 's Plot Ties Directly into The Force Awakens '' . TheWrap . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mads Mikkelsen Playing `` Galen '' in Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One ? `` . Star Wars News Net . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ SkyNews ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Danish actor Mads Mikkelsen reveals that he 's playing the father of the main character in Star Wars film Rogue One '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wicksell , Dustin ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : Alan Tudyk 's character revealed ? ( Spoilers ) '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story 's new droid sidekick description & quick sketches '' . Making Star Wars . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sprrentino , Mike . `` Alan Tudyk on using motion capture for ' Rogue One ' : Anthony Daniels was envious '' . CNET . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riz Ahmed '' . Gordon and French . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Matt ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Character Names , Descriptions and New Images Revealed for Rogue One '' . IGN . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Forest Whitaker 's character has a rich Star Wars history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story : Jimmy Smits confirms he has a cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crookes , Del ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - the new ) ) trailer dissected and storylines revealed '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Every Rogue One Cameo You Wo n't Want To Miss '' . CBR.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Lives ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : Darth Vader storms Rhyl for Star Wars showing '' . BBC Wales . December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . While the actor has the body role , just like his predecessor in the original Star Wars films David Prowse , the voice of Lord Vader is actor James Earl Jones . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Spencer Wilding to play Darth Vader in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . MakingStarWars.net . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Tom ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : Why it took multiple actors to play Darth Vader ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo Movies . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Radio Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Nate ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About the Ending of Rogue One '' . New York . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Rogue One ' Sound Editors Reveal How They Found Princess Leia 's ' Hope ' and More Production Secrets '' . Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's How Rogue One Got Its Hands on Unseen Star Wars Footage '' . io9.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leadbeater , Alex ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One : 15 Cameos You Missed '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw . `` Original Star Wars actor reveals how his character was brought back for Rogue One '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Regular Warwick Davis Returns For ' Rogue One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doran , Sarah ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did You Spot All These British and Irish Actors in Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave . `` ' Rogue One ' Actor Valene Kane Confirmed as Playing Jyn Erso 's Mother '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 Preview - 13 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Empire . United Kingdom . February 2016 . p. 89 . Jonathan Aris will play Senator Jebel . Nope , we have no idea who that is either . Jump up ^ Åberg , Erik ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares gör roll i nya `` Star wars '' '' ( Fares Fares makes role in the new `` Star Wars '' ) . Aftonbladet ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lindholm , Emilie ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Fares Fares med i nya Star wars - trailern '' ( Fares Fares in the new Star Wars trailer ) . GP ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Images and Details from Empire Magazine ! '' . Star Wars News Net . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Prometheus ' and ' Game of Thrones ' Actor Ian Whyte Plays Moroff In ' Rogue One ' '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Celebration : Updates on Episode VIII and young Han Solo movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One ( Feature film ) . Credits : Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia . `` Rogue One is bucking a Star Wars tradition '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SWCE 2016 : 15 THINGS WE LEARNED FROM THE ROGUE ONE : A STAR WARS STORY PANEL '' . Star Wars.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` What Happens When ' Star Wars ' Is Just a War Film ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Cinematographer Greig Fraser talks ' Foxcatcher , ' ' Gambler ' and NOT ' Star Wars ' '' . HitFix . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Standalone Movie Loses Writer Gary Whitta '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rumor : Simon Kinberg Will Take Over Writing First ' Star Wars ' Standalone Film '' . / Film . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegemund - Broka , Austin ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie Hiring Oscar - Nominated Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Kathleen Kennedy and Gareth Edwards Tease ' Rogue One ' Opening Crawl -- See What They Said ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Rogue One 's Gareth Edwards explains the movie 's title '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Lucasfilm Chief Previews ' Rogue One ' and Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Tatiana Maslany , Rooney Mara Testing for ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Stand - alone Movie to Star Felicity Jones ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ' Rogue One ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Eyed to Star in ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' ; Riz Ahmed in Talks ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Diego Luna Joins Felicity Jones in Lead Role ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Forest Whitaker Joins Standalone Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sherlock ' Actor Jonathan Aris Joins ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' '' . / Film.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' : ' Darth Vader is Back ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yaqoob , Janine ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars - The Force Awakens but the Storm Troopers are just chilling '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relaxing in a galaxy far , far away ! Off - duty Stormtroopers are pictured on desert set during filming of spin - off movie Star Wars Anthology : Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ward , Jason ( August 8 , 2015 ) . `` First Photos of Stormtroopers on set from Star Wars : Anthology Rogue One '' . makingstarwars.net . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Take a walk on the Darth side : Event reveals the secrets of the new -- very British -- Star Wars blockbuster , Rogue One '' . Daily Mail . November 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Not only was Rogue One filmed at Pinewood and Elstree Studios , now home to the ongoing franchise Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming behind the scenes with Rogue One '' . KFTV . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Among the largest sets built at Pinewood was the mountainous planet of Eadu Jump up ^ Miller , Neil ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Amazing Camera Technology Behind The Look of Rogue One '' . FSR . FSR . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . During our sit down with ... Gareth Edwards ... old lenses and new digital environments . Jump up ^ Fish , Andrew ( February 2016 ) . `` Interview with Kathleen Kennedy '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit On Vacation '' . Movie Pilot . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' : Everything We Know ( So Far ) '' . / Film . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` A Look At The Real Star Wars Universe ( Infographic ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carey , Meredith ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` 6 Star Wars ' Rogue One ' Filming Locations You Can Visit Right Now '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Alex ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` World In a galaxy far , far away -- the real - life locations of Rogue One : A Star Wars Story that travellers can visit '' . Lonely Planet . Lonely Planet . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deluyas , Elyssa ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' News : Visit These Stunning Filming Locations To Have The Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Journey '' . Travelers Today . Travelers Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HaveeruOnline - Cast heads to Maldives for Star Wars shooting '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` 11 things you may not have known about Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Metro . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Bits : New Details on Jedha , a Mysterious New Planet Name , and a First Look at New LEGO Sets '' . / Film . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Owen Williams , Cameron Mcculloch - Keeble ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story - everything you need to know '' . Empire . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story -- The complete history , Part III '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Re-shoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . The Knowledge . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McEwan , Cameron K ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's what we know about the new Star Wars film '' . Metro . Associated Newspapers Limited . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Director Gareth Edwards told thousands of fans at Star Wars Celebration in London earlier this year he had always wanted to film a sci - fi movie there . ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( July 16 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One - Darth Vader is back and other things we learned from the behind the scenes video '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2016_film_study_WEB.pdf Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One virtually finished , Disney ' absolutely love ' what they 've seen '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` What 's true and false about the reshoots for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Andrew ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Rogue One 's reshoots show how Disney saved the first standalone Star Wars movie '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Rich ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One director says its original ending was very different '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Rogue One 's original ending was one such cutting - room casualty . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's Original Ending May Explain Where All Those Deleted Trailer Scenes Went '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . The revelation that the original ending was much different probably explains a lot about how different the trailers were from the final product . Fans have noticed that many scenes in the original spots did not appear in the final film . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` They are going through hours and hours of old footage from the horror movies to recreate his legs and feet ... '' Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Telegraph Film . `` ' Morbid and off - putting ' or ' convincing ' ? Rogue One 's CGI Peter Cushing gets a mixed response from Star Wars fans '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` How a Holby City actor brought one of Star Wars ' most iconic characters back to life '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristopher Tapley ; Peter Debruge ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry '' . Variety . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Rogue One ' Brought Back Familiar Faces '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One 's CGI Princess Leia : The sands of time are so cruel you ca n't even do motion capture for your younger self '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leadbeater , Alex ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Finishes Post-Production '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One composer Michael Giacchino describes music of the Star Wars standalone '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Rogue One Composer Is Alexandre Desplat , Not John Williams '' . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rogue One Bits : Mads Mikkelsen Sheds More Light on His Character , Alexandre Desplat Talks , Disneyland Releases First Merch - Page 2 of 3 '' . / Film . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Replaces Its Composer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Releases Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Today '' ( Press release ) . PRNewsire . Burbank , California . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ GoSoundtracks ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` All right . I 'm renaming my soundtrack titles '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ROGUE ONE The End Of Michael Giacchino 's Punny Track Titles ? '' . Birth . Movies . Death . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` How Disney And Dolby Brought ' Rogue One ' To Historic Pantages '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pressberg , Matt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's Why ' Rogue One ' Failed to Take Off in China '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 5 ' Gets a ' Rogue ' Name , Trumps ' Star Wars ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story trailer : Felicity Jones makes a roguish , Han Solo - style heroine '' . The Telegraph . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Brings Hope of a Subversive ' Star Wars ' Prequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Star Wars Empire Rolls on With Rogue One '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Teaser Blasts Off With Close To 30M Online Views Since Thursday Debut '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ; Freer , Ian ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : ' Star Wars ' Film Releases New Footage , Poster '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woollaston , Victoria ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader returns in the new trailer for Rogue One : A Star Wars Story '' . Wired . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bramesco , Charles ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : 5 Things We Learned From New Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' : How the New Trailer Looks Like It 's for a Different Movie Than Before '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Rogue One Trailer Taps into the Star Wars Franchise 's Greatest Natural Resource '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery Box is Dead : Lucasfilm Shows Fans 20 Minutes of Rogue One '' . Furious Fanboys . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese Rogue One trailer has lots of new Donnie Yen footage '' . AV Club . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' China Trailer Lands With More Footage Of Chinese Stars '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One 's Digital And Blu - ray / DVD Release Dates Announced , Bonus Features Revealed '' . GameSpot.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasts Past $1 B At Global Box Office ; ' Moana ' Sails To $500 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' maintains stellar course at box office '' . Samaa Web Desk . Samaa TV . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 3 ' Rogue One ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Hits Tracking With $100 M - $140 M ; UK Tickets Available , So When Do U.S. Sales Begin ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Huge $130 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Rogue One ' Not Expected to Do ' Force Awakens ' Business , Disney CEO Says '' . Variety . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grauso , Alisha ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pre-Sales For ' Rogue One ' Crash Fandango 's Site -- And Disney Benefits From It '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Has Second - Highest First Day of Ticketing Pre-Sales '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Blasting Off To Est . $30 M Thursday Night -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollwyood . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' Threepeats at # 1 , ' La La Land ' Opens Big in Limited Release '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Does n't Want To Fall To ' Hidden Figures ' As Winter Storm Helena Closes Theaters '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Travers : ' Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One Spoiler Free Review : Finally A Good Star Wars Prequel '' . / Film . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Chris ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ' Shows There 's Life in Star Wars Yet ... Barely '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' adds an uneven but thrilling wrinkle to the mythology of ' Star Wars ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Rogue One ' Leaves ' Star Wars ' Fans Wanting More and Less '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` '' Rogue One '' Reviewed : Is it Time to Abandon the `` Star Wars '' Franchise ? `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' does n't offer much joy , but Star Wars fans will enjoy it anyway '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David . `` ' Rogue One ' Review : The First ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Is a Scrappy Space Adventure That Plays Things Painfully Safe '' . Indiewire . Indiewire . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter . `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story review -- a sleek addition to the fleet '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Star Wars ( May 20 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Who is your favorite Rogue One Character '' . Star Wars . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` From Rogue One 's Peter Cushing to Audrey Hepburn : 6 stars who were digitally brought back to life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Cushing is dead . Rogue One 's resurrection is a digital indignity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Rogue One : the CGI resurrection of Peter Cushing is thrilling -- but is it right ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' Rogue One ' : What Peter Cushing 's Digital Resurrection Means for the Industry , Variety , December 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Althoff , Eric ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` The Force reawakens deceased cast -- probably for years to come '' . The Washington Times . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Let 's Talk About Grand Moff Tarkin in Rogue One '' . Time . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 ... the effect ends up showing the limitations of the technology . It 's also distracting : As you ponder what , exactly , is off about this not - human - enough figure -- something in the facial movements -- you begin to lose track of the plot . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` How the ' Rogue One ' ending went wrong '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` One of the best performances in ' Rogue One ' is by an actor who died in 1994 '' . The Washington Post . Washington , DC . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excellence in Fantasy Film '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Women swept nearly every category at the 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - The Nebula Awards '' . The Nebula Awards . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saturn Awards winners '' . Saturn Awards official website . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Rogue One Character Joins Star Wars Rebels , and More TV News '' . Nerdist . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Ryan . `` The Unexpected Ways ' Star Wars Rebels ' Season 4 Connects to ' Rogue One ' '' . CheatSheet . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Synopsis for Star Wars Catalyst novel offers background details on Rogue One '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Prequel Book Reveals Secret Origins of the Death Star '' . MovieWeb.com . September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rogue One : A Star Wars Story by Alexander Freed PenguinRandomHouse.com . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy . `` Star Wars Novel Rebel Rising To Explore Jyn Erso 's Backstory '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui , Hoai - Tran . `` New ' Rogue One ' Scenes in the Comic Adaptation Flesh Out The Movie 's Story '' . / Film . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Star Wars : Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation ( Preview ) '' . CBR . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Rogue One Graphic Novel Adaptation Coming from IDW '' . Star Wars . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront : Rogue One : Scarif '' . Starwars.ea.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Battlefront Rogue One : X-wing VR Mission '' . EA Star Wars Games . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Netmarble Games . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 -- via StarWarsForceArena.com . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Content Comes to Star Wars : Commander '' . Jump up ^ Westenberg , Jimmy . `` Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes goes rogue with new characters from Rogue One '' . AndroidAuthority . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who directed rogue one a star wars story	[ "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, or simply Rogue One, is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards. The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series, set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film, and follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire's superweapon. The cast includes Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Riz Ahmed, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker." ]	[ "Gareth Edwards" ]
440128627795603403	Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag	Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag - wikipedia Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Developer ( s ) Ubisoft Montreal Publisher ( s ) Ubisoft Director ( s ) Jean Guesdon Ashraf Ismail Damien Kieken Producer ( s ) Martin Schelling Designer ( s ) Eric Baptizat Jean - Sebastien Decant Artist ( s ) Raphael Lacoste Writer ( s ) Darby McDevitt Composer ( s ) Brian Tyler Series Assassin 's Creed Engine AnvilNext Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release October 29 , 2013 ( show ) PlayStation 3 & Xbox 360 WW : October 29 , 2013 Wii U NA : October 29 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 PlayStation 4 NA : November 15 , 2013 AU : November 29 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Microsoft Windows NA : November 19 , 2013 AU : November 21 , 2013 EU : November 22 , 2013 Xbox One WW : November 22 , 2013 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft . It is the sixth major installment in the Assassin 's Creed series . Its historical time frame precedes that of Assassin 's Creed III ( 2012 ) , though its modern - day sequences succeed III 's own . Black Flag was first released for PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo Wii U in October 2013 and a month later for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows . The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries - old struggle between the Assassins , who fight for peace with free will , and the Templars , who desire peace through control . The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent . The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy , and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway , grandfather and father of Assassin 's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké : ton and Haytham Kenway respectively , who stumbles upon the Assassin / Templar conflict . The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia ( free from either British or Spanish rule ) is a significant plot element . Unlike previous games , gameplay elements focus more on ship - based exploration of the seamless open world map , while also retaining the series ' third - person land - based exploration , melee combat , and stealth system . Multiplayer also returns , albeit with only land - based modes and settings . The game spans across the Caribbean with the three main cities of Havana , Nassau and Kingston along with numerous islands , sunken ships , and forts . Players have the option to harpoon large sea animals and hunt land animals . For the first time in the series , naval exploration is a major part of an Assassin 's Creed game , where Edward Kenway captains the Jackdaw , a brig he captures from a Spanish fleet . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was positively received and was one of the best - selling games of 2013 . It has sold more than 11 million copies . Critics praised the massive open world gameplay , numerous side - quests , graphics and improved naval combat . The light - hearted pirate theme and engaging story were well received by critics . The modern day story however , received a slightly more mixed response , while criticism fell on aspects of the historical story missions which were considered repetitive . The game received several awards and nominations , including winning the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game . It was followed by Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue , set during the French Revolution and Seven Years ' War respectively , with both released in November 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Characters 2.2 Setting 2.3 Plot 2.4 Freedom Cry 3 Development 3.1 Music 4 Marketing and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Awards 5.3 PETA criticism 6 Series continuation 7 Other data 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag is an action - adventure , stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third - person perspective . The game features three main cities ; Havana , Kingston , and Nassau , which reside under Spanish , British , and pirate influence , respectively . In addition , locations like Port - au - Prince and smaller locations like Greater Inagua are used as main story points . It also features 50 other individual locations to explore , including atolls , sea forts , Mayan ruins , sugar plantations , and underwater shipwrecks , with a 60 / 40 balance between land and naval exploration . It has a more open world feel , with missions similar to those found in Assassin 's Creed , as well as fewer restrictions for the player . The world opens up sooner in the game , as opposed to Assassin 's Creed III , which had very scripted missions and did not give players freedom to explore until the game was well into its first act . The player will encounter jungles , forts , ruins , and small villages and the world is built to allow players much more freedom , such as allowing players to engage , board , and capture passing ships and swimming to nearby beaches in a seamless fashion . In addition , the hunting system has been retained from Assassin 's Creed III , allowing the player to hunt on land , and fish in the water , with resources gathered used to upgrade equipment . A new aspect in the game is the Jackdaw , the ship that the player captains . The Jackdaw is upgradeable throughout the game , and is easily accessible to the player when needed . In addition , a new underwater component has been added . The player has access to a spyglass , allowing the examination of distant ships , along with their cargo and strength . It can also help determine if an island still has animals to hunt , treasures to find , high points to reach for synchronization or additional side - quests to complete , such as assassinations and naval contracts . An updated form of the recruit system introduced in Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood has returned , allowing Edward to recruit crew members . While Kenway 's crew will remain loyal to him , they can be promoted to captain acquired ships , and are needed to assist in boarding enemy vessels , they can not assist in combat or perform long - range assassinations , as in previous games . Ubisoft removed this aspect of the brotherhood system , believing it allowed players to bypass tense and challenging scenarios too easily . In the present day , at the offices of Abstergo Entertainment -- a subsidiary of Abstergo Industries -- in Montreal , Quebec , players engage in modern - day pirating through the exploration of Abstergo 's offices , eavesdropping and hacking , all without combat . As well , various `` hacking '' games , similar to previous cluster and glyph puzzles , are present , that uncover secrets about Abstergo . Multiplayer also returns , with new settings and game modes , though it is only land - based . Synopsis ( edit ) Characters ( edit ) The main character of the game is Edward Kenway ( Matt Ryan ) , a Welsh privateer - turned - pirate and eventual member of the Assassin Order . Edward is the father of Haytham Kenway , and grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton ( Connor ) , the two playable characters of Assassin 's Creed III . Real - life individuals that are encountered include the pirates Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch ( voiced by Mark Bonnar ) , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read , Stede Bonnet , Anne Bonny , Calico Jack , and Charles Vane ( Ralph Ineson ) . Setting ( edit ) As is the case in previous games in the Assassin 's Creed series , the story is divided into two intertwined halves , with one in the present day , one in a historical setting , and the events of each influencing the other . Although the present - day story had previously established that an Animus was required to view one 's ancestors memories , the ending of Assassin 's Creed III reveals that Abstergo can now view a host 's genetic memories simply by sequencing the host 's DNA . As such , the player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment to investigate a pivotal character in Desmond 's ancestry , the Assassin Edward Kenway . A notorious pirate and privateer operating during the Golden Age of Piracy , Kenway 's story is set in the Caribbean , and mixes open - ended ship - based exploration with combat and land - based adventures in Cuba and Jamaica , and on a number of Caribbean islands , parts of southern Florida and eastern Mexico . Plot ( edit ) Samples taken from Desmond Miles ' body in the moments after his death have enabled Abstergo Industries to continue to explore his genetic memories using the Animus ' newfound cloud computing abilities . The unnamed player character is hired by Abstergo Entertainment , from their Montréal headquarters , to sift through the memories of Edward Kenway , an eighteenth - century pirate , the father of Haytham Kenway and the grandfather of Ratonhnhaké : ton . Ostensibly , this is to gather material for an Animus - powered interactive feature film , but in reality , Abstergo -- the Templars of the present time -- are searching for a First Civilization structure known as the Observatory , and are using the memories of Edward Kenway to find it . As Kenway , the player must unravel a conspiracy between high - ranking Templars within the British and Spanish empires who , under the guise of cleaning up piracy in the Caribbean , have used their positions to locate the Sage -- later identified as Bartholomew Roberts -- who is the only man that can lead them to the Observatory , a First Civilization device which can monitor anyone anywhere in the world when provided a blood sample , which they intend to use to spy on and blackmail world leaders . Kenway becomes an unwitting player in their plot when he kills a rogue Assassin , Duncan Walpole . Seeing an opportunity for profit , Kenway takes Walpole 's place at a meeting of Templars in Havana , where he meets Woodes Rogers as well as Cuban Governor , and Templar Grandmaster , Laureano Torres . His recklessness endangers the entire Assassins ' Order , prompting him to pursue the Sage and the conspirators from the Yucatán Peninsula to Jamaica , eventually catching Roberts on the island of Príncipe off of the African coast . Meanwhile , a band of notorious pirates -- including Edward `` Blackbeard '' Thatch , Benjamin Hornigold , Mary Read ( under the alias `` James Kidd '' ) and Charles Vane , among others -- dream of a pirate utopia where man is free to live beyond the reach of kings and rulers . With Kenway 's help , they seize control of Nassau and establish a pirate republic . However , poor governance , a lack of an economy and an outbreak of disease bring the pirate state perilously close to collapse , with the founders divided on the best way forward . Kenway attempts to resolve the dispute , but is too late to stop the Templars from exploiting the situation for their own ends . Eventually , Kenway and Roberts uncover the location of the Observatory and retrieve the artifact powering it , but Kenway is betrayed by Roberts at the last moment . After a brief stint in prison for the crimes of piracy , Edward escapes with the aid of Ah Tabai , the Assassin Mentor , and elects to join their Order . Chasing down and eliminating Roberts and the Templar conspirators , Kenway retrieves the artifact and returns it to the Observatory , sealing it away for good . He is left facing an uncertain future with his newfound convictions until he receives a letter informing him of the passing of his wife and the imminent arrival of his hitherto unknown daughter , Jennifer Scott . Kenway travels back to England , promising Ah Tabai that he will continue the fight against the Templars back home in England . Some years later , Kenway , Jennifer ( using her mother 's surname in her memory ) and Kenway 's young son Haytham are about to watch a play in an English theatre . In the present day , the player is contacted by John , Abstergo Entertainment 's information technology manager . John convinces the player that their employers know more than they are telling , and encourages them to investigate in more detail . He convinces the player to hack several Animus terminals and security cameras , and then has them deliver the information taken to Shaun Hastings and Rebecca Crane , who are working undercover to infiltrate Abstergo . When the facility is locked down after the hackings are discovered , John arranges for the player to access the Animus ' core , at which point Juno materializes into an incorporeal form . She reveals that although it was necessary to open her temple to avert disaster , the world was not ready for her , and she is unable to affect it or possess the player character as her agents intended . John is unmasked as the reincarnated form of the Sage and attempts to murder the player to cover up the failed attempt at resurrecting Juno , but is killed by Abstergo 's security before he can do so , thus implicating him as the one responsible for the hacks . As Roberts , the Sage admits to Kenway that he owes no allegiance to the Assassins or the Templars and instead uses whoever he thinks represents his best chance of achieving his ends . With the Sage dead , the player is contacted by the Assassins as they continue their infiltration of Abstergo , but neither side is able to explain the Sage 's presence or identify his followers , the Instruments of the First Will . Freedom Cry ( edit ) The Freedom Cry downloadable content is set twenty years after the events of Black Flag and follows Adéwalé in his mission as an Assassin . While attempting to intercept Templar activities in the West Indies Sea , Adéwalé is shipwrecked off the coast of Haiti . Making his way into Port - au - Prince , he establishes that the Templars are working with Bastienne Josèphe , the proprietor of a local brothel and a sympathiser to the Maroons , a faction of freedom fighters made up of liberated slaves led by Augustin Dieufort . Despite his obligations to the Brotherhood of Assassins , Adéwalé becomes sympathetic to their cause , and joins with the Maroons in hijacking a vessel , Experto Crede , in order to interrupt the slave trade . Whilst working for Bastienne , Adéwalé begins to uncover a conspiracy within the French provincial government ruling Port - au - Prince . The local governor , Pierre de Fayet , plans a clandestine scientific expedition to measure the curvature of the earth and gather geographical data , which they intend to sell to the highest bidder with the promise of naval superiority . Adéwalé successfully sabotages the expedition by substituting the illiterate slaves being used by the expedition for literate members of the Maroons . Tensions begin to arise within the Maroons when Adéwalé plots further raids against the slave trade . Bastienne objects , as de Fayet will only punish those trapped in slavery further as punishment . Adéwalé ignores her , but is horrified when he witnesses a frigate fire on an unarmed slave ship to prevent the slaves from joining the Maroons . Adéwalé boards the slave ship and manages to save a few slaves from drowning before the ship capsized with the rest . He plans retribution , but Bastienne cautions that taking revenge will weaken the Maroons ' cause ; if Adéwalé is to kill de Fayet , then he should do so acting as an agent of justice . After assaulting the Governor 's Mansion , pursuing him through the city and fighting off a local garrison , Adéwalé finally corners and kills de Fayet , who claims that slaves are incapable of self - governance and turn to armed uprising at the slightest provocation . Adéwalé points out that none of the slaves or overseers came to his aid , and instead let him die . After killing de Fayet , Adéwalé returns to say goodbye to Bastienne before returning to the Assassin Order , but pledging to use his newfound convictions to aid people who are oppressed rather than the cause of their would - be liberators . Development ( edit ) In early February 2013 , during its quarterly financial call to investors , Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next Assassin 's Creed game , due for release some time before April 2014 , would feature a new hero , time period , and development team . On February 28 , 2013 , Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next Assassin 's Creed game , following leaked marketing material days before . It announced the title of the game as Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin 's symbol with a skull . A reported glitch on the official Assassin 's Creed IV website suggested the game will release on next - gen consoles and October 29 as the release date , which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game , released on March 4 , 2013 ( originally leaked on March 2 , 2013 , but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft ) . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was announced with a cinematic trailer on March 4 , 2013 . Development began in mid-2011 at Ubisoft Montreal by a separate team from the one on Assassin 's Creed III , with additional work done by Ubisoft studios in Annecy , Bucharest , Kyiv , Montpellier , Singapore and Sofia . Lead content manager Carsten Myhill stressed away the sentiment that the sequel should have been a spin - off in the same vein as Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood or Assassin 's Creed : Revelations , given the ostensible similarities with Assassin 's Creed III . He stated `` The whole feeling of the game is completely fresh and new . It will feel very different from Assassin 's Creed III . I think it completely warrants the Assassin 's Creed IV moniker , not only with the new name and setting , but the attitude and the tone of the experience . '' Assassin 's Creed IV is the first main series numbered title to carry a subtitle , a decision which Myhill says was made to clearly distinguish the pirate theme from the rest of the franchise . By utilizing the AnvilNext engine , the development team is able to work with one engine for both the next - gen and current - gen versions of the game , as the AnvilNext engine was designed with next - gen capabilities in mind , while still working on current - gen systems . In addition , each system will have their own intricacies and feature sets , with support for the different controllers and utilizing features specific to each console . The PC version supports Nvidia 's TXAA . Music ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released October 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 14 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 1 : 41 : 33 Label Ubisoft Music Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) was composed by American composer Brian Tyler , who also composed the soundtrack of the previous Ubisoft title Far Cry 3 . Additional compositions and arrangements were provided by Sarah Schachner , Omar Fadel , Steve Davis , Mike Kramer , Jeremy Lamb , Matthew Llewellyn , and Robert Lydecker . The soundtrack was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 14 , 2013 . Two other soundtracks have also been released : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) , a second soundtrack containing a set of 16 sea shanties composed by various artists , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on October 29 , 2013 . Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) , a complete soundtrack including the two previous soundtracks as well as the multiplayer soundtrack composed by Joe Henson and Alexis Smith , was released on Amazon MP3 and iTunes on December 2 , 2013 . The score to the Freedom Cry DLC was composed by French composer Olivier Deriviere . It was recorded at Avatar Studios in New York with La Troupe Makandal , a dedicated group for Haitian music , and at Galaxy Studios in Belgium with the Brussels Philharmonic . show Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc One ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag Main Theme '' Sarah Schachner 2 : 13 2 . `` Pyrates Beware '' Schachner 3 : 16 3 . `` On the Horizon '' Brian Tyler , Schachner 3 : 01 4 . `` The High Seas '' Tyler 2 : 44 5 . `` The Fortune of Edward Kenway '' Schachner 1 : 57 6 . `` In This World or the One Below '' Tyler , Schachner 2 : 49 7 . `` Under the Black Flag '' Schachner 3 : 21 8 . `` The Ends of the Earth '' Tyler 2 : 53 9 . `` Stealing a Brig '' Tyler 1 : 52 10 . `` Fare Thee Well '' Tyler 5 : 14 11 . `` The Buccaneers '' Tyler 4 : 05 12 . `` Marked for Death '' Tyler 3 : 21 13 . `` Last Goodbyes '' Tyler 2 : 24 14 . `` Take What Is Ours ! '' Tyler 3 : 15 15 . `` I 'll Be with You '' Tyler 6 : 04 16 . `` Lay Aboard Lads '' Tyler 2 : 24 17 . `` A Pirate 's Life '' Tyler 2 : 02 18 . `` Men of War '' Tyler 2 : 57 19 . `` Order of the Assassin '' Tyler 3 : 10 20 . `` In the Midst '' Tyler 3 : 05 21 . `` The British Empire '' Tyler 3 : 08 22 . `` Batten Down the Hatches '' Tyler 1 : 37 23 . `` Modernity '' Tyler 2 : 14 24 . `` A Merry Life and a Short One '' Tyler 1 : 16 25 . `` Queen Anne 's Revenge '' Tyler 4 : 42 26 . `` Confrontation '' Tyler 3 : 15 27 . `` Prizes Plunder and Adventure '' Tyler 2 : 12 28 . `` Meet the Sage '' Omar Fadel 3 : 36 29 . `` Into the Jungle '' Tyler 1 : 46 30 . `` The Spanish Empire '' Tyler 3 : 57 31 . `` The Islands of the West Indies '' Tyler 3 : 06 32 . `` Ships of Legend '' Tyler 2 : 02 33 . `` Secrets of the Maya '' Tyler 3 : 24 34 . `` Life at Sea '' Fadel 3 : 10 Total length : 1 : 41 : 33 show Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- Sea Shanty Edition ) / Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Two ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Randy Dandy Oh '' Sean Dagher , Nils Brown , Michiel Schrey 1 : 35 2 . `` Maid of Amsterdam '' Brown , Schrey , Dagher 1 : 41 3 . `` Leave Her Johnny '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 2 : 12 4 . `` Whisky Johnny O ' '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 21 5 . `` Good Morning Ladies '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 38 6 . `` Fish in the Sea '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 7 . `` Dead Horse '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey 1 : 07 8 . `` Running Down to Cuba '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown 1 : 29 9 . `` Trooper and the Maid '' Charlotte Cumberbirch , Dagher , Nelson Carter , Richard Irwin , David Gossage 1 : 57 10 . `` William Taylor '' Dagher , Brown , Schrey , Cumberbirch , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 2 : 16 11 . `` Patrick Spens '' Schrey , Dagher , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 52 12 . `` Fathom the Bowl '' Linda Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Patrick Graham , Gossage 2 : 13 13 . `` Admiral Benbow '' Schrey , Dagher , Brown , Carter , Irwin , Gossage 1 : 53 14 . `` All for Me Grog '' Morrison , Dagher , Carter , Graham , Gossage 2 : 06 15 . `` Buleria '' Marco Marin , Dominic Soulard , Eric Breton 2 : 06 16 . `` Verdiales '' Marin , Soulard , Breton 1 : 26 Total length : 28 : 22 show Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Game Soundtrack -- The Complete Edition ) ( Disc Three ) No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Saba Island '' Joe Henson , Alexis Smith 3 : 37 2 . `` Santa Lucia '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 10 3 . `` Tampa Bay '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 19 4 . `` Prison '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 00 5 . `` La Havana '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 18 6 . `` Portobelo '' Joe Henson , Smith 3 : 45 7 . `` Saint Pierre '' Joe Henson , Smith , Christian Henson 3 : 23 8 . `` King Of The Seven Seas '' Orivian 3 : 08 Total length : ( Disc 3 ) 26 : 40 ( Complete ) 2 : 36 : 35 Notes signifies a song that is included in the `` Skull Edition '' Marketing and release ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was released worldwide for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on October 29 , 2013 , while the Wii U was released on October 29 , 2013 in North America , November 21 , 2013 in Australia , November 22 , 2013 in Europe and November 28 , 2013 in Japan . The Wii U version in Europe was delayed from its original November 1 , 2013 release date . It was announced on March 1 , 2013 that the game will also come to the PlayStation 4 , and on May 21 that it will release on the Xbox One . Both versions were launch titles , with the PlayStation 4 version releasing on November 15 and November 29 , 2013 in North America and Europe , respectively , and November 22 , 2013 worldwide for Xbox One . Ubisoft partnered with Sony to bring exclusive content to the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 versions of the game , which will feature the protagonist of Assassin 's Creed III : Liberation , Aveline de Grandpré , in three missions . The Aveline content , which was written by Liberation writer Jill Murray , picks up after the conclusion of her story in Liberation . The content is also available on the PC platform , through the Uplay Gold Edition . On June 21 , 2013 , it was announced that the Microsoft Windows version had been delayed `` a few weeks '' from its intended release of October 29 , 2013 . Its new release dates were later revealed to be November 19 , 2013 in North America and November 22 , 2013 in Europe . Lead designer Jean - Sebastien Decant explained that the delay was caused by the team working on the `` master version '' first , making sure it works and then proceeding to the other versions . For Black Flag , the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 version was the master , before the team adapted it to the other consoles . On October 31 , 2013 Ubisoft announced that the Uplay Passport requirement would be removed from Assassin 's Creed IV and all future games . Uplay Passport came with all new copies of the game and was required for accessing multiplayer and Edward 's Fleet minigame . Owners of used copies could download Uplay Passport for a fee before the removal . A Japanese manga adaptation of the game , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kenji Oiwa , began serialization in Shueisha 's Jump X magazine on August 10 , 2013 . The manga however contradicts many parts of the game 's actual storyline , despite the manga being an adaptation of the game . Downloadable content ( edit ) On October 8 , 2013 , Ubisoft announced that a Season Pass would be available for purchase at the launch of the game on PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and PC , and would include the Freedom Cry single - player missions , Kraken Ship pack featuring elements to personalize the Jackdaw , as well as additional single - player and multiplayer elements . Freedom Cry sees the player take on the role of Adéwalé , a freed slave from Trinidad who became Edward Kenway 's Quartermaster , and later a member of the Assassin Order . The story mode takes place 20 years after the events of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag where Adéwalé has become a trained assassin with the Order and finds himself shipwrecked in Saint - Domingue , where he comes face - to - face with some of the most brutal slavery in the West Indies . The DLC is written by Jill Murray , who wrote Liberation and the Aveline content for Black Flag . In February 2014 , it was announced that Freedom Cry would be released as a standalone title on the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 3 on February 18 , 2014 for North America and February 19 , 2014 for Europe . It was released for the PC on February 25 , 2014 . Blackbeard 's Wrath allows the player to play any one of three new characters in Black Flag 's multiplayer mode . These characters include Blackbeard , The Jaguar and The Orchid . This DLC is free with the Season Pass . Guild of Rogues adds three new characters to the multiplayer mode . These characters are The Shaman , The Siren and The Stowaway . It was not released for the Wii U . The PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 releases both contain an exclusive DLC , `` Aveline '' . As an exception it is available on PC in the Uplay Digital Deluxe Edition and Jackdaw Edition only . A Game of The Year version , called the Jackdaw Edition , was released in the UK for sale exclusively on Amazon.com . It was made available for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 consoles as well as PC . The edition includes all previously released downloadable content . No comparable editions were created for territories outside of the UK . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PS3 ) 88 / 100 ( WIIU ) 86 / 100 ( X360 ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 84 / 100 Review scores Publication Score CVG 9 / 10 Edge 9 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer 9 / 10 Famitsu 37 / 40 Game Informer 8.25 / 10 GameSpot 9 / 10 Giant Bomb IGN 8.5 / 10 Joystiq OPM ( UK ) 8 / 10 OXM ( US ) 9.0 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 90 % VideoGamer.com 7 / 10 The Escapist Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic , with critics praising the open world gameplay , side - quests , graphics and naval combat . In November 2013 , Hardcore Gamer ranked Black Flag as the 70th greatest game of the seventh generation era . Black Flag was generally praised as superior to Assassin 's Creed III , with Game Informer 's Joe Juba noting that Ubisoft responded to criticisms the previous game faced and rectified them . CVG 's Matt Gilman called the game `` a return to form for the franchise , '' while Mikel Reparaz of Official Xbox Magazine stated that `` After weathering the somewhat diminishing returns of Revelations and ACIII , Black Flag is exactly the shot in the arm Assassin 's Creed needed . '' Two days after its release , IGN ranked Black Flag as the 2nd best game in the Assassin 's Creed series , only behind Assassin 's Creed II . Several reviewers directed heavy acclaim to the game 's open world structure , with the Edge staff declaring that Black Flag `` sets new benchmarks not only for Ubisoft 's series but for open - world gaming . '' Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell called the open world gameplay `` a surprising breath of fresh sea air , '' with Gilman stating it `` revitalizes the series . '' The large scale of the open world was praised , with Greg Tito of The Escapist saying that the game `` opens up the whole Caribbean . '' Reviewers also praised the game 's side - quests and collectibles , as it actively encouraged the player to explore the open world , with GameSpot 's Shaun McInnis saying that `` Black Flag presents a world full of adventure and opportunity and full of reasons to go exploring . '' The side - quests were generally agreed to be superior to the main missions , with IGN 's Marty Sliva stating that `` Black Flag is at its best ( when you ) set out in search of your own fun . '' The assassination side - missions were particularly praised . The seamless exploration between ship , land , and sea without loading was also praised . The graphics were also widely acclaimed . The Edge staff stated that `` From a graphical standpoint , Black Flag 's world is built to amaze regardless of which console generation you 're playing it on . '' Reviewers praised the game 's open world as `` beautiful '' and `` gorgeous ; '' Sliva called Black Flag `` one of the best looking games of 2013 . '' The game 's level of detail was also acclaimed , with the open world 's water , rain and sea , being cited as `` amazing '' to look at . The game 's naval combat system drew much praise . Reviewers noted that the naval combat was Assassin 's Creed III 's best feature , and consequently praised Black Flag for improving on it . Tito explained that , while Assassin 's Creed III 's naval missions were linear and limited , Black Flag offered the player much greater freedom by allowing them to explore , fight or sail whenever they wanted . McInnis said that the game `` places a huge emphasis on naval combat , '' and stated that it `` builds on ACIII 's naval side missions to create an experience every bit as important as running around on dry land . '' The naval combat received praise for its additions of boarding ships and attacking forts , as well as the seamless transitions between ship and sword gameplay , with Tito calling it `` a great dual system that rewards both skill in naval combat , and ( in ) pirate action . '' The stealth in the game was praised for being more flexible than previous games by allowing the player more options to accomplish their goals . The Edge staff said that `` Stealth games are only as good as the flexibility of their encounters , and in that regard Black Flag is the most generous Assassin 's Creed game to date . '' However , some also criticized the stealth for being frustrating , due to its clunky and poorly defined controls . Reviewers noted that fighting as Edward was similar to previous games , with some criticizing it for being monotonous , too easy , and lacking nuance . However , it was also praised for being `` an effective and violent power trip , '' and for being `` fluid and lively . '' Some also complained about the enemy A.I. for lacking intelligence . The simplified crafting system was praised for improving over Assassin 's Creed III 's , with reviewers noting it took inspiration from Far Cry 3 . The story received a positive response overall . Reparaz praised it as `` engrossing '' and one of the Assassin 's Creed series ' best . Reparaz and McInnis also complimented the characters , and praised the way the story explores the human side of pirates , painting them in a sympathetic and relatable light . Bramwell felt that the story `` flourishes , '' particularly praising the supporting characters and Edward 's character arc . PlayStation Official Magazine 's Joel Gregory felt that Black Flag 's storyline was nothing unique for the series , though he praised the characters as `` far more interesting , more likeable , and more varied '' than previous games . While he praised the story 's first half , Gilman was more critical of the latter half , adding that its flawed pacing and structure resulted in player apathy towards the characters . Both Sliva and Juba also criticized the main story , with Juba complaining about its lack of purpose , or a compelling antagonist , and felt that most of the supporting characters were underdeveloped . The story missions had a mixed reception . Reparaz , who gave the game high praise , felt that they were the weakest aspect of Black Flag . Juba and VideoGamer.com 's Steven Burns both felt that most of the story missions were extremely repetitive and were tediously tiring . Tito , however , felt that they were varied , and that the frustrating portions compensated by being challenging . One particular aspect that received heavy criticism from most reviewers were the eavesdropping and tailing missions , with several noting that these problems should have been fixed or removed entirely from the series . The tailing objectives were also extended to ship / sea missions , with reviewers also criticizing this form of naval stealth . The game 's pacing and opening were praised , as it introduced the pirate gameplay without the need of an overly long tutorial , with Juba noting it an improvement over Assassin 's Creed III . Several reviewers labelled Black Flag a more pirate game than it is an Assassin 's Creed one , due to its heavy focusing on pirating in gameplay , story , and characters . Reviewers felt that it was better for the game ; they praised Black Flag 's more light - hearted fare and tone compared to previous games , while also believing the game wisely avoided the usual convoluted Assassin 's plot in favor of a simplistic pirate story . Gilman stated that `` Black Flag is a better pirate game than it is an assassin game , '' with PC Gamer 's Tom Senior remarking that `` Black Flag does n't really want to be an Assassin 's Creed game , and ( ... ) that is a welcome move . '' Reparaz called it the greatest pirate game he had ever played , while Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Ray Carsillo declared Black Flag to be `` probably the best pirate simulation in gaming history . '' Tito stated that Black Flag 's gameplay reminded him more of a 3D version of Sid Meier 's Pirates ! than any Assassin 's Creed game . Edward Kenway 's character as a self - motivated pirate rather than an Assassin was also praised by most . Sliva believed that Edward 's character was a `` refreshing change of pace from a series that had started to take itself a bit too seriously , '' while he and Gilman stated that Edward was a `` livelier '' and more `` palatable '' protagonist than Assassin 's Creed III 's Connor . In December 2015 , Game Informer ranked the game as the fifth best game in the Assassin 's Creed series to date . Sales ( edit ) During the first week of sales in the United Kingdom , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag became the best - selling game on all available formats , ahead of Battlefield 4 . However , the game 's opening week sales were 60 % down compared to 2012 's Assassin 's Creed III . Ubisoft blamed the fall in demand on uncertainty caused by the upcoming transition to eighth generation consoles . According to NPD Group figures , Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag was the third best - selling game of November 2013 in the United States , only behind Call of Duty : Ghosts and Battlefield 4 . In May 2014 , Ubisoft announced that the game had shipped over 11 million copies . Awards ( edit ) Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag has received Game of the Year nominations from media outlets Cheat Code Central , GameSpot , and the Inside Gaming Awards , It won the Spike VGX 2013 award for Best Action Adventure Game , and the GameSpot awards for PS4 Game of the Year and Xbox One Game of the Year . show List of notable awards and nominations for Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Year Award Category Result Ref . 2013 5th Annual Inside Gaming Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Story Nominated Gamers ' Choice Nominated Cheat Code Central 's 7th Annual Cody Awards Game of the Year Nominated Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Nominated Best Graphics Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated Spike VGX 2013 Best Action Adventure Game Won Game Revolution 's Best of 2013 Awards Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Publisher ( Ubisoft ) Nominated GameSpot 's Game of the Year 2013 Awards PS4 Game of the Year Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Game of the Year Nominated PS3 Game of the Year Nominated Xbox 360 Game of the Year Nominated Hardcore Gamer 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Adventure Game Won The Sequel of Sequels Won Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated Best New Character ( Edward Kenway ) Nominated Best Technical Graphics Nominated Destructoid 's Best of 2013 Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action Game Nominated Best Competitive Game Nominated Giant Bomb 's 2013 Game of the Year Awards Best Surprise Won Best Game Nominated 13th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Art Direction , Period Influence Nominated Character Design Won Costume Design Won Game Design , Franchise Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Nominated 2014 GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Multiplatform Game Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Nominated IGN 's Best of 2013 Best PS4 Multiplayer Game Won Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Xbox One Action - Adventure Game Won Best Xbox One Story Won Best Wii U Action - Adventure Game Won Best Wii U Sound Won Best Overall Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Overall Music Nominated Best PC Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best PS3 Sound Nominated Best PS3 Story Nominated PS4 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox 360 Action - Adventure Game Nominated Best Xbox 360 Sound Nominated Best Xbox 360 Story Nominated Best Xbox One Sound Nominated Wii U Game of the Year Nominated Best Wii U Multiplayer Game Nominated Best Wii U Music Nominated The Escapist Awards 2013 Game of the Year Nominated Best Action - Adventure Game Nominated Official Xbox Magazine 's Game of the Year Awards 2013 Best Action Game Won Game of the Year Nominated 66th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing ( Story by Darby McDevitt , Mustapha Mahrach , Jean Guesdon ; Lead Scriptwriter Darby McDevitt ; Scriptwriter Jill Murray ; AI Scriptwriter Nicholas Grimwood ; Scriptwriter Singapore Mark Llabres Hill ) Nominated 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering Nominated 10th BAFTA Video Games Awards Best Game Nominated Action / Adventure Nominated Game Design Nominated Music Nominated 14th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards Best Technology Nominated 32nd Golden Joystick Awards Best Visual Design Won Studio of the Year ( Ubisoft Montreal ) Won Best Audio Won Best Gaming Moment ( Sea shanties ) Nominated Game of the Year Nominated PETA criticism ( edit ) The People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , an animal rights organisation criticised Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for the usage of harpoons and `` glorification '' of whaling . The organisation said it was disgraceful that the video game industry did n't condemn the addition . Ubisoft responded to the claims by saying that Assassin 's Creed 's is based on history and is a `` work of fiction which depicts real events during the Golden Era of Pirates '' . Ubisoft claimed they do not condone whaling , along with other mechanics and features in the 4th installment in the series . PETA has had a history of criticising video games , some of the notable cases being Mario and Pokémon . Series continuation ( edit ) Main articles : Assassin 's Creed Unity and Assassin 's Creed Rogue Assassin 's Creed Unity , set in Paris on the eve of the French Revolution , was released worldwide on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and Windows on November 11 , 2014 . Additionally , Assassin 's Creed Rogue is the sequel to Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag and the prequel to both Unity and III , following Shay Cormac , an Assassin - turned - Templar who hunts members of the Assassin order . Taking place in North America during the Seven Years ' War , the game was released worldwide on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on November 11 , 2014 . Other data ( edit ) In November 2013 the video game company of Ubisoft financed the exhumation of the remains of the Spanish corsair Amaro Pargo to reconstruct his face for its possible appearance in Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag . For the first time in history , a company in the video game industry exhumed the remains of a historical character in a pioneering campaign that got the attention of national and international media . In addition , this exhumation had important discoveries on the physiognomy of this mythical corsair . See also ( edit ) Skull & Bones -- expanded on the naval battles of Black Flag Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The character is referred to as `` Thatch '' in this game , rather than the more common `` Teach '' . `` Thatch '' is one of the many variations of Blackbeard 's name known to have existed . Please see Blackbeard : Early life for more information . Jump up ^ The player is able to find collectible items scattered throughout both past and present - day game worlds . These items establish the Sage 's backstory and are used as a means of communicating with other unidentified agents of the First Civilization . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Game Reveal Interview '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 PC Release Date Revealed , Wii U Version Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` REPORT : Assassin 's Creed IV Coming in October , Next - Gen Confirmed '' . GameTrailers . March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Audrey ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Confirmed for Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gera , Emily ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag European release date moved forward for Xbox 360 and PS3 '' . Polygon . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Gets A PC Release Date '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holzworth , Chris ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR : Assassin 's Creed IV Aveline DLC to Remain a PlayStation Exclusive '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ivan , Tom ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 receives firm PS4 , PC , Xbox One release dates '' . Computer and Video Games . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Totilo , Stephen ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Be Excited About Assassin 's Creed IV . And Be Skeptical '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Exploring The Open World Of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed III Review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 3 Review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vore , Bryan ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Gameinformer.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag How to be a pirate '' . GameInformer . GameStop . XXIII ( 244 ) : 62 . Jump up ^ Lakha , Parvez ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Present Day Q&A '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kato , Matthew ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Voice Actors discuss Their Craft '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` PIRATE HERO IN NEW ASSASSIN 'S CREED GAME IS A WELSHMAN '' . WalesOnline . WalesOnline . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McDevitt , Darby ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` PS : We are using `` Ed Thatch '' for Blackbeard , not the more common but probably incorrect `` Teach . '' Ask Colin Woodard why ... '' Twitter . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Dawn of Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Is The Next Assassin 's Creed , Ubisoft Confirms . Now , About That ... '' Kotaku . February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` The Other Side of that Supposed Assassin 's Creed IV Poster is a Map '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanOrd , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : A Pirate 's Life for Thee '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Next Assassin 's Creed Has New Hero , Time Period , Developer '' . IGN . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Is All About Pirates , According To This Poster '' . Kotaku.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philips , Tom . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag release date , next - gen launch leaked '' . Eurogamer . ^ Jump up to : `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag -- Debut Trailer '' . IGN.com . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Jordan ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag debut trailer leaks ( Update : It 's gone ! '' . Joystiq . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 moniker ' completely warranted , ' insists Ubisoft dev '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lavaris , Romeo ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` E3 2013 - Prepare For Adventure With Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Geforce . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` omar fadel - ACBF '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( Sea Shanty Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag ( The Complete Edition ) ( Original Game Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes / Apple Inc . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Usher , William ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 Interview : Olivier Deriviere Talks Freedom Cry '' . Gaming Blend . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bit disappointed with the Skull edition 's soundtrack '' . forums.ubi.com . November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『アサシンクリード 4 ブラックフラッグ』発売日が 11 月 28 日に決定 4 本のトレーラーも公開 '' . Famitsu . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graziani , Gabriel ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Coming to PS4 + PS3 , PlayStation - Exclusive Content '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Anne ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag -- Aveline Returns '' . Ubiblog . Ubisoft . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . 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Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Matt ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag marks a return to form for the franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Edge Staff ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag review '' . Edge . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` EGM Review : Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag ( Next - Gen ) '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bramwell , Tom ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1303 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Juba , Joe ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McInnis , Shaun ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Alex ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kietzmann , Ludwig ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 review : Avast , conspiracy ahead '' . Joystiq . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gregory , Joel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag PS4 review '' . Official PlayStation Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reparaz , Mikel ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV Black Flag review '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Senior , Tom ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Steven ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed 4 : Black Flag Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tito , Greg ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Review -- Pirate this Game ! '' . The Escapist . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ HG Staff ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Top 100 Games of the Generation : 70 - 61 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Best Assassin 's Creed Games '' . IGN . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Lien , Tracey ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Unity hits Oct. 28 , pre-orders live '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Assassin 's Creed Unity Release Date , Collector 's Edition Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue confirmed by Ubisoft -- here 's the first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piratería , videojuegos y Amaro Pargo Jump up ^ El pirata canario Amaro Pargo revive con Assassin _́ s Creed Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ubisoft reveals new pirate game Skull & Bones '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who do you play as in assassins creed 4	[ "The plot is set in a fictional history of real world events and follows the centuries-old struggle between the Assassins, who fight for peace with free will, and the Templars, who desire peace through control. The framing story is set in the 21st century and describes the player as an Abstergo agent. The main story is set in the 18th century Caribbean during the Golden Age of Piracy, and follows notorious Welsh pirate Edward Kenway, grandfather and father of Assassin's Creed III protagonist and antagonist Ratonhnhaké:ton and Haytham Kenway respectively, who stumbles upon the Assassin/Templar conflict. The attempted establishment of a Republic of Pirates utopia (free from either British or Spanish rule) is a significant plot element.\n" ]	[ "an Abstergo agent" ]
-3605016100471538625	A Raisin in the Sun	A Raisin in the Sun - wikipedia A Raisin in the Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Raisin in the Sun ( disambiguation ) . A Raisin in the Sun First - edition publication ( Random House 1959 ) Written by Lorraine Vivian Hansberry Characters Walter Younger Ruth Younger Beneatha Younger Travis Younger Lena Younger ( Mama ) George Murchison Joseph Asagai Karl Lindner Mrs. Johnson Moving Men Date premiered March 11 , 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 11 ) Place premiered Ethel Barrymore Theatre Original language English Genre Domestic tragedy Setting South Side , Chicago A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959 . The title comes from the poem `` Harlem '' ( also known as `` A Dream Deferred '' ) by Langston Hughes . The story tells of a black family 's experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago 's Woodlawn neighborhood as they attempt to `` better '' themselves with an insurance payout following the death of the father . The New York Drama Critics ' Circle named it the best play of 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Litigation 3 Production and reception 4 Other versions 4.1 West End production , 1959 4.2 1961 film 4.3 1973 musical 4.4 1989 TV film 4.5 1996 BBC Radio Play 4.6 Broadway revival , 2004 4.7 2008 TV film 4.8 Royal Exchange , Manchester production , 2010 4.9 Broadway revival , 2014 4.10 2016 BBC Radio Play 4.11 Arena Stage revival , 2017 5 The Raisin Cycle 6 Cultural references 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Walter and Ruth Younger , their son Travis , along with Walter 's mother Lena ( Mama ) and Walter 's sister Beneatha , live in poverty in a dilapidated two - bedroom apartment on Chicago 's south side . Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver . Though Ruth is content with their lot , Walter is not and desperately wishes to become wealthy . His plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo , street - smart acquaintances of Walter 's . At the beginning of the play , Walter and Beneatha 's father has recently died , and Mama is waiting for a life insurance check for $10,000 . Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money , but Mama has religious objections to alcohol and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mama 's call how to spend it . Eventually Mama puts some of the money down on a new house , choosing an all - white neighborhood over a black one for the practical reason that it happens to be much cheaper . Later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneatha 's education . Walter passes the money on to Willy 's naive sidekick Bobo , who gives it to Willy , who absconds with it , depriving Walter and Beneatha of their dreams , though not the Youngers of their new home . Meanwhile , Karl Lindner , a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to , makes a generous offer to buy them out . He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over interracial population , which to the three women 's horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback . Lena says that while money was something they try to work for , they should never take it if it was a person 's way of telling them they were n't fit to walk the same earth as them . While all this is going on , Beneatha 's character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men : Beneatha 's wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison , and Joseph Asagai . Neither man is actively involved in the Youngers ' financial ups and downs . George represents the `` fully assimilated black man '' who denies his African heritage with a `` smarter than thou '' attitude , which Beneatha finds disgusting , while dismissively mocking Walter 's lack of money and education . Asagai patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage ; he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa , while pointing out she is unwittingly assimilating herself into white ways . She straightens her hair , for example , which he characterizes as `` mutilation . '' When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money , she is upbraided by Joseph for her materialism . She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort , along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine . Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast between George and Joseph : his pursuit of wealth can only be attained by liberating himself from Joseph 's culture , to which he attributes his poverty , and rising to George 's level , wherein he sees his salvation . Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the buyout offer , stating that the family is proud of who they are and will try to be good neighbors . The play closes with the family leaving for their new home but uncertain future . The character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes are often cut in reproductions . Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family 's neighbor . She is nosy and loud , and can not understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood . Her lines are employed as comic relief , but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights . Litigation ( edit ) What happens to a dream deferred ? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun ? `` '' Langston Hughes ( 1951 ) Experiences in this play echo a lawsuit ( Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 ( 1940 ) ) , to which the playwright Lorraine Hansberry 's family was a party when they fought to have their day in court because a previous class action about racially motivated restrictive covenants ( Burke v. Kleiman , 277 Ill . App . 519 ( 1934 ) ) had been similar to their situation . This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) , which prohibited discrimination in housing and created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity . The Hansberrys won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court held that the Hansberry defendants were not bound by the Burke decision because the class of defendants in the respective cases had conflicting goals , and thus could not be considered to be the same class . Interestingly , the plaintiff in the first action in 1934 was Olive Ida Burke , who brought the suit on behalf of a property owners ' association to enforce racial restrictions . Her husband , James Burke , later sold a house to Carl Hansberry ( Lorraine 's father ) when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant . Mr. Burke 's decision may have been motivated by the changing demographics of the neighborhood , but it was also influenced by the Depression . The demand for houses was so low among white buyers that Mr. Hansberry may have been the only prospective purchaser available . Lorraine reflects upon the litigation in her book To Be Young , Gifted , and Black : `` Twenty - five years ago , ( my father ) spent a small personal fortune , his considerable talents , and many years of his life fighting , in association with NAACP attorneys , Chicago 's ' restrictive covenants ' in one of this nation 's ugliest ghettos . That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ' white neighborhood ' in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house ... My memories of this ' correct ' way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at , cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school . And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother , patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger ( pistol ) , doggedly guarding her four children , while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court . '' The Hansberry house , a red - brick three - flat at 6140 S. Rhodes in Washington Park that they bought in 1937 , was given landmark status by the Chicago City Council 's Committee on Historical Landmarks Preservation in 2010 . Production and Reception ( edit ) Scene from the play . Ruby Dee as Ruth , Claudia McNeil as Lena , Glynn Turman as Travis , Sidney Poitier as Walter , and John Fiedler as Karl Lindner . With a cast in which all but one minor character is African - American , A Raisin in the Sun was considered a risky investment , and it took over a year for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it . There was disagreement with how it should be played , with focus on the mother or focus on the son . When the play hit New York , Poitier played it with the focus on the son and found not only his calling but an audience enthralled . After touring to positive reviews , the play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11 , 1959 . It transferred to the Belasco Theatre on October 19 , 1959 , and closed on June 25 , 1960 , after 530 total performances . Directed by Lloyd Richards , the cast comprised : Sidney Poitier -- Walter Lee Younger Ruby Dee -- Ruth Younger Ivan Dixon -- Joseph Asagai Lonne Elder III -- Bobo John Fiedler -- Karl Lindner Louis Gossett -- George Murchison Claudia McNeil -- Lena Younger Diana Sands -- Beneatha Younger Glynn Turman -- Travis Younger Ed Hall -- moving man Douglas Turner -- moving man Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee Younger , and Frances Williams as Lena Younger . Waiting for the curtain to rise on opening night , Hansberry and producer Rose did not expect the play to be a success , for it had already received mixed reviews from a preview audience the night before . Though it won popular and critical acclaim , reviewers argued about whether the play was `` universal '' or particular to African - American experience . It was then produced on tour . A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway , as well as the first with a black director ( Lloyd Richards ) . Hansberry noted that her play introduced details of black life to the overwhelmingly white Broadway audiences , while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of black people were drawn . Frank Rich , in The New York Times stated that A Raisin in the Sun `` changed American theater forever . '' In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated for four Tony Awards : Best Play -- written by Lorraine Hansberry ; produced by Philip Rose , David J. Cogan Best Actor in Play -- Sidney Poitier Best Actress in a Play -- Claudia McNeil Best Direction of a Play -- Lloyd Richards Other versions ( edit ) West end production , 1959 ( edit ) Some five months after its Broadway opening , Hansberry 's play appeared in London 's West End , playing at the Adelphi Theatre from August 4 , 1959 . As on Broadway , the director was Lloyd Richards , and the cast was as follows : Kim Hamilton -- Ruth Younger John Adan -- Travis Younger Earle Hyman -- Walter Lee Younger Olga James -- Beneatha Younger Juanita Moore -- Lena Younger Bari Johnson -- Joseph Asagai Scott Cunningham -- George Murchison Meredith Edwards -- Karl Lindner Lionel Ngakane -- Bobo The play was presented ( as before ) by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan , in association with the British impresario Jack Hylton . 1961 film ( edit ) Main article : A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 film ) In 1961 , a film version of A Raisin in the Sun was released featuring its original Broadway cast of Sidney Poitier , Ruby Dee , Claudia McNeil , Diana Sands , Ivan Dixon , Louis Gossett , Jr. and John Fiedler . Hansberry wrote the screenplay , and the film was directed by Daniel Petrie . It was released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby Dee won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress . Both Poitier and McNeil were nominated for Golden Globe Awards , and Petrie received a special `` Gary Cooper Award '' at the Cannes Film Festival . 1973 musical ( edit ) Main article : Raisin ( musical ) A musical version of the play , Raisin , ran on Broadway from October 18 , 1973 , to December 7 , 1975 . The book of the musical , which stayed close to the play , was written by Hansberry 's former husband , Robert Nemiroff . Music and lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert Brittan . The cast included Joe Morton ( Walter Lee ) , Virginia Capers ( Momma ) , Ernestine Jackson ( Ruth ) , Debbie Allen ( Beneatha ) and Ralph Carter ( Travis , the Youngers ' young son ) . The show won the Tony Award for Best musical . 1989 TV film ( edit ) In 1989 the play was adapted into a TV film for PBS ' American Playhouse series , starring Danny Glover ( Walter Lee ) and Esther Rolle ( Mama ) , with Kim Yancey ( Beneatha ) , Starletta DuPois ( Ruth ) , and John Fiedler ( Karl Lindner ) . This production received three Emmy Award nominations , but all were for technical categories . Bill Duke directed the production , while Chiz Schultz produced . This production was based on an off - Broadway revival produced by the Roundabout Theatre . 1996 BBC Radio play ( edit ) On 3 March 1996 the BBC broadcast a production of the play by director / producer Claire Grove , with the following cast : Claire Benedict -- Mama Ray Shell -- Walter Lee Pat Bowie -- Ruth Lachelle Carl -- Beneatha Garren Givens -- Travis Akim Mogaji -- Joseph Asagai Ray Fearon -- George Murchison John Sharion -- Karl Lindner Dean Hill -- Bobo Broadway revival , 2004 ( edit ) A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale Theatre from April 26 , 2004 , to July 11 , 2004 at the Royale Theatre with the following cast : Sean Combs -- Walter Lee Younger Audra McDonald -- Ruth Younger Phylicia Rashad -- Lena Younger Sanaa Lathan -- Beneatha Younger Bill Nunn -- Bobo David Aaron Baker -- Karl Lindner Lawrence Ballard -- moving man Teagle F. Bougere -- Joseph Asagai Frank Harts -- George Murchison Billy Eugene Jones -- moving man Alexander Mitchell -- Travis Younger The director was Kenny Leon with David Binder and Vivek Tiwary producers . The play won two 2004 Tony Awards : Best Actress in a Play ( Phylicia Rashad ) and Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Audra McDonald ) , and was nominated for Best Revival of a Play and Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Sanaa Lathan ) . 2008 TV film ( edit ) Main article : A Raisin in the Sun ( 2008 film ) In 2008 , Sean Combs , Phylicia Rashad and Audra McDonald starred in a television film directed by Kenny Leon . The film debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and was broadcast by ABC on February 25 , 2008 . McDonald received an Emmy nomination for her portrayal of Ruth . According to Nielsen Media Research , the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked # 9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2 , 2008 . Royal Exchange , Manchester production , 2010 ( edit ) In 2010 Michael Buffong directed a widely acclaimed production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester , described by Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph as -- `` A brilliant play , brilliantly served . '' . Michael Buffong , Ray Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN Awards . The cast were : -- Jenny Jules -- Ruth Younger Ray Fearon -- Walter Lee Younger Tracy Ifeachor -- Beneatha Younger Starletta DuPois ( who played Ruth in the 1989 film ) -- Lena Younger Damola Adelaja -- Joseph Asagai Simon Combs -- George Murchison Tom Hodgkins -- Karl Lindner Ray Emmet Brown -- Bobo / Moving Man Broadway revival , 2014 ( edit ) A second revival ran on Broadway from April 3 , 2014 , to June 15 , 2014 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre . The play won three 2014 Tony Awards : Best Revival of a Play , Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play ( Sophie Okonedo ) and Best Direction of a Play ( Kenny Leon ) . Denzel Washington -- Walter Lee Younger Sophie Okonedo -- Ruth Younger LaTanya Richardson Jackson -- Lena Younger Anika Noni Rose -- Beneatha Younger Stephen McKinley Henderson -- Bobo David Cromer -- Karl Lindner Keith Eric Chappelle -- moving man Sean Patrick Thomas -- Joseph Asagai Jason Dirden -- George Murchison Billy Eugene Jones -- moving man Bryce Clyde Jenkins -- Travis Younger 2016 BBC Radio play ( edit ) On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a new production of the play by director / producer Pauline Harris . This version restores the character of Mrs Johnson and a number of scenes that were cut from the Broadway production and subsequent film , with the following cast : Danny Sapani -- Walter Lee Younger Dona Croll -- Lena Younger Nadine Marshall -- Ruth Younger Lenora Crichlow -- Beneatha Younger Segun Fawole -- Travis Younger Jude Akwudike -- Bobo / Asagai Cecilia Noble -- Mrs. Johnson Sean Baker -- Karl Lindner Richard Pepple -- George Murchinson Arena Stage revival , 2017 ( edit ) The play opened April 6 , 2017 , at Arena Stage in Washington , D.C. , directed by Tazewell Thompson , with the following cast : Will Cobbs -- Walter Lee Younger Lizan Mitchell -- Lena Younger Dawn Ursula -- Ruth Younger Joy Jones -- Beneatha Younger Jeremiah Hasty -- Travis Younger Mack Leamon -- Bobo / Asagai Thomas Adrian Simpson -- Karl Lindner Keith L. Royal Smith -- George Murchinson The Raisin Cycle ( edit ) The 2010 Bruce Norris play Clybourne Park depicts the white family that sold the house to the Youngers . The first act takes place just before the events of A Raisin in the Sun , involving the selling of the house to the African American family ; the second act takes place 50 years later . The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei - Armah entitled Beneatha 's Place follows Beneatha after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria and , instead of becoming a doctor , becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a respected ( unnamed ) California University . The two above plays were referred to by Kwei - Armah as `` The Raisin Cycle '' and were produced together by Baltimore 's Center Stage in the 2012 -- 2013 season . Cultural references ( edit ) Season 1 , Episode 3 of Strangers with Candy is based around a school production of A Raisin in the Sun , and features an excerpt from the 1961 movie as well as Stephen Colbert reciting `` A Dream Deferred '' just before the closing credits . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database . `` A Raisin in the Sun Ethel Barrymore Theatre ( 3 / 11 / 1959 -- 10 / 17 / 1959 ) '' . IBDB . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Dream Deferred ( by Langston Hughes ) '' . Cswnet.com. 1996 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Langston Hughes and His Poetry -- presentation by David Kresh ( Journeys and Crossings , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamp , Allen R . `` The History Behind Hansberry v. Lee , '' 20 U.S. Davis L. Rev. 481 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ `` Lorraine Hansberry House '' . Chicago Landmarks . City of Chicago . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Poitier , Sidney ( 2000 ) . The Measure of a Man ( First ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . pp. 148 -- 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 135790 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein , `` Inventing a Fishbowl : White Supremacy and the Critical Reception of Lorraine Hansberry 's A Raisin in the Sun '' , Modern Drama 42 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Corley , Cheryl , `` ' A Raisin in the Sun ' , Present at the Creation '' , National Public Radio , March 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank , `` Theater : ' Raisin in Sun , ' Anniversary in Chicago '' , The New York Times , October 5 , 1983 . Jump up ^ A Raisin in the Sun Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database . `` A Raisin in the Sun Royale Theatre ( 4 / 26 / 2004 -- 7 / 11 / 2004 ) '' . IBDB . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chenoweth , Dench , Linney , McDonald , Rashad Nominated for Emmy Awards '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ginia Bellafante , `` Raisin in the Sun : A Tale of Race and Family and a $10,000 Question '' , The New York Times , February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Raisin in the Sun '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Raisin in the Sun review '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Playbill Vault . `` A Raisin in the Sun '' . Playbill Vault . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Tony - Winning Revival of ' A Raisin in the Sun ' Plays Final Performance Tonight '' playbill.com , June 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` ' Gent 's Guide ' , ' All The Way ' , ' Hedwig And the Angry Inch ' , ' Raisin in the Sun ' Win Top Prizes at 68th Annual Tony Awards '' Archived 2014 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , BBC , January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben , `` Good Defenses Make Good Neighbors , '' The New York Times , February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Harris , Legit Review : ' Beneatha 's Place ' , http://variety.com/2013/legit/reviews/legit-review-beneathas-place-1200488433/ Jump up ^ David Zurawik , `` Baltimore 's Center Stage looks very good in PBS documentary on ' Raisin ' cycle '' , `` The Baltimore Sun '' , October 25 , 2013 , http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-10-25/entertainment/bal-baltimore-center-stage-pbs-raisin-cycle-20131018_1_sun-revisited-kwame-kwei-armah-raisin-cycle External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Raisin in the Sun . Theatre portal 1950s portal African - American portal Discrimination portal A Raisin in the Sun at the Internet Broadway Database A Raisin in the Sun at Theatricalia.com Listen to the play online EDSITEment 's lesson Raisin in the Sun the Quest for the American Dream Text to Text : ' ' A Raisin in the Sun ' ' and ' ' Discrimination in Housing Against Nonwhites Persists Quietly ' ' from The New York Times Lorraine Hansberry 's A Raisin in the Sun Performances A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 film ) Raisin ( musical ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2008 film ) Related Clybourne Park Hansberry v. Lee Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) GND : 4131506 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Raisin_in_the_Sun&oldid=806089267 '' Categories : 1959 plays African - American plays Chicago in fiction Domestic tragedies Plays about race and ethnicity American plays adapted into films Plays by Lorraine Hansberry Plays set in Illinois Tony Award - winning plays Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本語 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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About Wikipedia	a raisin in the sun original broadway cast	[ "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n", "\nSidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger\nRuby Dee – Ruth Younger\nIvan Dixon – Joseph Asagai\nLonne Elder III – Bobo\nJohn Fiedler – Karl Lindner\nLouis Gossett – George Murchison\nClaudia McNeil – Lena Younger\nDiana Sands – Beneatha Younger\nGlynn Turman – Travis Younger\nEd Hall – moving man\nDouglas Turner – moving man\n" ]	[ "Sidney Poitier", "Ruby Dee", "Ivan Dixon", "Lonne Elder III", "John Fiedler", "Louis Gossett", "Claudia McNeil", "Diana Sands", "Glynn Turman", "Ed Hall", "Douglas Turner" ]
-5957742795031877844	List of Property Brothers episodes	List of Property Brothers episodes - wikipedia List of Property Brothers episodes Jump to : navigation , search Property Brothers is a Canadian reality television series that is produced by Cineflix . It has aired on W Network and HGTV Canada in Canada and on HGTV in the United States . The series features identical twin brothers Jonathan Scott and Drew Scott ( born April 28 , 1978 ) who help home buyers to purchase and renovate `` fixer - uppers . '' Property Brothers debuted on the W Network on January 4 , 2011 , and aired on the channel until its owner , Corus Entertainment , decided to shift the channel 's focus to more dramatic content . Starting with 2017 / 2018 broadcast season , the show began to be broadcast on HGTV Canada in its country of origin . It airs on HGTV in the United States , and with other affiliates in over 150 other countries . The show is also carried on streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Video . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 2.6 Season 6 2.7 Season 7 3 Specials 4 References Seasons ( edit ) For its duration , Property Brothers has been produced by Cineflix . HGTV ( a property of Discovery Inc . ) has since joined the program as a distributor , however , and has broadcast the show 's episodes on a separate schedule . The dates in the chart below correspond to the episodes ' earliest broadcast date . Season HGTV Season Episodes Filming location Season premiere Season finale 13 Toronto January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) 13 Toronto October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) 13 Austin February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) 13 Austin / Toronto September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) 5 13 Vancouver February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) August 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 22 ) 6 13 Atlanta January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) Unknown 7 13 Toronto October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) Unknown 5 8 13 Westchester County September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 9 13 Westchester County Unknown August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 6 10 13 Westchester County October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 11 13 Nashville April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7 12 13 Nashville / Toronto March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) ( ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 1 5 `` Leaving the Suburbs '' Christine & John January 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) May 18 , 2011 John and Christine want to move closer to the high school where he teaches in the city . `` Vintage Clothes , Vintage Homes '' Emma & Kieron January 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 11 ) April 27 , 2011 Fashion designers Emma and Kieron search for a home that has more living and work space downtown property . They also want modern interiors and with vintage character . `` Victorian Dream House '' Stefan & Owen January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) May 4 , 2011 Stefan and Owen are living with a friend as they search of a Victorian home with high ceilings , hardwood floors , and a spacious backyard . However , their limited budget is putting their dream home outside of reach . `` Honeymoon Retreat '' Matt & Aleya January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) May 11 , 2011 Matt and Aleya search for their dream home before they get married in a few months . 5 `` Family Fixer - Upper '' Stephen & Julie February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) April 20 , 2011 Stephan and Julie are searching for a stylish and unique home that accommodates their two dogs , toddler and a newborn , as well as invited guests . 6 6 `` Run - down Renovation '' Julie & Peter February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) May 25 , 2011 7 7 `` Downtown Dump to Dream Home '' Lise & Andrew February 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 15 ) June 1 , 2011 8 8 `` Contemporary Fixer - Upper '' Monica & Sam February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) June 8 , 2011 9 9 `` Moving Out of Mom 's '' Jessica & Jason March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) July 27 , 2011 10 10 `` Townhouse to Dream House '' Janice & Rob March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) July 13 , 2011 11 11 `` Another Renovation Plan '' Monica & Kevin March 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) July 20 , 2011 12 12 `` Out on Their Own '' Andrea & Dave March 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) July 6 , 2011 13 13 `` Bachelor Pad to Family Home '' Raun & Jasprit March 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) June 22 , 2011 Season 2 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 2 14 16 `` Empty Nesters Explore the City '' Tina & James October 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) November 2 , 2011 15 15 `` Not Suburban or Subdivision '' Nancy & Dan October 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 13 ) October 26 , 2011 16 14 `` Space-less to Spacious '' Sarah & Scott October 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 06 ) October 19 , 2011 17 17 `` Suburbs to City Life '' Tim & Michelle October 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) November 9 , 2011 18 18 `` Condo to Reno '' Katherine & Jordan November 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 03 ) November 16 , 2011 19 19 `` Commute to Compromise '' Lica & Nicolas November 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 10 ) November 23 , 2011 20 20 `` Expanding the Family Fun '' Jose & Connie November 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) November 30 , 2011 21 21 `` Renting to Renovating '' Marianne & Steve November 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 24 ) December 7 , 2011 22 22 `` Kosher Kitchen '' Liat & Zack January 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) December 14 , 2011 23 23 `` First Home Jitters '' Vincent & Helena January 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) December 21 , 2011 24 24 `` Construction to Quiet '' Mike & Avi January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) January 11 , 2012 25 25 `` Almost Newlyweds , Almost Home '' Jay & Cara January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) February 29 , 2012 26 26 `` Out of the In - Laws ' House '' Delecia & Dwayne January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) March 14 , 2012 HGTV Season 4 27 27 `` Under Their Own Roof '' Wyatt & Whitney February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) June 13 , 2012 28 28 `` Dumping the Duplex '' Morgan & Kristen February 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 14 ) June 20 , 2012 29 29 `` Abundance of Appliances '' Dan & Brittany February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) June 20 , 2012 30 30 `` Looking for Wow '' Stan & Leslie February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) June 20 , 2012 31 31 `` Space for a Crowd '' Kate & Cole March 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) June 27 , 2012 32 32 `` Downtown Dream Home '' Steph & Micah March 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) July 4 , 2012 33 33 `` Picturing the Possibilites '' Lana & Jacob March 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) July 11 , 2012 34 34 `` Bachelorette Pad '' Amber March 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 27 ) July 18 , 2012 35 35 `` High - End Home '' Rob & Jessica April 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 03 ) July 25 , 2012 36 36 `` An Eclectic Vision '' Olivia April 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) August 1 , 2012 37 37 `` Fit for a Family '' Sophie & Preston April 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) August 8 , 2012 38 38 `` Extended Family Fun '' Cori & Suroosh April 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 24 ) August 15 , 2012 39 39 `` Active in the City '' Jeanette & Tony May 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 01 ) August 22 , 2012 Season 3 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 3 41 `` Kristi & Jay '' Kristi and Jay September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) January 9 , 2013 42 `` Courtney & Luke '' Courtney and Luke September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) January 16 , 2013 43 `` April '' April September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) January 23 , 2013 44 `` Kristine & Paul '' Kristine and Paul September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) January 30 , 2013 45 5 `` Sarah & Mari '' Sarah and Mari October 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) February 6 , 2013 46 6 `` Samira & Shawn '' Samira and Shawn October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) February 13 , 2013 47 7 `` Angie & Tito '' Angie and Tito October 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 16 ) February 20 , 2013 48 8 `` Matt & Krysten '' Matt and Krysten November 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) February 27 , 2013 49 9 `` James & David '' James and David December 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 03 ) March 6 , 2013 50 10 `` Parker & Francesca '' Parker and Francesca December 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) March 13 , 2013 51 11 `` Caitlin & Steve '' Caitlin and Steve December 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 18 ) March 20 , 2013 52 13 `` Rose & Giancarlo '' Rose and Giancarlo January 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) April 3 , 2013 53 12 `` Kate & Dave '' Kate and Dave February 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 04 ) March 27 , 2013 HGTV Season 5 54 `` Megan & Greg '' Megan and Greg February 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 11 ) August 28 , 2013 55 `` Marla & Adam '' Marla and Adam February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) September 11 , 2013 56 `` Sandra & Kyle '' Sandra and Kyle March 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) September 4 , 2013 57 `` Mark & Priscilla '' Mark and Priscilla March 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) September 18 , 2013 58 5 `` Christine & Mathieu '' Christine and Mathieu May 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 24 ) September 25 , 2013 59 6 `` Kathryn & Eric '' Kathryn and Eric May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) October 2 , 2013 60 7 `` Danielle & Chad '' Danielle and Chad June 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 11 ) October 9 , 2013 61 8 `` Mark & Joey '' Mark and Joey July 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 02 ) October 16 , 2013 62 9 `` Kari & Boris '' Kari and Boris July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) October 23 , 2013 63 10 `` Karina & Stephan '' Karina and Stephan August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) October 30 , 2013 64 12 `` Crista & Sumit '' Crista and Sumit August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) November 13 , 2013 65 11 `` Nancy & Rhonda '' Nancy and Rhonda August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) November 6 , 2013 66 13 `` Veronica & Andrew '' Veronica and Andrew September 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) November 20 , 2013 Season 4 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 6 67 68 `` Maria & Dave '' Maria & Dave January 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 21 ) March 19 , 2014 68 69 `` Heather & Franklin '' Heather & Franklin January 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 28 ) March 26 , 2014 69 71 `` Edith & Fred '' Edith & Fred February 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 04 ) July 2 , 2014 70 70 `` Melissa & Joe '' Melissa & Joe February 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 11 ) June 25 , 2014 71 73 `` Sandy & Susy '' Sandy February 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 18 ) July 16 , 2014 72 67 `` Chris & Mike '' Chris & Mike February 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) March 12 , 2014 73 75 `` Beatriz & Brandon '' Beatriz and Brandon March 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) July 30 , 2014 74 76 `` Luca , Anne & Barbara '' Anne and Luca March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) August 6 , 2014 75 77 `` Nicole & Colby '' Nicole and Colby April 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) August 13 , 2014 76 78 `` Nadine & Greg '' Nadine and Greg TBA August 20 , 2014 77 72 `` Stephanie & David '' Stephanie and David TBA July 9 , 2014 78 79 `` Dionna & Natasha '' Dionna TBA August 27 , 2014 79 74 `` Aven & Phillip '' Aven and Phillip TBA July 23 , 2014 HGTV Season 7 80 `` A Suburban Home All On Their Own '' Belinda & Tiago October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) January 7 , 2015 81 `` Keeping it in the Family is Tough Competition '' Amy & Graham TBA January 14 , 2015 82 `` Catherine & Viviane '' `` Single in the City and Looking for A Deluxe Pad '' Catherine TBA January 21 , 2015 83 `` Squashing Sibling Rivalry by Going From Cramped to Spacious '' Krista & Jennifer TBA January 28 , 2015 84 5 `` Escaping the In - Laws for a Family Functional Home '' Isabella & David TBA February 4 , 2015 85 6 `` Chic and Modern Home to Entertain in Style '' Glenda & Dave TBA February 11 , 2015 86 7 `` Meeting in the Middle for the Perfect Property '' Sarah & Andrew TBA February 18 , 2015 87 8 `` Room to Grow in Time for a Surprise Delivery '' Jennifer & Derek TBA February 25 , 2015 88 9 `` Wish List and Budget are Out of Sync '' Shannon & Daryl TBA March 4 , 2015 89 10 `` She Wants a Fully - Loaded Suburban Home '' Nancy TBA March 11 , 2015 90 11 `` An Urban Dream Home for Their Happily Ever After '' Samantha & Yaron TBA May 13 , 2015 91 12 `` Promise of a Downtown Dream Home '' Thomas & Christine TBA May 20 , 2015 92 13 `` Taking a Gamble on a Fixer - Upper '' Jessica & Chase TBA May 27 , 2015 Season 5 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 8 93 93 `` Suburban Reality '' `` Downtown Dreaming , Suburban Reality '' Diana and John September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) October 7 , 2015 94 95 `` Go Big or Go Home '' `` New Parents Go Big With a Blinged - Out Pad '' Katie and Justin TBA October 21 , 2015 95 97 `` New Beginnings '' `` New Beginnings and a Forever Home for a Single Mom '' Anna TBA November 4 , 2015 96 94 `` Eager for Room to Roam '' `` Room to Roam in Their Dream Home '' Carlie and Drum TBA October 14 , 2015 97 98 `` Big Changes , Bigger Decisions '' `` Big Decisions for the Perfect Property '' Angela and Ro TBA November 11 , 2015 98 99 `` Hoping to Get Lucky '' `` Hoping to Get Lucky with a Fixer - Upper '' Darren and Tory TBA November 18 , 2015 99 101 `` Ready for a Home of Their Own '' `` Ready to Fall in Love for a Home of Their Own '' Kristen and Ben TBA January 6 , 2016 100 102 `` Basement Blues '' `` From Basement Blues to Property Perfection '' Julie and Adam November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) January 13 , 2016 101 103 `` Competition Crazed '' `` Competitive Couple Is Challenged with a Reno '' Gabby and Jim TBA January 20 , 2016 102 104 `` Particularly Particular '' `` Particularly Particular with Their Wish List '' Craig and Laurel TBA January 27 , 2016 103 100 `` Independent and Ambitious '' `` Independent and Ambitious '' Gina TBA December 23 , 2015 104 105 `` Family Time '' `` More Time for Family '' Bridget and Tom TBA February 10 , 2016 105 96 `` Desperate to Settle '' `` Desperate to Settle into a Place of Their Own '' Marc and Ashleigh TBA October 28 , 2015 HGTV Season 9 106 106 `` Ready to Spend '' `` Ready to Spend It All on a Perfect Home '' Michelle and Tom February 17. , 2016 ( February 17. , 2016 ) February 17 , 2016 107 107 `` Relocation Woes '' `` Relocation Woes into Dream Home Joy '' Kevin and Suzanne February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) February 24 , 2016 108 108 `` Chasing the Suburban Dream '' `` Chasing the Suburban Dream Home '' Sukhvir and Beeban March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 2016 109 109 `` Taking the Leap '' `` Taking the Renovation Leap '' Pema and John March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 2016 110 110 `` Brothers Helping Brothers '' `` Brothers Helping Brothers '' Scott and Trevor March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) March 16 , 2016 111 111 `` Not Ready for the Suburbs '' `` Not Ready for the Suburbs '' Lexa and Peter May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) May 11 , 2016 112 112 `` Putting the ' Om ' in Home '' `` Putting the ' Om ' in Home '' Michelle and Michael May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 2016 113 115 `` Perfect Pair Ready for a Perfect Pad '' `` Perfect Pair Ready for a Perfect Pad '' Michelle and Jon May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) October 19 , 2016 114 113 `` Charming Fixer - Upper With Unexpected Issues '' `` Charming Fixer - Upper With Unexpected Issues '' Karima July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) May 25 , 2016 115 114 `` Dream City , Dream Job , Dream Home '' `` Dream City , Dream Job , Dream Home '' Levi and Alysha August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - Aug - 01 ) October 12 , 2016 116 117 `` Bachelor Pad Condo to Family - Friendly Home '' `` Bachelor Pad Condo to Family - Friendly Home '' Erin and Adam August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - Aug - 08 ) October 26 , 2016 117 116 `` Ready for Home Sweet Home '' `` Ready for Home Sweet Home '' Jaeme and Bliss August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) October 19 , 2016 118 118 `` Spending , Add - Ons and a Property That Fits the Bill '' `` Spending , Add - Ons and a Property That Fits the Bill '' Sarah and Kevin August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) November 2 , 2016 Season 6 ( edit ) Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 10 119 119 `` Tyler & Lindsay '' `` Navigating Rough Waters for a Picture Perfect Property '' Tyler and Lindsay October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) November 16 , 2016 120 120 `` Dorothy & John '' `` Searching for Glitz and Glam '' Dorothy and John October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) December 21 , 2016 121 121 `` Monique & Carl '' `` Game - Time Decision '' Monique and Carl November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) December 28 , 2016 122 122 `` Collaboration and Teamwork '' `` Kevin & Shirley '' Kevin and Shirley November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) January 11 , 2017 123 123 `` Barbra & Greg '' `` Character and Closed Concept '' Barbra and Greg November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) January 18 , 2017 124 124 `` Debra & Dan '' `` Modern Must - Have '' Debra and Dan November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) January 25 , 2017 125 125 `` Lizzy & Dave '' `` Delivering a Dream Home Just in Time '' Lizzy and Dave March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) February 1 , 2017 126 126 `` Nathan & Jessica '' `` Condo to Countryside '' Nathan and Jessica March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) February 8 , 2017 127 127 `` Mark & Eugenie '' `` Unexpected Dream Home '' Mark and Eugenie March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) February 15 , 2017 128 129 `` Leslie & Tim '' `` Fixer - upper For Dog Lovers '' Leslie and Tim March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) March 1 , 2017 129 130 `` Kyle & Jackie '' `` Rustic - Meets - Modern Design '' Kyle and Jackie April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) March 8 , 2017 130 131 `` Andrew & Phil '' `` Modern Masterpiece for Two '' Andrew and Phil April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) March 15 , 2017 HGTV Season 11 131 132 `` Emily & Ken '' `` Hunting for the One '' Emily and Ken April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) October 11 , 2017 132 135 `` Amanda & Tre '' `` Lakeside Dreaming '' Amanda and Tre April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) November 1 , 2017 133 136 `` George & Jenn '' `` Miles Apart '' George and Jenn May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) November 8 , 2017 134 137 `` Rave & Michelle '' `` Craving More Space for the Family '' Rave and Michelle May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) November 15 , 2017 135 138 `` Marc & Stephanie '' `` Changing Direction '' Marc and Stephanie May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) December 27 , 2017 136 139 `` Sophie & Tim '' `` Honeymooning and House Hunting '' Sophie and Tim May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) January 3 , 2018 137 140 `` Katie & Michael '' `` Straightening Out a Sagging Century Home '' Katie and Michael May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) January 10 , 2018 138 128 `` Sandi & Phil '' `` Century Home Showstopper '' Sandi and Phil August 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) February 22 , 2017 Season 7 ( edit ) Due to the network change in Canada beginning this season , this is listed as Season 1 in some markets . Episode no . ( W Network ) Episode no . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( HGTV Canada ) Original air date ( HGTV ) HGTV Season 11 139 133 `` Tom & TJ '' `` Building a Solid Foundation '' Tom and TJ January 22 , 2018 October 18 , 2017 140 134 `` Kristen & Kacy '' `` Big City Move '' Kristen February 5 , 2018 October 25 , 2017 141 142 `` Carson & Leah '' `` Overcoming Analysis Paralysis '' TBA February 12 , 2018 January 24 , 2018 142 143 `` Karen & Rick '' `` Shaky Start '' TBA February 19 , 2018 January 31 , 2018 143 144 `` Jessie & Joe '' `` Making Their House a Home '' TBA February 26 , 2018 February 7 , 2018 HGTV Season 12 144 145 `` Nicole & Matt '' `` Costly Charm for a Vintage Dreamer '' TBA March 5 , 2018 February 14 , 2018 145 146 `` Sandy & Patrick '' `` Searching for the Heart of the Home '' Sandy and Patrick March 12 , 2018 February 21 , 2018 146 147 `` Carolyn & Brad '' `` Mad About Plaid '' Carolyn and Brad March 19 , 2018 February 28 , 2018 147 148 `` Ryan & Julie '' `` Family Above All Else '' Ryan and Julie March 26 , 2018 March 7 , 2018 148 149 `` Aben & Ashley '' `` Striking the Right Chord '' Aben and Ashley April 2 , 2018 March 14 , 2018 TBA 141 `` Maureen & David '' `` A Different Dream '' Maureen TBA January 17 , 2018 A single mom adjusts to her new life by selling her Nashville dream home and searching for a more manageable space . TBA 150 `` Janna & Jason '' `` Expecting the Unexpected '' Janna and Jason TBA March 21 , 2018 TBA 151 `` Patrick & Julie '' `` Floored by the Renovation '' Patrick and Julie TBA March 28 , 2018 TBA 152 TBA `` Country Chic for a New Generation '' TBA TBA April 11 , 2018 TBA 153 TBA `` Uplift and Electrify '' TBA TBA April 18 , 2018 TBA 154 TBA `` Mistress of Her Domain '' TBA TBA May 2 , 2018 TBA 155 TBA `` Wishful Building '' TBA TBA May 9 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Specials ( edit ) No . No . ( HGTV ) Title Homeowner ( s ) Original air date ( W Network ) Original air date ( HGTV ) `` Property Brothers : 100 Episodes & Counting '' `` 100th Episode Special '' N / A November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) January 20 , 2016 The brothers hosted an hour - long special ahead of its 100th episode . The special highlighted their favourite moments from the preceding 99 episodes , and was accompanied by the release of the Property Brothers Handbook , an mobile app that includes design tips , multimedia from the show , and `` inspirational photos '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Jennifer ( 14 October 2011 ) . `` ' We have the same creative spirit ' ; Drew and Jonathan Scott -- twin brothers -- are the perfect designing duo '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Maloney , Val ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Fall TV 2017 : Specialty targeting shifts '' . Media in Canada . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosman , Katherine ( 10 May 2017 ) , `` The Property Brothers Are Fixing to Take Over the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David , Friend ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` Success of ' Property Brothers ' a lesson learned as Corus develops reality slate '' . Canadian Business . Toronto . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Season 1 : Episode 1 - Christine & John - The Scott Brothers '' . The Scott Brothers . 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers - Movies & TV on Google Play '' . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Property Brothers '' . The Scott Brothers . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 1 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 1 Episode Guide '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 2 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 3 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 5 '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 4 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 7 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 7 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 5 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 8 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 9 '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Danielle ; McCorquodale , Owen . `` Hockey Wives , Property Brothers , Love It or List It and New Series Real Houses Of ... , Pack W Network 's Fall Slate of Programming '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . Toronto . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 6 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 10 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 11 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 10 '' . TVGuide.com . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Property Brothers Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Episode Guide Season 6 '' . HGTV.ca . Corus Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Watch Videos '' . HGTV.ca . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers ( TV Series 2011 -- ) Season 11 '' . IMDB . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Episode Guide Season 1 '' . HGTV.ca . Corus Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Danielle ; McCorquodale , Owen ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` W Network 's Property Brothers : 100 Episodes & Counting Special Premieres Monday , November 9 - Corus Entertainment '' . Corus Entertainment ( Press release ) . Toronto . Corus PR . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Property Brothers : 100th Episode Special '' . TVGuide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . ( hide ) Property Brothers franchise Brothers Drew Scott Jonathan Scott Television shows Property Brothers Episodes Buying and Selling Brother Vs. Brother Property Brothers : At Home Drew and Linda Say I Do Production companies Cineflix Corus Entertainment Scott Brothers Entertainment Discovery Communications Scripps Networks Interactive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Property_Brothers_episodes&oldid=840379684 '' Categories : Lists of American non-fiction television series episodes Property Brothers Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Episode lists with unformatted air dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 14 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was season 11 of property brothers filmed	[ "\n\nSeason\nHGTV Season\nEpisodes\nFilming location\nSeason premiere\nSeason finale\n\n\n1\n\n1\n13\nToronto\nJanuary 4, 2011 (2011-01-04)\nMarch 29, 2011 (2011-03-29)\n\n\n2\n\n2\n13\nToronto\nOctober 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)\nJanuary 31, 2012 (2012-01-31)\n\n\n\n3\n13\nAustin\nFebruary 7, 2012 (2012-02-07)\nMay 1, 2012 (2012-05-01)\n\n\n3\n\n4\n13\nAustin/Toronto\nSeptember 4, 2012 (2012-09-04)\nFebruary 4, 2013 (2013-02-04)\n\n\n\n5\n13\nVancouver\nFebruary 17, 2013 (2013-02-17)\nAugust 22, 2013 (2013-08-22)\n\n\n4\n\n6\n13\nAtlanta\nJanuary 12, 2014 (2014-01-12)\nUnknown\n\n\n\n7\n13\nToronto\nOctober 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)\nUnknown\n\n\n5\n\n8\n13\nWestchester County\nSeptember 14, 2015 (2015-09-14)\nOctober 28, 2015 (2015-10-28)\n\n\n\n9\n13\nWestchester County\nUnknown\nAugust 22, 2016 (2016-08-22)\n\n\n6\n\n10\n13\nWestchester County\nOctober 24, 2016 (2016-10-24)\nApril 17, 2017 (2017-04-17)\n\n\n11\n13\nNashville\nApril 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)\nFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)\n\n\n7\n\n\n\n12\n13\nNashville/Toronto\nMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)\n ()\n\n" ]	[ "Nashville" ]
8814624572813037532	Trouble Town	Trouble Town - Wikipedia Trouble Town Jump to : navigation , search `` Trouble Town '' Single by Jake Bugg from the album Jake Bugg Released 4 March 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2011 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 50 Label Mercury Records Songwriter ( s ) Iain Archer , Jake Bugg Producer ( s ) Iain Archer Jake Bugg singles chronology `` Trouble Town '' ( 2012 ) `` Country Song '' ( 2012 ) `` Trouble Town '' ( 2012 ) `` Country Song '' ( 2012 ) `` Trouble Town '' is a song by British singer songwriter Jake Bugg . It was released as the lead single from his eponymous debut album ( 2012 ) . It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 4 March 2012 . The song charted in Belgium . `` Trouble Town '' is the opening theme for the BBC TV series Happy Valley broadcast in 2014 and 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Track listings 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 4 Release history 5 References Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Trouble Town '' was first released onto YouTube on 27 January 2012 at a total length of two minutes and fifty - three seconds . By October 2013 it had received over 2.7 million hits The video was shot in Bugg 's hometown of Clifton , Nottingham , mixing HD footage with Super 8mm , and was directed by Michael Holyk , who also directed the video for `` Lightning Bolt '' . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Trouble Town '' 2 : 50 Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 67 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 4 March 2012 Digital download Mercury Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jake Bugg ( 27 January 2012 ) . `` Jake Bugg - Trouble Town '' . youtube.com . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jared . `` Jake Bugg 's Music Video Director Michael Holyk - LeftLion '' . leftlion.co.uk . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Bugg ' Trouble Town ' by Michael Holyk '' . promonews.tv . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Jake Bugg -- Trouble Town '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . ( hide ) Jake Bugg Discography Albums Jake Bugg ( 2012 ) Shangri La ( 2013 ) On My One ( 2016 ) Hearts That Strain ( 2017 ) EPs Taste It ( 2012 ) Live at Silver Platters , Seattle ( 2014 ) Messed Up Kids ( 2014 ) Singles `` Trouble Town '' `` Country Song '' `` Lightning Bolt '' `` Taste It '' `` Two Fingers '' `` Seen It All '' `` Broken '' `` What Does n't Kill You '' `` Slumville Sunrise '' `` A Song About Love '' `` On My One '' `` Gimme the Love '' `` Love , Hope and Misery '' `` Bitter Salt '' `` Put Out the Fire '' `` The Love We 're Hoping For '' `` How Soon the Dawn '' Related articles Iain Archer This 2010s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trouble_Town&oldid=794297136 '' Categories : 2012 songs Jake Bugg songs 2012 singles Songs written by Jake Bugg Songs written by Iain Archer 2010s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2017 , at 03 : 35 . About Wikipedia	who sings the theme song for happy valley	[ "\"Trouble Town\" is a song by British singer songwriter Jake Bugg. It was released as the lead single from his eponymous debut album (2012). It was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 4 March 2012. The song charted in Belgium." ]	[ "Jake Bugg" ]
1536912218168516217	Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants	Central Institute of medicinal and aromatic plants - Wikipedia Central Institute of medicinal and aromatic plants Jump to : navigation , search This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Type Research institution Established 1959 Director Prof. Anil Kumar Tripathi Location Lucknow , Uttar Pradesh , India Website www.cimap.res.in Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants ( CIMAP ) is a research institute of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) with its headquarter in Lucknow . It is engaged in the field of science and business of medicinal and aromatic plants . CIMAP has four research centers situated in Bangalore , Hyderabad , Pantnagar and Purara ( near Bageshwar , Uttarakhand ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Role of the lab and positioning 3 Major research areas and flagship research programmes and infrastructural facilities 4 From CIMAP lab to market 5 Sharing of expertise and knowledge , technical consultancy and setting up of national facilities 6 Patent profile ( in - force patents only ) 7 National and international linkages 8 Academic alliances -- mentoring young minds 9 External links History ( edit ) Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants , known as CIMAP , is a frontier plant research laboratory of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research ( CSIR ) . Established originally as Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation ( CIMPO ) in 1959 , CIMAP is steering multidisciplinary high quality research in biological and chemical sciences and extending technologies and services to the farmers and entrepreneurs of medicinal and aromatic plants ( MAPs ) with its research headquarters at Lucknow and Research Centres at Bangalore , Hyderabad , Pantnagar and Purara . CIMAP Research Centres are aptly situated in different agro-climatic zones of the country to facilitate multi-location field trials and research . A little more than 50 years since its inception , today , CIMAP has extended its wings overseas with scientific collaboration agreements with Malaysia . CSIR - CIMAP has signed two agreements to promote bilateral cooperation between India and Malaysia in research , development and commercialization of MAP related technologies . CIMAP 's contribution to the Indian economy through its MAPs research is well known . Mint varieties released and agro-packages developed and popularised by CIMAP has made India the global leader in mints and related industrial products . CIMAP has released several varieties of the MAPs , their complete agro-technology and post harvest packages which have revolutionised MAPs cultivation and business scenario of the country . Role of the lab and positioning ( edit ) CIMAP is a unique lab of its kind in the entire globe , way ahead of its time even at the time of its establishment . As a ripple effect of CIMAP 's success and contribution , other research establishments have now started seriously considering MAPs in their portfolio . While conserving the plant genetic resources systematically and undertaking world class research work in plant science , CIMAP is equipping the nation with high - tech agriculture linked to industrial processing of MAPs . CIMAP is equipped with state - of - the - art multidisciplinary laboratories , ultra-modern instrumentation facilities and scientific expertise in agriculture , genetics and plant breeding , molecular taxonomy , molecular and structural biology , plant biotechnology , biochemistry , microbiology , bio energy and chemical sciences , apart from development of herbal products . CIMAP , Lucknow houses the National Gene Bank of medicinal and aromatic plants , in addition to seed gene bank , tissue and DNA bank . Further , Field Gene Bank of different varieties of MAPs is maintained at CIMAP Lucknow and its four research centres situated across the country . Major research areas and flagship research programmes and infrastructural facilities ( edit ) CIMAP is focusing on research projects which include gene bank utilization strategies , conservation , evaluation and cataloging of selected high value medicinal and aromatic plants ( MAPs ) , conservation of bio-prospecting genes / molecules / products ; new molecules of therapeutic significance , metabolic pathway studies in selected MAPs , genetic enhancement of obligate asexual and sexual medicinal and aromatic plants , process and synthetic chemistry technology for phytomolecules and plant products ; enabling high value agriculture in low value underutilized lands and cropping systems , anti-malarials from MAPs , prospecting bioresources of commercial potential , development of standardized herbal formulations for better health , development of analytical processes and diagnostic tools , survey , inventorisation and technology dissemination of MAPs , genotype designing for speciality / opportunity crops in MAPs and basic research towards path breaking MAPs science . CIMAP is also involved in two national network projects as nodal laboratory under XII Five Year Plan that include i ) pathway engineering and system biology approach towards homologous and heterologous expression of high - value phytoceuticals ( artemisinin , picrosides , morphine , withanolides , podophyllotoxin ) and ii ) biological and chemical transformations of plant compounds for production of value added products of therapeutic / aroma value . Besides , CIMAP is a participating laboratory in seven national network projects on i ) exploitation of India 's microbial diversity ; ii ) remediation / eco-restoration and cleanup of contaminated ground water and water resources ; iii ) discovery , development and commercialization of new bioactive and traditional preparations ; iv ) comprehensive traditional knowledge digital documentation and library ; v ) project on neem and vii ) artemisia . CIMAP is successfully running a flagship rural development program on strategic rural income enhancements by Medicinal and Industrial Plants based technologies with special focus on North - East , women and tribals . Establishment of Artemisia annua bio-village by CIMAP involving farmers and industries has emerged as a replicable model of public - private partnership ( PPP ) in MAPs and other industrial crops . From CIMAP lab to market ( edit ) CIMAP has been documenting and creating scientific knowledgebase relevant to MAPs for its efficient utilisation , facilitating the lab to market journey of medicinal and aromatic crops ( MACs ) through several important publications . Farm bulletins on various economically important MACs ( e.g. mint , lemongrass , Palmarosa , geranium , Withania , Artemisia , etc . ) in Hindi , English and regional languages , training manuals - Aus Saathi and MAPs Companion , crop calendars , a composite research journal Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Sciences ( JMAPS ) covering research papers , and trade related information on MACs are published by CIMAP . Major impact making patents which resulted in major marketable technologies from CIMAP are Artemisia cultivation method ( US 6 , 39,376 ) , CIM - Arogya herb processing for artemisinin ( IN 176679 ) , development of arteether ( IN 173947 ) , artemisinin extraction process ( US 5,955 , 08 ) , CIM - Arogya - genetically tagged high yielding variety of Artemisia annua and its cultivation technology ( US 6,393,763 ) , cultivar Himalaya and Kosi of menthol mint ( PP 10935 , PP 12426 ) and method of producing mint plant Kushal ( US 6,420 , 174 ) . Sharing of expertise and knowledge , technical consultancy and setting up of National facilities ( edit ) CIMAP Gene Bank established in 1993 as a follow up action taken in the summit of G - 15 countries held at Caracas is one of the three National Gene Banks of the country that focuses on the conservation of MAPs of India in the form of seed , field , tissue and DNA banks . CIMAP has been designated by PPV&FRA ( Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Authority ) as nodal laboratory for developing National Test Guidelines for plant varieties protection and DUS ( distinctiveness , uniformity and stability ) testing of medicinal and aromatic plants and seed species . CIMAP Bio-village Mission is currently expanding the industrial cultivation of appropriate medicinal and aromatic plants nationwide from North to South India , and in Uttar Pradesh , from Lucknow in all directions . National Biodiversity Authority of India has recognized CIMAP as a Designated National Repository ( DNR ) under the Biological Diversity Act , 2002 , to keep in safe custody , specimens of different categories of biological material . Patent profile ( in - force patents only ) ( edit ) CIMAP has an IP portfolio of more than 135 foreign and Indian patents granted in major medicinal and aromatic plants including molecules and bioactives ( 17 ) , improved new processes ( 52 ) , new methods and techniques ( 13 ) , formulations and compositions ( 36 ) plants varieties ( 23 ) and cell cultures / enzymes / strains ( 06 ) . National and International linkages ( edit ) CIMAP has been recognized as a focal point for South East Asia by International Centre for Science and High Technology -- United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( ICS - UNIDO ) . CIMAP has scientific collaboration with Bulgarian Academy of Science for Rose oil technology . At National level CIMAP has established alliances with Indian Institute of Agriculture Research ( IIAR ) , Gandhinagar ( Gujarat ) and North East Institute of Science & Technology ( NEIST ) , Jorhat ( Assam ) for multiplier effect for its endeavour in western and North East Region , respectively . Internationally too , CSIR - CIMAP , Special Innovation Unit ( UNIK ) Corp , Malaysia , Office of the Prime Minister of Malaysia and Monash University , Sunaway Campus , Malaysia have entered into scientific agreement . The agreements envisage establishment of a Joint Innovation Accelerator Centre with expertise of CSIR - CIMAP in Malaysia to carry out research on areas of mutual interest such as green technologies , medicinal and aromatic plants and other innovative technologies . Both CSIR - CIMAP and UNIK will also explore and develop the use of herbs , plants , flowers and fruits for medicinal and aromatic purposes in Malaysia by way of improving extraction techniques , modern processes and herbal products . Academic alliances -- mentoring young minds ( edit ) To share a common desire to explore , extend and strengthen the functional relationship between Universities and National Scientific Institutes / Laboratories of CSIR , CIMAP has signed MoUs with several universities including JNU , GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology ( GBPUAT ) , Pantnagar , Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology ( CSAUAT ) , Kanpur , Banaras Hindu University ( BHU ) , Universities of Allahabad and Lucknow among others . Towards the mission of bringing scientific excellence through University - Research Institution joint efforts , CIMAP has been recognized by Jawaharlal Nehru University ( JNU ) , New Delhi , as its centre for research and academic activities in the field of Life Sciences . Other programs conducted regularly towards human resource development include entrepreneurship development programs , CIMAP Winter School ( CWS ) , CIMAP Summer Training ( CST ) , CIMAP Winter Training ( CWT ) on techniques and tools of biotechnology and bioinformatics , CIMAP Summer School ( CSS ) on molecular technologies in bio-prospection and biodiversity analysis , CIMAP training on Advanced Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques ( AIAT ) , etc . CIMAP , Lucknow and its Research Centres regularly organizes training programs , entrepreneurship building programs , need based industrial trainings and awareness programs all over the country . External links ( edit ) Official website Coordinates : 26 ° 53 ′ 38 '' N 80 ° 58 ′ 54 '' E / 26.8940 ° N 80.9816 ° E / 26.8940 ; 80.9816 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Institute_of_Medicinal_and_Aromatic_Plants&oldid=806951376 '' Categories : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Agricultural research institutes Research institutes in Lucknow Botanical research institutes Health in India Medicinal plants of Asia Traditional medicine in India Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh Research institutes established in 1959 1959 establishments in India Hidden categories : Articles with peacock terms from June 2013 All articles with peacock terms Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is central institute of medicinal and aromatic plants located	[ "\nCentral Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants\n\nType\nResearch institution\n\n\nEstablished\n1959\n\n\nDirector\nProf. Anil Kumar Tripathi\n\n\nLocation\nLucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.cimap.res.in\n\n" ]	[ "Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India" ]
-2231356590980335616	Zone of proximal development	Zone of proximal development - wikipedia Zone of proximal development Jump to : navigation , search In the middle circle , representing the zone of proximal development , students can not complete tasks unaided , but can complete them with guidance . The zone of proximal development , often abbreviated as ZPD , is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can not do . The concept was introduced , but not fully developed , by psychologist Lev Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) during the last ten years of his life . Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult 's example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help . Vygotsky and some other educators believe that the role of education is to give children experiences that are within their zones of proximal development , thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning such as skills and strategies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Definition 3 Scaffolding 4 Implications for educators 5 See also 6 References Origins ( edit ) Lev Vygotsky 1896 - 1934 The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic , knowledge - based tests as a means to gauge students ' intelligence . He also created ZPD to further develop Jean Piaget 's theory of children being lone learners . Vygotsky spent a lot of time studying the impact of school instruction on children and noted that children grasp language concepts quite naturally , but that maths and writing do n't come naturally , that these are concepts taught in schools and tend to come along with some difficulty , while Piaget believed that there was a clear distinction between development and teaching . He said that development is a spontaneous process that is initiated and completed by the children , stemming from their own efforts . Piaget was a proponent of independent thinking and critical of the standard teacher - led instruction that was common practice in schools . Alternatively , Vygotsky saw natural , spontaneous development as important , but not all - important . He believed that children would not advance very far if they were left to discover everything on their own . It 's crucial for a child 's development that they are able to interact with more knowledgeable others . They would not be able to expand on what they know if this was n't possible . He noted cultural experiences where children are greatly helped by knowledge and tools handed down from previous generations . Vygotsky noted that good teachers should n't present material that is too difficult and `` pull the students along . '' Vygotsky argued that , rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence , it is better to examine his or her ability to solve problems independently and his or her ability to solve problems with an adult 's help . He proposed a question : `` if two children perform the same on a test , are their levels of development the same ? '' He concluded that they were not . However , Vygotsky 's untimely death interrupted his work on the zone of proximal development , and it remained mostly incomplete . Definition ( edit ) Since Vygotsky 's original conception , the definition for the zone of proximal development has been expanded and modified . The zone of proximal development is an area of learning that occurs when a person is assisted by a teacher or peer with a skill set higher than that of the subject . The person learning the skill set can not complete it without the assistance of the teacher or peer . The teacher then helps the student attain the skill the student is trying to master , in hopes that the teacher will no longer be needed for that task . Any function within the zone of proximal development matures within a particular internal context that includes not only the function 's actual level but also how susceptible the child is to types of help , the sequence in which these types of help are offered , the flexibility or rigidity of previously formed stereotypes , how willing the child is to collaborate , along with other factors . This context can impact the diagnosis of a function 's potential level of development . Vygotsky stated that we ca n't just look at what students are capable of doing on their own ; we have to look at what they are capable of doing in a social setting . In many cases students are able to complete a task within a group before they are able to complete it on their own . He notes that the teacher 's job is to move the child 's mind forward step - by - step ( after all , teachers ca n't teach complex chemical equations to first - graders ) . At the same time , teachers ca n't teach all children equally ; they must determine which students are ready for which lessons . An example is the often - used accelerated reading program in schools . Students are assessed and given a reading level and a range . Books rated below their level are easy to read , while books above their level will challenge the student . Sometimes students are not even allowed to check out books from the school library that are outside of their range . Vygotsky argued that a major shortcoming of standardized tests is that they only measure what students are capable of on their own , not in a group setting where their minds are being pushed by other students . In the context of second language learning , the ZPD can be useful to many adult users . Prompted by this fact as well as the finding that adult peers need not necessarily be more capable in order to provide assistance in the ZPD , Vygotsky 's definition has been adapted to better suit the adult L2 developmental context Scaffolding ( edit ) The concept of the ZPD is widely used to study children 's mental development as it relates to education . The ZPD concept is seen as a scaffolding , a structure of `` support points '' for performing an action . This refers to the help or guidance received from an adult or more competent peer to permit the child to work within the ZPD . Although Vygotsky himself never mentioned the term , scaffolding was first developed by Jerome Bruner , David Wood , and Gail Ross , while applying Vygotsky 's concept of ZPD to various educational contexts . According to Wass and Golding , giving students the hardest tasks they can do with scaffolding will lead to the greatest learning gains . Scaffolding is a process through which a teacher or a more competent peer helps the student in his or her ZPD as necessary and tapers off this aid as it becomes unnecessary , much as a scaffold is removed from a building after construction is completed . `` Scaffolding ( is ) the way the adult guides the child 's learning via focused questions and positive interactions . '' This concept has been further developed by Mercedes Chaves Jaime , Ann Brown , among others . Several instructional programs were developed based on this interpretation of the ZPD , including reciprocal teaching and dynamic assessment . In order for scaffolding to work and have an effect , one must start at the child 's level of knowledge and build from there . One example of children using ZPD is when they are learning to speak . As their speech develops , it influences the way the child thinks , which in turn also influences the child 's manner of speaking . This process opens more doors for the child to expand their vocabulary - as they learn to convey their thoughts in a more effective way , they will receive ore sophisticated feedback , therefore increasing their vocabulary and their speaking skills . Wells gives the example of dancing : when a person is learning how to dance , they look to others around them on the dance floor and imitate their moves . A person does not copy the dance moves exactly , but takes what they can and adds their own personality to it . In mathematics , proximal development uses mathematical exercises for which students have seen one or more worked examples . In secondary school some scaffolding is provided , and generally much less at the tertiary level . Ultimately students must find library resources or a tutor when presented with challenges beyond the zone . Another example of scaffolding is learning to drive . Parents and driving instructors guide driving students along the way by showing them the mechanics of how the car operates , the correct hand positions on the steering wheel , the technique of scanning the roadway , etc . As the student progresses , less and less instruction is needed , until they are ready to drive on their own . The concept of scaffolding can be observed in various life situations and arguably in the basis of how everyone learns . One does not ( normally ) begin knowing everything that there is to know about a subject . The basics must be learned first in order for one to build upon prior knowledge up until mastery of a particular subject or skill . Implications for educators ( edit ) Various investigations , using different approaches and research frameworks have proved collaborative learning to be effective in many kinds of settings and contexts . Teachers should assign tasks that students can not do on their own , but which they can do with assistance ; they should provide just enough assistance so that students learn to complete the tasks independently and then provide an environment that enables students to do harder tasks than would otherwise be possible . Teachers can also allow students with more knowledge to assist students who need more assistance . Especially in the context of collaborative learning , group members who have higher levels of understanding can help the less advanced members learn within their zone of proximal development . In the context of adults , peers should challenge each other in order to support collaboration and success . See also ( edit ) Constructivism ( learning theory ) Cultural - Historical Activity Theory ( CHAT ) Educational psychology Social constructivism ( learning theory ) Sociocultural theory References ( edit ) Library resources about Zone of proximal development Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ^ Jump up to : Zone of proximal development . ( 2009 ) . In Penguin dictionary of psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference database Jump up ^ Stanlaw , J. ( 2005 ) . Vygotsky , lev semenovich ( 1896 -- 1934 ) . In Encyclopedia of anthropology . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database Jump up ^ L.S. Vygotsky : Mind in Society : Development of Higher Psychological Processes , p. 86 Jump up ^ Berk , L & Winsler , A. ( 1995 ) . Vygotsky also felt that social interaction was very important when it came to learning . `` Vygotsky : His life and works '' and `` Vygotsky 's approach to development '' . In Scaffolding children 's learning : Vygotsky and early childhood learning . Natl . Assoc for Educ . Of Young Children . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Zone of Proximal Development and Cultural Tools Scaffolding , Guided Participation , 2006 . In Key concepts in developmental psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database ^ Jump up to : Crain , W. ( 2010 ) . Theories of development : Concepts and applications , 6th ed . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ Berk , L & Winsler , A. ( 1995 ) . `` Vygotsky : His life and works '' and `` Vygotsky 's approach to development '' . In Scaffolding children 's learning : Vygotsky and early childhood learning . Natl . Assoc for Educ. of Young Children . pp. 25 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Stages of development . ( 2010 ) . In Curriculum connections psychology : Cognitive development . Retrieved from Credo Reference Database ^ Jump up to : Zaretskii , V.K. ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write '' . Journal of Russian and East European Psychology . 47 ( 1061 -- 0405 / 2010 $9.50 + 0.00 . ) : 70 -- 93 . doi : 10.2753 / RPO1061 - 0405470604 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Burkitt , E. ( 2006 ) . Zone of proximal development . In Encyclopaedic dictionary of psychology . Retrieved from Credo Reference database Jump up ^ Bozhovich , E.D. ( 2009 ) . Zone of Proximal Development : The Diagnostic Capabilities and Limitations of Indirect Collaboration . Journal of Russian & East European Psychology , 47 ( 6 ) , 48 - 69 . Retrieved from EBSCOHost Database Jump up ^ Fani , Tayebeh & Ghaemi , Farid. ( 2011 ) . Implications of Vygotsky 's Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) in Teacher Education : ZPTD and Self - scaffolding . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences . 29 . 1549 - 1554 . 10.1016 / j. sbspro. 2011.11. 396 . Jump up ^ Obukhova , L.F. , & Korepanova , I.A. ( 2009 ) . The Zone of Proximal Development : A Spatiotemporal Model . Journal of Russian & East European Psychology , 47 ( 6 ) , 25 - 47 . doi : 10.2753 / RPO1061 - 0405470602 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , A. ( 2009 , July 28 ) . What is `` Scaffolding '' and the `` ZPD '' ? Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wass , R. , & Golding , C. ( 2014 ) . Sharpening a tool for teaching : the zone of proximal development . Teaching in Higher Education , 19 ( 6 ) , 671 - 684 . Jump up ^ Balaban , Nancy . ( 1995 ) . `` Seeing the Child , Knowing the Person . '' In Ayers , W. To Become a Teacher . Teachers College Press . p. 52 Jump up ^ Wells , G. ( 1999 ) . Dialogic Inquiries in education : Building on the legacy of Vygotsky . Cambridge University Press . p. 57 Jump up ^ Grossman , P. , Wineburg , S. , & Woolworth , S. ( 2001 ) . Toward a theory of teacher community . Teachers College Record , 103 ( 6 ) , 942 - 1012 . Jump up ^ McLeod , S.A. ( 2012 ) . Zone of proximal development . Retrieved from www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html Jump up ^ Kuusisaari , H. ( 2014 ) . Teachers at the zone of proximal development : Collaboration promoting or hindering the development process . Teaching and Teacher Education , 43 , 46 - 57 . Chaiklin , S. ( 2003 ) . `` The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky 's analysis of learning and instruction . '' In Kozulin , A. , Gindis , B. , Ageyev , V. & Miller , S. ( Eds . ) Vygotsky 's educational theory and practice in cultural context . 39 - 64 . Cambridge : Cambridge University . Mayer , R.E. ( 2008 ) . Learning and instruction . ( 2nd ed. , pp. 462 -- 463 ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson Education . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zone_of_proximal_development&oldid=815063596 '' Categories : Human development Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands Occitan Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 15 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the interaction between teacher and students creates a zone of proximal	[ "Since Vygotsky's original conception, the definition for the zone of proximal development has been expanded and modified. The zone of proximal development is an area of learning that occurs when a person is assisted by a teacher or peer with a skill set higher than that of the subject.[1] The person learning the skill set cannot complete it without the assistance of the teacher or peer. The teacher then helps the student attain the skill the student is trying to master, in hopes that the teacher will no longer be needed for that task.[10]" ]	[ "development" ]
4862706652586141273	A Raisin in the Sun	A Raisin in the Sun - wikipedia A Raisin in the Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Raisin in the Sun ( disambiguation ) . A Raisin in the Sun First - edition publication ( Random House 1959 ) Written by Lorraine Vivian Hansberry Characters Walter Younger Ruth Younger Beneatha Younger Travis Younger Lena Younger ( Mama ) George Murchison Joseph Asagai Karl Lindner Mrs. Johnson Moving Men Date premiered March 11 , 1959 ( 1959 - 03 - 11 ) Place premiered Ethel Barrymore Theatre Original language English Genre Domestic tragedy Setting South Side , Chicago A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959 . The title comes from the poem `` Harlem '' ( also known as `` A Dream Deferred '' ) by Langston Hughes . The story tells of a black family 's experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago 's Woodlawn neighborhood as they attempt to `` better '' themselves with an insurance payout following the death of the father . The New York Drama Critics ' Circle named it the best play of 1959 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Litigation 3 Production and reception 4 Other versions 4.1 West End production , 1959 4.2 1961 film 4.3 1973 musical 4.4 1989 TV film 4.5 1996 BBC Radio Play 4.6 Broadway revival , 2004 4.7 2008 TV film 4.8 Royal Exchange , Manchester production , 2010 4.9 Broadway revival , 2014 4.10 2016 BBC Radio Play 4.11 Arena Stage revival , 2017 5 The Raisin Cycle 6 Cultural references 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Walter and Ruth Younger , their son Travis , along with Walter 's mother Lena ( Mama ) and Walter 's sister Beneatha , live in poverty in a dilapidated two - bedroom apartment on Chicago 's south side . Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver . Though Ruth is content with their lot , Walter is not and desperately wishes to become wealthy . His plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo , street - smart acquaintances of Walter 's . At the beginning of the play , Walter and Beneatha 's father has recently died , and Mama is waiting for a life insurance check for $10,000 . Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money , but Mama has religious objections to alcohol and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mama 's call how to spend it . Eventually Mama puts some of the money down on a new house , choosing an all - white neighborhood over a black one for the practical reason that it happens to be much cheaper . Later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneatha 's education . Walter passes the money on to Willy 's naive sidekick Bobo , who gives it to Willy , who absconds with it , depriving Walter and Beneatha of their dreams , though not the Youngers of their new home . Meanwhile , Karl Lindner , a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to , makes a generous offer to buy them out . He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over interracial population , which to the three women 's horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback . Lena says that while money was something they try to work for , they should never take it if it was a person 's way of telling them they were n't fit to walk the same earth as them . While all this is going on , Beneatha 's character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men : Beneatha 's wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison , and Joseph Asagai . Neither man is actively involved in the Youngers ' financial ups and downs . George represents the `` fully assimilated black man '' who denies his African heritage with a `` smarter than thou '' attitude , which Beneatha finds disgusting , while dismissively mocking Walter 's lack of money and education . Asagai patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage ; he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa , while pointing out she is unwittingly assimilating herself into white ways . She straightens her hair , for example , which he characterizes as `` mutilation . '' When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money , she is upbraided by Joseph for her materialism . She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort , along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine . Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast between George and Joseph : his pursuit of wealth can only be attained by liberating himself from Joseph 's culture , to which he attributes his poverty , and rising to George 's level , wherein he sees his salvation . Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the buyout offer , stating that the family is proud of who they are and will try to be good neighbors . The play closes with the family leaving for their new home but uncertain future . The character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes are often cut in reproductions . Mrs. Johnson is the Younger family 's neighbor . She is nosy and loud , and can not understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood . Her lines are employed as comic relief , but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights . Litigation ( edit ) What happens to a dream deferred ? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun ? `` '' Langston Hughes ( 1951 ) Experiences in this play echo a lawsuit ( Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 ( 1940 ) ) , to which the playwright Lorraine Hansberry 's family was a party when they fought to have their day in court because a previous class action about racially motivated restrictive covenants ( Burke v. Kleiman , 277 Ill . App . 519 ( 1934 ) ) had been similar to their situation . This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) , which prohibited discrimination in housing and created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity . The Hansberrys won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Supreme Court held that the Hansberry defendants were not bound by the Burke decision because the class of defendants in the respective cases had conflicting goals , and thus could not be considered to be the same class . Interestingly , the plaintiff in the first action in 1934 was Olive Ida Burke , who brought the suit on behalf of a property owners ' association to enforce racial restrictions . Her husband , James Burke , later sold a house to Carl Hansberry ( Lorraine 's father ) when he changed his mind about the validity of the covenant . Mr. Burke 's decision may have been motivated by the changing demographics of the neighborhood , but it was also influenced by the Depression . The demand for houses was so low among white buyers that Mr. Hansberry may have been the only prospective purchaser available . Lorraine reflects upon the litigation in her book To Be Young , Gifted , and Black : `` Twenty - five years ago , ( my father ) spent a small personal fortune , his considerable talents , and many years of his life fighting , in association with NAACP attorneys , Chicago 's ' restrictive covenants ' in one of this nation 's ugliest ghettos . That fight also required our family to occupy disputed property in a hellishly hostile ' white neighborhood ' in which literally howling mobs surrounded our house ... My memories of this ' correct ' way of fighting white supremacy in America include being spat at , cursed and pummeled in the daily trek to and from school . And I also remember my desperate and courageous mother , patrolling our household all night with a loaded German Luger ( pistol ) , doggedly guarding her four children , while my father fought the respectable part of the battle in the Washington court . '' The Hansberry house , a red - brick three - flat at 6140 S. Rhodes in Washington Park that they bought in 1937 , was given landmark status by the Chicago City Council 's Committee on Historical Landmarks Preservation in 2010 . Production and Reception ( edit ) Scene from the play . Ruby Dee as Ruth , Claudia McNeil as Lena , Glynn Turman as Travis , Sidney Poitier as Walter , and John Fiedler as Karl Lindner . With a cast in which all but one minor character is African - American , A Raisin in the Sun was considered a risky investment , and it took over a year for producer Philip Rose to raise enough money to launch it . There was disagreement with how it should be played , with focus on the mother or focus on the son . When the play hit New York , Poitier played it with the focus on the son and found not only his calling but an audience enthralled . After touring to positive reviews , the play premiered on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11 , 1959 . It transferred to the Belasco Theatre on October 19 , 1959 , and closed on June 25 , 1960 , after 530 total performances . Directed by Lloyd Richards , the cast comprised : Sidney Poitier -- Walter Lee Younger Ruby Dee -- Ruth Younger Ivan Dixon -- Joseph Asagai Lonne Elder III -- Bobo John Fiedler -- Karl Lindner Louis Gossett -- George Murchison Claudia McNeil -- Lena Younger Diana Sands -- Beneatha Younger Glynn Turman -- Travis Younger Ed Hall -- moving man Douglas Turner -- moving man Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee Younger , and Frances Williams as Lena Younger . Waiting for the curtain to rise on opening night , Hansberry and producer Rose did not expect the play to be a success , for it had already received mixed reviews from a preview audience the night before . Though it won popular and critical acclaim , reviewers argued about whether the play was `` universal '' or particular to African - American experience . It was then produced on tour . A Raisin in the Sun was the first play written by a black woman to be produced on Broadway , as well as the first with a black director ( Lloyd Richards ) . Hansberry noted that her play introduced details of black life to the overwhelmingly white Broadway audiences , while director Richards observed that it was the first play to which large numbers of black people were drawn . Frank Rich , in The New York Times stated that A Raisin in the Sun `` changed American theater forever . '' In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated for four Tony Awards : Best Play -- written by Lorraine Hansberry ; produced by Philip Rose , David J. Cogan Best Actor in Play -- Sidney Poitier Best Actress in a Play -- Claudia McNeil Best Direction of a Play -- Lloyd Richards Other versions ( edit ) West end production , 1959 ( edit ) Some five months after its Broadway opening , Hansberry 's play appeared in London 's West End , playing at the Adelphi Theatre from August 4 , 1959 . As on Broadway , the director was Lloyd Richards , and the cast was as follows : Kim Hamilton -- Ruth Younger John Adan -- Travis Younger Earle Hyman -- Walter Lee Younger Olga James -- Beneatha Younger Juanita Moore -- Lena Younger Bari Johnson -- Joseph Asagai Scott Cunningham -- George Murchison Meredith Edwards -- Karl Lindner Lionel Ngakane -- Bobo The play was presented ( as before ) by Philip Rose and David J. Cogan , in association with the British impresario Jack Hylton . 1961 film ( edit ) Main article : A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 film ) In 1961 , a film version of A Raisin in the Sun was released featuring its original Broadway cast of Sidney Poitier , Ruby Dee , Claudia McNeil , Diana Sands , Ivan Dixon , Louis Gossett , Jr. and John Fiedler . Hansberry wrote the screenplay , and the film was directed by Daniel Petrie . It was released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby Dee won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress . Both Poitier and McNeil were nominated for Golden Globe Awards , and Petrie received a special `` Gary Cooper Award '' at the Cannes Film Festival . 1973 musical ( edit ) Main article : Raisin ( musical ) A musical version of the play , Raisin , ran on Broadway from October 18 , 1973 , to December 7 , 1975 . The book of the musical , which stayed close to the play , was written by Hansberry 's former husband , Robert Nemiroff . Music and lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert Brittan . The cast included Joe Morton ( Walter Lee ) , Virginia Capers ( Momma ) , Ernestine Jackson ( Ruth ) , Debbie Allen ( Beneatha ) and Ralph Carter ( Travis , the Youngers ' young son ) . The show won the Tony Award for Best musical . 1989 TV film ( edit ) In 1989 the play was adapted into a TV film for PBS ' American Playhouse series , starring Danny Glover ( Walter Lee ) and Esther Rolle ( Mama ) , with Kim Yancey ( Beneatha ) , Starletta DuPois ( Ruth ) , and John Fiedler ( Karl Lindner ) . This production received three Emmy Award nominations , but all were for technical categories . Bill Duke directed the production , while Chiz Schultz produced . This production was based on an off - Broadway revival produced by the Roundabout Theatre . 1996 BBC Radio play ( edit ) On 3 March 1996 the BBC broadcast a production of the play by director / producer Claire Grove , with the following cast : Claire Benedict -- Mama Ray Shell -- Walter Lee Pat Bowie -- Ruth Lachelle Carl -- Beneatha Garren Givens -- Travis Akim Mogaji -- Joseph Asagai Ray Fearon -- George Murchison John Sharion -- Karl Lindner Dean Hill -- Bobo Broadway revival , 2004 ( edit ) A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale Theatre from April 26 , 2004 , to July 11 , 2004 at the Royale Theatre with the following cast : Sean Combs -- Walter Lee Younger Audra McDonald -- Ruth Younger Phylicia Rashad -- Lena Younger Sanaa Lathan -- Beneatha Younger Bill Nunn -- Bobo David Aaron Baker -- Karl Lindner Lawrence Ballard -- moving man Teagle F. Bougere -- Joseph Asagai Frank Harts -- George Murchison Billy Eugene Jones -- moving man Alexander Mitchell -- Travis Younger The director was Kenny Leon with David Binder and Vivek Tiwary producers . The play won two 2004 Tony Awards : Best Actress in a Play ( Phylicia Rashad ) and Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Audra McDonald ) , and was nominated for Best Revival of a Play and Best Featured Actress in a Play ( Sanaa Lathan ) . 2008 TV film ( edit ) Main article : A Raisin in the Sun ( 2008 film ) In 2008 , Sean Combs , Phylicia Rashad and Audra McDonald starred in a television film directed by Kenny Leon . The film debuted at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and was broadcast by ABC on February 25 , 2008 . McDonald received an Emmy nomination for her portrayal of Ruth . According to Nielsen Media Research , the program was watched by 12.7 million viewers and ranked # 9 in the ratings for the week ending March 2 , 2008 . Royal Exchange , Manchester production , 2010 ( edit ) In 2010 Michael Buffong directed a widely acclaimed production at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester , described by Dominic Cavendish in The Daily Telegraph as -- `` A brilliant play , brilliantly served . '' . Michael Buffong , Ray Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN Awards . The cast were : -- Jenny Jules -- Ruth Younger Ray Fearon -- Walter Lee Younger Tracy Ifeachor -- Beneatha Younger Starletta DuPois ( who played Ruth in the 1989 film ) -- Lena Younger Damola Adelaja -- Joseph Asagai Simon Combs -- George Murchison Tom Hodgkins -- Karl Lindner Ray Emmet Brown -- Bobo / Moving Man Broadway revival , 2014 ( edit ) A second revival ran on Broadway from April 3 , 2014 , to June 15 , 2014 , at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre . The play won three 2014 Tony Awards : Best Revival of a Play , Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play ( Sophie Okonedo ) and Best Direction of a Play ( Kenny Leon ) . Denzel Washington -- Walter Lee Younger Sophie Okonedo -- Ruth Younger LaTanya Richardson Jackson -- Lena Younger Anika Noni Rose -- Beneatha Younger Stephen McKinley Henderson -- Bobo David Cromer -- Karl Lindner Keith Eric Chappelle -- moving man Sean Patrick Thomas -- Joseph Asagai Jason Dirden -- George Murchison Billy Eugene Jones -- moving man Bryce Clyde Jenkins -- Travis Younger 2016 BBC Radio play ( edit ) On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a new production of the play by director / producer Pauline Harris . This version restores the character of Mrs Johnson and a number of scenes that were cut from the Broadway production and subsequent film , with the following cast : Danny Sapani -- Walter Lee Younger Dona Croll -- Lena Younger Nadine Marshall -- Ruth Younger Lenora Crichlow -- Beneatha Younger Segun Fawole -- Travis Younger Jude Akwudike -- Bobo / Asagai Cecilia Noble -- Mrs. Johnson Sean Baker -- Karl Lindner Richard Pepple -- George Murchinson Arena Stage revival , 2017 ( edit ) The play opened April 6 , 2017 , at Arena Stage in Washington , D.C. , directed by Tazewell Thompson , with the following cast : Will Cobbs -- Walter Lee Younger Lizan Mitchell -- Lena Younger Dawn Ursula -- Ruth Younger Joy Jones -- Beneatha Younger Jeremiah Hasty -- Travis Younger Mack Leamon -- Bobo / Asagai Thomas Adrian Simpson -- Karl Lindner Keith L. Royal Smith -- George Murchinson The Raisin Cycle ( edit ) The 2010 Bruce Norris play Clybourne Park depicts the white family that sold the house to the Youngers . The first act takes place just before the events of A Raisin in the Sun , involving the selling of the house to the African American family ; the second act takes place 50 years later . The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei - Armah entitled Beneatha 's Place follows Beneatha after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria and , instead of becoming a doctor , becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a respected ( unnamed ) California University . The two above plays were referred to by Kwei - Armah as `` The Raisin Cycle '' and were produced together by Baltimore 's Center Stage in the 2012 -- 2013 season . Cultural references ( edit ) Season 1 , Episode 3 of Strangers with Candy is based around a school production of A Raisin in the Sun , and features an excerpt from the 1961 movie as well as Stephen Colbert reciting `` A Dream Deferred '' just before the closing credits . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database . `` A Raisin in the Sun Ethel Barrymore Theatre ( 3 / 11 / 1959 -- 10 / 17 / 1959 ) '' . IBDB . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Dream Deferred ( by Langston Hughes ) '' . Cswnet.com. 1996 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Langston Hughes and His Poetry -- presentation by David Kresh ( Journeys and Crossings , Library of Congress ) '' . www.loc.gov . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamp , Allen R . `` The History Behind Hansberry v. Lee , '' 20 U.S. Davis L. Rev. 481 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ `` Lorraine Hansberry House '' . Chicago Landmarks . City of Chicago . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Poitier , Sidney ( 2000 ) . The Measure of a Man ( First ed . ) . San Francisco : Harper . pp. 148 -- 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 135790 - 9 . Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein , `` Inventing a Fishbowl : White Supremacy and the Critical Reception of Lorraine Hansberry 's A Raisin in the Sun '' , Modern Drama 42 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Corley , Cheryl , `` ' A Raisin in the Sun ' , Present at the Creation '' , National Public Radio , March 11 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Rich , Frank , `` Theater : ' Raisin in Sun , ' Anniversary in Chicago '' , The New York Times , October 5 , 1983 . Jump up ^ A Raisin in the Sun Jump up ^ Internet Broadway Database . `` A Raisin in the Sun Royale Theatre ( 4 / 26 / 2004 -- 7 / 11 / 2004 ) '' . IBDB . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Chenoweth , Dench , Linney , McDonald , Rashad Nominated for Emmy Awards '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ginia Bellafante , `` Raisin in the Sun : A Tale of Race and Family and a $10,000 Question '' , The New York Times , February 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Raisin in the Sun '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Raisin in the Sun review '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Playbill Vault . `` A Raisin in the Sun '' . Playbill Vault . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` Tony - Winning Revival of ' A Raisin in the Sun ' Plays Final Performance Tonight '' playbill.com , June 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Purcell , Carey . `` ' Gent 's Guide ' , ' All The Way ' , ' Hedwig And the Angry Inch ' , ' Raisin in the Sun ' Win Top Prizes at 68th Annual Tony Awards '' Archived 2014 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , June 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , BBC , January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben , `` Good Defenses Make Good Neighbors , '' The New York Times , February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Harris , Legit Review : ' Beneatha 's Place ' , http://variety.com/2013/legit/reviews/legit-review-beneathas-place-1200488433/ Jump up ^ David Zurawik , `` Baltimore 's Center Stage looks very good in PBS documentary on ' Raisin ' cycle '' , `` The Baltimore Sun '' , October 25 , 2013 , http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-10-25/entertainment/bal-baltimore-center-stage-pbs-raisin-cycle-20131018_1_sun-revisited-kwame-kwei-armah-raisin-cycle External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Raisin in the Sun . Theatre portal 1950s portal African - American portal Discrimination portal A Raisin in the Sun at the Internet Broadway Database A Raisin in the Sun at Theatricalia.com Listen to the play online EDSITEment 's lesson Raisin in the Sun the Quest for the American Dream Text to Text : ' ' A Raisin in the Sun ' ' and ' ' Discrimination in Housing Against Nonwhites Persists Quietly ' ' from The New York Times Lorraine Hansberry 's A Raisin in the Sun Performances A Raisin in the Sun ( 1961 film ) Raisin ( musical ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2008 film ) Related Clybourne Park Hansberry v. Lee Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) GND : 4131506 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Raisin_in_the_Sun&oldid=806089267 '' Categories : 1959 plays African - American plays Chicago in fiction Domestic tragedies Plays about race and ethnicity American plays adapted into films Plays by Lorraine Hansberry Plays set in Illinois Tony Award - winning plays Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本語 Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 16 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	meaning of the title raisin in the sun	[ "A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959.[1] The title comes from the poem \"Harlem\" (also known as \"A Dream Deferred\"[2]) by Langston Hughes. The story tells of a black family's experiences in the Washington Park Subdivision of Chicago's Woodlawn neighborhood as they attempt to \"better\" themselves with an insurance payout following the death of the father. The New York Drama Critics' Circle named it the best play of 1959." ]	[ "comes from the poem \"Harlem\" (also known as \"A Dream Deferred\"[2]) by Langston Hughes" ]
7473012576038036566	United States Declaration of Independence	United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . This idealized depiction was widely reprinted , of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration ( Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the united states become independent from	[ "The Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies,[2] then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule. These states would found a new nation – the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast. A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence." ]	[ "Kingdom of Great Britain" ]
-5378794878203657884	Transportation in Las Vegas	Transportation in Las Vegas - wikipedia Transportation in Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation in Las Vegas Overview Owner Southern Transportation Commission , Las Vegas Monorail Company , Clark County local and state governments Locale Las Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada , California , Arizona and Utah Transit type buses , private automobile , Taxicab , airport , pedestrian , monorail , ( proposed ) intercity rail , ( proposed ) rapid transit , ( proposed ) commuter rail Daily ridership Nearly five million monthly Operation Operator ( s ) Southern Transportation Commission , Las Vegas Monorail Company , Clark County Department of Aviation , and private operators Transportation in the Las Vegas Valley including the cities of Las Vegas , North Las Vegas and Henderson is a multi faceted system . The street system is mostly laid out in a north - south / east - west system of roads . While most residents rely on cars , there is an extensive network of bus routes reaching many areas of the county . The Las Vegas Valley , being the one of the largest tourist destinations in the world , has a mass transportation system which favors the Las Vegas Strip . Many proposals have been made to expand the transportation system in the Las Vegas Valley including commuter rail and rapid transit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Airports 2 Monorail 3 Intercity rail 4 Self - driving shuttle 4.1 History 4.2 Current service and future plans 5 References Airports ( edit ) Currently , the easiest , and most used method for traveling in and out of the Las Vegas Valley is by air . McCarran International Airport , the world 's ninth busiest airport by traffic movements , is five miles from downtown Las Vegas , and is the only commercial airport serving the Las Vegas Valley . It serves as a `` focus city '' for Southwest Airlines , the largest operator in Las Vegas . McCarran consists of two terminals with a third under construction . Terminal One is used for domestic flights to and from other US cities . It contains 96 gates in four concourses . Terminal Three opened in June 2012 , and added an additional fourteen gates , seven of which are to be used for international travelers to and from London , Mexico City , Frankfurt , Seoul , Toronto , Vancouver , and Paris ( seasonally ) . Transportation to and from the airport is currently limited to automobiles , taxis , shuttles and buses . In late 2007 Clark County commissioners gave permission to the Las Vegas Monorail Company for an extension to McCarran International Terminal One although funding had yet to be determined . The extension was met with negativity by limo and taxi companies that had previously been the major transportation providers for arriving tourists . By 2011 , funding was in doubt and the Las Vegas Monorail Company had yet to begin construction . Other airports in the Las Vegas Valley include the North Las Vegas Airport , a noncommercial airport used mostly by hobbyist pilots and small charter airlines , and Henderson Executive Airport , a noncommercial airport used mostly by business jets , and small charter airlines . A second , larger commercial airport is planned . Ivanpah Valley Airport , as it is known , is a developing relief airport between Primm and Sloan . It will be constructed on 6,500 acres ( 2,630 hectares ) of undeveloped land previously owned by the BLM . However , as of August 2011 , due to the economic downturn and lack of demand increase , the airport has been put on temporary hold and is still in the design phase . Monorail ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas Monorail Unlike other monorails which traditionally serve as short line people movers ( such as the Mexico City International Airport Monorail or the Walt Disney World Monorail System ) , the Las Vegas Monorail is the primary rapid transit system in Las Vegas . It was built primarily as a tourist transit system , and exclusively serves the Las Vegas Strip . The system served more than five million people in 2010 . Although ridership has declined , it still remains a key piece of the Las Vegas transportation system . The system was conceived in 1993 as a connection between the MGM Grand and Bally 's Las Vegas . It was completed , after many delays , in the summer of 2004 with the completion of what is known as `` Phase One '' of the monorail . The monorail runs between the MGM Grand and the SLS which opened in August 2014 replacing the Sahara Casino . Intercity rail ( edit ) See also : XpressWest , California - Nevada Interstate Maglev , Z - Train , and Desert Wind Self - driving shuttle ( edit ) Las Vegas along with AAA is launching a self - driving shuttle on November 8 . The shuttle will travel along a half - mile route near Downtown East Fremont . The shuttle reaches average speeds of 15 mph . The city is considering this a trial run and has plans to run the shuttle for one year . History ( edit ) Before Las Vegas became a tourist destination , railroads were a major industry in southern Nevada . The Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad was the first to lay track in the Las Vegas Valley . By 1905 the Los Angeles and Salt Lake had connected Salt Lake City to Southern California through Las Vegas . The railroad provided freight and passenger service to Las Vegas until it was acquired by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1921 . The Union Pacific Railroad began the City of Los Angeles between Chicago and Los Angeles in 1936 . This train ran until it was combined with the City of San Francisco in 1960 . In 1956 the City of Las Vegas began between Los Angeles and Las Vegas . The train was renamed the Las Vegas Holiday Special and ran until it was discontinued in 1968 . Amtrak operated the Las Vegas Limited between Las Vegas and Los Angeles for three months in 1976 . A new service , the Desert Wind , began in 1979 . The Desert Wind operated on Union Pacific tracks between Salt Lake City Denver & Rio Grande Depot and Los Angeles Union Station with a stop at the Las Vegas Amtrak station . The Desert Wind faced fierce competition from airlines and the interstate highway system . This , along with frequent delays caused by UP freight trains , made the Desert Wind unpopular . It was discontinued in 1997 and replaced by Amtrak 's Thruway Motorcoach . Current service and future plans ( edit ) Currently , Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach serves Las Vegas with a bus stop at McCarran International and a bus stop in Downtown Las Vegas . There has been no commercial passenger rail service since the discontinuation of the Desert Wind in 1997 . The Southern Nevada Railway operates excursion trips on former UP tracks in Boulder City . Amtrak plans for restoration of Las Vegas rail service surfaced almost immediately after the discontinuation of the Desert Wind . These plans recommended using Talgo trains between Los Angeles and Las Vegas , similar to Amtrak 's Cascades route in the Pacific Northwest . This plan was never implemented and Las Vegas went without passenger rail service . Las Vegas is one of the largest metro areas in the US without passenger rail service . In 2005 DesertXpress Enterprises LLC was formed in an attempt to restore passenger rail service to Las Vegas . They officially released their plan to construct a high - speed route to SoCal later that year . In 2009 , after years of environmental reports , determining right of way , and debating over what federal agency would have regulatory authority , Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood announced the official recognition of DesertXpress as a high - speed route . In early 2011 , DesertXpress applied for a federal , $5 billion loan through the FRAs RRIF . If approved this would be the largest single amount loaned out since the program began . This contradicted original statements made by DesertXpress Enterprises , that they would not use any tax payer funds . This loan request came months before the final EIS was approved . Their XpressWest project is a plan to construct a 185 mi ( 298 km ) high - speed route from Las Vegas to Southern California . The terminus of this line , Victorville , has been criticized due to its distance from Downtown Los Angeles , the place long considered to be the prime location for any high - speed rail terminal . Victorville , approximately 85 miles from Los Angeles , was chosen due to the exponential cost of building high - speed rail infrastructure in urban areas , such as the Los Angeles metropolitan area . A competing company , Las Vegas Railway Express , also plans to begin passenger rail service between Las Vegas and Southern California , though at lower speeds . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.rtcsnv.com/transit/facts.cfm Jump up ^ `` News : Panel OKs starting environmental studies for rail '' . reviewjournal.com. 2003 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion - JOHN L. SMITH : Subway made more sense than monorail three decades ago , and it still does '' . reviewjournal.com. 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.lvmonorail.com/about/history/ Jump up ^ https://www.engadget.com/2017/11/06/las-vegas-widens-self-driving-shuttle-tests-on-november-8th/ Jump up ^ http://www.xpresswest.com/milestones.html Jump up ^ http://www.vegasinc.com/news/2011/feb/21/desert-xpress-going-after-tax-dollars-after-all/ Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transportation_in_Las_Vegas&oldid=826248449 '' Categories : Transportation in the Las Vegas Valley Transportation in the United States by city Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from August 2011 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 02 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the public transportation in las vegas	[ "\nTransportation in Las Vegas\n\nOverview\n\n\nOwner\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County local and state governments\n\n\nLocale\nLas Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada, California, Arizona and Utah\n\n\nTransit type\nbuses, private automobile, Taxicab, airport, pedestrian, monorail, (proposed) intercity rail, (proposed) rapid transit, (proposed) commuter rail\n\n\nDaily ridership\nNearly five million monthly[1]\n\n\nOperation\n\n\nOperator(s)\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County Department of Aviation, and private operators\n\n", "\nTransportation in Las Vegas\n\nOverview\n\n\nOwner\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County local and state governments\n\n\nLocale\nLas Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada, California, Arizona and Utah\n\n\nTransit type\nbuses, private automobile, Taxicab, airport, pedestrian, monorail, (proposed) intercity rail, (proposed) rapid transit, (proposed) commuter rail\n\n\nDaily ridership\nNearly five million monthly[1]\n\n\nOperation\n\n\nOperator(s)\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County Department of Aviation, and private operators\n\n", "\nTransportation in Las Vegas\n\nOverview\n\n\nOwner\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County local and state governments\n\n\nLocale\nLas Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada, California, Arizona and Utah\n\n\nTransit type\nbuses, private automobile, Taxicab, airport, pedestrian, monorail, (proposed) intercity rail, (proposed) rapid transit, (proposed) commuter rail\n\n\nDaily ridership\nNearly five million monthly[1]\n\n\nOperation\n\n\nOperator(s)\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County Department of Aviation, and private operators\n\n", "\nTransportation in Las Vegas\n\nOverview\n\n\nOwner\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County local and state governments\n\n\nLocale\nLas Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada, California, Arizona and Utah\n\n\nTransit type\nbuses, private automobile, Taxicab, airport, pedestrian, monorail, (proposed) intercity rail, (proposed) rapid transit, (proposed) commuter rail\n\n\nDaily ridership\nNearly five million monthly[1]\n\n\nOperation\n\n\nOperator(s)\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County Department of Aviation, and private operators\n\n", "\nTransportation in Las Vegas\n\nOverview\n\n\nOwner\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County local and state governments\n\n\nLocale\nLas Vegas and the surrounding region in Nevada, California, Arizona and Utah\n\n\nTransit type\nbuses, private automobile, Taxicab, airport, pedestrian, monorail, (proposed) intercity rail, (proposed) rapid transit, (proposed) commuter rail\n\n\nDaily ridership\nNearly five million monthly[1]\n\n\nOperation\n\n\nOperator(s)\nSouthern Transportation Commission, Las Vegas Monorail Company, Clark County Department of Aviation, and private operators\n\n" ]	[ "buses", "Taxicab", "airport", "pedestrian", "monorail" ]
-8844984421614232718	Friends in Low Places	Friends in Low Places - wikipedia Friends in Low Places For the 1965 British novel , see Friends in Low Places ( novel ) . `` Friends in Low Places '' Single by Garth Brooks from the album No Fences B - side `` Nobody Gets Off in This Town '' Released August 6 , 1990 Format CD 7 '' vinyl single Recorded Genre Country Length 4 : 18 ( album version ) 3 : 45 ( single edit ) Label Capitol Nashville 44647 Songwriter ( s ) Dewayne Blackwell Earl Bud Lee Producer ( s ) Allen Reynolds Garth Brooks singles chronology `` The Dance '' ( 1990 ) `` Friends in Low Places '' ( 1990 ) `` Unanswered Prayers '' ( 1990 ) `` The Dance '' ( 1990 ) `` Friends in Low Places '' ( 1990 ) `` Unanswered Prayers '' ( 1990 ) Audio sample file help `` Friends in Low Places '' is a song performed by American country artist Garth Brooks . It was released on August 6 , 1990 as the lead single from his album No Fences . The song spent four weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs , and won both the Academy of Country Music and Country Music Association awards for 1990 Single of the Year . `` Friends in Low Places '' was written in 1989 by songwriters Dewayne Blackwell and Earl Bud Lee . The two songwriters had given the song to Brooks to record as a demo soon before the release of his self - titled first album , when he was a relatively unknown singer . Enamored with the song , Brooks recorded the official version the next year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing 2 Song structure 3 Brooks 's demo 4 Shopping the song to other artists 5 Recording 6 Reception 7 The `` third verse '' 8 25th anniversary version 9 Track listing 10 Chart positions 10.1 Year - end charts 11 References 12 External links Writing ( edit ) According to Earl Bud Lee , one of the song 's co-writers , the idea of the song was born when he and some songwriting friends gathered for lunch one day at Tavern on the Row , a popular Nashville eatery . When the check came , Lee realized he had forgotten his money . He was asked how he was going to pay for the meal , and he replied , `` Do n't worry . I have friends in low places . I know the cook . '' Lee and his songwriting partner , Dewayne Blackwell , immediately recognized that the line `` friends in low places '' had potential , but they did n't act upon it immediately . Some months later , Lee and Blackwell were at a party , celebrating a recent No. 1 hit by another songwriter . They began to talk about the dormant `` friends in low places '' idea , and `` at that very moment , it all started to come together in a song , '' Lee said . Because nothing else was available , they wrote the song on paper napkins . When the songwriters polished `` Friends in Low Places '' , they contacted Garth Brooks to see if he would record a demo for them . Guitarist James Garver would add the name of the bar in the song , `` The Oasis '' , after an establishment in his hometown of Concordia , Kansas . Song structure ( edit ) `` Friends in Low Places '' is in a moderate tempo and the key of A major . The song begins with arpeggios on the chords A , B 7 , B 7 , and E 9 , a pattern which is repeated throughout the verses . The intro was not originally part of the song , but was improvised by session guitarist Mark Casstevens . The author of the intro has been debated since the arpeggio pattern is seen in many of Blackwell 's other songs . The chorus uses A-B - E twice before ending on an A chord . An electric guitar solo with pedal steel guitar flourishes is played between the first chorus and second verse . `` Friends in Low Places '' requires an unusually wide vocal range spanning over two octaves to be sung properly . The song spans from a low note of E to a high of F ♯ . Brooks 's demo ( edit ) Lee and Blackwell had met Brooks when he was a shoe salesman in a Nashville store , looking for his big break . The two struck up a conversation with the struggling musician , and upon learning his background , they gave him some work making demos of their songs . They were impressed with his voice and talent , but there was n't much else they could do for him . When Blackwell contacted Brooks to make the `` Friends in Low Places '' demo , Brooks explained to Blackwell that he was newly signed to Capitol Records , and that his first single and first album were already scheduled . The demo of `` Friends in Low Places '' was recorded at Windwalker Studios , in Goodlettsville , Tennessee . Musicians on the demo were John Beland ( of The Flying Burrito Brothers ) on acoustic and electric guitars , along with session aces Steve Turner on drums , and bassist Larry Paxton . Frank Green was the recording engineer . The actual master recording of `` Friends in Low Places '' borrowed quite a lot from the original demo , copying Beland 's now famous acoustic guitar intro . After recording the demo ( the last he would ever make ) , Brooks thanked Lee and Blackwell for all of their help . He then expressed his liking for the song , wishing aloud that he had heard it several weeks earlier , when he was recording his new album . Shopping the song to other artists ( edit ) Brooks provided the following background information on the song in the CD booklet liner notes from The Hits : `` '' Friends in Low Places '' was the last demo session I ever did as a singer . The demo was for Bud Lee and Dewayne Blackwell . I sang the session out in Hendersonville , and for the next two weeks the chorus to this song kept running through my head . I knew it would be a year and a half before the release of No Fences because Garth Brooks was just getting ready to be released . I asked Bud Lee and Dewayne if I could hold on to it and , without a blink of an eye , they both said yes . Putting that kind of faith into an unknown artist is unheard of . Thanks Dewayne and Bud for believing in me . '' While Brooks claimed in the liner notes that `` Friends in Low Places '' was held for him , Mark Chesnutt also recorded it . His version appears on his 1990 debut album Too Cold at Home ( released only a month after No Fences ) , and was the B - side to his late - 1991 single `` Broken Promise Land '' . Recording ( edit ) After the success of Brooks 's eponymous debut album , he contacted the writers of `` Friends in Low Places '' to ask if the song was still available , and they said it was . In keeping with the raucous theme , a large contingent of backing vocalists accompanied Brooks as the chorus was repeated until a fadeout . Among the members of the group were Brooks 's then - wife , Sandy , and both songwriters , Blackwell and Lee . At one point near the end of the song , one of the musicians opens a beer can , which is picked up by a microphone . When the album was being mastered , the sound of the beer can was originally mistaken for an audio glitch . Later on , one of the crowd members shouts `` Push , Marie ! '' in reference to Garver , who was in the hospital while his wife was giving birth . Recognizing the song 's potential , producer Allen Reynolds , in consultation with Capitol Nashville president Jimmy Bowen , decided that Brooks 's rendition was going to be the first single from his new album , No Fences . In July 1990 , Brooks 's mother , Colleen Carroll , inadvertently leaked the unreleased song to an Oklahoma radio station , setting off a frenzy and forcing the single and album to be rush - released . Reception ( edit ) `` Friends in Low Places '' first entered the Hot Country Songs on August 18 , 1990 . It took only eight weeks to reach No. 1 , where it remained there for four weeks until it was knocked off by `` You Lie '' performed by Reba McEntire . It was also one of the biggest hits of the year . By then , the song was already causing a stir . Brooks told a reporter from USA Today in October 1990 , when the song was still at its chart peak , that he had received letters from high school students saying that they wanted to use `` Friends in Low Places '' as their `` class song , '' only to have it opposed by their principals because the song is about escaping into drinking . Brooks agreed with the principals , saying , `` We 've had a lot of fun with that song , but it 's nothing to base your values on . '' In April 1991 , Brooks 's recording won the 1990 Academy of Country Music award for Single of the Year , and on October 2 , 1991 , it won the same honor from the Country Music Association . It made the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart in 1995 as a double - sided reissue hit with `` The Dance '' . The song also appeared on Brooks 's 1994 compilation The Hits . In 2003 , the song was listed No. 6 on CMT 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music broadcast . and the No. 1 spot on the network 's 40 Greatest Drinking Songs : Morning After . Starting in 2008 , `` Friends in Low Places '' became the traditional sing - along song during the sixth inning at Kansas City Royals home games at Kauffman Stadium . Garth Brooks has recorded dozens of different introductions to be played on the Jumbotron display before the start of the song . In a 2009 essay on Brooks , Chuck Klosterman reflected on the song 's success . Brooks , he argued , had filled a void in popular culture left by Bruce Springsteen during the 1990s : ... ( H ) e made songs that satisfied all the same needs as Bruce 's did , except with a little less sincerity and a little better understanding of who his audience was . `` Friends in Low Places '' was as effective as pop music ever gets : It 's a depressing song that makes you feel better . Singing along with that song was like drunkenly laughing at a rich person and knowing that you were right ... It 's a song that makes me want to get drunk out of spite . Garth told stories about blue - collar people who felt good about what their bad life symbolized ... The `` third verse '' ( edit ) The original version of `` Friends in Low Places '' has two verses . In 1991 , Brooks added a `` third verse '' to the song in live performances . His spiel leading to the new verse claimed that he thought the song 's original verse did n't reflect how he would really act in that situation . It is basically a rewrite of the second verse , with only the last few lines changed , culminating in `` Just wait til I finish this glass / Then sweet little lady , I 'll head back to the bar / And you can kiss my ass '' . 25th anniversary version ( edit ) In September 2015 , it was announced a new version of `` Friends in Low Places '' would be released on Brooks 's 25th anniversary No Fences album . The song would feature George Strait , Jason Aldean , Florida Georgia Line , and Keith Urban singing along with Brooks . The 25th anniversary edition of the album was scrapped over royalty disputes , but the song appeared on Brooks ' 2016 The Ultimate Collection box set . Track listing ( edit ) US promotional 7 '' single Capitol Nashville , 1990 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( Edit ) 3 : 45 7PRO - 79216 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( LP Version ) 4 : 18 7PRO - 79239 US promotional CD single Capitol Nashville DPRO - 79217 , 1990 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( Edit ) 3 : 45 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( LP Version ) 4 : 18 US 7 '' single Capitol Nashville NR - 44647 , 1990 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( Edited ) 3 : 45 `` Nobody Gets Off in This Town '' 2 : 17 US 7 '' single ( live ) Liberty S7 - 57883 , 1992 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( Live Version ) 7 : 00 `` Thunder Rolls '' ( Live Version ) 4 : 45 US promotional CD single ( live ) Liberty DPRO - 79365 , 1992 `` Friends in Low Places '' ( Live Version ) 7 : 00 `` Thunder Rolls '' ( Live Version ) 4 : 45 UK 7 '' single Capitol CL 609 , 1991 `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Not Counting You '' UK CD single Capitol CDCL 609 , 1991 `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Not Counting You '' `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' The Netherlands CD single Capitol , 1995 `` Friends in Low Places '' `` The Dance '' `` The River '' ( Live acoustic version ) Chart positions ( edit ) `` Friends in Low Places '' entered the charts on August 18 , 1990 . It reached number one on October 6 and remained there for four consecutive weeks until it was knocked off by `` You Lie '' by Reba McEntire . Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 89 Irish Singles Chart Scottish Singles Chart 31 UK Singles Chart 36 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 28 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 1990 - 08 - 27 ) . `` No Fences - Garth Brooks '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . New York : Boulevard . p. 276 . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Ace . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` On the Road with Green River Ordinance '' ( PDF ) . Washburn University Center for Kansas Studies . Fall 2010 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Bale Cox , Patsi . The Garth Factor : The Career Behind Country 's Big Boom . Hachette Digital , Inc . Jump up ^ `` '' Friends in Low Places '' sheet music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : The Hits ( CD booklet ) . Garth Brooks . Nashville : Liberty . 1994 . CDP 7243 8 29289 2 4 . Jump up ^ Garth Brooks - The Hits : transcription from the CD booklet ( bar code 7 - 2438 - 29689 - 2 - 4 ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Harbrect , Gene ( 1990 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Charting the peaks of country music / Garth Brooks heads for high places '' . The Orange County Register . p . P - 6 . Accessed via ProQuest 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2005 ) . Top Country Songs 1944 - 2005 . Menomonee Falls , Wis. : Record Research . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 165 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , David ( 1990 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Riding high with Garth Brooks / Country singer vaults ' Fences ' to stardom '' . USA Today . p . D1 . Accessed via ProQuest , 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CMT 's 100 Greatest Songs of Country Music '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CMT 's 40 Greatest Drinkin ' Songs : Morning After '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( 2009 ) . Eating the Dinosaur . New York , NY : Scribner . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4421 - 0 . Jump up ^ Randall , Lee ( 1992 ) . The Garth Brooks Scrapbook . Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 1300 - 3 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda . `` Garth Brooks 's All - Star ' Friends in Low Places ' & Album Reissue on Hold Over Royalty Dispute : Exclusive '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks to Cover Randy Travis , Skynyrd on New Box Set - Rolling Stone '' . rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Planet Garth - The Unofficial Internet Site of Garth Brooks . `` Garth Brooks / Garth Brooks Garth info at PlanetGarth.com '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 1999 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 1305 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 13 , 1990 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Ltd. - http://www.fireballmedia.ie . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . December 22 , 1990 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1990 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1990 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 23 . External links ( edit ) `` Friends in Low Places '' Lyrics ( with third verse ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Jukebox in My Mind '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number one single October 6 -- October 27 , 1990 Succeeded by `` You Lie '' by Reba McEntire Preceded by `` I Meant Every Word He Said '' by Ricky Van Shelton RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 13 -- 27 , 1990 hide Garth Brooks singles Garth Brooks `` Much Too Young ( To Feel This Damn Old ) '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` Not Counting You '' `` The Dance '' No Fences `` Friends in Low Places '' `` Unanswered Prayers '' `` Two of a Kind , Workin ' on a Full House '' `` The Thunder Rolls '' `` Wild Horses '' ( released in 2001 ) Ropin ' the Wind `` Rodeo '' `` Shameless '' `` What She 's Doing Now '' `` Papa Loved Mama '' `` The River '' The Chase `` We Shall Be Free '' `` Somewhere Other Than the Night '' `` Learning to Live Again '' `` That Summer '' In Pieces `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' `` American Honky - Tonk Bar Association '' `` Standing Outside the Fire '' `` One Night a Day '' `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' `` The Red Strokes '' Fresh Horses `` She 's Every Woman '' `` The Fever '' `` The Beaches of Cheyenne '' `` The Change '' `` It 's Midnight Cinderella '' `` That Ol ' Wind '' Sevens `` Longneck Bottle '' `` She 's Gonna Make It '' `` Two Piña Coladas '' `` You Move Me '' `` Do What You Gotta Do '' ( released in 2000 ) The Limited Series `` To Make You Feel My Love '' Double Live `` It 's Your Song '' Greatest Hits ( as Chris Gaines ) `` Lost in You '' `` It Do n't Matter to the Sun '' `` That 's the Way I Remember It '' Scarecrow `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' ( released in 2000 ) `` Wrapped Up in You '' `` Squeeze Me In '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Thicker Than Blood '' `` Why Ai n't I Running '' The Lost Sessions `` Good Ride Cowboy '' `` Love Will Always Win '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` That Girl Is a Cowboy '' The Ultimate Hits `` More Than a Memory '' `` Workin ' for a Livin ' '' ( with Huey Lewis ) `` Midnight Sun '' Man Against Machine `` People Loving People '' `` Mom '' Gunslinger `` Baby , Let 's Lay Down and Dance '' `` Ask Me How I Know '' 2018 Untitled Album All Day Long Guest singles `` Whatcha Gonna Do with a Cowboy ( with Chris LeDoux ; uncredited ) `` In Another 's Eyes '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` One Heart at a TIme '' ( charity single ) `` Burnin the Roadhouse Down '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Where Your Road Leads '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) `` Katie Wants a Fast One '' ( with Steve Wariner ) `` Beer Run ( B Double E Double Are You In ? ) '' ( with George Jones ) Other songs `` Hard Luck Woman '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` The Call '' ( with Trisha Yearwood ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friends_in_Low_Places&oldid=843799539 '' Categories : 1989 songs 1990 singles Garth Brooks songs Mark Chesnutt songs Songs written by Dewayne Blackwell Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Allen Reynolds Capitol Records Nashville singles MCA Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song friends in low places	[ "\n\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Garth Brooks\n\n\nfrom the album No Fences\n\n\nB-side\n\"Nobody Gets Off in This Town\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 6, 1990\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\n7\" vinyl single\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n1989\n\n\nGenre\nCountry[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n4:18 (album version)\n3:45 (single edit)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nCapitol Nashville 44647\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nDewayne Blackwell\nEarl Bud Lee\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAllen Reynolds\n\n\nGarth Brooks singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Dance\"\n(1990)\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n(1990)\n\"Unanswered Prayers\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Dance\"\n(1990)\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n(1990)\n\"Unanswered Prayers\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Garth Brooks\n\n\nfrom the album No Fences\n\n\nB-side\n\"Nobody Gets Off in This Town\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 6, 1990\n\n\nFormat\n\n\n\nCD\n7\" vinyl single\n\n\n\n\n\nRecorded\n1989\n\n\nGenre\nCountry[1]\n\n\nLength\n\n\n\n4:18 (album version)\n3:45 (single edit)\n\n\n\n\n\nLabel\nCapitol Nashville 44647\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nDewayne Blackwell\nEarl Bud Lee\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nAllen Reynolds\n\n\nGarth Brooks singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Dance\"\n(1990)\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n(1990)\n\"Unanswered Prayers\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Dance\"\n(1990)\n\"Friends in Low Places\"\n(1990)\n\"Unanswered Prayers\"\n(1990)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Dewayne Blackwell", "Earl Bud Lee" ]
-1243549732533291013	Josh Radnor	Josh Radnor - wikipedia Josh Radnor Jump to : navigation , search Josh Radnor Radnor at the 2013 Comic - Con Joshua Radnor ( 1974 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Columbus , Ohio Residence Los Angeles , California Alma mater Kenyon College ( BA ) Tisch School of the Arts ( MFA ) Occupation Actor Years active 2000 -- present Joshua Radnor ( born July 29 , 1974 ) is an American actor . He is best known for portraying Ted Mosby on the popular Emmy Award - winning CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother . He made his writing and directorial debut with the 2010 comedy drama film Happythankyoumoreplease , for which he won the Sundance Film Festival Audience Award and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize . In 2012 , he wrote , directed and starred in his second film , Liberal Arts , which premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival . In 2014 , Radnor portrayed Isaac in the Broadway play Disgraced , which earned a Tony Award for Best Play nomination . He then starred as Dr. Jedediah Foster on the PBS American Civil War drama series Mercy Street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Stage 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Radnor was born in Columbus , Ohio , the son of Carol Radnor ( née Hirsch ) , a high school guidance counselor , and Alan Radnor , a medical malpractice lawyer . Radnor has two sisters , Melanie Radnor and Joanna Radnor Vilensky . He grew up in Bexley , Ohio , a small city near Columbus . Radnor attended Orthodox Jewish day schools ( including the Columbus Torah Academy ) and was raised in Conservative Judaism . Radnor went to Bexley High School , and later Kenyon College , where his school 's theater department presented him with the Paul Newman Award and during which he spent a semester ( Spring 1995 ) training at the National Theater Institute at the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center in Waterford , Connecticut . He graduated from Kenyon with a Bachelor of Arts in drama in 1996 . Radnor received his Master of Fine Arts degree in acting from New York University 's Graduate Acting Program at the Tisch School of the Arts in 1999 . Radnor participated in an Israel experience program in Tzfat with Livnot U'Lehibanot in 1997 . Career ( edit ) Radnor and Ben Lee performing Radnor was cast as the lead in The WB series Off Centre . However , the role was re-cast with Eddie Kaye Thomas before the first episode aired . In 2002 , he made his Broadway debut in the stage version of The Graduate , succeeding Jason Biggs , opposite Kathleen Turner and Alicia Silverstone . In 2004 , Radnor starred in The Paris Letter alongside his future How I Met Your Mother co-star , Neil Patrick Harris . From 2005 to 2014 , Radnor starred in How I Met Your Mother , his biggest role to date . In July 2008 , he starred opposite Jennifer Westfeldt in the premiere of the play Finks , written by Joe Gilford and directed by Charlie Stratton for New York Stage and Film . Radnor made his directorial debut with the film Happythankyoumoreplease , where he was both the writer and star of the 2010 comedy - drama . His second directorial effort , Liberal Arts , starring himself and Elizabeth Olsen , premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 22 , 2012 . Radnor appeared in the Broadway production of Disgraced , which opened October 23 , 2014 at the Lyceum Theatre . In October 2016 , Radnor also confirmed he is in a band , Radnor and Lee , with Australian musician Ben Lee . The pair are currently recording their debut album , Love Songs for God & Women . He is set to direct the sci - fi thriller film The Leaves . Personal life ( edit ) In 2008 , Radnor told the Los Angeles Times , `` I do Transcendental Meditation , and part of the reason I chose my house is that I thought it would be a great place to meditate . '' Radnor is an avid Cloud Cult fan . He collaborated with the band to make the film The Seeker in 2016 . Radnor explained , `` What 's true for me about a lot of music , but especially true for Cloud Cult 's music , is that it stirs up the thing that 's already in you and calls it out . If this film is able to do that , I 'll sleep well at night . '' Radnor is a registered Democrat . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Not Another Teen Movie Tour Guide 2008 The Negotiating Table WGA Negotiator Short film Happythankyoumoreplease Sam Wexler Also director and writer 2012 Liberal Arts Jesse Fisher Also director and writer 2013 Afternoon Delight Jeff Boyardee 2013 The Galapagos Affair : Satan Came to Eden John Garth ( voice ) Documentary 2016 The Seeker Father 2017 F * cking People In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Welcome to New York Doug Episode : `` The Crier '' 2002 Law & Order Robert Kitson Episode : `` Access Nation '' 2002 The Court Dylan Hirsch 3 episodes 2003 ER Keith Episode : `` The Advocate '' 2003 Six Feet Under Will Jaffe Episode : `` The Trap '' 2003 Miss Match Andrew Gilbert Episode : `` I Got You Babe '' 2005 Judging Amy Justin Barr Episode : `` Too Little , Too Late '' 2005 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Ted Mosby 208 episodes 2007 -- 2009 Family Guy Ted Mosby ( voice ) 2 episodes 2016 -- 2017 Mercy Street Dr. Jedediah Foster 12 episodes 2018 Rise Lou Mazzuchelli Upcoming series Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist Notes 2016 `` Let Me Be Your Girl '' Rachael Yamagata Director Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role Location 2002 The Graduate Benjamin Braddock Plymouth Theatre The Paris Letter Sam Arlen / Young Sandy Kirk Douglas Theater 2011 She Loves Me Georg Nowack Roundabout Theatre Company 2014 -- 2015 Disgraced Isaac Lyceum Theatre 2016 The Babylon Line Aaron Port Lincoln Center Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Work Award Result Happythankyoumoreplease Sundance Film Festival Audience Award Won Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Award Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Sundance Film Festival '' . ^ Jump up to : Spence , Rebecca ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Radnor : Not Your Average TV Star '' . The Jewish Daily Forward . Retrieved March 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Radnor on Talmud and ' Liberal Arts ' '' . Forward.com . September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Radnor : Heart versus head - ' its a big theme of my life ' '' . The Jewish Chronicle . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Radnor : How I Met Your Mother on CBS '' . CBS.com . Jump up ^ `` NYU Graduate Acting Alumni '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Radnor Biography '' . TV.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Theater Review : The Paris Letter '' . The New York Times . December 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Cotter , James ( July 26 , 2008 ) . `` article '' . Times Herald . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Angelo , Megan ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your City , the Real One '' . The New York Times ' . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 23 , 2011 ) . `` Josh Radnor , Elizabeth Olsen Teaming for Indie ' Liberal Arts ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sobel , Jon ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Josh Radnor to Appear in Pulitzer Winner ' Disgraced ' on Broadway This Fall '' . Classicalite.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Disgraced ' Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Star Josh Radnor Directing Sci - Fi Drama ' The Leaves ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Sachs , Mark . `` Plenty of spots to meet '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Cloud Cult Made a Gorgeous One - Hour Movie with Josh Radnor `` . Paste. April 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.starpulse.com/interview-how-i-met-josh-radnor-1847878772.html Jump up ^ Nicole Evatt ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Allison Janney clowns around in Rachael Yamagata 's new video '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Radnor '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Radnor . Josh Radnor on IMDb Josh Radnor at the Internet Broadway Database Josh Radnor Bio at CBS -- How I Met Your Mother Interview with Radnor at Starpulse.com VIAF : 163963201 LCCN : no2008091471 GND : 140568042 SUDOC : 126039135 MusicBrainz : 8af7fcc2 - 7984 - 4856 - a711 - 110d9337c9b8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Radnor&oldid=799625999 '' Categories : 1974 births Male actors from Ohio American male film actors American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors Jewish American male actors Kenyon College alumni Living people Tisch School of the Arts alumni Male actors from Columbus , Ohio People from Bexley , Ohio American male comedians American comedians Jewish comedians 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Transcendental Meditation practitioners California Democrats Ohio Democrats Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 21 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	ted in how i met your mother real name	[ "Joshua Radnor (born July 29, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Ted Mosby on the popular Emmy Award-winning CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother. He made his writing and directorial debut with the 2010 comedy drama film Happythankyoumoreplease, for which he won the Sundance Film Festival Audience Award and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize." ]	[ "Joshua Radnor" ]
-62192089106293650	Right to keep and bear arms in the United States	Right to keep and bear arms in the United States - wikipedia Right to keep and bear arms in the United States Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The right to keep and bear arms in the United States is a fundamental right protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , part of the Bill of Rights , and by the constitutions of most U.S. states . The Second Amendment declares : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . In the United States , which has an English common law tradition , the concept of a right to keep and bear arms was recognized prior to the creation of a written national constitution . When colonists in the Thirteen Colonies rebelled against British control during the American Revolution they cited the 1689 English Bill of Rights as an example . Contents 1 English precedent 2 Civilian usage meaning 3 Military service and civilian usage meanings 4 Early commentary in federal courts 4.1 Dred Scott v. Sandford 5 Early commentary in state courts 5.1 Bliss 5.2 Aymette 5.3 Nunn 5.4 Buzzard 5.5 Salina v. Blaksley 6 Modern commentary 6.1 Interpretive Models 6.2 Federal case commentary 6.2. 1 United States v. Miller 6.2. 2 District of Columbia v. Heller 6.2. 3 McDonald v. Chicago 7 The politics of the right to keep and bear arms 8 See also 9 References English Precedent ( edit ) See also : Assize of Arms of 1181 The American understanding of the right to keep and bear arms was influenced by the 1689 English Bill of Rights , an Act of Parliament , which also dealt with personal defence by Protestant English subjects . The Bill of Rights did not create a new right to have arms but rather rescinded and deplored acts of the deposed King James II , a Roman Catholic , who had forced the disarming of Protestants , while arming and deploying armed Catholics contrary to Law ( among other alleged violations of individual rights ) . The Bill of Rights provided that Protestants could bear arms for their defence as permitted by law . It also established that the power to regulate the right to bear arms belonged to Parliament , not the monarch . Sir William Blackstone wrote in the eighteenth century about the right to have arms being auxiliary to the `` natural right of resistance and self - preservation '' , but conceded that the right was subject to their suitability and allowance by law . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Civilian usage meaning ( edit ) In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that the right to arms preexisted the Constitution and in that case and in Presser v. Illinois ( 1886 ) recognized that the Second Amendment protected the right from being infringed by Congress . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Court again recognized that the right to arms is individually held and , citing the Tennessee case of Aymette v State , indicated that it protected the right to keep and bear arms that are `` part of the ordinary military equipment '' or the use of which could `` contribute to the common defense . '' In its first opportunity to rule specifically on whose right the Second Amendment protects , District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Court ruled that the amendment protects an individual right `` to keep and carry arms in case of confrontation , '' not contingent on service in a militia , while indicating , in dicta , that restrictions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , on the carrying of arms in sensitive locations , and with respect to the conditions on the sale of firearms could pass constitutional muster . In the 2010 case of McDonald v. Chicago , the Court applied incorporation doctrine to extend the Second Amendment 's protections nationwide . The people 's right to have their own arms for their defense is described in the philosophical and political writings of Aristotle , Cicero , John Locke , Machiavelli , the English Whigs and others . Though possessing arms appears to be distinct from `` bearing '' them , the possession of arms is recognized as necessary for and a logical precursor to the bearing of arms . Don Kates , a civil liberties lawyer , cites historic English usage describing the `` right to keep and bear their private arms . '' Likewise , Sayoko Blodgett - Ford notes a non-military usage of the phrase in a pamphlet widely circulated by the dissenting minority dating from the time of the Pennsylvania ratifying convention for the U.S. Constitution : ( T ) he people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or the purpose of killing game ; and no law shall be passed for disarming the people or any of them , unless for crimes committed ... In commentary written by Judge Garwood in United States v. Emerson , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded in 2001 that : ... there are numerous instances of the phrase ' bear arms ' being used to describe a civilian 's carrying of arms . Early constitutional provisions or declarations of rights in at least some ten different states speak of the right of the ' people ' ( or ' citizen ' or ' citizens ' ) `` to bear arms in defense of themselves ( or ' himself ' ) and the state , ' or equivalent words , thus indisputably reflecting that under common usage ' bear arms ' was in no sense restricted to bearing arms in military service . See Bliss v. Commonwealth , 13 Am. Dec. 251 , 12 Ky. 90 ( Ky. 1822 ) . Similarly , in a released Senate report on the Right to Keep and Bear Arms , Senator Orrin Hatch , chairman , U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee , Subcommittee on the Constitution , states : They argue that the Second Amendment 's words `` right of the people '' mean `` a right of the state '' -- apparently overlooking the impact of those same words when used in the First and Fourth Amendments . The `` right of the people '' to assemble or to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures is not contested as an individual guarantee . Still they ignore consistency and claim that the right to `` bear arms '' relates only to military uses . This not only violates a consistent constitutional reading of `` right of the people '' but also ignores that the second amendment protects a right to `` keep '' arms . `` When our ancestors forged a land `` conceived in liberty '' , they did so with musket and rifle . When they reacted to attempts to dissolve their free institutions , and established their identity as a free nation , they did so as a nation of armed freemen . When they sought to record forever a guarantee of their rights , they devoted one full amendment out of ten to nothing but the protection of their right to keep and bear arms against governmental interference . Under my chairmanship the Subcommittee on the Constitution will concern itself with a proper recognition of , and respect for , this right most valued by free men . Likewise , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , No. 07 - 290 , that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . '' Military service and civilian usage meanings ( edit ) Some historians have argued that prior to and through the 18th century , the expression `` bear arms '' appeared exclusively in military contexts , as opposed to the use of firearms by civilians . In late - eighteenth - century parlance , bearing arms was a term of art with an obvious military and legal connotation ... As a review of the Library of Congress 's data base of congressional proceedings in the revolutionary and early national periods reveals , the thirty uses of ' bear arms ' and ' bearing arms ' in bills , statutes , and debates of the Continental , Confederation , and United States ' Congresses between 1774 and 1821 invariably occur in a context exclusively focused on the army or the militia . However , this conclusion is disputed and may be due to selection bias , which arises from the use of a limited selection of government documents that overwhelmingly refer to matters of military service . Commenting on this previous research , other historians note : Searching more comprehensive collections of English language works published before 1820 shows that there are a number of uses that ... have nothing to do with military service ... ( and ) The common law was in agreement . Edward Christian 's edition of Blackstone 's Commentaries that appeared in 1790s described the rights of Englishmen ( which every American colonist had been promised ) in these terms ' everyone is at liberty to keep or carry a gun , if he does not use it for the ( unlawful ) destruction of game . ' This right was separate from militia duties . The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term to bear arms as : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight , '' dating to about 1330 . Garry Wills , author and history professor at Northwestern University , has written of the origin of the term bear arms : By legal and other channels , the Latin `` arma ferre '' entered deeply into the European language of war . Bearing arms is such a synonym for waging war that Shakespeare can call a just war `` ' justborne arms '' and a civil war `` self - borne arms . '' Even outside the special phrase `` bear arms , '' much of the noun 's use echoes Latin phrases : to be under arms ( sub armis ) , the call to arms ( ad arma ) , to follow arms ( arma sequi ) , to take arms ( arma capere ) , to lay down arms ( arma pœnere ) . `` Arms '' is a profession that one brother chooses the way another choose law or the church . An issue undergoes the arbitrament of arms . '' ... `` One does not bear arms against a rabbit ... '' . Garry Wills also cites Greek and Latin etymology : ... `` Bear Arms '' refers to military service , which is why the plural is used ( based on Greek ' hopla pherein ' and Latin ' arma ferre ' ) -- one does not bear arm , or bear an arm . The word means , etymologically , ' equipment ' ( from the root ar - * in verbs like ' ararisko ' , to fit out ) . It refers to the ' equipage ' of war . Thus ' bear arms ' can be used of naval as well as artillery warfare , since the `` profession of arms '' refers to all military callings . Historically , the right to keep and bear arms , whether considered an individual or a collective or a militia right , did not originate fully formed in the Bill of Rights in 1791 ; rather , the Second Amendment was the codification of the six - centuries - old responsibility to keep and bear arms for king and country that was inherited from the English Colonists that settled North America , tracing its origin back to the Assize of Arms of 1181 that occurred during the reign of Henry II . Through being codified in the United States Constitution , the common law right was continued and guaranteed for the People , and statutory law enacted subsequently by Congress can not extinguish the pre-existing common law right to keep and bear arms . The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution refers to a pre-existing right to keep and bear arms : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The right is often presented in the United States as being an unenumerated , pre-existing right , such as provided for by the Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution , interpreted by some as providing for unenumerated rights , and therefore implicitly a right to keep and bear arms : The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . Some have seen the Second Amendment as derivative of a common law right to keep and bear arms ; Thomas B. McAffee & Michael J. Quinlan , writing in the North Carolina Law Review said `` ... Madison did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment -- the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' Akhil Reed Amar similarly notes the basis of Common Law for the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution , `` following John Randolph Tucker 's famous oral argument in the 1887 Chicago anarchist case , Spies v. Illinois '' : Though originally the first ten Amendments were adopted as limitations on Federal power , yet insofar as they secure and recognize fundamental rights -- common law rights -- of the man , they make them privileges and immunities of the man as citizen of the United States ... Uviller and Merkel hold that the right to bear arms was not reserved for the state , but rather was an individual and personal right for arms only to the extent needed to maintain a well regulated militia to support the state . They also hold that a militia recognizable to the framers of the Constitution has ceased to exist in the United States resulting from deliberate Congressional legislation and also societal neglect ; nonetheless , `` Technically , all males aged seventeen to forty - five are members of the unorganized militia , but that status has no practical legal significance . '' A few academic writers published their opinions in several works : From the text as well as a fair understanding of the contemporary ethic regarding arms and liberty , it seems to us overwhelmingly evident that the principal purpose of the Amendment was to secure a personal , individual entitlement to the possession and use of arms . We can not , however , ( as the individual rights contingent generally does ) disregard entirely the first part of the text proclaiming a well regulated militia necessary to the security of a free state . ... we understand the Second Amendment as though it read : `` Inasmuch as and so long as a well regulated Militia shall be necessary to the security of a free state and so long as privately held arms shall be essential to the maintenance thereof , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . '' `` ... to us , the language of the Amendment can not support a right to personal weaponry independent of the social value of a regulated organization of armed citizens ... Early commentary in federal courts ( edit ) See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . Dred Scott v. Sandford ( edit ) In the Nineteenth century considerable attention in public discourse and the courts was directed to the issue of arming of slaves ( prior to the Civil War ) , and later to the right of slaves to belong to militia and the arming of these individuals . Most famously this is seen in the court arguments of the 1857 court case Dred Scott v. Sandford , whether the slave Dred Scott could be a citizen with rights , including the right to bear arms . This debate about the rights of slaves and former slaves often included the usage of the term ' bear arms ' with the meaning of individuals having or not having the right to possess firearms . In the Dred Scott decision , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognized as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' Early commentary in state courts ( edit ) The Second Amendment of the United States Constitution is a federal provision . In 2010 , this `` fundamental '' and `` individual '' right was `` fully incorporated '' with the 14th Amendment per the SCOTUS ruling made in McDonald v. City of Chicago , which upheld the prior opinion made in District of Columbia v. Heller . Each of the fifty states also has its own state constitution . Forty - four states have chosen to explicitly embody a right to bear arms into their state constitutions . Each of the state constitutions , state laws , and state courts addresses the state - based right to bear arms distinctly within its respective jurisdictions . The degree and the nature of the protection , prohibition , and regulation at the state level varies from state to state . The District of Columbia , not being a state , falls within the federal jurisdiction . Approximately thirty - one states have explicitly chosen to include the right to arms for `` individual right '' , `` defense of self '' , `` defense of home '' or similarly worded reasons . Approximately thirteen states , as with the U.S. Constitution , did not choose to explicitly include `` individual '' , `` self '' or `` home '' wording associated with a right to bear arms for their specific states . Approximately twenty - eight states have explicitly chosen to include the right to bear arms for `` security of a free state '' , `` defense of state '' , `` common defense '' or similarly worded reasons , as with the U.S. Constitution . Approximately sixteen states did not choose to include explicitly `` free state '' , `` defense of state '' or `` common defense '' wording for their specific state . Whether the inclusion of these kinds of wording in state constitutions has relevance to the issue of whether implicit `` individual '' rights exist , or whether such rights ( if any ) are implicitly protected by the states ' constitutions or by the U.S. Constitution 's Second Amendment , remains a matter of dispute . However , since the SCOTUS has `` fully incorporated '' the 2nd and 14th Amendments in their 2010 opinion and order in McDonald v. City of Chicago , the right to keep and bear arms is `` fully applicable '' to the states and limits the states on any and all regulations and restrictions they choose to take , and federal Constitutional rights take precedence over state , local and other laws that regulate to `` Right of Lawful Citizens to keep and bear Arms for self - defense , a ' central component ' of the 2nd Amendment '' ( see McDonald v. City of Chicago ( SC 2010 ) ) . Regarding the state interpretations of these state and the federal constitutional rights to bear arms , state courts have addressed the meaning of these specific rights in considerable detail . Two different models have emerged from state jurisprudence : an individual right ( defense of self or home ) and a collective ( defense of the state ) right . It should be noted , however , that the states can not lessen or restrict any Bill of Rights guarantee that has been `` fully incorporated '' ( American jurisprudence ) and that the right that is `` fully incorporated '' also applies to the respective State Constitutions ; again , the states can only `` add to '' these rights but can never `` diminish '' these rights by state and local laws . Bliss ( edit ) Bliss v. Commonwealth ( 1822 , KY ) addressed the right to bear arms pursuant to Art . 10 , Sec. 23 of the Second Constitution of Kentucky ( 1799 ) : `` That the rights of the citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State shall not be questioned . '' This was interpreted to include the right to carry a concealed sword in a cane . This case has been described as about `` a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons ( that ) was violative of the Second Amendment . '' Others , however , have seen no conflict with the Second Amendment by the Commonwealth of Kentucky 's statute under consideration in Bliss since `` The Kentucky law was aimed at concealed weapons . No one saw any conflict with the Second Amendment . As a matter of fact , most of the few people who considered the question at all believed amendments to the U.S. Constitution did not apply to state laws . '' The Kentucky High Court stated in Bliss , `` But it should not be forgotten , that it is not only a part of the right that is secured by the constitution ; it is the right entire and complete , as it existed at the adoption of the constitution ; and if any portion of that right be impaired , immaterial how small the part may be , and immaterial the order of time at which it be done , it is equally forbidden by the constitution . '' The `` constitution '' mentioned in this quote refers to Kentucky 's Constitution . The case prompted outrage in the Kentucky House , all the while recognizing that Section 23 of the Second Constitution of Kentucky ( 1799 ) did guarantee individuals the right to bear arms . The Bliss ruling , to the extent that it dealt with concealed weapons , was overturned by constitutional amendment with Section 26 in Kentucky 's Third Constitution ( 1850 ) banning the future carrying of concealed weapons , while still asserting that the bearing of arms in defense of themselves and the state was an individual and collective right in the Commonwealth of Kentucky . This recognition has remained to the present day in the Commonwealth of Kentucky 's Fourth Constitution , enacted in 1891 , in Section 1 , Article 7 , that guarantees `` The right to bear arms in defense of themselves and of the State , subject to the power of the General Assembly to enact laws to prevent persons from carrying concealed weapons . '' As noted in the Northern Kentucky Law Review Second Amendment Symposium : Rights in Conflict in the 1980s , vol. 10 , no . 1 , 1982 , p. 155 , `` The first state court decision resulting from the `` right to bear arms '' issue was Bliss v. Commonwealth . The court held that `` the right of citizens to bear arms in defense of themselves and the State must be preserved entire , ... '' `` This holding was unique because it stated that the right to bear arms is absolute and unqualified . '' The importance of Bliss is also seen from the defense subsequently given against a murder charge in Kentucky against Mattews Ward , who in 1852 pulled out a concealed pistol and fatally wounded his brother 's teacher over an accusation regarding eating chestnuts in class . Ward 's defense team consisted of eighteen lawyers , including U.S. Senator John Crittenden , former Governor of Kentucky , and former United States Attorney General . The defense successfully defended Ward in 1854 through an assertion that `` a man has a right to carry arms ; I am aware of nothing in the laws of God or man , prohibiting it . The Constitution of Kentucky and our Bill of Rights guarantee it . The Legislature once passed an act forbidding it , but it was decided unconstitutional , and overruled by our highest tribunal , the Court of Appeals . '' As noted by Cornell , `` Ward 's lawyers took advantage of the doctrine advanced in Bliss and wrapped their client 's action under the banner of a constitutional right to bear arms . Ward was acquitted . '' Aymette ( edit ) In Aymette v. State , 21 Tenn. 154 , 156 ( 1840 ) , the Tennessee Supreme Court construed the guarantee in Tennessee 's 1834 Constitution that ' the free white men of this State have a right to Keep and bear arms for their common defence . ' Explaining that the provision was adopted with the same goals as the Federal Constitution 's Second Amendment , the court wrote : `` The words ' bear arms ' ... have reference to their military use , and were not employed to mean wearing them about the person as part of the dress . As the object for which the right to keep and bear arms is secured , is of general and public nature , to be exercised by the people in a body , for their common defense , so the arms , the right to keep which is secured , are such as are usually employed in civilized warfare , and that constitute the ordinary military equipment . '' 1 . The act of 1837 - 8 , ch. 137 , sec. 2 , which prohibits any person from wearing any Bowie knife , or Arkansas toothpick , or other knife or weapon in form , shape or size resembling a Bowie knife or Arkansas toothpick under his clothes , or concealed about his person , does not conflict with the 26th section of the first article of the bill of rights , securing to the free white citizens the right to keep and bear arms for their common defense . 2 . The arms , the right to keep and bear which is secured by the constitution , are such as are usually employed in civilized warfare , and constitute the ordinary military equipment ; the legislature have the power to prohibit the keeping or wearing weapons dangerous to the peace and safety of the citizens , and which are not usual in civilized warfare . 3 . The right to keep and bear arms for the common defense , is a great political right . It respects the citizens on the one hand , and the rulers on the other ; and although this right must be inviolably preserved , it does not follow that the legislature is prohibited from passing laws regulating the manner in which these arms may be employed . Nunn ( edit ) The Georgia Supreme Court ruled in Nunn v. Georgia ( Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . ( 1 Kel . ) 243 ( 1846 ) ) that a state law banning handguns was an unconstitutional violation of the Second Amendment . This was the first gun control measure to be overturned on Second Amendment grounds . The Supreme Court in its ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller said Nunn `` perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , and not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , re-established by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! Buzzard ( edit ) In State v. Buzzard ( 1842 , Ark ) , the Arkansas high court adopted a militia - based , political interpretation , reading of the right to bear arms under state law , and upheld the 21st section of the second article of the Arkansas Constitution that declared , `` that the free white men of this State shall have a right to keep and bear arms for their common defense '' , while rejecting a challenge to a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . Buzzard had carried a concealed weapon and stood `` indicted by virtue of the authority of the 13th section of an act of the Legislature prohibiting any person wearing a pistol , dirk , large knife or sword - cane concealed as a weapon , unless upon a journey , under the penalties of fine and imprisonment . '' Justice Lacy , in a dissenting opinion in Buzzard , summarizing the majority viewpoint to which he disagreed , declared : That the words `` a well regulated militia being necessary for the security of a free State '' , and the words `` common defense '' clearly show the true intent and meaning of these Constitutions ( i.e. , Ark. and U.S. ) and prove that it is a political and not an individual right , and , of course , that the State , in her legislative capacity , has the right to regulate and control it : This being the case , then the people , neither individually nor collectively , have the right to keep and bear arms . '' Joel Prentiss Bishop 's influential Commentaries on the Law of Statutory Crimes ( 1873 ) took Buzzard 's militia - based interpretation , a view that Bishop characterized as the `` Arkansas doctrine '' , as the orthodox view of the right to bear arms in American law . Political scientist Earl Kruschke has categorized both Bliss and Buzzard as being `` cases illustrating the individual view . '' Professor Eugene Volokh revealed , in the California Political Review , that a statement in a concurring opinion in Buzzard was the only support for a collective right view of the right to keep and bear arms in the 19th century . Salina v. Blaksley ( edit ) In 1905 , the Kansas Supreme Court in Salina v. Blaksley made the first collective right judicial interpretation . The Kansas high court declared : `` That the provision in question applies only to the right to bear arms as a member of the state militia , or some other military organization provided for by law , is also apparent from the second amendment to the federal Constitution , which says : ' A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' '' Modern commentary ( edit ) Interpretive models ( edit ) Further information : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution and Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution Three models of interpreting the right to bear arms in the United States commonly exist . These three models are founded on differing interpretations of the Second Amendment , `` A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . '' The first model , the individual - rights model , holds that a right of individuals is to own and possess firearms , much as the First Amendment protects a right of individuals to engage in free speech . This view was confirmed by the Supreme Court in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) than had previous interpretations by the Court . Prior to the Supreme Court 's ruling in Heller there was a split among the federal courts , with nine of the federal circuit courts of appeal supporting a modified collective rights view , two of the federal circuits supporting an individual rights view , and one federal circuit court having not addressed the question . The second two models focus on the preamble , or `` purpose '' clause , of the Amendment -- the words `` A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State . '' The second model , the collective model , holds that the right to bear arms belongs to the people collectively rather than to individuals , under the belief that the right 's only purpose is to enable states to maintain a militia . The third model , the modified collective model , holds that the right to keep and bear arms exists only for individuals actively serving in the militia , and then only pursuant to such regulations as may be prescribed . Federal case commentary ( edit ) Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia in 2008 wrote that the right to bear arms is not unlimited and is subject to reasonable prohibitions and regulations and subsequently federal court rulings have upheld existing gun prohibitions and regulations . Nadine Strossen , former president of the American Civil Liberties Union , has stated that the individual rights model must yield to reasonable regulation . Strossen said `` it is no more absolute than freedom of speech or any other right in the Constitution . No right is absolute ; the government is always allowed to restrict the right if it can satisfy Constitutional strict scrutiny and show the restriction is narrowly tailored to promote a goal of compelling importance . '' In October 2001 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated : there are numerous instances of the phrase ' bear arms ' being used to describe a civilian 's carrying of arms . Early constitutional provisions or declarations of rights in at least some ten different states speak of the right of the ' people ' ( or ' citizen ' or ' citizens ' ) `` to bear arms in defense of themselves ( or ' himself ' ) and the state , ' or equivalent words , thus indisputably reflecting that under common usage ' bear arms ' was in no sense restricted to bearing arms in military service . '' United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code , ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . Other legal summaries of the court 's findings in this case are similar . McDonald v. Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Supreme Court in McDonald v. Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) held that the Second Amendment was fully incorporated within the 14th Amendment . This means that the court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . The politics of the right to keep and bear arms ( edit ) Main article : Gun politics in the United States Interest groups , primarily in the United States , exert political pressure for and against legislation limiting the right to keep and bear arms . This political debate in America is organized between those who seek stricter regulations and those who believe gun regulations violate the Second Amendment protection of a right to keep and bear arms . The largest advocacy group in this regard is the National Rifle Association , and its political wing , the NRA Institute for Legislative Action . The NRA has been described as one of the largest and most powerful political special interest groups in the United States . Several other groups including the Gun Owners of America and the Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms , while smaller in size , are also politically active . The main gun control advocacy group is the Brady Campaign which has been described as considerably less effective than gun - rights organizations . See also ( edit ) American gun ownership Gun politics Allowed weapon types per state Overview of gun laws by nation Right of self - defense Index of gun politics articles 2nd Amendment Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court affirms fundamental right to bear arms '' . Jump up ^ `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene . `` State Constitutional Rights to Keep and Bear Arms '' . UCLA Law School . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ Young , David E. , The Founders ' View of the Right to Bear Arms , p. 222 . Jump up ^ McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand In The Way ? '' . Scholarly Works . Paper 512 . Jump up ^ `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1994 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right ( Independent Studies in Political Economy ) . Oakland , CA : The Independent Institute . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 38 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal . Williamsburg , Virginia : The College of William & Mary School of Law . 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Jump up ^ Kates , Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Michigan Law Review . The Michigan Law Review Association . 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 273 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . In unmistakable individual right terms : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . ( Emphasis in original ) Jump up ^ Blodgett - Ford , Sayoko ( Fall 1995 ) . `` The Changing Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms '' . Seton Hall Constitutional Law Journal : 101 . Jump up ^ Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Ch. 9 '' . The militia and the right to arms , or , How the second amendment fell silent . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . pp. 212 -- 225 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Emerson , No. 99 - 10331. , October 16 , 2001 -- US 5th Circuit FindLaw '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ Heller , Syllabus , item # 1 Jump up ^ Uviller , H. Richard . & Merkel , William G. : The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the second Amendment Fell Silent , pp 23 , 194 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 Jump up ^ Pepper , John ; Petrie , Carol ; Wellford , Charles F. : Firearms and violence , p. 290 . National Academies Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 Jump up ^ Wills , Garry . To Keep and Bear Arms . New York Review Of Books , September 21 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The mythic meanings of the Second Amendment : taming political violence in a constitutional republic . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . The amendment thus guarantees a right to arms only within the context of a militia , not an individual right to arms for self - defense or hunting . Jump up ^ Uviller , H. Richard . & Merkel , William G. : The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent , p. 194 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton E. ; Olson , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` What Did `` Bear Arms '' Mean in the Second Amendment ? `` . Georgetown Journal of Law & Public Policy . 6 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 257 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wills , Garry ( 1999 ) . A Necessary Evil pp. 256 -- 257 . New York , NY . Simon & Schuster . ^ Jump up to : Espohl , Frank ( 1997 ) . `` The Right to Carry Concealed Weapons for Self Defense '' . Southern Illinois University Law Journal . 22 : 151 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 23 . The right of self - preservation , including the right of self - defense , has been suggested to be within the protection of the Ninth Amendment . Thus , although some courts have refused to hold that the Ninth Amendment protects a right to possess firearms , laws which restrict the ability of law - abiding citizens to possess firearms for the purpose of self - defense could be said to violate the Ninth Amendment . Another common interpretation of the Ninth Amendment is that it protects rights which were recognized at common law as being among the `` fundamental rights of Englishmen . '' The common law , as described in Blackstone 's Commentaries , has been carried into American jurisprudence . One such right protected at common law was the right to self - defense and the right to possess and carry weapons for defensive purposes . Hobbes described the right to self - defense as a fundamental natural right of which persons can not justly be deprived by any law or covenant . Blackstone listed self - defense and the right to carry weapons for self - defense as one of the fundamental rights of Englishmen . Blackstone further described the right to self - defense as `` the primary law of nature , so it is not , nor can it be in fact , taken away by the law of society Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Transcript Text '' . archives.gov. 2011 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ McAffee , Thomas B. ; Michael J. Quinlan ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward The Right To Keep And Bear Arms : Do Text , History , Or Precedent Stand In The Way ? '' . North Carolina Law Review : 781 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( April 1992 ) . `` The Bill Of Rights And The Fourteenth Amendment '' . Yale Law Journal : 1193 . Jump up ^ Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Ch. 7 '' . The militia and the right to arms , or , How the second amendment fell silent . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . 151 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 . Given the continued vitality of the social role of armed troops , has the institution of the militia evolved into a viable military force in America today ? Medieval monks might enjoy the question : is a military force that developed out of an ancient construct known as `` the militia '' still a militia though it boasts none of the defining characteristics of that form of military organization , and is , actually , in character the contradiction of many of them ? It 's a little like the parable of Aristotle 's knife : if I break the blade of my knife and replace it , and then put a new handle on it , is it still the same knife ? Jump up ^ Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The mythic meanings of the Second Amendment : taming political violence in a constitutional republic . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . Technically , all males aged seventeen to forty - five are members of the unorganized militia , but that status has no practical legal significance . Such `` militia members '' are not required to own guns , to drill together , or to learn virtue . The statutory provision creating this `` universal militia '' is nothing more than a dim memory of a distant hope . Jump up ^ Uviller , H. Richard . & Merkel , William G. : The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent , p. 23 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 Jump up ^ Uviller , H. Richard . & Merkel , William G. : The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent , p. 24 . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 Jump up ^ Brady , Sarah ( 2002 ) . A Good Fight . Public Affairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 105 - 3 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2003 ) . The Second Amendment `` Right to Bear Arms '' and United States v. Emerson . 77 St. John 's L. Rev . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ 60 U.S. 393 , 417 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions '' . UCLA . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. & Angell , Alexis C. : A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which Rest Upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union , p. 427 . Boston : Little , Brown & Company . 1890 . ^ Jump up to : Bliss v. Commonwealth , 2 Littell 90 ( KY 1882 ) . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky 's Second Constitution ( 1799 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ United States . Anti-Crime Program . Hearings Before Ninetieth Congress , First Session . Washington : U.S. Government Print . Off , 1967 , p. 246 . quote : `` ... all citizens had the unabridgable right to bear arms for self - protection as well as for militia purposes and that a statute prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons was violative of the Second Amendment ( see Bliss v. Commonwealth , 2 Litt . ( Ky ) 90 , 13 Am. December 251 ( 1822 ) ) ... Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 1997 ) . A Well regulated militia : the battle over gun control . North Haven , CT : Archon Books . pp. 35 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 208 - 02423 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Darell R. ( 1982 ) . `` Second Amendment Survey '' . Northern Kentucky Law Review Second Amendment Symposium : Rights in Conflict in 1980s . 10 ( 1 ) : 155 . Jump up ^ Two states , Alaska and Vermont , do not require a permit or license for carrying a concealed weapon to this day , following Kentucky 's original position . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 147 -- 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Constitution , 1834 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ph. D. , Gregg Lee Carter ; Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2012 ) . Guns in American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. 647 -- . ISBN 9780313386701 . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Ph. D. , Gregg Lee Carter ( 2012 ) . Guns in American Society . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313386718 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : State v. Buzzard , 4 Ark . ( 2 Pike ) 18 ( 1842 ) . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Dillon endorsed Bishop 's view that Buzzard 's `` Arkansas doctrine , '' not the libertarian views exhibited in Bliss , captured the dominant strain of American legal thinking on this question . Jump up ^ Kruschke , Earl R. ( 1995 ) . Gun control : a reference handbook . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . pp. 140 -- 143 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 695 - X . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1988 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . California Political Review : 23 . A recent exhaustive study reveals that there was exactly one statement in the 1800s cases or commentaries supporting the collective rights view , a concurring opinion in an 1842 Arkansas state court case . Jump up ^ City of Salina v. Blaksley , 72 Kan . 230 ( 1905 ) . Jump up ^ Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York City : Oxford University Press . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 ... the Kansas Supreme Court had used a similar formulation of the right to bear arms a decade earlier , describing this right as one that `` refers to the people as a collective body . ^ Jump up to : Dorf , Michael ( October 31 , 2001 ) . `` Federal Court of Appeals Says the Second Amendment Places Limits on Gun Control Legislation '' . Findlaw - Writ . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` A Liberal Case for Gun Rights Sways Judiciary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ > `` The Volokh Conspiracy -- Yet Another Early Post-Heller Second Amendment Case : '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ; Vikram Amar ( November 2 , 2001 ) . `` Guns and the Constitution : Telling The Right Second Amendment Story '' . Findlaw - Writ . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Interview with Nadine Strossen , David Shankbone , Wikinews , October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson , 270 F. 3d 203 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ The cited excerpt from the Emerson decision reflects some of the court 's lengthy analysis of Second Amendment jurisprudence ( Spitzer 2003 ) ( Reynolds 2002 ) . This analysis garnered considerable attention and scrutiny by legal experts . Shortly after the decision , Attorney General John Ashcroft directed the adoption of the Emerson court 's view as the policy of the Justice Department in a memo to all ninety - three United States Attorneys in November 2001 . In contrast , legal critics of the `` individualist view '' repudiated the Emerson analysis on various grounds . Judge Robert M. Parker , while concurring in the Emerson result , labeled the majority 's analysis as obiter dicta , irrelevant to the outcome of the case ( see Emerson , Spitzer 2003 ) . Moreover , the thoroughness of the Emerson analysis was criticized because the court 's rendered opinion relied substantially on interpretations submitted in a `` brief presented by one party '' ( Spitzer 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Clyde ; Bruce , John W. ( 1998 ) . The changing politics of gun control . Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 8614 - 0 . Jump up ^ Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2002 ) . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO . p. 434 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 268 - 1 . Jump up ^ Harry L. Wilson ( 2007 ) . Guns , gun control , and elections : the politics and policy of firearms . Lanham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 171 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5347 - 7 . Jump up ^ Warren , Kenneth S. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns , Elections , and Electoral Behavior . Thousand Oaks , Calif : Sage Publications , Inc. p. 291 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 5489 - 4 . 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About Wikipedia	who gave us the right to bear arms	[ "The right to keep and bear arms in the United States is a fundamental right[1][2][3] protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, and by the constitutions of most U.S. states.[4] The Second Amendment declares:\n", "The right to keep and bear arms in the United States is a fundamental right[1][2][3] protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, and by the constitutions of most U.S. states.[4] The Second Amendment declares:\n" ]	[ "the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights", "the constitutions of most U.S. states" ]
-3010687685704503430	Big Apple	Big Apple - wikipedia Big Apple Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Big Apple ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article . If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article , this information should also be included in the body of the article . ( May 2017 ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( May 2017 ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Big Apple Corner '' at 54th Street and Broadway , in Manhattan 's Theater District `` Big Apple '' is a nickname for New York City . It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald , a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph . Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the name 2 Racing context 3 Popularity 4 In popular culture 5 References 6 External links Origin of the name ( edit ) Although the history of Big Apple was once thought a mystery , a clearer picture of the term 's history has emerged due to the work of amateur etymologist Barry Popik , and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology . A number of false theories had previously existed , including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city . This was subsequently exposed as a hoax . The earliest known usage of ' big apple ' appears in the book The Wayfarer in New York ( 1909 ) , in which author Edward S. Martin writes : Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city ... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap . William Safire considered this the coinage , but the Random House Dictionary of American Slang has described the usage as `` metaphorical or perhaps proverbial , rather than a concrete example of the later slang term '' . Racing context ( edit ) This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Big Apple was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse - racing articles for the New York Morning Telegraph in the 1920s . The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3rd May , 1921 : J.P. Smith , with Tippity Witchet and others of the L.T. Bauer string , is scheduled to start for `` the big apple '' to - morrow after a most prosperous Spring campaign at Bowie and Havre de Grace . Fitz Gerald referred to the `` big apple '' frequently thereafter . He explained his use in a column dated February 18 , 1924 , under the headline `` Around the Big Apple '' : The Big Apple . The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen . There 's only one Big Apple . That 's New York . Fitz Gerald 's reference to `` dusky '' stable hands suggests the term 's origin may lie in African - American culture . Evidence for this may be found in the Chicago Defender , an African - American newspaper that had a national circulation . Writing for the Defender on September 16 , 1922 , `` Ragtime '' Billy Tucker used the name `` big apple '' to refer to New York in a non-horse - racing context : I trust your trip to ' the big apple ' ( New York ) was a huge success and only wish that I had been able to make it with you . Tucker had also earlier used `` big apple '' as a reference to Los Angeles . It is possible that he simply understood `` big apple '' as a nickname for any large city : Dear Pal , Tony : No , Ragtime Billy Tucker has n't dropped completely out of existence , but is still in the ' Big Apple ' , Los Angeles . Popularity ( edit ) The New York Mets Home Run Apple located in Citi Field . By the late 1920s , New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use `` Big Apple '' and were using it in contexts other than horse - racing . `` The Big Apple '' was a popular song and dance in the 1930s . Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and 1950s , but by the 1960s it had generally come to be known as an old name for New York . In the early 1970s , however , the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau ( now NYC & Company , New York City 's official marketing and tourism organization ) began to promote the city 's `` Big Apple '' nickname under the leadership of its president , Charles Gillett . It has remained popular since then . Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating as `` Big Apple Corner '' the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway , the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963 . As part of the celebrations following as his election as President of the United States in 2016 , Donald Trump hosted a party which he named ' The Big Apple Ball ' and which featured themed decorations and cut - outs of New York landmarks in honor of his home city . Today the name enjoys exclusive ubiquity in literature and speech referring to New York City , and is used with regularity by journalists and news - headline writers across the English - speaking world . In popular culture ( edit ) The term `` big apple '' was used by Frank Sinatra in conversation with opera singer Dorothy Kirsten on an episode of the NBC radio program Light Up Time on March 28 , 1950 . In Evita , Buenos Aires is referred to as `` B.A. , Buenos Aires , Big Apple '' in the song Eva , Beware of the City . This line , produced by lyricist Tim Rice , does not appear to reflect any pre-existing usage . The New York Mets baseball team have featured a `` Home Run Apple '' that rises whenever a Mets player hits a home run . It has become a symbol of the Mets baseball team , recognized throughout Major League Baseball as an iconic feature of the Mets ' stadiums . It first appeared in Shea Stadium , and the original can still be seen on display at Citi Field , outside the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . Citi Field now uses a new apple , one that is much larger than original . Uses of the term abound elsewhere in the names of cultural products and events in or concerning New York , including the Big Apple Anime Fest , the Big Apple Theater Festival , Jess Teong 's The Kid from the Big Apple and Kajagoogoo 's Big Apple , and playful uses of the nickname have been seen , such as Patrick Downey 's 2008 historical study of New York City 's criminal underworld , entitled Bad Seeds in the Big Apple . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why is New York called the Big Apple ? , The Straight Dope February 18 , 1977 Jump up ^ The Big Apple . Research by Barry Popik and others with the text of contemporary examples . Jump up ^ Gerald Cohen , Origin of New York City 's Nickname `` The Big Apple '' ( 1991 ) , ISBN 3 - 631 - 43787 - 0 Jump up ^ False Etymologies Jump up ^ Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple '' ? Wayback Machine archive of earlier version of web page . Jump up ^ Big Apple Whore Hoax ( 1800s ! ) Jump up ^ Salwen , Peter . `` Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple '' ? `` . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( September 17 , 2000 ) , `` Big Applesource '' , The New York Times Magazine Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2004 ) , The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time , p. p. 23 Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' : May 3 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Numerous 1920s `` Big Apple '' citations in the New York Morning Telegraph . Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' explanation : February 18 , 1924 . See also the original article image . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Apple '' antedating Archived February 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. ; 1920s Vaudeville / Ragtime `` Big Apple '' Citations . Jump up ^ 1920s Non-Horseracing `` Big Apple '' Citations . Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' song by Bob Emmerich . Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1930s ( Two clubs , plus song and dance ) . Jump up ^ The dance was mentioned by name by Mickey Rooney in the 1938 movie `` Love Finds Andy Hardy '' Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1940s - 1950s Jump up ^ Kurt Vonnegut , Slaughterhouse - Five 265 ( 1969 ; Delta Trade Paperbacks ed. 1999 ) ( `` That 's what they used to call New York '' ) . Jump up ^ About NYC and Company . Jump up ^ Big Apple 1970s Revival : Charlie Gillett and Lew Rudin . Jump up ^ `` Words and Their Stories : Nicknames for New York City '' . Voice of America . February 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mayor 's Press Office , Release No. 082 - 97 , Mayor Giuliani Signs Legislation Creating `` Big Apple Corner '' in Manhattan ( Feb. 12 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump to hold an NYC - themed inauguration party dubbed the ' Big Apple Ball ' '' . www.nydailynews.com . New York Daily News . January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull 's big day out in the Big Apple ahead of Donald Trump meeting '' . www.smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Apple picnics : Enjoy New York like a local '' . www.usatoday.com . USA Today . April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taking a bite out of the Big Apple '' . www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Manchester Evening News . May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Apple benefits from falling overseas interest in London commercial real estate '' . www.scmp.com . South China Morning Post . August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` big apple and frank sinatra - Google Scholar '' . scholar.google.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official New York Mets Site '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Major League Baseball Site '' . Jump up ^ `` A new Home Run Apple grows at Citi Field '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Look up Big Apple in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Giuliani creates Big Apple Corner from the February 1997 Archives of the Mayor 's Press Office The Big Apple Research on the term 's history from amateur etymologist Barry Popik Straight Dope article Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Apple&oldid=817955832 '' Categories : Culture of New York City Symbols of New York City Etymologies Slang American slang City nicknames Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2017 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with too many examples Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 All articles that may contain original research Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 15 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did they start calling new york the big apple	[ "\"Big Apple\" is a nickname for New York City. It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald, a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph. Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities." ]	[ "the 1920s" ]
7211608369245357917	Do You Believe in Magic (song)	Do You Believe in Magic ( song ) - wikipedia Do You Believe in Magic ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Do You Believe In Magic '' Single by The Lovin ' Spoonful from the album Do You Believe in Magic B - side `` On the Road Again '' Released August 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1965 Genre Folk rock , sunshine pop Length 2 : 06 Label Kama Sutra Songwriter ( s ) John Sebastian Producer ( s ) Erik Jacobsen The Lovin ' Spoonful singles chronology `` Do You Believe In Magic '' ( 1965 ) `` You Did n't Have to Be So Nice '' ( 1965 ) `` Do You Believe In Magic '' ( 1965 ) `` You Did n't Have to Be So Nice '' ( 1965 ) `` Do You Believe In Magic '' is a song written by John Sebastian . It was first recorded and released by his group , The Lovin ' Spoonful in 1965 . The single peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . In 1978 , Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version . The song has been recorded by various artists . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Lovin ' Spoonful version 1.1 Song history 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Shaun Cassidy version 3.1 Chart performance 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 4 Aly & AJ version 4.1 Track listings 4.2 Release history 4.3 Chart performance 5 Other versions 6 References 7 External links The Lovin ' Spoonful version ( edit ) Song history ( edit ) In 1965 , the group The Lovin ' Spoonful released the song as the first single from their debut studio album Do You Believe in Magic . The single was well received by the public and became a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 9 . According to the lyrics , the magic referenced in the title is the power of music to supply happiness and freedom to both those who make it and those who listen to it . Session drummer Gary Chester played on the track . The Lovin ' Spoonful 's version was ranked number 216 on Rolling Stone 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In a 2007 DVD entitled The Lovin ' Spoonful with John Sebastian - Do You Believe in Magic , author Sebastian illustrates how he sped up the three - chord intro from Martha and the Vandellas ' `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heat Wave '' to come up with the intro to `` Do You Believe in Magic '' . The song is also significantly featured in the Jim Sheridan movie In America , as an Irish - immigrant family , having entered the U.S. on false pretenses , enter New York City for the first time . `` Do You Believe in Magic '' was featured in The Parent Trap , American Pie , Date Movie , Temple Grandin , and Rolie Polie Olie . The original version was also the theme song for the short - lived TV series State of Grace . In 2012 , the Lovin ' Spoonful 's version was used in the official `` Meet the Pyro '' trailer for the first - person shooter video game , Team Fortress 2 . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles US Billboard Hot 100 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 89 Shaun Cassidy version ( edit ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Single by Shaun Cassidy from the album Born Late B - side `` Teen Dream '' Released March 1978 Format 45 RPM Recorded 1977 Genre Pop Length 2 : 15 Label Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) John Sebastian Producer ( s ) Michael Lloyd Shaun Cassidy singles chronology `` Hey Deanie '' ( 1977 ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' ( 1978 ) `` Our Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Hey Deanie '' ( 1977 ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' ( 1978 ) `` Our Night '' ( 1978 ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' became a top forty hit again in 1978 in both the U.S. and Canada when Shaun Cassidy released his cover as a single . Cassidy 's version reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was Cassidy 's second successful remake of a 1960s hit , the first being `` Da Doo Ron Ron '' from his previous LP . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Peak position Canada RPM 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 31 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 37 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Rank U.S. ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 186 Aly & AJ version ( edit ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Single by Aly & AJ from the album Into the Rush Released February 15 , 2005 Format Promo single , Radio Disney single Recorded Genre Pop , teen pop Length 2 : 14 Label Hollywood Songwriter ( s ) John . B. Sebastian Producer ( s ) Matthew Gerrard Aly & AJ minor singles chronology `` Do You Believe in Magic '' ( 2005 ) `` No One '' ( 2005 ) `` Do You Believe in Magic '' ( 2005 ) `` No One '' ( 2005 ) Alternative cover UK / digital cover `` Do You Believe in Magic '' was covered by American pop rock duo , Aly & AJ . Their version of the song was for Aly 's film , Now You See It ... , and it also appeared on their debut studio album , Into the Rush in addition to an appearance on the 2009 soundtrack to the TV show Wizards of Waverly Place . The duo consists of sisters , Alyson `` Aly '' and Amanda Joy `` AJ '' Michalka . Track listings ( edit ) Promo CD / CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Do You Believe in Magic '' 2 : 17 2 . `` Do You Believe in Magic '' ( instrumental ) 2 : 17 Total length : 4 : 34 Release history ( edit ) Date Country Format Label February 15 , 2005 United States CD Hollywood Records June 5 , 2006 Belgium United Kingdom Digital download EMI Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) Other versions ( edit ) Other notable artists who have remade the song include John Mellencamp on his 1976 album Chestnut Street Incident , Bud Shank , and Randy VanWarmer . A cover from the song was used in The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episode `` Mighty McMario and the Pot of Gold '' . In the 1987 show Barbie and The Rockers episode `` Out Of This World '' , Barbie and The Rockers sing a cover of the song as they prepare to do a concert in outer space . Indie pop / rock band The Format released a cover on their compilation album B - Sides & Rarities , In 1992 , McDonald 's used a rewritten version of the song for some of their commercials , replacing all of the lyrics ( except for the first line ) with ones pertaining to their talking Happy Meal items , specifically hamburgers , and Ronald McDonald . In 2002 , the song was later recorded by BBMak for the score of Return to Never Land , a sequel to Disney 's 1953 classic Peter Pan . In 1989 , Steve Tyrell performed a cover for the film Second Sight . On September 4 , 1993 when Jim Abbott of the New York Yankees pitched a no - hitter , the song was played after Twisted Sister song , `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' . In 2010 a few bars were used as background music to a television commercial for the Chase Bank iPhone app which allows remote check deposits using the iPhone camera . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` Great Moments in Folk Rock : Lists of Aunthor Favorites '' . www.richieunterberger.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ leggett , Steve . `` Do You Believe in Magic / Daydream joint album review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Gary Chester Website - Discography '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1966 / Top 100 Songs of 1965 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ `` Aly & AJ `` Do You Believe in Magic '' Promo CD `` . Aly-and-aj.com . Archived from the original ( JPG ) on 2012 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29. ) Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales : Apr 09 , 2005 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone Joe Butler Mike Arturi Phil Smith John Sebastian Zal Yanovsky Jerry Yester Studio albums Do You Believe in Magic Daydream Hums of the Lovin ' Spoonful You 're A Big Boy Now Everything Playing Revelation : Revolution ' 69 Compilations What 's Shakin ' The Best of The Lovin ' Spoonful The Very Best of the Lovin ' Spoonful Anthology Greatest Hits Live albums Live at the Hotel Seville Singles `` Do You Believe In Magic '' `` You Did n't Have to Be So Nice '' `` Daydream '' `` Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind ? '' `` Summer in the City '' `` Darling Be Home Soon '' Aly & AJ Aly Michalka AJ Michalka Studio albums Into the Rush ( 2005 ) Acoustic Hearts of Winter ( 2006 ) Insomniatic ( 2007 ) Extended plays Ten Years ( 2017 ) Singles `` Rush '' `` Chemicals React '' `` Greatest Time of Year '' `` Potential Breakup Song '' `` Like Whoa '' `` Hothouse '' `` Take Me '' `` I Know '' Promotional singles `` Do You Believe in Magic '' `` No One '' `` Walking on Sunshine '' `` Never Far Behind '' Other songs `` Not This Year '' Related articles Discography On the Ride Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Believe_in_Magic_(song)&oldid=828158919 '' Categories : The Lovin ' Spoonful songs 1965 singles 1978 singles Shaun Cassidy songs 2005 singles Aly & AJ songs Debut singles Songs written by John Sebastian Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 1965 songs Song recordings produced by Erik Jacobsen Warner Bros. Records singles Hollywood Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song do you believe in magic	[ "\"Do You Believe In Magic\" is a song written by John Sebastian. It was first recorded and released by his group, The Lovin' Spoonful in 1965. The single peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In 1978, Shaun Cassidy reached the top 40 with his cover version. The song has been recorded by various artists." ]	[ "John Sebastian" ]
-727365906355356557	Baby, It's Cold Outside	Baby , It 's Cold Outside - wikipedia Baby , It 's Cold Outside Jump to : navigation , search For other works with this title , see Baby , It 's Cold Outside ( disambiguation ) . `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Song Written 1944 Songwriter ( s ) Frank Loesser `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' is a song written by Frank Loesser in 1944 . It is a call and response duet in which a host , usually performed by a male voice , tries to convince a guest , usually performed by a female voice , that she should stay the evening because the weather is cold and the trip home would be difficult . Loesser wrote the song for him and his wife to perform at parties . He sold the song to MGM , which used it for the 1949 film Neptune 's Daughter . It was sung by Esther Williams and Ricardo Montalban and won the Academy Award . Since 1949 it has been covered by many singers , including Ray Charles , Michael Bublé , and Dolly Parton . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Lyrics 3 1949 recordings 4 Other recordings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) During the 1940s , when Hollywood celebrities attended parties , they were expected to perform . In 1944 , Frank Loesser wrote `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' for him and his wife , Lynn Garland , to sing at a housewarming party in New York City at the Navarro Hotel . They sang the song to indicate to guests that it was time to leave . Loesser often introduced himself as the `` evil of two Loessers '' because of the role he played in the song . Garland wrote that after the first performance , `` We become instant parlor room stars . We got invited to all the best parties for years on the basis of ' Baby . ' It was our ticket to caviar and truffles . Parties were built around our being the closing act . '' In 1948 , after years of performing the song , Loesser sold it to MGM for the 1949 romantic comedy Neptune 's Daughter . Garland was furious . She wrote , `` I felt as betrayed as if I 'd caught him in bed with another woman . '' In the film , `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' was sung by Esther Williams and Ricardo Montalbán , then by Betty Garrett and Red Skelton , who reversed the roles . The song won the Academy Award . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics in this duet are designed to be heard as a conversation between two people , identified as `` mouse '' ( usually female ) and `` wolf '' ( usually male ) on the printed score ; they are at the wolf 's home and the mouse decides it is time to go home , but the wolf flirtatiously invites the mouse to stay as it is late and `` it 's cold outside . '' The mouse states that he / she has enjoyed the time and agrees at one point to another drink , but the mouse also says `` the answer is no '' and tries to return home , worried what family and neighbors will think . Every line in the song features a statement from the mouse followed by a response from the wolf , which is musically known as a call and response song . Although some critical analyses of the song have highlighted parts of the lyrics such as `` What 's in this drink ? '' and the wolf 's unrelenting pressure to stay despite the mouse 's repeated suggestions that she should go home , others noted that cultural expectations of the time period were such that women were not socially permitted to spend the night with a boyfriend or fiancé , and that the mouse states that she wants to stay , while `` What 's in this drink ? '' was a common idiom of the period used to rebuke social expectations by blaming one 's actions on the influence of alcohol . In at least one published version the tempo of the song is given as `` Loesserando '' , a humorous reference to the composer 's name . 1949 recordings ( edit ) The version by Lynn Garland and Frank Loesser ( credited as Lynn & Frank Loesser ) was released by Mercury Records . The version by Don Cornell and Laura Leslie with the Sammy Kaye orchestra was recorded on April 12 and released by RCA Victor . It reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 24 , 1949 , and lasted 10 weeks on the chart , peaking at No. 13 . The version by Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Jordan was recorded on April 28 and released by Decca Records . It reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on June 17 , 1949 , and lasted seven weeks on the chart , peaking at No. 17 . The version by Margaret Whiting and Johnny Mercer was recorded on March 18 and released by Capitol Records . It reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on May 6 , 1949 , and lasted 19 weeks on the chart , peaking at No. 4 . Other recordings ( edit ) 1957 : Sammy Davis Jr. and Carmen McRae on Boy Meets Girl 1959 : Jack Marshall on his album Soundsville 1961 : Ray Charles and Betty Carter on their self - titled album 1963 : Al Hirt and Ann - Margret on the album Personalities 1999 : Tom Jones and Cerys Matthews on Jones 's album Reload 2002 : Brian Setzer and Ann - Margret on Boogie Woogie Christmas 2003 : Zooey Deschanel and Leon Redbone on the soundtrack for the film Elf 2004 : Rod Stewart and Dolly Parton on his album Stardust : The Great American Songbook , Volume III 2009 : Lady Antebellum 2009 : Willie Nelson and Norah Jones on his album American Classic 2010 : Chris Colfer and Darren Criss sang their version on the television program Glee in the episode `` A Very Glee Christmas . During the previous month , the song was released on Glee : The Music , The Christmas Album . It entered the Hot 100 chart of Billboard magazine at No. 57 after the episode aired . 2011 : She & Him ( Zooey Deschanel and M. Ward ) on their album A Very She & Him Christmas 2011 : American Idol Season 10 alumni Haley Reinhart and Casey Abrams with a single , charting at No. 120 on the Billboard 200 2013 : Lady Gaga and Joseph Gordon - Levitt on Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular . Gaga also performed a version of the song with Tony Bennett in a 2015 Barnes & Noble commercial . 2013 : Jimmy Fallon and Cecily Strong on Saturday Night Live . The song begins in the traditional manner , but after sex , roles reverse and Fallon tries to get Strong out of his apartment . 2013 : Martina McBride recorded an overdubbed duet with Dean Martin with his version from 1959 . McBride 's version appears on The Classic Christmas Album ( 2013 ) . 2014 : Canadian pop singers Virginia to Vegas and Alyssa Reid with a single that charted at No. 5 on the Canadian Hot 100 2014 : Seth MacFarlane and Sara Bareilles on his album Holiday for Swing 2014 : Idina Menzel and Michael Bublé on her album Holiday Wishes ( No. 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart , spending three weeks on top ) 2014 : Darius Rucker and Sheryl Crow on his album Home for the Holidays 2016 : Brett Eldredge and Meghan Trainor on his album Glow See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2017 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Loesser , Susan ( 1993 ) . A Most Remarkable Fella : Frank Loesser and the Guys and Dolls in His Life , A Portrait by His Daughter . Hal Leonard . pp. 79 -- 81 . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 364 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 134 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Inman , Davis ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Ray Charles and Betty Carter , `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` . American Songwriter . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Riis , Thomas Laurence ( January 1 , 2008 ) . Frank Loesser . Yale University Press . pp. 71 -- 73 . ISBN 0300110510 . ^ Jump up to : Marya Hannun ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Baby It 's Cold Outside ' was once an anthem for progressive women . What happened ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listening While Feminist : In Defense of ' Baby , It 's Cold Outside ' '' . Persophone Magazine . December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Feinstein , Michael ( June 29 , 2010 ) . `` Comment made by Michael Feinstein during Fresh Air Celebrates Frank Loesser 's 100th Birthday interview '' . Wbur.org . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loesser , Lynn & Loesser , Frank ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` Baby It 's Cold Outside '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 -- via Internet Archive . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1973 ) . Top Pop Records 1940 -- 1955 . Record Research . Jump up ^ `` Boy Meets Girl : Sammy Davis , Jr. and Carmen McRae '' . SammyDavisJr.info . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby , It 's Cold Outside ' : You choose the best version '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundsville '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ginell , Richard S. `` Ray Charles & Betty Carter '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Personalities '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Carlo . `` Reload '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Hal . `` Boogie Woogie Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Elf '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Stardust : The Great American Songbook , Vol. 3 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Roach , Pemberton . `` American Classic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Week of December 25 , 2010 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` A Very She & Him Christmas '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gunter , Barrie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` I Want to Change My Life : Can Reality TV Competition Shows Trigger Lasting Career Success ? '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Watch Lady Gaga & Tony Bennett Sing Gorgeous ' Baby It 's Cold Outside ' Duet in New Commercial '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katla ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Their Version Of ' Baby It 's Cold Outside ' Is So Much Better '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon 's ' Baby It 's Cold Outside ' SNL Duet Has Hilariously Cold Modern Twist '' . Mediaite . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leggett , Steve . `` The Classic Christmas Album '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search Virginia to Vegas '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Holiday for Swing ! '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary '' . Billboard . December 20 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Home for the Holidays '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Glow '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics 27 Takes On Frank Loesser 's ' Baby , It 's Cold Outside ' Broadwayworld Is ' Baby , It 's Cold Outside ' About Date Rape ? Snopes . Includes 1949 recording by the Loessers Academy Award for Best Original Song 1930s `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and Lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) 1940s `` When You Wish upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and Lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) 1950s `` Mona Lisa '' Music and Lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and Lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) 1960s `` Never on Sunday '' Music and Lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and Lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) 1970s `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and Lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and Lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and Lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and Lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and Lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and Lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and Lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and Lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and Lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and Lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and Lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and Lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and Lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and Lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and Lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and Lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and Lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and Lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` We Belong Together '' Music and Lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) `` Man or Muppet '' Music and Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and Lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and Lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and Lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) Lady Antebellum Hillary Scott Charles Kelley Dave Haywood Studio albums and singles Lady Antebellum `` Love Do n't Live Here '' `` Lookin ' for a Good Time '' `` I Run to You '' Need You Now `` Need You Now '' `` American Honey '' `` Our Kind of Love '' `` Hello World '' Own the Night `` Just a Kiss '' `` We Owned the Night '' `` Dancin ' Away with My Heart '' `` Wanted You More '' Golden `` Downtown '' `` Goodbye Town '' `` Compass '' 747 `` Bartender '' `` Freestyle '' `` Long Stretch of Love '' Heart Break `` You Look Good '' `` Heart Break '' EPs iTunes Session Christmas recordings A Merry Little Christmas On This Winter 's Night Other songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Friday Night '' `` Golden '' ( w / Stevie Nicks ) `` A Holly Jolly Christmas '' `` Never Alone '' ( w / Jim Brickman ) `` Slow Rollin ' '' `` Something Better '' ( w / Audien ) Concert tours Need You Now Tour ( 2010 ) Own the Night Tour ( 2011 - 12 ) Take Me Downtown Tour ( 2013 - 14 ) Wheels Up Tour ( 2015 ) You Look Good World Tour ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Charles Kelley 's solo releases The Driver Hillary Scott 's solo releases Love Remains ( `` Thy Will '' ) Louis Jordan Singles `` Barnacle Bill the Sailor '' `` Keep a-Knockin ' '' `` Honeysuckle Rose '' `` I 'm Alabama Bound '' `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' `` Caldonia '' `` Stone Cold Dead in the Market ( He Had It Coming ) '' `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' `` Ai n't That Just Like a Woman ( They 'll Do It Every Time ) '' `` Ai n't Nobody Here but Us Chickens '' `` Let the Good Times Roll `` Open the Door , Richard '' `` Early in the Mornin ' '' `` Beans and Corn Bread '' `` Saturday Night Fish Fry '' `` School Days '' `` Ai n't Nobody 's Business but My Own '' `` Tear Drops from My Eyes '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' `` How Blue Can You Get ? '' `` Junco Partner '' `` Nobody Knows You When You 're Down and Out '' `` Perdido '' `` Whatever Lola Wants ( Lola Gets ) '' Related Discography Tympany Five Jump blues Rhythm and blues Origins of Rock and Roll Five Guys Named Moe Let the Good Times Roll Tom Jones Discography Studio albums Along Came Jones ( It 's Not Unusual ) What 's New Pussycat ? A-tom - ic Jones From the Heart Green , Green Grass of Home Delilah Help Yourself Reload Mr. Jones Praise & Blame Spirit in the Room Long Lost Suitcase Live albums John Farnham & Tom Jones -- Together in Concert Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas Songs `` All You Need Is Love '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Black Betty '' `` Burning Down the House '' `` Carrying a Torch '' `` Darlin ' '' `` Daughter of Darkness '' `` Delilah '' `` Detroit City '' `` Gimme Shelter '' `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' `` Help Yourself '' `` I ( Who Have Nothing ) '' `` Islands in the Stream '' `` It 's Four in the Morning '' `` It 's Not Unusual '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Kiss '' `` Lady Lay Down '' `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Move Closer '' `` Say You 'll Stay Until Tomorrow '' `` Sex Bomb '' `` Sixteen Tons '' `` She 's a Lady '' `` Stoned in Love '' `` Till '' `` What 's New Pussycat ? '' `` Without Love ( There Is Nothing ) '' `` The Young New Mexican Puppeteer '' `` Thunderball '' Related articles This Is Tom Jones Tom Jones Tom Jones : The Right Time The Wexford Carols Dean Martin Discography Studio albums Dean Martin Sings Swingin ' Down Yonder Pretty Baby Sleep Warm A Winter Romance This Time I 'm Swingin ' ! Dino : Italian Love Songs Cha Cha de Amor French Style Dino Latino Dean `` Tex '' Martin : Country Style Dean `` Tex '' Martin Rides Again Dream with Dean The Door Is Still Open to My Heart Dean Martin Hits Again ( Remember Me ) I 'm the One Who Loves You Houston Somewhere There 's a Someone Dean Martin Sings Songs from The Silencers The Hit Sound of Dean Martin The Dean Martin Christmas Album The Dean Martin TV Show Happiness Is Dean Martin Welcome to My World Gentle on My Mind I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am My Woman , My Woman , My Wife For the Good Times Dino Sittin ' on Top of the World You 're the Best Thing That Ever Happened to Me Once in a While The Nashville Sessions Posthumous albums Live from Las Vegas Forever Cool Compilation albums Hey , Brother , Pour the Wine The Best of Dean Martin Dino : The Essential Dean Martin Singles `` Powder Your Face with Sunshine ( Smile , Smile , Smile ) '' `` If '' `` You Belong to Me '' `` That 's Amore '' `` Sway '' `` The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane '' `` Mambo Italiano '' `` Young and Foolish '' `` Under the Bridges of Paris '' `` Memories Are Made of This '' `` Innamorata '' `` Standing on the Corner '' `` Return to Me '' `` Angel Baby '' `` Volare '' `` On an Evening in Roma '' `` Just in Time '' `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' `` Everybody Loves Somebody '' `` The Door Is Still Open to My Heart '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' `` Send Me the Pillow You Dream On '' `` ( Remember Me ) I 'm the One Who Loves You '' `` Houston '' `` I Will '' `` Somewhere There 's a Someone '' `` Come Running Back '' `` A Million and One '' `` Nobody 's Baby Again '' `` ( Open Up the Door ) Let the Good Times In '' `` Lay Some Happiness on Me '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Little Ole Wine Drinker , Me '' `` In the Misty Moonlight '' `` You 've Still Got a Place in My Heart '' `` Not Enough Indians '' `` Gentle on My Mind '' `` I Take a Lot of Pride in What I Am '' `` Detroit City '' `` She 's a Little Bit Country '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Related Martin and Lewis Rat Pack Deana Martin ( daughter ) Dean Paul Martin ( son ) Ricci Martin ( son ) The Rat Pack ( 1998 film ) Martin and Lewis ( 2002 film ) Homer and Jethro Henry D. `` Homer '' Haynes Kenneth C. `` Jethro '' Burns Studio albums Homer and Jethro Go West ( 1963 ) with Nashville String Band The Nashville String Band ( 1969 ) Down Home ( 1970 ) Strung Up ( 1971 ) Identified ! ( 1971 ) The Bandit ( 1972 ) World 's Greatest Melodies ( 1972 ) Singles `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Hernando 's Hideaway '' `` Please Help Me , I 'm Falling '' She & Him Zooey Deschanel M. Ward Rachel Blumberg Mike Mogis Mike Coykendall Studio albums Volume One Volume Two A Very She & Him Christmas Volume 3 Classics Christmas Party Singles `` Why Do You Let Me Stay Here ? '' `` In the Sun '' / `` I Can Hear Music '' `` Thieves '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Related topics Discography Songs list Haley Reinhart Discography Videography Songs Studio albums Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) Better ( 2016 ) What 's That Sound ? ( 2017 ) EPs American Idol Season 10 Highlights : Haley Reinhart ( 2011 ) Songs `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' `` Free '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Better '' Concert tours American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby,_It%27s_Cold_Outside&oldid=826656403 '' Categories : 1949 singles Songs written by Frank Loesser Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Vocal duets 1944 songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 09 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang baby it's cold outside in neptune's daughter	[ "Loesser wrote the song for him and his wife to perform at parties. He sold the song to MGM, which used it for the 1949 film Neptune's Daughter. It was sung by Esther Williams and Ricardo Montalban and won the Academy Award. Since 1949 it has been covered by many singers, including Ray Charles, Michael Bublé, and Dolly Parton.", "Loesser wrote the song for him and his wife to perform at parties. He sold the song to MGM, which used it for the 1949 film Neptune's Daughter. It was sung by Esther Williams and Ricardo Montalban and won the Academy Award. Since 1949 it has been covered by many singers, including Ray Charles, Michael Bublé, and Dolly Parton." ]	[ "Esther Williams", "Ricardo Montalban" ]
-5557389911318804208	Free agent	Free agent - wikipedia Free agent For other uses , see Free agent ( disambiguation ) . In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Terms 1.1. 1 Unrestricted free agent 1.1. 2 Restricted free agent 1.1. 3 Undrafted free agent 1.2 Legal provisions in Europe 2 Usage 2.1 Association football usage 2.2 Australian Football League usage 2.3 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) usage 2.4 National Basketball Association usage 2.5 National Football League usage 2.6 National Hockey League usage 3 Drawbacks for owners 4 Deadlines 5 References Types ( edit ) Terms ( edit ) Unrestricted free agent ( edit ) Unrestricted free agents are players without a team . They have either been released from their club , had the term of their contract expire without a renewal , or were not chosen in a league 's draft of amateur players . These people , generally speaking , are free to entertain offers from all other teams and to decide with whom to sign a contract . Restricted free agent ( edit ) Main article : Restricted free agent The specific rules of restricted free agency vary among the major professional sports , but in principle it means that a player is currently signed to one team but is free to solicit contract offers from other teams ; however , this player can not sign with the competing club if the current club matches ( or in some leagues , comes within 10 % of ) the terms of the offered contract . For a restricted free agent , some leagues require the competing team to offer to the original team one or more draft picks , when an offer is not matched , as compensation for losing the player . Undrafted free agent ( edit ) `` Undrafted '' redirects here . For the film , see Undrafted ( film ) . For the album , see Undrafted ( album ) . Players who are not drafted in a league 's annual draft of amateur players are considered to be unrestricted free agents and are free to sign contracts with any team . In most North American professional sports , players are drafted by sequencing each team from worst to best ( according to the teams ' immediately preceding season record , sometimes invoking a draft lottery factor to avoid having teams intentionally lose their last games to gain higher draft position ) and allowing said teams to claim rights to the top players entering the league that year . Players that pass through an entire draft ( usually several rounds ) without being selected by any of the league 's teams become unrestricted free agents , and these players are sometimes identified simply as an undrafted free agent ( UDFA ) or undrafted sportsperson and are free to sign with any team they choose . The term `` undrafted free agent '' is most common in the National Football League , where rookies enter directly into the NFL and do not play in a minor league system . It can also occasionally be seen in the National Hockey League , which increasingly uses college hockey as a source ; the NHL Entry Draft usually drafts players during high school age ( i.e. , junior leagues ) , which allows overlooked players who excel at the college level or in European professional leagues to bypass the draft and sign directly with the NHL . Legal provisions in Europe ( edit ) In the European Union , the 1995 Bosman ruling by the European Court of Justice established the right of free agency for association football players in all EU member nations . The Bosman ruling has since been extended to cover other professional sports and players from Eastern Europe . Players were still tied to their clubs unless their contract ran out until the Webster ruling allowed players the opportunity to move between nations , though it does not allow free players to move within the national league in which they currently play . Usage ( edit ) Association Football usage ( edit ) In professional association football , a free agent is either a player that has been released by a professional association football club and now is no longer affiliated with any club , or a player whose contract with his or her current club has expired and is thus free to join any other club under the terms of the Bosman ruling . Free agents do not have to be signed during the normal transfer window that is implemented in some countries ' leagues . If they are signed by a team , the team signing them does not have to pay any fees -- sometimes this is known as `` a free transfer '' . If a player is released from their club when the transfer window is closed , they can not sign for another team until the window reopens . A notable case of this being Sol Campbell who in September 2009 was released from Notts County , just after a month from signing on a free transfer . He signed for his former club Arsenal in January 2010 during the winter transfer window , after spending a few months training with the team to maintain his fitness . Australian Football League usage ( edit ) The Australian Football League introduced free agency at the end of 2012 . Out - of - contract players who are not within the top 25 % paid players at their club will become unrestricted free agents after eight seasons of service at one club ; out - of - contract players who are within the top 25 % paid players at their club become restricted free agents after eight seasons , then become unrestricted free agents after ten seasons . Clubs receive compensation in the form of draft picks for the loss of out - of - contract free agents . Players who are delisted will become unrestricted free agents , regardless of length of service ; clubs are not compensated for the transfer of such free agents . Major League Baseball ( MLB ) usage ( edit ) See also : Flood v. Kuhn Free Agency in the MLB came out of the aftermath of the Flood v. Kuhn Supreme Court case . One of the landmark decisions in the aftermath was the Messersmith / McNally Arbitration also known as the Seitz Decision which effectively destroyed the `` reserve clause '' in baseball . With the destruction of the reserve clause in baseball , the players and the league negotiated a new CBA in which was signed on July 12 , 1976 . It gave players a broader range of options as free agents . In Major League Baseball , free agents were previously classified as either Type A , Type B , or unclassified . Type A free agents were those determined by the Collective Bargaining Agreement to be in the top 20 % of all players based on the previous two seasons . Type B free agents were those in the next 20 % . Unclassified free agents were those in the bottom 60 % of players . Teams that lost a Type A free agent to whom they had offered arbitration received the top draft pick from the team that signed the free agent , plus a supplemental draft pick in the upcoming draft as compensation . Teams losing Type B free agents to whom they had offered arbitration received only a supplemental pick as compensation . Teams that have lost unclassified free agents , or who did not offer arbitration to classified free agents , did not receive any compensation . The current collective bargaining agreement between MLB and its players union , signed on November 22 , 2011 and taking effect with the 2012 season , dramatically changed free agent compensation . Players are no longer classified by type , and if a player has six or more years of major - league service ( on the team 's 40 - man roster ) and not under contract for the following season is automatically a free agent . They can offer them an arbitration salary if they want to be able to receive draft pick compensation . The offer must be at least equal to the average of the 125 richest contracts . However , if a player is traded during the final season of his contract , his new team will be ineligible to receive any draft pick compensation . There are more rules than just compensation rules that are included in MLB free agency . One of those rules is that National Basketball Association usage ( edit ) Main article : NBA salary cap § Free agency National Football League usage ( edit ) Exclusive - rights free agents Exclusive - rights free agents ( ERFAs ) are players with two or fewer seasons of service time and whose contracts have expired . If their team tenders a qualifying offer ( a one - year contract usually at league - minimum salary ) the player has no negotiating rights with other teams , and must either sign the tender with the team or sit out the season . Restricted free agents Restricted free agents ( RFAs ) are players who have three accrued seasons of service and whose contracts have expired . RFAs have received qualifying offers from their old clubs and are free to negotiate with any club until a deadline which occurs approximately a week prior to the NFL Draft ( for 2010 the deadline was April 15 ) , at which time their rights revert to their original club . If a player accepts an offer from a new club , the old club will have the right to match the offer and retain the player . If the old club elects not to match the offer , it may receive draft - choice compensation depending on the level of the qualifying offer made to the player . Unrestricted free agents Unrestricted free agents are players with expired contracts that have completed four or more accrued seasons of service . They are free to sign with any franchise . Undrafted free agents Undrafted free agents are players eligible for the NFL Draft but who are not selected ; they can negotiate and sign with any team . `` Plan B '' free agency Plan B free agency was a type of free agency that became active in the National Football League in February 1989 to 1992 . Plan B free agency permitted all teams in the NFL to preserve limited rights of no more than 37 total players a season ; if a player was a protected Plan B free agent , he was incapable of signing with another team without providing his old team the first opportunity to sign him again . The rest of the players were left unprotected , liberated to negotiate contracts with the rest of the teams in the league . Eight players sued the NFL in U.S. federal court , stating that Plan B was an unlawful restraint of trade . In 1992 , a jury found that Plan B violated antitrust laws and awarded damages to these players . National Hockey League usage ( edit ) In the NHL , between 2005 and 2008 , the age of unrestricted free agency declined from 31 to 27 . As of 2008 , any player who is at least 27 years old or has at least seven years of service as an NHL player , and whose contract has expired , will become an unrestricted free agent . On July 1 of each year the free agency period begins , and unrestricted free agents are free to negotiate and sign contracts with any team . Under the old collective agreement , which expired in 2004 , draft picks were awarded as compensation when a team lost an unrestricted free agent ; however , under the current CBA teams losing unrestricted free agents do not receive any compensation . In addition , any player at least 22 years of age who has not been selected in the NHL Draft can sign with any team as a free agent . Any player who is not entry - level , but does not meet the qualifications of unrestricted free agency becomes a restricted free agent when his contract expires . Drawbacks for owners ( edit ) The economics of free agency are disadvantageous for team owners ; it can lead to bidding wars -- and increased player salaries mean decreased owner profits . Restrictions on free agency have therefore been preferred by North American team owners since the abolition of the reserve clause . For example , a draft can be used to keep young and talented players from generating bidding wars and causing higher player salaries throughout the league . Furthermore , some teams which play in large market cities , and hence have a larger revenue stream , would be able to outbid other teams for talented players . Some leagues , such as the National Football League and the National Basketball Association have imposed salary cap rules in order to avert such bidding wars ( the NFL itself was created in an effort to prevent bidding wars that had crippled preceding regional leagues like the Ohio League and Pittsburgh circuit ) . In Europe , the wages of the top players have increased dramatically since the Bosman ruling , although this is partly because of increased television revenues . As in North America , the number of transfers involving a fee are on the decline since clubs can wait for players to finish their contracts and become unrestricted . Also in Major League Baseball the larger and more successful teams often trump the lesser income teams from lack of a salary cap . Deadlines ( edit ) In some leagues , free agency has deadlines . For example , under the most recent NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement , restricted free agents who do not sign contracts by December 1 of a given year will be ineligible to play in the National Hockey League for the balance of that season . However , other leagues ( such as the National Basketball Association ) have no such restrictions . In Europe , players can only move during transfer windows -- during the close season and halfway through the league season . There are exceptions for unsigned professional players in the lower divisions . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Free agency rules '' . Australian Football League . 16 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLBPA History : The 1970 's - MLBPlayers.com '' . www.mlbplayers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jon Heyman , SI.com ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Free agent Mark Teixeira tops the annual Elias player rankings -- 2008 MLB Playoffs -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Learn About Major League Baseball 's Free Agency Rules '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` MLB players , owners sign agreement '' . ESPN.com. 2011 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) . `` How the new CBA changes baseball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Jason ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` An Overview of the Various Types of Free Agents '' . overthecap.com . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key questions and answers about 2010 NFL free agency '' . NFL.com . March 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ McCaig , Sam . `` The NHL 's top 50 unrestricted free agents -- NHL -- Yahoo ! Canada Sports '' . Ca.sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_agent&oldid=842365745 '' Categories : Sports terminology Major League Baseball labor relations National Hockey League labor relations Sports labor relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 00 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is a free agent in nfl draft	[ "In professional sports, a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign with any club or franchise; i.e., not under contract to any specific team. The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams. In some circumstances, the free agent's options are limited by league rules." ]	[ "a player who is eligible to sign with any club or franchise; i.e., not under contract to any specific team" ]
-889750070332626078	Solo: A Star Wars Story	Solo : a Star Wars Story - Wikipedia Solo : a Star Wars Story 2018 American epic space opera film in the Star Wars franchise Solo : A Star Wars Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Ron Howard Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Allison Shearmur Simon Emanuel Written by Jonathan Kasdan Lawrence Kasdan Based on Characters by George Lucas Starring Alden Ehrenreich Woody Harrelson Emilia Clarke Donald Glover Thandie Newton Phoebe Waller - Bridge Joonas Suotamo Paul Bettany Music by John Powell John Williams ( Han Solo theme and original Star Wars music ) Cinematography Bradford Young Edited by Pietro Scalia Production company Lucasfilm Ltd . Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) ( Los Angeles ) May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $275 million Box office $384.6 million Solo : A Star Wars Story , or simply Solo , is a 2018 American space Western film based on the Star Wars character Han Solo . Directed by Ron Howard , it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the second Star Wars anthology film following 2016 's Rogue One . The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope , and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca , as the pair are involved in a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo , alongside Woody Harrelson , Emilia Clarke , Donald Glover , Thandie Newton , Phoebe Waller - Bridge , Joonas Suotamo , and Paul Bettany . George Lucas began development on the film in 2012 . He commissioned Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay , which was completed by his son Jonathan after Kasdan was hired to write Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Principal photography began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios , under the direction of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The pair left the project in June 2017 after reportedly being fired over `` creative differences '' with Lucasfilm , and Howard took over directing duties . With an estimated production budget of around $275 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Having grossed $384 million worldwide , it is considered the first Star Wars film to be deemed a box office bomb , with estimated losses for Disney of up to $80 million ; it will need to gross at least $500 million to break even . The film had its world premiere in Los Angeles on May 10 , 2018 , and also screened on May 15 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival , before its United States release on May 25 , 2018 in RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . It received generally favorable reviews from critics , with praise for the cast ( particularly Ehrenreich and Glover ) , visuals and action sequences , although many noted that the film added `` nothing new '' to the Star Wars franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other territories 5.2 Critical response 6 Possible sequels 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot On the planet Corellia , orphaned children are made to steal in order to survive . Lovers Han and Qi'ra make an escape from the clutches of a local gang . They bribe an Imperial officer with stolen coaxium , a powerful hyperspace fuel , in exchange for passage on an outgoing transport , but Qi'ra is apprehended by their pursuers before she can board . Han vows to return for her and joins the Imperial Navy as a flight cadet . When the recruiting officer asks for his surname , Han says he is alone with no family , and the recruiter gives him the last name `` Solo '' . Three years later , Han is expelled from the Imperial Flight Academy for insubordination and is serving as an infantryman on Mimban . He encounters a group of criminals posing as Imperial soldiers led by Tobias Beckett . Han attempts to blackmail them into taking him with them , but Beckett has him arrested for desertion and thrown into a pit to be fed to a beast -- a Wookiee named Chewbacca . Able to understand Chewbacca 's language , Han persuades him to cooperate to escape . Beckett rescues and enlists them in the gang to steal a shipment of coaxium on Vandor - 1 . The plan goes awry when the Cloud Riders show up , led by Enfys Nest , resulting in the deaths of two crew members , Rio Durant and Beckett 's wife Val , and the destruction of the coaxium . Beckett reveals he was ordered to steal the shipment for Dryden Vos , a high - ranking crime boss in the Crimson Dawn syndicate . Han and Chewbacca volunteer to help him steal another shipment to repay the debt . They travel to Vos 's yacht where Han finds Qi'ra , who has joined Crimson Dawn and is Vos 's top lieutenant . Han suggests a risky plan to steal unrefined coaxium from the mines on Kessel ; Vos approves but insists that Qi'ra accompany the team . She leads them to Lando Calrissian , an accomplished smuggler and pilot who she hopes will lend them his ship . Han challenges Lando to a game of sabacc , with the wager being Lando 's ship . Lando cheats to win but agrees to join the mission in exchange for a share of the profits . After reaching Kessel in the Millennium Falcon and infiltrating the mine , Lando 's droid co-pilot L3 - 37 instigates a slave revolt . In the confusion , they steal the coaxium , but L3 is severely damaged and Lando is injured during the escape . With the help of L3 's navigational computer , hotwired into the ship 's systems , Han pilots the ship through a dangerous uncharted route to elude an Imperial blockade . The Falcon , badly damaged , lands on the planet Savareen to process the coaxium . During a confrontation with Enfys , who tracked the team from Vandor , Lando flees in the Falcon . Enfys explains to Han that she and her crew are not pirates , but rebels trying to prevent the syndicates and Empire from gaining power . Han becomes sympathetic to their cause and tries to trick Vos , but Beckett has already alerted him to the double - cross . Vos sends his guards to kill Enfys , but the Cloud Riders overpower them instead , leaving Vos defenseless . Having anticipated Vos 's strategy , Han tries to take the coaxium , only for Beckett to betray Vos , escaping with it and taking Chewbacca hostage . Qi'ra kills Vos and sends Han after Beckett ; once alone , she contacts Vos 's superior , Maul , to inform him of the mission 's failure and claim Vos 's position . She avoids speaking of Han 's involvement , instead blaming everything on Beckett . Han catches up to Beckett and confronts him . Han shoots Beckett first before he can shoot him , and with his dying words Beckett tells Han he made the smart choice . Qi'ra leaves in Vos ' yacht , while Han and Chewbacca turn the coaxium over to Enfys . She offers Han a chance to join the rebellion against the Empire ; when he declines , she gives him a vial of coaxium , enough to buy a ship of his own . Han and Chewbacca locate Lando and challenge him to a rematch in sabacc , once again wagering the Falcon . Han wins , having stolen the card Lando was keeping up his sleeve in order to cheat , and he and Chewbacca leave for Tatooine , where a `` big - shot gangster '' is putting together a job . Cast Main articles : List of Star Wars characters and List of Star Wars cast members Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo : A cynical smuggler who is a part of Beckett 's crew . When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films , Ehrenreich stated , `` I think the main thing that 's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist . He has certain dreams that he follows , and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities -- realities that are harder and more challenging than he 'd expected . '' Harrison Ford , who previously portrayed the character in the original and sequel trilogy saga films , met with Ehrenreich , giving him some insight and words of advice . Woody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett : A criminal and Han 's mentor . The character of Beckett was based on Long John Silver from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson . Emilia Clarke as Qi'ra : Han 's former lover . Describing her character , Clarke said : `` She has a couple of guises , but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive . If you 've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment , you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads . '' With regard to her character 's relationship with Solo , Clarke offered that `` They grew up as comrades , essentially . They grew up as pals , as partners in crime . There is obviously the romantic side of things . But they grew up together . So they were kids together . '' Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian : A smuggler on the rise in the galaxy 's underworld . Billy Dee Williams , who previously portrayed the character in the saga films , met with Glover , giving him some insight and words of advice about the character . Thandie Newton as Val : Beckett 's wife , a fellow criminal and member of her husband 's crew . Phoebe Waller - Bridge as L3 - 37 : Lando 's droid companion and navigator . Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca : Han 's Wookiee sidekick and best friend , who also serves as his first mate . Paul Bettany as Dryden Vos : A ruthless crime lord who has a history with Beckett . Michael K. Williams had originally been cast , but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film 's reshoots . Bettany was cast in his place , with the character being reworked from a motion - capture alien ( described by Williams as half - mountain lion , half - human ) to a scarred near - human alien lifeform . Erin Kellyman appears as Enfys Nest , the leader of a gang of pirates called Cloud Riders . Jon Favreau voices Rio Durant , `` a very cool and important alien character '' and member of Beckett 's crew , and Linda Hunt voices Lady Proxima , the serpent - like leader of the gang to which teenage Han and Qi'ra belong . Ian Kenny portrays Rebolt while Clint Howard portrays Ralakili . Additionally , Anthony Daniels cameos as Tak , enslaved alongside Chewbacca , Kiran Shah plays Karjj and Warwick Davis briefly reprises his role from the film The Phantom Menace as Weazel , a Cloud Rider . Ray Park reprises his role as Maul , with Sam Witwer providing the character 's voice , reprising the role from the Star Wars : The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels animated TV series . Screenwriter Jonathan Kasdan and first assistant director Toby Hefferman portrayed Tag Greenley and Bink Otauna , respectively -- two characters that first appeared in the Star Wars Legends comics published by Dark Horse Comics . The scene was not included in the finished film . Production Development Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney in 2012 , George Lucas had already started development on a film about a young Han Solo , and hired veteran Star Wars screenwriter Lawrence Kasdan to write the screenplay . When Kasdan left to help finish the script for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he left his son Jonathan Kasdan , who had been helping him , in charge of writing Solo until his return . In February 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films , written by Kasdan and Simon Kinberg , respectively . Shortly thereafter , it was reported that Disney was working on two films , featuring Solo and Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the sequel trilogy : George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology series . In July , Lucasfilm announced that an Anthology film focusing `` on how ( a ) young Han Solo became the smuggler , thief , and scoundrel whom Luke Skywalker and Obi - Wan Kenobi first encountered in the cantina at Mos Eisley '' would be released on May 25 , 2018 . The project was to be directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller from a script by Lawrence and Jonathan Kasdan . Kennedy would serve as a producer , with Lawrence Kasdan and Jason McGatlin executive producers ; Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel also produce . The Han Solo project was separate from a film that was being developed by Josh Trank , which was pushed back to an unconfirmed date . Solo 's Wookiee friend Chewbacca was also set to appear in the film . In May 2016 , Lawrence Kasdan stated that filming would start in January 2017 . Casting In January 2016 , a list of actors was revealed for the role of young Han Solo , including Miles Teller , Ansel Elgort , Dave Franco , Jack Reynor , Scott Eastwood , Logan Lerman , Emory Cohen and Blake Jenner . In March 2016 , it was reported that Alden Ehrenreich , Reynor and Taron Egerton were on a shortlist for the role . In May 2016 , Ehrenreich was reported to have been cast as the young Han Solo , and was revealed in the role at Star Wars Celebration : Celebration Europe III two months later . Miller called casting the role one of `` the hardest casting challenges of all time , '' adding that they `` saw over 3,000 people for the part '' . By the following October , Tessa Thompson , Naomi Scott , Zoë Kravitz , Emilia Clarke , Kiersey Clemons , Jessica Henwick and Adria Arjona were being considered for the female lead , while Donald Glover was being considered to play a young Lando Calrissian . Glover was confirmed for Calrissian shortly after , with Clarke cast as the female lead the following month . In early January 2017 , Woody Harrelson was revealed to be in negotiations to portray Han Solo 's mentor , and was confirmed to be appearing in the film shortly after . Christian Bale had previously been in discussions for the role . A subsequent interview with Harrelson bolstered speculation that he may be specifically playing Star Wars Legends character Garris Shrike , but Harrelson revealed the character 's name as Beckett in March 2017 . In February 2017 , Phoebe Waller - Bridge joined the cast in an undisclosed role , said to be `` a CGI - driven performance '' similar to Alan Tudyk in Rogue One as the droid K - 2SO . Additionally , it was reported that Thandie Newton was in negotiations to star in the film . Waller - Bridge and Newton were confirmed as being cast by the end of February , alongside the announcement that Joonas Suotamo would appear as Chewbacca , reprising the role from Star Wars : The Force Awakens and Star Wars : The Last Jedi , where he shared it with original Chewbacca actor Peter Mayhew . Michael K. Williams entered talks to join the film in early March 2017 , and was confirmed shortly after , portraying a half - human , half - animal creature . By the end of the month , Ian Kenny had joined the cast . Warwick Davis was confirmed as part of the cast by the end of July 2017 . Filming Ron Howard took over directing duties midway through production , reshooting 70 % of the film . Filming began on January 30 , 2017 , at Pinewood Studios , under the working title Star Wars : Red Cup . By February 10 , the film had spent $54.5 million on production . Lucasfilm announced that principal photography started on February 20 , 2017 . Bradford Young serves as the cinematographer for the film . In May 2017 , filming moved to Tre Cime di Lavaredo and Monte Piana in the Dolomites in Veneto , Italy , to the Fassa Dolomites in Trentino , Italy , and to the Canary Islands . Lucasfilm replaced editor Chris Dickens with Pietro Scalia and hired an acting coach for Ehrenreich because they were unhappy with his performance . On June 20 , 2017 , citing `` creative differences '' , Lucasfilm and Lord and Miller announced the directors had left the project , with a new director `` to be announced soon '' . It was reported that the directors were fired after Kennedy and Kasdan disagreed with their shooting style ; Lord and Miller believed they were hired to make a comedy film , while Lucasfilm was looking for the duo only to add `` a comedic touch '' . Lucasfilm also felt the directors were encouraging too much improvisation from the actors , which was believed to be `` shifting the story off - course '' from the Kasdans ' script . To appease Kasdan , who was unhappy with scenes not being filmed `` word for word '' , Lord and Miller shot several takes exactly as written , then shot additional takes . Lord and Miller refused to compromise on certain scenes , such as filming a scene from fewer angles than Lucasfilm expected , thereby reducing the options available in editing . The duo were also unhappy when Kasdan was brought to the London set , feeling he became a `` shadow director '' . The decision to remove Lord and Miller was made after a short hiatus in filming taken to review the footage so far . It was reported that Lucas 's close friend Ron Howard , who had previously turned down an offer from Lucas to direct Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , was a frontrunner to step in as director . Joe Johnston and Kasdan were also considered , though Directors Guild of America rules state that a replacement for a director may not be someone already involved in the production . Two days later , it was announced that Howard would take over directing for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography as well as the scheduled five weeks of reshoots . Howard wrote , `` I 'm beyond grateful to add my voice to the Star Wars universe ... I hope to honor the great work already done and help deliver on the promise of a Han Solo film . '' Howard was expected to arrive in London on June 26 to complete filming . During the reshoots , actor Michael K. Williams was unable to return to the production , due to a schedule conflict with filming The Red Sea Diving Resort , resulting in his part being cut . Williams stated the reshoots for his character were `` to match the new direction which the producers wanted Ron to carry the film in '' , and that he would not have been available again until November 2017 ; the production did not want to wait for his availability to make a release in May 2018 . Lucas , Howard 's friend , mentor and collaborator , made a surprise visit to the set to encourage Howard on his first day shooting . Intended as a short meeting , Lucas spent the whole day with the crew . While Lucas had not meant to interfere , at some point he forgot and asked `` Why does n't Han just do this ? '' ; Howard included his suggestion . On October 17 , 2017 , Howard announced that principal photography had been completed , and revealed the title of the film . During production , Howard utilized rear - projection visual effects for the Millennium Falcon cockpit scenes , an updated version of what was used in the Original Trilogy . In March 2018 , after it was reported Howard had reshot around 70 % of the film , it was announced that Lord and Miller would not challenge for director credit and instead agreed to executive producer credits . Post-production wrapped on April 22 , 2018 . Music John Williams ' involvement was actually a huge factor in my wanting to take this gig . I have such respect -- perhaps awe is a better term -- for the musical history of this series that being able to have the film - scoring equivalent of Yoda be part of it was a massive incentive , and an obvious advantage that I could not let pass . The actual experience of being allowed to see into John 's process ? I could n't imagine a greater gift . -- John Powell on agreeing to score Solo . In July 2017 , John Powell was announced as the main composer of the score . Longtime Star Wars composer John Williams composed and conducted the Han Solo theme , `` The Adventures of Han '' , for the film . Powell began writing the music in late 2017 after finishing his work on Ferdinand . In December 2017 , Williams wrote two musical pieces and combined them to create Han 's theme . The following month , Williams recorded the demos with the Recording Arts Orchestra of Los Angeles at the Newman Scoring Stage . Powell interpolated Williams ' new theme into his score , as well as incorporating music by Williams from previous Star Wars films , including the Star Wars main title , and several motifs and cues from A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back , and The Phantom Menace . Powell revealed the track listing on his Instagram page . Walt Disney Records released the soundtrack album on May 25 . Solo : A Star Wars Story -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Powell Released May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Studio Abbey Road Studios Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 17 : 11 Label Walt Disney Producer John Powell John Powell chronology Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Ferdinand 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World 2019 Star Wars soundtrack chronology The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) The Last Jedi 2017 Solo ( 2018 ) Solo2018 All music composed by John Powell , except where noted . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` The Adventures of Han '' John Williams 3 : 52 2 . `` Meet Han '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 2 : 22 3 . `` Corellia Chase '' John Powell 3 : 36 4 . `` Spaceport '' John Powell 4 : 09 5 . `` Flying with Chewie '' John Powell 3 : 34 6 . `` Train Heist '' John Powell 4 : 51 7 . `` Marauders Arrive '' John Powell 5 : 16 8 . `` Chicken in the Pot '' John Powell 2 : 12 9 . `` Is This Seat Taken ? '' John Powell 2 : 39 10 . `` L3 & Millennium Falcon '' ( Includes `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 3 : 19 11 . `` Lando 's Closet '' John Powell 2 : 14 12 . `` Mine Mission '' John Powell 4 : 14 13 . `` Break Out '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 18 14 . `` The Good Guy '' John Powell 5 : 28 15 . `` Reminiscence Therapy '' ( Includes `` Death Star Motif '' , `` Rebel Fanfare '' , `` TIE Fighter Attack '' , `` The Asteroid Field '' , and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 6 : 14 16 . `` Into the Maw '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' and `` Star Wars Main Theme '' by John Williams ) John Powell 4 : 52 17 . `` Savareen Stand - Off '' John Powell 4 : 28 18 . `` Good Thing You Were Listening '' John Powell 2 : 11 19 . `` Testing Allegiance '' John Powell 4 : 23 20 . `` Dice & Roll '' ( Includes `` Rebel Fanfare '' by John Williams ) John Powell 1 : 59 Total length : 77 : 11 Release Cast , director and producer promoting the film at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . Solo : A Star Wars Story had its world premiere on May 10 , 2018 in Los Angeles , and also screened on May 15 , 2018 at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival . The film debuted in selected countries on May 23 and had its US release on May 25 , 2018 , the 41st anniversary of the release of A New Hope , in which Harrison Ford first appeared as Han Solo . Marketing A `` sneak peek '' TV spot was released during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . It became the most popular Super Bowl trailer on YouTube with 8 million views . It also had 5.9 million views on Facebook . The first official teaser trailer was released on February 5 , 2018 . Graeme McMillan of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the trailer as `` dull '' , and compared it negatively to the look of Rogue One , opining that the visuals `` should be the hive of scum and villainy of the Cantina of the very first movie , filled with colorful aliens and things happening all over the place . That busyness , the sense of danger and hustle , feels appropriate for Solo in a way that what 's on show in this first trailer simply does n't . '' He also noted that several plot elements presented in the trailer were reminiscent of The Han Solo Trilogy , a series of novels published in 1997 and 1998 . In early March 2018 , French artist Hachim Bahous asserted that Disney had plagiarized a series of album covers he designed for Sony Music 's label Legacy Recordings in France with character posters for the film . Disney stated they were investigating the alleged plagiarism and that the Solo posters had been produced by an outside vendor . In the weeks leading up to the film , EA Capital Games announced that new characters based on the film will eventually be collectible and playable in the mobile game Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes , including a younger Han Solo and Chewbacca as they appeared in the film . Both characters became unlockable on May 17 , 2018 , via a two - day limited - time event titled `` Preparation Perfection '' . Reception Box Office As of July 15 , 2018 , Solo : A Star Wars Story has grossed $211.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $172.7 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $384.6 million . With an estimated production budget of around $250 million ( and some sources listing it at more than $300 million ) , the film will need to gross at least $500 million worldwide in order to break even . A week after its worldwide debut of just $147.5 million , Variety wrote that the film would lose Disney `` tens of millions of dollars '' off a projected final total gross of $400 -- 450 million while The Hollywood Reporter estimated the losses would range from $50 -- 80 million . In June 2018 , in response to the film 's poor commercial performance , director Ron Howard tweeted he was proud of the film , and sorry that fans were not turning out to see it , but was happy for those who had enjoyed it . United States and Canada Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing around $170 million over its four - day Memorial Day opening weekend . Deadline Hollywood noted that it was tracking higher than the previous Star Wars spin - off film , Rogue One ( which debuted to $155 million ) , and had more interest from audiences than the likes of fellow blockbusters Spider - Man : Homecoming and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . After its first day of pre-sales , Fandango announced the film was the second - best seller of advance tickets in 2018 , after Avengers : Infinity War . At the week of its release , projections had the film making $135 -- 170 million over the four - day frame , with Disney predicting a $130 -- 150 million debut . The film opened in 4,381 theaters , the ninth - highest total ever , including 3,300 3D locations and 400 IMAX screens . It grossed $14.1 million from Thursday night previews , the lowest of the Disney Star Wars films but the best - ever for Memorial Day weekend , besting the $13.2 million made by Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 . Including Thursday previews , the film made $35.6 million on its first day , lowering weekend projections to $115 million . It grossed just $84.4 million in its opening weekend ( and $103 million over the four -- day weekend ) , far below projections and marking the lowest Star Wars debut since Attack of the Clones in 2002 , although it did set a new career - high opening for Howard . Deadline Hollywood compared the below - expectations opening to Justice League the previous November , and attributed it to fan negativity toward the concept and the behind - the - scenes problems , as well as competition from Deadpool 2 and Avengers : Infinity War . Many analysts and publications , including Deadline , The Atlantic and CNN , interpreted the low box office returns as a case of `` Star Wars fatigue '' , since Solo was the fourth film of the series released in 29 months , and came just five months after The Last Jedi . Other analysts attributed the film 's underperformance to lackluster marketing , as well as the divided fan reception to The Last Jedi . Solo dropped 65 % in its second weekend to $29.4 million , the worst sophomore frame for any Star Wars film since the original trilogy . It dropped another 46 % in its third weekend to $15.7 million , finishing second behind newcomer Ocean 's 8 , and $10 million in its fourth week , finishing fourth . Other territories Worldwide the film was expected to make $285 -- 340 million in its opening weekend , including $150 -- 170 million internationally . It opened in 43 markets on the Wednesday and Thursday prior to its US release and made a total of $11.4 million , including $3.3 million in China . It went on to open to just $65 million overseas and $147.5 million worldwide . It grossed $10.3 million in the United Kingdom , and also finished first in Australia ( $5 million ) , Germany ( $4.3 million ) , France ( $3.9 million ) , Russia ( $3.6 million ) , Spain ( $2.6 million ) , Mexico ( $2.5 million ) , Italy ( $2.2 million ) and Brazil ( $1.3 million ) . However , despite being the second - largest foreign opening , it made just $10.1 million in China , far below the other three Disney Star Wars films . The film held a better - than - expected 47 % in its second weekend , making $30.3 million from 54 countries and remaining the top film in several , including Australia , Spain and the United Kingdom . Critical response Donald Glover 's performance as Lando Calrissian was praised by critics . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Solo has an approval rating of 71 % based on 353 reviews , with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` A flawed yet fun and fast - paced space adventure , Solo : A Star Wars Story should satisfy newcomers to the saga as well as longtime fans who check their expectations at the theater door . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 89 % overall positive score and a 73 % `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 stars out of 4 , complimenting the cast but criticizing the lack of creativity , saying , `` somehow Han Solo -- the roguish Star Wars hellion famous for breaking all the rules -- finds himself in a feel - good movie that does n't break any . '' Bernard Boo of PopMatters wrote , `` If what you want from a Star Wars movie is an action - adventure romp , and the last two movies in the franchise ( The Last Jedi and Rogue One ) felt a little too dreary and heavy on pathos , Solo is sure to lift your spirits and give you more thrills than you can handle . Some of the action sequences are seriously breathtaking and will keep you teetering on the edge of your seat . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said , `` It does n't take itself too seriously , but it also holds whatever irreverent , anarchic impulses it might possess in careful check . '' He noted that it is `` a curiously low - stakes blockbuster , in effect a filmed Wikipedia page '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter praised the cast and production values but felt the film as a whole felt too safe , writing , `` while Ehrenreich 's Solo proves adept at maneuvering the Millennium Falcon out of some tight spots , the picture itself follows a safely predictable course . Missing here are the sort of plot - related or visual curveballs thrown by Rian Johnson 's The Last Jedi or Gareth Edwards with Rogue One . '' For the New York Post , Johnny Oleksinski gave the film one star out of a possible four , writing that while Glover was `` amusing '' in his role , Ehrenreich was `` given an impossible task : to make us forget about Harrison Ford , easily the most iconic action hero in modern cinema . '' Kevin Scott from Exclaim ! echoed the sentiment that Ehrenreich did not have the same `` ineffable everyman '' quality that Ford had , giving the film 4 / 10 and saying , `` The villain is a generically icy figure with vague plans and hollow threats , the twists and turns are fairly predictable and the entire story is one that -- unlike superior fellow Star Wars stand - alone Rogue One -- has few meaningful connections to other Star Wars stories beyond the hollow reverence for what has come before . '' Possible sequels Alden Ehrenreich confirmed his contract deal to appear as Han Solo extended for two additional films , giving the studio the option to pursue a sequel to Solo : A Star Wars Story , or feature him in other anthology films in a supporting capacity . Ehrenreich said he would like any sequels to differentiate themselves from the previous Star Wars trilogies by being standalone , in the vein of the Indiana Jones films , rather than direct follow - ups . Ron Howard said that while no sequel was in development , it was up to the fans to decide . Critics noted the film intentionally left room open for sequels . Solo writer Jon Kasdan said that he would include bounty hunter Bossk ( who briefly appears in Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back and is mentioned in Solo ) if he were to write a sequel for the film . Kennedy also said that a film focusing on Lando Calrissian could happen , but was not a priority . Donald Glover also expressed interest in a spin - off film , saying he would imagine it as Catch Me If You Can in space . On June 20 , Collider claimed that all future ' Star Wars Story ' films were on hold due to the financial performance of Solo . A day later , Lucasfilm told ABC News that this was not correct and that numerous unannounced stand - alone films were still in development , but that they would be taking time to reassess several aspects of them , including production , budget and marketing . Making Star Wars reported that a previously unknown Mos Eisley Spaceport film was the source of the rumors and was postponed or canceled , while all other previously reported yet unannounced stand - alone films were still in development . Notes Jump up ^ Phil Lord and Christopher Miller , the film 's original directors , were fired from the film in June 2017 after over four - and - a-half months of shooting , about three - quarters through principal photography . Howard took over directing duties for the remaining three - and - a-half weeks of scheduled principal photography and five weeks of reshoots . The duo opted to receive credit as executive producers on the film . Jump up ^ Chris Dickens , the film 's original editor , was replaced by Scalia in May 2017 during principal photography . References ^ Jump up to : `` Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to helm Han Solo Anthology Film '' . StarWars.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Message from Lucasfilm Regarding the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff : Lord & Miller Fired After Clashing With Kathleen Kennedy ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps in to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roettgers , Janko ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' : Phil Lord and Chris Miller Reveal Their Credit '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Han Solo -- Smuggler . Scoundrel . Hero . A New Star Wars Story Begins '' . Star Wars.com . February 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Firing Reveals a Disturbance in the Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . Star Wars - Rogue 's Gallery : A lineup of three outlaws from Solo : A Star Wars Story . Entertainment Weekly , February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved on April 21 , 2018 from . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : Emilia Clarke Shares First Details on Qi'ra and Her History with Han '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael K. Williams Has a Story You Need to Read to Believe '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WE LOVE THESE NEW SOLO : A STAR WARS STORY TEASER POSTERS '' . StarWars.com . February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donald Glover Cast As Young Lando Calrissian in Upcoming Han Solo Star Wars Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . October 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover on charming the hell out of Solo : A Star Wars Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Fleabag Star Eyed for Key Role in ' Han Solo ' Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Kennth Williams joins young Han Solo film '' . StarWars.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Blyth , Antonia ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Kenneth Williams ' Role Cut From ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Amid Reshoots '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael K. Williams ' `` Half - Mountain Lion '' SOLO Character You Wo n't Get to See `` . nerdist.com . March 8 , 2018 . 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Variety . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mike ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` Is Anthony Daniels In ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' ? Jonathan Kasdan Gives Us An Unexpected Answer '' . Uproxx . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Warwick Davis Joins Han Solo Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Solo 2 : How two MAJOR Star Wars villains are set up for the inevitable sequel '' . Daily Express . Express Newspapers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Solo : A Star Wars Story Ending Explained '' . GamesRadar . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Ron Howard Teases Fan Favorite Characters For Han Solo Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emilia Clarke Joins ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke Joins The Han Solo Stand - Alone Film '' . StarWars.com . November 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Eyed to Play Han Solo 's Mentor in Star Wars Spinoff '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Christian Bale Confirms He Was in Talks for a Role in ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Woody Harrelson 's Star Wars Role '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson is likely playing Garris Shrike in the Han Solo movie '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Thandie Newton in Talks for Han Solo Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Movie Casts Michael K. Williams '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McMillian , Graeme ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Han Solo Spinoff Director Starts Movie With Greedo Shoutout '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian Sylt ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars Is A Billion - Dollar Blockbuster For Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Raup , Jordan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Emmanuel Lubezki Reteams With Alfonso Cuarón ; Bradford Young to Shoot Han Solo Film '' . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ [email protected] ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Guerre Stellari combattute sulle Dolomiti trentine '' . l'Adige.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Han Solo Film Loses Directors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Why the Han Solo Film Directors Were Fired '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` How the Han Solo film broke apart -- with Ron Howard picking up the pieces '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Ron Howard turned down directing ' The Phantom Menace ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Flemming Jr , Mike ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Top Choice To Take Over Han Solo Film ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . The Film Stage . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard to Assume Directorial Duties on the Untitled Han Solo Film '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Comments on Taking Over The Han Solo Movie '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Ron Howard : A Star Wars Story -- Why the Oscar - winner joined Solo in its time of upheaval '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Movie Title Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Inside SOLO 's Millennium Falcon : Old School Meets New School '' . VFX Voice . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zach Johnson ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story : Why Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Were Really Fired '' . E ! News . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . twitter.com . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Composer John Powell Reveals His Process for Tackling a ' Star Wars ' Movie '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Powell to Score Untitled Han Solo Movie '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . July 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Solo ' Locks in Key ' Star Wars ' Veteran ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Available May 25th '' . Burbank , California : Walt Disney Records . PR Newswire . May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` Tracklist for Solo : A Star Wars Story 's Soundtrack Album ! Available on May 25 ! # JohnWilliams ( link in bio ) '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Tracking for Record $160 M - Plus Memorial Day Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Set For Surprise Cannes Premiere '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Teaser Surprises Super Bowl Audiences '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Trailers : ' Avengers ' Rules Social Media , ' Solo ' Dominates on YouTube '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` What Does the Han Solo Movie Want to Be ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Disney `` Looking Into '' Allegations of Design Theft Over ' Solo ' Posters `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CG_Carrie . `` The Road Ahead : April 5 , 2018 '' . Star Wars : Galaxy of Heroes Forum . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Cost More Than The Force Awakens '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low At The B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang and Rebecca Rubin ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' : How Big a Box Office Dud Is the ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ? '' . Variety . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Will Lose $50 M - Plus in First Defeat for Disney 's ' Star Wars ' Empire '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bruce Haring ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Director Ron Howard Responds To Fan 's ' Star Wars ' Lament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars On Tracking To Potential $170 M+ Four - Day Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Advance Ticket Sales Already Breaking Records , Besting ' Black Panther ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Could Break $139 M Stateside Memorial Day Opening Record ; Global Conquest Eyes $305 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May 25 - 27 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Howard : Director '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Disis , Jill ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` '' Solo '' had a rough start . This weekend is make or break `` . CNN Money . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` With Solo , Has Star Wars Fatigue Set In ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayes , David ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' A No - Go Due To `` Poor Marketing , '' Not Franchise Fatigue , Analyst Says `` . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Nick ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Solo Underperformed At The Box Office '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` As ' Solo ' sputters , some are nervous about Disney 's ' Star Wars ' future '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues At The B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Solo ' drops to $29.4 million in week 2 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Ocean 's 8 ' dethrones ' Solo ' '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Starts Offshore With $11.4 M ; China Grounds Han '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $65 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Review : Origin Story of ' Star Wars ' No. 1 Rogue Plays It Way Too Safe '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boo , Bernard ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Against All Odds , ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Soars '' . PopMatters . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. `` Review : ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Answers Questions You May Not Have Asked '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : AStar Wars Story ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnny Oleksinski ( May 15 , 2018 ) ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' is a long , boring space slog , NYPost.com , accessed May 16 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Solo : A Star Wars Story Directed by Ron Howard '' . exclaim.ca . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alden Ehrenreich Will Return as Han Solo After ' Solo ' '' . Esquire. April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Alden Ehrenreich Wants Solo Franchise to Follow Indiana Jones Path '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's Why ' Solo ' Sequels Will Depend on ' Star Wars ' Fan Response '' . inverse.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Sequels Seem Really Likely , According to Critics '' . inverse.com . Jump up ^ `` Bossk is a MUST For Han Solo Sequel if Jonathan Kasdan is Involved '' . screenrant.com . May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lando Calrissian Star Wars spinoff could happen , says Lucasfilm president ( update ) '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ `` Donald Glover Thinks His Lando Movie Should Be Catch Me If You Can in Space '' . MovieWeb . May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : Future ' A Star Wars Story ' Spinoffs on Hold at Lucasfilm '' . Collider . Complex Media , Inc . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The King of Star Wars Leaks Talks Scoops and Spoilers '' . Wired . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rumor : Mos Eisley Spaceport film postponed , Obi - Wan and Fett live ? '' . Making Star Wars . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays hans solo in the new solo movie	[ "Alden Ehrenreich as Han Solo: A cynical smuggler who is a part of Beckett’s crew.[18][19] When asked how Solo differs from the Solo of latter Star Wars films, Ehrenreich stated, \"I think the main thing that's different is that the Han we meet in this film is more of an idealist. He has certain dreams that he follows, and we watch how it affects him as those dreams meet new realities – realities that are harder and more challenging than he'd expected.\"[20] Harrison Ford, who previously portrayed the character in the original and sequel trilogy saga films, met with Ehrenreich, giving him some insight and words of advice.[21]\nWoody Harrelson as Tobias Beckett: A criminal and Han's mentor.[22][23][24] The character of Beckett was based on Long John Silver from Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson.[25]\nEmilia Clarke as Qi'ra: Han's former lover. Describing her character, Clarke said: \"She has a couple of guises, but essentially she is just fighting to stay alive. If you've got a really glamorous lady in a really sordid environment, you kind of know the glamor is hiding a few rough roads.\"[20] With regard to her character's relationship with Solo, Clarke offered that \"They grew up as comrades, essentially. They grew up as pals, as partners in crime. There is obviously the romantic side of things. But they grew up together. So they were kids together.\"[26][27][28]\nDonald Glover as Lando Calrissian: A smuggler on the rise in the galaxy's underworld.[29] Billy Dee Williams, who previously portrayed the character in the saga films, met with Glover, giving him some insight and words of advice about the character.[30]\nThandie Newton as Val: Beckett's wife, a fellow criminal and member of her husband's crew.[6][24]\nPhoebe Waller-Bridge as L3-37: Lando's droid companion and navigator.[31][24]\nJoonas Suotamo as Chewbacca: Han's Wookiee sidekick and best friend, who also serves as his first mate.[6]\nPaul Bettany as Dryden Vos: A ruthless crime lord who has a history with Beckett.[24] Michael K. Williams had originally been cast,[32] but he was removed from the final film after being unable to return to set during the film's reshoots.[33] Bettany was cast in his place, with the character being reworked from a motion-capture alien (described by Williams as half-mountain lion, half-human)[34] to a scarred near-human alien lifeform.[35]" ]	[ "Alden Ehrenreich" ]
-1011524326246515064	Shameless (season 8)	Shameless ( Season 8 ) - wikipedia Shameless ( Season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search Shameless ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 11 Release Original network Showtime Original release November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes The eighth season of Shameless , an American comedy - drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott , was announced on December 19 , 2016 , a day after the seventh season finale . The season , which premiered on November 5 , 2017 , will consist of a total of 12 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Special Guest 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) characters Main ( edit ) William H. Macy as Frank Gallagher Emmy Rossum as Fiona Gallagher Jeremy Allen White as Philip `` Lip '' Gallagher Ethan Cutkosky as Carl Gallagher Shanola Hampton as Veronica Fisher Steve Howey as Kevin Ball Emma Kenney as Deborah `` Debbie '' Gallagher Cameron Monaghan as Ian Gallagher Isidora Goreshter as Svetlana Yevgenivna Fisher Special Guest ( edit ) Dermot Mulroney as Sean Pierce Richard Flood as Ford Recurring ( edit ) Christian Isaiah as Liam Gallagher Jim Hoffmaster as Kermit Michael Patrick McGill as Tommy Alan Rosenberg as Professor Youens Ruby Modine as Sierra Morton Zack Pearlman as Neil Elliot Fletcher as Trevor Alicia Coppola as Sue Scott Michael Campbell as Brad Levy Tran as Eddie Jessica Szohr as Nessa Chabon Perry Mattfeld as Mel David Brackett as Duran Sharon Lawrence as Margo Mierzejewski Faran Tahir as Adeeb Raffi Barsoumian as Bahir Sammi Hanratty as Kassidi Chet Hanks as Charlie Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 85 `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' Iain B. MacDonald John Wells November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.86 Fiona begins renovating and selling apartments in her new building . Frank returns from the monastery and begins to apologize to everyone he has wronged in the past . Lip tries to get his drinking problem under control while also trying to win back Sierra . Debbie gets a new job and begins night school where she 's learning to become a welder . Ian tries to win back the heart of Trevor by helping teens at the youth center . Carl begins selling the meth that Monica left him and his siblings before she passed away while also staying in shape for military school over the summer break . Liam is used by the faculty of his new school to show off the school 's diversity for prospective parents . Kevin learns some disturbing news about his health and Veronica tries to take back the Alibi from Svetlana . 86 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' Anthony Hemingway Nancy M. Pimental November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 1.37 Fiona grapples with evicting someone from the apartment building . Frank finds a job for the first time and tries to be a respectable citizen . Lip tries to sabotage Sierra 's relationship . Ian goes with Trevor to a chub bar in an effort to fix their relationship . Carl tries to sell Ian 's portion of Monica 's meth but makes a troubling discovery about her . Liam visits a rich friend 's house and is astonished by the luxury that others have . Kevin is sent off to a cancer support group and finds people he can relate to , trying to be ready for the operation that is coming . 87 `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' Michael Morris Krista Vernoff November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 1.34 While Kevin 's tumour is benign , he becomes obsessed with being healthy and , upon researching his genetics , discovers that he comes from an inbred community in Kentucky . Fiona 's evicted tenant destroys her room so Fiona attempts to find a new renter but comes into conflict with Nessa 's girlfriend , Mel . Neil breaks up with Debbie . Ian continues to struggle with Monica 's death . Lip tries to help Professor Yeouens deal with his alcoholism . Frank , now going by Francis , remains committed to becoming a better person . Svetlana tries to sell the Alibi , forcing Veronica to visit her in prison and make a deal , resulting in her release and partial - ownership of the bar . Monica 's partner threatens the Gallaghers and they dig up her body in order to retrieve the meth . 88 `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' Regina King Dominique Morisseau November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 1.59 Frank is helping as much as he can at Liam 's school , and meets a potential love interest amongst the mothers . Fiona is furious when Sean , now clean and married , returns to try and make amends . Lip is sex - crazed , and ends up sleeping with his co-worker , Eddie ( Levy Tran ) . Ian lets a shelter girl of Trevor 's sleep over to help her out of a bad spot , and gets chewed out by Trevor for it , but later they make amends , and Ian promises to try and find a living situation for some of the shelter kids . Debbie has moved back in , and is sad to be missing Frannie 's growing up because of work . Carl attempts to catch a junkie breaking into houses on the block . Another black child join Liam 's school . Kevin and Veronica meet Kevin 's family ; Kev is overwrought with emotion , whereas Veronica fears his family is racist . 89 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' Iain B. MacDonald Sheila Callaghan December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 1.51 Fiona tries to raise the profile of the neighborhood ; Ian helps Trevor raise money for a youth shelter ; Carl loses his scholarship ; Lip stands up to a friend ; Frank teaches parents about the working class . 90 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' Zetna Fuentes Mark Steilen December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 1.52 After she discovers one of her tenants dead , Fiona is forced to reflect on her own life , as the rift between her and Ian grows deeper . Meanwhile , Lip enlists Carl 's help to search for his AA sponsor , Brad , after he started drinking again . After having sex with Duran , Debbie has a pregnancy scare and tries to get a morning - after pill . Frank enjoys having his first - ever credit card , while Kev and V are making discoveries about their sexualities . 91 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' Iain B. MacDonald Molly Smith Metzler December 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) 1.58 Ian keeps testing Fiona 's patience , and starts a `` Occupy Fiona '' movement right to her front door . With the support of Brad , Lip tries to help Youens for his DUI trial , after the latter 's fifth drunk driving . Meanwhile , a now unemployed Frank goes on a job hunt , while Debbie is facing a rude doctor at her own work . Carl gets close to Kassidi , one of his rehab clients , who comes up with a plan to get him easy money . An unsure Kev is learning how to sexually dominate V . 92 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' Emmy Rossum Nancy M. Pimental December 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) 0.81 Fiona considers moving into one of her apartments , while she tries to get closer to Ford . Frank starts an import - export business , by smuggling muslim people and drugs through the US - Canada border . Meanwhile , Lip interviews new AA sponsors , and discovers something about Charlie , Sierra 's boyfriend . Ian confronts a pastor preaching gay conversion , as Carl tries to conciliate his job and Kassidi , his new problematic girlfriend . As she tries to find a new job and some money , Debbie thinks she is pregnant again . Kev starts showing his dominating side against Svetlana at work , to the pleasure of V . 93 9 `` The Fugees '' Jeffrey Reiner Dominique Morisseau January 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) 1.65 94 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' Mario Van Peebles Sheila Callaghan January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) 1.52 95 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' Iain B. MacDonald Mark Steilen January 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 21 ) TBD 96 12 `` Sleepwalking '' John Wells John Wells January 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 28 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` We Become What We ... Frank ! '' November 5 , 2017 0.7 1.86 0.5 1.16 1.2 3.02 `` Where 's My Meth ? '' November 12 , 2017 0.5 1.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` God Bless Her Rotting Soul '' November 19 , 2017 0.5 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Fuck Paying It Forward '' November 26 , 2017 0.6 1.59 0.6 1.26 1.2 2.86 5 `` The ( Mis ) Education of Liam Fergus Beircheart Gallagher '' December 3 , 2017 0.6 1.51 0.5 1.42 1.1 2.93 6 `` Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him '' December 10 , 2017 0.5 1.52 0.6 1.40 1.1 2.92 7 `` Occupy Fiona '' December 17 , 2017 0.5 1.58 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Frank 's Northern Southern Express '' December 31 , 2017 0.2 0.81 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` The Fugees '' January 7 , 2018 0.7 1.65 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Church of Gay Jesus '' January 14 , 2018 0.6 1.52 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' January 21 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Sleepwalking '' January 28 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Renewed For Season 8 By Showtime '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jade , Saura ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` TVLine Items : Shameless Return Date , DC 's Legends Hails Caesar and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Showtime ( R ) Picks Up Eighth Season of Its Hit Series `` Shameless '' `` . The Futon Critic . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shameless ' : Emmy Rossum Resolves Salary Standoff , Paving Way for Season 8 '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Shelia ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` we 're back , babies ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Shanola ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` When you get an email with your first table read of SEASON 8 on a show you 've been on since the pilot , you ca n't help but give God praise ! ! ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paolo , Lyn ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` @ cameronmonaghan See you soon ... '' Twitter . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shameless ' Casts Richard Flood ; Merit Leighton Joins ' Alexa & Katie ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ Modine , Ruby ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` First table read '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Emma ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` GIRL VS VEGGIE BURGER . a truthful & telling series by @ zackpearlman . friday night shoot vibezzz '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shameless enlists Jessica Szohr for Season 8 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/tv/trailers/891863-shameless-season-8-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.12. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.19. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.26. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 11 '' . Showtime . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless -- Season 8 Episode 12 '' . Showtime . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Shameless episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Shameless Original version Episodes Characters Frank Gallagher Carl Gallagher Ian Gallagher Jamie Maguire Karen Maguire Mimi Maguire Shane Maguire Mickey Maguire U.S. adaptation Episodes 5 6 7 8 Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shameless_(season_8)&oldid=821703054 '' Categories : Shameless ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 03 : 23 . About Wikipedia	who plays eddie on season 8 of shameless	[ "Levy Tran as Eddie" ]	[ "Levy Tran" ]
-8152262181029247746	Texas hold 'em	Texas hold ' em - wikipedia Texas hold ' em This article is about the poker game . For other uses , see Texas hold ' em ( disambiguation ) . `` Hold ' em '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hold ' em ( disambiguation ) . Texas hold ' em Texas hold ' em involves community cards available to all players Alternative names Hold ' em Type Community card poker Players 2 + , usually 2 -- 10 Skills required Probability , psychology , game theory , strategy , logic Cards 52 Deck French Play Clockwise Card rank ( highest first ) AKQJ 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Random chance Medium Texas hold ' em ( also known as Texas holdem , hold ' em , and holdem ) is a variation of the card game of poker . Two cards , known as the hole cards , are dealt face down to each player , and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages . The stages consist of a series of three cards ( `` the flop '' ) , later an additional single card ( `` the turn '' or `` fourth street '' ) , and a final card ( `` the river '' or `` fifth street '' ) . Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their own two hole cards . If a player 's best five - card poker hand consists only of the five community cards and none of the player 's hole cards , it is called `` playing the board '' . If you play the board on the river , then you can do no better than tie the other player ( s ) in the game if no player can make a better hand than the board represents , using either or both hole cards . Players have betting options to check , call , raise , or fold . Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal . Texas hold ' em is the H game featured in HORSE and in HOSE . Contents 1 Objective 2 History 3 Popularity 3.1 Television and film 3.2 Literature 3.3 Online poker 4 Rules 4.1 Betting structures 4.2 Play of the hand 4.3 The showdown 4.4 Hand values 4.5 Misdeal 5 Examples 5.1 Sample showdown 5.2 Sample hand 5.3 Kickers and ties 6 Strategy 6.1 Starting hands 6.2 Strategic differences in betting structures 6.2. 1 Cash games 6.2. 2 Tournaments 6.2. 3 Evaluating a hand 7 Similar games 8 See also 9 References Objective ( edit ) In Texas hold ' em , as in all variants of poker , individuals compete for an amount of money or chips contributed by the players themselves ( called the pot ) . Because the cards are dealt randomly and outside the control of the players , each player attempts to control the amount of money in the pot based either on the hand they are holding , or on their prediction as to what their opponents may be holding and how they might behave . The game is divided into a series of hands ( deals ) ; at the conclusion of each hand , the pot is typically awarded to one player ( an exception in which the pot is divided between two or more is discussed below ) . A hand may end at the showdown , in which case the remaining players compare their hands and the highest hand is awarded the pot ; that highest hand is usually held by only one player , but can be held by more in the case of a tie . The other possibility for the conclusion of a hand occurs when all but one player have folded and have thereby abandoned any claim to the pot , in which case the pot is awarded to the player who has not folded . The objective of winning players is not to win every individual hand , but rather to make mathematically and psychologically better decisions regarding when and how much to bet , raise , call -- or fold . By making such decisions to place influential bets , one can non-verbally represent or suggest holding or not - holding a certain or possible hand by either betting or not - betting pre-flop , and by venturing smaller or larger bets or raises at possibly more advantageous times , throughout the stages of the hand being dealt . One 's pattern of betting may encourage opponents to bet or to fold ( in this complex process , called bluffing ) , without verbalizing a discouraging or dishonest word . The winning poker players know how to enhance their opponents ' betting and maximize their own expected gain on each round of betting , to thereby increase their long - term winnings . History ( edit ) Johnny Moss , Chill Wills , Amarillo Slim , Jack Binion , and Puggy Pearson outside of Binion 's Horseshoe in 1974 Although little is known about the invention of Texas hold ' em , the Texas Legislature officially recognizes Robstown , Texas , as the game 's birthplace , dating it to the early 1900s . After the game spread throughout Texas , hold ' em was introduced to Las Vegas in 1963 at the California Club by Corky McCorquodale . The game became popular and quickly spread to the Golden Nugget , Stardust and Dunes . In 1967 , a group of Texan gamblers and card players , including Crandell Addington , Doyle Brunson , and Amarillo Slim were playing in Las Vegas . This is when `` ace high '' was changed from the original form in which aces were low . Addington said the first time he saw the game was in 1959 . `` They did n't call it Texas hold ' em at the time , they just called it hold ' em. ... I thought then that if it were to catch on , it would become the game . Draw poker , you bet only twice ; hold ' em , you bet four times . That meant you could play strategically . This was more of a thinking man 's game . '' For several years the Golden Nugget Casino in Downtown Las Vegas was the only casino in Las Vegas to offer the game . At that time , the Golden Nugget 's poker room was `` truly a ' sawdust joint , ' with ... oiled sawdust covering the floors . '' Because of its location and decor , this poker room did not receive many rich drop - in clients , and as a result , professional players sought a more prominent location . In 1969 , the Las Vegas professionals were invited to play Texas hold ' em at the entrance of the now - demolished Dunes Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . This prominent location , and the relative inexperience of poker players with Texas hold ' em , resulted in a very remunerative game for professional players . After a failed attempt to establish a `` Gambling Fraternity Convention '' , Tom Moore added the first ever poker tournament to the Second Annual Gambling Fraternity Convention held in 1969 . This tournament featured several games including Texas hold ' em . In 1970 , Benny and Jack Binion acquired the rights to this convention , renamed it the World Series of Poker , and moved it to their casino , Binion 's Horseshoe , in Las Vegas . After its first year , a journalist , Tom Thackrey , suggested that the main event of this tournament should be no - limit Texas hold ' em . The Binions agreed and ever since no - limit Texas hold ' em has been played as the main event . Interest in the main event continued to grow steadily over the next two decades . After receiving only eight entrants in 1972 , the numbers grew to over one hundred entrants in 1982 , and over two hundred in 1991 . During this time , B & G Publishing Co. , Inc. published Doyle Brunson 's revolutionary poker strategy guide , Super / System . Despite being self - published and priced at $100 in 1978 , the book revolutionized the way poker was played . It was one of the first books to discuss Texas hold ' em , and is today cited as one of the most important books on this game . In 1983 , Al Alvarez published The Biggest Game in Town , a book detailing a 1981 World Series of Poker event . The first book of its kind , it described the world of professional poker players and the World Series of Poker . Alvarez 's book is credited with beginning the genre of poker literature and with bringing Texas hold ' em ( and poker generally ) to a wider audience . Alvarez 's book was not the first book about poker . The Education of a Poker Player by Herbert O. Yardley , a former U.S. government code breaker , was published in 1957 . Interest in hold ' em outside of Nevada began to grow in the 1980s as well . Although California had legal card rooms offering draw poker , Texas hold ' em was deemed to be prohibited under a statute that made illegal the ( now unheard of ) game `` stud - horse '' . But in 1988 Texas hold ' em was declared legally distinct from stud - horse in Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp . Almost immediately card rooms across the state offered Texas hold ' em . ( It is often presumed that this decision ruled that hold ' em was a game of skill , but the distinction between skill and chance has never entered into California jurisprudence regarding poker . ) After a trip to Las Vegas , bookmakers Terry Rogers and Liam Flood introduced the game to European card players in the early 1980s . Popularity ( edit ) Texas hold ' em is now one of the most popular forms of poker . Texas hold ' em 's popularity surged in the 2000s due to exposure on television , the Internet and popular literature . During this time hold ' em replaced seven - card stud as the most common game in U.S. casinos . The no - limit betting form is used in the widely televised main event of the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) and the World Poker Tour ( WPT ) . Hold ' em 's simplicity and popularity have inspired a wide variety of strategy books which provide recommendations for proper play . Most of these books recommend a strategy that involves playing relatively few hands but betting and raising often with the hands one plays . In the first decade of the twenty - first century , Texas hold ' em experienced a surge in popularity worldwide . Many observers attribute this growth to the synergy of five factors : the invention of online poker , the game 's appearance in film and on television , invention and usage of the `` hole card cam '' ( which allowed viewers to see hole cards played in the hand as a means of determining strategy and decision - making during gameplay ) , the appearance of television commercials advertising online cardrooms , and the 2003 World Series of Poker championship victory by online qualifier Chris Moneymaker . Television and film ( edit ) Main article : Poker on television Prior to poker becoming widely televised , the movie Rounders ( 1998 ) , starring Matt Damon and Edward Norton , gave moviegoers a romantic view of the game as a way of life . Texas hold ' em was the main game played during the movie and the no - limit variety was described , following Doyle Brunson , as the `` Cadillac of Poker '' . A clip of the classic showdown between Johnny Chan and Erik Seidel from the 1988 World Series of Poker was also incorporated into the film . More recently , a high - stakes Texas hold ' em game was central to the plot of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale , in place of baccarat , the casino game central to the novel on which the film was based . In 2008 , an acclaimed short film called Shark Out of Water was released on DVD . This film is unique in that it deals with the darker , more addictive elements of the game , and features Phil Hellmuth and Brad Booth . Hold ' em tournaments had been televised since the late 1970s , but they did not become popular until 1999 , when hidden lipstick cameras were first used to show players ' private hole cards on the Late Night Poker TV show in the United Kingdom . Hold ' em exploded in popularity as a spectator sport in the United States and Canada in early 2003 , when the World Poker Tour adopted the lipstick cameras idea . A few months later , ESPN 's coverage of the 2003 World Series of Poker featured the unexpected victory of Internet player Chris Moneymaker , an amateur player who gained admission to the tournament by winning a series of online tournaments . Moneymaker 's victory initiated a sudden surge of interest in the series , based on the egalitarian idea that anyone -- even a rank novice -- could become a world champion . In 2003 , there were 839 entrants in the WSOP main event , and triple that number in 2004 . The crowning of the 2004 WSOP champion , Greg `` Fossilman '' Raymer , a patent attorney from Connecticut , further fueled the popularity of the event among amateur ( and particularly Internet ) players . In the 2005 main event , an unprecedented 5,619 entrants vied for a first prize of $7,500,000 . The winner , Joe Hachem of Australia , was a semi-professional player . This growth continued in 2006 , with 8,773 entrants and a first place prize of $12,000,000 ( won by Jamie Gold ) . Beyond the series , other television shows -- including the long running World Poker Tour -- are credited with increasing the popularity of Texas hold ' em . In addition to its presence on network and general audience cable television , poker has now become a regular part of sports networks ' programming in the United States . Literature ( edit ) The English journalist and biographer Anthony Holden spent a year on the professional poker circuit from 1988 - 1989 and wrote about his experiences in Big Deal : A Year as a Professional Poker Player . The follow - up book , Bigger Deal : A Year Inside the Poker Boom covers the period 2005 - 2006 and describes a poker world `` changed beyond recognition '' . Twenty years after the publication of Alvarez 's groundbreaking book , James McManus published a semi-autobiographical book , Positively Fifth Street ( 2003 ) , which simultaneously describes the trial surrounding the murder of Ted Binion and McManus 's own entry into the 2000 World Series of Poker . McManus , a poker amateur , finished fifth in the no - limit Texas hold ' em main event , winning over $200,000 . In the book McManus discusses events surrounding the series , the trial of Sandy Murphy and Rick Tabish , poker strategy , and some history of poker and the world series . Michael Craig 's 2005 book The Professor , the Banker , and the Suicide King details a series of high - stakes Texas hold ' em one - on - one games between Texas banker Andy Beal and a rotating group of poker professionals . As of 2006 , these games were the highest stakes ever played , reaching $100,000 -- $200,000 fixed limit . Online poker ( edit ) Poker revenues from Party Gaming ( 2002 -- 2006 ) . The drop off in 2006 is due to the UIGEA . Main article : Online poker The ability to play cheaply and anonymously online has been credited as a cause of the increase in popularity of Texas hold ' em . Online poker sites both allow people to try out games ( in some cases the games are entirely free to play and are just for fun social experiences ) and also provide an avenue for entry into large tournaments ( like the World Series of Poker ) via smaller tournaments known as satellites . The 2003 and 2004 winners ( Chris Moneymaker and Greg Raymer , respectively ) of the World Series no - limit hold ' em main event qualified by playing in these tournaments . Although online poker grew from its inception in 1998 until 2003 , Moneymaker 's win and the appearance of television advertisements in 2003 contributed to a tripling of industry revenues in 2004 . Rules ( edit ) See also : Poker , List of poker hands , Poker probability , and Glossary of poker terms Betting structures ( edit ) Main article : Betting in poker A standard hold ' em game showing the position of the blinds relative to the dealer button Hold ' em is normally played using small and big blind bets -- forced bets by two players . Antes ( forced contributions by all players ) may be used in addition to blinds , particularly in later stages of tournament play . A dealer button is used to represent the player in the dealer position ; the dealer button rotates clockwise after each hand , changing the position of the dealer and blinds . The small blind is posted by the player to the left of the dealer and is usually equal to half of the big blind . The big blind , posted by the player to the left of the small blind , is equal to the minimum bet . In tournament poker , the blind / ante structure periodically increases as the tournament progresses . After one round of betting is done , the next betting round will start by the person in the small blind . When only two players remain , special ' head - to - head ' or ' heads up ' rules are enforced and the blinds are posted differently . In this case , the person with the dealer button posts the small blind , while his / her opponent places the big blind . The dealer acts first before the flop . After the flop , the dealer acts last and continues to do so for the remainder of the hand . The three most common variations of hold ' em are limit hold ' em , no - limit hold ' em and pot - limit hold ' em . Limit hold ' em has historically been the most popular form of hold ' em found in casino live action games in the United States . In limit hold ' em , bets and raises during the first two rounds of betting ( pre-flop and flop ) must be equal to the big blind ; this amount is called the small bet . In the next two rounds of betting ( turn and river ) , bets and raises must be equal to twice the big blind ; this amount is called the big bet . No - limit hold ' em has grown in popularity and is the form most commonly found in televised tournament poker and is the game played in the main event of the World Series of Poker . In no - limit hold ' em , players may bet or raise any amount over the minimum raise up to all of the chips the player has at the table ( called an all - in bet ) . The minimum raise is equal to the size of the previous bet or raise . If someone wishes to re-raise , they must raise at least the amount of the previous raise . For example , if the big blind is $2 and there is a raise of $6 to a total of $8 , a re-raise must be at least $6 more for a total of $14 . If a raise or re-raise is all - in and does not equal the size of the previous raise ( or half the size in some casinos ) , the initial raiser can not re-raise again ( in case there are other players also still in the game ) . In pot - limit hold ' em , the maximum raise is the current size of the pot ( including the amount needed to call ) . Some casinos that offer hold ' em also allow the player to the left of the big blind to post an optional live straddle , usually double the amount of the big blind . This causes that player to act as the big blind and the player has an option to raise when it comes to their turn again . ( Some variations allow for straddle on the button ) . No - limit games may also allow multiple re-straddles , in any amount that would be a legal raise . Play of the hand ( edit ) Each player is dealt two private cards in hold ' em , which are dealt first . Play media This video shows how to deal a hand for Texas hold ' em and some of the types of hands needed in order to win . Following a shuffle of the cards , play begins with each player being dealt two cards face down , with the player in the small blind receiving the first card and the player in the button seat receiving the last card dealt . ( As in most poker games , the deck is a standard 52 - card deck containing no jokers . ) These cards are the players ' hole or pocket cards . These are the only cards each player will receive individually , and they will only ( possibly ) be revealed at the showdown , making Texas hold ' em a closed poker game . The hand begins with a `` pre-flop '' betting round , beginning with the player to the left of the big blind ( or the player to the left of the dealer , if no blinds are used ) and continuing clockwise . A round of betting continues until every player has folded , put in all of their chips , or matched the amount put in by all other active players . See betting for a detailed account . Note that the blinds are considered `` live '' in the pre-flop betting round , meaning that they are counted toward the amount that the blind player must contribute . If all players call around to the player in the big blind position , that player may either check or raise . After the pre-flop betting round , assuming there remain at least two players taking part in the hand , the dealer deals a flop , three face - up community cards . The flop is followed by a second betting round . This and all subsequent betting rounds begin with the player to the dealer 's left and continue clockwise . After the flop betting round ends , a single community card ( called the turn or fourth street ) is dealt , followed by a third betting round . A final single community card ( called the river or fifth street ) is then dealt , followed by a fourth betting round and the showdown , if necessary . In the third and fourth betting rounds , the stakes double . In all casinos , the dealer will burn a card before the flop , turn , and river . Because of this burn , players who are betting can not see the back of the next community card to come . This is done for traditional reasons , to avoid any possibility of a player knowing in advance the next card to be dealt due to its being marked . The showdown ( edit ) If a player bets and all other players fold , then the remaining player is awarded the pot and is not required to show their hole cards . If two or more players remain after the final betting round , a showdown occurs . On the showdown , each player plays the best poker hand they can make from the seven cards comprising their two - hole cards and the five community cards . A player may use both of their own two hole cards , only one , or none at all , to form their final five - card hand . If the five community cards form the player 's best hand , then the player is said to be playing the board and can only hope to split the pot , because each other player can also use the same five cards to construct the same hand . If the best hand is shared by more than one player , then the pot is split equally among them , with any extra chips going to the first players after the button in clockwise order . It is common for players to have closely valued , but not identically ranked hands . Nevertheless , one must be careful in determining the best hand ; if the hand involves fewer than five cards , ( such as two pair or three of a kind ) , then kickers are used to settle ties ( see the second example below ) . The card 's numerical rank is of sole importance ; suit values are irrelevant in hold ' em . Hand values ( edit ) Following table shows the possible hand values in increasing order . Name Description Example Highcard Simple value of the card . Lowest : 2 - Highest : Ace Pair Two cards with the same value Two pairs Two times two cards with the same value Three of a kind Three cards with the same value Straight Sequence of 5 cards in increasing value ( Ace can precede 2 and follow up King ) Flush 5 cards of the same suit Full house Combination of three of a kind and a pair Four of a kind Four cards of the same value Straight flush Straight of the same suit Royal flush Straight flush from Ten to Ace Misdeal ( edit ) If the first or second card dealt is exposed , then this is considered a misdeal . The dealer then retrieves the card , reshuffles the deck , and again cuts the cards . However , if any other hole card is exposed due to a dealer error , the deal continues as usual . After completing the deal , the dealer replaces the exposed card with the top card on the deck , and the exposed card is then used as the burn card . If more than one hole card is exposed , a misdeal is declared by the dealer and the hand is dealt again from the beginning . A misdeal is also declared if a player receives more than two hole cards by mistake ( e.g. two cards stuck together ) . Examples ( edit ) Sample showdown ( edit ) Here is a sample showdown : Board Bob Carol Ted Alice Each player plays the best five - card hand they can make with the seven cards available . They have Bob Three fours , with king , ace kickers Carol Ace - high flush Ted Full house , kings full of fours Alice 8 - high straight In this case , Ted 's full house is the best hand , with Carol in second , Alice in third and Bob last . Sample hand ( edit ) The blinds for this example hand Here is a sample game involving four players . The players ' individual hands will not be revealed until the showdown , to give a better sense of what happens during play : Compulsory bets : Alice is the dealer . Bob , to Alice 's left , posts a small blind of $1 , and Carol posts a big blind of $2 . Pre-flop : Alice deals two hole cards face down to each player , beginning with Bob and ending with herself . Ted must act first , being the first player after the big blind . Ted can not check , because the $2 big blind plays as a bet , and so folds . Alice calls the $2 . Bob adds an additional $1 to the $1 small blind to call the $2 total . Carol 's blind is `` live '' ( see blind ) , so there is the option to raise here , but Carol checks instead , ending the first betting round . The pot now contains $6 , $2 from each of three players . Flop : Alice now burns a card and deals the flop of three face - up community cards , 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ . On this round , as on all subsequent rounds , the player on the dealer 's left begins the betting . Bob checks , Carol opens for $2 , and Alice raises another $2 ( puts in $4 , $2 to match Carol and $2 to raise ) , making the total bet now facing Bob $4 . Bob calls ( puts in $4 , $2 to match Carol 's initial bet and $2 to match Alice 's raise ) . Carol calls as well , putting in $2 . The pot now contains $18 , $6 from the last round and $12 from three players this round . Turn : Alice now burns another card and deals the turn card face up . It is the 5 ♠ . Bob checks , Carol checks , and Alice checks ; the turn has been checked around . The pot still contains $18 . River : Alice burns another card and deals the final river card , the 9 , making the final board 9 ♣ K ♣ 3 ♥ 5 ♠ 9 . Bob bets $4 , Carol calls , and Alice folds ( Alice 's holding was A ♣ 7 ♣ and was hoping the river card would be a club to make a flush ) . Showdown : Bob shows their hand of Q ♠ 9 ♥ , so the best five - card hand possible is 9 ♣ 9 9 ♥ K ♣ Q ♠ , for three nines , with a king - queen kicker . Carol shows their cards of K ♠ J ♥ , making a final hand K ♣ K ♠ 9 ♣ 9 J ♥ for two pair , kings and nines , with a jack kicker . Bob wins the showdown and the $26 pot . Kickers and ties ( edit ) Because of the presence of community cards in Texas hold ' em , different players ' hands can often run very close in value . As a result , it is common for kickers to be used to determine the winning hand and also for two hands ( or maybe more ) to tie . A kicker is a card which is part of the five - card poker hand , but is not used in determining a hand 's rank . For instance , in the hand A-A - A-K - Q , the king and queen are kickers . The following situation illustrates the importance of breaking ties with kickers and card ranks , as well as the use of the five - card rule . After the turn , the board and players ' hole cards are as follows . Board ( after the turn ) Bob Carol At the moment , Bob is in the lead with a hand of Q ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ K ♥ , making two pair , queens and eights , with a king kicker . This beats Carol 's hand of Q ♥ Q ♣ 8 ♠ 8 ♥ 10 by virtue of the king kicker . If the final card were the A ♠ , making the final board 8 ♠ Q ♣ 8 ♥ 4 ♣ A ♠ . Bob and Carol still each have two pair ( queens and eights ) , but both of them are now entitled to play the final ace as their fifth card , making their hands both two pair , queens and eights , with an ace kicker . Bob 's king no longer plays , because the ace on the board plays as the fifth card in both hands , and a hand is only composed of the best five cards . They therefore tie and split the pot . However , had the last card been a jack or lower ( except an eight or a queen which would make a full house , or a ten which would give Carol a higher second pair ) , Bob 's king would have stayed in the game and would have won . Strategy ( edit ) See also : Poker strategy Most poker authors recommend a tight - aggressive approach to playing Texas hold ' em . This strategy involves playing relatively few hands ( tight ) , but betting and raising often with those that one does play ( aggressive ) . Although this strategy is often recommended , some professional players successfully employ other strategies as well . Almost all authors agree that where a player sits in the order of play ( known as position ) is an important element of Texas hold ' em strategy , particularly in no - limit hold'em . Players who act later have more information than players who act earlier . As a result , players typically play fewer hands from early positions than later positions . Because of the game 's level of complexity , it has received some attention from academics . One attempt to develop a quantitative model of a Texas hold'em tournament as an isolated complex system has had some success , although the full consequences for optimal strategies remain to be explored . In addition , groups at the University of Alberta and Carnegie Mellon University worked to develop poker playing programs utilizing techniques in game theory and artificial intelligence . In January , 2015 , the AAAS journal Science reported that the group at the University of Alberta had succeeded in coding a computer program called Cepheus that can learn from its playing experience to optimize its CFR algorithm and approach playing perfection when opposing strong players in the variant known as heads - up limit Texas Hold ' em , which involves only two players . Although it does not win every hand , it is unbeatable on average over a large number of hands . The program exhibits more variation in its tactics than professional players do , for instance bluffing with weak hands that professional players tend to fold . Public web access to observe and play against Cepheus is available . Starting hands ( edit ) Main article : Texas hold ' em starting hands A pair of aces is statistically the best hand to be dealt in Texas Hold'em Poker . Because only two cards are dealt to each player , it is easy to characterize all of the starting hands . There are ( 52 × 51 ) / 2 = 1,326 distinct possible combinations of two cards from a standard 52 - card deck . Because no suit is more powerful than another , many of these can be equated for the analysis of starting - hand strategy . For example , although J ♥ J ♣ and J J ♠ are distinct combinations of cards by rank and suit , they are of equal value as starting hands . Because of this equivalence , there are only 169 effectively different hole - card combinations . Thirteen of these are pairs , from deuces ( twos ) to aces . There are 78 ways to have two cards of different rank ( 12 possible hands containing one ace , 11 possible hands containing one king but no ace , 10 possible hands containing one queen but no ace or king , etc . ) . Both hole cards can be used in a flush if they are suited , but pairs are never suited , so there would be 13 possible pairs , 78 possible suited non-pairs , and 78 possible unsuited ( `` off - suit '' ) non-pairs , for a total of 169 possible hands . Suited starting hands are stronger than their unsuited counterparts , although the magnitude of this strength advantage in different games is debated . Because of the limited number of starting hands , most strategy guides include a detailed discussion of each of them . This distinguishes hold ' em from other poker games where the number of starting card combinations forces strategy guides to group hands into broad categories . Another result of this small number is the proliferation of colloquial names for individual hands . Strategic differences in betting structures ( edit ) Texas Hold'em is commonly played both as a `` cash '' or `` ring '' game and as a tournament game . Strategy for these different forms can vary . Cash games ( edit ) Main article : Cash game Before the advent of poker tournaments , all poker games were played with real money where players bet actual currency ( or chips that represented currency ) . Games that feature wagering actual money on individual hands are still very common and are referred to as `` cash games '' or `` ring games '' . The no - limit and fixed - limit cash - game versions of hold ' em are strategically very different . Doyle Brunson claims that `` the games are so different that there are not many players who rank with the best in both types of hold ' em . Many no - limit players have difficulty gearing down for limit , while limit players often lack the courage and ' feel ' necessary to excel at no - limit . '' Because the size of bets is restricted in limit games , the ability to bluff is somewhat curtailed . Because one is not ( usually ) risking all of one 's chips in limit poker , players are sometimes advised to take more chances . Lower - stakes games also exhibit different properties than higher - stakes games . Small - stakes games often involve more players in each hand and can vary from extremely passive ( little raising and betting ) to extremely aggressive ( many raises ) . This difference of small - stakes games has prompted several books dedicated to only those games . Tournaments ( edit ) Main article : Poker tournament Texas hold ' em is often associated with poker tournaments largely because it is played as the main event in many of the famous tournaments , including the World Series of Poker 's Main Event , and is the most common tournament overall . Traditionally , a poker tournament is played with chips that represent a player 's stake in the tournament . Standard play allows all entrants to `` buy - in '' for a fixed amount and all players begin with an equal value of chips . Play proceeds until one player has accumulated all the chips in play or a deal is made among the remaining players to `` chop '' the remaining prize pool . The money pool is redistributed to the players in relation to the place they finished in the tournament . Only a small percentage of the players receive any money , with the majority receiving nothing . `` The percentages are not standardized , but common rules of thumb call for one table '' ( usually nine players ) `` to get paid for each 100 entrants , '' according to poker author Andrew Glazer , in his book , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Poker . A good rule of thumb is that close to 10 % of players will be paid in a tournament . As a result , the strategy in poker tournaments can be very different from a cash game . Proper strategy in tournaments can vary widely depending on the amount of chips one has , the stage of the tournament , the amount of chips others have , and the playing styles of one 's opponents . Although some authors still recommend a tight playing style , others recommend looser play ( playing more hands ) in tournaments than one would otherwise play in cash games . In tournaments the blinds and antes increase regularly , and can become much larger near the end of the tournament . This can force players to play hands that they would not normally play when the blinds were small , which can warrant both more loose and more aggressive play . Evaluating a hand ( edit ) One of the most important things in Texas hold'em is knowing how to evaluate a hand . The strategy of playing each hand can be very different according to the strength of the hand . For example , on a strong hand , a player might want to try to appear weak in order to not scare off other players with weaker hands , while on a weak hand , a player might try to bluff other players into folding . There are several ways to evaluate hand strength ; two of the most common are counting outs and using calculators . Counting outs -- this method consists of counting the cards still in the deck , which in combination with the cards the player already has can give the player a potentially winning hand . Such cards are called `` outs '' , and hand strength can be measured by how many outs are still in the deck ( if there are many outs then the probability to get one of them is high and therefore the hand is strong ) . The following chart determines the probability of hitting outs ( bettering the player 's hand ) based on how many cards are left in the deck and the draw type . Outs One Card % Two Card % One Card Odds Two Card Odds Draw Type 2 % 4 % 46 23 Backdoor Straight or Flush ( Requires two cards ) 4 % 8 % 22 12 Pocket Pair to Set 7 % 13 % 14 7 One Overcard 9 % 17 % 10 5 Inside Straight / Two Pair to Full House 5 11 % 20 % 8 One Pair to Two Pair or Trips 6 13 % 24 % 6.7 3.2 No Pair to Pair / Two Overcards 7 15 % 28 % 5.6 2.6 Trips to Full House or Quads 8 17 % 32 % 4.7 Open Straight 9 19 % 35 % 4.1 1.9 Flush 10 22 % 38 % 3.6 1.6 Inside Straight & Two Overcards 11 24 % 42 % 3.2 1.4 Open Straight & One Overcard 12 26 % 45 % 2.8 Flush & Inside Straight / Flush & One Overcard 13 28 % 48 % 2.5 14 30 % 51 % 2.3 0.95 15 33 % 54 % 0.85 Flush & Open Straight / Flush & Two Overcards 16 34 % 57 % 1.9 0.75 17 37 % 60 % 1.7 0.66 Two Times Rule and Four Times Rule : Multiplying the number of outs by two or four gives a reasonable approximation to the One Card % or Two Card % , respectively , in the above table . Calculators : calculators are poker tools that calculate the odds of a hand ( combined with the cards on the table if there are any ) to win the game . Calculators provide precise odds but they can not be used in live games and are therefore mostly used on Internet poker games . Similar games ( edit ) There are several other poker variants which resemble Texas hold ' em . Hold ' em is a member of a class of poker games known as community card games , where some cards are available for use by all the players . There are several other games that use five community cards in addition to some private cards and are thus similar to Texas hold ' em . Royal hold ' em has the same structure as Texas hold ' em , but the deck contains only Aces , Kings , Queens , Jacks , and Tens . Pineapple and Omaha hold ' em both vary the number of cards an individual receives before the flop ( along with the rules regarding how they may be used to form a hand ) , but are dealt identically afterward . In Double Texas Hold'em , each player receives 3 hole cards and establishes a middle common card that plays with each of the other cards , but the outer cards do n't play with each other ( each player has two 2 - card hands ) . Alternatively , in Double - board hold'em all players receive the same number of private cards , but there are two sets of community cards . The winner is either selected for each individual board with each receiving half of the pot , or the best overall hand takes the entire pot , depending on the rules agreed upon by the players . Another variant is known as Greek hold ' em which requires each player to use both cards and only 3 from the board instead of the best five of seven cards . Manila is a hold'em variant which was once popular in Australia . In Manila , players receive two private cards from a reduced deck ( containing no cards lower than 7 ) . A five card board is dealt , unlike Texas hold ' em , one card at a time ; there is a betting round after each card . Manila has several variations of its own , similar to the variants listed above . Six - plus hold ' em ( also known as Short - deck hold ' em ) is a community card poker game variant of Texas hold ' em , where cards 2 through 5 are removed . Each player is dealt two cards face down and seeks make his or her best five card poker hand using from any combination of the seven cards ( five community cards and their own two hole cards ) . See also ( edit ) Glossary of poker terms List of poker hands Poker probability Omaha hold'em Greek hold ' em Texas Hold'em King References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sklansky , David ( 2005 ) . The Theory of Poker ( Fourth ed . ) . Las Vegas : Two plus two . Jump up ^ Texas State Legislature -- House ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` 80 ( R ) HCR 109 '' . House Resolution . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sam Farha ; Storms Reback ( October 2007 ) . Farha on Omaha : Expert Strategy for Beating Cash Games and Tournaments . Triumph Books . pp. 8 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61749 - 920 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brunson , Doyle ( 2005 ) . Doyle Brunson 's Super System II . Cardoza . Jump up ^ Ghosts at the Table by Des Wilson -- Page 119 -- 122 ^ Jump up to : Addington , Crandell ( 2005 ) . `` The History of No - Limit Texas Hold'em '' . In Doyle Brunson . Super / System 2 . New York : Cardoza Publishing . pp. 75 -- 84 . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 136 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1972 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 13th World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1982 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) 1991 '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Brunson , Doyle ( 1978 ) . Super / System : A course in power poker . B&G Publishing Company . , emphasis in original Jump up ^ Blount , Chuck ( May 25 , 2006 ) . `` ON POKER ; Brunson 's first book shed light on poker 's secrets '' . San Antonio Express - News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alvarez , Al ( 1983 ) . The Biggest Game in Town . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 33964 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christenson , Nick . `` Biggest Game in Town Reviewed '' . Ready Bet Go ! . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tibbetts v. Van De Kamp , 271 Cal . Rptr. 792 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Singsen , Michael Pierce ( 1988 ) . `` Where Will the Buck Stop on California Penal Code 330 ? Solving the Stud - Horse Conundrum '' . Hastings ommunications and Entertainment Law Journal . 11 : 95 -- 148 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , ( ( cite web url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_280929.html%7C archive - url = https://archive.li/20061022024825/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_280929.html%7C dead - url = yes title = Legal questions surround Texas hold ' em accessdate = September 13 , 2007 last = Junker first = Matthew date = December 8 , 2004 publisher = Tribune - Review Publishing Co . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Chuck . `` California Lottery v. Gambling '' . Gambling-law-US.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PokerStars.com : Texas Holdem Poker Jump up ^ PokerPages.com : The History of Texas Hold'em Archived October 21 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Bryan ( September 2006 ) . `` The Dying Days of Las Vegas 1 -- 5 Stud '' . Two Plus Two Internet Magazine . Two Plus Two Publishing . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Harrington , Dan and Bill Robertie ( 2004 ) . Harrington on Hold'em : Expert Strategy For No - Limit Tournaments ; Volume I : Strategic Play . Two Plus Two Publications . ISBN 1 - 880685 - 33 - 7 . Jump up ^ Chechitelli , John . `` World Series of Poker , A Young Man 's Affair ? '' . All In Magazine . All In . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rounders ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Late Night Poker : About the Show '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Krieger , Lou ( July 30 , 2004 ) . `` How Big Can the World Series of Poker Become ? '' . Card Player Magazine . 17 ( 16 ) : 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Raymer '' . Poker Stars . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em : World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` $10,000 No Limit Texas Hold'em : World Championship Event '' . Hendon Mob . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Stutz , Howard ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` WPT hit with lawsuit '' . Knight - Ridder Tribune Business News : Lexis -- Nexis . Jump up ^ Examples of poker on general audience television include Poker After Dark ( NBC ) , High Stakes Poker ( GSN ) , and the aforementioned World Poker Tour ( formerly the Travel Channel , now GSN ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Christian ( September 5 , 2006 ) . `` FSN Bulks Up on Bowls '' . Multichannel News : 24 . Jump up ^ Casey , Susan ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Raise You One '' . The New York Times . New York . Jump up ^ McManus , James ( 2003 ) . Positively Fifth Street : Murderers , Cheetahs and Binion 's World Series . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 23648 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` James McManus : Hendon Mob Poker Database '' . The Hendon Mob Poker Database . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Craig , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Professor , the Banker , and the Suicide King : Inside the Richest Poker Game of All Time . Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 57769 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` People Profile -- Greg Raymer '' . Cigar Aficionado . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moneymaker , Chris . `` Chris Moneymaker Poker Biography '' . ChrisMoneymaker.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2007 . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cook , Steve ( January 12 , 2005 ) . `` Punters warm to online poker '' . The Register . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Poker History : Online Poker '' . PokerTips . Retrieved October 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Hold'em Rules '' . WorldSeriesOfPoker.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Mims ( 2007 ) . `` Physicist Unlocks Secrets of Texas Hold ' Em '' . Science News . Scientific American , Inc . Retrieved April 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ A list of publication from this group can be found at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Carnegie Mellon Computer Poker Program Sets Its Own Texas Hold'Em Strategy '' . Carnegie Mellon University , Media Relations . July 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Emily Conover ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Texas Hold ' em poker solved by computer '' . ScienceNow . AAAS . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharon Begley ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Know when to fold ' em : computer aces Texas hold ' em poker '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowling , Michael ; Burch , Neil ; Johanson , Michael ; Tammelin , Oskari ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Heads - up limit hold'em poker is solved '' . Science . AAAS. 347 : 145 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1259433 . PMID 25574016 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Computer Poker Research Group Jump up ^ Alspach , Brian ( 2005 ) . `` Counting starting poker hands '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved May 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Cloutier , T.J. and Tom McEvoy ( 1997 ) . Championship No - Limit & Pot - Limit Hold'em . Cardoza . ISBN 1 - 58042 - 127 - X . Jump up ^ Bochan , Toby . `` Slang for Poker Hands '' . About.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Miller , Sklansky , and Malmuth op cit. and Jones , Lee ( 1994 ) . Winning Low - Limit Hold - em . Conjelco . ISBN 1 - 886070 - 15 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gregorich , Mark ( April 27 , 2005 ) . `` The Future of Tournaments '' . Card Player Magazine . 18c ( 8c ) : 26 , 110 . Jump up ^ . Glazer , Andrew N.S. ( 2004 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Poker ( First ed . ) . Indianapolis , Indiana : Alpha . Jump up ^ Sexton , Mike ( February 5 , 2005 ) . `` Tournament Tips '' . Card Player Magazine . 18c ( 3c ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Odds Chart . `` How to play texas holdem poker '' . Howtoplaytexasholdempoker.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flynn . Professional No - Limit Hold ' em : Volume I . Jump up ^ `` Royal Hold'em -- Poker Rules Variant '' . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pineapple -- Poker Rules Variant '' . Pokertips.org . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arneson , Erik . `` Omaha Hold ' Em Poker Rules '' . About.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Double Hold'em -- Basic Tips '' . PokerNewsDaily.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PartyPoker Introduces Double Hold'em '' . PokerStrategy.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Online Strategy Guide ( YouTube video ) '' . Poker Strategy . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double Flop Holdem Rules '' . Pokernews.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Scott ( 1 April 2011 ) . What I Know about Poker : Lessons in Texas Hold'em , Omaha and Other Poker Games . Lulu.com . pp. 63 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9567151 - 3 - 5 . Jump up ^ Honest Casinos . `` Manila Poker '' . Pokerpistols.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Six Plus Hold'em '' . PokerVIP. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas hold ' em . Poker Index of poker articles Outline of poker Overview Betting Cheating Glossary History Poker boom Tournaments Play Elements Chip Position Pot Playing card Hands Non-standard Tell Plays Aggression Bluff Check - raise Draw Isolation Protection Steal Variations Draw poker Five - card draw Stud poker Five - card stud Seven - card stud Razz Community card poker Texas hold ' em Omaha hold ' em Six - plus hold ' em Three - card brag Three Card Poker Chinese poker Open - face Chinese poker Strategy Fundamental theorem of poker Morton 's theorem Pot odds Slow play Computing Computer poker player Online poker Poker tools Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_hold_%27em&oldid=854105686 '' Categories : 20th - century card games Texas hold ' em Poker variants Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Year of introduction unknown Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 00 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the 5 cards in poker called	[ "Texas hold 'em (also known as Texas holdem, hold 'em, and holdem) is a variation of the card game of poker. Two cards, known as the hole cards, are dealt face down to each player, and then five community cards are dealt face up in three stages. The stages consist of a series of three cards (\"the flop\"), later an additional single card (\"the turn\" or \"fourth street\"), and a final card (\"the river\" or \"fifth street\"). Each player seeks the best five card poker hand from any combination of the seven cards of the five community cards and their own two hole cards. If a player's best five-card poker hand consists only of the five community cards and none of the player's hole cards, it is called \"playing the board\". If you play the board on the river, then you can do no better than tie the other player(s) in the game if no player can make a better hand than the board represents, using either or both hole cards. Players have betting options to check, call, raise, or fold. Rounds of betting take place before the flop is dealt and after each subsequent deal.\n" ]	[ "community cards" ]
-3362658379566822090	2002 FIFA World Cup	2002 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2002 FIFA World Cup 2002 edition of the FIFA World Cup For the video game , see 2002 FIFA World Cup ( video game ) . `` FIFA 2002 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA Football 2002 . `` 2002 World Cup '' redirects here . For other uses , see 2002 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 2002 FIFA World Cup 2002 FIFA 월드컵 한국 / 일본 2002 FIFA Woldeu Keob Hanguk / Ilbon 2002 FIFA ワールドカップ韓国 / 日本 2002 FIFA Waarudo Kappu Kankoku / Nihon 2002 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host countries South Korea Japan Dates 31 May -- 30 June Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 20 ( in 20 host cities ) Final positions Champions Brazil ( 5th title ) Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 161 ( 2.52 per match ) Attendance 2,705,197 ( 42,269 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Ronaldo ( 8 goals ) Best player Oliver Kahn Best young player Landon Donovan Best goalkeeper Oliver Kahn Fair play award Belgium ← 1998 2006 → The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial world championship for men 's national football teams organized by FIFA . It was held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at sites in South Korea and Japan , with its final match hosted by Japan at International Stadium in Yokohama . A field of 32 teams qualified for this World Cup , which was the first to be held in Asia , the first to be held outside of the Americas or Europe , as well as the first to be jointly - hosted by more than one nation . China , Ecuador , Senegal and Slovenia made their World Cup debuts . The tournament had several upsets and surprise results , which included the defending champions France being eliminated in the group stage after earning a single point and second favourites Argentina also being eliminated in the group stage . South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals , beating Spain , Italy and Portugal en route . However , the most potent team at the tournament , Brazil , prevailed , winning the final against Germany 2 -- 0 , making them the first and only country to have won the World Cup five times . The victory qualified Brazil for the 2003 and subsequently 2005 FIFA Confederations Cups , its fourth and fifth Confederations Cup appearance in a row . In the third place play - off match against South Korea , Turkey won 3 -- 2 , taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Venues 4 Match officials 5 Squads 6 Seeds 7 Results 7.1 Group stage 7.1. 1 Group A 7.1. 2 Group B 7.1. 3 Group C 7.1. 4 Group D 7.1. 5 Group E 7.1. 6 Group F 7.1. 7 Group G 7.1. 8 Group H 7.2 Knockout stage 7.2. 1 Round of 16 and quarter - finals 7.2. 2 Semi-finals , third - place match , and final 7.2. 3 Round of 16 7.2. 4 Quarter - finals 7.2. 5 Semi-finals 7.2. 6 Third place play - off 7.2. 7 Final 8 Statistics 8.1 Goalscorers 8.2 Awards 8.3 All - star team 8.4 Final standings 9 Sponsorship 10 Ticket sales problem 11 Controversies 12 Cultural event 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996 . Initially , South Korea , Japan , and Mexico presented three rival bids . FIFA officials brokered a united bid between the two Asian countries shortly before the decision was made , and they were chosen unanimously in preference to Mexico . This was the first World Cup to be hosted by more than one country , the second being the 2026 World Cup to be hosted by the U.S. , Mexico , and Canada . The general secretary of South Korea 's bidding committee , Song Young - shik , stated that FIFA was interested in staging some matches in North Korea in order to aid Korean reunification , but it was ruled out . At the time the decision was made , Japan had never qualified for a World Cup finals ( although the Japanese did subsequently qualify for the 1998 competition ) . The only other countries to have been awarded a World Cup without previously having competed in a final tournament are Italy in 1934 and Qatar in 2022 . ( Uruguay hosted the first World Cup in 1930 so there was no prior tournament . They were defending Olympic champions from 1928 ) . The unusual choice of host proved an issue for football fans in Europe , used to watching international matches on or close to their time zone . With games taking place in the European morning , some schools and businesses chose to open late on match days or set up communal watching events before the start of work . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification 199 teams attempted to qualify for the 2002 World Cup . The qualification process began with the preliminary draw held in Tokyo on 7 December 1999 . Defending champions France and co-hosts South Korea and Japan qualified automatically and did not have to play any qualification matches . This was the final World Cup in which the defending champions qualified automatically . 14 places were contested by UEFA teams ( Europe ) , five by CAF teams ( Africa ) , four by CONMEBOL teams ( South America ) , four by AFC teams ( Asia ) , and three by CONCACAF teams ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) . The remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC ( Oceania ) . Four nations qualified for the finals for the first time : China , Ecuador , Senegal , and Slovenia . As of 2018 , this was the last time Republic of Ireland , Turkey and China qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals , as well as the last time Australia and Switzerland failed to qualify . Turkey qualified for the first time since 1954 , Poland and Portugal both qualified for the first time since 1986 and Costa Rica and Uruguay qualified for the first time since 1990 . Sweden , Russia and Republic of Ireland also returned after missing the 1998 World Cup . 1998 semi-finalists the Netherlands , three times 1990s participants Romania and Colombia and Norway , Bulgaria and Morocco , which had participated in the previous 2 finals , failed to qualify , while South Korea set a record by appearing in a fifth successive finals tournament , the first nation from outside Europe or the Americas to achieve this feat . All seven previous World Cup - winning nations ( Argentina , Brazil , England , France , Germany , Italy and Uruguay ) qualified , the first time so many previous champions had been present at a finals tournament ( all these nations had also appeared at the 1986 tournament , but France had not yet won the competition ) . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 32 teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , qualified for the final tournament : AFC ( 4 ) China PR ( 50 ) Japan ( 32 ) ( co-hosts ) Saudi Arabia ( 34 ) South Korea ( 40 ) ( co-hosts ) CAF ( 5 ) Cameroon ( 17 ) Nigeria ( 27 ) Senegal ( 42 ) South Africa ( 37 ) Tunisia ( 31 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 29 ) Mexico ( 7 ) United States ( 13 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 3 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Ecuador ( 36 ) Paraguay ( 18 ) Uruguay ( 24 ) UEFA ( 15 ) Belgium ( 23 ) Croatia ( 21 ) Denmark ( 20 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 1 ) Germany ( 11 ) Italy ( 6 ) Poland ( 38 ) Portugal ( 5 ) Republic of Ireland ( 15 ) Russia ( 28 ) Slovenia ( 25 ) Spain ( 8 ) Sweden ( 19 ) Turkey ( 22 ) Countries qualified for the World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter the World Cup Country not a FIFA member Venues ( edit ) South Korea and Japan each provided 10 venues , the vast majority of them newly built for the tournament . Groups A-D played all their matches in South Korea , and Groups E-H played all their matches in Japan . The stadiums in Daegu , Suwon , Yokohama and Saitama all hosted 4 matches each , while the other 16 stadiums hosted 3 matches each . Notably , no matches were played in Tokyo , making it the first capital of a host country not to have a World Cup venue . A cross denotes an indoor stadium . South Korea Daegu Seoul Busan Incheon Ulsan Daegu World Cup Stadium Capacity : 68,014 Group / Third place Seoul World Cup Stadium Capacity : 63,961 Group / Knock - out Busan Asiad Stadium Capacity : 55,982 Group Incheon Munhak Stadium Capacity : 52,179 Group Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium Capacity : 43,550 Group / Knock - out Suwon Gwangju Jeonju Seogwipo Daejeon Suwon World Cup Stadium Capacity : 43,188 Group / Knock - out Gwangju World Cup Stadium Capacity : 42,880 Group / Knock - out Jeonju World Cup Stadium Capacity : 42,391 Group / Knock - out Jeju World Cup Stadium Capacity : 42,256 Group / Knock - out Daejeon World Cup Stadium Capacity : 40,407 Group / Knock - out South Korea Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jeonju Seogwipo Seoul Suwon Ulsan Japan Japan Ibaraki Kobe Miyagi Niigata Ōita Osaka Saitama Sapporo Shizuoka Yokohama S. Korea Japan Yokohama Saitama Shizuoka Osaka Rifu International Stadium Yokohama Capacity : 72,327 Group / Final Saitama Stadium 2002 Capacity : 63,000 Group / Knock - out Shizuoka `` Ecopa '' Stadium Capacity : 50,600 Group / Knock - out Nagai Stadium Capacity : 50,000 Group / Knock - out Miyagi Stadium Capacity : 49,000 Group / Knock - out Ōita Niigata Kashima Kobe Sapporo Ōita Stadium Capacity : 43,000 Group / Knock - out Niigata Stadium Capacity : 42,300 Group / Knock - out Kashima Soccer Stadium Capacity : 42,000 Group Kobe Wing Stadium Capacity : 42,000 Group / Knock - out Sapporo Dome Capacity : 42,000 Group Match officials ( edit ) show List of match officials by confederation and country Referees AFC Lu Jun ( China ) Toru Kamikawa ( Japan ) Saad Mane ( Kuwait ) Kim Young - joo ( South Korea ) Ali Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates ) CAF Coffi Codjia ( Benin ) Gamal Al - Ghandour ( Egypt ) Mohamed Guezzaz ( Morocco ) Falla N'Doye ( Senegal ) Mourad Daami ( Tunisia ) CONCACAF William Mattus ( Costa Rica ) Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) Peter Prendergast ( Jamaica ) Felipe Ramos ( Mexico ) Brian Hall ( United States ) CONMEBOL Ángel Sánchez ( Argentina ) René Ortubé ( Bolivia ) Carlos Simon ( Brazil ) Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia ) Byron Moreno ( Ecuador ) Ubaldo Aquino ( Paraguay ) OFC Mark Shield ( Australia ) UEFA Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) Graham Poll ( England ) Gilles Veissière ( France ) Markus Merk ( Germany ) Kyros Vassaras ( Greece ) Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) Jan Wegereef ( Netherlands ) Terje Hauge ( Norway ) Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) Hugh Dallas ( Scotland ) Ľuboš Micheľ ( Slovakia ) Antonio López Nieto ( Spain ) Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) Assistant referees AFC Komaleeswaran Sankar ( India ) Awni Hassaouneh ( Jordan ) Haidar Koleit ( Lebanon ) Mat Lazim Awang Hamat ( Malaysia ) Mohamed Saeed ( Maldives ) Ali Al - Traifi ( Saudi Arabia ) Visva Krishnan ( Singapore ) CAF Wagih Farag ( Egypt ) Dramane Dante ( Mali ) Taoufik Adjengui ( Tunisia ) Ali Tomusange ( Uganda ) Brighton Mudzamiri ( Zimbabwe ) CONCACAF Curtis Charles ( Antigua and Barbuda ) Héctor Vergara ( Canada ) Vladimir Fernández ( El Salvador ) Michael Ragoonath ( Trinidad and Tobago ) CONMEBOL Jorge Rattalino ( Argentina ) Jorge Oliveira ( Brazil ) Bomer Fierro ( Ecuador ) Miguel Giacomuzzi ( Paraguay ) OFC Paul Smith ( New Zealand ) Elise Doriri ( Vanuatu ) UEFA Egon Bereuter ( Austria ) Yury Dupanov ( Belarus ) Roland Van Nylen ( Belgium ) Evžen Amler ( Czech Republic ) Jens Larsen ( Denmark ) Philip Sharp ( England ) Frédéric Arnault ( France ) Heiner Müller ( Germany ) Ferenc Székely ( Hungary ) Jaap Pool ( Netherlands ) Maciej Wierzbowski ( Poland ) Carlos Matos ( Portugal ) Igor Šramka ( Slovakia ) Leif Lindberg ( Sweden ) There was much controversy over the refereeing in the tournament . Questionable decisions in the Italy - South Korea match resulted in 400,000 complaints , and featured in ESPN 's 10 most fabled World Cup controversies . The Spain - South Korea match featured two controversially disallowed Spanish goals , which Iván Helguera referred to as `` a robbery '' and led to Spanish press brandishing the officials `` thieves of dreams , '' though FIFA dismissed the incident as human error . Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup squads This was the first World Cup that featured squads of 23 players , an increase from 22 previously . Of the 23 players , 3 must be goalkeepers . Seeds ( edit ) Further information : 2002 FIFA World Cup seeding The eight seeded teams for the 2002 tournament were announced on 28 November 2001 . The seeds comprised Pot A in the draw . Pot B contained the remaining 11 European sides ; Pot C contained five unseeded qualifiers from CONMEBOL and AFC . Pot D contained unseeded sides from the CONCACAF region and Africa . This was the last FIFA World Cup with the defending champion in Group A. Since 2006 , the Host nation has been in Group A . Pot A Pot B Pot C Pot D Argentina Brazil France ( 1998 World Cup winner ) Germany Italy Japan ( co-hosts ) South Korea ( co-hosts ) Spain Belgium Croatia Denmark England Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Russia Slovenia Sweden Turkey China PR Ecuador Paraguay Saudi Arabia Uruguay Cameroon Costa Rica Mexico Nigeria Senegal South Africa Tunisia United States Before the draw , it was arranged that the last three teams in Pot B would be drawn into four groups which did not already contain two European teams and one would be left without a second European team . This was ultimately Group C. No group could contain more than two European teams , no unseeded South American team could be drawn with Brazil or Argentina and no unseeded Asian team could be drawn with South Korea or Japan . France , as holders were automatically placed in Group A , South Korea were placed in Group D and Japan were placed in Group H. One of the two South American seeds ( Brazil and Argentina ) had to play in a group played in South Korea and the other had to play in a group played in Japan . In Pot C , China had to play in South Korea ( either group A , B or C ) which meant that the other Asian team in Pot C ( Saudi Arabia ) had to play in Japan ( either group E , F or G ) . In Pot D , two or three African teams , and one or two CONCACAF teams had to play in either South Korea or Japan . On 1 December 2001 , the draw was held and the group assignments and order of fixtures were determined . Group F was considered the group of death , as it brought together Argentina , England , Nigeria and Sweden . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) All times are Korea Standard Time and Japan Standard Time ( UTC + 9 ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Groups A , B , C , D based in South Korea . Groups E , F , G , H based in Japan . In the following tables : Pld = total games played W = total games won D = total games drawn ( tied ) L = total games lost GF = total goals scored ( goals for ) GA = total goals conceded ( goals against ) GD = goal difference ( GF − GA ) Pts = total points accumulated Ato , Kaz and Nik were the 2002 World Cup mascots . The teams in the group play were ranked upon Points Greatest total goal difference in the three group matches Greatest number of goals scored in the three group matches Most points earned in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest goal difference in matches against other teams in the tie Greatest number of goals scored in matches against other teams in the tie Drawing of lots In the original version of the rules for the final tournament , the ranking criteria were in a different order , with head - to - head results taking precedence over total goal difference . The rules were changed to the above in advance of the tournament , but older versions were still available on the FIFA and UEFA websites , causing some confusion among those trying to identify the correct criteria . Group a ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group A Group A involved the defending champions France , Senegal , Uruguay , and Denmark . The World Cup started with a 1 -- 0 defeat of France , playing without the injured Zinedine Zidane , by tournament newcomers Senegal in the tournament 's opening match held in Seoul , South Korea . On the next day , two goals by Jon Dahl Tomasson gave the Danes a 2 -- 1 victory over Uruguay in Ulsan . In the second set of Group A matches , France were held to a 0 -- 0 draw in Busan by Uruguay after star striker Thierry Henry was sent off , while in Daegu , Denmark and Senegal drew 1 -- 1 . A 2 -- 0 defeat by Denmark in their last group game in Incheon sealed France 's elimination from the World Cup . France went out of the Cup without even managing to score a goal and earned the unwanted record of the worst World Cup performance by World Cup holders ( in 1934 Uruguay refused to defend the title ) . Senegal drew with Uruguay to clinch their place in the second round , despite Uruguay coming back from 3 -- 0 down to draw 3 -- 3 , in their last group game in Suwon . The South Americans could n't find the fourth goal that would have kept them in the Cup and thus were out of the tournament . At the end , Denmark won Group A with 7 points , followed by Senegal with 5 points . Uruguay were eliminated with 2 points and holders France with 1 point . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Denmark 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Senegal 0 5 + 1 5 Uruguay 0 5 − 1 France 0 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 31 May 2002 France 0 -- 1 Senegal Seoul World Cup Stadium , Seoul 1 June 2002 Uruguay 1 -- 2 Denmark Munsu Cup Stadium , Ulsan 6 June 2002 Denmark 1 -- 1 Senegal Daegu World Cup Stadium , Daegu France 0 -- 0 Uruguay Asiad Main Stadium , Busan 11 June 2002 Denmark 2 -- 0 France Incheon Munhak Stadium , Incheon Senegal 3 -- 3 Uruguay Suwon World Cup Stadium , Suwon Group B ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group B Spain in Group B became one of only two teams to pick up maximum points , seeing off both Slovenia and Paraguay ( In Gwangju and Jeonju respectively ) 3 -- 1 before defeating South Africa 3 -- 2 in Daejeon . Paraguay advanced over a late goal , winning 3 -- 1 over newcomer Slovenia in Seogwipo to tie with South Africa on goal difference ( they were already tied with four points , having drawn 2 -- 2 in their opening game against each other in Busan ) . As a result , Paraguay advanced to the second round on the goals scored tiebreaker , scoring six goals compared to South Africa 's five . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 0 9 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Paraguay 6 6 0 South Africa 5 5 0 Slovenia 0 0 7 − 5 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 2 June 2002 Paraguay 2 -- 2 South Africa Asiad Main Stadium , Busan Spain 3 -- 1 Slovenia Gwangju World Cup Stadium , Gwangju 7 June 2002 Spain 3 -- 1 Paraguay Jeonju World Cup Stadium , Jeonju 8 June 2002 South Africa 1 -- 0 Slovenia Daegu World Cup Stadium , Daegu 12 June 2002 South Africa 2 -- 3 Spain Daejeon World Cup Stadium , Daejeon Slovenia 1 -- 3 Paraguay Jeju World Cup Stadium , Seogwipo Group C ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group C Group C saw Brazil become the other team to win all three of their Group matches , defeating Turkey 2 -- 1 in Ulsan , China 4 -- 0 in Seogwipo , and Costa Rica 5 -- 2 in Suwon . Turkey also advanced to the next round , defeating Costa Rica on goal difference after both teams drew with 4 points each ( both tied 1 -- 1 in Incheon against each other ) . China , coached by Bora Milutinović ( the fifth national team he coached in five consecutive World Cups ) , failed to get a point or even score a goal . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 0 11 + 8 9 Advance to knockout stage Turkey 5 + 2 Costa Rica 5 6 − 1 China PR 0 0 0 9 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 3 June 2002 Brazil 2 -- 1 Turkey Munsu Cup Stadium , Ulsan 4 June 2002 China PR 0 -- 2 Costa Rica Gwangju World Cup Stadium , Gwangju 8 June 2002 Brazil 4 -- 0 China PR Jeju World Cup Stadium , Seogwipo 9 June 2002 Costa Rica 1 -- 1 Turkey Incheon Munhak Stadium , Incheon 13 June 2002 Costa Rica 2 -- 5 Brazil Suwon World Cup Stadium , Suwon Turkey 3 -- 0 China PR Seoul World Cup Stadium , Seoul Group D ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group D Group D saw co-host South Korea , Poland , United States and Portugal square off against each other . South Korea and Poland started group play in Busan , where South Korea earned their first ever World Cup victory , defeating Poland 2 -- 0 . United States shocked group favorites Portugal the next day , defeating them 3 -- 2 in Suwon . South Korea and United States then faced off in Daegu , where excellent goalkeeping by Brad Friedel and Lee Woon - jae resulted in a 1 -- 1 draw , while a hat - trick by Pauleta gave the Portuguese a comfortable 4 -- 0 win against Poland in Jeonju . In the final group games held in Incheon ( Portugal - South Korea ) and Daejeon ( Poland - United States ) , South Korea eliminated Portugal thanks to a 70th - minute goal by Park Ji - sung , finishing the game 1 -- 0 , while Poland defeated United States 3 -- 1 . As a result , South Korea won their first ever group stage and advanced for the first time with seven points , while United States followed with four points . Portugal and Poland were eliminated with three points each in third and fourth places respectively . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification South Korea ( H ) 0 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage United States 5 6 − 1 Portugal 0 6 + 2 Poland 0 7 − 4 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 4 June 2002 South Korea 2 -- 0 Poland Asiad Main Stadium , Busan 5 June 2002 United States 3 -- 2 Portugal Suwon World Cup Stadium , Suwon 10 June 2002 South Korea 1 -- 1 United States Daegu World Cup Stadium , Daegu Portugal 4 -- 0 Poland Jeonju World Cup Stadium , Jeonju 14 June 2002 Portugal 0 -- 1 South Korea Incheon Munhak Stadium , Incheon Poland 3 -- 1 United States Daejeon World Cup Stadium , Daejeon Group E ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group E Group E had Germany play against Saudi Arabia , Ireland , and Cameroon . Ireland and Cameroon started group play in Niigata in a 1 -- 1 draw , while Germany thrashed Saudi Arabia 8 -- 0 in Sapporo . In Ibaraki , Germany held a 1 -- 0 lead over the Republic of Ireland thanks to a 19th - minute goal by Miroslav Klose , only to draw 1 -- 1 due to a sensational 92nd - minute equaliser by Robbie Keane . Saudi Arabia bowed out of the tournament with a 1 -- 0 defeat against Cameroon in Saitama , thanks to a second - half goal by Samuel Eto'o . In the final matches of Group E , Germany sent Cameroon out of the tournament , winning 0 -- 2 in Shizuoka with goals by Marco Bode and Miroslav Klose , while Ireland defeated Saudi Arabia 3 -- 0 in Yokohama with goals by Robbie Keane , Gary Breen , and Damien Duff . Germany advanced with seven points , and Ireland followed along with five points , while Cameroon was eliminated with four points . Saudi Arabia was eliminated without a single point or goal , having conceded 12 goals , finishing dead last in the tournament . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 11 + 10 7 Advance to knockout stage Republic of Ireland 0 5 + 3 5 Cameroon − 1 Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 12 − 12 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 1 June 2002 Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Cameroon Niigata Stadium , Niigata Germany 8 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Sapporo Dome , Sapporo 5 June 2002 Germany 1 -- 1 Republic of Ireland Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki 6 June 2002 Cameroon 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Saitama Stadium 2002 , Saitama 11 June 2002 Cameroon 0 -- 2 Germany Shizuoka Stadium , Shizuoka Saudi Arabia 0 -- 3 Republic of Ireland International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Group F ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group F Group F was nicknamed the `` Group of death '' , having Argentina , Nigeria , England , and Sweden . Argentina won their opening game in Ibaraki 1 -- 0 against Nigeria thanks to a second - half goal by Gabriel Batistuta , while in Saitama England and Sweden drew 1 -- 1 thanks to goals by Sol Campbell and Niclas Alexandersson . Sweden and Nigeria faced off in Kobe , where two goals by Henrik Larsson eliminated Nigeria 2 -- 1 . Meanwhile , in Sapporo , England won 1 -- 0 over Argentina , thanks to a David Beckham penalty kick . In the final matches of Group F , England and Nigeria drew 0 -- 0 in Osaka , while Sweden and Argentina drew 1 -- 1 in Miyagi . Sweden and England advanced from Group F , first and second respectively with five points each , at the expense of Argentina 's four points , while Nigeria finished last with one point . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage England 0 + 1 5 Argentina 0 Nigeria 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 2 June 2002 Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki England 1 -- 1 Sweden Saitama Stadium 2002 , Saitama 7 June 2002 Sweden 2 -- 1 Nigeria Kobe Wing Stadium , Kobe Argentina 0 -- 1 England Sapporo Dome , Sapporo 12 June 2002 Sweden 1 -- 1 Argentina Miyagi Stadium , Miyagi Nigeria 0 -- 0 England Nagai Stadium , Osaka Group G ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group G Group G saw Italy , Ecuador , Croatia , and Mexico play against each other . Niigata saw the start of the group games , with Mexico winning 1 -- 0 over Croatia , thanks to a penalty converted by Cuauhtémoc Blanco . Later that night in Sapporo , Italy defeated newcomers Ecuador 2 -- 0 with ease , having both goals scored by Christian Vieri . Italy and Croatia faced off a few days later in Ibaraki , where Croatia pulled a 2 -- 1 upset victory over Italy . The next day in Miyagi saw Mexico earn a vital victory over Ecuador 2 -- 1 . In the final matches of Group G , Mexico and Italy drew 1 -- 1 in Ōita , while Ecuador achieved their first ever World Cup victory 1 -- 0 over Croatia in Yokohama . Mexico won Group G with seven points , while Italy survived with four points . Croatia and Ecuador were eliminated with three points in third and fourth places respectively , with the former failing to repeat its surprise performance from 1998 despite their victory against Italy . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Mexico 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Italy + 1 Croatia 0 − 1 Ecuador 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 3 June 2002 Croatia 0 -- 1 Mexico Niigata Stadium , Niigata Italy 2 -- 0 Ecuador Sapporo Dome , Sapporo 8 June 2002 Italy 1 -- 2 Croatia Kashima Soccer Stadium , Ibaraki 9 June 2002 Mexico 2 -- 1 Ecuador Miyagi Stadium , Miyagi 13 June 2002 Mexico 1 -- 1 Italy Ōita Stadium , Ōita Ecuador 1 -- 0 Croatia International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Group H ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Group H Group H involved co-hosts Japan square off against Belgium , Russia , and Tunisia . Japan earned their first World Cup points in a spectacular 2 -- 2 draw against Belgium in Saitama , while Russia defeated Tunisia in Kobe , 2 -- 0 . Japan would get their first ever World Cup victory a few days later in Yokohama , defeating Russia 1 -- 0 , thanks to a second - half goal by Junichi Inamoto , while Belgium and Tunisia drew 1 -- 1 in Ōita . In the final matches of Group H , Japan defeated Tunisia with ease , winning 0 -- 2 in Osaka , while Belgium survived against Russia in Shizuoka , winning 3 -- 2 . Japan won Group H with seven points , while Belgium advanced with five points . Russia was eliminated with three points , and Tunisia was eliminated with one point . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Japan ( H ) 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Belgium 0 6 5 + 1 5 Russia 0 0 Tunisia 0 5 − 4 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 4 June 2002 Japan 2 -- 2 Belgium Saitama Stadium 2002 , Saitama 5 June 2002 Russia 2 -- 0 Tunisia Kobe Wing Stadium , Kobe 9 June 2002 Japan 1 -- 0 Russia International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama 10 June 2002 Tunisia 1 -- 1 Belgium Ōita Stadium , Ōita 14 June 2002 Tunisia 0 -- 2 Japan Nagai Stadium , Osaka Belgium 3 -- 2 Russia Shizuoka Stadium , Shizuoka Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup knockout stage For the second round , quarter - finals , and semi-finals , the qualifiers from Groups A , C , F , and H played their games in Japan while the qualifiers from Groups B , D , E , and G played their games in South Korea . Daegu , South Korea , hosted the third - place match while Yokohama , Japan , hosted the final . Round of 16 and quarter - finals ( edit ) In the second round , Germany beat Paraguay 1 -- 0 with a late goal by Oliver Neuville in Seogwipo . England defeated Denmark in Niigata 3 -- 0 , with all goals occurring in the first half of the game . Sweden and Senegal faced off in Ōita and finished 1 -- 1 in regular time and it took a golden goal from Henri Camara in extra time to settle the game for Senegal 1 -- 2 . Spain and Ireland played in Suwon , where Spain led most of the match 1 -- 0 until a late penalty kick scored by Robbie Keane made the match go 1 -- 1 sending it to extra time , where Spain outlasted Ireland 3 -- 2 in a Penalty shootout . The United States beat CONCACAF rivals Mexico 2 -- 0 in Jeonju , thanks to the goals of Brian McBride and Landon Donovan . Brazil defeated Belgium 2 -- 0 in Kobe , with an amazing volley by Rivaldo and a splendid counter-attack goal by Ronaldo . Turkey ended co-hosts Japan 's run with a 1 -- 0 win in Miyagi , thanks to a Ümit Davala goal in the 12th minute . The other co-hosts , South Korea , defeated Italy 2 -- 1 in extra time in Daejeon with a goal by Ahn Jung - hwan in the 117th minute , after a match filled with many controversial referring decisions . South Korea 's win ensured that , for the very first time in the Cup 's history , teams from each of Europe , North America , South America , Africa , and Asia reached the quarter - finals of the same tournament . In the quarter - finals , England and Brazil squared off in Shizuoka , where Ronaldinho scored a free - kick goal over England 's David Seaman early in the second half as Brazil won 2 -- 1 . The United States lost to Germany 1 -- 0 in Ulsan by a Michael Ballack goal in the 39th minute , but controversy surrounded the game when United States demanded the referee give a penalty for a goal - line handball by Torsten Frings in the 49th minute , but the referee did not award the penalty . South Korea got another win in Gwangju in a controversial manner , beating Spain 5 -- 3 on penalties after a 0 -- 0 draw in which the Spaniards twice thought they had scored while onside ; however , the efforts were disallowed by the referee with controversial decisions . The hosts became the first team in the Asian Football Confederation to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup , eclipsing the record of their North Korean counterparts who reached the quarter - finals in 1966 . They also became the first World Cup semi-final team not from UEFA or CONMEBOL since the United States did it in 1930 . Turkey defeated Senegal 1 -- 0 in Osaka , with a golden goal scored by İlhan Mansız in the 93rd minute . Semi-finals , third - place match , and final ( edit ) The semi-finals saw two 1 -- 0 games ; The first semi-final , held in Seoul saw a Michael Ballack goal good enough for Germany to defeat South Korea . However , Ballack received a yellow card during the match , which forced him to miss the final based on accumulated yellow cards . The next day in Saitama saw Ronaldo score a goal early in the second half , scoring his sixth of the competition for Brazil , who beat Turkey in a replay of their Group C encounter . In the third - place match in Daegu , Turkey beat the South Koreans 3 -- 2 , their first goal coming from Hakan Şükür straight from the opening kick - off ( even though South Korea kicked off ) in 10.8 seconds , the fastest ever goal in World Cup history . In the final match held in Yokohama , Japan , two goals from Ronaldo secured the World Cup for Brazil as they claimed victory over Germany . Ronaldo scored twice in the second half and , after the game , won the Golden Shoe award for the tournament 's leading scorer with eight goals . This was the fifth time Brazil had won the World Cup , cementing their status as the most successful national team in the history of the competition . Brazil became the only team since Argentina in 1986 to win the trophy without needing to win a penalty shootout at some stage during the knockout phase , and the total number of penalty shootouts ( 2 ) was the lowest since the four - round knockout format was introduced in 1986 . Brazil also became the first team to win every match at a World Cup Finals since 1970 , and set a new record for highest aggregate goal difference ( + 14 ) for a World Cup winner . Brazil 's captain Cafu , who became the first player to appear in three successive World Cup finals , accepted the trophy on behalf of the team . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 15 June -- Seogwipo Germany 21 June -- Ulsan Paraguay 0 Germany 17 June -- Jeonju United States 0 Mexico 0 25 June -- Seoul United States Germany 16 June -- Suwon South Korea 0 Spain ( pen . ) 1 ( 3 ) 22 June -- Gwangju Republic of Ireland 1 ( 2 ) Spain 0 ( 3 ) 18 June -- Daejeon South Korea ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) South Korea ( asdet ) 30 June -- Yokohama Italy Germany 0 15 June -- Niigata Brazil Denmark 0 21 June -- Shizuoka England England 17 June -- Kobe Brazil Brazil 26 June -- Saitama Belgium 0 Brazil 16 June -- Ōita Turkey 0 Third place Sweden 22 June -- Osaka 29 June -- Daegu Senegal ( asdet ) Senegal 0 South Korea 18 June -- Miyagi Turkey ( asdet ) Turkey Japan 0 Turkey Round of 16 ( edit ) 15 June 2002 15 : 30 Germany 1 -- 0 Paraguay Neuville 88 ' Report Jeju World Cup Stadium , Seogwipo Attendance : 25,176 Referee : Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) 15 June 2002 20 : 30 Denmark 0 -- 3 England Report Ferdinand 5 ' Owen 22 ' Heskey 44 ' Niigata Stadium , Niigata Attendance : 40,582 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) 16 June 2002 15 : 30 Sweden 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Senegal Larsson 11 ' Report H. Camara 37 ' , 104 ' Ōita Stadium , Ōita Attendance : 39,747 Referee : Ubaldo Aquino ( Paraguay ) 16 June 2002 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Republic of Ireland Morientes 8 ' Report Keane 90 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Hierro Baraja Juanfran Valerón Mendieta 3 -- 2 Keane Holland Connolly Kilbane Finnan Suwon World Cup Stadium , Suwon Attendance : 38,926 Referee : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) 17 June 2002 15 : 30 Mexico 0 -- 2 United States Report McBride 8 ' Donovan 65 ' Jeonju World Cup Stadium , Jeonju Attendance : 36,380 Referee : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) 17 June 2002 20 : 30 Brazil 2 -- 0 Belgium Rivaldo 67 ' Ronaldo 87 ' Report Kobe Wing Stadium , Kobe Attendance : 40,440 Referee : Peter Prendergast ( Jamaica ) 18 June 2002 15 : 30 Japan 0 -- 1 Turkey Report Ümit D. 12 ' Miyagi Stadium , Miyagi Attendance : 45,666 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) 18 June 2002 20 : 30 South Korea 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Italy Seol Ki - hyeon 88 ' Ahn Jung - hwan 117 ' Report Vieri 18 ' Daejeon World Cup Stadium , Daejeon Attendance : 38,588 Referee : Byron Moreno ( Ecuador ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) 21 June 2002 15 : 30 England 1 -- 2 Brazil Owen 23 ' Report Rivaldo 45 + 2 ' Ronaldinho 50 ' Shizuoka Stadium , Shizuoka Attendance : 47,436 Referee : Felipe Ramos ( Mexico ) 21 June 2002 20 : 30 Germany 1 -- 0 United States Ballack 39 ' Report Munsu Cup Stadium , Ulsan Attendance : 37,337 Referee : Hugh Dallas ( Scotland ) 22 June 2002 15 : 30 Spain 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) South Korea Report Penalties Hierro Baraja Xavi Joaquín 3 -- 5 Hwang Sun - hong Park Ji - sung Seol Ki - hyeon Ahn Jung - hwan Hong Myung - bo Gwangju World Cup Stadium , Gwangju Attendance : 42,114 Referee : Gamal Al - Ghandour ( Egypt ) 22 June 2002 20 : 30 Senegal 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Turkey Report İlhan 94 ' Nagai Stadium , Osaka Attendance : 44,233 Referee : Óscar Ruiz ( Colombia ) Semi-finals ( edit ) 25 June 2002 20 : 30 Germany 1 -- 0 South Korea Ballack 75 ' Report Seoul World Cup Stadium , Seoul Attendance : 65,256 Referee : Urs Meier ( Switzerland ) 26 June 2002 20 : 30 Brazil 1 -- 0 Turkey Ronaldo 49 ' Report Saitama Stadium 2002 , Saitama Attendance : 61,058 Referee : Kim Milton Nielsen ( Denmark ) Third place play - off ( edit ) 29 June 2002 20 : 00 South Korea 2 -- 3 Turkey Lee Eul - yong 9 ' Song Chong - gug 90 + 3 ' Report Hakan Ş. 1 ' İlhan 13 ' , 32 ' Daegu World Cup Stadium , Daegu Attendance : 63,483 Referee : Saad Mane ( Kuwait ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup Final 30 June 2002 20 : 00 Germany 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Ronaldo 67 ' , 79 ' International Stadium Yokohama , Yokohama Attendance : 69,029 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) Statistics ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers ( edit ) Ronaldo won the Golden Shoe after scoring eight goals . In total , 161 goals were scored by 109 players , with three of them credited as own goals . Two of those own goals were in the same match , marking the first time in FIFA World Cup history that own goals had been scored by both teams in the same match . show List of goalscorers by number of goals and by country 8 goals Ronaldo 5 goals Rivaldo Miroslav Klose 4 goals Jon Dahl Tomasson Christian Vieri 3 goals Michael Ballack Marc Wilmots Pauleta Robbie Keane Papa Bouba Diop Fernando Morientes Raúl Henrik Larsson İlhan Mansız 2 goals Ronaldinho Rónald Gómez Michael Owen Junichi Inamoto Jared Borgetti Nelson Cuevas Henri Camara Ahn Jung - hwan Fernando Hierro Ümit Davala Hasan Şaş Landon Donovan Brian McBride 1 goal Gabriel Batistuta Hernán Crespo Wesley Sonck Peter Van Der Heyden Johan Walem Edmílson Júnior Roberto Carlos Samuel Eto'o Patrick M'Boma Winston Parks Paulo Wanchope Mauricio Wright Ivica Olić Milan Rapaić Dennis Rommedahl Agustín Delgado Édison Méndez David Beckham Sol Campbell Rio Ferdinand Emile Heskey Oliver Bierhoff Marco Bode Carsten Jancker Thomas Linke Oliver Neuville Bernd Schneider Alessandro Del Piero Hiroaki Morishima Hidetoshi Nakata Takayuki Suzuki Cuauhtémoc Blanco Gerardo Torrado Julius Aghahowa Francisco Arce Jorge Campos Roque Santa Cruz Paweł Kryszałowicz Emmanuel Olisadebe Marcin Żewłakow Beto Rui Costa Gary Breen Damien Duff Matt Holland Vladimir Beschastnykh Valeri Karpin Dmitri Sychev Yegor Titov Salif Diao Khalilou Fadiga Milenko Ačimovič Sebastjan Cimirotič Quinton Fortune Benni McCarthy Teboho Mokoena Siyabonga Nomvethe Lucas Radebe Hwang Sun - hong Lee Eul - yong Park Ji - sung Seol Ki - hyeon Song Chong - gug Yoo Sang - chul Gaizka Mendieta Juan Carlos Valerón Niclas Alexandersson Anders Svensson Raouf Bouzaiene Emre Belözoğlu Bülent Korkmaz Hakan Şükür Clint Mathis John O'Brien Diego Forlán Richard Morales Álvaro Recoba Darío Rodríguez Own goals Jorge Costa ( against the United States ) Carles Puyol ( against Paraguay ) Jeff Agoos ( against Portugal ) Source : FIFA Awards ( edit ) Golden Boot Golden Ball Yashin Award Best Young Player FIFA Fair Play Trophy Most Entertaining Team Ronaldo Oliver Kahn Oliver Kahn Landon Donovan Belgium South Korea Oliver Kahn is the only goalkeeper to have won the Golden Ball in FIFA World Cup history . All - star team ( edit ) Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards Oliver Kahn Rüştü Reçber Sol Campbell Fernando Hierro Hong Myung - bo Alpay Özalan Roberto Carlos Michael Ballack Claudio Reyna Rivaldo Ronaldinho Yoo Sang - chul El Hadji Diouf Miroslav Klose Ronaldo Hasan Şaş Source : USA Today , 29 June 2002 Final standings ( edit ) After the tournament , FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 2002 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . Team GF GA GD Pts . Brazil 7 7 0 0 18 + 14 21 Germany 7 5 14 + 11 16 Turkey 7 10 6 + 4 13 South Korea 7 8 6 + 2 11 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Spain 5 0 10 5 + 5 11 6 England 5 6 + 3 8 7 Senegal 5 7 6 + 1 8 8 United States 5 7 7 0 7 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Japan 5 + 2 7 10 Denmark 5 5 0 7 11 Mexico 0 7 12 Republic of Ireland 0 6 + 3 6 13 Sweden 5 5 0 5 14 Belgium 6 7 − 1 5 15 Italy 5 5 0 16 Paraguay 6 7 − 1 Eliminated in the group stage 17 South Africa 5 5 0 18 Argentina 0 19 Costa Rica 5 6 − 1 20 Cameroon − 1 21 Portugal 0 6 + 2 22 Russia 0 0 23 Croatia 0 − 1 24 Ecuador 0 − 2 25 Poland 0 7 − 4 26 Uruguay 0 5 − 1 27 Nigeria 0 − 2 28 France 0 0 − 3 29 Tunisia 0 5 − 4 30 Slovenia 0 0 7 − 5 0 31 China PR 0 0 0 9 − 9 0 32 Saudi Arabia 0 0 0 12 − 12 0 Sponsorship. ( edit ) The sponsors of the 2002 FIFA World Cup are divided into two categories : FIFA World Cup Sponsors and Japan and South Korea Supporters . show List of sponsors for the tournament FIFA World Cup sponsors Japan sponsors South Korea sponsors Adidas Avaya Budweiser Coca - Cola Fuji Xerox Fujifilm Gillette Hyundai JVC MasterCard McDonald 's Philips Toshiba Yahoo ! Asahi Shimbun Nippon Life Insurance Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Nissin Foods Nomura Securities NTT DoCoMo Tokyo Electric Power Company Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance Hyundai Marine and Fire Insurance KCC Corporation Kookmin Bank Korea Telecom Korean Air KTF Lotte Hotel Ticket sales problem ( edit ) The original domestic ticket allocation had fully sold out and the organising committee completed sales of tickets returned from the international allocation by the end of April . However , it was obvious at the opening matches that there were a significant number of empty seats . It was gradually revealed that the World Cup Ticketing Bureau ( WCTB ) still had unsold tickets in its possession . After FIFA agreed to sell this inventory , JAWOC undertook sales over telephone and WCTB handled the internet sales . For the second round Japan vs. Turkey match in Miyagi in particular , although it was reported by both parties that all tickets had been sold , some 700 seats remained empty . Controversies ( edit ) The tournament was criticized for many poor and questionable refereeing decisions . South Korea in particular faced scrutiny and allegations of corruption due to the favorable decisions they received in their controversial victories over Italy in the Round of 16 and over Spain in the Quarterfinals . Cultural event ( edit ) In Search of Fresh Air . Banner by Ray L. Burggraf . The official FIFA cultural event of the 2002 World Cup was a flag festival called Poetry of the Winds . Held in Nanjicheon Park , an area of the World Cup Park close to the stadium , Poetry of the Winds was exhibited from 29 May to 25 June in order to wish success upon the World Cup and promote a festive atmosphere . During the flag art festival , hand - painted flags from global artists were displayed as a greeting to international guests in a manner that was designed to promote harmony ( 2002 Flag Art Festival Executive Committee ) . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal Association football portal Japan portal South Korea portal Adidas Fevernova -- match ball The Official Album of the 2002 FIFA World Cup The Doraemons movies : Goal ! Goal ! Goal ! ! ( 2002 FIFA World Cup movies ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey finish in style '' . BBC Sport. 29 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . 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BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All - time FIFA World Cup Ranking 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Pepsi Ambush of the FIFA World Cup stopped in its track '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 7 June 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Official FIFA World Cup TM Partners & Sponsors since 1982 '' ( PDF ) . Resources.fifa.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - FIFA welcomes three new sponsors for 2002 FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Marican , Nawaz . `` Avaya scores with World Cup 2002 deal - ZDNet '' . Zdnet.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 2002 : Global marketing - Bud the Wiser . With Anheuser - Busch set to re-use its One World , One Game , One Beer theme , Adam Leyland looks at the global marketing strategy that underpins it '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola extends FIFA partnership through 2006 '' . FIFA.com. 30 January 1998 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fuji Xerox Inks Contract As 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / JapanTM Official Partner '' . Fujixerox.co.jp . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fuji in Â £ 24m World Cup sponsor deal - Marketing Week '' . Marketingweek.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 2002 : Global Marketing - Hyundai joins the squad . Hyundai is sponsoring the World Cup for the first time . Adam Leyland finds out why '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's Scores for Children At the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan '' . businesswireindia.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's in line for major World Cup promotion upset '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Toshiba : Press Releases 7 Jun , 2001 '' . Toshiba.co.jp . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba Becomes Official Sponsor of FIFA World Cup . ( Company Round - Up ) '' . International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship. 3 ( 3 ) . 1 September 2001 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! becomes the 15th Official Partner for the 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM '' . FIFA.com. 11 September 2001 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo ! Becomes 15th 2002 FIFA World Cup Sponsor - News - Sportcal '' . Sportcal.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korea Telekom Becomes Official Partner of 2002 Fifa World Cup - News - Sportcal '' . Sportcal.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Demaria , Andrew ( 1 June 2002 ) . `` FIFA to probe empty seats '' . CNN.com . Cable News Network LP . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2002 Ticket Fiasco '' . Soccerphile.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Haisley , Billy . `` Italian Paper Alleges FIFA Used Corrupt Refs To Fix 2002 World Cup Games '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Art Festival Seoul '' . Le-musee-divisioniste.org. 29 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SVAD News '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 March 2004 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Park Seoul Neoul Park , Haneul , Nanji Hangang , Nanjicheon , Pyeonghwa '' . Exploring Korea . Archived from the original on 11 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 August 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2002 . 2002 FIFA World Cup Official Website ( archived ) 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM , FIFA.com FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) and ( Part 2 ) RSSSF Archive of finals RSSSF Archive of qualifying rounds 2002 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Broadcasting Controversies Discipline Matches Officials Seeding Sponsorship Statistics Squads 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - finals England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay 2002 FIFA World Cup stadiums Korea Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Jeju Jeonju Seoul Suwon Ulsan Japan Kashima Kobe Miyagi Niigata Ōita Osaka Saitama Sapporo Shizuoka Yokohama FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . 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4757597618458385093	Rise of Joseph Stalin	Rise of Joseph Stalin - wikipedia Rise of Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953 . In the years following the death of Vladimir Lenin in 1924 , Stalin rose to become the leader of the Soviet Union . After growing up in Georgia , Stalin conducted discreet activities for the Bolshevik Party for twelve years before the Russian Revolution of 1917 . Following the October Revolution , Stalin took military positions in the Russian Civil War and the Polish - Soviet War . Stalin was one of the Bolsheviks ' chief operatives in the Caucasus and grew close to Lenin , who saw him as a tough character , and a loyal follower capable of getting things done behind the scenes . Stalin played a decisive role in engineering the 1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia , adopting a particularly hardline approach to opposition . Stalin 's connections helped him to gain influential positions behind the scenes in the new Soviet government , eventually being appointed General Secretary in 1922 . In 1922 , a stroke forced Lenin into semi-retirement , while Lenin grew critical of Stalin in late 1922 and early 1923 , recommending Stalin 's dismissal from the post of General Secretary . However , a very debilitating stroke in March 1923 ended Lenin 's political career . In the years following , opponents of Stalin , most notably Leon Trotsky , became isolated politically and were sidelined from the government by Stalin . Eventually , this led Stalin to become the uncontested highest leader of the Party and the Soviet Union . Contents 1 Background 2 Invasion of Georgia and General Secretary 3 Lenin 's retirement and death 4 Downfall of Trotsky 5 Stalin turns on the Right 6 Death of his wife 7 The Great Terror 8 Notes 9 Bibliography Background ( edit ) Further information : Early life of Joseph Stalin and Joseph Stalin in the Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , and Polish -- Soviet War Before his 1913 - 1917 exile in Siberia , Stalin was one of the Bolshevik operatives in the Caucasus , organizing cells , spreading propaganda , and raising money through criminal activities . Stalin eventually earned a place in Lenin 's inner circle and the highest echelons of the Bolshevik hierarchy . His pseudonym , Stalin , means `` man of the steel hand '' . The October Revolution took place in the Russian capital of Petrograd on 7 November 1917 ( O.S. 25 October 1917 ) , which saw the transfer of all political power to the Soviets . In the Russian Civil War that followed , Stalin forged connections with various Red Army generals and eventually acquired military powers of his own . He brutally suppressed counter-revolutionaries and bandits . After winning the civil war , the Bolsheviks moved to expand the revolution into Europe , starting with Poland , which was fighting the Red Army in Ukraine . As joint commander of an army in Ukraine and later in Poland itself , Stalin 's actions in the war were later criticized by many , including Leon Trotsky . Invasion of Georgia and General Secretary ( edit ) In late 1920 , with the crises in society following the Russian Civil War , Trotsky argued for the trade unions to be incorporated more and more into the workers ' state , and for the workers ' state to completely control the industrial sectors . Lenin 's position was one where the trade unions were subordinate to the workers ' state , but separate , with Lenin accusing Trotsky of `` bureaucratically nagging the trade unions '' . Fearing a backlash from the trade unions , Lenin asked Stalin to build a support base in the Workers ' and Peasants ' Inspectorate ( Rabkrin ) against bureaucratism . Lenin 's faction eventually prevailed at the Tenth Party Congress in March 1921 . Frustrated by the squabbling factions within the Communist Party during what he saw as a time of crisis , Lenin convinced the Tenth Congress to pass a ban on any opposition to official Central Committee policy ( the Ban on Factions , a law which Stalin would later exploit to expel his enemies ) . Stalin played a decisive role in engineering the Red Army invasion of Georgia in February and March 1921 , at a time when Georgia was the biggest Menshevik stronghold . Following the invasion , Stalin adopted particularly hardline , centralist policies towards Soviet Georgia , which included severe repression of opposition to the Bolsheviks , and to opposition within the local Communist Party ( e.g. , the Georgian Affair of 1922 ) , not to mention any manifestations of anti-Sovietism ( the August Uprising of 1924 ) . It was in the Georgian affairs that Stalin first began to play his own hand . Lenin , however , disliked Stalin 's policy towards Georgia , as he believed that all Soviet states should be on equal standing with Russia , rather than be absorbed and subordinated to Russia . Grigory Zinoviev successfully had Stalin appointed to the post of General Secretary in March 1922 , with Stalin officially starting in the post on 3 April 1922 . Stalin still held his posts in the Orgburo , the Workers ' and Peasants ' Inspectorate and the Commassariat for Nationalities Affairs , though he agreed to delegate his workload to subordinates . With this power , he would steadily place his supporters in positions of authority . Lenin 's retirement and death ( edit ) Stalin visiting the ailing Lenin at his dacha in Gorki in 1922 . On 25 May 1922 , Lenin suffered a stroke while recovering from surgery to remove a bullet lodged in his neck since a failed assassination attempt in August 1918 . Severely debilitated , he went into semi-retirement and moved to his dacha in Gorki . After this , prominent Bolsheviks were concerned about who would take over if Lenin actually died . Lenin and Trotsky had more of a personal and theoretical relationship , while Lenin and Stalin had more of a political and apparatical relationship . Yet , Stalin visited Lenin often , acting as his intermediary with the outside world . During this time , the two quarrelled over economic policy and how to consolidate the Soviet republics . One day , Stalin verbally swore at Lenin 's wife , Nadezhda Krupskaya , for breaching Politburo orders by helping Lenin communicate with Trotsky and others about politics ; this greatly offended Lenin . As their relationship deteriorated , Lenin dictated increasingly disparaging notes on Stalin in what would become his testament . Lenin criticised Stalin 's rude manners , excessive power , ambition and politics , and suggested that Stalin should be removed from the position of General Secretary . One of Lenin 's secretaries showed Stalin the notes , whose contents shocked him . On 9 March 1923 , Lenin suffered his most debilitating stroke , which ended his political career . During Lenin 's semi-retirement , Stalin forged a triumvirate alliance with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev in May 1922 , against Trotsky . These allies prevented Lenin 's Testament from being revealed to the Twelfth Party Congress in April 1923 . Although Zinoviev and Kamenev were disconcerted by Stalin 's power and some of his policies , they needed Stalin 's help in opposing Trotsky 's faction and to prevent Trotsky 's possible succession to Lenin in a power struggle . Lenin died on 21 January 1924 . Stalin was given the honour of organizing his funeral . Upon Lenin 's death , Stalin was officially hailed as his successor as the leader of the ruling Communist Party and of the Soviet Union itself . Against Lenin 's wishes , he was given a lavish funeral and his body was embalmed and put on display . Thanks to Kamenev and Zinoviev 's influence , the Central Committee decided that Lenin 's Testament should not be made public . At the Thirteenth Party Congress in May 1924 , it was read out only to the heads of the provincial delegations . Trotsky did not want to appear divisive so soon after Lenin 's death and did not seize the opportunity to demand Stalin 's removal . Downfall of Trotsky ( edit ) In the months following Lenin 's death , Stalin 's disputes with Zinoviev and Kamenev intensified . While the triumvirate remained intact throughout 1924 and the early months of 1925 , Zinoviev and Kamenev did not regard Stalin highly as a revolutionary theorist , and often disparaged him in private even as they had aided him publicly against Trotsky and the Left Opposition . For his part , Stalin was cautious about where the political situation was heading , and often felt that Zinoviev 's volatile rhetoric against Trotsky was going too far , especially when Zinoviev demanded Trotsky 's expulsion from the Communist Party in January 1925 . Stalin opposed Zinoviev 's demand , and skillfully played the role of a moderate . At this time , Stalin was allying himself more and more with Nikolai Bukharin and the Right Opposition , whom Stalin had promoted to the Politburo at the Thirteenth Party Congress . Stalin proposed the theory of Socialism in One Country in October 1924 , which Bukharin soon elaborated upon to give it a theoretical justification . Zinoviev and Kamenev suddenly found themselves in a minority at the Fourteenth Party Conference in April 1925 , over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally , which resulted in the triumvirate splitting up . This saw a strengthening of Stalin 's alliance with Bukharin . With Trotsky mostly sidelined with a persistent illness during 1925 , Zinoviev and Kamenev then formed the New Opposition against Stalin . At the Fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925 , Stalin openly attacked Kamenev and Zinoviev , revealing that they had asked for his aid in expelling Trotsky from the Communist Party . Stalin 's revelation made Zinoviev , in particular , very unpopular with many inside the Communist Party . Trotsky remained silent throughout this Congress . In early 1926 , Zinoviev and Kamenev drew closer to Trotsky and the Left Opposition , forming an alliance which became known as the United Opposition . The United Opposition demanded , among other things , greater freedom of expression within the Communist Party and less bureaucracy . In October 1926 , Stalin 's supporters voted Trotsky out of the Politburo . During the years of 1926 and 1927 , Soviet policy toward the Chinese Revolution became the ideological line of demarcation between Stalin and the United Opposition . The Chinese Revolution began on 10 October 1911 , resulting in the abdication of the Chinese Emperor , Puyi , on 12 February 1912 . Sun Yat - sen established the Republic of China . In reality , however , the Republic controlled very little of the country . Much of China was divided between various regional warlords . The Republican government established a new `` nationalist people 's army and a national people 's party '' -- the Kuomintang . In 1920 , the Kuomintang opened relations with Soviet Russia . With Soviet help , the Republic of China built up the nationalist people 's army . With the development of the nationalist army , a Northern Expedition was planned to smash the power of the warlords of the northern part of the country . This Northern Expedition became a point of contention over foreign policy by Stalin and Trotsky . Stalin tried to persuade the small Chinese Communist Party to merge with the Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalists to bring about a bourgeois revolution before attempting to bring about a Soviet - style working class revolution . Stalin believed that the KMT bourgeoisie , together with all patriotic national liberation forces in the country , would defeat the western imperialists in China . Trotsky wanted the Communist Party to complete an orthodox proletarian revolution and have clear class independence from the KMT . Stalin funded the KMT during the expedition . Stalin countered Trotskyist criticism by making a secret speech in which he said that Chiang 's right - wing Kuomintang were the only ones capable of defeating the imperialists , that Chiang Kai - shek had funding from the rich merchants , and that his forces were to be utilized until squeezed for all usefulness like a lemon before being discarded . However , Chiang quickly reversed the tables in the Shanghai massacre of April 1927 by massacring the Communist Party in Shanghai midway through the Northern Expedition . While the catastrophic events in China completely vindicated Trotsky 's criticism of Stalin 's approach towards the Chinese Revolution , this paled in significance compared to the demoralization that the Soviet masses felt at such a big setback for socialist revolution in China , with this demoralization aiding Stalin and his allies in the Communist Party and the Soviet state . Attacks against the United Opposition increased in volatility and ferocity . Many supporters of Kamenev and Zinoviev 's group , as well as most from the Workers Opposition grouping , had left the United Opposition by mid-1927 , changing sides under the growing political pressure and espousing their support for Stalin . Trotsky , Kamenev , and Zinoviev grew increasingly isolated and were ejected from the Central Committee in October 1927 . On 7 November 1927 , on the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution , the United Opposition held a demonstration in Red Square , Moscow , along with Vladimir Lenin 's widow , Nadezhda Krupskaya . On 12 November 1927 , Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the Communist Party itself , followed by Kamenev at the Fifteenth Party Congress in December 1927 . At the Congress , where Kamenev acted as the United Opposition 's spokesman due to Trotsky 's and Zinoviev 's expulsion , the United Opposition were unable to gain the support of more than a small minority of the Communist Party , and they were expelled after the Congress declared United Opposition views to be incompatible with Communist Party membership . While Trotsky remained firm in his opposition to Stalin after his expulsion from the Communist Party and his subsequent exile , Zinoviev and Kamenev capitulated almost immediately , and called on their supporters to follow suit . They wrote open letters acknowledging their mistakes and were readmitted to the Communist Party in June 1928 , after a six - month cooling - off period . They never regained their Central Committee seats , but they were given mid-level positions within the Soviet bureaucracy . Kamenev and Zinoviev were courted by Bukharin at the beginning of his short and ill - fated struggle with Stalin in the summer of 1928 . This activity was soon reported to Stalin and was later used against Bukharin as proof of his factionalism . Trotsky , firmer than ever in his opposition to Stalin , was exiled to Alma - ata in January 1928 , and was exiled from the Soviet Union itself in February 1929 , sent into exile in Turkey . From his exile , Trotsky continued to oppose Stalin , right up until Trotsky was assassinated on Stalin 's orders in August 1940 . Stalin turns on the right ( edit ) After the United Opposition were illegalized in December 1927 , the Kulaks and NEPmen were emboldened and exerted much greater economic pressure on the Soviet government in the months afterwards . In January 1928 , Stalin personally travelled to Siberia where he oversaw the seizure of grain stockpiles from kulak farmers . Many in the Communist Party supported the seizures , but Bukharin and Premier Rykov were outraged . Bukharin criticized Stalin 's plans for rapid industrialization financed by kulak wealth , and advocated a return to Lenin 's NEP . However , Bukharin was unable to rally sufficient support from the higher levels of the Communist Party to oppose Stalin . By the latter months of 1928 , a critical shortfall in grain supplies prompted Stalin to push for collectivisation of agriculture . Stalin began pushing for more rapid industrialisation and central control of the economy , a position which alienated Bukharin and the Right Opposition , but which appeared close to what the Left Opposition had advocated before they were banned . Stalin accused Bukharin of factionalism and capitalist tendencies . The other Politburo members sided with Stalin , and labelled Bukharin a `` Right Deviationist '' from Marxist -- Leninist principles . Bukharin was ejected from the Politburo in November 1929 . Stalin birthday in 1929 . Left to right : Mikhail Kalinin , Lazar Kaganovich , Sergo Ordzhonikidze , Stalin , Voroshilov , Molotov ( obscured ) , Sergei Kirov . Stalin 's agricultural policies were also criticized by fellow Politburo member Mikhail Kalinin . In the summer of 1930 , Stalin exposed Kalinin 's embezzlement of state funds , which he spent on a mistress . Kalinin begged forgiveness and effectively submitted himself to Stalin . In September 1930 , Stalin proposed dismissing Premier Rykov , who was Bukharin 's fellow oppositionist . The other Politburo members agreed with Stalin , and supported his nomination of Vyacheslav Molotov . On December 19 , the Central Committee dismissed Rykov and replaced him with Molotov . After 1930 , open criticism of Stalin within the Communist Party was virtually non-existent , though Stalin continued to hunt for discreet dissenters . Stalin dominated the Politburo ( the executive branch of the Soviet government ) through staunch allies such as Sergo Ordzhonikidze , Lazar Kaganovich , Vyacheslav Molotov , and Kliment Voroshilov . Death of his wife ( edit ) On the night of 9 November 1932 , Stalin 's wife , Nadezhda Alliluyeva , shot herself in her bedroom . Stalin was sleeping in another room that night , so her death was not discovered until the next morning . To prevent a scandal , Pravda reported the cause of death as appendicitis . Stalin did not tell his own children the truth to prevent them from spreading the truth accidentally . The Great Terror ( edit ) On 1 December 1934 , Sergei Kirov was murdered by Leonid Nikolaev . The death of this popular , high - profile politician shocked Russia , and Stalin used this murder to begin The Great Terror . Within hours of Kirov 's death , Stalin declared Grigory Zinoviev and his supporters to be responsible for Kirov 's murder . Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev were arrested and , to escape long prison sentences , confessed to political and moral responsibility for Kirov 's murder . In January 1935 , Zinoviev was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment , and Kamenev was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment . Stalin sanctioned the formation of troikas for the purpose of extrajudicial punishment . In April 1935 , Kamenev 's prison sentence was increased by another 5 years , to a total of 10 years imprisonment . Hundreds of oppositionists linked to Kamenev and Zinoviev were arrested and exiled to Siberia . In late 1935 , Stalin reopened the case . Kamenev and Zinoviev were interrogated again , and the exiled Trotsky was now accused of being the leading mastermind in Kirov 's murder . In July 1936 , Stalin promised Kamenev and Zinoviev ( through NKVD chief , Genrikh Yagoda ) that there would be no executions or persecution of their families if they confessed to conspiring with Trotsky . Stalin 's promise was soon broken . A few weeks later , after a show trial , Kamenev and Zinoviev were both executed on 25 August 1936 . Spearheading Stalin 's purges was a Commissar called Nikolai Yezhov , a fervent Stalinist and a believer in violent repression . Nikolai Yezhov continued to expand the lists of suspects to include all the old oppositionists as well as entire nationalities , such as the Poles . Stalin distrusted the Soviet secret police - the NKVD - which was filled with Old Bolsheviks and ethnicities he distrusted , such as Poles , Jews and Latvians . In September 1936 , Stalin fired the head of the NKVD , Genrikh Yagoda , and replaced him with the more aggressive and zealous Yezhov , with Yezhov overseeing the most brutally oppressive period of Stalin 's Great Purge from late 1936 to late 1938 . In June 1937 , The Case of the Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization took place . Marshal Mikhail Tukhachevsky and the senior Red Army military officers Iona Yakir , Ieronim Uborevich , Robert Eideman , August Kork , Vitovt Putna , Boris Feldman and Vitaly Primakov ( as well as Yakov Gamarnik , who committed suicide before the investigations began ) were accused of anti-Soviet conspiracy and sentenced to death ; they were executed on the night of 11 to 12 June 1937 , immediately after the verdict delivered by a Special Session ( специальное судебное присутствие ) of the Supreme Court of the USSR . The Tribunal was presided over by Vasili Ulrikh and included marshals Vasily Blyukher , Semyon Budyonny and Army Commanders Yakov Alksnis , Boris Shaposhnikov , Ivan Panfilovich Belov , Pavel Dybenko , and Nikolai Kashirin . Only Ulrikh , Budyonny and Shaposhnikov would survive the purges that followed . The Tukhachevsky trial triggered a massive subsequent purge of the Red Army . In September 1938 , the People 's Commissar for Defence , Voroshilov , reported that a total of 37,761 officers and commissars were dismissed from the army , 10,868 were arrested and 7,211 were condemned for anti-Soviet crimes . Since his falling out with Stalin in 1928 -- 1929 , Bukharin had written an endless stream of letters of repentance and admiration to Stalin . However , Stalin knew that Bukharin 's repentance was insincere , as in private Bukharin continued to criticize Stalin and seek out other opponents of Stalin ( the NKVD wiretapped Bukharin 's telephone ) . Shortly before their executions in August 1936 , Kamenev and Zinoviev had denounced Bukharin as a traitor during their show trial . At the December 1936 plenum of the Central Committee , Yezhov accused Bukharin and Alexei Rykov of treachery . Bukharin confessed to conspiring against Stalin , and was executed on 15 March 1938 , on the same day that former NKVD chief , Yagoda , was also executed . Stalin eventually turned on Yezhov . He appointed Yezhov Commissar of Water Transport in April 1938 ( a similar thing had happened to Yezhov 's predecessor , Yagoda , shortly before he was fired ) . Stalin began ordering the executions of Yezhov 's protégés in the NKVD . Politburo members also started to openly condemn the excesses of the NKVD under Yezhov 's leadership , all of which gave the signal that Yezhov was falling from Stalin 's favour . Yezhov eventually suffered a nervous breakdown and resigned as NKVD chief on 23 November 1938 . Yezhov was replaced as NKVD chief by Lavrentiy Beria . Yezhov was executed on 4 February 1940 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 186 ^ Jump up to : Robert Service . Stalin : A Biography. 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 41913 - 0 Jump up ^ Knight , Ami W. ( 1991 ) , Beria and the Cult of Stalin : Rewriting Transcaucasian Party History . Soviet Studies , Vol. 43 , No. 4 , pp. 749 -- 763 . Jump up ^ Shanin , Teodor ( July 1989 ) , Ethnicity in the Soviet Union : Analytical Perceptions and Political Strategies . Comparative Studies in Society and History , Vol. 31 , No. 3 , pp. 409 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Sterling Seagrave , Dragon Lady ( Alfred A. Knopf Inc. : New York , 1992 ) p. 454 . Jump up ^ Compilation Group for the `` History of Modern China Series , The Revolution of 1911 ( Foreign Languages Press : Peking , 1976 ) p. 153 . Jump up ^ Joseph Stalin , `` The Prospects of Revolution in China '' a speech to the Chinese Commission of the Executive Committee of the Communist International on 30 November 1926 '' contained in J. Stalin on Chinese Revolution ( Suren Dutt Publishers : Calcutta , India , 1970 ) pp. 5 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Peter Gue Zarrow ( 2005 ) . China in war and revolution , 1895 -- 1949 . Volume 1 of Asia 's transformations ( illustrated ed . ) . Psychology Press . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 36447 - 7 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Carver North ( 1963 ) . Moscow and Chinese Communists ( 2 ed . ) . Stanford University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0453 - 8 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Walter Moss ( 2005 ) . A history of Russia : Since 1855 . Volume 2 of A History of Russia ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Anthem Press . p. 282 . ISBN 1 - 84331 - 034 - 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Simon Sebag Montefiore . Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , Knopf , 2004 ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4230 - 5 ) . Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 259 , ch. 23 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 258 , ch. 23 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 260 , ch. 23 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 265 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 284 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 292 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 315 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 316 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Famous Pictures Magazine - Altered Images '' . Famous Picture . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 204 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 205 Jump up ^ Montefiore 2003 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 369 Jump up ^ Service 2004 , p. 368 Bibliography ( edit ) Montefiore , Simon Sebag ( 2003 ) , Stalin : The Court of the Red Tsar , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 1766 - 7 Service , Robert ( 2004 ) , Stalin : A Biography , ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 41913 - 0 Joseph Stalin History and politics Overviews Early life Russian Revolution , Russian Civil War , Polish -- Soviet War Rise Rule as Soviet leader Cult of personality Chronology August Uprising Anti-religious campaign ( 1921 -- 1928 ) / ( 1928 -- 1941 ) Collectivization Kolkhoz Sovkhoz Chinese Civil War First five - year plan Sino - Soviet conflict ( 1929 ) 16th / 17th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) 1931 Menshevik Trial Spanish Civil War Soviet invasion of Xinjiang Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 1937 Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang 1937 Soviet Union legislative election 18th Congress of the All - Union Communist Party ( Bolsheviks ) Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Invasion of Poland Winter War Moscow Peace Treaty Occupation of the Baltic states German -- Soviet Axis talks Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact Continuation War World War II Soviet atomic bomb project Tehran Conference Yalta Conference Potsdam Conference Ili Rebellion Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance 1946 Iran crisis 1946 Soviet Union legislative election Turkish Straits crisis First Indochina War Cold War Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance and Mutual Assistance Eastern Bloc Cominform Greek Civil War 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade Comecon 1950 Soviet Union legislative election 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Korean War Concepts Stalinism Neo-Stalinism Korenizatsiya Socialism in One Country Great Break Socialist realism Stalinist architecture Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Five - year plans Great Construction Projects of Communism Engineers of the human soul 1936 Soviet Constitution New Soviet man Stakhanovite Transformation of nature Controversies National delimitation in the Soviet Union Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour Great Purge Holodomor Gulag Decossackization Dekulakization Population transfer ( Nazi -- Soviet ) Forced settlement Great Break Tax on trees Hitler Youth Conspiracy Hotel Lux Wittorf affair Soviet war crimes Rootless cosmopolitan Night of the Murdered Poets Doctors ' plot Moscow Trials Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization Allegations of antisemitism NKVD prisoner massacres Murder of Sergey Kirov Katyń massacre Medvedev Forest massacre 1937 Soviet Census Deportations ( Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Koreans ) Operation `` North '' Georgian Affair Mingrelian Affair Leningrad Affair Relationship with Shostakovich Lysenkoism Japhetic theory Suppressed research in the Soviet Union Censorship of images Operation `` Lentil '' in the Caucasus Operation `` Priboi '' Vinnytsia massacre Kurapaty 1946 -- 1947 Soviet famine Nazino affair 1941 Red Army purge 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi 1907 Tiflis bank robbery Soviet offensive plans controversy Works `` Marxism and the National Question '' `` The Principles of Leninism '' `` Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia '' `` Ten Blows '' speech Alleged 19 August 1939 speech Falsifiers of History Stalin Note The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ( Bolsheviks ) 1936 Soviet Constitution Stalin 's poetry Dialectical and Historical Materialism Order No. 227 Order No. 270 `` Marxism and Problems of Linguistics '' Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR De-Stalinization 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Pospelov Commission Rehabilitation Khrushchev Thaw On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences Gomulka thaw ( Polish October ) Soviet Nonconformist Art Shvernik Commission 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Era of Stagnation Criticism and opposition Stalin Epigram Lenin 's Testament Ryutin Affair Anti-Stalinist left Trotskyism True Communists Russian Liberation Movement ( Russian Liberation Army Russian Corps ) Ukrainian Liberation Army Darkness at Noon Animal Farm Nineteen Eighty - Four Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism The Soviet Story Remembrance How the Steel Was Tempered Friends of the Soviet Union Iosif Stalin tank Iosif Stalin locomotive Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Stalin statues Pantheon , Moscow 1956 Georgian demonstrations Stalin Monument in Budapest Stalin Monument in Prague Joseph Stalin Museum , Gori Batumi Stalin Museum Places named after Stalin Yanks for Stalin Stalin Prize Stalin Peace Prize Stalin Society Stalin Bloc -- For the USSR Name of Russia Family Besarion Jughashvili ( father ) Keke Geladze ( mother ) Kato Svanidze ( first wife ) Yakov Dzhugashvili ( son ) Konstantin Kuzakov ( son ) Artyom Sergeyev ( adopted son ) Nadezhda Alliluyeva ( second wife ) Vasily Dzhugashvili ( son ) Svetlana Alliluyeva ( daughter ) Yevgeny Dzhugashvili ( grandson ) Galina Dzhugashvili ( granddaughter ) Joseph Alliluyev ( grandson ) Sergei Alliluyev ( second father - in - law ) Alexander Svanidze ( brother - in - law ) Yuri Zhdanov ( son - in - law ) William Wesley Peters ( son - in - law ) Friends Ioseb Iremashvili Kamo ( Bolshevik ) Kliment Voroshilov Vyacheslav Molotov Lazar Kaganovich Grigory Ordzhonikidze Anastas Mikoyan Residences Tiflis Spiritual Seminary Kuntsevo Dacha Mayakovskaya ( Moscow Metro ) Sochi Dacha Blizhnyaya Dacha Commons Brezhnev Era template Soviet Union portal Communism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_Joseph_Stalin&oldid=852870707 '' Categories : Joseph Stalin Rises to prominence by individual Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 22 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who ruled the soviet union with sole power in a regime of terror	[ "On 1 December 1934, Sergei Kirov was murdered by Leonid Nikolaev. The death of this popular, high-profile politician shocked Russia, and Stalin used this murder to begin The Great Terror. Within hours of Kirov's death, Stalin declared Grigory Zinoviev and his supporters to be responsible for Kirov's murder.[21] Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev were arrested and, to escape long prison sentences, confessed to political and moral responsibility for Kirov's murder. In January 1935, Zinoviev was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment, and Kamenev was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment. Stalin sanctioned the formation of troikas for the purpose of extrajudicial punishment.[22] In April 1935, Kamenev's prison sentence was increased by another 5 years, to a total of 10 years imprisonment. Hundreds of oppositionists linked to Kamenev and Zinoviev were arrested and exiled to Siberia.[23][24] In late 1935, Stalin reopened the case. Kamenev and Zinoviev were interrogated again, and the exiled Trotsky was now accused of being the leading mastermind in Kirov's murder.[25] In July 1936, Stalin promised Kamenev and Zinoviev (through NKVD chief, Genrikh Yagoda) that there would be no executions or persecution of their families if they confessed to conspiring with Trotsky.[26] Stalin's promise was soon broken. A few weeks later, after a show trial, Kamenev and Zinoviev were both executed on 25 August 1936.\n" ]	[ "Stalin" ]
-5553741242409753562	One-to-one (data model)	One - to - one ( data model ) - Wikipedia One - to - one ( data model ) A country has only one capital city , and a capital city is the capital of only one country In systems analysis , a one - to - one relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities ( see also entity -- relationship model ) A and B in which one element of A may only be linked to one element of B , and vice versa . For instance , think of A as countries , and B as capital cities . A country has only one capital city , and a capital city is the capital of only one country . In a relational database , a one - to - one relationship exists when one row in a table may be linked with only one row in another table and vice versa . It is important to note that a one - to - one relationship is not a property of the data , but rather of the relationship itself . A list of mothers and their children may happen to describe mothers with only one child , in which case one row of the mothers table will refer to only one row of the children table and vice versa , but the relationship itself is not one - to - one , because mothers may have more than one child , thus forming a one - to - many relationship . See also ( edit ) One - to - many ( data model ) Many - to - many ( data model ) References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Design pattern : many - to - many ( order entry ) , Tomjewett.com This systems - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One-to-one_(data_model)&oldid=837074718 '' Categories : Data modeling Systems theory stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 15 : 25 . About Wikipedia	what is a one to one relationship in a database	[ "In a relational database, a one-to-one relationship exists when one row in a table may be linked with only one row in another table and vice versa. It is important to note that a one-to-one relationship is not a property of the data, but rather of the relationship itself. A list of mothers and their children may happen to describe mothers with only one child, in which case one row of the mothers table will refer to only one row of the children table and vice versa, but the relationship itself is not one-to-one, because mothers may have more than one child, thus forming a one-to-many relationship." ]	[ "when one row in a table may be linked with only one row in another table and vice versa" ]
999569756607679233	I Can See Clearly Now	I Can See Clearly Now - wikipedia I Can See Clearly Now For the albums , see I Can See Clearly Now ( Johnny Nash album ) and I Can See Clearly Now ( Gospel Gangstaz album ) . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Johnny Nash from the album I Can See Clearly Now B - side `` How Good It Is '' Released June 23 , 1972 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1972 Genre Reggae , soul Length 2 : 45 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Johnny Nash Johnny Nash singles chronology `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` Stir It Up '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' ( 1972 ) `` There Are More Questions Than Answers '' ( 1972 ) `` I Can See Clearly Now '' is a song originally recorded by Johnny Nash . It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972 , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was covered by many artists throughout the years , including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff , who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings , where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Writing and recording 1.1 Track listings 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 2.2. 1 Certifications 3 Jimmy Cliff version 3.1 Charts and certifications 3.1. 1 Weekly charts 3.1. 2 Year - end charts 3.1. 3 Sales and certifications 4 Other covers 5 References Writing and recording ( edit ) After Nash wrote and composed the original version , he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , and produced it himself . Its arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences . Nash had collaborated with Bob Marley in the past , and his approach drew strongly from Marley 's reggae style . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` How Good It Is '' -- 2 : 38 7 '' single `` I Can See Clearly Now '' -- 2 : 44 `` Cupid '' -- 3 : 30 Chart performance ( edit ) After making modest chart advances for a month , the RIAA - certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4 , 1972 , remaining atop this chart for four weeks , and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart . Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 -- 73 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Irish Singles Chart 9 New Zealand ( Listener ) 5 UK Singles Chart 5 U.S. Billboard Black Singles 38 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 54 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Rank Australia 46 Canada 55 UK 39 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Jimmy Cliff version ( edit ) Reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . It was released as a single in 1993 , reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff 's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years , and is his highest - charting single in the United States . The song reached number one in France , Iceland and New Zealand . `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Single by Jimmy Cliff from the album Cool Runnings soundtrack B - side `` Sweet Jamaica '' by Tony Rebel Released 1993 Format CD single Recorded 1993 Genre Pop - reggae Length 3 : 16 Label Chaos Songwriter ( s ) Johnny Nash Producer ( s ) Paul Henton Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Canada ( RPM ) 16 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 18 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Contemporary Recurrents ( Billboard ) US Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles ( Billboard ) 11 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 98 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 66 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 285,000 Other covers ( edit ) The song also appears in various other films , such as Grosse Pointe Blank , The Break - up , Thelma & Louise , Antz , Deep Blue Sea , Envy , Hitch , Igor , Shrek 2 's `` Far Far Away Idol , '' `` Viktor Vogel -- Commercial Man , '' and Jennifer 's Body , as well in a 2009 advertisement for Lipton in the Middle East and Russia . It is also briefly sung by Cheech in the movie Up in Smoke . It has also been covered by these artists : Grace VanderWaal Grace VanderWaal 's new single `` Clearly '' , a reinterpretation with the permission of Johnny Nash Funk , Inc. in 1973 on Hangin ' Out Gladys Knight & the Pips in 1973 on Imagination Petula Clark ( 1974 Come On Home ) Ray Charles ( highest charting R&B version # 35 in 1978 ) Hothouse Flowers in 1990 on Home ( this version was a # 23 hit in the UK Singles Chart in August 1990 ) Holly Cole Trio in 1993 on Do n't Smoke in Bed Soul Asylum on After the Flood : Live from the Grand Forks Prom , June 28 , 1997 Neil Finn in 1998 to raise money for The Fred Hollows Foundation . Finn 's version also played in the movie Antz , where Z and Bala find Insectopia . Dream Sequence in 1999 , as `` Clearly , '' an uptempo eurodance remix Anne Murray ( 1999 What A Wonderful World and 2001 reissue of There 's a Hippo in My Tub ) R&B guitarist Jonathan Butler recorded a cover from his 2010 album So Strong . Simone Dinnerstein & Tift Merritt on their 2013 album , Night Nancy Sinatra on Shifting Gears in 2013 . Alex E Horace Andy Aswad Beat Crusaders Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François ' song Ken Boothe Doyle Bramhall Susan Cadogan Eagle - Eye Cherry for the romantic comedy Over Her Dead Body Rick Danko Elsa as `` Éternité , '' another French version Even in Blackouts on The Fall of the House of Even Everlife Claude François as `` Toi et le soleil , '' a French version Bobby Goldsboro Dobie Gray Lloyd Green Richie Havens Martin Kitcher ( On the Best Of ... ) James Last Lorie - cover of the French Toi et le Soleil Claude François version Susie McEntire Kaitlyn Maher The Mamas & the Papas Liza Minnelli Marisa Monte Geoff Moore and the Distance Willie Nelson Donny Osmond Procol Harum in concert medleys Francis Rossi on One Step at a Time ( Deluxe Edition only ) Kermit Ruffins Screeching Weasel on My Brain Hurts and the soundtrack of Jennifer 's Body Sonny and Cher Dusty Springfield ( recording unissued and subsequently lost or destroyed ) The Three Blind Mice during `` Far Far Away Idol '' in Shrek 2 Toots & the Maytals Lee Towers In November 2002 , the song was featured prominently in `` The Freak , '' an episode of the NBC police drama television series Boomtown . In November 2016 , a cover version of the song by the Hothouse Flowers was featured in the premiere episode of British Motoring show , The Grand Tour , causing the song to reach the number 1 position on the iTunes 's Top 40 UK Rock Song chart in late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Nye . `` '' The Fabulous Five `` '' . Trojan Records . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard.com. 1972 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart ( 1989 release ) Chartstats.com ( Retrieved August 1 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1972 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1972 / Top 100 Songs of 1972 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Johnny Nash -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ King , Alex P. ( 2004 ) . Hit - parade -- 20 ans de tubes ( in French ) . Paris : Pascal . p. 341 . ISBN 2 - 35019 - 009 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Canadian RPM - Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 24 , December 25 , 1993 '' . RPM. 1993 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jimmy Cliff Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 14.04. 1994 - 20.04. 1994 ) '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Jimmy Cliff '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See Clearly Now '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved August 9 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Cliff Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ 1994 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved January 30 , 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1994 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1994 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Jimmy Cliff -- I Can See '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Argent : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Imagination '' . allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . I Can See Clearly Now - Nash Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 22 . Released : 1990 ( ... ) composed by ( ... ) 7 . Johnny Nash Jump up ^ `` So Strong overview '' . Allmusic.com . Johnny Nash Studio albums Hold Me Tight ( 1968 ) Let 's Go Dancing ( 1969 ) I Can See Clearly Now ( 1972 ) My Merry - Go - Round ( 1973 ) Celebrate Life ( 1974 ) Here Again ( 1986 ) Singles `` As Time Goes By '' `` Cupid '' `` Stir It Up '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' `` Tears on My Pillow '' `` ( What a ) Wonderful World '' `` Rock Me Baby '' Related topics JAD Records Book : Johnny Nash Jimmy Cliff Studio albums Jimmy Cliff ( 1969 ) Another Cycle ( 1971 ) Give Thankx ( 1978 ) Cliff Hanger ( 1985 ) Humanitarian ( 1999 ) Rebirth ( 2012 ) Compilation albums Reggae Night ( 2004 ) Soundtrack albums The Harder They Come ( 1972 ) Songs `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` The Harder They Come '' `` Reggae Night '' `` I Can See Clearly Now '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_See_Clearly_Now&oldid=849434331 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Jimmy Cliff songs Johnny Nash songs Screeching Weasel songs SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Epic Records singles 1972 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for France Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the original i can see clearly now	[ "\"I Can See Clearly Now\" is a song originally recorded by Johnny Nash. It was a single from the album of the same name and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was covered by many artists throughout the years, including a 1993 hit version by Jimmy Cliff, who re-recorded the song for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings, where it reached the top 20 at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100.\n" ]	[ "Johnny Nash" ]
1189725798635244569	United States at the Olympics	United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to : navigation , search United States at the Olympics Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold Silver Bronze Total 1,127 905 795 2,827 Summer appearances 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee ( USOC ) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States . U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals ( 1,022 of them gold ) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation , and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second highest result . The United States has topped the gold medal count ( as the medals are listed on the IOC website , and internationally by tradition ) at seventeen Summer Olympics , the most of any nation , and one Winter Olympics . The United States holds the record both for the most medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics and the most gold medals of any nation won in a single Summer Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions , more than any other country , and is planning to host the ninth : Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status . Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo Future event 2024 Paris Future event 2028 Los Angeles Future event Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also : All - time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13 5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing Future event Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis 21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6 9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total * 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1 , 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total * 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10 , 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Flagbearers ( edit ) See also : List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall , Sr . Swimming 1980 Moscow USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing ( team manager ) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics . The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics . His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . As a result , the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America '' . International Olympic Committee . `` Results and Medalists '' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . `` Olympic Medal Winners '' . International Olympic Committee . `` United States '' . Sports-Reference.com . United States at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . 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South Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Kentucky Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina Oklahoma South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia West Alaska Arizona California Colorado Hawaii Idaho Montana Nevada New Mexico Oregon Utah Washington ( state ) Wyoming Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Major team sports American football Baseball Basketball Ice hockey Lacrosse Soccer Softball Major individual sports Athletics Boxing Golf Horse racing Thoroughbred Harness Steeplechase Mixed martial arts Motorsport Swimming Tennis Winter sports skeleton skiing Minor sports Australian rules football Badminton Bodybuilding Cricket Cycling Fishing Futsal Field hockey Gaelic football Gymnastics Ice skating Judo Karate Netball Polo Roller derby Rowing Rugby league Rugby union Surfing Volleyball Wrestling International sporting competitions World Baseball Classic Basketball World Cup Cricket World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA World Cup Maccabiah Olympics Pan American Games Paralympics Deaflympics Rugby League World Cup Rugby World Cup Universiade United States Olympic Committee United States Paralympic Committee History Major professional sports leagues Women 's sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_at_the_Olympics&oldid=830612127 '' Categories : United States at the Olympics National sports teams of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 22 : 08 . 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About Wikipedia	where in the us has hosted the olympics	[ "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n", "\n\nGames\nHost city\nDates\nNations\nParticipants\nEvents\n\n\n1904 Summer Olympics\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n1 July – 23 November\n12\n651\n91\n\n\n1932 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n7 – 15 February\n17\n252\n14\n\n\n1932 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n30 July – 14 August\n37\n1,332\n117\n\n\n1960 Winter Olympics\nSquaw Valley, California\n2 – 20 February\n30\n665\n27\n\n\n1980 Winter Olympics\nLake Placid, New York\n13 – 24 February\n37\n1,072\n38\n\n\n1984 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n28 July – 12 August\n140\n6,829\n221\n\n\n1996 Summer Olympics\nAtlanta, Georgia\n19 July – 4 August\n197\n10,318\n271\n\n\n2002 Winter Olympics\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n8 – 24 February\n77\n2,399\n78\n\n\n2028 Summer Olympics\nLos Angeles, California\n21 July - 6 August\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "St. Louis, Missouri", "Lake Placid, New York", "Los Angeles, California", "Squaw Valley, California", "Lake Placid, New York", "Los Angeles, California", "Atlanta, Georgia", "Salt Lake City, Utah" ]
1454406601095556321	Electron transport chain	Electron transport chain - wikipedia Electron transport chain Jump to : navigation , search The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes . The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized , providing energy to power ATP synthase . Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane . An electron transport chain ( ETC ) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox ( both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously ) reactions , and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons ( H ions ) across a membrane . This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , a molecule that stores energy chemically in the form of highly strained bonds . The molecules of the chain include peptides , enzymes ( which are proteins or protein complexes ) , and others . The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration is molecular oxygen although a variety of acceptors other than oxygen such as sulfate exist in anaerobic respiration . Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or , such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars , cellular respiration . In eukaryotes , an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase . It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes . In bacteria , the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane . In chloroplasts , light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP to NADPH with transfer of H ions across chloroplast membranes . In mitochondria , it is the conversion of oxygen to water , NADH to NAD and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient . Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen , generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 In mitochondria 2.1 Mitochondrial redox carriers 2.1. 1 Complex I 2.1. 2 Complex II 2.1. 3 Complex III 2.1. 4 Complex IV 2.2 Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation 2.3 Summary 3 In bacteria 3.1 Electron donors 3.2 Dehydrogenases 3.3 Quinone carriers 3.4 Proton pumps 3.5 Cytochrome electron carriers 3.6 Terminal oxidases and reductases 3.7 Electron acceptors 3.8 Summary 4 Photosynthetic 5 Summary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The electron transport chain consists of a spatially separated series of redox reactions in which electrons are transferred from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule . The underlying force driving these reactions is the Gibbs free energy of the reactants and products . The Gibbs free energy is the energy available ( `` free '' ) to do work . Any reaction that decreases the overall Gibbs free energy of a system is thermodynamically spontaneous . The function of the electron transport chain is to produce a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient as a result of the redox reactions . If protons flow back through the membrane , they enable mechanical work , such as rotating bacterial flagella . ATP synthase , an enzyme highly conserved among all domains of life , converts this mechanical work into chemical energy by producing ATP , which powers most cellular reactions . A small amount of ATP is available from substrate - level phosphorylation , for example , in glycolysis . In most organisms the majority of ATP is generated in electron transport chains , while only some obtain ATP by fermentation . In mitochondria ( edit ) Most eukaryotic cells have mitochondria , which produce ATP from products of the citric acid cycle , fatty acid oxidation , and amino acid oxidation . At the mitochondrial inner membrane , electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass through the electron transport chain to oxygen , which is reduced to water . The electron transport chain comprises an enzymatic series of electron donors and acceptors . Each electron donor will pass electrons to a more electronegative acceptor , which in turn donates these electrons to another acceptor , a process that continues down the series until electrons are passed to oxygen , the most electronegative and terminal electron acceptor in the chain . Passage of electrons between donor and acceptor releases energy , which is used to generate a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane by actively `` pumping '' protons into the intermembrane space , producing a thermodynamic state that has the potential to do work . The entire process is called oxidative phosphorylation , since ADP is phosphorylated to ATP using the energy of hydrogen oxidation in many steps . A small percentage of electrons do not complete the whole series and instead directly leak to oxygen , resulting in the formation of the free - radical superoxide , a highly reactive molecule that contributes to oxidative stress and has been implicated in a number of diseases and aging . Mitochondrial redox carriers ( edit ) Energy obtained through the transfer of electrons down the ETC is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space , creating an electrochemical proton gradient ( ΔpH ) across the inner mitochondrial membrane ( IMM ) . This proton gradient is largely but not exclusively responsible for the mitochondrial membrane potential ( ΔΨ ) . It allows ATP synthase to use the flow of H through the enzyme back into the matrix to generate ATP from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) and inorganic phosphate . Complex I ( NADH coenzyme Q reductase ; labeled I ) accepts electrons from the Krebs cycle electron carrier nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ( NADH ) , and passes them to coenzyme Q ( ubiquinone ; labeled Q ) , which also receives electrons from complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase ; labeled II ) . Q passes electrons to complex III ( cytochrome bc complex ; labeled III ) , which passes them to cytochrome c ( cyt c ) . Cyt c passes electrons to Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; labeled IV ) , which uses the electrons and hydrogen ions to reduce molecular oxygen to water . Four membrane - bound complexes have been identified in mitochondria . Each is an extremely complex transmembrane structure that is embedded in the inner membrane . Three of them are proton pumps . The structures are electrically connected by lipid - soluble electron carriers and water - soluble electron carriers . The overall electron transport chain : NADH + H → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → H O ↑ Complex II ↑ Succinate Complex I ( edit ) In Complex I ( NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase , NADH - CoQ reductase , or NADH dehydrogenase ; EC 1.6. 5.3 ) , two electrons are removed from NADH and ultimately transferred to a lipid - soluble carrier , ubiquinone ( UQ ) . The reduced product , ubiquinol ( UQH ) , freely diffuses within the membrane , and Complex I translocates four protons ( H ) across the membrane , thus producing a proton gradient . Complex I is one of the main sites at which premature electron leakage to oxygen occurs , thus being one of the main sites of production of superoxide . The pathway of electrons is as follows : NADH is oxidized to NAD , by reducing Flavin mononucleotide to FMNH in one two - electron step . FMNH is then oxidized in two one - electron steps , through a semiquinone intermediate . Each electron thus transfers from the FMNH to an Fe - S cluster , from the Fe - S cluster to ubiquinone ( Q ) . Transfer of the first electron results in the free - radical ( semiquinone ) form of Q , and transfer of the second electron reduces the semiquinone form to the ubiquinol form , QH . During this process , four protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space . As the electrons become continuously oxidized and reduced throughout the complex an electron current is produced along the 180 Angstrom width of the complex within the membrane . This current powers the active transport of four protons to the intermembrane space per two electrons from NADH . Complex II ( edit ) In Complex II ( succinate dehydrogenase or succinate - CoQ reductase ; EC 1.3. 5.1 ) additional electrons are delivered into the quinone pool ( Q ) originating from succinate and transferred ( via flavin adenine dinucleotide ( FAD ) ) to Q. Complex II consists of four protein subunits : succinate dehydrogenase , ( SDHA ) ; succinate dehydrogenase ( ubiquinone ) iron - sulfur subunit , mitochondrial , ( SDHB ) ; succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C , ( SDHC ) and succinate dehydrogenase complex , subunit D , ( SDHD ) . Other electron donors ( e.g. , fatty acids and glycerol 3 - phosphate ) also direct electrons into Q ( via FAD ) . Complex 2 is a parallel electron transport pathway to complex 1 , but unlike complex 1 , no protons are transported to the intermembrane space in this pathway . Therefore , the pathway through complex 2 contributes less energy to the overall electron transport chain process . Complex III ( edit ) In Complex III ( cytochrome bc complex or CoQH - cytochrome c reductase ; EC 1.10. 2.2 ) , the Q - cycle contributes to the proton gradient by an asymmetric absorption / release of protons . Two electrons are removed from QH at the Q site and sequentially transferred to two molecules of cytochrome c , a water - soluble electron carrier located within the intermembrane space . The two other electrons sequentially pass across the protein to the Q site where the quinone part of ubiquinone is reduced to quinol . A proton gradient is formed by one quinol ( 2H + 2e - ) oxidations at the Q site to form one quinone ( 2H + 2e - ) at the Q site . ( in total four protons are translocated : two protons reduce quinone to quinol and two protons are released from two ubiquinol molecules ) . QH2 + 2 cytochrome c ( FeIII ) + 2 H + in → Q + 2 cytochrome c ( FeII ) + 4 H + out When electron transfer is reduced ( by a high membrane potential or respiratory inhibitors such as antimycin A ) , Complex III may leak electrons to molecular oxygen , resulting in superoxide formation . Complex IV ( edit ) In Complex IV ( cytochrome c oxidase ; EC 1.9. 3.1 ) , sometimes called cytochrome AA3 , four electrons are removed from four molecules of cytochrome c and transferred to molecular oxygen ( O ) , producing two molecules of water . At the same time , eight protons are removed from the mitochondrial matrix ( although only four are translocated across the membrane ) , contributing to the proton gradient . The activity of cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited by cyanide . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation ( edit ) Depiction of ATP synthase , the site of oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP . According to the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis , proposed by Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Peter D. Mitchell , the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane . The efflux of protons from the mitochondrial matrix creates an electrochemical gradient ( proton gradient ) . This gradient is used by the F F ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation . ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain . The F component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix . It is composed of a , b and c subunits . Protons in the inter-membranous space of mitochondria first enters the ATP synthase complex through a subunit channel . Then protons move to the c subunits . The number of c subunits it has determines how many protons it will require to make the F turn one full revolution . For example , in humans , there are 8 c subunits , thus 8 protons are required . After c subunits , protons finally enters matrix using a subunit channel that opens into the mitochondrial matrix . This reflux releases free energy produced during the generation of the oxidized forms of the electron carriers ( NAD and Q ) . The free energy is used to drive ATP synthesis , catalyzed by the F component of the complex . Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production . However , in specific cases , uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful . The uncoupling protein , thermogenin -- present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue -- provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial matrix . This alternative flow results in thermogenesis rather than ATP production . Synthetic uncouplers ( e.g. , 2 , 4 - dinitrophenol ) also exist , and , at high doses , are lethal . Summary ( edit ) In the mitochondrial electron transport chain electrons move from an electron donor ( NADH or QH ) to a terminal electron acceptor ( O ) via a series of redox reactions . These reactions are coupled to the creation of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane . There are three proton pumps : I , III , and IV . The resulting transmembrane proton gradient is used to make ATP via ATP synthase . The reactions catalyzed by Complex I and Complex III work roughly at equilibrium . This means that these reactions are readily reversible , by increasing the concentration of the products relative to the concentration of the reactants ( for example , by increasing the proton gradient ) . ATP synthase is also readily reversible . Thus ATP can be used to build a proton gradient , which in turn can be used to make NADH . This process of reverse electron transport is important in many prokaryotic electron transport chains . In bacteria ( edit ) In eukaryotes , NADH is the most important electron donor . The associated electron transport chain is NADH → Complex I → Q → Complex III → cytochrome c → Complex IV → O where Complexes I , III and IV are proton pumps , while Q and cytochrome c are mobile electron carriers . The electron acceptor is molecular oxygen . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) the situation is more complicated , because there are several different electron donors and several different electron acceptors . The generalized electron transport chain in bacteria is : Donor Donor Donor ↓ ↓ ↓ dehydrogenase → quinone → bc → cytochrome ↓ ↓ oxidase ( reductase ) oxidase ( reductase ) ↓ ↓ Acceptor Acceptor Note that electrons can enter the chain at three levels : at the level of a dehydrogenase , at the level of the quinone pool , or at the level of a mobile cytochrome electron carrier . These levels correspond to successively more positive redox potentials , or to successively decreased potential differences relative to the terminal electron acceptor . In other words , they correspond to successively smaller Gibbs free energy changes for the overall redox reaction Donor → Acceptor . Individual bacteria use multiple electron transport chains , often simultaneously . Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors , a number of different dehydrogenases , a number of different oxidases and reductases , and a number of different electron acceptors . For example , E. coli ( when growing aerobically using glucose as an energy source ) uses two different NADH dehydrogenases and two different quinol oxidases , for a total of four different electron transport chains operating simultaneously . A common feature of all electron transport chains is the presence of a proton pump to create a transmembrane proton gradient . Bacterial electron transport chains may contain as many as three proton pumps , like mitochondria , or they may contain only one or two . They always contain at least one proton pump . Electron donors ( edit ) In the present day biosphere , the most common electron donors are organic molecules . Organisms that use organic molecules as an energy source are called organotrophs . Organotrophs ( animals , fungi , protists ) and phototrophs ( plants and algae ) constitute the vast majority of all familiar life forms . Some prokaryotes can use inorganic matter as an energy source . Such an organism is called a lithotroph ( `` rock - eater '' ) . Inorganic electron donors include hydrogen , carbon monoxide , ammonia , nitrite , sulfur , sulfide , manganese oxide , and ferrous iron . Lithotrophs have been found growing in rock formations thousands of meters below the surface of Earth . Because of their volume of distribution , lithotrophs may actually outnumber organotrophs and phototrophs in our biosphere . The use of inorganic electron donors as an energy source is of particular interest in the study of evolution . This type of metabolism must logically have preceded the use of organic molecules as an energy source . Dehydrogenases ( edit ) Bacteria can use a number of different electron donors . When organic matter is the energy source , the donor may be NADH or succinate , in which case electrons enter the electron transport chain via NADH dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex I in mitochondria ) or succinate dehydrogenase ( similar to Complex II ) . Other dehydrogenases may be used to process different energy sources : formate dehydrogenase , lactate dehydrogenase , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , H dehydrogenase ( hydrogenase ) , etc . Some dehydrogenases are also proton pumps ; others funnel electrons into the quinone pool . Most dehydrogenases show induced expression in the bacterial cell in response to metabolic needs triggered by the environment in which the cells grow . Quinone carriers ( edit ) Quinones are mobile , lipid - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons ( and protons ) between large , relatively immobile macromolecular complexes embedded in the membrane . Bacteria use ubiquinone ( the same quinone that mitochondria use ) and related quinones such as menaquinone . Another name for ubiquinone is Coenzyme Q10 . Proton pumps ( edit ) A proton pump is any process that creates a proton gradient across a membrane . Protons can be physically moved across a membrane ; this is seen in mitochondrial Complexes I and IV . The same effect can be produced by moving electrons in the opposite direction . The result is the disappearance of a proton from the cytoplasm and the appearance of a proton in the periplasm . Mitochondrial Complex III uses this second type of proton pump , which is mediated by a quinone ( the Q cycle ) . Some dehydrogenases are proton pumps ; others are not . Most oxidases and reductases are proton pumps , but some are not . Cytochrome bc is a proton pump found in many , but not all , bacteria ( it is not found in E. coli ) . As the name implies , bacterial bc is similar to mitochondrial bc ( Complex III ) . Proton pumps are the heart of the electron transport process . They produce the transmembrane electrochemical gradient that enables ATP Synthase to synthesize ATP . Cytochrome electron carriers ( edit ) Cytochromes are pigments that contain iron . They are found in two very different environments . Some cytochromes are water - soluble carriers that shuttle electrons to and from large , immobile macromolecular structures imbedded in the membrane . The mobile cytochrome electron carrier in mitochondria is cytochrome c . Bacteria use a number of different mobile cytochrome electron carriers . Other cytochromes are found within macromolecules such as Complex III and Complex IV . They also function as electron carriers , but in a very different , intramolecular , solid - state environment . Electrons may enter an electron transport chain at the level of a mobile cytochrome or quinone carrier . For example , electrons from inorganic electron donors ( nitrite , ferrous iron , etc . ) enter the electron transport chain at the cytochrome level . When electrons enter at a redox level greater than NADH , the electron transport chain must operate in reverse to produce this necessary , higher - energy molecule . Terminal oxidases and reductases ( edit ) When bacteria grow in aerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor ( O ) is reduced to water by an enzyme called an oxidase . When bacteria grow in anaerobic environments , the terminal electron acceptor is reduced by an enzyme called a reductase . In mitochondria the terminal membrane complex ( Complex IV ) is cytochrome oxidase . Aerobic bacteria use a number of different terminal oxidases . For example , E. coli does not have a cytochrome oxidase or a bc complex . Under aerobic conditions , it uses two different terminal quinol oxidases ( both proton pumps ) to reduce oxygen to water . Anaerobic bacteria , which do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor , have terminal reductases individualized to their terminal acceptor . For example , E. coli can use fumarate reductase , nitrate reductase , nitrite reductase , DMSO reductase , or trimethylamine - N - oxide reductase , depending on the availability of these acceptors in the environment . Most terminal oxidases and reductases are inducible . They are synthesized by the organism as needed , in response to specific environmental conditions . Electron acceptors ( edit ) Just as there are a number of different electron donors ( organic matter in organotrophs , inorganic matter in lithotrophs ) , there are a number of different electron acceptors , both organic and inorganic . If oxygen is available , it is invariably used as the terminal electron acceptor , because it generates the greatest Gibbs free energy change and produces the most energy . In anaerobic environments , different electron acceptors are used , including nitrate , nitrite , ferric iron , sulfate , carbon dioxide , and small organic molecules such as fumarate . Since electron transport chains are redox processes , they can be described as the sum of two redox pairs . For example , the mitochondrial electron transport chain can be described as the sum of the NAD / NADH redox pair and the O / H O redox pair . NADH is the electron donor and O is the electron acceptor . Not every donor - acceptor combination is thermodynamically possible . The redox potential of the acceptor must be more positive than the redox potential of the donor . Furthermore , actual environmental conditions may be far different from standard conditions ( 1 molar concentrations , 1 atm partial pressures , pH = 7 ) , which apply to standard redox potentials . For example , hydrogen - evolving bacteria grow at an ambient partial pressure of hydrogen gas of 10 atm . The associated redox reaction , which is thermodynamically favorable in nature , is thermodynamic impossible under `` standard '' conditions . Summary ( edit ) Bacterial electron transport pathways are , in general , inducible . Depending on their environment , bacteria can synthesize different transmembrane complexes and produce different electron transport chains in their cell membranes . Bacteria select their electron transport chains from a DNA library containing multiple possible dehydrogenases , terminal oxidases and terminal reductases . The situation is often summarized by saying that electron transport chains in bacteria are branched , modular , and inducible . Photosynthetic ( edit ) In oxidative phosphorylation , electrons are transferred from a low - energy electron donor ( e.g. , NADH ) to an acceptor ( e.g. , O ) through an electron transport chain . In photophosphorylation , the energy of sunlight is used to create a high - energy electron donor and an electron acceptor . Electrons are then transferred from the donor to the acceptor through another electron transport chain . Photosynthetic electron transport chains have many similarities to the oxidative chains discussed above . They use mobile , lipid - soluble carriers ( quinones ) and mobile , water - soluble carriers ( cytochromes , etc . ) . They also contain a proton pump . It is remarkable that the proton pump in all photosynthetic chains resembles mitochondrial Complex III . Photosynthetic electron transport chains are discussed in greater detail in the articles Photophosphorylation , Photosynthesis , Photosynthetic reaction center and Light - dependent reaction . Summary ( edit ) Electron transport chains are redox reactions that transfer electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor . The transfer of electrons is coupled to the translocation of protons across a membrane , producing a proton gradient . The proton gradient is used to produce useful work . About 30 work units are produced per electron transport . See also ( edit ) CoRR hypothesis Electron equivalent Hydrogen hypothesis Respirasome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Murray , Robert K. ; Daryl K. Granner ; Peter A. Mayes ; Victor W. Rodwell ( 2003 ) . Harper 's Illustrated Biochemistry . New York , NY : Lange Medical Books / MgGraw Hill . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 121766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karp , Gerald ( 2008 ) . Cell and Molecular Biology ( 5th ed . ) . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 04217 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lauren , Biochemistry , Johnson / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garrett & Grisham , Biochemistry , Brooks / Cole , 2010 , pp 598 - 611 Jump up ^ Garret and Grisham ( 2016 ) . biochemistry . University of Virginia . p. 687 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 57720 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jonckheere , An I. ; Smeitink , Jan A.M. ; Rodenburg , Richard J.T. ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Mitochondrial ATP synthase : architecture , function and pathology '' . Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease . 35 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / s10545 - 011 - 9382 - 9 . ISSN 0141 - 8955 . PMC 3278611 . PMID 21874297 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Reginald H. ; Grisham , Charles M. ( 2012 ) . Biochemistry ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage learning . p. 664 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 10629 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fillingame , Robert H ; Angevine , Christine M ; Dmitriev , Oleg Y ( 2003 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Mechanics of coupling proton movements to c - ring rotation in ATP synthase '' . FEBS Letters. 555 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 34 . doi : 10.1016 / S0014 - 5793 ( 03 ) 01101 - 3 . ISSN 1873 - 3468 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Proton Gradient Powers the Synthesis of ATP '' . Jump up ^ Cannon , Barbara ; Nedergaard , Jan ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Brown Adipose Tissue : Function and Physiological Significance '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 277 -- 359 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00015.2003 . ISSN 0031 - 9333 . PMID 14715917 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ; Johnson , Alexander ; Lewis , Julian ; Raff , Martin ; Roberts , Keith ; Walter , Peter ( 2002 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Electron - Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps '' . Fenchel T ; King GM ; Blackburn TH ( September 2006 ) . Bacterial Biogeochemistry : The Ecophysiology of Mineral Cycling ( 2nd ed . ) . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 103455 - 9 . Lengeler JW ( January 1999 ) . Drews G ; Schlegel HG , eds . Biology of the Prokaryotes . Blackwell Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05357 - 5 . Nelson DL ; Cox MM ( April 2005 ) . Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 4339 - 2 . Nicholls DG ; Ferguson SJ ( July 2002 ) . Bioenergetics 3 . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 518121 - 1 . Stumm W ; Morgan JJ ( 1996 ) . Aquatic Chemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51185 - 4 . Thauer RK ; Jungermann K ; Decker K ( March 1977 ) . `` Energy conservation in chemotrophic anaerobic bacteria '' . Bacteriol Rev. 41 ( 1 ) : 100 -- 80 . PMC 413997 . PMID 860983 . White D. ( September 1999 ) . The Physiology and Biochemistry of Prokaryotes ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512579 - 5 . Voet D ; Voet JG ( March 2004 ) . Biochemistry ( 3rd ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 58651 - 7 . Kim HS. ; Patel , K ; Muldoon - Jacobs , K ; Bisht , KS ; Aykin - Burns , N ; Pennington , JD ; Van Der Meer , R ; Nguyen , P ; et al. ( January 2010 ) . `` SIRT3 is a mitochondria - localized tumor suppressor required for maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and metabolism during stress '' . Cancer Cell. 17 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ccr. 2009.11. 023 . PMC 3711519 . PMID 20129246 . External links ( edit ) Electron Transport Chain Complex Proteins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Khan Academy , video lecture UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 3 - Complexes with cytochrome b - like domains UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 4 - Bacterial and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 2 - Photosynthetic reaction centers and photosystems UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 78 - Cytochrome PORN renodoxin reductase UMich Orientation of Proteins in Membranes families / superfamily - 130 - Electron transfer flavoproteins Metabolism , catabolism , anabolism General Metabolic pathway Metabolic network Primary nutritional groups Energy metabolism Aerobic respiration Glycolysis → Pyruvate decarboxylation → Citric acid cycle → Oxidative phosphorylation ( electron transport chain + ATP synthase ) Anaerobic respiration Electron acceptors are other than oxygen Fermentation Glycolysis → Substrate - level phosphorylation ABE Ethanol Lactic acid Specific paths Protein metabolism Protein synthesis Catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism ( carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism ) Human Glycolysis ⇄ Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis ⇄ Glycogenesis Pentose phosphate pathway Fructolysis Galactolysis Glycosylation N - linked O - linked Nonhuman Photosynthesis Anoxygenic photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Carbon fixation Xylose metabolism Radiotrophism Lipid metabolism ( lipolysis , lipogenesis ) Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid degradation ( Beta oxidation ) Fatty acid synthesis Other Steroid metabolism Sphingolipid metabolism Eicosanoid metabolism Ketosis Reverse cholesterol transport Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Urea cycle Nucleotide metabolism Purine metabolism Nucleotide salvage Pyrimidine metabolism Other Metal metabolism Iron metabolism Ethanol metabolism Metabolism : Citric acid cycle enzymes Cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Succinyl CoA synthetase Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDHA ) Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase and ETC Anaplerotic to acetyl - CoA Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ( E1 , E2 , E3 ) ( regulated by Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase ) to α - ketoglutaric acid Glutamate dehydrogenase to succinyl - CoA Methylmalonyl - CoA mutase to oxaloacetate Pyruvate carboxylase Aspartate transaminase Mitochondrial electron transport chain / oxidative phosphorylation Primary Complex I / NADH dehydrogenase Complex II / Succinate dehydrogenase Coenzyme Q Complex III / Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c Complex IV / Cytochrome c oxidase Coenzyme Q10 synthesis : COQ2 COQ3 COQ4 COQ5 COQ6 COQ7 COQ9 COQ10A COQ10B PDSS1 PDSS2 Other Alternative oxidase Electron - transferring - flavoprotein dehydrogenase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_transport_chain&oldid=815125753 '' Categories : Cellular respiration Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 22 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the electron transport chain located in bacterial cells	[ "Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane." ]	[ "cell membrane" ]
-432104515583529834	Three Dog Night	Three Dog Night - Wikipedia Three Dog Night Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Three Dog Night Three Dog Night , 1972 Background information Also known as Redwood ( 1967 - 1968 ) Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genres Folk rock , Pop rock , soft rock , blue - eyed soul Years active 1967 -- 76 , 1981 -- present Labels Dunhill , MGM , MCA , Epic , Columbia Associated acts The Enemys , Cory Wells Blues Band , SS Fools Members Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz David Morgan Howard Laravea Past members Cory Wells ( deceased ) Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon ( deceased ) Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie ( deceased ) Ron Morgan Jack Ryland Skip Konte Mickey McMeel James `` Smitty '' Smith Dennis Belfield Al Ciner Jay Gruska Ron Stockert Mike Seifrit Richard Grossman Mike Keeley Scott Manzo Steve Ezzo Gary Moon T.J. Parker Richard Campbell Mike Cuneo Three Dog Night is an American rock band . They formed in 1967 with a line - up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton , Cory Wells , and Chuck Negron . This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon ( keyboards ) , Joe Schermie ( bass ) , Michael Allsup ( guitar ) , and Floyd Sneed ( drums ) . The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits ( with three hitting number one ) between 1969 and 1975 . It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters , including Paul Williams ( `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' ) , Hoyt Axton ( `` Joy to the World '' ) , Laura Nyro ( `` Eli 's Comin ' '' ) , Harry Nilsson ( `` One '' ) , Randy Newman ( `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' ) , and Leo Sayer ( `` The Show Must Go On '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Band name origin 2 Background 2.1 Early years 2.2 Success 2.3 Songs 3 History 3.1 1967 - 1972 3.2 1973 -- 1976 3.3 1981 -- 1990s 3.4 2000 -- present 3.4. 1 Current activity 4 Personnel 4.1 Members 4.2 Timeline 4.3 Lead vocal credits 4.4 Lineups 5 Discography 6 Awards and recognition 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Band name origin ( edit ) The official commentary included in the CD set Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1964 -- 1975 states that vocalist Danny Hutton 's girlfriend , actress June Fairchild ( best known as the `` Ajax Lady '' from the Cheech and Chong movie Up In Smoke ) suggested the name after reading a magazine article about indigenous Australians , in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep in a hole in the ground while embracing a dingo ( wild dog ) . On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs and , if the night was freezing , it was a `` three dog night '' . Background ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Negron , Wells and Hutton in 1969 The three vocalists , Danny Hutton ( who got his start with Hanna - Barbera Records in 1964 ) , Chuck Negron and Cory Wells ( who landed a recording contract with Dunhill Records ) first came together in 1967 and made some recordings with Brian Wilson while the Beach Boys were working on the album Wild Honey , and initially went by the name of Redwood . Shortly after abandoning the Redwood moniker in 1968 , the vocalists hired a group of backing musicians -- Ron Morgan on guitar , Floyd Sneed on drums , Joe Schermie from the Cory Wells Blues Band on bass , and Jimmy Greenspoon on keyboards -- and soon took the name Three Dog Night , becoming one of the most successful bands in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s . Ron Morgan left the band early on and subsequently went on to join the Electric Prunes . Michael Allsup was quickly recruited to replace him on guitar . Success ( edit ) Three Dog Night earned 12 gold albums and recorded 21 consecutive Billboard Top 40 hits , seven of which went gold . Their first gold record was `` One '' ( US # 5 ) , which had been written and recorded by Harry Nilsson . The group had three US # 1 songs , each of which featured a different lead singer : `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' ( Cory Wells on lead ) , which was also their only Top 10 hit in the UK ; `` Joy to the World '' ( Chuck Negron on lead ) ; and `` Black and White '' ( Danny Hutton on lead ) . Dunhill Records claimed that 40 million record albums were sold by the band during this time . Songs ( edit ) As its members wrote just a handful of songs on the albums , most songs Three Dog Night recorded were written by outside songwriters . Notable hits by outside writers include Harry Nilsson 's `` One '' ( US # 5 ) , the Gerome Ragni - James Rado - Galt MacDermot composition `` Easy to Be Hard '' ( US # 4 ) from the musical Hair , Laura Nyro 's `` Eli 's Comin ' '' ( US # 10 ) , Randy Newman 's `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' ( US # 1 ) , Paul Williams ' `` Out in the Country '' ( US # 15 ) , `` The Family Of Man '' ( US # 12 ) , and `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' ( US # 4 ) , Hoyt Axton 's `` Joy to the World '' ( US # 1 ) and `` Never Been to Spain '' ( US # 5 ) , Arkin & Robinson 's `` Black and White '' ( US # 1 ) , Argent 's Russ Ballard 's `` Liar '' ( US # 7 ) , Elton John and Bernie Taupin 's `` Lady Samantha '' and `` Your Song '' , Daniel Moore 's `` Shambala '' ( # 3 ) , Leo Sayer 's `` The Show Must Go On '' ( US # 4 ) , John Hiatt 's `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' ( US # 16 ) , and Bush 's `` I Can Hear You Calling '' . History ( edit ) 1967 - 1972 ( edit ) Three Dog Night made its official debut in 1968 at the Whiskey a Go Go , at a 5 p.m. press party hosted by Dunhill Records . They were still in the process of making their first album Three Dog Night when they heard the favorable reactions from the hypercritical audience . The album Three Dog Night was a success with its hit songs `` One '' and `` Nobody '' and helped the band gain recognition and become one of the top drawing concert acts of their time . 1973 -- 1976 ( edit ) In 1973 , Three Dog Night filed a $6 million lawsuit against their former booking agent , American Talent International ( ATI ) for continuing to advertise in the media that the band was still with their agency when in fact they signed with William Morris Agency in October 1972 . Other damages were sought due to ATI taking deposits for booking Three Dog Night , whom they no longer represented . Joe Schermie was replaced by Jack Ryland in 1973 , and the band then became an eight - piece with the inclusion of another keyboard player , Skip Konte ( ex-Blues Image ) . In late 1974 , Allsup and Sneed left to form a new band , SS Fools , with Schermie . New members James `` Smitty '' Smith and drummer Mickey McMeel were recruited , but by 1975 , Smith was replaced by Al Ciner from Rufus and The American Breed and Ryland by Rufus bassist Dennis Belfield . By 1976 , their run of hit records had ended and Hutton was succeeded by Jay Gruska . Hours before their first concert of their 1975 tour , Chuck Negron was arrested for the possession of narcotics but was soon released on $10,000 bond . From JayGruska.com : `` Over the years I 've been asked if it 's true that I toured with Three Dog Night , I thought this was a good place to set the record straight since Wikipedia has as much opinion as it does fact . After writing a couple of songs for them , and doing some background vocals on one of their albums , I was asked to do a national tour of 10 to 12 thousand seat venues as the ' 3rd Dog ' , as it were . They had been at it for the last 6 or 7 years as one of the biggest bands in the world , doing stadium tours , and now they were going to do smaller venues , a mere 10,000 people . Having played mostly clubs until then , these were giant venues for me and I was both thrilled and petrified . I had an incredibly great time singing with Cory Wells and Chuck Negron -- both amazing singers . I had a chance to play piano on a couple of songs in the set and most amazingly , that band could do a 90 minute set of ALL HITS . '' However , this lineup was short - lived . Another former Rufus band member , Ron Stockert , was recruited as second keyboardist after Konte left that same year . After a summer concert tour was cut short , the group played their final show at the Greek Theater in Los Angeles on July 26 , 1976 . 1981 -- 1990s ( edit ) In 1981 , Three Dog Night reunited and released the ska - inspired It 's a Jungle in 1983 on the small Passport Records label , which garnered some airplay on the new wave circuit . The EP failed to sell after Passport went bankrupt . The reunion featured all of the original members , except Joe Schermie , who was succeeded by Mike Seifrit until 1982 , and then by Richard Grossman , who stayed until 1984 . Two guitarists , Paul Kingery and Steve Ezzo , occasionally played with the band , filling in for Allsup on dates he was not able to make between 1982 and 1984 . Ezzo replaced Allsup when he departed in late 1984 to take care of some personal and family matters . Sneed was let go from the band at the same time . In early 1985 , keyboardist Rick Serratte ( formerly of Poco and later with Whitesnake and others ) filled in for Greenspoon , who was ill , and the band hit the road with a revised lineup that included Serratte , Steve Ezzo , bassist Scott Manzo and drummer Mike Keeley . But a spring and summer tour that same year was postponed after Negron and Greenspoon were both forced to enter drug rehab . By late 1985 , Greenspoon and Negron were back touring with the group . By December 1985 , after a relapse into his drug habit , Negron was let go , and the group continued with Wells and Hutton fronting the band and Paul Kingery was brought back on guitar to cover Chuck 's vocal harmonies . In 1986 , their song `` In My Heart '' was featured in Robotech : The Movie . More changes in personnel occurred when guitarist T.J. Parker and vocalist and bassist Gary Moon replaced Kingery and Manzo in 1988 , and were replaced themselves by Mike Cuneo and Richard Campbell during 1989 . Allsup returned to the group to replace Cuneo in the spring of 1991 . Negron entered drug rehab , but did not return to the band . Pat Bautz succeeded Keeley as drummer in 1993 . In 1993 , Three Dog Night performed for The Family Channel show Spotlight on Country , filmed in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina . Kingery returned to the band as their bass player in 1996 following Campbell 's departure . 2000 -- present ( edit ) In May 2002 , Three Dog Night With The London Symphony Orchestra was released . The album was recorded in Los Angeles and in London at Abbey Road Studios . The album includes two new songs : `` Overground '' and `` Sault Ste . Marie '' . Original bassist Joe Schermie died on March 26 , 2002 . In the summer of 2004 , the band 's 80s bassist , Scott Manzo , returned briefly to fill in for Paul Kingery . In October 2004 , Three Dog Night released The 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra . The album includes live versions of `` Eli 's Coming '' , `` Brickyard Blues '' , `` Try a Little Tenderness '' , and `` Family of Man '' . In 2007 , Sky Television launched a new ad campaign in the UK , which promoted the company 's aspirations to be seen as an environmentally friendly company , and used the band 's song `` Joy To The World '' . In August 2008 . Three Dog Night Greatest Hits Live was released , a compilation of previously unissued live 1972 and 1973 recordings from concerts in Frankfurt , Germany , and Edmonton , England . On October 24 , 2009 , Three Dog Night released three new songs -- `` Heart of Blues '' and `` Prayer of the Children '' , as well as `` Two Lights In The Nighttime '' . A new studio album , the group 's first in 24 years , is being recorded during breaks from touring using producer Richie Podolor . Although an EP of five new songs was recorded and released in 1983 , and two new songs were issued on Three Dog Night 's 35th Anniversary Hits Collection Featuring The London Symphony Orchestra , Three Dog Night has not recorded a full - length album since 1976 's American Pastime . Current activity ( edit ) In the late summer of 2012 , guitarist Allsup was hospitalized for an intestinal disorder , forcing Kingery to temporarily move back to guitar , while Danny 's son , Timothy Hutton , currently a Los Angeles music studio owner , manned the bass slot . This happened again during the summer of 2015 when Allsup was again forced to miss some shows . On March 11 , 2015 Jimmy Greenspoon died from cancer , aged 67 . His place at the keyboards was taken by Eddie Reasoner . who had come in to sub for Jimmy when he 'd first taken ill in mid-2014 . On October 21 , 2015 Cory Wells died at his home in Dunkirk , New York . His age at time of death was 74 . Wells ' cause of death was sepsis while battling multiple myeloma . Funeral services were private , and he is buried in Dunkirk . When he was not performing on tour , he was often seen fishing at Lake Erie . In November 2015 it was announced that singer David Morgan ( a former member of The Association ) would be joining Three Dog Night on the road . In April 2017 Howard Laravea ( formerly of Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons ) joined on keyboards in place of Reasoner . Personnel ( edit ) Members ( edit ) Current members Danny Hutton - vocals ( 1967 -- 76 , 1981 -- present ) Michael Allsup - guitar ( 1968 -- 74 , 1981 -- 84 , 1991 - present ) Paul Kingery - bass , guitar , vocals ( 1985 -- 88 , 1996 -- present ; substitute - 1982 - 83 ) Pat Bautz - drums ( 1993 -- present ) David Morgan - vocals ( November 2015 -- present ) Howard Laravea - keyboards ( April 2017 - present ) Former members Cory Wells - vocals ( 1967 -- 76 , 1981 -- 2015 ; his death ) Chuck Negron - vocals ( 1967 -- 76 , 1981 -- December 1985 ) Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards ( 1968 -- 76 , 1981 -- 2015 ; his death ) Floyd Sneed - drums ( 1968 -- 74 , 1981 -- 84 ) Joe Schermie - bass ( 1968 -- 73 ; died 2002 ) Jack Ryland - bass ( 1973 -- 75 ) Skip Konte - keyboards ( 1973 -- 76 ) Mickey McMeel - drums ( 1974 -- 76 ) James `` Smitty '' Smith - guitar ( 1974 -- 75 ) Dennis Belfield - bass ( 1975 -- 76 ) Al Ciner - guitar ( 1975 -- 76 ) Jay Gruska - vocals ( 1976 ) Ron Stockert - keyboards ( 1976 ) Mike Seifrit - bass ( 1981 -- 82 ) Richard Grossman - bass ( 1982 -- 84 ) Mike Keeley - drums ( 1985 -- 93 ) Scott Manzo - bass ( 1985 -- 88 , 2004 ) Steve Ezzo - guitar ( fill - in for Allsup 1983 - 84 , 1985 ) Gary Moon - bass , vocals ( 1988 -- 89 ) T.J. Parker - guitar ( 1988 -- 89 ) Richard Campbell - bass ( 1989 -- 96 ) Eddie Reasoner - keyboards ( 2015 -- April 2017 ; substitute - October 2014 - 15 ) Mike Cuneo - guitar ( 1989 -- 91 ) Timeline ( edit ) Lead vocal credits ( edit ) `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' - Negron `` Black and White '' - Hutton `` Celebrate '' - Hutton ( Verse 1 ) , Negron ( Verse 2 ) , Wells ( Verse 3 ) , who sings melody through the end refrain `` Easy to Be Hard '' - Negron `` Eli 's Coming '' - Wells `` Joy to the World '' - Negron `` Let Me Serenade You '' - Wells `` Liar '' - Hutton `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' - Wells `` Never Been to Spain '' - Wells `` One '' - Negron `` One Man Band '' - Hutton sings melody with Negron on harmony on verses , then Negron takes the lead through the end refrain `` Out in the Country '' - Group vocal in unison `` Pieces of April '' - Negron `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' - Wells `` Shambala '' - Wells `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' - Wells `` The Family of Man '' - Hutton ( Verse 1 ) , Negron ( Verse 2 ) , Wells ( Verse 3 ) `` The Show Must Go On '' - Negron `` Til the World Ends '' - Negron `` Try a Little Tenderness '' - Wells `` Your Song '' - Hutton Lineups ( edit ) 1967 - 1968 ( Redwood ) 1968 - 1973 ( Three Dog Night ) 1973 1973 - 1974 Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Henry Vestine - guitar Goldy McJohn - keyboards Larry Taylor - bass Frank Cook - drums Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Michael Allsup - guitar Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Joe Schermie - bass Floyd Sneed - drums Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Michael Allsup - guitar Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Floyd Sneed - drums Jack Ryland - bass Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Michael Allsup - guitar Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Floyd Sneed - drums Jack Ryland - bass Skip Konte - keyboards 1974 - 1975 1975 - 1976 1976 1976 Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Jack Ryland - bass Skip Konte - keyboards Mickey McMeel - drums James `` Smitty '' Smith - guitar Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Skip Konte - keyboards Mickey McMeel - drums Dennis Belfield - bass Al Ciner - guitar Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Skip Konte - keyboards Mickey McMeel - drums Dennis Belfield - bass Al Ciner - guitar Jay Gruska - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mickey McMeel - drums Dennis Belfield - bass Al Ciner - guitar Jay Gruska - vocals Ron Stockert - keyboards 1976 - 1981 1981 - 1982 1982 - 1984 1985 Disbanded Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Michael Allsup - guitar Mike Seifrit - bass Floyd Sneed - drums Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Michael Allsup - guitar Floyd Sneed - drums Richard Grossman - bass Paul Kingery - guitar , vocals ( fill in for Allsup 1982 - 1983 ) Steve Ezzo - guitar ( fill in for Allsup 1983 - 1984 ) Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Rick Serratte - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Steve Ezzo - guitar Scott Manzo - bass 1985 1985 - 1988 1988 - 1989 1989 - 1991 Danny Hutton - vocals Chuck Negron - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Steve Ezzo - guitar Scott Manzo - bass Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Paul Kingery - guitar , vocals Scott Manzo - bass Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Gary Moon - bass , vocals T.J. Parker - guitar Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Richard Campbell - bass Mike Cuneo - guitar 1991 - 1993 1993 - 1996 1996 -- 2015 2015 Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Mike Keeley - drums Richard Campbell - bass Michael Allsup - guitar Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Richard Campbell - bass Michael Allsup - guitar Pat Bautz - drums Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Jimmy Greenspoon - keyboards Michael Allsup - guitar Pat Bautz - drums Paul Kingery - bass , vocals Danny Hutton - vocals Cory Wells - vocals Michael Allsup - guitar Pat Bautz - drums Paul Kingery - bass , vocals Eddie Reasoner - keyboards 2015 -- present Danny Hutton - vocals David Morgan - vocals Michael Allsup - guitar Pat Bautz - drums Paul Kingery - bass , vocals Eddie Reasoner - keyboards Discography ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see Three Dog Night discography . 1968 : Three Dog Night 1969 : Suitable for Framing 1969 : Captured Live at the Forum 1970 : It Ai n't Easy 1970 : Naturally 1971 : Harmony 1972 : Seven Separate Fools 1973 : Cyan 1974 : Hard Labor 1975 : Coming Down Your Way 1976 : American Pastime 1983 : It 's a Jungle Awards and recognition ( edit ) Three Dog Night was inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2000 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ George - Warren , Holly ; Romanowski , Patricia , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ( 3rd ed . ) . Fireside . p. 990 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 9201 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank , ed. ( 2005 ) . `` Soft Rock And Related Styles '' . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . 2 . Routledge . pp. 1011 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X . Jump up ^ Negron , Chuck ( 2008 ) . Three Dog Nightmare : The Continuing Chuck Negron Story . Literary Architects . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 9336 - 6913 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim . `` A ROUGH YEAR FOR BAND , BUT THE SHOW MUST GO ON . '' The Record , Jan 26 2016 Jump up ^ Chawkins , Steve ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) . `` June Fairchild dies at 68 ; former actress lived on skid row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Greenspoon ; Mark Bego ( 1991 ) . One Is the Loneliest Number : On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night . Amazon.co.uk . ISBN 9780886876470 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Kathy . `` Three Dog Night -- A Howling Success Story . '' Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) , May 23 1971 , pp. 1 - q16 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk. 1973 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wirephoto , A.P. `` Arrested just before Concert Tour . '' Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) , Jul 04 1975 , pp. 5 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Greenspoon ; Mark Bego ( 1991 ) . One Is the Loneliest Number : On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night . Amazon.co.uk . ISBN 9780886876470 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Greenspoon ; Mark Bego ( 1991 ) . One Is the Loneliest Number : On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night . Amazon.co.uk . ISBN 9780886876470 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night - Chart history '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jimmy Greenspoon of Three Dog Night has died from cancer at age 67 '' . Daily News . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Three Dog Nightmare . Chuck Negron . Renaissance Books 1st edition ( June 1999 ) ISBN 1 - 58063 - 040 - 5 One Is the Loneliest Number : On the Road and Behind the Scenes With the Legendary Rock Band Three Dog Night . Greenspoon , Jimmy and Bago , Mark . Pharos Books ( January 1991 ) . ISBN 0 - 88687 - 647 - 8 Lawrence , Guy ( 2006 ) . Yogi Bear 's Nuggets : A Hanna - Barbera 45 Guide . Spectropop.com Bubblegum University http://www.bubblegum-music.com/categories/artists External links ( edit ) Book : Three Dog Night Wikimedia Commons has media related to Three Dog Night . Three Dog Night official website Three Dog Night on IMDb Three Dog Night at Allmusic Three Dog Night at Oldies.com ' Three Dog Night Vocal Group Hall of Fame Three Dog Night Danny Hutton Michael Allsup Paul Kingery Pat Bautz Eddie Reasoner David Morgan Cory Wells Chuck Negron Jimmy Greenspoon Floyd Sneed Joe Schermie Skip Konte Al Ciner Gary Moon Richard Campbell Studio albums Three Dog Night ( 1968 ) Suitable for Framing ( 1969 ) It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 ) Naturally ( 1970 ) Harmony ( 1971 ) Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 ) Cyan ( 1973 ) Hard Labor ( 1974 ) Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 ) American Pastime ( 1976 ) It 's a Jungle ( 1983 ) Live albums Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 ) Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 ) Compilations Golden Bisquits ( 1971 ) Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 ) Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 ) 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 ) Singles `` Nobody '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` One '' `` Easy to Be Hard '' `` Eli 's Coming '' `` Celebrate '' `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' `` Out in the Country '' `` One Man Band '' `` Joy to the World '' `` Liar '' `` An Old Fashioned Love Song '' `` Never Been to Spain '' `` The Family of Man '' `` Black & White '' `` Pieces of April '' `` Shambala '' `` Let Me Serenade You '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here '' `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) '' `` Til the World Ends '' `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Discography Book Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 154915089 LCCN : nr89008937 ISNI : 0000 0001 2298 6681 BNF : cb13907027v ( data ) MusicBrainz : 1a48176d - 1414 - 4a18 - 9792 - 50ba585d4d59 NKC : xx0025411 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Dog_Night&oldid=800967300 '' Categories : American pop rock music groups American soft rock music groups Columbia Records artists Dunhill Records artists Epic Records artists MCA Records artists MGM Records artists Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups disestablished in 1976 Musical groups reestablished in 1981 Musical groups from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 21 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the songs for three dog night	[ "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]" ]	[ "Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\")", "Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\")", "Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\")", "Harry Nilsson (\"One\")", "Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\")", "Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\")" ]
-1277853504889339768	The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)	The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current version of the series . For the overall franchise , see The Price Is Right . For the original version , see The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) . For other uses , see The Price Is Right ( disambiguation ) . `` Come on down ! '' redirects here . For other uses , see Come on down ! ( disambiguation ) . The Price Is Right Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Mark Goodson Bill Todman Directed by Marc Breslow ( 1972 -- 86 ) Paul Alter ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Bart Eskander ( 2000 -- 09 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2009 -- 11 ) Michael Dimich ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ryan Polito ( 2012 -- 13 ) Adam Sandler ( 2013 -- present ) Presented by Bob Barker ( 1972 -- 2007 ) Drew Carey ( 2007 -- present ) Nighttime : Dennis James ( 1972 -- 77 ) Bob Barker ( 1977 -- 80 ) Tom Kennedy ( 1985 -- 86 ) Narrated by Johnny Olson ( 1972 -- 85 ) Rod Roddy ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Rich Fields ( 2004 -- 10 ) George Gray ( 2011 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Edd Kalehoff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 46 No. of episodes 8,000 ( as of April 7 , 2014 ) Nighttime ( 1972 -- 80 ) : 300 Nighttime ( 1985 -- 86 ) : 170 Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City Running time 38 -- 48 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Production company ( s ) Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1972 -- 84 ) Price Productions ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ; 1972 -- 94 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1984 -- 2007 ) All American Television ( 1996 -- 98 ) Pearson Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) in association with CBS Distributor FremantleMedia for CBS Viacom Enterprises ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ) The Television Program Source ( 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Release Original network CBS Syndicated ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1972 -- 2008 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1972 -- 88 ) CBS StereoSound ( 1988 -- 97 ) Digital Stereo ( 1997 -- 2013 ) 5.1 Surround ( 2013 -- present ) Original release September 4 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Nighttime : September 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 10 ) -- September 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 13 ) ( weekly ) September 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) -- September 5 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) ( daily ) Chronology Preceded by The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) Related shows The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) External links Website Production website The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart , Mark Goodson and Bill Todman . The show revolves around contestants competing to identify accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes . Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer proclaims the show 's famous catchphrase , `` Come on down ! '' The program premiered on September 4 , 1972 on CBS . Bob Barker was the series ' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007 , when Drew Carey took over . Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers , beginning with Johnny Olson , followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields . In April 2011 , George Gray became the announcer . The show has used several models , most notably Anitra Ford , Janice Pennington , Dian Parkinson , Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley . While retaining some elements of the original version of the show , the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements . The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest - running network series in United States television history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named The Price Is Right the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The show 's 46th season premiered on September 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 One Bid 1.2 Pricing games 1.3 Showcase Showdown 1.4 The Showcase 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Announcers 2.3 Models 2.4 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Audience and contestant selection 3.2 Taping 3.3 Production company 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndicated productions 4.1. 1 1972 -- 1980 4.1. 2 1985 -- 86 4.1. 3 The New Price Is Right 4.2 CBS primetime specials and series 4.3 Gameshow Marathon 5 Reality web show spinoffs 5.1 Road to Price 5.2 The Price is Right Male Model Search 6 Documentary film 7 Prizes 7.1 Automobiles 7.2 Winnings records 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 8.2 Critical reaction 9 Controversy 9.1 Lawsuits 9.2 Plinko board incident 9.3 40th anniversary 10 Merchandise 10.1 DVD release 10.2 Board games 10.3 Computer and electronic games 10.4 Slot machines 10.5 Scratch - off tickets 10.6 Live casino game 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay of the show consists of four distinct competition elements , in which nine preliminary contestants ( or six , depending on the episode 's running time ) are eventually narrowed to two finalists who compete in the game 's final element , the `` Showcase '' . One bid ( edit ) At the beginning of the show , four contestants are called from the audience by the announcer to take a spot on the front row behind bidding podiums , which are embedded into the front edge of the stage . This area is known as `` Contestants ' Row '' . The announcer shouts `` Come on down ! '' after calling each selected contestant 's name , a phrase which has become a trademark of the show . The four contestants in Contestants ' Row compete in a bidding round to determine which contestant will play the next pricing game ( the round is known as `` One Bid , '' which gets its name and format from one of two types of bidding rounds that existed on the 1950s version of the show ) . A prize is shown and each contestant gives a single bid for the item . In the first One - Bid game of each episode , bidding begins with the contestant on the viewer 's left - to - right . In subsequent One - Bid rounds , the order of bidding still moves from the viewer 's left - to - right , but it begins with the contestant most recently called down . Contestants are instructed to bid in whole dollars since the retail price of the item is rounded to the nearest dollar and another contestant 's bid can not be duplicated . If a contestant thinks the others have overbid , he or she bids $1 on the item . The contestant whose bid is closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over wins that prize and gets to play the subsequent pricing game . If all four contestants overbid , short buzzer tones sound , the lowest bid is announced and the bids are erased . The host then instructs the contestants to re-bid below the lowest previous bid . If a contestant bids the actual retail price , a bell rings and the contestant wins a cash bonus in addition to the prize . From the introduction of the bonus in 1977 until 1998 , the `` perfect bid '' bonus was $100 ; it was permanently increased to the current $500 in 1998 . On The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular , the bonus was $1,000 . After each pricing game except the final one , another contestant is called to `` come on down '' to fill the spot of the contestant that won the previous round . The newest contestant bids first in each One Bid round . Contestants who fail to win a One Bid round -- thus never making it onstage to play a pricing game -- receive consolation prizes , currently $300 , often sponsored by companies revealed by the announcer near the end of the show , before the Showcase . Pricing games ( edit ) See also : List of The Price Is Right pricing games After winning the One Bid , the contestant joins the host onstage for the opportunity to win additional prizes or cash by playing a pricing game . After the pricing game ends , a new contestant is selected for Contestants ' Row and the process is repeated . Six pricing games are played on each hour - long episode ; three games per episode were played in the original half - hour format . Pricing game formats vary widely , ranging from simple dilemma games in which a contestant chooses one of two options to win to complex games of chance or skill in which guessing prices increases the odds of winning . On a typical hour - long episode , two games are played for a car , one game is played for a cash prize and the other three games offer expensive household merchandise or trips . Usually , at least one of the six games involves the pricing of grocery items , while another usually involves smaller prizes that can be used to win a larger prize package . Originally , five pricing games were in the rotation . Since then , more games have been created and added to the rotation and , starting with the 60 - minute expansion in 1975 , the rate at which games premiered increased . Some pricing games were eventually discontinued , while others have been a mainstay since the show 's debut in 1972 . As of 2017 , the rotation is among 77 games . On the 1994 syndicated version hosted by Doug Davidson , the rules of several games were modified and other aesthetic changes were made . Notably , the grocery products used in some games on the daytime version were replaced by small merchandise prizes , generally valued at less than $100 . Beginning in 2008 , episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular featured rule changes to some pricing games which rewarded a $1 million bonus to the contestant if specific goals were achieved while playing the pricing game . Showcase Showdown ( edit ) `` Showcase Showdown '' redirects here . For the band , see Showcase Showdown ( band ) . Since the show 's expansion to 60 minutes in 1975 , each episode features two playings of the Showcase Showdown , occurring after the third and sixth pricing games . Each playing features the three contestants who played the preceding pricing games spinning `` The Big Wheel '' to determine who advances to the Showcase , the show 's finale . The contestants play in the order of the value of his or her winnings thus far ( including the One Bid ) , with the contestant who has won the most spinning last . The wheel contains 20 sections showing values from 5 ¢ to $1.00 , in increments of five cents . Contestants are allowed a maximum of two spins . The first contestant spins the wheel and may choose to stop with his or her score or spin again , adding the value of the second spin to their first . The second contestant then spins the wheel and tries to match or beat the leader 's score ; if he or she fails to do so , the contestant must spin again . If the second contestant 's first spin matches or beats the score of the first contestant , he or she has the option of stopping or spinning again . The third contestant then spins ; if his or her score is less than the leader then he or she will be required to spin again . In the event the second or third contestant 's first spin ties the score of the leader , he or she will be given the option of spinning again as an alternative to entering a `` spin - off '' as described below . If their total score of any contestant is less than that of the current leader , is beaten by the score of any subsequent contestant , or over $1.00 , the contestant is eliminated from the game . The contestant whose score is nearest to $1.00 without going over advances to the Showcase at the end of the episode . Any spin that fails to make at least one complete revolution does not count ; the contestant is given the opportunity to spin again , and if the contestant has visible difficulty in physically performing the task , the host can assist them . If the first two contestants both spin twice and go over $1.00 , the last contestant automatically advances to the Showcase and is given only one spin to determine their score ; this is to ensure that a contestant advances to the showcase , avoiding a potential `` triple over '' scenario in which no one would advance . Any contestant whose score equals $1.00 ( from either the first spin or the sum of two spins ) receives a $1,000 bonus and , since December 1978 , is allowed a bonus spin . The contestant wins an additional $10,000 for landing on either 5 ¢ or 15 ¢ ( which are adjacent to the $1.00 space and painted green ) , or an additional $25,000 for landing on $1.00 . From December 1978 to September 22 , 2008 , the bonuses were $5,000 and $10,000 for landing on a green section and the $1.00 , respectively . If the wheel stops on any other amount or fails to make at least one revolution , the contestant wins no more money . The wheel is positioned on 5 ¢ prior to the bonus spin so that it can not land on a winning prize without making a complete revolution . Two or more contestants who are tied with the leading score compete in a `` spin - off '' . Each contestant is allowed one additional spin and the contestant with the higher score advances to the Showcase . Multiple spin - offs are played until the tie is broken . Those who hit $1.00 in their spin - off spin still get $1,000 and a bonus spin . If two or more contestants tie with a score of $1.00 , their bonus spins also determine their spin - off score . Only the spin - off score , not any bonus money won , determines which contestant moves on to the Showcase ; thus , a person who wins the $10,000 bonus for landing on 15 ¢ would still lose the spin - off if their opponent lands on 20 ¢ or more . A tie in a bonus spin spin - off means the ensuing second spin - off will be spun with no bonuses available . Each spin must make one complete revolution in order to qualify . If a player 's bonus spin spin - off does not make a complete revolution , the contestant must spin again , and the spin will be scored as in a second round of a spin - off ( no bonuses ) . The Showcase ( edit ) At the end of the episode , the two contestants with the highest winnings , or since 1975 on hour - long episodes , the two Showcase Showdown winners , advance to the Showcase . A `` showcase '' of prizes ( currently two or three prizes ) is presented and the top winner has the option of placing a bid on the total value of the showcase or passing the showcase to the runner - up , who is then required to bid . A second showcase is then presented and the contestant who had not bid on the first showcase makes his or her bid . Unlike the One Bid , the contestant bidding on the second showcase may bid the same amount as their opponent on the first showcase , since the two contestants are bidding on different prize packages . The contestant who has bid nearer to the price of their own showcase without going over wins the prizes in his or her showcase . Any contestant who overbids is disqualified regardless of their opponent 's result . A double overbid results in neither contestant winning a showcase . Since 1974 , any contestant who comes within a specified amount from the actual retail price of their own showcase without going over wins both showcases . Until 1998 , the amount was less than $100 . In 1998 , it became the current $250 or less . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Bob Barker ( host from September 1972 to June 2007 ) Drew Carey ( host since October 2007 ) Bob Barker began hosting The Price Is Right on September 4 , 1972 and completed a 35 - year tenure on June 15 , 2007 . Barker was hired as host while still hosting the stunt comedy show Truth or Consequences . His retirement coincided with his 50th year as a television host . His final show aired on June 15 , 2007 and was repeated in primetime , leading into the network 's coverage of the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards . In addition to hosting , Barker became Executive Producer of the show in March 1988 when Frank Wayne died and continued as such until his retirement , gaining significant creative control over the series between 2000 and his 2007 retirement . He also was responsible for creating several of the show 's pricing games , as well as launching The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime spin - off . Reruns of Barker 's final season were aired throughout the summer from the Monday after his final show ( June 18 , 2007 ) until the Friday before Drew Carey 's debut as host ( October 12 , 2007 ) , when the season 35 finale was re-aired . During his time as host , Barker missed only one taping of four episodes ; Dennis James , then hosting the syndicated nighttime version of the show , filled in for him on these shows in December 1974 . After he became a noted animal rights advocate in 1981 shortly after the death of his wife Dorothy Jo , Barker signed off each broadcast , informing viewers with the public service message , `` Help control the pet population : have your pets spayed or neutered . '' Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host . On October 31 , 2006 , Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35 . In March 2007 , CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show . Carey , who was hosting Power of 10 at the time , was chosen and , in a July 23 , 2007 interview on Late Show with David Letterman , made the announcement . Carey 's first show aired October 15 , 2007 . Barker has made several guest appearances since Carey took over as host : on the April 16 , 2009 episode to promote his autobiography , Priceless Memories ; on the December 12 , 2013 , as part of `` Pet Adoption Week '' that coincided with his 90th birthday ; and on the episode which aired on April Fools ' Day in 2015 , hosting the first One Bid and pricing game as part of April Fool 's Day . The 2013 April Fools ' show featured Carey and announcer George Gray modeling the prizes while the show 's models performed hosting and announcing duties for the day . On the April Fools ' Day episode in 2014 , Craig Ferguson , Carey 's former castmate from The Drew Carey Show , and Shadoe Stevens hosted and announced , swapping places with Carey and Gray respectively , who performed the same roles on the previous night 's episode of The Late Late Show . Announcers ( edit ) Johnny Olson , the announcer for many Goodson - Todman shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer until his death in October 1985 . Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986 , who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003 . Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010 . Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy , veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show 's current announcer on the April 18 , 2011 episode . After Olson 's and Roddy 's deaths in 1985 and 2003 , respectively and Fields ' departure in 2010 , a number of announcers auditioned before a permanent replacement was hired . In addition to Roddy , Gene Wood , Rich Jeffries , and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson . Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson , Paul Boland , and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses . In addition to West and Richardson , Daniel Rosen , Art Sanders , Roger Rose , Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields . Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006 . In addition to Gray , TV host JD Roberto , comedians Jeff B. Davis , Brad Sherwood , and David H. Lawrence XVII , and actor / comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role . Models ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right models To help display its many prizes , the show has featured several models who were known , during Barker 's time on the show , as `` Barker 's Beauties '' . Some longer - tenured Barker 's Beauties included Kathleen Bradley ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Holly Hallstrom ( 1977 -- 1995 ) , Dian Parkinson ( 1975 -- 1993 ) , and Janice Pennington ( 1972 -- 2000 ) . Pennington and Bradley were both dismissed from the program in 2000 , allegedly because they had given testimony on Hallstrom 's behalf in the wrongful termination litigation she pursued against Barker and the show . Following the departures of Nikki Ziering , Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in the 2000s , producers decided to use a rotating cast of models ( up to ten ) until the middle of season 37 , after which the show reverted to five regular models . Since March 2008 , the models include Rachel Reynolds , Amber Lancaster and Gwendolyn Osbourne ( who left in 2017 ) ; Manuela Arbeláez joined the cast in April 2009 , replacing Brandi Sherwood and James O'Halloran joined the cast in December 2014 . Carey does not use a collective name for the models , but refers to them by name , hoping that the models will be able to use the show as a `` springboard '' to further their careers . In a change from previous policy , the models appearing on a given episode are named individually in the show 's credits and are formally referred as `` The Price Is Right models '' when collectively grouped at events . Since season 37 , the show often uses a guest model for certain prizes , often crossing over from another CBS property or come courtesy of the company providing the prize . Some such models have been male , especially for musical instruments , tools , trucks and motorcycles , and used in guest appearances during the Showcase . Owing to the traditionally female demographic of daytime television shows , along with the pregnancies of Reynolds and Osbourne , CBS announced that the game show would add a male model for a week during season 41 , fitting with other countries with the franchise that have used an occasional male model . The show held an internet search for the man in an online competition that featured Mike Richards , the show 's executive producer , Reynolds , Lancaster , Osbourne and Arbeláez serving as judges and mentors during the web series , narrated by Gray . Viewers selected the winner in October 2012 . On October 5 , 2012 , CBS announced that the winner of the male model online competition was Rob Wilson of Boston , Massachusetts . Wilson appeared as a model on episodes through April 15 , 2014 . This contest was scheduled to be repeated in 2014 , with auditions taking place during the FIFA World Cup break between May and July 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , CBS announced that the winner of the second male model online competition was James O'Halloran . Production staff ( edit ) The game show production team of Mark Goodson and Bill Todman was responsible for producing the original as well as the revival versions of the game show . Goodson - Todman staffer Bob Stewart is credited with creating the original version of The Price Is Right . Roger Dobkowitz was the producer from 1984 to 2008 , having worked with the program as a production staffer since the show 's debut after graduating from San Francisco State University . Occasionally , Dobkowitz appeared on - camera when answering a question posed by the host , usually relating to the show 's history or records . When he left the show at the end of season 36 , Variety reported that it was unclear whether he was retiring or was fired , although Carey indicated in a later interview with Esquire that Dobkowitz was fired . As of 2011 , the show uses multiple producers , all long - time staffers . Adam Sandler ( not to be confused with the actor ) is the producer of the show . Stan Blits , who joined the show in 1980 and Sue MacIntyre are the co-producers . Kathy Greco joined the show in 1975 and became producer in 2008 ; she announced her retirement October 8 , 2010 on the show 's website , effective at the end of the December 2010 tapings . Her last episode as producer , which aired January 27 , 2011 , featured a theme in tribute to her . The show 's official website featured a series of videos including an interview with Greco as a tribute to her 35 years in the days leading up to her final episode . Frank Wayne , a Goodson - Todman staffer since the 1950s , was the original executive producer of the CBS version of the show . Barker assumed that role after Wayne 's death in March 1988 , as previously stated . Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert , Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi ( Wayne 's son ) . Michael Dimich assumed the director 's chair in June 2011 . Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director . Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten , as well as technical director Glenn Koch , have directed episodes strictly on a fill - in basis . Sandler began directing episodes in 2012 , and became the official director in 2013 . Aside from Barker , the show 's production staff remained intact after Carey became host . FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program 's new executive producer , with Richards becoming co-executive producer after Dobkowitz 's departure . Richards was a candidate to replace Barker as host in 2007 , before Carey was ultimately chosen . Richards succeeded Vinnedge as executive producer when the 2009 -- 10 season started , with Tracy Verna Soiseth joining Richards as co-executive producer in 2010 . Vinnedge remains credited as an executive consultant to the show . Production ( edit ) Audience and contestant selection ( edit ) Many audience members arrive early on the day of a taping , and often camp out the night before to attend . Most have already received tickets for that day 's show , although some hope to get same - day tickets . Audience members are then given the iconic name tags with a temporary identification number , which is also written on the person 's ticket . A Social Security Number ( or some national I.D. number for non-U.S. audience members ) is also required to be submitted . Audience members are eventually brought through in groups of twelve for brief interviews with the production staff . Contrary to popular belief , contestant names are not chosen at random ; rather , the interviews determine possible selections for the nine contestants per taping from among the pool of approximately 325 audience members . Since 1988 , the minimum age for audience members has been 18 ; prior to 1988 , teenagers and children as young as 12 were present in the audience . With few exceptions , anyone at least 18 years old who attends a taping of the show has the potential to become a contestant . Those ineligible include current candidates for political office , employees of CBS Corporation or its affiliates , RTL Group or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show . Contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year or either two other game shows or any version of The Price Is Right itself within the past ten years are also ineligible . The show 's staff alerts potential contestants -- in person , on the show 's website and on the tickets themselves -- to dress in `` street clothes '' and not to wear costumes , such as those used to attract attention on Let 's Make a Deal , another show that featured contestants selected from the audience . Those who have attended tapings in June 2008 noted that producers disallowed audience members from wearing fake eyeglasses designed to look similar to those worn by Carey , a restriction that has since been relaxed . Instead , contestants will often wear shirts with hand - decorated slogans . Members of the Armed Forces are often in uniform . Cell phones , tape recorders , backpacks , price lists and portable electronic devices are not allowed in the studio . Prospective contestants obtain tickets by contacting a third - party ticketing operator via the show 's website , which is promoted on - air during the broadcast . Prior to 2011 , ticketing was directly through CBS , originally via mail , with online ticket access added in 2005 . The mail practice ended after CBS began outsourcing ticketing to the third - party operator . Occasionally , episodes are taped with special audience restrictions . For Memorial Day in 1991 , an episode was taped with an audience composed entirely of those who had served in the Armed Forces . Similar primetime episodes were taped in 2002 , honoring each branch of the United States military and a sixth episode honoring police officers and firefighters . An annual military episode has been taped starting Season 38 in 2008 , originally on Veteran 's Day , but moved in Season 41 ( 2013 ) to Independence Day , features an all - military audience , a Marine band playing the winner 's service anthem , and contestants being called by rank . The 2008 episode contained a unique rule in which each One Bid featured one contestant from the Army , Navy , Air Force and Marines , and One Bid winners also won a $1,000 gift card . As each contestant won his / her way onstage , he / she was replaced by a member of the same branch of service . Most civilian attendees were retired or disabled veterans or family members of military . The 2009 version eliminated the service member from the same branch replacing another after advancing from Contestants ' Row rule . Additionally , members from the United States Coast Guard were invited to the show . Beginning in 2009 , some episodes have featured special themes with two contestants competing as teams , such as married or engaged couples for Valentine 's Day and the `` Ultimate Wedding Shower '' episode . There have also been episodes with children who are minors ( normally not allowed to compete ) teamed with a parent ( for Mother 's Day and Father 's Day ) or grandparent ( for Grandparents Day ) , as well as teen drivers and students for `` Ultimate Spring Break '' and `` Back to School '' . In these cases the adult player ( not the minor ) must make all final decisions in the game play , such as when calling numbers or prices . Two taped episodes had to be replaced as a contestant was related to a CBS employee and therefore ineligible to be on the show . The other contestants who appeared on that episode were awarded their prizes , but the episode was never aired and can not be shown because of policies imposed by Barker over prizes on the show . There have been similar instances over the years of ineligible contestants appearing on stage , but these individuals were not edited out of the final broadcast since it was discovered in post-production . Usually , these episodes air with a disclaimer from the announcer added in post-production that one of the contestants was found ineligible ( not specifying which one ) . Standards and Practices guidelines for game shows state that if an ineligible contestant wins a One - Bid and the other contestants on Contestants ' Row at the time do not win a subsequent One - Bid , they are not considered to have made an appearance on the show and are immediately eligible again once the error has been discovered . Taping ( edit ) Except for the 30th Anniversary Special , which was taped at Harrah 's Rio in Las Vegas , Nevada , The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood , California for its entire run . The studio , which is also used for other television productions , was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host 's honor on the ceremonial 5,000 th episode taped in March 1998 . When Carey became host , there was talk of the show traveling in the future . The program is usually produced in about an hour , although if there is a guest involved , some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest , which the host usually moderates . Two episodes are usually taped each day , normally with three taping days per week ( Monday through Wednesday , with one episode taped at 12 : 00 pm and another at 4 : 00 pm ) . The program is taped in advance of its airdate . For example , the show broadcast on February 28 , 2008 was taped on January 16 . As with many other shows that start production in the summer , the lead time varies during the season , as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day . The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests , the guest will answer questions from the audience . After the taping session , there is a drawing for a door prize . On some episodes , all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest ; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase ( such as a complimentary slice of Papa John 's Pizza , an NHL Winter Classic game puck , a couples ' gift box from Hershey 's or a book authored by a guest ) . Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show 's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer ( such as the Rock of Ages signed CD ) . Some episodes are taped `` out - of - order '' so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired . Notably , the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation . An episode may be taped out - of - order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air ( primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , and various NFL on CBS games , most notably CBS Super Bowl years since Carey took over , but other games are offered ) . Other episodes may be aired out - of - order because of game - related incidents or situations beyond the network 's control . Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance , but in the time between the show taping and its airdate , a natural disaster took place at the trip venue . This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans ( which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina ) , with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville , Tennessee ( due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods ) , with airdates moved to September 2010 . Production company ( edit ) The version of the series that began in 1972 was originally `` A Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Production '' in association with CBS . After Todman died in July 1979 , the unit became known as simply Mark Goodson Productions and was announced as such on The Price Is Right from 1984 to June 2007 . Today , the series is produced by FremantleMedia and copyrighted by The Price Is Right Productions , Inc. , a joint venture of RTL Group and CBS . For the sake of tradition and through special permission from RTL 's subsidiary FremantleMedia , the show continued to use the Mark Goodson Productions name , logo and announcement at the end of each episode until Barker 's retirement , even after FremantleMedia purchased and absorbed the Goodson - Todman holdings . The show is now credited as a FremantleMedia production . Broadcast history ( edit ) The Price Is Right premiered on September 4 , 1972 at 10 : 30 am ET ( 9 : 30 CT ) on CBS , one of three game shows to debut that day , the other two being The Joker 's Wild at 10 : 00 am ET and Gambit at 11 : 00 am ET . The show was first billed as The New Price Is Right to distinguish itself from the earlier / original version ( 1956 -- 65 ) hosted by Bill Cullen , but it proved so popular in its own right that , in June 1973 , the producers decided to drop the word `` New '' from its title . On March 26 , 1973 , CBS moved The Price Is Right to 3 : 00 pm ET , pairing it with Match Game as part of what became the highest - rated pairing in daytime . The show remained in that time slot until August 11 , 1975 when it permanently returned to the morning lineup at 10 : 30am ET . During one week ( September 8 -- 12 , 1975 ) , the show bumped Gambit off as it experimented with sixty - minute episodes . The result of the experiment led to the permanent expansion on November 3 , 1975 , moving its start time to 10 : 00 am EST . On March 7 , 1977 , The Price Is Right moved back to 10 : 30am and remained there until April 23 , 1979 , when it assumed its 11 : 00 am EST slot , where it has been since then . The format of the show has since remained virtually unchanged . New pricing games are generally added each year , while others are removed . In addition , prizes and pricing games have kept pace with inflation , with games originally designed for four - digit prices of prizes ( most often cars ) to be adjusted to allow for five - digit prices . While the set has been redesigned and upgraded , the show maintained a similar aesthetic element from its premiere in 1972 . In season 36 , CBS began offering full episodes of the show available for free viewing on the network 's website . The show also began broadcasting in high definition with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime specials ( the normal daytime version continued to air in 4 : 3 standard definition ) . The show made the full transition to HD broadcasts beginning with season 37 . During the weeks of September 28 , 2009 , September 20 and October 4 , 2010 , two new episodes aired each weekday on CBS . In 2009 , the additional episodes filled a gap between the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light and the debut of Let 's Make a Deal . In 2010 , the extra episodes aired between the cancellation of As the World Turns and the debut of The Talk . The intervening week offered a second episode of Let 's Make a Deal . The 2009 second episode aired in the time slot vacated by Guiding Light at 10 : 00 am or 3 : 00 pm ET / PT , depending on the affiliate 's choice . In 2010 , the second episode aired in the former As the World Turns time slot , at 2 : 00 pm ET / PT . Syndicated Productions ( edit ) Three syndicated versions of The Price Is Right have aired . The first two followed the same format as the half - hour daytime version but were intended to air on most stations in the early evening in the pre-prime time slot , and as such they were referred by the announcer as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' 1972 -- 1980 ( edit ) Dennis James hosted the original nighttime syndicated version of The Price Is Right from 1972 to 1977 . A weekly syndicated version debuted the week after the daytime show and continued to air until September 1980 . It was distributed by Viacom Enterprises , which had started as the syndication arm of CBS . When Mark Goodson devised the revival of Price for the 1972 -- 73 season , it was intended for a nighttime broadcast under new rules for early - prime syndication and Goodson named Dennis James to host the show . ( When CBS commissioned a new daily daytime version , Goodson also wanted James to host the show , but CBS wanted Barker , who was hosting Truth or Consequences at the time , to take it . Barker offered to compromise by hosting The Joker 's Wild , but CBS again insisted Barker host Price instead . ) James eventually hosted a taping day ( four half - hour episodes ) of the daytime show in December 1974 when Barker fell ill and was unable to participate in the episode tapings . The two versions were largely similar at the beginning , as both were called The New Price Is Right . Some games had rule differences because of the larger budget and less commercial time on the nighttime show ; for example , Double Prices was played for two prizes instead of one . This version retained the 1972 half - hour format for its entire run and never adopted the daytime show 's Double Showcase rule or the Showcase Showdown added to the daytime format when it expanded to an hour in 1975 . As of season two , the word `` New '' was dropped from the program 's name . It was titled The Price Is Right ( as the daytime show was by this time as well ) , often referred to on the air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' In most of the U.S. , stations carried the syndicated Price as one of several weekly programs aired in one of the time slots in the hour before prime time which were created by the 1971 FCC Prime Time Access Rule . Though the nighttime version originally had higher ratings , by 1975 , the ratings started to drop . After the fifth nighttime season in 1977 , when the contract with NBC 's owned and operated stations ended , James ' contract was not renewed . CBS ' owned and operated stations picked the show up and the decision was made to hire Barker , whose Truth or Consequences was taped two years ahead and had stopped production in 1975 . The series taped its 300th and final episode on March 12 , 1980 and was canceled after weekly syndicated game shows had fallen out of popularity in favor of daily offerings ( such as Family Feud , which expanded to daily syndication the same year The Nighttime Price Is Right ended ) . With a run of eight seasons , it was one of the longest - running weekly syndicated game shows of the era and the longest - running regularly scheduled prime - time version of Price ( the 1957 -- 1964 run was seven seasons ) . 1985 -- 86 ( edit ) Five years later , veteran host Tom Kennedy starred in a new daily syndicated version , which also used the traditional half - hour format and was syndicated by The Television Program Source . Like the previous syndicated series , this version had a slightly larger budget than its daytime counterpart . A perfect bid during the One - Bids won that contestant a $500 bonus ( compared to $100 awarded on the daytime show during the same period ) ; this bonus would permanently carry over to the daytime show in 1998 . This version used the same models as the daytime show as well as announcer Johnny Olson , who as noted above died during the season . Unlike the daytime series , which employed a series of guest announcers until a permanent replacement was decided upon , the syndicated series brought Gene Wood in to fill in for Olson . When the daytime series decided on Rod Roddy as the permanent replacement for Olson , he took over the syndicated series from Wood as well . Like its predecessor , this syndicated edition of Price was intended to be aired in the Prime Time Access slots on local stations . However , local stations found themselves bombarded with game shows and other series looking for spots on stations in an increasingly crowded market . This often resulted in shows like Price airing anywhere that they could be fit into a station 's programming lineup , such as in the early morning period or in late - night slots . As a consequence , the show would not be able to find its intended audience and the ratings reports would reflect this . Price was no exception , as many of the stations that bought the series placed it in these less desirable slots and the show could not find a foothold against the popular shows of the day , such as the runaway success of the syndicated Wheel of Fortune . Compared to some of the other shows on the market during this period , Price was a modest success , but it did not meet the very high expectations stations and producers had for the series . As a result , the show was not renewed beyond its first season . A total of 170 episodes were produced , and they aired in first - run from September 9 , 1985 to May 30 , 1986 . During the six years it held the rights to Price , the Kennedy version is the only one of the three syndicated versions that was rerun by GSN . The New Price Is Right ( edit ) Main article : The New Price Is Right ( 1994 game show ) Eight years after the cancellation of Kennedy 's Price Is Right , a new syndicated version premiered on September 12 , 1994 , hosted by Doug Davidson and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . This series featured several significant changes : eliminating Contestants ' Row , a different format for the Showcase Showdown , a Showcase featuring only one contestant , a completely different set and a much larger budget ( even when compared to the two previous syndicated runs ) that gave contestants the potential to win up to five times what they could win on the daytime show . However , this version found even more trouble finding an audience than the two previous syndicated series did and ended its run on January 27 , 1995 , after only 16 weeks of first - run shows . Several stylistic elements of this series , as well as many of its music cues , were later integrated into both the daytime version and nighttime specials . CBS primetime specials and series ( edit ) CBS attempted to break NBC 's dominance of Thursday night prime time by The Cosby Show and Family Ties with a six - episode summer series , The Price Is Right Special , beginning in August 1986 . On August 23 , 1996 , CBS aired an hour - long 25th Anniversary Special , using the half - hour gameplay format and featuring a number of retrospective clips . The 30th Anniversary Special was recorded at Harrah 's Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and aired on January 31 , 2002 . This one - time road trip enticed 5,000 potential contestants to line up for 900 available tickets , causing an incident that left one person injured . A second six - episode primetime series saluting various branches of the United States armed forces , police officers and firefighters aired during the summer of 2002 , as a tribute to the heroes of the terrorist attacks of 2001 . During the series The Price Is Right Salutes , spinning $1.00 in a bonus spin during the Showcase Showdown was worth $100,000 instead of the usual $10,000 . The success of the primetime series , which aired mostly in the summer , along with the rise of `` million dollar '' game shows , led to CBS launching another primetime series in 2003 , titled The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike and original success in the Nielsen ratings led CBS to commission ten more episodes of the primetime series . This series introduced set changes as the show was broadcast in high definition television for the first time and the set used for these episodes ( except for the black floor ) was moved to the daytime show in 2008 . On the primetime series , larger and more expensive prizes were generally offered than on the daytime show . The Showcase frequently offered multiple or very - expensive cars . In the first sixteen $1,000,000 Spectaculars all hosted by Barker , the payoff for landing on the $1.00 during a bonus spin in the Showcase Showdown was increased to $1 million . Beginning with the seventh special , if nobody had received a bonus spin in either Showcase Showdown , the winner of the Showcase received one bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . If both contestants overbid , an audience member was chosen at random to spin the wheel . This rule was later changed so that in the event of a double overbid , the contestant who overbid by the lower amount received the bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . The million - dollar spin was eliminated in 2008 , and instead contestants were given two ways to winning the prize . One pricing game per episode was selected as a `` million - dollar game '' , with a secondary objective needing to be met in order for the contestant to win the money . Contestants were also awarded the million dollar bonus if they managed to win both Showcases , and the range the players had to come within was initially increased to $1,000 , then reduced to $500 . This format lasted one season ( 2008 ) , which was made as replacement programming . On February 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would air three primetime Price is Right specials themed around its reality show franchises The Amazing Race , Big Brother , and Survivor along with the appearance of their respective hosts from all three franchises Phil Keoghan , Julie Chen and Jeff Probst . The episodes featured fans of the three programs playing alongside past participants from them . The specials were filmed in March 2016 , and aired over three consecutive nights , May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . Gameshow Marathon ( edit ) On May 31 , 2006 , The Price Is Right was featured on the series Gameshow Marathon , one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake . This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games , followed by a Showcase Showdown where the two contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase . The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists ' Row . This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46 . It also marked the first Price Is Right episode directed by DiPirro , who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009 . Reality web show spinoffs ( edit ) Road to Price ( edit ) Road to Price is a six episode reality documentary show aired on the now - defunct CBS Innertube from September 20 to 27 in 2006 . The program featured nine teenage boys driving to Los Angeles in a refurbished mini-school bus as they leave their hometown of Merrimack , New Hampshire in order to be on The Price is Right . The episode of The Price is Right featuring the cast aired September 27 , 2006 . The Price Is Right male model search ( edit ) Five episodes aired on their official website priceisright.com from October 27 to November 11 , 2014 . The series was created in order to replace the first male Price model Rob Wilson as he pursued an acting career in the online version of the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . During the webisode series , hopeful contestants attempt to be selected as the next male model . Judges included Mike Richards , Manuela Arbeláez , Amber Lancaster , Gwendolyn Osborne - Smith , Rachel Reynolds , Rob Wilson and former Miss America Shanna Moakler . The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show The Talk . Online voting determined the winner , and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member . He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15 , 2014 . Documentary film ( edit ) Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much was released on October 13 , 2017 and was directed by CJ Wallis and was produced by FortyFPS Productions and MK Ultra Productions , this documentary explores how contestant Ted Slauson became adept at memorizing the prices of the prizes and products on the show since its inception in 1972 by culminating with Slauson helping a contestant bid perfectly on a showcase in 2008 which resulted in one of the biggest controversies in game show history that was covered by Time , Esquire , TMZ and more . It also featured guest appearances by Bob Barker , Roger Dobkowitz , Kevin Pollak and Drew Carey . Prizes ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes . Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker 's tenure as host ( although wool and leather are now permitted ) . Several Barker - imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure , such as offering products made of leather or leather seats in vehicles and showing simulated meat props on barbecues and in ovens . The show has also offered couture clothing and accessories , featuring designers such as Coach Inc. , Louis Vuitton and Limited Brands in an attempt to attract a younger demographic , as well as backyard play equipment such as JumpSport Trampolines and electronics such as smartphones , personal computer systems , video game systems and entertainment centers . Other prizes which have frequently appeared on the show since its beginnings include automobiles , furniture , trips and cash . The most expensive prize offered on this version of the show was a Ferrari 458 Italia Spider sports car , priced at $285,716 , that appeared on the April 25 , 2013 episode during `` Big Money Week '' . The prize was offered during the 3 Strikes pricing game . Prior to this , the most expensive prize was a Tesla Roadster ( 2008 ) ( valued at $112,845 ) , featured on the April 22 , 2010 episode in the pricing game Golden Road . Automobiles ( edit ) Since the show 's debut , automobiles have been a signature prize on The Price Is Right . Most hour - long episodes have two pricing games that are each played for an automobile and in most episodes ( although not all ) , at least one showcase will include an automobile . For special episodes , such as the 5,000 th episode , there will often be more cars offered . From 1991 to 2008 , almost all automobiles offered on the show were made by companies based in the United States , specifically Detroit 's Big Three ( although cars made by these companies ' foreign subsidiaries or in a joint - venture with a foreign company were also offered ) . The move was made by Barker , in his capacity as executive producer , as a sign of patriotism during the first Iraq war in 1991 and as a show of support to the American car industry , which was particularly struggling at that time . When Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler - Benz in 1998 to form Daimler Chrysler AG ( now simply Daimler AG after Chrysler split from the automaker ; Chrysler is now controlled by Italian automaker Fiat ) , the foreign ownership of Chrysler did not affect carrying any Chrysler - related models . Since Barker 's retirement , cars made by foreign companies have been offered , most notably Honda , which has several factories throughout Ohio ( the home state of Carey and then - announcer Fields ) . Through product placement , certain episodes in 2008 and 2009 featured Honda as the exclusive automobile manufacturer for vehicles offered on that episode . The major European ( Volkswagen , BMW , Daimler , Fiat and Volvo ) and Asian ( Hyundai - Kia , Toyota , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan and Honda ) manufacturers have all provided cars on the show since the ban was lifted , with premium foreign cars almost exclusively used for games that generally offer higher - priced cars , such as Golden Road and 3 Strikes . Starting around 2010 , vintage and classic cars have occasionally been offered as prizes for games which do not involve pricing them . Among them have been a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air and a 1964 Bentley S3 . These cars are usually offered in games where their prices are irrelevant to gameplay , such as Hole in One and Bonus Game . Winnings records ( edit ) The record for the largest individual total in cash and prizes on a daytime episode is held by Christen Freeman . On the October 28 , 2016 episode , which aired during Big Money Week , Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers . During the episode , game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000 , which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took . In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown , Freeman 's grand total was $212,879 . The record for winnings on the primetime show is currently held by Adam Rose . On February 22 , 2008 , the first The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular episode since Carey became host , Rose won $20,000 playing Grand Game and won both showcases , which included a Cadillac XLR convertible in his own showcase and a Ford Escape Hybrid in his opponent 's showcase , plus a $1 million bonus for being within $1,000 of the actual retail price of his own showcase , bringing his total to $1,153,908 . Terry Kniess holds the record for the closest bid on a showcase without going over , guessing the exact price of the showcase he was given . Kniess , an avid viewer of the show , recorded and watched every episode for four months prior to when he and his wife had tickets to attend in September 2008 . Kniess learned that many prizes were repeatedly used ( always at the same price ) and began taking notes . Kniess was selected as a contestant on September 22 , 2008 , lost his pricing game ( the only contestant to do so that episode ) , made it to the final showcase and guessed the exact amount of $23,743 for his showcase . Many show staffers , including Carey , were worried that the show was rigged and that Kniess was cheating . Kniess later explained that he had seen all three items of the showcase before and knew the general prices in the thousands . The 743 he used because it was his PIN , based on his wedding date and his wife 's birth month . Carey attributed his subdued reaction to the perfect bid by saying , `` Everybody thought someone had cheated . We 'd just fired Roger Dobkowitz , and all the fan groups were upset about it ... I remember asking , ' Are we ever going to air this ? ' And nobody could see how we could . So I thought the show was never going to air . I thought somebody had cheated us , and I thought the whole show was over . I thought they were going to shut us down , and I thought I was going to be out of a job . '' Kniess later defended his actions , claiming that he never cheated , and in the end , was awarded his prizes . ( His feat can be comparable to the actions of Michael Larson , who appeared on the CBS 1980s game show Press Your Luck , and won $110,237 by memorizing the board sequence . ) Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The Price Is Right has received seven Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show , in 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2016 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Price Is Right has generally been praised and remained a stalwart in television ratings over its long history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named the program the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The introduction of the program ushered in a new era of game shows -- moving away from the knowledge - based quiz show format , creating `` a noisy , carnival atmosphere that challenged cultural norms and assumptions represented in previous generations of quiz shows '' . The show 's early reception was not as universally positive , as critics lamented the show 's stark departure from the highbrow norms of the Golden Age of Television ; original nighttime host Dennis James admitted that even his own housekeeper did not watch the show for that reason , but also defended the series , saying `` CBS , who never wanted game shows , just put three game shows on the air , so they know they had better join the fight or lose out , because game shows have a tremendous appeal . The critics will always look down their noses , but you ca n't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition ( ... ) If you want to read books , read books . '' Controversy ( edit ) Lawsuits ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the program production company and in some cases the executive producer ( both Barker and Richards , the executive producer since September 2009 ) have been sued by numerous women . Most of the lawsuits involved models and other staff members in cases of sexual harassment , wrongful termination and racial discrimination . Allegations of sexual harassment brought by Parkinson led to Barker calling a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her , while denying any harassment and alleging instead that she was only angry with him for calling off the relationship . Barker was widowed in 1981 following the death of his wife , Dorothy Jo . It has also been alleged that Barker and senior staff created a hostile work environment , particularly to those who testified for the plaintiffs suing Barker . Responding to the controversy just before his retirement , Barker told William Keck of USA Today , `` ( The allegations have ) been such a problem . I do n't want to say anything about them . They ( were ) disgusting ; I do n't want to mention them . '' The Barker - era lawsuits , except for one , were settled out of court . After Barker dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom , she eventually countersued and received millions in settlement . There are two lawsuits in litigation : a pregnancy discrimination suit involving Sherwood and a sexual harassment suit involving Lanisha Cole , filed in September 2011 . Plinko board incident ( edit ) The Plinko board is often used by RTL Group - licensed lottery promotions , CBS affiliates and Fremantle 's Ludia video game division to promote the show . For the promotions , two fishing lines ( one on each side of the board , hanging from the side down towards the center slot ) are used to rig the game so the dropped chip always lands in the $10,000 slot . After an advertisement for the show 's Ludia video game was taped , the wires were mistakenly left in place for the 1 : 00 pm taping of The Price Is Right on July 22 , 2008 . As a contestant was playing the game , three consecutive chips she dropped landed in the $10,000 slot . As the fourth chip was being dropped , a co-producer realized that the wires were still in place and stopped the chip as it bounced down the board , informing Carey of the situation . The wires were removed and the entire segment was re-shot for the show from the point where the contestant began dropping chips . CBS Standards and Practices allowed the contestant to keep the $30,000 won prior to the removal of the wires as well as the money won with the five chips after the mistake had been corrected . However , the segment that aired ( when the show was broadcast on December 5 , 2008 ) did not refer to the mistake or the amount of money won prior to the removal of the wires . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4 , 2012 . The entire audience was made up of former contestants . Barker did not appear , stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host , such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo . Although he did not appear in person , vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode . Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards , once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week , celebrating his 90th birthday , and again on April 1 , 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game , part of an April Fool 's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let 's Make a Deal . Merchandise ( edit ) The Price Is Right has expanded beyond television to home and casino - based games . DVD release ( edit ) A four - disc DVD box set , titled The Best of `` The Price Is Right , '' was released on March 25 , 2008 . The set features four episodes of the 1956 -- 1965 Bill Cullen series , 17 episodes of the Barker 1972 -- 1975 daytime series and the final five daytime episodes hosted by Barker . In accordance with Barker 's animal - rights wishes , which remain in effect beyond his retirement , any episodes with fur coats as prizes can not be aired or released into home media formats . This includes the first three daytime shows recorded in 1972 , plus most of the 1970s syndicated run . Board games ( edit ) Seven board games have been produced . One of them was a variation of a card game , using prizes and price tags from the 1956 version . The second was based more closely on the original version of the show . Three games were produced during the 1970s by Milton Bradley , with Contestants ' Row , some pricing games and , in the case of the third version , a spinner for the Big Wheel . In the first two versions , decks of cards had various grocery items , small prizes and larger prizes . The third version simply had cards for each game that included ten sets of `` right '' answers , all using the same price choices . The instruction book specified what color cards were necessary for each round . The 1986 version , again by Milton Bradley , was similar in scope to the earlier version , with new prizes and more games , but lacking the Big Wheel , similar to the Davidson version . The instruction book refers to Contestants ' Row as the `` Qualifying Round '' and the pricing games as `` Solo Games . '' The book also instructs players to use items priced under $100 as One Bids . The 1998 version of the game , by Endless Games , was virtually identical to the 1986 release , with the same games , prizes and even the same prices . The only changes were that the number tiles were made of cardboard bits instead of plastic and the cars from the deck of prizes with four - digit prices were removed . The 2004 version , again by Endless Games , was a complete departure from previous home versions . Instead of different prize cards and games , the game consisted of everything needed to play 45 games and enough materials to create all the games not technically included if the `` host '' wished to and knew their rules . The Big Wheel spinner was also restored , this time with the numbers in the correct order . Additionally , the prices , instead of being random numbers that could change each time the game was played , were actual prices taken from episodes of the TV show . To fit everything in the box , grocery items and prizes were listed in the instruction book and games were played on dry erase boards . A spinner determined the game to be played next , although its use was not necessarily required if the `` host '' wished to build his own game lineup , or even use a pricing game not included in the lineup . Computer and electronic games ( edit ) In 1990 , GameTek created a Price Is Right computer game for the DOS and Commodore 64 platforms and other systems to fit in their line of other game show games . A handheld Tiger game was made in 1998 with four pricing games . A DVD game with 12 pricing games , live casino show host Todd Newton and video of prizes taken directly from the show was produced by Endless Games in 2005 . A 2008 DVD edition , also from Endless Games , featured many changes based on season 36 and included seven new games : Half Off , More or Less , Swap Meet , Secret X , That 's Too Much , Coming or Going and Hole in One . It also featured both host Drew Carey and announcer Rich Fields . CBS.com featured an online Price Is Right - based game in the late - 1990s , which was plugged in the closing credits of each episode . The game consisted of choosing which of the four bidders in Contestant 's Row was closest to the price of a prize without going over . Additionally , Mobliss provides a suite of pricing games for cellular phones . On March 26 , 2008 , Ludia ( in connection with Ubisoft ) launched The Price Is Right video game for PC . A version for the Wii and Nintendo DS platforms was released in September 2008 , while a version for the iOS was released in November 2008 . The show 's announcer , Fields , was the host of the computer version . The virtual set in the game resembles the set used in seasons 31 to 34 . Ludia announced that all three platforms will receive a new version of the video game that was previewed at the Target Bullseye Lounge during the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show on June 2 -- 4 , 2009 . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition was released on September 22 , 2009 . In the fall of 2010 , Ludia developed a multi-player version for Facebook . A third Ludia adaptation , The Price Is Right Decades , featuring set designs , pricing games and prizes taken from the 1970s through 2000s ; was initially released for the Wii in October 2011 , with an Xbox 360 and iOS release following in November and December . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition and The Price Is Right Decades have also been released as downloads within the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 in May 2010 and April 2012 , respectively . Irwin Toys released an electronic tabletop version in 2008 featuring Contestant 's Row , the Big Wheel , a physical Plinko board with chips , Showcases and seven pricing games . Jakks Pacific released a Plug It in and Play version of The Price Is Right in 2009 , featuring Carey and Fields . Slot machines ( edit ) A series of video slot machines were manufactured for North American casinos by International Game Technology . Although gameplay varies by machine , each feature themes and motifs found on the show , including the Showcase Showdown , with themes used following Carey 's start as host . Others feature pricing games as gameplay elements , including Plinko , Cliff Hangers , Punch a Bunch , Dice Game , and Money Game . Scratch - off tickets ( edit ) A scratchcard version of the game is being offered by several U.S. and Canadian lotteries , featuring adaptations of Plinko , Cliff Hangers , the Showcase Showdown and the Showcase . The top prize varies with each version . Live casino game ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right Live ! After the 30th anniversary episode taped in Las Vegas in 2002 , Harrah 's and RTL Group began producing live licensed shows ( dubbed The Price Is Right Live ! ) at their venues , with several performers , including Roger Lodge , Newton and Gray hosting , with West , Rosen and Dave Walls announcing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' Celebrates its 8000th Episode on Monday , April 7 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Brings New Syndicated Shows '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes & Catchphrases Hits the Air With a Comprehensive List of TV 's Most Memorable Expressions Over the Past 60 Years '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 1 . 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Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Welcomes Three Guest Announcers in its New Season '' . cbs.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Rich . `` Statement from Fields announcing his departure from The Price is Right '' . richfields.tv . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Price is Right Has a New Announcer '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Su ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Barker to face courtroom battle after model 's suit ruled valid '' . Court TV . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Drew Carey 's the big wheel at ' The Price Is Right ' '' . USA Today . Hollywood , California . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Price Is Right ' Looking For the Right Male Model '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Winner Announced '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 42 . Episode 6702 . April 15 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( ( cite title = Bob Stewart , Inventor of Game Shows , Is Dead at 91 url = http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/arts/television/bob-stewart-inventor-of-game-shows-is-dead-at-91.html publisher = The New York Times date = May 7 , 2012 accessdate = February 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price Is Right ' producer exits : Dobkowitz departs show after 36 seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome '' . Esquire . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grece , Kathy ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Greco Makes a Difficult Decision '' . 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Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right -- Ticket Information '' . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes from Guy Fieri ! '' . The Price Is Right . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark McDermott . `` Mark Goodson and Bill Todman '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maurice DuBois ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drew 's Debut : Carey ' Price Is Right ' Era Begins '' . WCBS . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Nighttime Price Is Right '' Station List `` . j-shea.com . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barker , Bob ( 2009 ) . Priceless Memories . Center Street . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 59995 - 135 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Game Show Utopia . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nighttime Price Is Right with Tom Kennedy '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The New Price is Right ( 1994 ) '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Will `` Price '' Be Right for a CBS Win in Ratings Battle Against `` Cosby '' ? `` . Daily News of Los Angeles . August 14 , 1986 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Vegas : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Show Producers Pay a Price for Free Tickets '' . Studio Briefing . Internet Movie Database . January 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Plans The Price Is Right Primetime Specials '' . Broadcasting and Cable . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Price Is Right to Air 3 Reality Show Crossover Primetime Specials '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to visiting TPIR in Person '' . PlanetRicki.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' ROAD TO PRICE '' A SIX - PART REALITY SERIES CHRONICLING NINE TEENAGERS ' CROSS-COUNTRY BUS TRIP TO `` THE PRICE IS RIGHT '' TO STREAM ON CBS 'S BROADBAND CHANNEL INNERTUBE `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Price Official Website ( via CBS.com ) '' . CBS.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' THE PRICE IS RIGHT 'S '' FIRST EVER NATIONWIDE SEARCH FOR THE SHOW 'S NEXT MALE MODEL CONTINUES WITH 30 FINALISTS `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Search Official Website ( via priceisright.com ) '' . priceisright.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much '' . FortyFPS Productions . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come On Down ! Multiple Daytime Emmy Award - Winning `` The Price Is Right '' Celebrates Its 7,000 th Episode Thursday Nov. 5 on the CBS Television Network `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clayton Stairs ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Georgetown woman competes on The Price is Right '' . Georgetown , SC : South Strand News . After hearing her name called and then the iconic words , `` Come on down ... , '' she had the closest bid to win a JumpSport 14 - foot Stage Bounce Trampoline worth about $950 , according to Caly Johnson , spokesperson for CBS , the network that airs the show . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 6323 . April 25 , 2013 . 38 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Earth Day Prizelust : Tesla Roadster on Price is Right is most expensive freebie ever '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Price is Right . Season 45 . Episode 7665K. 28 October 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . Season 36 . Episode 0024SP . February 22 , 2008 . CBS . Carey : `` Adam 's won $1,153,908 worth of prizes today on The Price Is Right . '' ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Joanne ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show : Bob Barker '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Barker '' . Larry King Live . December 26 , 2002 . CNN . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The time is right for Barker '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Right time for farewell : Specials mark end of career for game - show host Bob Barker '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Time Is Right : At 83 , Barker Departs ' Price Is Right , ' And CBS Reminiscences With Two Specials '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Shegerian & Associates Files Pregnancy Discrimination Lawsuit on Behalf of Former Miss USA Brandi Sherwood Against CBS 's Game Show The Price Is Right '' . Business Wire . Los Angeles . March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Enrico ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Model Lanisha Cole sues `` Price is Right '' producers for sexual harassment `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . `` The Price is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker Speaks Out After Exclusion From ' The Price Is Right ' 40th Anniversary Special '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker `` Fine '' With Exclusion from Price Is Right 40th Anniversary Special `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Best of The Price is Right '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right ( 1958 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Price Is Right ( 1974 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right 2nd DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Announces Three New Game Show Titles '' . IGN . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everyone Can Be A Gamer With Jakks Pacific 's High - Tech Toys For a Low - Tech Budget '' . Kids Turn Central . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Showcase Showdown '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Video Slots Featuring Fishing Game '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Fort Knox Mystery Progressives '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Plinko '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Cliff Hangers '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Punch A Bunch '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Dice Game '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right Slots Featuring Money Game '' ( PDF ) . International Game Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Lottery Game -- New Jersey Lottery '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Works cited ( edit ) Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website at CBS.com Official website at FremantleMedia.com The Price Is Right on IMDb The Price Is Right at TV.com Awards Preceded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 1996 -- 97 2007 2013 2016 Succeeded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Cash Cab Jeopardy ! Incumbent The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 -- 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) 9JKL ( since 2017 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Code Black ( since 2015 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Hunted ( since 2017 ) Kevin Can Wait ( since 2016 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Man with a Plan ( since 2016 ) Mom ( since 2013 ) NCIS ( since 2003 ) NCIS : Los Angeles ( since 2009 ) NCIS : New Orleans ( since 2014 ) Ransom ( since 2017 ) Salvation ( since 2017 ) Scorpion ( since 2014 ) SEAL Team ( since 2017 ) Superior Donuts ( since 2017 ) Survivor ( since 2000 ) S.W.A.T. ( since 2017 ) Undercover Boss ( since 2010 ) Young Sheldon ( since 2017 ) Daytime The Bold and the Beautiful ( since 1987 ) Let 's Make a Deal ( since 2009 ) The Price Is Right ( since 1972 ) The Talk ( since 2010 ) The Young and the Restless ( since 1973 ) Late night The Late Show with Stephen Colbert ( since 2015 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( since 2015 ) News 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) CBSN : On Assignment ( since 2017 ) CBS Evening News ( since 1948 ) CBS Morning News ( since 1982 ) CBS News Sunday Morning ( since 1979 ) CBS Overnight News ( since 2015 ) CBS This Morning ( 1987 -- 1999 , since 2012 ) Face the Nation ( since 1954 ) Sports CBS Sports Spectacular ( since 1960 ) NCAA Basketball / Road to the Final Four ( since 1981 ) NFL on CBS / The NFL Today ( 1956 -- 1993 , since 1998 ) PGA Tour on CBS SEC on CBS NCAA March Madness ( co-produced with Turner Sports ) ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2014 ) Premier Boxing Champions ( since 2015 ) Saturday morning Dr. Chris : Pet Vet ( since 2013 ) The Inspectors ( since 2015 ) Upcoming F.B.I. ( TBA ) Living Biblically ( 2018 ) Murphy Brown ( 2018 ) Instinct ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=825875984 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1972 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions The Price Is Right Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 23 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the host on the price is right	[ "\n\nThe Price Is Right\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nGame show\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nBob Stewart\nMark Goodson\nBill Todman\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nMarc Breslow (1972–86)\nPaul Alter (1986–2001)\nBart Eskander (2000–09)\nRich DiPirro (2009–11)\nMichael Dimich (2011–12)\nRyan Polito (2012–13)\nAdam Sandler (2013–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nBob Barker (1972–2007)\nDrew Carey (2007–present)\nNighttime:\nDennis James (1972–77)\nBob Barker (1977–80)\nTom Kennedy (1985–86)\n\n\n\n\n\nNarrated by\n\n\n\nJohnny Olson (1972–85)\nRod Roddy (1986–2003)\nRich Fields (2004–10)\nGeorge Gray (2011–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nEdd Kalehoff\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n46\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n\n\n\n8,000 (as of April 7, 2014)[1]\nNighttime (1972–80): 300[citation needed]\nNighttime (1985–86): 170[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nLocation(s)\nCBS Television City\n\n\nRunning time\n\n\n\n38–48 minutes (1975–present)\n22–26 minutes (1972–75; 1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nMark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions (1972–84)\nPrice Productions (1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime; 1972–94)\nMark Goodson Productions (1984–2007)\nAll American Television (1996–98)\nPearson Television (1999–2002)\nFremantleMedia (2002–present)\nin association with CBS\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\n\n\n\nFremantleMedia for CBS\nViacom Enterprises (1972–80 Nighttime)\nThe Television Program Source (1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\n\n\n\nCBS\nSyndicated (1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\nNTSC (480i) (1972–2008)\nHDTV (1080i) (2008–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio format\n\n\n\nMono (1972–88)\nCBS StereoSound (1988–97)\nDigital Stereo (1997–2013)\n5.1 Surround (2013–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\n\n\n\nSeptember 4, 1972 (1972-09-04) – present\nNighttime:\nSeptember 10, 1972 (1972-09-10)–September 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) (weekly)\nSeptember 9, 1985 (1985-09-09)–September 5, 1986 (1986-09-05) (daily)\n\n\n\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nPreceded by\nThe Price Is Right (1956–65)\n\n\nRelated shows\nThe New Price Is Right (1994–95)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nProduction website\n\n" ]	[ "Drew Carey" ]
-9098907670091827614	Kansas City metropolitan area	Kansas City metropolitan area - wikipedia Kansas City metropolitan area Jump to : navigation , search `` Kansas City '' redirects here . For other uses , see Kansas City ( disambiguation ) . Kansas City metropolitan area Kansas City , MO - KS Coordinates : 39 ° 06 ′ N 94 ° 35 ′ W / 39.1 ° N 94.58 ° W / 39.1 ; - 94.58 Country United States State ( s ) - Missouri - Kansas Largest city Kansas City , Missouri Other cities - Overland Park - Kansas City , Kansas - Independence - Olathe - Lee 's Summit - Shawnee - Blue Springs - Liberty - Lenexa - Leavenworth - Leawood - Bonner Springs - De Soto Area Total 8,472 sq mi ( 21,940 km ) Highest elevation 1,160 ft ( 353.5 m ) Lowest elevation 690 ft ( 210.3 m ) Population Total ( 2015 ) 2,159,159 Rank 30th MSA ( 2,087,471 ) , 24th CSA ( 2,428,362 ) in the U.S. Density 260.0 / sq mi ( 100.4 / km ) The Kansas City metropolitan area is a 15 - county metropolitan area anchored by Kansas City , Missouri , that straddles the border between the U.S. states of Missouri and Kansas . With a population of about 2,340,000 , it ranks as the second largest metropolitan area with its core in Missouri ( after Greater St. Louis ) . Alongside Kansas City , the area includes a number of other cities and suburbs , the largest being Overland Park , Kansas ; Kansas City , Kansas ; Olathe , Kansas ; and Independence , Missouri ; each over 100,000 in population . The Mid-America Regional Council ( MARC ) serves as the Council of Governments and the Metropolitan Planning Organization for the area . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic overview 2 Divisions of the Kansas City metropolitan area 2.1 Downtown 2.2 Midtown 2.3 South Side of the Metro ( or `` South KC '' ) 2.4 The Northland 2.5 East Side of the Metro ( `` Eastern Jackson County '' ) 2.6 KCK and Johnson County 2.6. 1 Cultural attractions 3 Metropolitan area 3.1 Counties 3.2 Associated areas 4 Transportation 4.1 Highways 4.1. 1 Interstates 4.1. 2 US Highways 4.1. 3 Kansas state highways 4.1. 4 Missouri state highways 4.1. 5 Other notable roads 4.2 Air 4.3 Rail and bus 5 Local navigation tips 5.1 Street numbers 5.2 Highways 5.3 Navigation landmarks 5.4 Areas of the metropolitan area 6 Educational institutions 6.1 Post-secondary 7 Libraries 8 Media 8.1 Print media 8.2 Broadcast media 8.2. 1 Television 8.2. 2 Radio 8.2. 2.1 Public and community radio 8.2. 2.2 Specialty radio 9 Business interests 9.1 Headquarters 9.1. 1 Hospitals 9.2 Shopping centers 10 Local organizations 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Geographic overview ( edit ) Kansas City satellite map . The larger Missouri River is zigzagging from west to east ; the much smaller Kansas is approaching from the south and joins it at Kaw Point . Kansas City , Missouri , is located immediately south of their intersection ; North Kansas City , Missouri , is to its northeast ; and Kansas City , Kansas , is to the west . The larger Kansas City Metropolitan Area as seen on a map can be visualized roughly as four quadrants : The map 's northeast quadrant is locally referred to as `` north of the river '' or `` the Northland '' . It includes parts of Clay County , Missouri including North Kansas City , Missouri . North Kansas City is bounded by a bend in the Missouri River that defines a border between Wyandotte County , Kansas and Clay County , Missouri running approximately North - South and a border between North Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Missouri running approximately East - West . The river band 's sharpest part forms a peninsula containing the Kansas City Downtown Airport . The southeast quadrant includes Kansas City , Missouri and surrounding areas in Missouri . It includes the notorious Grandview Triangle . The southwest quadrant includes all of Johnson County , Kansas , which includes the towns in the area known as Shawnee Mission , Kansas . Interstate 35 runs diagonally through Johnson County , Kansas from the southwest to downtown Kansas City , Missouri . The northwest quadrant contains Wyandotte County , Kansas and parts of Platte County , Missouri . Wyandotte County , Kansas , sometimes referred to as just Wyandotte , which contains Kansas City , Kansas , Bonner Springs , Kansas and Edwardsville , Kansas is governed by a single unified government . Often the Wyandotte government is referred to simply as `` The Unified Government '' . Another bend in the Missouri River forms the county line between Wyandotte County , Kansas and Platte County , Missouri to the north and northeast . Divisions of the Kansas City metropolitan area ( edit ) Downtown ( edit ) Main article : Downtown Kansas City Downtown almost always refers to downtown Kansas City , Missouri . Downtown is the Kansas City 's historic center , located entirely within Kansas City , Missouri , and containing the city 's original town site , business districts and residential neighborhoods . Downtown is bounded by the Missouri River on the north , the Missouri - Kansas state line on the west , 31st Street on the south and the Blue River on the east . The downtown area includes the Central Business District and its buildings , which form the city 's skyline . The downtown loop is formed by Interstates 670 , 70 and 35 . Within the downtown loop are many of the tall buildings and skyscrapers that make up the city 's skyline . Also within the downtown loop are small , distinct neighborhoods such as Quality Hill , the Garment District , the Financial District , the Convention Center District , and the Power and Light District . Other neighborhoods within downtown are the River Market and Columbus Park , both located between the downtown loop and the Missouri River . Between the downtown loop and the state line are the Westside neighborhood and the West Bottoms , located at the bottom of the bluff adjacent to Kaw Point . East of the loop are the 18th & Vine District , the North Bottoms , East Bottoms , Northeast , and Pendleton Heights . South of the loop is the Crossroads District , Union Hill , Crown Center , Hospital Hill , Longfellow , Wendell Phillips , and Washington Wheatley . The Kansas City Convention Center , Municipal Auditorium , City Hall , Lyric Theater , Midland Theatre , Ilus Davis Park , and Barney Allis Plaza are within the Central Business District inside the downtown loop . The Sprint Center and the College Basketball Experience are within Power & Light District , also within the downtown loop . The Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts is perched upon a high point immediately south of the downtown loop . South of the loop is the Crossroads District , Union Station , Crown Center , the National World War I Museum , Liberty Memorial , Penn Valley Park , Truman Medical Center , Children 's Mercy Hospital , and the 18th & Vine District . North of the loop are City Market within the River Market and Richard L. Berkeley Riverfront Park . West of the loop within the West Bottoms are Kemper Arena and Hale Arena . Midtown ( edit ) Midtown is entirely within Kansas City , Missouri , just south of downtown , and bounded by 31st Street on the north , the state line on the west , West Gregory Boulevard ( 71st Street ) on the south , and Troost Avenue on the east . Midtown is the core of the metropolitan area , as it contains numerous cultural attractions , shopping and entertainment areas , large hospitals , universities , and the metro area 's most densely populated neighborhoods . Midtown consists of numerous distinct and historic neighborhoods such as Westport , Hyde Park , and Southmoreland . Shopping is centered on the Country Club Plaza , which contains numerous luxury retailers , hotels , and restaurants . Brookside and Westport also contain smaller - scale , neighborhood - oriented , and niche - market retailers . Midtown is home to Saint Luke 's Hospital and Research Medical Center . Cultural attractions include the Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art , Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art , Uptown Theater , Starlight Theater , the Kansas City Zoo , Loose Park , and Swope Park . The last of these contains a soccer complex that is home to FC Kansas City of the National Women 's Soccer League and the Swope Park Rangers , a United Soccer League team that is the official reserve side for the area 's Major League Soccer club , Sporting Kansas City . Major educational institutions include the University of Missouri - Kansas City , Rockhurst University , Kansas City Art Institute , Stowers Institute for Medical Research , Midwest Research Institute , and Penn Valley Community College . South side of the Metro ( or `` south kc '' ) ( edit ) Also known as `` South Kansas City '' , this area consists of the southern half of Kansas City , Missouri , as well as the suburbs of Grandview , Harrisonville , Belton , Loch Lloyd , Peculiar and Raymore . The Northland ( edit ) The Northland is the area north of the Missouri River , bordered by the Kansas state line on the west and Missouri Highway 291 on the east . The southern half of Platte County , and much of Clay County make up the area . The economy of the Northland is dominated by Kansas City International Airport , Ford Kansas City Assembly Plant , the Zona Rosa shopping community and three riverboat casinos . The metro area 's largest amusement park , Worlds of Fun and Oceans of Fun , is located in the Northland . Communities of the Northland outside the city limits include Parkville , Kearney , Liberty , Platte City , Gladstone , Riverside , Smithville , and North Kansas City . East side of the Metro ( `` eastern Jackson County '' ) ( edit ) East Side of the Metro is primarily eastern Jackson County which is an area of the Kansas City Metro that contains the far - eastern urban side of Kansas City , Missouri and the following large suburbs of Blue Springs , Independence , and Lee 's Summit . Also included in this area is western Lafayette County Missouri and the far northeast portion of Cass County Missouri . The East Side of Metro includes the following Missouri suburbs of Independence , Blue Springs , Raytown , Lees Summit , Grain Valley , Oak Grove , Sugar Creek , River Bend , Lake Lotawana , Lone Jack , Greenwood , Unity Village , Buckner , Pleasant Hill , Bates City , Odessa , and Lake Tapawingo . Arrowhead Stadium , home of the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs and Kauffman Stadium , home of the MLB 's Kansas City Royals are located on the eastern edge of Kansas City . The Silverstein Eye Centers Arena home of the ECHL 's Missouri Mavericks and the MASL 's Missouri Comets is located in Independence . KCK and Johnson County ( edit ) In Wyandotte County lies Kansas City , Kansas , which is locally called `` KCK '' to distinguish it from the larger Kansas City , Missouri ( KCMO ) . It contains many residential neighborhoods , the Fairfax Industrial District , and the Village West entertainment district . The General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant is located in the Fairfax Industrial District . Village West contains many area attractions . This includes many sporting venues such as Children 's Mercy Park , home of the area MLS soccer team Sporting Kansas City , the Kansas Speedway , which hosts many NASCAR races , and Community America Ballpark , home of the independent baseball team , the Kansas City T - Bones . Other Village West attractions include the Legends shopping district , the Providence Medical Center Amphitheater , and Schlitterbahn Waterpark . Johnson County , Kansas is home to many local suburbs . These suburbs include Overland Park , Olathe , Shawnee , Leawood , Lenexa , Prairie Village , Gardner , Merriam , Mission , Roeland Park , Fairway , Lake Quivira , Mission Hills , Mission Woods , Westwood , and Westwood Hills . Many local area attractions and shopping districts are located in Johnson County , such as Oak Park Mall , Town Center Plaza , and Prairie Fire . Cultural attractions ( edit ) Photo Name City Notes Chicago & Alton Hotel Museum Blue Springs The oldest business building in Blue Springs , Missouri . In 1978 , the hotel , which originally served the railroad , moved from the original site , just south of Main Street , to its present location . Dillingham - Lewis House Museum Blue Springs Built in 1906 , the only native limestone structure in Blue Springs . The house is named after two families . Fort Osage National Historic Site Sibley , Missouri Part of the early 19th century U.S. factory trading post system for the Osage Nation . Jackson County Jail and Marshal 's House Independence Former jail site , operated by the county historical society , which housed thousands of prisoners including Frank James and William Clark Quantrill . Leila 's Hair Museum Independence A museum of hair art dating back to the 19th century . Lone Jack Battlefield Museum Lone Jack The only Civil War Museum in Jackson County , Missouri , and one of the few battlefields where the soldiers -- who perished during the battle -- are still buried on the battlefield . Midwest Genealogy Center Independence The largest freestanding public genealogy research library in the USA . National Frontier Trails Museum Independence A museum , interpretive center , and research library about the history of principle western U.S. trails . Rice - Tremonti Home Raytown Home built on the Santa Fe Trail in 1844 by Archibald Rice and his family . Silverstein Eye Centers Arena Independence A 5,800 - seat multi-purpose arena that hosts the Missouri Mavericks ice hockey team . Truman Historic District ! Harry S. Truman Historic District Independence ! Independence and Grandview Associated with 33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman , the district includes : The Truman Presidential Library , in Independence . The Truman home , in Independence , where Truman lived for most of his time in Missouri . The Truman Farm , in Grandview , built in 1894 by Truman 's maternal grandmother . Truman Sports Complex Kansas City Two major sports venues : * Arrowhead Stadium , Kansas City Chiefs ( football ) * Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City Royals ( baseball ) Grinter Place Kansas City , KS A home built in 1857 by one of the earliest settlers . Metropolitan area ( edit ) In recent years , the Kansas City metropolitan area has been experiencing continued growth . Between July 2000 and July 2007 , the population of the Kansas City MSA grew from 1,842,965 to an estimated 2,037,357 , an increase of 10 % . Anchor city Kansas City , Missouri -- Pop : 475,378 ( 2015 ) Municipalities with 100,000 + inhabitants Overland Park , Kansas -- Pop : 186,515 Kansas City , Kansas -- Pop : 151,306 Olathe , Kansas -- Pop : 134,305 Independence , Missouri -- Pop : 117,255 Municipalities with 50,000 - 99,999 inhabitants Lee 's Summit , Missouri -- Pop : 95,094 Shawnee , Kansas -- Pop : 65,046 Blue Springs , Missouri -- Pop : 54,148 Lenexa , Kansas -- Pop : 52,490 Municipalities with 20,000 - 49,999 inhabitants Leavenworth , Kansas -- Pop : 35,980 Leawood , Kansas -- Pop : 34,579 Liberty , Missouri -- Pop : 30,450 Raytown , Missouri -- Pop : 29,401 Gladstone , Missouri -- Pop : 26,861 Grandview , Missouri -- Pop : 25,256 Belton , Missouri -- Pop : 23,168 Prairie Village , Kansas -- Pop : 21,877 Gardner , Kansas -- Pop : 20,868 Raymore , Missouri -- Pop : 20,374 Municipalities with 10,000 - 19,999 inhabitants Grain Valley , Missouri -- Pop : 13,379 Ottawa , Kansas -- Pop : 12,387 Lansing , Kansas -- Pop : 11,767 Excelsior Springs , Missouri -- Pop : 11,486 Merriam , Kansas -- Pop : 11,288 Municipalities with 5,000 - 9,999 inhabitants Harrisonville , Missouri -- Pop : 9,986 Cameron , Missouri ( partial ) -- Pop : 9,933 Mission , Kansas -- Pop : 9,491 Kearney , Missouri -- Pop : 9,423 Smithville , Missouri -- Pop : 9,233 Pleasant Hill , Missouri -- Pop : 8,289 Oak Grove , Missouri -- Pop : 7,937 Bonner Springs , Kansas -- Pop : 7,606 Roeland Park , Kansas -- Pop : 6,827 Parkville , Missouri -- Pop : 6,296 De Soto , Kansas -- Pop : 6,074 Spring Hill , Kansas -- Pop : 5,981 Richmond , Missouri -- Pop : 5,595 Greenwood , Missouri -- Pop : 5,569 Paola , Kansas -- Pop : 5,527 Basehor , Kansas -- Pop : 5,403 Tonganoxie , Kansas -- Pop : 5,248 Odessa , Missouri -- Pop : 5,178 Municipalities with 1 - 4,999 inhabitants Peculiar , Missouri -- Pop : 4,885 Platte City , Missouri -- Pop : 4,833 Higginsville , Missouri -- Pop : 4,662 Lexington , Missouri -- Pop : 4,598 Edwardsville , Kansas -- Pop : 4,390 North Kansas City , Missouri -- Pop : 4,354 Osawatomie , Kansas -- Pop : 4,297 Louisburg , Kansas -- Pop : 4,276 Fairway , Kansas -- Pop : 3,970 Mission Hills , Kansas -- Pop : 3,601 Sugar Creek , Missouri -- Pop : 3,320 Riverside , Missouri -- Pop : 3,150 Buckner , Missouri -- Pop : 3,067 Pleasant Valley , Missouri -- Pop : 3,056 Lawson , Missouri -- Pop : 2,409 Plattsburg , Missouri -- Pop : 2,291 Lake Lotawana , Missouri -- Pop : 2,018 Weatherby Lake , Missouri -- Pop : 1,848 Wellsville , Kansas -- Pop : 1,818 Edgerton , Kansas -- Pop : 1,736 Westwood , Kansas -- Pop : 1,719 Garden City , Missouri -- Pop : 1,625 Gower , Missouri ( partial ) -- Pop : 1,526 Claycomo , Missouri -- Pop : 1,468 Lone Jack , Missouri -- Pop : 1,124 Lake Tapawingo , Missouri - Pop : 723 Glenaire , Missouri - Pop : 578 Dearborn , Missouri ( partial ) -- Pop : 496 Avondale , Missouri - Pop : 440 Osborn , Missouri ( partial ) -- Pop : 423 Sibley , Missouri - Pop : 356 Oaks , Missouri - Pop : 129 Unity Village , Missouri - Pop : 84 Levasy , Missouri - Pop : 83 Randolph , Missouri - Pop : 54 River Bend , Missouri - Pop : 10 Counties ( edit ) The MSA covers a total area of 7,952 sq mi ( 20,600 km ) including 97 sq mi ( 250 km ) of water . Kansas City Metropolitan Statistical Area County 2015 Estimate 2010 Census Change Jackson County 687,623 674,158 7000199730626945020 ♠ + 2.00 % Johnson County 580,159 544,179 7000661179501597820 ♠ + 6.61 % Clay County 235,637 221,939 7000617196617088480 ♠ + 6.17 % Wyandotte County 163,369 157,505 7000372305641090760 ♠ + 3.72 % Cass County 101,603 99,478 7000213615070668890 ♠ + 2.14 % Platte County 96,096 89,322 7000758379794451540 ♠ + 7.58 % Leavenworth County 79,315 76,277 7000398285197372730 ♠ + 3.98 % Miami County 32,553 32,787 3000286302497941259 ♠ − 0.71 % Lafayette County 32,701 33,381 2999796291303436090 ♠ − 2.04 % Ray County 22,810 23,494 2999708861837064780 ♠ − 2.91 % Clinton County 20,609 20,743 3000353998939401240 ♠ − 0.65 % Bates County 16,446 17,049 2999646313566778110 ♠ − 3.54 % Linn County 9,536 9,656 2999875724937862470 ♠ − 1.24 % Caldwell County 9,014 9,424 2999564940577249580 ♠ − 4.35 % Total 2,087,471 2,009,342 7000388828780765050 ♠ + 3.89 % Associated areas ( edit ) Often associated with Kansas City , the cities of Lawrence , Kansas , and St. Joseph , Missouri , are identified as separate Metropolitan Statistical Areas . The Kansas City - Overland Park - Kansas City , Missouri - Kansas Combined Statistical Area , which encompasses the Kansas City MO - KS MSA , the Warrensburg , Missouri Micropolitan Statistical Area ( μSA ) ( in Johnson County , Missouri ) , and the Atchison , Kansas μSA ( in Atchison County , Kansas ) , covers a total area of 9,220 sq mi ( 23,900 km ) including 103 sq mi ( 270 km ) of water . Transportation ( edit ) Highways ( edit ) The Kansas City metropolitan area has more freeway lane miles per capita than any other large metropolitan area in the United States ( over 27 % more than the second - place Dallas / Fort Worth Metroplex ) , over 50 % more than the average American metro area , and nearly 75 % more than the large metro area with the least : Las Vegas . Interstates ( edit ) The Kansas City area is a confluence of four major U.S. interstate highways : I - 29 -- North to St. Joseph , Missouri I - 35 -- North to Des Moines , Iowa and south to Wichita , Kansas I - 49 -- South to Joplin I - 70 -- East to St. Louis and west to Topeka , Kansas Other interstates that cross through the area include : I - 435 -- A bi-state loop through the city 's suburbs in Missouri and Kansas . It is the second - longest single - numbered beltway in the U.S. , and the fourth - longest in the world . I - 470 -- Connects South Kansas City with Lee 's Summit and Independence . I - 635 -- Connects the Kansas suburbs with Kansas City , Kansas , and I - 29 , I - 70 , and I - 35 . I - 670 -- A southern bypass of I - 70 and the southern portion of the downtown loop . The roadway is designated on road signs as East I - 70 , when exiting from I - 35 while traveling north . U.S. highways ( edit ) U.S. Highways serving the Kansas City Metro Area include : US 24 -- Running from Independence Ave. and Winner Rd. , between downtown Kansas City and Independence , Missouri , it serves as a street - level connection to Independence . US 40 -- U.S. 40 is one of six east - west U.S. - numbered routes that run ( or ran ) from coast to coast . It serves as a business loop and an alternate route for I - 70 . US 50 -- Enters the area in southern Johnson County , follows I - 435 from the west to I - 470 , then splits off of I - 470 in Lee 's Summit to continue eastward to Jefferson City and St. Louis as a regular highway . Its former route through Raytown and southeast Kansas City was renumbered as Route 350 . U.S. 50 is also one of the six east - west highways that run coast - to - coast through the United States . US - 56 - Enters the area concurrent with I - 35 until the Shawnee Mission Parkway exit . It runs east along the Parkway into the Plaza area of Kansas City before terminating at US - 71 . US 69 -- Connects Excelsior Springs , Missouri , in the north and serves as a freeway in the suburbs of Johnson County . US 71 -- In the north , concurrent with I - 29 to Amazonia , Missouri , and serves as a freeway ( Bruce R. Watkins Drive ) south from downtown , joining with I - 49 at the Grandview Triangle . US 169 -- Connects Smithville , Missouri , in the north . Kansas state highways ( edit ) Kansas highways in the area include : K - 5 -- A minor freeway bypassing the north of Kansas City , Kansas , connecting the GM Fairfax plant with I - 635 . K - 5 continues as Leavenworth Road west to I - 435 then on to Leavenworth , Kansas . K - 7 -- A freeway linking Leavenworth , Wyandotte and Johnson Counties in Kansas . K - 10 -- A freeway linking I - 435 to De Soto , Eudora and Lawrence . K - 32 -- A highway that links Leavenworth and Wyandotte Counties in Kansas . Missouri state highways ( edit ) Missouri highways in the area include : Route 7 - An important state highway serving the eastern suburbs of the metro . Primarily running north and south through Jackson and Cass Counties . Connecting the following communities : Independence , Blue Springs , Lake Lotawana , Pleasant Hill and Harrisonville . It is the commercial backbone for Blue Springs , Lake Lotawana and Pleasant Hill . Route 9 -- A minor freeway northwest of North Kansas City , and serves as a commercial backbone to North Kansas City , Riverside , Platte Woods and Parkville . Route 45 -- Known as Tom Watson Parkway in the Kansas City vicinity until it intersects with I - 435 , it is a highway that spans 42 miles from I - 29 / US - 71 to US - 59 / MO - 273 in Lewis & Clark Village , Missouri ( right east of the larger city of Atchison , Kansas ) . It is also known as NW 64th Street from NW Klamm Drive to I - 29 / US - 71 . The highway runs through the northern part of Parkville , Missouri and across Riss Lake . The National Golf Course is located off of MO - 45 . Route 58 - A state highway serving the southern suburbs of Belton and Raymore . Route 150 -- A highway linking southern Lee 's Summit and Grandview to the Kansas suburbs at State Line Road . Route 152 -- A freeway contained entirely in Kansas City 's Northland , stretching from Liberty in Clay County west until it intersects with I - 435 near Parkville , Missouri . Route 210 -- A minor freeway east of North Kansas City that , as a two - lane road , stretches to Richmond , Missouri . Route 291 -- Formerly an eastern bypass route of U.S. 71 , this minor freeway connects Harrisonville and Lee 's Summit to Independence , Sugar Creek , Liberty and Kansas City North . The roadway is designated on road signs alongside I - 470 north of Lee 's Summit . Route 350 -- This road crosses through Raytown as Blue Parkway . Other notable roads ( edit ) Other notable roads in the area are : 18th Street Expressway -- a freeway carrying US - 69 through central Wyandotte County from I - 35 to I - 70 . Ward Parkway -- A scenic parkway in Kansas City , Missouri , near the Kansas - Missouri state line , where many large historic mansions and fountains are located . Broadway -- A street that runs from the west side of downtown Kansas City to Westport . The street has long been an entertainment center , with various bars , live jazz outlets , and restaurants located along it . It also forms the eastern border of Quality Hill , one of the oldest neighborhoods in Kansas City . The Paseo -- Part of the city 's original system of parks and boulevards developed beginning in the late 1880s , it is the longest of the original boulevards , and the only one that runs the entire length of the pre-World War II city boundary , from the Missouri River bluffs in the north to 79th Street on the south . Shawnee Mission Parkway -- Former alignment of K - 10 serving the Johnson County , KS suburbs in the area . Troost Avenue -- A north - south thoroughfare located 11 blocks east of Main Street , named for an early Kansas City settler and dentist , Benoist Troost . The street roughly divides the city 's mostly black neighborhoods to its east from its mostly white ones to its west . Swope Parkway -- Running on the south side of the Brush Creek valley eastward from The Paseo , then southward from its junction with Benton Boulevard , this street is the main route from the city 's midtown to its largest city park , Swope Park . North Oak Trafficway -- A major road located in the Northland . The roadway is designated as MO - 283 from MO - 9 to I - 29 . It is a major commercial road in the Northland and serves as the main street in Gladstone , Missouri . Barry Road -- Runs along the former route of Military Road , which ran from Liberty to Fort Leavenworth . It is now a major commercial street in the Northland , although it has been paralleled by MO - 152 for its entire route and effectively replaced it east of Indiana Avenue . 87th Street Parkway -- a major parkway that extends from Overland Park to De Soto . Air ( edit ) The Kansas City metropolitan area is served by several airports . It is primarily served by Kansas City International Airport , located 15 miles northwest of downtown Kansas City , Missouri , was built to serve as a world hub for the supersonic transport and Boeing 747 . The airport 's gates were positioned 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the street ; however , since the September 11 , 2001 attacks , these have undergone expensive overhauls , retrofitting it to incorporate elements of conventional security systems . The much smaller Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport , located to the immediate north of downtown near the Missouri River , was the original headquarters of Trans World Airlines ( TWA ) and houses the Airline History Museum . It served as the area 's major airport until 1972 , when Kansas City International ( then known as Mid-Continent International Airport and was home to an Overhaul Base for TWA ) became the primary airport for the metropolitan area after undergoing $150 million in upgrades that were approved by voters in a 1966 bond issue . Downtown Airport is still used to this day for general aviation and airshows . There are two general aviation airports in Johnson County , Kansas . New Century AirCenter borders southwest Olathe and northeast Gardner . The primary runway at New Century AirCenter is the second longest runway in the region next to those at Kansas City International Airport . It is located 7 miles from the Logistics Park Kansas City Intermodal Facility . The other airport , Johnson County Executive Airport has one runway on 500 acres and is the fourth busiest towered airport in the state of Kansas . Rail and bus ( edit ) Union Station serves as a hub for Amtrak , which maintains daily service by long - distance trains to and from Kansas City , Missouri . Public transportation in the Kansas City area is only provided by city buses operated by the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority ( KCATA ) . The Metro Area Express ( MAX ) went online as Kansas City , Missouri 's first bus rapid transit line in July 2005 , and operates and is marketed akin to a rail system as opposed to a local bus line ; the MAX links the River Market , Downtown , Union Station , Crown Center and the Country Club Plaza . Buses in Johnson County , Kansas , are operated by Johnson County Transit ( known as `` The JO '' ) . The Kansas City Downtown Streetcar is a 2.2 - mile modern streetcar line in downtown Kansas City opened to the public in May 2016 , and is maintained and operated by the Kansas City Streetcar Authority , a non-profit corporation made up of private sector stakeholders and city appointees . A ballot initiative to fund construction of the $102 million line was approved by voters on December 12 , 2012 . The system will run between River Market and Union Station , mostly on Main Street , with extensions to the starter line planned for addition at a later date . Local navigation tips ( edit ) See related article : voy : Kansas City ( Missouri ) at Wikivoyage Street numbers ( edit ) The Missouri side of the metropolitan area shares a grid system with Johnson County on the Kansas side . Most east - west streets are numbered and most north - south streets named . Addresses on east - west streets are numbered from Main Street in Kansas City , Missouri , and on north - south streets from St. John Avenue ( or the Missouri River , in the River Market area ) . The direction ' South ' in street and address numbers is generally implied if ' North ' is not specified , except for numbered ' avenues ' in North Kansas City . In the northland , east - west streets use the prefix N.E. or N.W. , depending on the side of N. Main on which they lie . Highways ( edit ) Kansas Citians tend to express U.S. and Missouri highway designations with the number before the word `` highway , '' ( e.g. , 40 highway , 71 highway ) . This colloquialism tends not to apply to interstates or Kansas route numbers ( e.g. , `` I - 70 '' , `` K - 10 '' ) . 69 Highway , known as `` The Overland Parkway '' , runs southbound on I - 35 from Kansas City , Missouri towards Johnson County . There are two exits marked South 69 on the roadway . The first -- or northern -- exit on Metcalf Ave / I - 635 , is a left lane exit and leads to Metcalf , an at - grade trafficway , before turning west along Shawnee Mission Parkway , to rejoin I - 35 . The southern US - 69 exit is a two - lane right lane exit between the 75th and 87th street exits and begins a four - lane highway known as the Overland Parkway . Bruce R. Watkins Drive is the name of the new section of U.S. Route 71 in Kansas City , Missouri . The old U.S. 71 ran mostly on Prospect Avenue . When traveling north on I - 35 from Johnson County , the first signs that are designated as I - 70 East actually guide drivers through the southern portion of I - 670 , which takes motorists into the southern part of the Downtown Freeway Loop , and runs underneath the Bartle Hall Convention Center and some downtown overpasses . This is sometimes referred to as `` going under downtown '' . The downtown freeway loop is a complex layout of freeways in downtown Kansas City , Missouri involving 23 exits , four Interstate highways , four U.S. highways and numerous city streets . Each exit in the freeway loop is numbered `` 2 '' and suffixed with every letter of the alphabet -- except I , O and Z ( which would resemble 1 , 0 and 2 on the exit signs ) , although some of the exits are currently under construction / renovation and closed to traffic . The entire circumference of the loop is just over 4 - mile ( 6.4 km ) . Navigation landmarks ( edit ) The KCTV - Tower is a 1,042 feet ( 318 m ) pyramid - shaped television and radio tower used primarily by local CBS affiliate KCTV ( channel 5 ) . It is located at the corner of 31st and Main Streets , next to the studio facilities of PBS member station KCPT ( which formerly housed the original studios of KCTV ) , and is visible from many parts of the city , especially at night due to the string of lights adorning the tower . The twin red - brick towers of the American Century Investments complex are oriented north and south along Main at 45th Street , just north of the Country Club Plaza ( the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art is located slightly east , and the Nelson - Atkins Museum of Art is located east and slightly south ) . Kansas City Community Christian Church , located at 4601 Main Street , has a group of lights that shoot a beam upwards to the sky at night . Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in the 1950s , it is located slightly south of and across the street from the American Century Investment Towers ( the Nelson Atkins is located to the east , and the Kemper Museum is to the north and slightly east ) . Bartle Hall has a section that somewhat resembles a north - south suspension bridge , crossing over I - 670 at the southwest corner of the downtown loop . It has four towers , with metal sculptures on top of each tower . The Veterans Affairs Medical Center , located near the intersection of I - 70 , Linwood Boulevard and Van Brunt Boulevard , has a large `` VA '' emblem . The Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts , located at 16th Street and Broadway ( just south of the downtown loop ) , with its tiered glass and steel half - domes , has a design reminiscent of the world - famous Sydney Opera House . Areas of the metropolitan area ( edit ) See also : Neighborhoods of Kansas City , Missouri and Kansas City , Kansas The center of Kansas City is roughly contained inside the downtown loop ( shaded in red ) . Downtown Kansas City is a section of western Kansas City , Missouri , where a large concentration of the area 's employees work , and where much of the city 's entertainment facilities are located . The area has been undergoing a massive revitalization since 2000 , and increased its population by over 7,000 people between 2000 and 2005 . The Power and Light District and the Sprint Center are located in the downtown area . `` The Northland '' refers to a section of the metropolitan area located north of the Missouri River , comprising Clay and Platte Counties in Missouri . This area includes the northern half of Kansas City , Missouri , which is referred to as `` Kansas City , North '' to distinguish it from the rest of the Northland and the city of North Kansas City . The area is also referred to as `` North of the River '' by local residents and by local television stations in news and traffic reports . River Market is an area located north of downtown , south of the Missouri River and west of Highway 9 , and is home to a large farmer 's market . `` North Kansas City '' ( abbreviated as NKC , and also known as Northtown ) is a separate city that is completely surrounded by Kansas City , Missouri . Shawnee Mission is an area recognized by the United States Postal Service that includes many towns in Johnson County , Kansas . The Waldo Residential District ( also known as simply Waldo ) is area of Kansas City , Missouri , located near 75th Street and Wornall Road . Country Club Plaza ( also simply known as `` the Plaza '' ) is an upscale shopping district built by the J.C. Nichols Company in 1923 , and was the first suburban shopping district in the United States . The Country Club District is an associated group of neighborhoods built along Ward Parkway by J.C. Nichols , which is located just south of the Country Club Plaza and includes Sunset Hill , Brookside , Crestwood , and Mission Hills , Kansas . 39th Street ( also referred to as the Volker neighborhood or `` Restaurant Row '' ) is a small section of West 39th Street between State Line Road and the Southwest Trafficway in Kansas City , Missouri . The area has many restaurants , bars and shops , and is located just across the state line from the University of Kansas Medical Center . University of Kansas Hospital ( KUMED ) is the corporate name of the hospital on the KU Medical Center campus . Benton Curve is a curve located at the cross-section of Interstate 70 and Benton Avenue in Kansas City , Missouri ; the area has long been prone to traffic accidents . Pendleton Heights is a historic neighborhood in the northeast side of Kansas City , Missouri , which is bordered by Cliff Drive to the north , Chestnut Trafficway to the east , Independence Avenue to the south and the Paseo Trafficway to the west . It is Kansas City 's oldest surviving neighborhood , and is home to the city 's largest concentration of Victorian homes . The Grandview Triangle is the intersection of three major highways : Interstate 435 , Interstate 470 , and U.S. Route 71 ( Bruce R. Watkins Drive ) . Notorious for fatal accidents , the Triangle has undergone improvements and upgrades in recent years . Emanuel Cleaver II Boulevard , named for former mayor and current Congressman Emanuel Cleaver , comprises recently renamed portions of 47th Street and Brush Creek Boulevard in Kansas City , Missouri . 18th and Vine Historic District ( known simply as 18th and Vine ) is a district on Kansas City , Missouri 's north side that contains the Negro Leagues Baseball Museum and the American Jazz Museum . The Library District is a recently defined district around the new Central Library at 14 West 10th Street in Kansas City , Missouri . Strawberry Hill is a historical area in Kansas City , Kansas that was home to many eastern European immigrants . Later , the neighborhood became home to many Latino / Chicano families . However , in recent years , Strawberry Hill has seen residents emigrating to the area from Eastern Europe . Hospital Hill is an area near 23rd Street and Holmes Avenue in Kansas City , Missouri , and consists of two major hospitals ( Truman Medical Center and the Children 's Mercy Hospital ) and the University of Missouri - Kansas City 's School of Medicine , School of Dentistry , School of Pharmacy and School of Nursing . Argentine is a part of Kansas City , Kansas , near 30th and Argentine Streets . It is one of the oldest Mexican / Latino neighborhoods in Kansas City , with Mexican immigration to that area dating to the 1800s . The Crossroads Arts District is a neighborhood in the downtown area between the Central Business District and Union Station , centered around the intersection of 19th Street and Baltimore Avenue in Kansas City , Missouri . It contains dozens of art galleries , and is considered to be the center of the arts culture in the metropolitan area . Local artists sponsor exhibits in the district on the first Friday of each month . Quality Hill is a residential and commercial neighborhood located atop of a western hill in the Central Business District of Downtown Kansas City , across the river from the Charles B. Wheeler Airport . Washington - Wheatley is a historically Black neighborhood , located southeast of the 18th and Vine Historical District . The Westside is a historically African American and Chicano / Latino neighborhood near Southwest Blvd. and Interstate 35 . Westport is a historic district which is home to much of the metropolitan area 's entertainment and nightlife . Valentine West Bottoms is home to many of downtown 's oldest buildings and where the city 's stockyards were once located . It is now known for its arts community , the American Royal , Kemper Arena , antique stores , and First Fridays events . Rosedale Union Hill Armordale is a residential and commercial neighborhood in Kansas City , Kansas , and is one of the historically Chicano ( a ) neighborhoods of the Kansas City metropolitan area . Sheffield East Bottoms Also known as the Industrial District , it is primarily known for its industrial businesses and railroad activity . There are however burgeoning cultural attractions at the intersection of Montgall and Guinotte Avenues related to handmade goods , food , music and a distillery . Brookside is a pedestrian - friendly district built in the 1920s , centered on the Brookside Shopping District at 63rd Street and Brookside Blvd . Hanover Heights is a small neighborhood in Kansas City , Kansas that was once primarily noted for the antiques shops located along 45th Street , with the neighborhood 's boundaries running mainly between Rainbow Blvd. and State Line Road , running south of the KU Medical Center to the Johnson County border . The Historic Old Northeast District ( or simply Northeast ) is a working - class immigrant collection of neighborhoods , located between downtown Kansas City and the smaller city of Independence . The Truman Sports Complex , located at the corner of I - 70 and I - 435 ( east of downtown Kansas City , Missouri ) , is home to several professional sports attractions . It is anchored by Arrowhead Stadium , home of the Kansas City Chiefs NFL franchise ; and Kauffman Stadium , home of Major League Baseball 's Kansas City Royals . Educational institutions ( edit ) Post-secondary ( edit ) Avila University Calvary Bible College Columbia College ( Missouri ) DeVry University ITT Technical Institute Kansas City Art Institute Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences Metropolitan Community College ( Penn Valley , Maple Woods , Business and Technology Center , Blue River , and Longview ) Midwestern Baptist College Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary National American University Nazarene Theological Seminary Pinnacle Career Institute Rockhurst University University of Missouri -- Kansas City University of Phoenix Webster University Vatterott College Other nearby institutions : University of Saint Mary University of Saint Mary , Overland Park Campus Park University William Jewell College Wentworth Military Academy and College University of Central Missouri , Warrensburg Graceland University -- Independence , Missouri Northwest Missouri State University -- Maryville , Missouri Missouri Western State University -- St. Joseph , Missouri MidAmerica Nazarene University -- Olathe , Kansas Baker University -- Baldwin City , Kansas Friends University -- Lenexa , Kansas Kansas City Kansas Community College Johnson County Community College -- Overland Park University of Kansas -- Lawrence , Kansas Ottawa University -- Ottawa , Kansas University of Kansas School of Medicine -- Kansas City , Kansas University of Kansas Edwards Campus -- Overland Park Libraries ( edit ) Johnson County Library Antioch Blue Valley Cedar Roe Central Resource Corinth De Soto Edgerton Gardner Lackman Leawood Pioneer Monticello Oak Park Shawnee Mission Spring Hill Kansas City , Kansas Public Library Kansas City Public Library ( Missouri ) Linda Hall Library Mid-Continent Public Library Olathe Public Library Media ( edit ) Print media ( edit ) The Kansas City Star is the metropolitan area 's major daily newspaper . The McClatchy Company , which owns The Star , is also the owner of two suburban weeklies , Lee 's Summit Journal and Olathe Journal . The Kansas City Kansan serves Wyandotte County , having moved from print to an online format in 2009 . Additional weekly papers in the metropolitan area include the Liberty Tribune , Sun Newspapers of Johnson County , The Examiner in Independence and eastern Jackson County , and The Pitch . The area is also served by two newspapers focused the area 's faith - based population : The Metro Voice Christian Newspaper and the Jewish Chronicle . The city 's Hispanic and Latino American community is served by Dos Mundos , a bilingual newspaper with articles printed in Spanish and English , and Mi Raza magazine , the area 's only weekly Hispanic publication printed in Spanish . The Kansas City Call serves the African American community publishing its paper weekly . Broadcast media ( edit ) Main article : Broadcast Media in Kansas City According to Arbitron , about 1.5 million people over the age of 12 live within the Kansas City DMA , making it the 30th largest market for radio and 31st for television according to Nielsen . The Kansas City television and radio markets cover 32 counties encompassing northwestern Missouri and northeast Kansas . Television ( edit ) Television stations in the Kansas City metropolitan area , with all major network affiliates represented , include : WDAF - TV , channel 4 ( Fox ) KCTV , channel 5 ( CBS ) KMBC - TV , channel 9 ( ABC ) KTAJ - TV , channel 16 ( TBN ) KCPT , channel 19 ( PBS ) KCKS - LD , channel 25 ( simulcast of sister station WROB - LD ) KCWE , channel 29 ( The CW ) KSHB - TV , channel 41 ( NBC ) KMCI - TV , channel 38 ( independent ) KUKC - LP , channel 48 ( Univision ) KPXE - TV , channel 50 ( Ion Television ) KSMO - TV , channel 62 ( MyNetworkTV ) The Kansas City television market is in very close proximity to two other media markets , St. Joseph and Topeka . As such , most of the television stations in the Kansas City area are receivable over-the - air in portions of both markets , including their principal cities ; likewise , stations from Topeka are receivable as far east as Kansas City , Kansas and stations from St. Joseph are viewable as far south as Kansas City , Missouri 's immediate northern suburbs . Radio ( edit ) Over 30 FM and 20 AM radio stations broadcast in the Kansas City area , with stations from Topeka , St. Joseph and Carrollton also reaching into the metropolitan area . The highest - rated radio stations , according to Arbitron are : KPRS ( 103.3 FM ) -- Urban KCMO - FM ( 94.9 ) -- Classic Hits KQRC ( 98.9 FM ) -- Rock KRBZ - FM ( 96.5 ) -- Alternative KMBZ ( 98.1 FM ) -- News / Talk WDAF - FM ( 106.5 ) -- Country KZPT ( 99.7 ) - Adult Top 40 KCSP ( 610 AM ) - Sports , Kansas City Royals flagship KMXV ( 93.3 ) - Top 40 KFKF ( 94.1 ) - Country KCFX ( 101.1 ) - Classic Rock , Kansas City Chiefs flagship KCHZ ( 95.7 FM ) -- Top 40 / Rhythmic Public and community radio ( edit ) KCUR ( 89.3 FM ) -- NPR affiliate KANU - FM ( 91.5 ) and KTBG ( 90.9 FM ) -- both college radio stations ; also NPR affiliates KKFI ( 90.1 FM ) -- Locally owned not - for - profit station KGSP ( 1480 FM ) -- Park University college station Specialty radio ( edit ) Hispanics , which account for 5 % of the market 's population , are served by three AM radio stations : KCZZ ( 1480 AM ) -- Spanish music and talk KDTD ( 1340 AM ) -- Mexican regional KYYS ( 1250 AM ) -- Classic hits Business interests ( edit ) The Kansas City metropolitan area 's largest private employer is Cerner Corporation . Cerner , a global healthcare IT company which is headquartered in North Kansas City , employs nearly 10,000 people in the area with a total workforce of nearly 20,000 people including global employees . In August 2014 , the company announced its acquisition of competitor Siemens Healthcare , which , if approved , will further increase Cerner 's total number of employees . Cerner has several campuses across the area with its World Headquarters building in North Kansas City , Innovations Campus in South Kansas City , and Continuous Campus in the Kansas City , Kansas area . Other major employers and business enterprises are AT&T , BNSF Railway , Asurion , Sprint Corporation , Citigroup , EMBARQ , Farmers Insurance Group , Garmin , Hallmark Cards , Harley - Davidson , Husqvarna , H&R Block , General Motors , Honeywell , Ford Motor Company , MillerCoors , State Street Corporation , The Kansas City Star , and Waddell & Reed , some of which are headquartered in the metropolitan area . Kansas City also has a large pharmaceutical industry , with companies such as Bayer and Aventis having a large presence . Headquarters ( edit ) The following companies and organizations , excluding educational institutions , are among the larger ones that are currently headquartered in or have since relocated from the metropolitan area ( headquarters of most companies are located in Kansas City , Missouri , unless otherwise noted ) : American Century Investments , an investment management firm AMC Theatres , a movie theater chain Andrews McMeel Universal , a syndication and publication company which represents media / entertainment features such as Dear Abby , Garfield , Calvin and Hobbes and Doonesbury Applebee 's , a restaurant chain ( Lenexa , Kansas ) BATS Global Markets , a stock exchange ( Lenexa , Kansas ) Black & Veatch Corporation , engineering firm ( Overland Park , Kansas ) Burns & McDonnell Engineering , an engineering and architectural firm CenturyLink ( formerly Embarq Corporation ) , telecommunications company ( headquarters in Monroe , Louisiana ) Cerner , supplier of healthcare information technology solutions ( North Kansas City , Missouri ) Church of the Nazarene Commerce Bancshares , a bank serving Kansas , Missouri and Illinois Community of Christ , International Headquarters ( Independence , Missouri ) DST Systems , provider of information processing and computer software services and products Engineered Air , worldwide supplier and manufacturer of industrial air conditioners ( De Soto ) Fellowship of Christian Athletes ( FCA ) Ferrellgas , retailer and distributor of natural gas ( Liberty , Missouri ) FishNet Security , a provider of information security services and technology resale - Overland Park , KS Fort Dodge Animal Health , an animal health pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturer and a division of Wyeth ( Overland Park , Kansas ) Freightquote.com , largest online third party logistics provider Garmin , largest maker of GPS - based electronics ( Olathe , Kansas ) Goodcents Sub 's and Pasta 's , notable midwest restaurant chain ( De Soto ) Hallmark Cards , largest maker of greeting cards in the U.S. HNTB Corporation , architectural and engineering firm H&R Block , financial corporation and former parent company of CompuServe , known mostly for their income tax preparation services Hostess Brands Maker of Twinkies and other snack cakes . Huhtamaki , makers of Chinet paper dinnerware ( De Soto ) Inergy , L.P. , retailers and distributors of natural gas International Brotherhood of Boilermakers , Iron Ship Builders , Blacksmiths , Forgers and Helpers J.E. Dunn Construction Group , construction contractor Kansas City Board of Trade , a commodity futures and options exchange Kansas City Power and Light Company , a regulated provider of electricity and energy - related products and services Kansas City Southern Industries , operators of a Class I railroad Lockton Companies , the largest privately held insurance brokerage in the U.S. Merck Health Institutions , pharmaceutical corporation ( De Soto ) MK12 Studios , a filmmaking , animation , and design studio National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) Newport Television -- privately held broadcasting company North Kansas City Hospital ( North Kansas City , Missouri ) People to People International , a voluntary organization founded by President Dwight Eisenhower Perceptive Software , makers of `` Image NOW '' software ( Lenexa , Kansas ) Polsinelli , AmLaw100 - ranked national law firm Populous ( formerly HOK Sport + Venue + Event ) , a major sports architectural firm Russell Stover Candies Sprint Nextel Corporation , a telecommunication company ( Overland Park , Kansas ) Tradebot , a high - frequency trading firm UMB Financial Corporation , a commercial bank serving a multistate area of the Midwest Unity Church Veterans of Foreign Wars Waddell & Reed , an investment management and brokerage firm ( Overland Park , Kansas ) Walton Construction , a construction contractor YRC Worldwide Inc. , known mostly from its former name and brand `` Yellow Freight '' , one of the largest transportation service providers in the world ( Overland Park , Kansas ) The Kansas City Federal Reserve Bank is one of twelve such banks located in the United States . Hospitals ( edit ) Centerpoint Medical Center Saint Luke 's Hospital Children 's Mercy Hospital Research Medical Center North Kansas City Hospital Shopping centers ( edit ) Adams Dairy Landing Blue Ridge Crossing Crown Center Country Club Plaza The Great Mall of the Great Plains Independence Center The Landing Mall Legends Outlets Kansas City Metcalf South Shopping Center ( closed October 2014 ) Metro North Mall ( closed April 2014 ) Oak Park Mall Park Place Summit Fair Summit Woods Crossing Town Center Plaza Town Pavilion Ward Parkway Center Zona Rosa Local organizations ( edit ) Irish Museum and Cultural Center Congregation Beth Israel Abraham Voliner South Kansas City Chamber of Commerce Big Brothers Big Sisters of Greater Kansas City ArtsKC Regional Arts Council Central Exchange See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Missouri portal Kansas portal List of people from Kansas City Architecture of Kansas City References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` County Population Estimates - U.S. Census Bureau '' . Census.gov . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulletin '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` publicpurpose.com '' . publicpurpose.com . January 10 , 2002 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maps and Schedules '' . KCATA . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Light Rail and MAX '' . KCATA . Retrieved March 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City voters approve streetcar plan '' . Kansas City Business Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City streetcar rides will be free '' . Kansas City Business Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official web site of the '' . Country Club Plaza . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Library district walking tour Retrieved August 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ The Union Hill Historic District Retrieved August 4 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Community College , Kansas City '' . Mcckc.edu . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vatterott College - Kansas City , MO '' . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/kansascity/gallery/54001?s=image_gallery&img_no=10 Jump up ^ http://cerner.com/newsroom.aspx?id=17179877489&blogid=2147483710&langType=1033 Further reading ( edit ) Shortridge , James R. Kansas City and How It Grew , 1822 -- 2011 ( University Press of Kansas ; 2012 ) 248 pages ; historical geography External links ( edit ) Find more aboutKansas City metropolitan areaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata VisitKC.com DowntownKC.org 2010 KC Census The Kansas City Area Kansas City , Missouri The Metro Area History Timeline Economy Neighborhoods Architecture Fountains Barbecue Jazz Broadcast Film Education Sports Kansas City metropolitan area 's cities and counties Central city Kansas City , Missouri Largest cities ( over 100,000 in 2000 ) Independence Kansas City , Kansas Olathe Overland Park Medium - sized cities ( 10,000 to 100,000 in 2000 ) Blue Springs Belton Excelsior Springs Gladstone Grandview Lansing Leawood Leavenworth Lee 's Summit Lenexa Liberty Merriam Ottawa Prairie Village Raymore Raytown Shawnee Smaller Cities ( between 5,000 and 9,900 in 2010 ) De Soto Bonner Springs Basehor Edgerton Paola Counties Jackson Clay Cass Platte Lafayette Ray Clinton Bates Caldwell Johnson Wyandotte Leavenworth Miami Franklin Linn State of Missouri Jefferson City ( capital ) Topics Government Delegations Geography Transportation History People Battles Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Boonslick Bootheel Crowley 's Ridge Dissected Till Plains Four State Area Henry Shaw Ozark Corridor Honey Lands Lead Belt Lincoln Hills Little Dixie Loess Hills Mid-Missouri Mississippi Embayment Missouri Rhineland Northern Plains Osage Plains Ozark Plateau Platte Purchase Pony Express St. Francois Mountains Westplex Metro areas Columbia Jefferson City Joplin Kansas City Springfield St. Joseph St. Louis Largest cities Kansas City St. Louis Springfield Columbia Independence Lee 's Summit O'Fallon St. Joseph St. Charles St. Peters Blue Springs Joplin Florissant Chesterfield Jefferson City Cape Girardeau Wentzville Wildwood University City Liberty Ballwin Raytown Kirkwood Maryland Heights Gladstone Hazelwood Grandview Counties and independent cities Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis ( City ) St. Louis ( County ) Ste . Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright State of Kansas Topeka ( capital ) Topics Index History Timeline Governors Delegations Landmarks People Places Geography Tourist attractions Seal of Kansas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Regions Cherokee Strip Cross Timbers Dissected Till Plains East Central Four State Area Flint Hills High Plains North Central Osage Plains Ozarks Red Hills Santa Fe Trail Region Smoky Hills Southeast Largest cities ( 1 ) Wichita ( 2 ) Overland Park ( 3 ) Kansas City ( 4 ) Olathe ( 5 ) Topeka ( 6 ) Lawrence ( 7 ) Shawnee ( 8 ) Manhattan ( 9 ) Lenexa ( 10 ) Salina ( 11 ) Hutchinson ( 12 ) Leavenworth ( 13 ) Leawood ( 14 ) Dodge City ( 15 ) Garden City ( 16 ) Junction City ( 17 ) Emporia ( 18 ) Derby ( 19 ) Prairie Village ( 20 ) Liberal ( 21 ) Hays ( 22 ) Pittsburg ( 23 ) Gardner ( 24 ) Newton ( 25 ) Great Bend ( 26 ) McPherson ( 27 ) El Dorado ( 28 ) Ottawa ( 29 ) Winfield ( 30 ) Arkansas City ( 31 ) Andover ( 32 ) Lansing ( 33 ) Merriam ( 34 ) Atchison ( 35 ) Haysville ( 36 ) Parsons ( 37 ) Coffeyville ( 38 ) Mission ( 39 ) Independence ( 40 ) Augusta ( 41 ) Chanute ( 42 ) Wellington ( 43 ) Fort Scott ( 44 ) Park City ( 45 ) Bonner Springs ( 46 ) Valley Center ( 47 ) Pratt ( 48 ) Bel Aire ( 49 ) Roeland Park ( 50 ) Abilene Counties Allen Anderson Atchison Barber Barton Bourbon Brown Butler Chase Chautauqua Cherokee Cheyenne Clark Clay Cloud Coffey Comanche Cowley Crawford Decatur Dickinson Doniphan Douglas Edwards Elk Ellis Ellsworth Finney Ford Franklin Geary Gove Graham Grant Gray Greeley Greenwood Hamilton Harper Harvey Haskell Hodgeman Jackson Jefferson Jewell Johnson Kearny Kingman Kiowa Labette Lane Leavenworth Lincoln Linn Logan Lyon Marion Marshall McPherson Meade Miami Mitchell Montgomery Morris Morton Nemaha Neosho Ness Norton Osage Osborne Ottawa Pawnee Phillips Pottawatomie Pratt Rawlins Reno Republic Rice Riley Rooks Rush Russell Saline Scott Sedgwick Seward Shawnee Sheridan Sherman Smith Stafford Stanton Stevens Sumner Thomas Trego Wabaunsee Wallace Washington Wichita Wilson Woodson Wyandotte Lists List of counties in Kansas List of townships in Kansas List of cities in Kansas List of unincorporated communities in Kansas List of ghost towns in Kansas Lists of people from Kansas The 100 most populous metropolitan statistical areas of the United States of America New York , NY Los Angeles , CA Chicago , IL Dallas , TX Houston , TX Washington , DC Philadelphia , PA Miami , FL Atlanta , GA Boston , MA San Francisco , CA Phoenix , AZ Riverside , CA Detroit , MI Seattle , WA Minneapolis , MN San Diego , CA Tampa , FL Denver , CO St. Louis , MO Baltimore , MD Charlotte , NC San Juan , PR Orlando , FL San Antonio , TX Portland , OR Pittsburgh , PA Sacramento , CA Cincinnati , OH Las Vegas , NV Kansas City , MO Austin , TX Columbus , OH Cleveland , OH Indianapolis , IN San Jose , CA Nashville , TN Virginia Beach , VA Providence , RI Milwaukee , WI Jacksonville , FL Memphis , TN Oklahoma City , OK Louisville , KY Richmond , VA New Orleans , LA Hartford , CT Raleigh , NC Birmingham , AL Buffalo , NY Salt Lake City , UT Rochester , NY Grand Rapids , MI Tucson , AZ Honolulu , HI Tulsa , OK Fresno , CA Bridgeport , CT Worcester , MA Albuquerque , NM Omaha , NE Albany , NY New Haven , CT Bakersfield , CA Knoxville , TN Greenville , SC Oxnard , CA El Paso , TX Allentown , PA Baton Rouge , LA McAllen , TX Dayton , OH Columbia , SC Greensboro , NC Sarasota , FL Little Rock , AR Stockton , CA Akron , OH Charleston , SC Colorado Springs , CO Syracuse , NY Winston - Salem , NC Cape Coral , FL Boise , ID Wichita , KS Springfield , MA Madison , WI Lakeland , FL Ogden , UT Toledo , OH Deltona , FL Des Moines , IA Jackson , MS Augusta , GA Scranton , PA Youngstown , OH Harrisburg , PA Provo , UT Palm Bay , FL Chattanooga , TN United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1 , 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_metropolitan_area&oldid=802268132 '' Categories : Kansas City metropolitan area Metropolitan areas of Missouri Metropolitan areas of Kansas Regions of Missouri Regions of Kansas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Ænglisc Bân - lâm - gú Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Scots Simple English Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is bigger kansas city mo or ks	[ "In Wyandotte County lies Kansas City, Kansas, which is locally called \"KCK\" to distinguish it from the larger Kansas City, Missouri (KCMO). It contains many residential neighborhoods, the Fairfax Industrial District, and the Village West entertainment district. The General Motors Fairfax Assembly Plant is located in the Fairfax Industrial District. Village West contains many area attractions. This includes many sporting venues such as Children's Mercy Park, home of the area MLS soccer team Sporting Kansas City, the Kansas Speedway, which hosts many NASCAR races, and Community America Ballpark, home of the independent baseball team, the Kansas City T-Bones. Other Village West attractions include the Legends shopping district, the Providence Medical Center Amphitheater, and Schlitterbahn Waterpark." ]	[ "Kansas City, Missouri" ]
643185046313812138	2017 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship	2017 U.S. Women 's Open golf Championship - wikipedia 2017 U.S. Women 's Open golf Championship Jump to : navigation , search 2017 U.S. Women 's Open Tournament information Dates July 13 -- 16 , 2017 Location Bedminster , New Jersey Course ( s ) Trump National Golf Club , Old Course Organized by USGA Tour ( s ) LPGA Tour Statistics Par 72 Length 6,732 yards ( 6,156 m ) Field 156 players , 62 made cut Cut 146 ( + 2 ) Prize fund $ 5.0 million Winner 's share $900,000 Champion Park Sung - hyun 277 ( − 11 ) `` 2016 2018 '' Bedminster Location in the United States Bedminster Location in New Jersey The 2017 U.S. Women 's Open Golf Championship was the 72nd U.S. Women 's Open , held July 13 -- 16 at Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster , New Jersey . The U.S. Women 's Open is the oldest of the five current major championships and the third of the 2017 season . It has the largest purse in women 's golf , increased to $ 5 million in 2017 . It was televised by Fox Sports 1 and Fox Sports . Park Sung - hyun won the tournament by two strokes over amateur Choi Hye - jin . It was her first major and first LPGA Tour win after 10 wins on the LPGA of Korea Tour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifying and field 1.1 Exempt from qualifying 1.2 Qualifiers 1.3 Alternates added to field 1.4 Nationalities in the field 1.5 Past champions in the field 1.5. 1 Made the cut 1.5. 2 Missed the cut 2 Course layout 3 Round summaries 3.1 First round 3.2 Second round 3.3 Third round 3.4 Final round 4 References 5 External links Qualifying and field ( edit ) The championship is open to any female professional or amateur golfer with a USGA handicap index not exceeding 2.4 . Players qualify by competing in one of twenty 36 - hole qualifying tournaments held at sites across the United States and at international sites in China , England , Japan , and South Korea . Additional players were exempt from qualifying because of past performances in professional or amateur tournaments around the world . Exempt from qualifying ( edit ) Many players are exempt in multiple categories . Players are listed only once , in the first category in which they became exempt , with additional categories in parentheses ( ) next to their names . Golfers qualifying in Category 14 who qualified in other categories are denoted with the tour by which they qualified . 1 . Winners of the U.S. Women 's Open for the last ten years ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Choi Na - yeon , Chun In - gee ( 8 , 12 , 13 , 14 - KLPGA , 16 , 17 ) , Paula Creamer , Ji Eun - hee ( 10 , 16 ) , Cristie Kerr ( 10 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Brittany Lang ( 10 , 16 , 17 ) , Inbee Park ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Ryu So - yeon ( 7 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Michelle Wie ( 17 ) 2 . Winner and runner - up from the 2016 U.S. Women 's Amateur ( must be an amateur ) Virginia Elena Carta ( a ) , Seong Eun - jeong ( a ) 3 . Winner of the 2017 British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship ( must be an amateur ) Leona Maguire ( a , 4 ) 4 . Winner of the 2016 Mark H. McCormack Medal ( Women 's World Amateur Golf Ranking ) ( must be an amateur ) 5 . Winners of the Women 's PGA Championship for the last five years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Brooke Henderson ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Danielle Kang ( 11 , 17 ) 6 . Winners of the Ricoh Women 's British Open for the last five years ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Ariya Jutanugarn ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Stacy Lewis ( 10 , 16 , 17 ) , Mo Martin ( 16 , 17 ) , Jiyai Shin ( 14 - JLPGA , 16 , 17 ) 7 . Winners of the ANA Inspiration for the last five years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Lydia Ko ( 8 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Brittany Lincicome ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Lexi Thompson ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) 8 . Winners of the Evian Championship for the last four years ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Kim Hyo - joo ( 16 , 17 ) , Suzann Pettersen ( 16 , 17 ) 9 . Winner of the 2016 Olympic Gold Medal 10 . Ten lowest scorers and anyone tying for 10th place from the 2016 U.S. Women 's Open Jodi Ewart Shadoff ( 16 , 17 ) , Anna Nordqvist ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Park Sung - hyun ( 14 - KLPGA , 16 , 17 ) , Gerina Piller ( 16 , 17 ) , Amy Yang ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) 11 . Top 75 money leaders from the 2016 final official LPGA money list Marina Alex , Katie Burnett , Chella Choi ( 17 ) , Carlota Ciganda ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Jacqui Concolino , Austin Ernst ( 16 , 17 ) , Shanshan Feng ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Sandra Gal , Charley Hull ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , M.J. Hur ( 16 , 17 ) , Karine Icher ( 16 , 17 ) , Moriya Jutanugarn ( 17 ) , Kim Kaufman , Megan Khang , Christina Kim , In - Kyung Kim ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Kim Sei - young ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Jessica Korda ( 16 , 17 ) , Candie Kung , Alison Lee ( 16 ) , Lee Mi - hyang ( 17 ) , Minjee Lee ( 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Mirim Lee ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) , Lin Xiyu , Pernilla Lindberg , Gaby López , Caroline Masson ( 13 ) , Catriona Matthew , Ai Miyazato , Mika Miyazato , Azahara Muñoz , Haru Nomura ( 16 , 17 ) , Su - Hyun Oh , Ryann O'Toole , Lee - Anne Pace , Park Hee - young , Pornanong Phatlum ( 16 ) , Morgan Pressel , Beatriz Recari , Paula Reto , Lizette Salas , Alena Sharp , Jenny Shin ( 16 , 17 ) , Kelly Shon , Sarah Jane Smith , Jennifer Song , Angela Stanford , Kris Tamulis , Mariajo Uribe , Karrie Webb , Jing Yan , Sakura Yokomine Jang Ha - na ( 12 , 13 , 16 , 17 ) did not play . 12 . Top 10 money leaders from the 2017 official LPGA money list , through the close of entries on May 17 13 . Winners of LPGA co-sponsored events , whose victories are considered official , from the conclusion of the 2016 U.S. Women 's Open to the initiation of the 2017 U.S. Women 's Open Katherine Kirk 14 . Top five money leaders from the 2016 Japan LPGA Tour , Korea LPGA Tour and Ladies European Tour Beth Allen , Aditi Ashok , Bae Seon - woo ( 16 ) , Isabelle Boineau , Georgia Hall , Jang Su - yeon , Kim Ha - neul ( 16 , 17 ) , Ko Jin - young ( 16 , 17 ) , Lee Seung - hyun , Florentyna Parker , Ai Suzuki ( 16 , 17 ) Lee Bo - mee ( 16 , 17 ) and Ritsuko Ryu ( 16 ) did not play . 15 . Top three money leaders from the 2016 China LPGA Tour . Supamas Sangchan , Zhang Weiwei Shi Yuting did not play . 16 . Top 50 point leaders from the current Rolex Rankings and anyone tying for 50th place as of May 17 Kim Min - sun ( 17 ) , Lee Min - young ( 17 ) , Lee Jeong - eun Ahn Sun - ju ( 17 ) , Jeon Mi - jeong , Kim Hae - rym ( 17 ) , and Teresa Lu ( 17 ) did not play . 17 . Top 50 point leaders from the current Rolex Rankings and anyone tying for 50th place as of July 9 Kim Ji - hyun did not play . 18 . Special exemptions selected by the USGA Qualifiers ( edit ) Additional players qualify through sectional qualifying tournaments taking place in May and June at sites in the United States , China , South Korea , England , and Japan . May 22 at The Country Club at DC Ranch , Scottsdale , Arizona Kyung Kim Emma Henrikson May 22 at Hino Golf Club , Hino , Shiga , Japan Haruka Morita - WanyaoLu Rumi Yoshiba Tsai Pei - Ying Fumika Kawagishi May 22 at Butler Country Club , Butler , Pennsylvania Bailey Tardy ( a ) Laura Gonzalez Escallon May 24 at Riverdale Dunes Golf Club , Brighton , Colorado Jennifer Kupcho ( a ) Robyn Choi ( a ) May 28 at Poipu Bay Golf Club , Koloa , Hawaii Kang So - whi ( a ) May 30 at Industry Hills Golf Club ( Eisenhower course ) , City of Industry , California Brianna Do Cheyenne Woods May 30 at Diamond Oaks Country Club , Fort Worth , Texas Dylan Kim ( a ) Morgane Metraux ( a ) May 31 at Legends Golf Club , Prior Lake , Minnesota Belén Mozo Casey Danielson Jun 2 at BallenIsles Country Club ( East course ) , Palm Beach Gardens , Florida Dana Williams ( a ) August Kim Jun 5 at Oak Valley Golf Club , Beaumont , California Paphangkorn Tavatanakit ( a ) Mariel Galdiano ( a ) Jun 5 at Lake Merced Golf Club , Daly City , California Emily Childs Ty Akabane ( a ) Jun 5 at Lan Hai International Golf Club , Shanghai , China Yan Liu Jun 5 at Buckinghamshire Golf Club , Buckinghamshire , England Carly Booth Caroline Hedwall Meghan MacLaren Kelsey MacDonald Jun 5 at The Legends at Chateau Elan , Braselton , Georgia Jane Park Rachel Heck ( a ) Jun 5 at Hidden Creek Golf Club , Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey Samantha Wagner Thidapa Suwannapura Stephanie Meadow Jun 6 / 7 at South Shore Country Club , Hingham , Massachusetts Nanna Koerstz Madsen Jun 7 at Bogey Hills Country Club , St Louis , Missouri Ally McDonald Pei - Yun Chien Jun 7 at The Woodlands Country Club ( Gary Player course ) , Spring , Texas Anne Chen ( a ) Marissa Steen Jun 9 at Sugar Mill Country Club , New Smyrna Beach , Florida Jessica Welch Wei - Ling Hsu Jun 12 at Bradenton Country Club , Bradenton , Florida Emma Bradley ( a ) Jun 12 at Prestwick Country Club , Frankfort , Illinois Ashleigh Buhai Elin Arvidsson Jun 12 at Woo Jeong Hills Country Club , Cheonan , South Korea Choi Hye - jin ( a ) Jun 12 at Muskegon Country Club , Muskegon , Michigan Tiffany Joh Lee Jeong - eun Jun 12 at Governors Course , Chapel Hill , North Carolina Natalie Srinivasan ( a ) Lauren Stephenson ( a ) Jun 12 at OGA Golf Club , Woodburn , Oregon Becky Morgan Brooke Seay ( a ) Alternates added to field ( edit ) The following players were added to the field before the start of the tournament when spots reserved for exemptions in various categories were not used and to replace players who withdrew from the tournament . Sara Banke , Valdis Thora Jonsdottir , Nelly Korda , Bronte Law , Madelene Sagström , Maddie Szeryk , Alison Walshe , Ayaka Watanabe , Angel Yin Nationalities in the field ( edit ) North America ( 59 ) South America ( 1 ) Europe ( 32 ) Oceana ( 7 ) Asia ( 54 ) Africa ( 3 ) Canada ( 3 ) Colombia ( 1 ) England ( 6 ) Australia ( 6 ) China ( 6 ) South Africa ( 3 ) Mexico ( 1 ) Northern Ireland ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 1 ) India ( 1 ) United States ( 55 ) Scotland ( 3 ) Japan ( 8 ) Wales ( 1 ) South Korea ( 29 ) Ireland ( 1 ) Taiwan ( 4 ) Belgium ( 1 ) Thailand ( 6 ) Denmark ( 1 ) France ( 2 ) Germany ( 2 ) Iceland ( 1 ) Italy ( 1 ) Norway ( 1 ) Spain ( 4 ) Sweden ( 6 ) Switzerland ( 1 ) Past champions in the field ( edit ) Made the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 R3 R4 Total To par Finish Ryu So - yeon South Korea 2011 68 72 71 70 281 − 7 T3 Ji Eun - hee South Korea 2009 73 71 69 72 285 − 3 T13 Chun In - gee South Korea 2015 70 70 76 70 286 − 2 T15 Cristie Kerr United States 2007 69 73 70 75 287 − 1 T19 Karrie Webb Australia 2000 , 2001 74 71 73 76 294 + 6 T44 Brittany Lang United States 2016 72 74 80 73 299 + 11 T58 Choi Na - yeon South Korea 2012 73 73 78 77 301 + 13 T60 Missed the cut ( edit ) Player Country Year ( s ) won R1 R2 Total To par Paula Creamer United States 73 77 150 + 6 Inbee Park South Korea 2008 , 2013 77 74 151 + 7 Michelle Wie United States 2014 73 WD 73 + 1 Course layout ( edit ) Old Course Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Yards 543 384 406 192 381 407 158 535 419 3,425 411 373 347 402 179 518 162 394 521 3,307 6,732 Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Source : Round summaries ( edit ) First round ( edit ) Thursday and Friday , July 13 -- 14 , 2017 Place Player Country Score To par Shanshan Feng China 66 − 6 Amy Yang South Korea 67 − 5 T3 Lydia Ko New Zealand 68 − 4 Ryu So - yeon South Korea Rumi Yoshiba Japan T6 Choi Hye - jin ( a ) South Korea 69 − 3 Carlota Ciganda Spain Cristie Kerr United States Megan Khang United States Kim Sei - young South Korea Lee Jeong - eun South Korea Minjee Lee Australia Play was suspended on Thursday at approximately 8 : 33 pm Eastern time due to darkness following over two hours of weather delays , with 39 players remaining on the course . Second round ( edit ) Friday , July 14 , 2017 Place Player Country Score To par Shanshan Feng China 66 - 70 = 136 − 8 T2 Choi Hye - jin ( a ) South Korea 69 - 69 = 138 − 6 Lee Jeong - eun South Korea 69 - 69 = 138 Amy Yang South Korea 67 - 71 = 138 5 Bae Seon - woo South Korea 70 - 69 = 139 − 5 T6 Carlota Ciganda Spain 69 - 71 = 140 − 4 Chun In - gee South Korea 70 - 70 = 140 Haru Nomura Japan 71 - 69 = 140 Ryu So - yeon South Korea 68 - 72 = 140 T10 Marina Alex United States 71 - 70 = 141 − 3 Brooke Henderson Canada 70 - 71 = 141 Lydia Ko New Zealand 71 - 70 = 141 Minjee Lee Australia 68 - 73 = 141 Third round ( edit ) Saturday , July 15 , 2017 Place Player Country Score To par Shanshan Feng China 66 - 70 - 71 = 207 − 9 T2 Choi Hye - jin ( a ) South Korea 69 - 69 - 70 = 208 − 8 Amy Yang South Korea 67 - 71 - 70 = 208 Park Sung - hyun South Korea 73 - 70 - 67 = 210 − 6 T5 Lee Jeong - eun South Korea 69 - 69 - 73 = 211 − 5 Mirim Lee South Korea 70 - 74 - 67 = 211 Ryu So - yeon South Korea 68 - 72 - 71 = 211 T8 Carlota Ciganda Spain 69 - 71 - 72 = 212 − 4 Cristie Kerr United States 69 - 73 - 70 = 212 T10 Bae Seon - woo South Korea 70 - 69 - 74 = 213 − 3 M.J. Hur South Korea 71 - 72 - 70 = 213 Ji Eun - hee South Korea 73 - 71 - 69 = 213 Haru Nomura Japan 71 - 69 - 73 = 213 Final round ( edit ) Sunday , July 16 , 2017 Place Player Country Score To par Money ( $ ) Park Sung - hyun South Korea 73 - 70 - 67 - 67 = 277 − 11 900,000 Choi Hye - jin ( a ) South Korea 69 - 69 - 70 - 71 = 279 − 9 0 T3 M.J. Hur South Korea 71 - 72 - 70 - 68 = 281 − 7 442,479 Ryu So - yeon South Korea 68 - 72 - 71 - 70 = 281 T5 Carlota Ciganda Spain 69 - 71 - 72 - 70 = 282 − 6 207,269 Shanshan Feng China 66 - 70 - 71 - 75 = 282 Lee Jeong - eun South Korea 69 - 69 - 73 - 71 = 282 T8 Kim Sei - young South Korea 69 - 73 - 72 - 69 = 283 − 5 145,234 Mirim Lee South Korea 70 - 74 - 67 - 72 = 283 Amy Yang South Korea 67 - 71 - 70 - 75 = 283 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Women 's Open : Course Tour '' . USGA. 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sung Hyun Park wins U.S. Women 's Open in front of President Trump '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 72nd U.S. Women 's Open Championship -- Informational PDF '' ( PDF ) . USGA . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Booth , Hedwall , MacLaren and MacDonald Qualify For US Women 's Open '' . Ladies European Tour . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2017 U.S. Women 's Open at LPGA official site Preceded by 2017 KPMG Women 's PGA Championship Major Championships Succeeded by 2017 Women 's British Open U.S. Women 's Open championships 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Golf on Fox U.S. Opens 2015 2016 2017 2018 U.S. Women 's Opens 2015 2016 2017 2018 Other events U.S. Amateur Four - Ball United States Senior Open U.S. Junior Amateur Golf Championship Franklin Templeton Shootout U.S. Women 's Amateur Championship U.S. Amateur Championship U.S. Girls ' Junior Golf Championship U.S. Mid-Amateur Golf Championship Walker Cup Related articles Television contract history U.S. Open broadcasters Coordinates : 40 ° 39 ′ 11 '' N 74 ° 41 ′ 46 '' W / 40.653 ° N 74.696 ° W / 40.653 ; - 74.696 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_U.S._Women%27s_Open_Golf_Championship&oldid=796672028 '' Categories : United States Women 's Open Championship ( golf ) Golf in New Jersey Sports competitions in New Jersey 2017 in women 's golf 2017 in American women 's sport 2017 in sports in New Jersey July 2017 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 11 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the us women's open golf tournament	[ "\n2017 U.S. Women's Open\n\n\n\n\nTournament information\n\n\nDates\nJuly 13–16, 2017\n\n\nLocation\nBedminster, New Jersey\n\n\nCourse(s)\nTrump National Golf Club,\nOld Course\n\n\nOrganized by\nUSGA\n\n\nTour(s)\nLPGA Tour\n\n\nStatistics\n\n\nPar\n72\n\n\nLength\n6,732 yards (6,156 m)[1]\n\n\nField\n156 players, 62 made cut\n\n\nCut\n146 (+2)\n\n\nPrize fund\n$5.0 million\n\n\nWinner's share\n$900,000\n\n\nChampion\n\n\n Park Sung-hyun\n\n\n277 (−11)\n\n\n\n«2016\n2018»\n\n\n" ]	[ "Park Sung-hyun" ]
4852012493698451952	Waterloo, Texas	Waterloo , Texas - Wikipedia Waterloo , Texas Waterloo was the original name for the city of Austin , Texas , located in Travis County in the central part of the state . After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo - hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838 , he proposed that the republic 's capital , then located in Houston , be relocated to an area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present - day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge in what is now central Austin . In 1839 , the site was officially chosen as the seventh and final location for the capital of the Republic of Texas . It was incorporated under the name `` Waterloo '' . Shortly thereafter , the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin , the `` Father of Texas '' and the republic 's first secretary of state . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ City of Austin - Austin History Center : Our Collections External links ( edit ) Waterloo , Texas from TexasEscapes.com Waterloo , Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online Waterloo , Texas from https://tshaonline.org Municipalities and communities of Travis County , Texas , United States County seat : Austin Cities Austin ‡ Bee Cave Cedar Park ‡ Creedmoor Elgin ‡ Jonestown Lago Vista Lakeway Leander ‡ Manor Mustang Ridge ‡ Pflugerville ‡ Rollingwood Round Rock ‡ Sunset Valley West Lake Hills Villages Briarcliff Point Venture San Leanna The Hills Volente Webberville CDPs Barton Creek Garfield Hornsby Bend Hudson Bend Jollyville ‡ Lost Creek Manchaca Shady Hollow Wells Branch Windemere Other unincorporated communities Bluff Springs Cele Del Valle Elroy Kimbro Littig Lund Maha Manda Marshall Ford McNeil Nameless New Sweden Pilot Knob Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure Capitol View Corridors French Legation Greater Austin Stephen F. Austin Texas Archive War Timeline Treaty Oak Waterloo , Texas Education Tertiary Austin Community College Concordia University Texas Huston -- Tillotson University St. Edward 's University University of Texas School districts Austin ISD Del Valle ISD Eanes ISD Hays CISD Leander ISD Lake Travis ISD Manor ISD Pflugerville ISD Libraries Austin Public Library Government Austin City Hall Camp Mabry Fire Police Industry General Amy 's Ice Creams Golfsmith Keller Williams Realty Schlotzsky 's Whole Foods Market Creative arts Alamo Drafthouse Cinema / Drafthouse Films Collings Guitars Inner Sanctum Records Retro Studios Rooster Teeth Troublemaker Studios Waterloo Records Western Vinyl Technology Advanced Technology Development Facility ( ATDF ) Cirrus Logic Dell Computer Freescale Semiconductor Luminex Corporation MCC National Instruments Silicon Laboratories Valence Technology Museums Arthouse at The Jones Center Austin History Center Austin Museum of Art Austin Museum of Digital Art Blanton Museum of Art Bullock Texas State History Museum Dolph Briscoe Center for American History Elisabet Ney Museum French Legation Museum George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Mexic - Arte Museum Neill - Cochran House Museum O. Henry Museum South Austin Museum of Popular Culture Texas Memorial Museum Texas Military Forces Museum Texas State Capitol Visitors Center Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum Music Antone 's Armadillo World Headquarters Austin City Limits Austin Opera Austin Symphony Orchestra Cinematic Symphony Emo 's SXSW Neighborhoods Allandale Anderson Mill Barton Hills Bouldin Creek Bremond Block Historic District Brentwood Bryker Woods Canyon Creek Chinatown Circle C Ranch Clarksville Congress Avenue Copperfield Crestview Dawson Dove Springs Downtown Austin The Drag East Cesar Chavez East Riverside - Oltorf Easton Park French Place Galindo Granada Hills Hancock Hyde Park Historic District Jollyville Montopolis Moore 's Crossing Historic District Mueller Community North Burnet -- Gateway North Shoal Creek Northwest Hills Oak Hill Old West Austin Onion Creek Rainey Street Rosedale Saint John Scenic Brook Shadow Lawn Historic District Sixth Street South Congress South Lamar South River City Spyglass - Barton 's Bluff Swedish Hill Tarrytown Travis Heights Waters Park West Campus Westgate West Line Willow - Spence Streets Windsor Hills Windsor Park Wooten Zilker Parks and recreation Auditorium Shores Barton Creek Barton Springs Big Walnut Creek Bull Creek Colorado River Deep Eddy Pool Emma Long Hippie Hollow Lady Bird Lake Lake Austin Lake Travis Lake Walter E. Long McKinney Falls Mount Bonnell Rosewood Park Walnut Creek Park Wild Basin Zilker Park Transportation Public Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital MetroRail Capital MetroRapid Capital Area Rural Transportation System Freeways MoPac Expressway Interstate 35 Pickle Parkway SH 71 US 290 US 183 Streets Congress Avenue Guadalupe Street Sixth Street Bridges Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge Lamar Boulevard Bridge Montopolis Bridge Pennybacker Bridge West Sixth Street Bridge Weirdness Keep Austin Weird Leslie Cochran Occupy Austin Spamarama Weird City This article about a location in Travis County , Texas is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterloo,_Texas&oldid=819553183 '' Categories : Populated places in Travis County , Texas History of Austin , Texas Populated places established in 1839 1839 establishments in the Republic of Texas Greater Austin geography stubs Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Volapük Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who suggested waterloo as the place for a permanent capital of texas	[ "After Republic of Texas Vice President Mirabeau B. Lamar visited the area during a buffalo-hunting expedition between 1837 and 1838, he proposed that the republic's capital, then located in Houston, be relocated to an area situated on the north bank of the Colorado River near the present-day Ann W. Richards Congress Avenue Bridge in what is now central Austin. In 1839, the site was officially chosen as the seventh and final location for the capital of the Republic of Texas. It was incorporated under the name \"Waterloo\". Shortly thereafter, the name was changed to Austin in honor of Stephen F. Austin, the \"Father of Texas\" and the republic's first secretary of state.\n" ]	[ "Mirabeau B. Lamar" ]
-4977825646620228846	Cry Me a River (Arthur Hamilton song)	Cry Me a River ( Arthur Hamilton song ) - wikipedia Cry Me a River ( Arthur Hamilton song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Cry Me a River '' Song Published 1953 Songwriter ( s ) Arthur Hamilton `` Cry Me a River '' is a popular American torch song , written by Arthur Hamilton , first published in 1953 and made famous in 1955 with the version by Julie London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and early recordings 2 Later recordings 3 Use in media 4 References 5 External links Origins and early recordings ( edit ) Arthur Hamilton later said of the song : `` I had never heard the phrase . I just liked the combination of words ... Instead of ' Eat your heart out ' or ' I 'll get even with you , ' it sounded like a good , smart retort to somebody who had hurt your feelings or broken your heart . '' He was initially concerned that listeners would hear a reference to the Crimea , rather than `` ... cry me a ... '' , but said that `` ... sitting down and playing the melody and coming up with lyrics made it a nonissue . '' A jazzy blues ballad , `` Cry Me a River '' was originally written for Ella Fitzgerald to sing in the 1920s - set film , Pete Kelly 's Blues ( released 1955 ) , but the song was dropped . Fitzgerald first released a recording of the song on Clap Hands , Here Comes Charlie ! in 1961 . The song was also offered to Peggy King , but Columbia Records A&R chief Mitch Miller objected to the word `` plebeian '' in the lyric and its first release was by actress / singer Julie London on Liberty Records in 1955 , backed by Barney Kessel on guitar and Ray Leatherwood on bass . A performance of the song by London in the 1956 film The Girl Ca n't Help It helped to make it a bestseller ( reaching no . 9 on US and no . 22 on UK charts ) . It became a gold record , and in 2016 , it was inducted by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry . Later recordings ( edit ) Other recordings include a version by Shirley Bassey on her third album , The Fabulous Shirley Bassey , her debut for Columbia in 1959 ; Dinah Washington on What A Diff'rence A Day Makes ! also in 1959 ; a version by Barbra Streisand on her 1963 debut album as the opening track of Side 1 ; a version by Lesley Gore on her 1963 debut album I 'll Cry If I Want To ; and a version by English singer Joe Cocker , who made the chart in 1970 with an upbeat rock rendition on the album , Mad Dogs and Englishmen . Crystal Gayle recorded the song in 1978 , and it was the B - side of her number - one Country hit , `` Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For '' . The song was covered by Aerosmith on their 1982 album `` Rock and a Hard Place '' released by Columbia Records . In 1983 , Mari Wilson 's version spent 7 weeks in the UK Singles Chart , reaching # 27 . Elkie Brooks 1993 on the album Round Midnight . In 1995 , British actress Denise Welch 's double A-side `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Cry Me a River '' spent three weeks in the UK Singles Chart , reaching # 23 . Canadian jazz pianist and singer Diana Krall recorded the song on her 2001 album , The Look of Love . In 2001 , Etta James recorded the song for her album , Blue Gardenia . Sylvia Brooks recorded the song on her debut album , Dangerous Liaisons in 2009 . Also in 2009 , Canadian singer Michael Bublé entered the charts with a big - band jazz version , which is also the opening track of his fourth album Crazy Love . The single reached # 34 and spent 10 weeks in the UK Singles Chart . Dami Im released a version on her 2018 album , I Hear a Song . Use in media ( edit ) The song is featured on the soundtrack of the film V For Vendetta ( 2006 ) . It was sampled in the song `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' on the 2007 Tough Guys Do n't Dance album by High Contrast . Bublé 's adaption of the song was used in the BBC 's advertising for , and theme music for coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics . The song is featured on the soundtrack of the film Repo Men ( 2010 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Berlau , `` Crying a River for Years '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` PEGGY KING & ANDY KAHN - `` Cry Me A River '' at Metropolitan Room NYC 2 - 23 - 14 `` . YouTube . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Recording Registry Recognizes `` Mack the Knife , '' Motown and Mahler `` . loc.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Cry Me a River '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous Liaisons - Sylvia Brooks - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . External links ( edit ) Peggy King performs `` Cry Me a River '' at the Metropolitan Room in 2014 `` Cry Me a River '' at jazzstandards.com `` Cry Me a River '' at AllMusic Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cry_Me_a_River_(Arthur_Hamilton_song)&oldid=826757514 '' Categories : 1953 songs Torch songs Pop ballads Ella Fitzgerald songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs written by Arthur Hamilton 1950s jazz standards United States National Recording Registry recordings Jazz compositions in E minor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia	who is the song cry me a river about	[ "Arthur Hamilton later said of the song: \"I had never heard the phrase. I just liked the combination of words... Instead of 'Eat your heart out' or 'I'll get even with you,' it sounded like a good, smart retort to somebody who had hurt your feelings or broken your heart.\" He was initially concerned that listeners would hear a reference to the Crimea, rather than \"..cry me a...\", but said that \"..sitting down and playing the melody and coming up with lyrics made it a nonissue.\"[1]" ]	[ "a good, smart retort to somebody who had hurt your feelings or broken your heart" ]
4762700346537777228	Captain Kangaroo	Captain Kangaroo - wikipedia Captain Kangaroo Jump to : navigation , search Captain Kangaroo Captain Kangaroo ( Bob Keeshan ) , left , with Nipsey Russell , 1976 Created by Bob Keeshan Written by Howard Friedlander Starring Bob Keeshan Hugh Brannum Opening theme `` Puffin ' Billy ( The Captain Kangaroo Theme ) '' Country of origin United States No. of seasons 38 No. of episodes 6,090 Production Running time 60 minutes / 30 minutes Release Original network CBS Original release October 3 , 1955 ( 1955 - 10 - 03 ) -- December 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 08 ) Captain Kangaroo is an American children 's television series that aired weekday mornings on the American television network CBS for nearly 30 years , from October 3 , 1955 , until December 8 , 1984 , making it the longest - running nationally broadcast children 's television program of its day . In 1986 , the American Program Service ( now American Public Television , Boston ) integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes , distributing the newer version of the series until 1993 . The show was conceived and the title character was played by Bob Keeshan , who based the show on `` the warm relationship between grandparents and children '' . Keeshan had portrayed the original Clarabell the Clown on The Howdy Doody Show when it aired on NBC . Captain Kangaroo had a loose structure , built around life in the `` Treasure House '' ( later known as `` The Captain 's Place '' ) where the Captain ( the name `` kangaroo '' came from the big pockets in his coat ) would tell stories , meet guests , and indulge in silly stunts with regular characters , both humans and puppets . Keeshan performed as the Captain more than 9,000 times over the nearly 30 - year run of the show . The show was telecast live to the East Coast and the Midwest for its first four years and broadcast on kinescope for the West Coast , as Keeshan would not perform the show live three times a day , and was in black - and - white until 1965 . The May 17 , 1971 , episode had two major changes on the show : The Treasure House was renovated and renamed `` The Captain 's Place '' and the Captain replaced his navy blue coat with a red coat . In September 1981 , CBS shortened the hour - long show to a half - hour , briefly retitled it Wake Up with the Captain , and moved it to an earlier time slot ; it was moved to weekends in September 1982 , and returned to an hour - long format . Captain Kangaroo was cancelled by CBS at the end of 1984 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Format 2.1 Cartoons 2.2 `` Good morning , Captain ! '' 2.3 Regular features 3 Theme song 4 Schedule history 5 Schwinn marketing 6 Popular culture 7 Reboot 8 References 9 External links Cast ( edit ) Bob Keeshan as Captain Kangaroo , Mr. Pennywhistle , Mr. Doodle , Wally and the Town Clown Hugh `` Lumpy '' Brannum as Mr. Green Jeans , the New Old Folk Singer , Percy , Uncle Backwards , Mr. McGregor , and Mr. Bainter the Painter Cosmo Allegretti appeared as Mr. Bunny Rabbit and Mr. Moose ( both of which he also created ) , Dennis the Apprentice , Willy , Miss Frog , Mr. Whispers , Dancing Bear , Grandfather Clock , and Uncle Ralph ; he was the voice of Aniforms puppet TV Fred ( a live - action on - screen puppet that appeared behind the blackboard in the Treasure House ) , and was the artist behind the Magic Drawing Board From left : Dancing Bear , Bunny Rabbit , Captain Kangaroo , Grandfather Clock , Mister Moose , and Mister Green Jeans . Sam Levine as The Banana Man ; the character was created by Adolph Proper Bill Cosby as himself , the host of the Picture Pages segment ( 1980 -- 1984 ) Debbie Weems appeared as Debbie ( 1973 -- 1978 ) ; the voice for the puppet character Baby Duck James Wall as Mr. Baxter ( 1968 -- 1978 ) Carolyn Mignini as Kathy and other female roles ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Kevin Clash as the puppet character Artie ( 1980 -- 1984 ) and as himself , acting in many of the sketches John Burstein as Slim Goodbody ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Bill McCutcheon as Mr. Homan ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Dr. Joyce Brothers as herself for three seasons Format ( edit ) Mr. Moose and the Captain 's original navy blue jacket at the Smithsonian Institution The show did not have a strict format , other than the entire program taking place in and around the Treasure House or the Captain 's Place , where the Captain would interact with puppets , guests , or other members of the cast . Even the opening sequence could change . The show generally began with the theme music starting up , then the Captain would unlock and open the doors of the Treasure House from the inside , and viewers would catch their first glimpse of him . Then he would put the Treasure House keys on a nail , and the music would stop . However , sometimes the Captain could not get the keys to stay on the nail , and when they fell off , the theme music would begin playing again . One never knew exactly what would happen from one episode to the next , although at certain times of the year , such as the Christmas season , paper cutout versions of such stories as The Littlest Snowman would be shown . Cartoons ( edit ) Several cartoon shorts were featured over the course of the series ' run , including : A cartoon starring a funnel - capped shape - shifting boy named Tom Terrific was part of the show in the 1950s and 1960s . Tom had a sidekick named Mighty Manfred the Wonder Dog , and a nemesis , Crabby Appleton ( `` Rotten to the core ! '' ) . Other cartoons included Lariat Sam , which was developed by veteran game show announcer Gene Wood , then a show staffer ( who also sang the cartoon 's theme song ) . The British cartoon Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings appeared in the 1970s , featuring a child with magic chalk who could create all sorts of short - lived creations in short adventures . ( The original version featured a British narrator , Bernard Cribbins , but Keeshan 's voice was dubbed onto the cartoons for their U.S. airing ) . Another British - produced cartoon , Ludwig , about a magical egg - shaped robot , was also included around the same time as Simon . The cartoon 's musical score consisted of selections from the works of Beethoven . Also appearing in the 1970s was The Most Important Person , a series of five - minute segments on the importance of life , and The Kingdom of Could Be You , a series of five - minute segments on the importance of careers and the work world . The cartoon series called The Toothbrush Family was based on an extended family of hygiene utensils , as the name suggests ; they would embark on adventures based in the bathroom , like water skiing in the tub , or rescuing friends caught in the drain . Episodes were generally a few minutes each and basically revolved around teaching children the importance of dental care . A silent cartoon in the 1970s named Crystal Tipps featured the adventures of a young girl . Later reruns were narrated by the voice of Mr. Moose . Another British favorite , The Wombles , was also featured . The Red & Blue shorts from Italy were also shown . The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo , featuring a family of sea explorers , was featured , as well . `` Good Morning , Captain ! '' ( edit ) Beginning in 1974 and continuing throughout the rest of the 1970s and into the 1980s , the show opened with different people wishing the Captain `` good morning '' . Many of the openings featured noncelebrities , but some featured stars from TV shows , most of which broadcast over CBS , such as The Bob Newhart Show , The Price is Right , Match Game , M * A * S * H , Alice , and One Day at a Time , as well as characters with a connection to another network ; including William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy , dressed as Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock , characters from the Peanuts cartoons , Big Bird from Sesame Street , and Fred Rogers from Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood . The montage of `` good mornings '' always ended with the Captain himself returning the greeting before the opening credits ran . Regular features ( edit ) Other regular features included The Magic Drawing Board and the Captain 's `` Reading Stories '' sessions , which introduced kids to stories such as Curious George , Make Way for Ducklings , Stone Soup , Caps for Sale , and Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel . The Sweet Pickles books were also featured . Puppeteer Cosmo Allegretti ( left ) with actor Dick Shawn , 1977 : Allegretti played many roles on the program . Songs included `` Captain Kangaroo '' , `` The Captain 's Place '' , `` Little Mary Make Believe '' , `` Dennis Anyone '' , `` Guess Who I Am '' , `` Little Black Frog '' , `` How Does the Jelly Get in the Donut '' , `` There 's a Hole in the Bottom of the Sea '' , `` Erie Canal '' , `` Horse in Striped Pajamas '' , `` The Littlest Snowman '' , `` Daniel the Cocker Spaniel '' , `` You Can Grow Up to Be President '' , `` Spend Some Time With Your Child '' , and many more . Carmino Ravosa was a songwriter on the show from 1975 to 1977 . On the first show of every month , the Captain had a birthday cake for all of the children with birthdays that month . Keeshan also had a recurring role as the Town Clown , a pantomime piece that took place in and around the exposed wagon home of a tramp - like circus clown . Like the character Clarabelle that he played on Howdy Doody , the Town Clown never spoke . Favorite characters on the show were Grandfather Clock ( voiced by Cosmo Allegretti ) , Rollo the Hippo , and Dancing Bear . Dancing Bear was mute and only appeared in short subject features . He often danced waltzes to background music . One of the show 's long - running gags was the `` Ping - Pong Ball Drop '' , instigated by the telling of a joke ( usually a knock - knock joke ) by Mr. Moose , in which the punchline included the words `` ping - pong balls '' . At the mention of those three words , a shower of ping - pong balls was released from above on the Captain . The show often had simple black light theatre segments using paper or cardboard cutouts . A notable recording of a popular song , such as Judy Garland 's Decca recording of `` Over the Rainbow '' ( from The Wizard of Oz ) , Mary Martin singing `` Never Never Land '' ( from the original cast recording of the musical Peter Pan ) , or Danny Kaye singing `` Inchworm '' ( from the Decca recording of the songs from Hans Christian Andersen ) were heard while the cutouts played on the screen , animated by a concealed puppeteer . On other occasions , full - fledged hand puppets `` performed '' to the song being played ( as in the case when a hand puppet dressed in Spanish clothing performed to a recording of tenor Allan Jones singing `` The Donkey Serenade '' ) . Familiar props included a mockup of a talking cathedral - style radio that Keeshan simply called Radio . Keeshan would turn the large knobs on Radio to get a conversation going . Reminiscent of the old Atwater Kent cathedrals , Radio had a rather interesting conversation with a smaller transistor radio in one show . Also featured was a huge Colgate toothpaste box with a large windup or clockwork key on the side . Keeshan turned the key to play a jingle ( `` Colgate Fluoride M-F-P / Helps Prevent the Cavity / And it Tastes Great , Naturally ! '' ) for the show 's sponsor , Colgate Toothpaste . At the end of each episode , the Captain always encouraged parents watching the show to spend some quality time with their children every day , and he often demonstrated various creative ways in which to do so . Later that changed to him saying , `` Well , what would you like to do today ? You know it could be a good day for ... '' then a song would sing many different things while short film clips of each thing are presented , then the song ended with the singers saying , `` There 's so much to do . These things are just a few . '' Then it would cut back to the captain who would end with , `` Well , whatever you do , have a great day . '' Theme song ( edit ) The original theme song to Captain Kangaroo ( titled `` Puffin ' Billy '' ) was used from 1955 to 1974 . It was an instrumental piece of light music , written by Edward G. White and recorded by the Melodi Light Orchestra . The track was from a British stock music production library known as the Chappell Recorded Music Library , which was sold through a New York agency called Emil Ascher . The tune 's original title referred to a British steam locomotive . The tune was used on various programs on both sides of the Atlantic and was already popular in the United Kingdom : for example , two years before Captain Kangaroo , it served as the wrap - up music for an episode of the radio program Rocky Fortune called `` Murder Among the Statues '' . In the United Kingdom , it became famous as the theme to the weekly BBC radio program Children 's Favourites from 1952 to 1966 , and is still widely recognised by the postwar generation . It was later used in the Enid Blyton parody Five Go Mad in Dorset and in a number of British TV advertisements , including a Captain Sensible spot . The `` Puffin ' Billy '' theme played as the opening of each episode , with the music continuing until the Captain hung his large ring of keys on a nail ( which seemed to act as a switch to turn off the music ) . If the Captain 's keys ever slipped off the nail , the music began playing again . In 1957 , lyricist Mary Rogers penned lyrics to the tune , creating a newly titled Captain Kangaroo song . In 1974 , a new theme song titled `` Good Morning , Captain '' was composed for Captain Kangaroo , written by Robert L. Brush . As the new theme used similar melodic elements from the original theme , Edward G. White 's name was added to the song credits . However , due to copyright issues , the song was re-recorded in 1979 without the portion of `` Puffin ' Billy '' featured in the first version . During the brief Wake Up With the Captain era , a theme titled `` Wake Up '' was used , but was dropped after the program moved to weekends , when the second version of `` Good Morning , Captain '' was reinstated . For the show 's later PBS run , Schoolhouse Rock mainstay Lynn Ahrens ( who composed and performed a few Captain Kangaroo songs herself ) wrote a new theme , entitled `` Here Comes Captain Kangaroo '' . The theme song for All New Captain Kangaroo used the opening notes and part of the melody of the original theme as its introduction . Bob Keeshan also recorded music for both Columbia Records and Golden Records , aimed at introducing all kinds of music to children . Schedule history ( edit ) While Captain Kangaroo was still in planning stages , CBS executives had the idea of hiring Al Lewis , a kids ' show host in Cincinnati ( ABC was running Lewis 's show at that time ) , to host their show , but Lewis 's managers refused to release him from his contract . Lewis 's local kids ' show went off the air in Cincinnati a year after Captain Kangaroo left CBS . Keeshan and Bunny Rabbit promote an auto seat belt campaign , 1970 . For the first three months , Captain Kangaroo was only seen on weekday mornings . From then until 1968 , the show was also seen on Saturday mornings , except in the 1964 - 1965 season , when it was replaced by a Keeshan vehicle called Mr. Mayor . After 1968 , the show was again seen only on weekdays . Except for pre-emption by news or special events , notably the four - day continuous coverage which followed the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy , and a few shows that were 45 minutes , the show aired a full 60 minutes on weekday mornings until 1981 . It was broadcast in color from September 9 , 1966 onward . The time slot for the show was 8 : 00 to 9 : 00 am EST . The audience of children could never compete in the ratings with such entertainment / news shows as The Today Show , although Captain Kangaroo won Emmy Awards three times as Outstanding Children 's entertainment series in 1978 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1983 , and 1983 -- 1984 . In the fall of 1981 , to make more room for the expansion of CBS Morning News , the Captain was moved to an earlier time slot of 7 : 00 am and cut to 30 minutes , sporting the new title Wake Up with the Captain . The show was moved again in the spring of 1982 to 6 : 30 am , a time when few children ( or adults ) were awake . In the fall of 1982 , it returned to an hour format , but was moved to Saturday mornings at 7 : 00 am Eastern Time and 6 : 00 am in other time zones . Reruns from the previous season were offered to CBS affiliates to run Sunday morning in place of the cartoon reruns offered before , but most declined . One - third of affiliates no longer ran the show at all after 1982 , and it was again reduced to a half - hour in the fall of 1984 . Angered over the reduction of his program for the second time , Keeshan chose to step down at the end of 1984 , after his contract with CBS expired . Just over a year later , in September 1 , 1986 , Captain Kangaroo returned in reruns on PBS television stations , with funding from public television stations , School Zone Publishing Company , and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation . American Public Television , then known as the Interregional Program Service , distributed the show , along with Britder Associates ( Keeshan 's production company ) , and the Riehl Company , owned by former WPBT station manager Dale Riehl . The show was on the air for 29 years , making it one of the longest - running network children 's program series . Sesame Street , which still airs , holds the record at 48 years and counting . Several of the original Sesame Street writers and producers were former members of the Captain Kangaroo staff , and were hired by Children 's Television Workshop to help write , produce and direct the new program when it went on the air in 1969 . The original director of the program was Peter Birch , who helmed the program for its first 25 years . Producer Jim Hirschfeld took over as director following Birch 's heart attack in 1980 and continued directing , as well as producing throughout the rest of the show 's run , including the new segments inserted into the PBS reruns , until it went off the air in 1993 . The cast of Captain Kangaroo also hosted the CBS coverage of the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade for several years in the 1960s . Schwinn marketing ( edit ) From the late 1950s , the Schwinn Bicycle Company made use of children 's television programming to expand its dominance of the child and youth bicycle markets . The company was an early sponsor ( from 1958 ) of Captain Kangaroo . The Captain himself was enlisted to sell Schwinn - brand bicycles to the show 's audience , typically six years old and under . At the end of each live Schwinn marketing promotion , Bob Keeshan would intone , `` Schwinn bikes -- the quality bikes -- are best ! '' and `` Prices slightly higher in the South and in the West '' . The on - air marketing program was deemed successful by Schwinn , and the company increased its market share of child and youth bicycles throughout the 1960s . The marketing program continued through the 1971 season , when the Federal Trade Commission 's Staff Report , Guidelines on Advertising to Children , recommended against Schwinn 's on - air marketing practices using the show 's host . In response , Schwinn and the show 's writers altered the format in 1972 . The Captain no longer insisted that his viewers purchase a Schwinn , but instead made regular on - air consultations of a new character , Mr. Schwinn Dealer . A 1973 internal company news article concluded that the show 's child audience had difficulty separating Schwinn 's sales pitch from the regular content of the show . Popular culture ( edit ) Rock musician Frank Zappa wrote a composition named `` Mr. Green Genes '' on his album Uncle Meat and a sequel , `` Son of Mr. Green Genes '' on his album Hot Rats . This led to the urban legend that Zappa was the son of Hugh Brannum , who played Mr. Green Jeans . Zappa officially dispelled this myth in his 1989 autobiography , The Real Frank Zappa Book , as did Keeshan in his 1996 autobiography , Good Morning , Captain . Many popular songs make reference to Captain Kangaroo , including the Statler Brothers ' 1965 hit song `` Flowers on the Wall '' , the `` Weird Al '' Yankovic song `` The Brady Bunch '' , the Bloodhound Gang 's `` Your Only Friends Are Make Believe '' , and Slint 's ' Good Morning Captain ' . In the 1975 TV series The Shari Show , hosted by puppeteer and ventriloquist Shari Lewis , one of the puppets is a kangaroo named `` Captain Person '' , who is the host of a children 's TV show . In the 1995 film Die Hard with a Vengeance , John McClane claims that he watched Captain Kangaroo while on suspension from the NYPD . The character of Captain Kangaroo himself was given a brief cameo in the 2009 action comedy Black Dynamite , a parody of 1970s Blaxploitation films . Reboot ( edit ) In 1997 -- 1998 , a rebooted series titled The All New Captain Kangaroo was created by Saban Entertainment . John McDonough played the Captain on this version , which was shot in Tampa , Florida . Keeshan was invited to appear as a special guest called `` The Admiral '' , but after seeing sample episodes , he declined to appear or have any association with the new incarnation . It ran for one season in syndication and inspired a spin - off show , Mister Moose 's Fun Time ; it served as the centerpiece for a programming block on the then newly launched Fox Family Channel ( half - owned by Saban ) , dubbed Captain Kangaroo 's Treasure House , from 1998 to 2000 ; the block also featured reruns of Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends and Magic Adventures of Mumfie . In 2011 , the trademark for Captain Kangaroo was acquired by the Cashin Comedy Co . In a blog , the Captain is portrayed by Pat Cashin , an entertainer and professional clown . Cashin died unexpectedly at the age of 48 , leaving the rights to the character with his estate . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Classic TV Shows - Captain Kangaroo , Tom Terrific and Mighty Manfred the Wonder Dog '' . Fiftiesweb.com . December 8 , 1984 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Keeshan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keeshan , Robert James '' . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Ed . Arnold Markoe , Karen Markoe , and Kenneth T. Jackson . Vol. 7 : 2003 -- 2005 . Detroit : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Severo , Richard ( January 24 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Keeshan , Creator and Star of TV 's ' Captain Kangaroo , ' Is Dead at 76 '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Toon Tracker 's Fred From Channel One Page '' . Toontracker.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` ' Captain Kangaroo ' character actor Cosmo Allegretti dies at 86 '' . LA Times . Jump up ^ `` The Banana Man '' . Facweb.furman.edu . November 24 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruce `` Charlie Johnson . `` Bruce Johnson : Charlie The Juggling Clown '' . Charliethejugglingclown.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Ed . When Television Was Young : The Inside Story with Memories by Legends of the Small Screen . Nashville : Thomas Nelson Inc. , 2007 . p. 230 Jump up ^ Charles , Eleanor ( December 14 , 1997 ) . `` WESTCHESTER GUIDE : Productions for Children '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coopee , Todd . `` 7 Things You Did n't Know about Captain Kangaroo '' . ToyTales.ca . ^ Jump up to : Petty , Ross D. `` Pedaling Schwinn Bicycles : Lessons from the Leading Post-World War II U.S. Bicycle Brand '' ( PDF ) . Babson College , MA ( 2007 ) , p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petty , Ross D. , Pedaling Schwinn Bicycles , pp. 5 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Was Mr. Greenjeans Frank Zappa 's father ? '' . The Straight Dope . November 11 , 1985 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Shari Show `` : Captain Person Gets His Hopping Papers '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Black Dynamite Pimp Counsel '' on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The New Captain Kangaroo ! '' . Clownlink.com . May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Kangaroo '' . Captainkangarooshow.blogspot.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Captain Kangaroo . Captain Kangaroo on IMDb Captain Kangaroo at TV.com Widow of Pat Cashin 's Captain Kangaroo website - CC 's registered trademark rights for sale . Pat , now she , owns the rights . Captain Kangaroo / Cashin Comedy Co. website ( Archived ) Ingram , Billy . `` The Good Captain '' , TVParty.com , n.d. Zurawik , David . `` TV 's Captain Kangaroo , Bob Keeshan , dies at 76 '' , The Baltimore Sun , January 24 , 2004 McFadden , Kay . `` Bob Keeshan , TV pioneer Captain Kangaroo , dies at 76 '' , Seattle Times , February 3 , 2004 Captain Kangaroo. ( 1 ) , Classic TV Captain Kangaroo scripts , 1959 - 1964 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Children 's programming on CBS in the 1960s First - run animated series Mighty Mouse Playhouse ( 1955 -- 67 ) Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales ( 1963 -- 72 ) Linus the Lionhearted The Heckle and Jeckle Cartoon Show Tom and Jerry ( 1965 -- 72 ) The Mighty Heroes The Underdog Show ( last few seasons ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 68 ) Space Ghost and Dino Boy ( 1966 -- 68 ) The New Adventures of Superman ( 1966 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Batman ( 1969 -- 70 ) The Lone Ranger The Road Runner Show ( 1968 -- 71 ; 1975 -- 78 ; 1978 -- 85 ) The Beagles The Herculoids ( 1967 -- 68 ) Shazzan Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor ( 1967 -- 69 ) The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Go Go Gophers Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Archie Show ( 1968 -- 69 ) The Batman / Superman Hour Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Perils of Penelope Pitstop ( 1969 -- 71 ) Scooby - Doo , Where Are You ! ( 1969 -- 72 , 1974 -- 76 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam CBS Children 's Film Festival Rebroadcasts Sky King The Roy Rogers Show My Friend Flicka The Alvin Show The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin The Quick Draw McGraw Show The Jetsons The Adventures of Lassie Jonny Quest The Monkees ( 1969 -- 72 ) Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related programming and topics Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on CBS in the 1970s First - run animated series Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales ( 1963 - 72 ) Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Perils of Penelope Pitstop ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Adventures of Batman ( 1969 -- 70 ) Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1971 -- 74 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 -- 71 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 72 ) Help ! ... It 's the Hair Bear Bunch ! ( 1971 -- 74 ) Archie 's TV Funnies ( 1971 -- 73 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 84 ) My Favorite Martians ( 1973 -- 75 ) Bailey 's Comets ( 1973 -- 75 ) Speed Buggy ( 1973 -- 75 ) Partridge Family 2200 A.D. ( 1974 -- 75 ) Valley of the Dinosaurs ( 1974 -- 76 ) The U.S. of Archie ( 1974 -- 76 ) Clue Club ( 1976 -- 77 ) Tarzan , Lord of the Jungle ( 1976 -- 77 ) The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 -- 78 ) What 's New Mr. Magoo ? ( 1977 ) The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour ( 1977 -- 78 ) The All New Popeye Hour ( 1978 -- 83 ) Tarzan and the Super 7 ( 1978 -- 80 ) The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle ( 1979 -- 81 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) In the News ( 1971 -- 86 ) You Are There ( 1971 -- 72 ) CBS Children 's Film Festival ( 1971 -- 78 ; 1982 -- 84 ) Shazam ! ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Harlem Globetrotters Popcorn Machine ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Hudson Brothers Razzle Dazzle Show ( 1974 -- 75 ) The Secrets of Isis ( 1975 -- 77 ) Far Out Space Nuts ( 1975 -- 76 ) The Ghost Busters ( 1975 ) Ark II ( 1976 ) Way Out Games ( 1976 -- 77 ) The Skatebirds ( 1977 -- 78 ) Space Academy ( 1977 -- 79 ) Wacko ( 1977 ) 30 Minutes ( 1978 -- 82 ) Jason of Star Command ( 1978 -- 81 ) Rebroadcasts The Monkees ( 1969 -- 72 ) Wacky Races ( 1968 -- 70 ) The New Adventures of Superman Jonny Quest Sylvester and Tweety ( 1976 -- 77 ) Schedules 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Related Animation in the United States in the television era Children 's programming on CBS in the 1980s First - run animated series The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle ( 1979 -- 81 ) The All New Popeye Hour ( 1978 -- 83 ) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids ( 1972 -- 84 ) Tarzan and the Super 7 ( 1978 -- 80 ) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 82 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) The Tarzan / Lone Ranger Adventure Hour ( 1980 -- 82 ) Blackstar ( 1981 ) The Kwicky Koala Show ( 1981 ) Trollkins ( 1981 -- 82 ) Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 -- 83 ) Pandamonium ( 1982 -- 83 ) Meatballs & Spaghetti ( 1982 -- 83 ) The Dukes ( 1983 ) The Biskitts ( 1983 -- 84 ) Saturday Supercade ( 1983 -- 86 ) Dungeons & Dragons ( 1983 -- 85 ) The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show ( 1983 -- 86 ) The Get Along Gang ( 1984 -- 85 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 91 ) Pole Position ( 1984 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1985 -- 86 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 1985 -- 87 ) The Wuzzles ( 1985 ) Hulk Hogan 's Rock ' n ' Wrestling ( 1985 -- 87 ) Wildfire ( 1986 ) Galaxy High ( 1986 -- 87 ) Teen Wolf ( 1986 -- 87 ) Hello Kitty 's Furry Tale Theater ( 1987 -- 88 ) Mighty Mouse : The New Adventures ( 1987 -- 88 ) Popeye and Son ( 1987 -- 88 ) Dennis the Menace ( 1986 -- 88 ) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy ( 1988 -- 90 ) Superman ( 1988 ) Garfield and Friends ( 1988 -- 95 ) Dink , the Little Dinosaur ( 1989 -- 91 ) The California Raisin Show ( 1989 -- 90 ) Rude Dog and the Dweebs ( 1989 -- 90 ) First - run live - action series Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) In the News ( 1971 -- 86 ) 30 Minutes ( 1978 -- 82 ) CBS Saturday Film Festival ( 1971 -- 78 ; 1982 -- 84 ) Benji , Zax & the Alien Prince ( 1983 ) Pryor 's Place ( 1984 -- 85 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) CBS Storybreak ( 1985 -- 87 ) Pee - wee 's Playhouse ( 1986 -- 91 ) Hey Vern , It 's Ernest ! ( 1988 -- 89 ) Rebroadcasts The Bugs Bunny Show / Road Runner Show ( 1968 -- 71 ; 1975 -- 78 ; 1978 -- 85 ) Shazam ! Speed Buggy He - Man and the Masters of the Universe Shirt Tales Land of the Lost The Transformers Kidd Video Schedules 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 Related topics Garbage Pail Kids The Young Astronauts Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Series Entertainment Children 's Series ( 1974 -- 1984 , retired ) Zoom ( 1974 ) Star Trek : The Animated Series ( 1975 ) The Big Blue Marble ( 1976 ) Zoom ( 1977 ) Captain Kangaroo ( 1978 ) Kids Are People Too ( 1979 ) Hot Hero Sandwich ( 1980 ) Captain Kangaroo / Once Upon a Classic ( `` A Tale of Two Cities '' ) ( 1981 ) Captain Kangaroo ( 1982 ) Captain Kangaroo / The Smurfs ( 1983 ) Captain Kangaroo / The Smurfs ( 1984 ) Children 's Instructional Programming ( 1976 -- 1979 , retired ) Schoolhouse Rock ! ( 1976 ) Sesame Street ( 1977 ) Schoolhouse Rock ! ( 1978 ) Schoolhouse Rock ! ( 1979 ) Informational Children 's Series ( 1976 -- 1979 , retired ) Go ( 1976 ) The Electric Company ( 1977 ) Animals , Animals , Animals ( 1978 ) The Big Blue Marble ( 1979 ) Children 's Informational / Instructional Series ( 1980 -- 1984 , retired ) Sesame Street / 30 Minutes ( 1980 ) 30 Minutes ( 1981 ) 30 Minutes ( 1982 ) Sesame Street ( 1983 ) ABC Weekend Specials ( 1984 ) Children 's Series ( 1985 -- present ) Sesame Street ( 1985 ) Sesame Street ( 1986 ) Sesame Street ( 1987 ) Sesame Street ( 1988 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1989 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1990 ) Sesame Street ( 1991 ) Sesame Street ( 1992 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1993 ) Sesame Street ( 1994 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1995 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1996 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1997 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1998 ) Bill Nye , the Science Guy ( 1999 ) Bill Nye , the Science Guy ( 2000 ) Reading Rainbow ( 2001 ) Reading Rainbow ( 2002 ) Reading Rainbow ( 2003 ) Assignment Discovery ( 2004 ) Reading Rainbow ( 2005 ) Zoom ( 2006 ) Reading Rainbow ( 2007 ) Greatest Inventions with Bill Nye / Jack Hanna 's Into the Wild ( 2008 ) From the Top at Carnegie Hall ( 2009 ) The Electric Company ( 2010 ) The Electric Company ( 2011 ) The Electric Company / Jack Hanna 's Into the Wild ( 2012 ) R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour ( 2013 ) R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour ( 2014 ) R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour ( 2015 ) Sea Rescue ( 2016 ) Give ( 2017 ) Pre-School Children 's Series ( 1995 -- present ) Sesame Street ( 1995 ) Sesame Street ( 1996 ) Sesame Street ( 1997 ) Sesame Street ( 1998 ) Sesame Street ( 1999 ) Sesame Street ( 2000 ) Sesame Street ( 2001 ) Sesame Street ( 2002 ) Sesame Street ( 2003 ) Sesame Street ( 2004 ) Sesame Street ( 2005 ) Sesame Street ( 2006 ) Sesame Street ( 2007 ) Sesame Street ( 2008 ) Between the Lions ( 2009 ) Sesame Street ( 2010 ) Sesame Street ( 2011 ) Sesame Street ( 2012 ) Sesame Street ( 2013 ) Sesame Street ( 2014 ) Dino Dan : Trek 's Adventures ( 2015 ) Sesame Street ( 2016 ) Sesame Street ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_Kangaroo&oldid=830240914 '' Categories : 1950s American television series 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1955 American television series debuts 1984 American television series endings American children 's television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Fictional characters introduced in 1955 Fictional ship captains PBS network shows Peabody Award - winning television programs Preschool education television series Television programs featuring puppetry Hidden categories : Pages using YouTube with unknown parameters Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did captain kangaroo go off the air	[ "Captain Kangaroo is an American children's television series that aired weekday mornings on the American television network CBS for nearly 30 years, from October 3, 1955, until December 8, 1984, making it the longest-running nationally broadcast children's television program of its day.[2][3] In 1986, the American Program Service (now American Public Television, Boston) integrated some newly produced segments into reruns of past episodes, distributing the newer version of the series until 1993." ]	[ "December 8, 1984" ]
-4546560216133171931	Big Mouth (TV series)	Big Mouth ( tv series ) - wikipedia Big Mouth ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Big Mouth Genre Animated sitcom Adult animation Black comedy Surreal humour Coming - of - age story Created by Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Starring Nick Kroll John Mulaney Jessi Klein Jason Mantzoukas Jenny Slate Fred Armisen Maya Rudolph Jordan Peele Music by Mark Rivers Opening theme `` Changes '' by Charles Bradley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Nick Kroll Andrew Goldberg Mark Levin Jennifer Flackett Blair Fetter Jane Wiseman Kristen Zolner Producer ( s ) Nate Funaro Joe Wengert Running time 25 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Danger Goldberg Productions Good at Bizness , Inc . Fathouse Industries Titmouse , Inc . Release Original network Netflix Original release September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present External links Website Big Mouth is an American adult animated sitcom created by Nick Kroll , Andrew Goldberg , Mark Levin , and Jennifer Flackett based on Kroll and Goldberg 's tweenage years growing up in Westchester County , New York , with Kroll voicing his fictional self . The first season consisting of ten episodes premiered on Netflix on September 29 , 2017 . On October 24 , 2017 , it was confirmed that a second season has been ordered to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Cast 2.1 Also starring 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty , masturbation , and sexual arousal . Acting as sex - based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice , who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay , and Connie , who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy . Throughout the series , the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful , albeit confusing , advice in their puberty - filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington , a French accented Statue of Liberty , a pillow capable of getting pregnant , and even Jessi 's own vagina . Cast ( edit ) Nick Kroll as : Nick Birch , an adolescent boy , with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares . He also has an older brother named Judd and a sister named Leah . Maurice the Hormone Monster , a wild thing - type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires , which frequently occur at inappropriate moments . Coach Steve , the middle school gym class teacher , who is incompetent and overly talkative , often trying to get his colleagues -- or even the students -- to hang out ( often to no avail ) . It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled . Kroll also voices Lola , Lady Liberty , a ladybug , Joe Walsh , the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton , and Sylvester Stallone . John Mulaney as Andrew Glouberman , a young Jewish boy , who spends much of his time furtively masturbating . Mulaney also voices Mint , Grandpa Andrew , Babe the Blue Ox , and a detective . Jessi Klein as Jessi Glaser , a sarcastic and smart girl . Her father , named Greg , is an unemployed stoner and her mother , named Shannon , is secretly dating another woman . She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty . Jason Mantzoukas as Jay Bilzerian , a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex . He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy . His mom is mentally ill , his dad is a divorce lawyer , and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val . He is obsessed with Nick 's mother and father and wishes for a loving family . Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian . Jenny Slate as Missy , a girl who is nerdy and kind . Her father is black and her mother is Mexican . Fred Armisen as Elliot Birch / Ghost of Antonin Scalia / Bus Driver / Stavros Maya Rudolph as Diane Birch / Connie the Hormone Monstress / Bath Mat / Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor / Ghost of Whitney Houston Jordan Peele as the Ghost of Duke Ellington / Ghost of Freddie Mercury / Atlanta Claus / DJ / Cyrus / Patrick Ewing Also starring ( edit ) Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman , Andrew 's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype . Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman Andrew Rannells as Matthew June Diane Raphael as Devin Jak Knight as DeVon Neil Casey as Detective John Gemberling as Security Guard Joe Wengert as Caleb Seth Morris as Greg Glaser Emily Altman Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer Kat Dennings as Leah Birch Jon Gabrus Kristen Bell as Pam the pillow / Uninterested Girl Jess Harnell as Dwayne `` The Rock '' Johnson Mark Rivers Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian Chelsea Peretti as Monica Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian / Clerk Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian Nathan Fillion as himself Anna Graves Kristen Wiig as Jessi 's genitalia Nasim Pedrad as Fatima Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo Alia Shawkat as Roland Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine Zach Woods as Daniel Jon Hamm as Scallops Jack McBrayer as Nick 's pubic hair # 1 Craig Robinson as Nick 's pubic hair # 2 Jon Daly as Judd Birch Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick Gil Ozeri Ashley London Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Ejaculation '' Joel Moser Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster , Maury , his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body . The gang go to the school dance . `` Everybody Bleeds '' Bryan Francis Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick 's girlfriend , then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty . `` Am I Gay ? '' Mike L. Mayfield Joe Wengert September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality . Jessi and Nick 's budding romance turns ugly fast . `` Sleepover : A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality '' Joel Moser Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) While the boys head to Jay 's for a testosterone - fueled sleepover , Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean - girl drama . 5 `` Girls Are Horny Too '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want . 6 `` Pillow Talk '' Mike L. Mayfield Peter A. Knight September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush , but the day does n't go as planned . Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow . 7 `` Requiem for a Wet Dream '' Joel Moser Duffy Boudreau September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project . Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay 's expense . 8 `` The Head Push '' Bryan Francis Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd , Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma , and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene . 9 `` I Survived Jessi 's Bat Mitzvah '' Mike L. Mayfield Kelly Galuska September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Family blowups , secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi 's bat mitzvah a night to remember . 10 `` The Pornscape '' Joel Moser Gil Ozeri September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn , only to become hopelessly addicted . Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree . Also , Jessi and Jay run away together . Reception ( edit ) Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 100 % based on 17 reviews , with the critical consensus reading , `` Big Mouth 's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart , empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence . '' At Metacritic , the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Vox described the show as sharp , and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence , postpubescence and prepubescence . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Television / Broadcast Production Big Mouth Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Greenlights Animated Series from Nick Kroll '' . Variety . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Big Mouth ' Animated Series From Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Meet The Hormone Monster , The Personification Of Puberty In Big Mouth '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Mouth ' Renewed For Season 2 At Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Big Mouth '' , Metacritic , retrieved October 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's Big Mouth takes a sharp , surprisingly joyful look at the gross time that is puberty '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the gym coach in big mouth	[ "Nick Kroll[2] as:\n\nNick Birch, an adolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother named Judd and a sister named Leah.\nMaurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.\nCoach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues—or even the students—to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.\nKroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.\n\n" ]	[ "Nick Kroll" ]
-6780246927273174539	Henry Classification System	Henry Classification System - wikipedia Henry Classification System Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Henry Classification System is a long - standing method by which fingerprints are sorted by physiological characteristics for one - to - many searching . Developed by Hem Chandra Bose , Azizul Haque and Sir Edward Henry in the late 19th century for criminal investigations in British India , it was the basis of modern - day AFIS ( Automated Fingerprint Identification System ) classification methods up until the 1990s . In recent years , the Henry Classification System has generally been replaced by ridge flow classification approaches . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and development 2 Explanation 3 Impact on current biometric systems 4 References 5 External links History and development ( edit ) Although fingerprint characteristics were studied as far back as the mid-1600s , the use of fingerprints as a means of identification did not occur until the mid-19th century . In roughly 1859 , Sir William James Herschel discovered that fingerprints remain stable over time and are unique across individuals ; as Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor , India , in 1877 he was the first to institute the use of fingerprints and handprints as a means of identification , signing legal documents , and authenticating transactions . The fingerprint records collected at this time were used for one - to - one verification only ; as a means in which records would be logically filed and searched had not yet been invented . In 1880 , Dr. Henry Faulds wrote to Charles Darwin , explaining a system for classifying fingerprints , asking for his assistance in their development . Darwin was unable to assist Dr. Faulds , but agreed to forward the letter to his cousin , Sir Francis Galton . Dr. Henry Faulds and Sir Francis Galton did not engage in much correspondence , but in the following decade , they devised very similar fingerprint classification systems . It is unclear whom to credit for the classification system . However , we do know that Dr. Henry Faulds was the first European to publish the notion of scientific use of fingerprints in the identification of criminals . In 1892 , Sir Francis Galton published his highly influential book , Finger Prints in which he described his classification system that include three main fingerprint patterns - loops , whorls and arches . At the time , the alternative to fingerprints was Bertillonage , also known as Anthropometry . Developed by Alphonse Bertillon in 1879 , Bertillonage consists of a meticulous method of measuring body parts for the use of identifying criminals . In 1892 , the British Indian police force adopted Anthropometry . Two years later , Sir Edward Henry , Inspector General of the Bengal Police in India became interested in the use of fingerprints for the use of criminal identification . Influenced by Galton 's Finger Prints , the men corresponded regularly in 1894 ; and in January 1896 , Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners ' fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements . Expanding on Galton 's classification system , Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925 . He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry 's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns , and Hem Chandra Bose , another Henry 's assistant also helped refine the system , and both , on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution . The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899 . In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System . As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints , fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General , and in 1900 , replaced Anthropometry . Also in 1900 , Henry was sent to Natal , South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau . His efforts in South Africa were highly successful ; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard , head of the Criminal Investigation Department ( CID ) . In the same year , the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard . ( Harling 1996 ) ( Met ) ( Early ) Explanation ( edit ) The Henry Classification System allows for logical categorization of ten - print fingerprint records into primary groupings based on fingerprint pattern types . This system reduces the effort necessary to search large numbers of fingerprint records by classifying fingerprint records according to gross physiological characteristics . Subsequent searches ( manual or automated ) utilizing granular characteristics such as minutiae are greatly simplified . The Henry Classification System is a method to classify fingerprints and exclude potential candidates . This system should NEVER be used for individualization . The Henry Classification System assigns each finger a number according to the order in which it is located in the hand , beginning with the right thumb as number 1 and ending with the left pinky as number 10 . The system also assigns a numerical value to fingers that contain a whorl pattern ; fingers 1 and 2 each have a value of 16 , fingers 3 and 4 have a value of 8 , fingers 5 and 6 have a value of 4 , fingers 7 and 8 have a value of 2 , and the final two fingers having a value of 1 . Fingers with a non-whorl pattern , such as an arch or loop pattern , have a value of zero . The sum of the even finger value is then calculated and placed in the numerator of a fraction . The sum of the odd finger values is placed in the denominator . The value of 1 is added to each sum of the whorls with the maximum obtainable on either side of the fraction being 32 . Thus , the primary classification is a fraction between 1 / 1 to 32 / 32 , where 1 / 1 would indicate no whorl patterns and 32 / 32 would mean that all fingers had whorl patterns . Example of a Henry Classification : Key Major Primary Secondary Sub-Secondary Final 16 9 IIO 15 U OOI Key - Ridge count first loop Major - Value of the ridge counts or the tracings of fingers # 1 , # 6 Primary - Summation of the value of : Whorl type patterns fingers ( # 2 , # 4 , # 6 , # 8 , # 10 for Numerator ) , ( # 1 , # 3 , # 5 , # 7 , # 9 for Denominator ) ; Value of fingers as whorls : # 1 & # 2 ( 16 ) , # 3 & # 4 ( 8 ) , # 5 & # 6 ( 4 ) , # 7 & # 8 ( 2 ) , # 9 & # 10 ( 1 ) ; Plus 1 in both Numerator and Denominator . Secondary - Pattern types in fingers # 2 and # 7 , ( U ) Ulna Loop , ( R ) Radial Loop , ( W ) Whorl , and ( A ) Arch Sub-Secondary - Value of ridge counts or tracing - fingers # 2 , # 3 , # 4 in Numerator ; # 7 , # 8 , # 9 in Denominator . Final - is the ridge count of the loops or whorls in both little fingers expressed in numbers . The right little is used as the numerator and the left little as the denominator . If a loop appears in one finger and a whorl in the other , enumerate both their ridge counts by treating the whorl as an ulnar loop . Impact on current biometric systems ( edit ) The Henry Classification System has been a highly influential force in the formation of current AFIS technology ( Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ) . When AFIS technology was first introduced , it was primarily envisioned to be used as a tool to expedite the manual searching of fingerprint records , eventually reducing matching time requirements from months to hours . At that time , most forensic hardcopy fingerprint files were sorted according to the Henry Classification System and the first AFIS solutions attempted to emulate the Henry process . Up until the mid-1990s , it was not unusual for a state or city to continue to maintain its physical file of Henry - sorted fingerprint cards just in case a disaster occurred in the AFIS . As processing speeds , network throughput capacities , and system reliability increased , it was no longer necessary for automated fingerprint matching to mirror what had been the manual processes . AFIS began to classify fingerprints according to the distance between the core and delta , minutiae locations , and pattern type ; the later being based on the Henry Classification System . Presently , there are some forensic AFIS solutions ( e.g. state and local ) that still employ a Henry Classification System based manual fingerprint filing . However , other than for legacy systems , the Henry Classification System is not essential for automated systems . ( Carlton ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Tewari RK , Ravikumar KV . History and development of forensic science in India . J. Postgrad Med 2000 , 46 : 303 - 308 . Jump up ^ J.S. Sodhi & Jasjeed Kaur The forgotten Indian pioneers of fingerprint science , Current Science 2005 , 88 ( 1 ) : 185 - 191 . Jump up ^ Colin Beavan : Fingerprints : The Origins of Crime Detection and Murder Case that Launched Forensic Science , Hyperion , NY , USA , 2001 . Jump up ^ Harling 1996 Jump up ^ Roberts 2008 Jump up ^ Stewart ( 2014 ) External links ( edit ) The Henry Classification System Javascript implementation of Henry Classification http://ridgesandfurrows.homestead.com http://www.correctionhistory.org/html/chronicl/dcjs/html/nyidbur2.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Classification_System&oldid=808333578 '' Categories : Biometrics Fingerprints Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 07 : 01 . About Wikipedia	when did fingerprint technology first get adopted by scotland yard	[ "Influenced by Galton's Finger Prints, the men corresponded regularly in 1894; and in January 1896, Sir Henry ordered the Bengali Police to collect prisoners’ fingerprints in addition to their anthropometric measurements. Expanding on Galton's classification system, Sir Henry developed the Henry Classification System between the years 1896 and 1925. He was primarily assisted by Azizul Haque who developed a mathematical formula to supplement Henry's idea of sorting in 1024 pigeon holes based on fingerprint patterns, and Hem Chandra Bose, another Henry's assistant also helped refine the system, and both, on the recommendation of Henry received recognition years later by the British Government for their contribution.[1][2][3] The Henry Classification System was to find worldwide acceptance in 1899. In 1897 a commission was established to compare Anthropometry to the Henry Classification System. As the results were overwhelmingly in favor of fingerprints, fingerprinting was introduced to British India by the Governor General, and in 1900, replaced Anthropometry. Also in 1900, Henry was sent to Natal, South Africa to assist in the reorganization of the local police force and establish a fingerprint bureau. His efforts in South Africa were highly successful; and in 1901 Sir Henry returned to Britain and was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard, head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). In the same year, the first UK fingerprint bureau was established at Scotland Yard. (Harling 1996) (Met) (Early)" ]	[ "1901" ]
1920013075068020290	Grant Park, Atlanta	Grant Park , Atlanta - wikipedia Grant Park , Atlanta Jump to : navigation , search Grant Park Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district Location Atlanta , Georgia Coordinates 33 ° 44 ′ 01 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 25 '' W / 33.733477 ° N 84.373498 ° W / 33.733477 ; - 84.373498 Coordinates : 33 ° 44 ′ 01 '' N 84 ° 22 ′ 25 '' W / 33.733477 ° N 84.373498 ° W / 33.733477 ; - 84.373498 Built 1858 Architect Olmsted Brothers Architectural style Bungalow / Craftsman , Italianate , Queen Anne NRHP reference # 79000722 Added to NRHP July 20 , 1979 Grant Park refers to the oldest city park in Atlanta , Georgia , United States , as well as the Victorian neighborhood surrounding it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Park 1.1 History 2 Neighborhood 3 References 4 External links Park ( edit ) Grant Park is a 131 - acre green space and recreational area and is the fourth - largest park in the city , behind Chastain Park , Freedom Park and Piedmont Park . Zoo Atlanta , established in 1889 and originally known as the Grant Park Zoo , is located in the park and attracts more than 1 million visitors annually . History ( edit ) Grant Park Grant Park was established in 1883 when Lemuel P. Grant , a successful engineer and businessman , gave the city of Atlanta 100 acres ( 40 ha ) in the newly developed `` suburb '' where he lived . In 1890 , the city acquired another 44 acres ( 18 ha ) for the park and appointed its first park commissioner , Sidney Root . In 1903 , the Olmsted Brothers ( sons of Frederick Law Olmsted ) were hired to create a plan for the park . The original park included a lake , named Lake Abana , to handle storm - water runoff . A failed circus gave birth to the eventual Zoo Atlanta when local lumber merchant George Gress purchased animals from the circus and donated them to the city in 1889 . The city decided Grant Park was the best location for the zoo and carved space out for the attraction . Later zoo expansions and parking requirements caused the removal of a portion of the lake . In 1892 , the circular painting of the Battle of Atlanta was exhibited in the park . The cyclorama would eventually gain its own dedicated building in the park in 1921 . In 1996 , after years of neglect and abuse , the City of Atlanta Parks Bureau commissioned a new master plan for the park . The consultants working on the plan met with a citizen advisory group that would eventually become the Grant Park Conservancy . The Conservancy works to raise funds to enhance and protect the park for the enjoyment of all its visitors . Neighborhood ( edit ) The Grant Park commercial district , near Oakland Cemetery Front of the Lemuel P. Grant Mansion , second - oldest house in Atlanta Grant Park , the intown neighborhood surrounding the park , is one of Atlanta 's oldest and most important historic districts , listed on the NRHP . It is bordered by the Cabbagetown neighborhood on the north , Ormewood Park on the east , Boulevard Heights on the southeast , Chosewood Park on the south , and Summerhill and Peoplestown on the west . It includes the park , 48 acres or 35 hectares of Oakland Cemetery ( established 1850 ) , where Margaret Mitchell , Bobby Jones , 25 former mayors of Atlanta , six former governors of Georgia , and many Civil War dead are buried . It also includes the Atlanta Stockade ; Fort Walker ; and the 1858 mansion of Lemuel P. Grant , for whom the park and neighborhood were named . The mansion is the second - oldest house still standing on its original location in Atlanta . The Grant Park Neighborhood Association represents local residents . Together with Inman Park , Grant Park contains the largest remaining area of Victorian architecture in Atlanta . Most buildings were built between the neighborhood 's founding in 1882 and the first decades of the 20th century . Large two - story mansions face the park , more modest two - story , modified Queen Anne houses were built on surrounding streets , and one - story Victorian era cottages and Craftsman bungalows were built to the east of the park . The neighborhood is home to St. Paul United Methodist Church , which for a time in the early 1900s had the largest Methodist congregation in the Southeast , and which continues to be a thriving congregation . St. Paul is well known for its beautiful stained glass windows and an organ that was acquired in 1887 . Each December , St. Paul , the Grant Park Cooperative Preschool ( which is located on the first floor of St. Paul ) , and the Grant Park Parent Network host the Grant Park Candlelight Tour of Homes and Artist Market . There is also a Tour of Homes in the autumn sponsored by the Grant Park Neighborhood Association . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Grant Park Historic District '' , National Park Service - National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary - Atlanta This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Grant Park Neighborhood Association Grant Park Conservancy Historic Oakland Foundation Zoo Atlanta Grant Park Summer Shade Festival Atlanta landmarks ( hide ) Current Commercial Atlantic Station AmericasMart Clermont Lounge Five Points Coca - Cola sign Lenox Square Mary Mac 's Tea Room Phipps Plaza Ponce City Market Underground Atlanta The Varsity Governmental Atlanta City Hall Elbert P. Tuttle United States Court of Appeals Building Federal Penitentiary Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Georgia Governor 's Mansion Georgia Railroad Freight Depot Georgia State Capitol Miss Freedom Monuments Atlanta from the Ashes ( The Phoenix ) Carnegie Education Pavilion Millennium Gate Oakland Cemetery Stone Mountain Confederate Memorial World Athletes Monument Museums APEX Museum Atlanta Contemporary Art Center Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum Atlanta History Center Callanwolde Fine Arts Center Children 's Museum of Atlanta College Football Hall of Fame Delta Flight Museum Fernbank Museum of Natural History Fernbank Science Center Hammonds House Museum High Museum of Art Jimmy Carter Library and Museum Joel Chandler Harris House ( Wren 's Nest ) King Plow Arts Center Margaret Mitchell House and Museum Martin Luther King Jr . National Historic Site Michael C. Carlos Museum Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia Museum of Design Atlanta National Center for Civil and Human Rights Rhodes Memorial Hall House Museum Robert C. Williams Paper Museum William Breman Jewish Heritage & Holocaust Museum World of Coca - Cola Parks and wildlife Atlanta Botanical Garden BeltLine Stone Mountain Centennial Olympic Park Chastain Park Chattahoochee River Fernbank Forest Georgia Aquarium Grant Park Historic Fourth Ward Park Zoo Atlanta Piedmont Park Woodruff Park Performing arts Alliance Theatre Atlanta Symphony Hall Atlanta Civic Center Buckhead Theatre Center for Puppetry Arts Fox Theatre Goat Farm Arts Center King Plow Arts Center Plaza Theatre Shakespeare Tavern The Masquerade The Tabernacle Tara Theatre Variety Playhouse Woodruff Arts Center Residential ( former ) Asa G. Candler Jr . ( Callanwolde ) Water T. Candler ( Lullwater ) * Joel Chandler Harris ( Wren 's Nest ) Alonzo F. Herndon Edward H. Inman ( Swan House ) Martin Luther King , Jr . Ferdinand McMillan ( The Castle ) Margaret Mitchell Edward C. Peters ( Ivy Hall ) Amos Giles Rhodes ( Rhodes Hall ) Rufus M. Rose Craigie House Skyscrapers Historic ( pre-WWII ) Candler ( 1906 ) Flatiron ( 1897 ) Healey ( 1914 ) Hurt ( 1926 ) J. Mack Robinson ( Empire ) ( 1901 ) The Metropolitan ( 1911 ) Rhodes - Haverty ( 1929 ) Southern Bell ( 1929 ) William - Oliver ( 1930 ) Winecoff Hotel ( 1913 ) Downtown 25 Park Place ( Trust Company of Georgia ) 55 Marietta Street ( Fulton National Bank ) 191 Peachtree Tower Centennial Tower Equitable Five Points Plaza Fourth National Bank building Georgia Power Georgia - Pacific Tower Hyatt Regency Atlanta Marriott Marquis One Park Tower Peachtree Center Peachtree Summit State of Georgia Building SunTrust Plaza TWELVE Centennial Park Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel Midtown 12th & Midtown ( 1010 Midtown 10 Sixty Five Midtown 1075 Peachtree ) 1100 Peachtree 1180 Peachtree 1280 West AT&T Midtown Center Atlantic Center Plaza Atlantic Station ( 171 17th Street The Atlantic ) Bank of America Plaza The Campanile Coca - Cola Colony Square CNN Center Four Seasons Hotel Atlanta / GLG Grand Georgian Terrace Hotel Mayfair Condominiums One Atlantic Center ( IBM Tower ) Promenade II Spire ViewPoint Buckhead 2828 Peachtree 3344 Peachtree 3630 Peachtree Atlanta Financial Center Atlanta Plaza Buckhead Grand Mandarin Oriental Paramount at Buckhead Park Avenue Condominiums Park Place The Pinnacle Realm Resurgens Plaza Terminus Tower Place Perimeter Center Concourse Corporate Center V & VI ( King & Queen towers ) Park Towers I & II Three Ravinia Drive Sports venues Bobby Dodd Stadium Georgia State Stadium GSU Sports Arena McCamish Pavilion Mercedes - Benz Stadium Philips Arena SunTrust Park Former 688 Club Atlanta Cabana Motel Atlanta Hotel Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium Atlanta ( Confederate ) Rolling Mill Atlantic Steel Mill Centennial Olympic Stadium † Coca - Cola Olympic City DeGive 's Opera House Equitable Building ( 1892 ) Fourth National Bank Georgia Dome 3rd Georgia Governor 's Mansion ( John H. James mansion ) Henry Grady Hotel Hotel Aragon Kimball House Loew 's Grand Theatre Masonic Temple National Museum of Patriotism Omni Coliseum Paramount Theater Piedmont Hotel Ponce de Leon amusement park Ponce de Leon Park ( ballpark ) Ponce de Leon Springs Republic Block Rich 's Riverbend Apartments Roxy Theatre SciTrek State Square Terminal Station Trout House Turner Broadcasting tower Turner Field † Union Stations : 1853 1871 1930 Post Office and Customs House / City Hall ( 1911 - 1930 ) Washington Hall † -- Centennial Olympic Stadium was rebuilt in 1997 as Turner Field . In turn , Turner Field was rebuilt as Georgia State Stadium in 2017 . Planned Atlanta Multi-Modal Passenger Terminal Atlanta Symphony Center Parks and trails in Atlanta Regional parks Centennial Olympic Park Chastain Park Freedom Park Grant Park Piedmont Park Southside Park Westside Reservoir Park ( proposed ) Woodruff Park Community parks Adams Park Atlanta Memorial Park Ben Hill Park Bessie Branham Park Brownwood Park Candler Park Central Park Georgia International Plaza Goldsboro Park Historic Fourth Ward Park Hurt Park John A. White Park John Howell Memorial Park Maddox Park New Highland Park Orme Park Perkerson Park Renaissance Park Rodney Cook Sr. Park South Bend Park Tanyard Creek Park Wesley Coan Park Nature preserves Cascade Springs Nature Preserve Fernbank Forest Morningside Nature Preserve Parkways Lanier Boulevard Parkway Trails BeltLine ( Eastside Trail - Westside Trail ) Cheshire Farm Trail Maiden Trail PATH trails PATH400 Proctor Street Greenway Former Mims Park City of Atlanta Office of Parks Neighborhoods and districts of Atlanta Downtown Castleberry Hill Centennial Park District Fairlie -- Poplar Centennial Hill Hotel District Five Points Peachtree Center SoNo South Downtown Midtown Ansley Park Atlantic Station Colony Square Fox Theatre Historic District Loring Heights Historic Midtown Home Park Sherwood Forest Technology Square Buckhead Argonne Forest Brookwood Brookwood Hills Buckhead Forest Buckhead Village Chastain Park Collier Hills Garden Hills Historic Brookhaven Lindbergh Margaret Mitchell North Buckhead Paces Peachtree Hills Peachtree Park Pine Hills Tuxedo Park West Midtown Berkeley Park Blandtown Home Park Knight Park -- Howell Station Marietta Street Artery Underwood Hills Westside Provisions Eastside Atkins Park Cabbagetown Candler Park Druid Hills East Atlanta East Lake Edgewood Grant Park Glenwood Park Inman Park Kirkwood Lake Claire Lindridge / Martin Manor Little Five Points Morningside / Lenox Park North Ormewood Park Oakland Old Fourth Ward Ormewood Park Piedmont Heights Poncey -- Highland Reynoldstown Sweet Auburn Virginia -- Highland Southeast Benteen Park Boulevard Heights Chosewood Park High Point Joyland Lakewood Heights Peoplestown South Atlanta Summerhill Southwest Adair Park Adamsville Ashview Heights Bankhead Ben Hill Capitol View Capitol View Manor Cascade Heights Center Hill Collier Heights Dixie Hills English Avenue Fort McPherson Greenbriar Hunter Hills Just Us Mechanicsville Midwest Cascade Mozley Park Oakland City Perkerson Peyton Forest Pittsburgh Sylvan Hills Venetian Hills Vine City Washington Park West End Westview Upper Westside Bolton Carey Park Grove Park Riverside Scotts Crossing Whittier Mill Village List by area Table by population Former neighborhoods Portal Historic Districts in Metro Atlanta Clayton County Jonesboro Cobb County Acworth Acworth Collins Ave . Clarkdale Clarkdale Kennesaw Cherokee St . North Main St . Summers St . Marietta Church St. -- Cherokee St . North Marietta Washington Ave . Whitlock Ave . Coweta County Newnan Cole Town Greenville St. -- LaGrange St . Newnan Commercial Newnan Cotton Mill and Mill Village Northwest Newnan Residential Platinum Point Other Grantville Roscoe -- Dunaway Gardens Sargent Senoia DeKalb County Atlanta Candler Park Druid Hills ( Atlanta ) Inman Park -- Moreland Kirkwood Avondale Estates Brookhaven Oglethorpe University Decatur Clairemont MAK ( McDonough , Adams , King ) Ponce de Leon Court South Candler Street -- Agnes Scott College Winnona Park Druid Hills Emory Grove Emory University District University Park -- Emory Highlands -- Emory Estate Stone Mountain Douglas County Douglasville Fulton County Atlanta Adair Park Ansley Park Atkins Park Atlanta University Center Berkeley Park Brookhaven Brookwood Hills Cabbagetown Castleberry Hill Collier Heights Fairlie -- Poplar Fox Theatre Historic District Garden Hills Georgia Tech Grant Park Hotel Row Howell Interlocking Knight Park -- Howell Station Inman Park Inman Park -- Moreland King Plow / Railroad Historic District ( proposed ) Knox Apts. , Cauthorn House and Peachtree Rd . Apts . Lakewood Heights Martin Luther King , Jr . National Historic Site Means St . Midtown Mozley Park Oakland City Peachtree Highlands -- Peachtree Park Pittsburgh Reynoldstown Southern Ry . North Ave . Yards Sunset Ave . ( proposed ) Sweet Auburn Techwood Homes Underground Atlanta Virginia - Highland Washington Park West End Whittier Mills Other College Park East Point Industrial District Fairburn Hapeville Roswell Gwinnett County Norcross Hall County Gainesville Brenau University Chicopee Mill and Village Gainesville Commercial Green Street Green St. -- Brenau Other Clermont Flowery Branch Gillsville Lula Newton County Covington Covington Covington Mills and Mill Village Floyd Street Other Newborn North Covington Oxford Porterdale Starrsville Rockdale County Conyers Commercial Residential Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_Park,_Atlanta&oldid=771697598 '' Categories : Parks in Atlanta Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Neighborhoods in Atlanta Bungalow architecture in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Italianate architecture in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Queen Anne architecture in Georgia ( U.S. state ) National Register of Historic Places in Atlanta Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 March 2017 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is grant park in atlanta named after	[ "Grant Park was established in 1883 when Lemuel P. Grant, a successful engineer and businessman, gave the city of Atlanta 100 acres (40 ha) in the newly developed \"suburb\" where he lived. In 1890, the city acquired another 44 acres (18 ha) for the park and appointed its first park commissioner, Sidney Root. In 1903, the Olmsted Brothers (sons of Frederick Law Olmsted) were hired to create a plan for the park. The original park included a lake, named Lake Abana, to handle storm-water runoff." ]	[ "Lemuel P. Grant, a successful engineer and businessman" ]
-8022460749678526964	Zombies (2018 film)	Zombies ( 2018 film ) - Wikipedia Zombies ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zombies Genre Musical Dance Based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light & Joseph Raso Written by David Light & Joseph Raso Directed by Paul Hoen Starring Milo Manheim Meg Donnelly Composer ( s ) George S. Clinton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Production Executive producer ( s ) Effie Brown Paul Hoen Producer ( s ) Mary Pantelidis Cinematography Robert Drinkmann Editor ( s ) Lisa Jane Robison Production company ( s ) Princessa Productions , LTD Release Original network Disney Channel Original release February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) External links Production website Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This article needs an improved plot summary . ( February 2018 ) Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook , an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain - eating zombies . Those that were n't affected constructed a wall which separates the zombie territory , called Zombietown , from the rest of Seabrook . The government later created bracelets for zombies , called Z - Bands , that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains . In the present day , zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school , Seabrook High , where suburban life is filled with uniformity , traditions and pep rallies . When Zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison meet and fall in love , chaos ensues , and the two must lead their groups to coexistence with each other . Cast ( edit ) Milo Manheim as Zed , a zombie who wishes to be on the football team . Meg Donnelly as Addison , a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair . Trevor Tordjman as Bucky , Addison 's cousin who leads the Seabrook High School 's cheerleading team . Kylee Russell as Eliza , a zombie that is friends with Zed . Carla Jeffery as Bree , a girl and aspiring cheerleader who Addison befriends . Kingston Foster as Zoey , Zed 's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets . James Godfrey as Bonzo , a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and / or Eliza . Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee Jonathan Langdon as Coach Paul Hopkins as Dale , the father of Addison who oversees the Zombie Patrol . Marie Ward as Missy , the mother of Addison who is the Mayor of Seabrook . Tony Nappo as Zevon , Zed and Zoey 's father . Emilia McCarthy as Lacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey , a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey , a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky . Release ( edit ) The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16 , 2018 . Ratings ( edit ) During its premiere in the 8 : 00 PM time slot , Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18 -- 49 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Production Begins on Disney Channel 's Zombies for 2018 Premiere '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Has Begun on Disney 's Zombies , a Music - and Dance - Filled Movie , Set for 2018 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . May 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` TV News Roundup : Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zombies_(2018_film)&oldid=826774775 '' Categories : 2010s teen films 2018 television films American films American television films English - language films Cheerleading films Disney Channel Original Movie films Films directed by Paul Hoen Zombie films American television film stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using small message boxes All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 23 : 03 . About Wikipedia	when does the new movie zombies come out	[ "Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly." ]	[ "February 16, 2018" ]
5875718401355672817	Dagen H	Dagen H - Wikipedia Dagen H Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . ( December 2014 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) View a machine - translated version of the Swedish article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated sv Högertrafikomläggningen ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Kungsgatan , Stockholm , on Dagen H. , 3 September 1967 , during the night Sweden had changed from left - side traffic to right - side traffic . Dagen H logo Left - hand traffic in Stockholm in 1966 Dagen H ( H day ) , today usually called `` Högertrafikomläggningen '' ( `` The right - hand traffic diversion '' ) , was the day on 3 September 1967 , in which the traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left - hand side of the road to the right . The `` H '' stands for `` Högertrafik '' , the Swedish word for `` right traffic '' . It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden 's history . Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H. Opaque decal blocks the lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right , and bears warning `` Not to be removed before 3 September 1967 '' . A pair of colored gloves used in 1967 by Swedish authorities in order to remind drivers they should drive on the right as the traffic was changed Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The switch 3 Results 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) There were various major arguments for the change : All of Sweden 's neighbours ( including Norway and Finland , with which Sweden has land borders ) drove on the right , with 5 million vehicles crossing those borders annually . Approximately 90 percent of Swedes drove left - hand drive ( LHD ) vehicles . This led to many head - on collisions when passing on narrow two - lane highways , which were common in Sweden due to the fact that the country 's low population density and traffic levels made road - building expensive in per capita terms . City buses were among the very few vehicles that conformed to the normal opposite - steering wheel rule , being right - hand drive . However , the change was widely unpopular ; in a 1955 referendum , 83 percent voted to keep driving on the left . Nevertheless , on May 10 , 1963 , the Swedish Parliament ( Riksdagen ) approved the Prime Minister Tage Erlander 's government proposal of an introduction of right hand traffic in 1967 , as the number of cars on the road tripled from 500 000 to 1.5 million , and was expected to reach 2.8 million by 1975 . A body known as Statens Högertrafikkommission ( HTK ) ( `` the state right - hand traffic commission '' ) was established to oversee the changeover . It also began implementing a four - year education programme , with the advice of psychologists . The campaign included displaying the Dagen H logo on various commemorative items , including milk cartons and underwear . Swedish television held a contest for songs about the change ; the winning entry was `` Håll dig till höger , Svensson '' ( ' Keep to the right , Svensson ' ) written by Expressen journalist by Peter Himmelstrand and performed by The Telstars . As Dagen H neared , every intersection was equipped with an extra set of poles and traffic signals wrapped in black plastic . Workers roamed the streets early in the morning on Dagen H to remove the plastic . Similarly , a parallel set of lines were painted on the roads with white paint , then covered with black tape . Before Dagen H , Swedish roads had used yellow lines . The switch ( edit ) On Dagen H , Sunday , 3 September , all non-essential traffic was banned from the roads from 01 : 00 to 06 : 00 . Any vehicles on the roads during that time had to follow special rules . All vehicles had to come to a complete stop at 04 : 50 , then carefully change to the right - hand side of the road and stop again before being allowed to proceed at 05 : 00 . In Stockholm and Malmö , however , the ban was longer -- from 10 : 00 on Saturday until 15 : 00 on Sunday -- to allow work crews to reconfigure intersections . Certain other towns also saw an extended ban , from 15 : 00 on Saturday until 15 : 00 on Sunday . One - way streets presented unique problems . Bus stops had to be constructed on the other side of the street . Intersections had to be reshaped to allow traffic to merge . In order to avoid blinding oncoming drivers , all Swedish vehicles had to have their original left - hand - traffic headlamps replaced with right - hand units . One of the reasons the Riksdag pushed ahead with Dagen H despite public unpopularity was that most vehicles in Sweden at the time used inexpensive , standardized round headlamps , but the trend towards more expensive model - specific headlamps began in Continental Europe and was expected to spread through most other parts of the world . Further delay in changing over from left - to right - hand traffic would have greatly increased the cost burden to vehicle owners . Results ( edit ) The relatively smooth changeover saw a reduction in the number of accidents . On the day of the change , only 157 minor accidents were reported , of which only 32 involved personal injuries , with only a handful serious . On the Monday following Dagen H , there were 125 reported traffic accidents , compared to a range of 130 to 198 for previous Mondays , none of them fatal . Experts suggested that changing to driving on the right reduced accidents while overtaking , as people already drove left - hand drive vehicles , thereby having a better view of the road ahead ; additionally , the change made a marked surge in perceived risk that exceeded the target level and thus was followed by very cautious behaviour that caused a major decrease in road fatalities . Indeed , fatal car - to - car and car - to - pedestrian accidents dropped sharply as a result , and the number of motor insurance claims went down by 40 % . These initial improvements did not last , however . The number of motor insurance claims returned to ' normal ' over the next six weeks and , by 1969 , the accident rates were back to the levels seen before the change . Trams in central Stockholm , in Helsingborg and most lines in Malmö were withdrawn and replaced by buses , and over one thousand new buses were purchased with doors on the right - hand side . Some 8,000 older buses were retrofitted to provide doors on both sides , while Gothenburg and Malmö exported their right - hand drive ( RHD ) buses to Pakistan and Kenya . The modification of buses , paid by the state , was the largest cost of the change . In Gothenburg and Norrköping , and in two Stockholm suburbs , tram networks continued to operate . Although all road traffic in Sweden became right handed , metro and railway systems did not switch to new rules and continue to drive on the left , with the exception of tram systems . Additionally , many of them were abandoned as a result of Dagen H ; only the trams in Norrköping and Gothenburg and three suburban lines in the Stockholm area ( Nockebybanan and Lidingöbanan ) survived . Gothenburg had high cost for rebuilding trams , while Stockholm had cost only for bus purchasing , since the remaining lines had bidirectional trams with doors on both sides . In any event , most trams in Stockholm were replaced by the metro , a decision made long before the Dagen H decision . Fellow Nordic country Iceland changed to driving on the right in May 1968 . See also ( edit ) 730 ( transport ) H - dagurinn Right and left hand traffic Switch to right - hand traffic in Czechoslovakia Transport in Sweden References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 50 år sedan : Så gick det till när Sverige fick högertrafik , Expressen , 1 September 2017 Jump up ^ Kommer du ihåg när Sverige fick högertrafik 1967 ? , Året Runt , 1 September 2017 ^ Jump up to : Réalités , Issues 200 - 205 , Société d'études et publications économiques , 1967 , page 95 ^ Jump up to : Switch to the Right , TIME , 15 Sep. 1967 Jump up ^ `` Transport in Stockholm in the 1960s '' . Includes photographs of a RHD bus in Odenplan , 1962 and a RHD trolleybus in Vattugatan in 1964 . Jump up ^ News from Sweden , Issues 840 - 858 , Swedish Information Service , Swedish Consulate General , 1963 , page 35 Jump up ^ Riksdagens protokoll , Kungl . Boktr. , 1966 , page 8 Jump up ^ `` Dagen H '' . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Telstars - Håll dig till höger , Svensson , YouTube , 23 February 2013 Jump up ^ Sweden Makes Change - Over to Driving on Right , Glasgow Herald , 4 September 1967 ^ Jump up to : Et tu , Iceland ? Another change to right hand driving , Autocar , 23 May 1968 Jump up ^ `` Swedish Motorists Move To Right '' . Montreal Gazette. 5 September 1967 . Jump up ^ Adams , John ( 1985 ) . Risk and Freedom : Record of Road Safety Regulation . Brefi Press . ISBN 978 - 0948537059 . Jump up ^ `` Dagen H : The day Sweden switched sides of the road '' . Washington Post . February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety : Theory , Evidence and Action . CRC Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 5667 - 3 . Jump up ^ Public transport was affected , 22 February 1997 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dagen H . Television coverage of changeover , Sveriges Television The Day Sweden Turned Right , BBC World Service , 2 September 2016 Border crossing between Sweden and Finland , 1967 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagen_H&oldid=811324981 '' Categories : Transport articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia Traffic law Transport in Sweden 1967 in Sweden 1967 in transport Driving in Sweden Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from December 2014 All articles to be expanded Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what side of the road to drive in sweden	[ "Dagen H (H day), today usually called \"Högertrafikomläggningen\" (\"The right-hand traffic diversion\"), was the day on 3 September 1967, in which the traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right.[1] The \"H\" stands for \"Högertrafik\", the Swedish word for \"right traffic\". It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden's history.[2]" ]	[ "right-hand" ]
-5965797226000137550	Mesquite, Nevada	Mesquite , Nevada - wikipedia Mesquite , Nevada Jump to : navigation , search City in Nevada , United States Mesquite , Nevada City City of Mesquite Main Street in January 2007 , near City Hall Motto ( s ) : Escape , Momentarily Location of Mesquite in Clark County , Nevada Mesquite Location in the United States Mesquite Mesquite ( the US ) Show map of Nevada Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 36 ° 48 ′ 9 '' N 114 ° 4 ′ 56 '' W / 36.80250 ° N 114.08222 ° W / 36.80250 ; - 114.08222 Coordinates : 36 ° 48 ′ 9 '' N 114 ° 4 ′ 56 '' W / 36.80250 ° N 114.08222 ° W / 36.80250 ; - 114.08222 Country United States State Nevada Counties Clark , Lincoln Settled 1880 Incorporated 1984 Government Mayor Allan Litman Area Total 32.4 sq mi ( 83.8 km ) Land 31.9 sq mi ( 82.6 km ) Water 0.5 sq mi ( 1.2 km ) Elevation 1,601 ft ( 488 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 15,276 Estimate ( 2016 ) 17,987 Density 470 / sq mi ( 180 / km ) Time zone PST ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) ZIP codes 89024 , 89027 , 89034 Area code ( s ) 702 FIPS code 32 - 46000 GNIS feature ID 0842060 Website www.mesquitenv.gov Mesquite is a U.S. city in Clark County , Nevada , adjacent to the Arizona state line and 80 miles ( 130 km ) northeast of Las Vegas on Interstate 15 . As of 2015 , the United States Census estimates that the city had a population of 17,496 . The city is located in the Virgin River valley adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert . It is home to a growing retirement community , as well as several casino resorts and golf courses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Education 5 Sports 5.1 Minor professional teams 6 Climate 7 Media 8 Economy 9 Notable residents and former residents 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Home of Mormon pioneer Franklin S. Leavitt , c. 1900 Mesquite was settled by Mormon pioneers in 1880 , who called it Mesquite Flat . The community was finally established on the third attempt after having been flooded out from the waters of the Virgin River . The name was later shortened to Mesquite , and the city was incorporated by Thelma Davis in May 1984 . The community was named for the mesquite timber near the original town site . Mesquite , like nearby Bunkerville , had its origins in farming . The Peppermill Mesquite casino , which opened in the 1970s , drove Mesquite 's diversified economy . The city incorporated in 1984 and established a master development plan during the early 1990s . In the mid-1990s , more casinos opened . By 2006 , Mesquite was one of the fastest - growing small towns in the United States , though the late - 2000s recession led to the closure of both the Mesquite Star and Oasis ( formerly The Peppermill ) casinos . Geography ( edit ) Mesquite occupies the northeast corner of Clark County and extends north into the southeast corner of Lincoln County . The eastern border of the city is the Arizona state line . The city is in the Virgin River valley , occupying the northern side of the river . The city lies adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern Mojave Desert near the southern mouth of the Virgin River Gorge . Interstate 15 passes through the city , leading southwest 80 miles ( 130 km ) to downtown Las Vegas and northeast 39 miles ( 63 km ) to St. George , Utah . Nevada State Route 170 leads south from the center of town , crossing the Virgin River into the unincorporated community of Bunkerville before looping back to I - 15 at the western city limits of Mesquite . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city of Mesquite has a total area of 32.4 square miles ( 83.8 km ) , of which 31.9 square miles ( 82.6 km ) is land and 0.46 square miles ( 1.2 km ) , or 1.40 % , is water . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1,871 -- 2000 9,389 401.8 % 15,276 62.7 % Est. 2016 17,987 17.7 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010 , there were 15,276 people , 8,911 houses , 6,378 Houses occupied , and 4,444 families residing in the city . The population density was 613.3 per square mile ( 236.8 / km2 ) in the year 2000 . There were 4,442 housing units at an average density of 290.1 per square mile ( 112.0 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 80.30 % White , 1.27 % Asian , 0.98 % Native American , 0.65 % African American , 0.07 % Pacific Islander , 14.56 % from other races , and 2.17 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 24.75 % of the population . There were 3,498 households out of which 28.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 62.8 % were married couples living together , 7.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 26.5 % were non-families . Of all households , 20.4 % were made up of individuals and 7.4 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.08 . In the city , the population was spread out with 25.6 % under the age of 18 , 7.7 % from 18 to 24 , 22.8 % from 25 to 44 , 27.3 % from 45 to 64 , and 16.6 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 40 years . For every 100 females , there were 103.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 104.0 males . The median income for a household in the city was $40,392 , and the median income for a family was $42,941 . Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $24,402 for females . The per capita income for the city was $20,191 . About 6.2 % of families and 10.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 18.3 % of those under age 18 and 6.0 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) The city of Mesquite is a part of the Clark County School District . There are four public schools in the valley . School Location Grades Virgin Valley Elementary Mesquite K -- 5 Joseph L. Bowler Elementary Bunkerville K - 5 Charles A. Hughes Middle School Mesquite 6 -- 8 Virgin Valley High School Mesquite 9 -- 12 Sports ( edit ) See also : Nevada § Sports Minor professional teams ( edit ) Team Sport League Venue ( capacity ) Established Titles Nevada Desert Dogs Basketball NAPB Rising Star Sports Ranch ( 600 ) 2018 0 Climate ( edit ) Located within the Mojave Desert , Mesquite experiences a desert climate with a large degree of diurnal temperature variation . ( hide ) Climate data for Mesquite , NV Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 77 ( 25 ) 84 ( 29 ) 99 ( 37 ) 103 ( 39 ) 115 ( 46 ) 120 ( 49 ) 123 ( 51 ) 118 ( 48 ) 112 ( 44 ) 106 ( 41 ) 90 ( 32 ) 78 ( 26 ) 123 ( 51 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) 65.9 ( 18.8 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 92.8 ( 33.8 ) 102.1 ( 38.9 ) 107.7 ( 42.1 ) 106.0 ( 41.1 ) 99.7 ( 37.6 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 84.4 ( 29.1 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 29.5 ( − 1.4 ) 34.2 ( 1.2 ) 39.6 ( 4.2 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 63.4 ( 17.4 ) 70.3 ( 21.3 ) 69.9 ( 21.1 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 29.7 ( − 1.3 ) 48.7 ( 9.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) ( − 17 ) 18 ( − 8 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 39 ( 4 ) 45 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 52 ( 11 ) 44 ( 7 ) 33 ( 1 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 12 ( − 11 ) ( − 17 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.53 ( 13.5 ) 1.09 ( 27.7 ) 0.56 ( 14.2 ) 0.49 ( 12.4 ) 0.04 ( 1 ) 0.10 ( 2.5 ) 0.51 ( 13 ) 0.48 ( 12.2 ) 0.33 ( 8.4 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 0.60 ( 15.2 ) 0.48 ( 12.2 ) 5.85 ( 148.6 ) Source : http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?nv5085 Media ( edit ) Mesquite City Hall In 1987 , the Virgin Valley 's first newspaper , The Desert Echo , began distribution out of a local home on Riverside Road . The Desert Valley Times emerged by 1995 , and The Desert Echo merged with The Desert Valley Times in 1998 . Around 2000 / 2001 , St. George -- based The Spectrum ( a Gannett newspaper ) bought and distributed The Desert Valley Times . In 2006 , Mesquite Media Group ( MMG ) was formed . MMG started MesquiteLocalNews.com in early 2006 , the community 's first daily internet newspaper with current news published daily . In September 2006 , MMG started publishing the Mesquite Local News , a weekly print newspaper that is distributed each Thursday . In June 2009 , Mesquite Local News was sold to Stephens Media , which owns the Las Vegas Review - Journal as well as numerous other newspapers in Nevada . The Mesquite Local News was later sold to Battle Born Media , LLC in May 2014 . Economy ( edit ) Virgin Valley Heritage Museum Mesquite is home to several casinos , including the Virgin River Casino , CasaBlanca , Eureka Casino Hotel , and Stateline Casino and Motel . The Virgin Valley Heritage Museum has exhibits about area pioneers and local history . The museum building , built in 1940 , is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . Mesquite is a stopping point for those traveling along I - 15 between Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Mesquite is also a destination for year - round golf , with over nine public courses in the warm desert climate , it draws golfers from all over . Mesquite Airport provides facilities for general aviation and skydiving . It hosts the annual RE / MAX World Long Drive Championship . Notable residents and former residents ( edit ) Jerry Montgomery , football coach William Redd , businessman Stephen Paddock , mass murderer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Visit Mesquite , Nevada : Official Site '' . ^ Jump up to : Ann O'Neill ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Deaths reveal a small town 's mean streak '' . CNN . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.mesquitenv.gov/city-government/mayor-city-council/allan-litman Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 ( PEPANNRES ) : Nevada '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk Jump up ^ Mesquite Magazine pg 17 , 18 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1941 ) . Origin of Place Names : Nevada ( PDF ) . W.P.A. p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Staff Writer . `` Mesquite , Nevada history '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Mesquite city , Nevada '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 2015 CCSD zoning map '' ( PDF ) . CCSD.net . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mesquite , Nevada . City of Mesquite official website Official State of Nevada Tourism site Mesquite Chamber of Commerce Places adjacent to Mesquite , Nevada Caliente Tonopah Test Range Beaver Dam Nevada Test Site Mesquite Scenic Moapa Lake Mead Grand Canyon National Park Municipalities and communities of Clark County , Nevada , United States County seat : Las Vegas Cities Boulder City Henderson Las Vegas Mesquite ‡ North Las Vegas CDPs Blue Diamond Bunkerville Cal - Nev - Ari Enterprise Goodsprings Indian Springs Laughlin Moapa Town Moapa Valley Mount Charleston Nellis AFB Nelson Paradise Sandy Valley Searchlight Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Unincorporated communities Arden Cactus Springs Cottonwood Cove Coyote Springs Crystal Glendale Jean Las Vegas Chinatown Lone Mountain Logandale Lower Kyle Canyon Mountain Springs Overton Primm Red Rock Riverside Sloan Summerlin Stewarts Point Township Las Vegas Ghost towns Alturas Bard Bonelli 's Ferry Buster Falls Byron Callville Colorado City El Dorado City Gold Butte Louisville Lucky Jim Camp Nelson 's Landing Potosi Quartette Rioville San Juan Simonsville St. Thomas Stone 's Ferry Saint Joseph Indian reservations Fort Mojave Indian Reservation ‡ Moapa River Indian Reservation Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Municipalities and communities of Lincoln County , Nevada , United States County seat : Pioche Cities Caliente Mesquite ‡ CDPs Alamo Beaverdam Bennett Springs Dry Valley Hiko Mount Wilson Panaca Pioche Rachel Ursine Other unincorporated communities Ash Springs Barclay Carp Coyote Springs Crestline Pony Springs Ghost towns Acoma Brown Cave Valley Crystal Springs Delamar Delmues Elgin Etna Fay Joseco Logan Rox Stine Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Nevada Carson City ( capital ) Topics Delegations Government History Nevada Territory World War II People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions Black Rock Desert Eagle Valley Great Basin Lake Mead Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada Trout Creek Mountains Truckee Meadows Metro areas Las Vegas -- Paradise Reno -- Sparks Carson City Counties Churchill Clark Douglas Elko Esmeralda Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln Lyon Mineral Nye Pershing Storey Washoe White Pine Cities and communities Alamo Amargosa Valley Austin Baker Battle Mountain Beatty Boulder City Caliente Carlin Carson City Elko Ely Enterprise Eureka Fallon Fernley Gardnerville Ranchos Gerlach Goldfield Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Mesquite Minden North Las Vegas Panaca Pahrump Paradise Pioche Primm Rachel Reno Spanish Springs Sparks Spring Creek Spring Valley Stateline Summerlin South Sun Valley Sunrise Manor Tonopah Virginia City West Wendover Winnemucca Whitney Winchester Yerington Former counties Bullfrog Ormsby Roop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesquite,_Nevada&oldid=841601141 '' Categories : Mesquite , Nevada 1880 establishments in Nevada Cities in Clark County , Nevada Cities in Nevada Populated places established in 1880 Cities in Lincoln County , Nevada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 20 : 41 . About Wikipedia	how far is las vegas from mesquite nevada	[ "Mesquite is a U.S. city in Clark County, Nevada, adjacent to the Arizona state line and 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Las Vegas on Interstate 15. As of 2015, the United States Census estimates that the city had a population of 17,496.[6] The city is located in the Virgin River valley adjacent to the Virgin Mountains in the northeastern part of the Mojave Desert. It is home to a growing retirement community, as well as several casino resorts and golf courses." ]	[ "80 miles" ]
7243518800387039728	The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild	The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild - wikipedia The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Jump to : navigation , search The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Primary packaging artwork , depicting Link overlooking Hyrule Developer ( s ) Nintendo EPD Publisher ( s ) Nintendo Director ( s ) Hidemaro Fujibayashi Producer ( s ) Eiji Aonuma Programmer ( s ) Takuhiro Dohta Kenji Matsutani Hiroshi Umemiya Artist ( s ) Satoru Takizawa Writer ( s ) Akihito Toda Composer ( s ) Manaka Kataoka Yasuaki Iwata Series The Legend of Zelda Platform ( s ) Nintendo Switch Wii U Release March 3 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is an action - adventure game developed and published by Nintendo . A part of The Legend of Zelda series , it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3 , 2017 . The story follows Link , who awakens from a hundred - year slumber to a mysterious voice that guides him to defeat Calamity Ganon before he can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule . Breath of the Wild is played in an open world that the player can explore freely . Link can collect items such as armor , weapons , and food , with multiple uses . Scattered across the world are waypoints that the player can warp to , puzzles , and non-player characters that offer advice or side - quests . Breath of the Wild introduced elements to the series including a detailed physics engine , high - definition visuals , and voice acting . The game was planned for release in 2015 as a Wii U exclusive , but was delayed twice due to problems with the physics engine . It was a launch game for the Switch and the final Nintendo game for the Wii U . Breath of the Wild received critical acclaim for its open - ended gameplay , which encourages experimentation and exploration , and many called it a landmark in open - world design , despite minor criticism for its frame rate and technical performance at launch . It won numerous awards , including several Game of the Year awards , and many critics have described it as one of the greatest games of all time . The game broke Nintendo 's sales records in numerous regions , selling over six million copies on the Switch and over a million on the Wii U by 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Promotion and release 4.1 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 5.2 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) See also : Gameplay of The Legend of Zelda series Players are free to explore the world of Breath of the Wild using a variety of tools . For example , by jumping from a high elevation and deploying his paraglider , Link can travel distances quickly . In a departure from previous Legend of Zelda games , Breath of the Wild features a full open world , twelve times larger than the overworld in Twilight Princess , with less emphasis on defined entrances and exits to areas . Similar to the original Legend of Zelda , the player begins with little instruction , and is allowed to explore freely at their own pace . Breath of the Wild introduces a physics engine to the Zelda series with consistent rules , but also lets players approach problems in different ways rather than trying to find a prescribed solution . The game also integrates a `` chemistry engine '' , which defines the physical properties of most objects and governs how they interact with the player and one another . These design approaches result in a generally unstructured and interactive world that rewards experimentation and allows for completing the story non-linearly . Taking control of Link , players explore the kingdom of Hyrule with actions such as running , climbing , swimming , and gliding with a paraglider , although he is limited by his stamina . Unlike previous Zelda games , where Link obtains key weapons for permanent use , the player procures items from the environment , including melee weapons , bows , and shields , which break after excessive use . Many items have multiple uses ; for example , wooden weapons and armor can be set to light fires or collect incoming enemy arrows , and shields can be used as makeshift snowboards . Players can also obtain various food and materials , such as meat from hunted animals , wild fruit picked from trees , and parts from defeated enemies . By cooking combinations of food or materials , the player can create meals and elixirs that can replenish Link 's health and stamina , or provide temporary status bonuses such as increased strength or resistance against weather . Link 's Sheikah Slate can be used to mark waypoints on a map and take pictures . Early in the game , multiple rune powers are installed onto the Sheikah Slate , including remote bombs ; Magnesis , which can be used to manipulate metal objects ; Cryonis , which forms ice blocks on watery surfaces ; and Stasis , which temporarily stops objects in time , allowing the player to build kinetic energy which is released once time resumes . In combat , players can lock onto targets for more precise attacks , while certain button combinations allow for more advanced offensive and defensive moves . Players may also defeat enemies without weapons , such as rolling boulders off cliffs into enemy encampments . Activating towers and shrines adds waypoints that the player may warp to at any time . Activating towers also adds the surrounding territory to the player 's map , although location names are not added until the player explores that area . Shrines mostly replace the series ' traditional dungeons , instead consisting of smaller challenges ranging from puzzles to battles against robotic opponents . Clearing these shrines earns Spirit Orbs , which can be traded at various `` Goddess statues '' for additional health or stamina . Also scattered across Hyrule are various small puzzles that reveal the hiding places of Koroks ; solving them earns Korok Seeds , which can be traded in to expand inventory size for weapons , shields , and bows . Players also encounter hikers or other travelers who offer side - quests , hints , or conversation . Weather is dynamic and regularly changes . For example , colder environments at higher elevations damage Link unless he wears warm clothing or eats certain food , but players may take advantage of inclement weather such as by throwing metal objects at enemies during thunderstorms to attract lightning strikes . Players who own the correct Amiibo figures may scan them against their console to conjure items , or call Link 's horse Epona from previous Zelda games and Wolf Link from Twilight Princess . Plot ( edit ) Breath of the Wild introduces a world marked by recurring conflict between the kingdom of Hyrule and the evil being , Calamity Ganon . Each time that Ganon resurfaced , he was defeated by a princess descended from the Goddess Hylia with the help of her champion . Over time , Hyrule managed to mature into an advanced civilization . Using their knowledge of technology , they decided to prepare themselves for Ganon 's inevitable return by creating four massive animal - like machines called the Divine Beasts , as well as an army of autonomous , mechanical weapons , called Guardians . Upon Ganon 's return , four great warriors were each given the titles of champions and tasked with piloting one of the Divine Beasts to attack and weaken him , while the princess and her hero used the Guardians to protect them while the hero struck Ganon down with the Master Sword , allowing the princess to seal Ganon away . 10,000 years later , the kingdom of Hyrule lost its technological greatness and had reverted to a medieval state . Upon reading the prophecies their ancestors had left behind , they learned the signs of Ganon 's return and recovered the Divine Beasts and Guardians after excavating land throughout the kingdom . Key members of Hyrule 's various races -- Daruk , a warrior of the mountainous Goron , Mipha , a princess of the aquatic Zora , Revali , the most skilled archer among the bird - like Rito , and Urbosa , the chief of the desert - dwelling Gerudo -- were assembled to pilot the Divine Beasts as the princess ' champions , while Princess Zelda and Link , her appointed knight , attempted to stop the evil using the same strategy as their ancient predecessors . However , Ganon appeared from beneath Hyrule Castle and took control of the Guardians and Divine Beasts , turning them against Hyrule . In the `` Great Calamity '' which followed , the king , Champions , and everyone in the Castle were killed , the castle town was destroyed , and Link was gravely wounded defending the princess , leaving the entire kingdom utterly devastated . Zelda survived , and after having Link taken to safety and hiding the Master Sword , faced Ganon alone , using her magic to restrain him within the castle walls . 100 years later in the present day , an amnesiac Link awakens from within the Shrine of Resurrection . A mysterious female voice guides him to the now ruined kingdom of Hyrule where he meets an old man who , after helping Link adjust to the ruined world , reveals himself to be the restless spirit of King Rhoam , the last King of Hyrule . The king explains to Link that Ganon has been sealed in Hyrule Castle for one hundred years , but Ganon has continued to grow in power , and the king pleads for Link to defeat him before he breaks free and destroys the world . Link visits the locations of the Divine Beasts , regaining his memories as each member of the respective races of the former champions helps him board the Divine Beasts to purge the machines of the monsters that Ganon had created . The champions ' spirits are released along with their Divine Beasts , and after offering their powers to Link they pilot them once again , preparing them to attack Ganon once Link storms Hyrule Castle . As Link travels the world , he also comes across key areas that he and Zelda traveled to in the past , eventually regaining all his memories . After obtaining the Master Sword from the Lost Woods , Link defeats Ganon with help from the Divine Beasts , but Ganon survives and manifests himself in his true form : an ethereal monster of pure hatred and malice called Dark Beast Ganon . Using the Bow of Light provided by Zelda , Link defeats Ganon and Zelda destroys him with the last of her divine power , restoring peace to Hyrule and allowing the spirits of King Rhoam and the champions to finally depart . In the epilogue , Zelda , while noting that Ganon is gone , for the time being , realizes that Hyrule must be rebuilt and that she and Link must begin the process themselves . If the player fulfills certain conditions , they are able to unlock an alternative ending of the game . Development ( edit ) With Breath of the Wild , Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma sought to rethink series conventions . According to The Legend of Zelda series producer Eiji Aonuma , the development team aimed to `` rethink the conventions of Zelda '' . Nintendo had previously experimented with nonlinear , open - world gameplay in The Legend of Zelda : A Link Between Worlds ( 2013 ) , reminiscent of the original Legend of Zelda . At the 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo , Aonuma said he planned to reform dungeons and puzzles , two of the series ' major gameplay elements . The story was designed to allow players to reach the end of the game without progressing through it . As Nintendo had never worked on a modern open - world game before , they took influence from the development of The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim . Prior to starting full development , the developers designed a playable 2D prototype similar to the original Zelda to experiment with physics - based puzzles . The final game uses a modified version of the Havok physics engine . At the 2017 Game Developers Conference , Fujibayashi , technical director Takuhiro Dohta , and art director Satoru Takizawa held a presentation titled `` Change and Constant -- Breaking Conventions with The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' , during which they demoed the prototype . Aonuma called the physics engine in Breath of the Wild a major development for the Zelda series , saying that it `` underpins everything in the world '' and makes things operate in a `` logical and realistic way '' , allowing players to approach puzzles and problems in different ways . He expanded on the difficulty in developing this system , recalling how one day during development he entered an area in the game and found that all the objects had been blown away by the wind . `` Our mission in developing this new Zelda game ... is quite plainly to re-think the conventions of Zelda . I 'm referring to the expectation that the player is supposed to complete dungeons in a certain order ... we want to set aside these conventions , get back to basics and create a newborn Zelda so that the players can best enjoy the real essence of the franchise . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer The game was built and demonstrated with touchscreen features for the Wii U , but the developers found that looking away from the main screen distracted from the game . The features were removed when the game moved to tandem development across the Wii U and Nintendo Switch . The Wii U GamePad also affected animation ; though Link is canonically left - handed , he is right - handed in the game to match the GamePad 's control scheme , which has its sword - swinging buttons on its right side . The Switch version performs better than the Wii U release when docked to a television , though when undocked , both run at the same resolution . The Switch version also has higher - quality environmental sounds . Aonuma stated that the art design was inspired by gouache and en plein air art to help identify the vast world . The game 's landscape was based on locations in and around Kyoto , the hometown of game director Hidemaro Fujibayashi , and was partially designed by Monolith Soft , who assisted with topographical level design . `` I really think the implementation of this physics engine is a major development for the Zelda series . The way the physics engine underpins everything in the world really offers up a lot of new possibilities . For instance , in Breath of the Wild you might have a puzzle where making use of the physics , there 'll be various ways you can solve that puzzle . That really opens up a lot of possibilities so there 's not just one way to progress in the game or just one way to solve a puzzle . '' Eiji Aonuma , producer Breath of the Wild was the first main series Zelda game to use voice acting in cutscenes , although Link remains a silent protagonist . Aonuma was affected by the first time he heard a character with a human voice in - game , and wanted to leave a similar impression on players . The team decided to record voiceovers for all cutscenes instead of only the key scenes , as originally planned . Nintendo provided voiceovers and subtitles in eight languages . Initially , players were not able to mix and match the languages of voices and subtitles ; however , Nintendo released an update in May 2017 that allowed players to choose the voice - over language . Coinciding with the game 's launch in Taiwan and South Korea in early 2018 , Nintendo introduced a patch worldwide adding traditional and simplified Chinese and Korean translations . The original score was composed by Manaka Kataoka , who had previously worked on the series with The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks , and Yasuaki Iwata , who had only worked on two Nintendo games prior . The soundtrack was primarily written and performed on a piano , focusing more on ambience than melodic and upbeat music , another first for the series . According to sound director Hajime Wakai , this helped add `` authenticity '' to the game 's environments and scenery , and was taken on as a challenge by the rest of the sound team . After a development period of five years , Breath of the Wild went gold on February 3 , 2017 , with Nintendo holding an event celebrating it . Promotion and release ( edit ) Aonuma announced a new entry for Nintendo 's Wii U console in January 2013 during the company 's regular online presentation . The game , he continued , would challenge the series ' conventions , such as the requirement that players complete dungeons in a set order . The next year , Nintendo introduced the game 's high - definition , cel - shaded visual style with in - game footage at its June 2014 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) press event . Once planned for release in 2015 , the game was delayed early in the year and did not show at that year 's E3 . Zelda series creator Shigeru Miyamoto reaffirmed that the game was still set for release on the Wii U , despite the development of the console that would be called the Nintendo Switch . The game was delayed again in April 2016 due to problems with its physics engine . With its new 2017 release date , the game would launch for both the Wii U and Switch consoles simultaneously on March 3 , 2017 . Nintendo let attendees play the game 's Wii U version at E3 2016 , where they also announced its subtitle , Breath of the Wild . At a Nintendo Switch presentation in January 2017 , Nintendo provided a new trailer announcing that the game would be released as a launch game for the Switch . The Switch version of the game was available in limited `` Special Edition '' and `` Master Edition '' bundles , which both included a Sheikah Eye coin , a Calamity Ganon tapestry with world map , a soundtrack CD , and a themed carrying case for the Switch . The Master Edition also included a figurine based on the Master Sword . An `` Explorer 's Edition '' of the game was released for the Switch on November 23 , 2017 , which came with a two - sided map and a 100 - page book containing story information . Fils - Aimé stated that the game would be the last Nintendo - developed game released for the Wii U . In Europe , the game used unique packing artwork . A five - disc , 211 - track soundtrack will be released in Japan on April 25 , 2018 . Downloadable content ( edit ) A season pass featuring two bundled downloadable content ( DLC ) packs was released : The Master Trials and The Champions ' Ballad . The Master Trials was released on June 30 , 2017 , and adds gameplay modes , features , and items . In the Trial of the Sword challenge , Link fights through around 45 rooms of enemies and must finish each room before proceeding . Link begins with no equipment , but is rewarded with a glowing Master Sword that has greater durability and possesses a doubled damage stat if they complete the challenge . The pack also adds an option to play the game at a higher difficulty level , which adds ranks and raises the ranks of enemies . The enemies are more perceptive when Link sneaks near them and slowly regenerate health in battle . New floating platforms throughout the land offer enemies to battle and treasure as a reward . The Hero 's Path feature draws the player 's path on the game 's map , designed to help players determine places they have not visited . The player can also find the hidden Travel Medallion to save Link 's current position as a single waypoint to which the player can transport Link at any time . New items include the Korok Mask , which helps the player find Korok locations , and other themed cosmetics related to previous Zelda games . The Champions ' Ballad was released on December 7 , 2017 , with a trailer presented at The Game Awards 2017 exhibiting the new content . The expansion pack adds a new dungeon , original story , gear , and additional challenges to the game . It also introduces the Master Cycle Zero , a motorcycle - like vehicle that Link can ride after players complete the pack 's additional content . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( NS ) 97 / 100 ( Wii U ) 96 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 Edge 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Eurogamer Famitsu 40 / 40 Game Informer 10 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 10 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 10 / 10 Nintendo Life Nintendo World Report 9.5 / 10 Polygon 10 / 10 VideoGamer.com 9 / 10 The game 's announcement was met with praise by fans and critics alike . CNET said that the showing of the game at the convention would `` take your breath away '' . IGN called the game `` the open world Zelda we 've always wanted '' , and Engadget called it `` Nintendo 's next classic '' . Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica praised the game 's renewed emphasis on open - world exploration . John Linneman of Eurogamer deemed it `` Nintendo 's most technologically ambitious project to date '' , but acknowledged that the Wii U 's hardware sometimes had difficulty maintaining the targeted 30 frames per second during the game 's E3 demo . According to Brandwatch , a social media monitoring platform , Breath of the Wild was the most talked - about E3 2016 game on social media . Following its E3 demonstration , the game received several accolades from the Game Critics Awards , as well as from IGN and Destructoid . It was also listed among the best games at E3 by Eurogamer , GameSpot , and GamesRadar+ . In late 2016 , Breath of the Wild received two awards at Gamescom , and won the award for Most Anticipated Game at The Game Awards 2016 . A week prior to release , Peter Brown of GameSpot deemed Breath of the Wild `` a strong contender '' for the best Zelda game . At The Game Awards 2017 , the game received the accolades for Game of the Year , Best Game Direction , and Best Action / Adventure Game , while its other nominations were for Best Art Direction , Best Score / Music , and Best Audio Design . IGN , GameSpot , and Polygon respectively listed the game as its `` game of the year '' . Upon its release , critics universally acclaimed Breath of the Wild , with some calling the game a masterpiece and one of the greatest video games of all time . It holds the largest number of perfect reviews of any game on review aggregator Metacritic . Jose Otero of IGN praised the game 's combat and open world by calling it `` a masterclass in open - world design '' , and `` a wonderful sandbox full of mystery , dangling dozens upon dozens of tantalizing things in front of you that just beg to be explored . '' GameSpot called it `` the most impressive game '' Nintendo had ever made , appreciating the way that it `` takes designs and mechanics perfected in other games and reworks them for its own purposes to create something wholly new , but also something that still feels quintessentially like a Zelda game . '' The review declared that the game is `` both a return to form and a leap into uncharted territory , and it exceeds expectations on both fronts . '' Edge stated that `` the magic of being given all the tools in the opening hour is the knowledge that the solution to any problem is already at your disposal , and you can always change tack . '' The publication praised the game world , saying that it is `` an absolute , and unremitting , pleasure to get lost in '' . The publication awarded the game a perfect score , making it the 29th game ( including retrospective perfect scores ) to earn that score from the publication . Breath of the Wild became the 24th game to receive a perfect score from Famitsu . Entertainment Weekly thought Breath of the Wild was the best Zelda game and `` arguably Nintendo 's greatest triumph '' . Ars Technica praised the open world of the game , stating `` After spending a week utterly immersed in Nintendo 's open - world reimagining of the tried - and - true Zelda formula , it 's hard to return to the more formulaic entries of the franchise 's past . '' Several reviewers noted the game 's difficulty , with Arthur Gies of Polygon considering it the most challenging in the series . Reviewers lauded the game 's sense of detail and immersion while criticizing it for its frame rate dips and low resolution of 900p . Kotaku recommended playing the game without its on - screen minimap and indicators , in praise of the indirect cues that contextually indicate the same information , such as Link shivering when it 's cold or waypoints visually appearing in the distance when using the scope . Journalists commented on unexpected permutations of interactions between Link , villagers , pets , and enemies , as well as a tribute to former Nintendo president Satoru Iwata , who died during the game 's development . These serendipitous moments proved popular on social media , according to Chris Plante of The Verge . He predicted that more open world games would abandon linear tasks in favor of Breath of the Wild 's format , as game publishers would appreciate the free marketing . Gaming journalist Jim Sterling was more critical of the game than most , giving it a 7 / 10 score . He criticized the difficulty , weapon durability , and general level design , but praised the game 's variety of content and open - world mechanics . Post-release updates later addressed some criticism regarding the game 's technical performance and unstable frames per second ( FPS ) experienced at launch . The game 's success sparked an increased interest in the Wii U emulator Cemu , as the emulator 's developers rapidly updated the software to run the game at a smooth frame rate within weeks of its release . Entertainment Weekly ranked the game first on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , Ben `` Yahtzee '' Croshaw of Zero Punctuation ranked it fourth on his list of the Best Games of 2017 , and Eurogamer ranked the game as # 1 on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' , while EGMNow and GamesRadar+ ranked the game at # 1 in their lists of the 25 Best Games of 2017 . Besides the Game of the Year Award , IGN also gave it the awards for Best Switch Game , Best Action - Adventure Game , and Most Innovative , while its other nominations were for Best Art Direction and Best Original Music . The game also won the Overall Game of the Year at Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 , while its other nomination was for Best Switch Game . It also won the award for Best World at Giant Bomb 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , while it became a runner - up for Game of the Year . The game also won the awards for Best Nintendo Exclusive , Best Action Game , and Game of the Year in Game Informer 's Best of 2017 Awards , and also won Best Action Game in their 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Sales ( edit ) Breath of the Wild broke Nintendo 's launch game sales records in multiple regions . The game competed with the open - world game Horizon Zero Dawn in its launch week , which it outsold in Japan ( around 200,000 copies ) . While Breath of the Wild was only the second best - selling retail game in the UK in its week of release , selling less than Horizon , it was the third largest Zelda series release there , behind Wind Waker and Twilight Princess . Nintendo reported that Breath of the Wild sold more than a million copies in the United States in March 2017 , 925,000 copies of which were for the Switch version , attaining a 100 % attach rate for the console . It was also the second best - selling retail game in the US in March , only behind Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon Wildlands . By the end of March , Nintendo reported it had sold 3.84 million copies of Breath of the Wild worldwide . The Wii U version sold 1.08 million units and the Switch version sold 2.76 million units , surpassing the latter console 's global sales of 2.74 million for the same period . Nintendo 's president Tatsumi Kimishima said that the attach rate of Breath of the Wild to the Switch was `` unprecedented '' . By December 2017 , total worldwide sales of the Switch version of the game exceeded 6.7 million , and is currently the third - best selling Switch game , after Super Mario Odyssey and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Result Ref . Game Critics Awards July 5 , 2016 Best Action / Adventure Game Won Best Console Game Won Best of Show Won The Game Awards 2016 December 1 , 2016 Most Anticipated Game Won 2017 Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Video Game Nominated Japan Game Awards September 21 , 2017 The Grand Award Won BBC Radio 1 's Teen Awards October 22 , 2017 Best Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards November 17 , 2017 Best Visual Design Nominated Best Audio Won Critics ' Choice Award Won Nintendo Game of the Year Won Ultimate Game of the Year Won The Game Awards 2017 December 7 , 2017 Game of the Year Won Best Game Direction Won Best Art Direction Nominated Best Score / Music Nominated Best Audio Design Nominated Best Action / Adventure Game Won New York Game Awards January 24 , 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Won Tin Pan Alley Award for Best Music in a Game Nominated Statue of Liberty Award for Best World Won D.I.C.E. Awards February 22 , 2018 Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Design Won Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Won National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards March 13 , 2018 Art Direction , Fantasy Won Control Design , 3D Nominated Game Design , Franchise Nominated Game of the Year Nominated Game , Franchise Family Nominated Original Light Mix Score , Franchise Won SXSW Gaming Awards March 17 , 2018 Excellence in Musical Score Nominated Excellence in Animation Nominated Excellence in Art Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Won Excellence in Design Won Video Game of the Year Won Game Developers Choice Awards March 21 , 2018 Best Audio Won Best Design Won Innovation Award Nominated Best Technology Nominated Best Visual Art Nominated Game of the Year Won 14th British Academy Games Awards April 12 , 2018 Artistic Achievement Pending Best Game Pending Game Design Pending Game Innovation Pending Music Pending References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ ゼルダの伝説ブレスオブザワイルド ( Zeruda no Densetsu : Buresu obu za Wairudo ) in Japanese Citations Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Open World is 12 Times Bigger than Twilight Princess '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : George , Richard ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` New HD Zelda Revealed for Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francisco ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda Breath of the Wild Physics Engine Is A `` Major Development '' For The Series ; Team Discussed Adding Female Protagonist `` . WCCF Tech . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gray , Kate ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Is The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild the best - designed game ever ? '' . Theguardian.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Jose ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Breath of the Wild is the future of blockbuster games '' . Theverge.com . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Peter ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New Gameplay Shown From The Legend of Zelda Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Zelda Wii U 's Open World Is as Big as the System Can Handle '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is the most ambitious Nintendo game in years '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tach , David ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild beginner 's guide '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Two Skills Break Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Otherwise Creative Combat '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hilliard , Kyle ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Everything We Know About The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Dungeons '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The reward for collecting all 900 Zelda : Breath of the Wild Korok seeds is a bit poo '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` I Swear , If It Rains In Zelda : Breath of the Wild One More God Damn Time '' . Kotaku . Gizmodo Media Group . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild gets three new Amiibo , here they are '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` You can unlock Links classic green tunic in The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : The history of the royal family of Hyrule is also the history of Calamity Canon , a primal evil that has endured over the ages . This evil has been turned back time and time again by a warrior wielding the soul of a hero and a princess who carries the blood of the Goddess . With the passage of time , each conflict with Ganon faded into legend . So listen closely as I tell you of this ' legend ' that occurred 10,000 years ago . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : Hyrule was then blossoming as a highly advanced civilization ... the people thought it wise to utilize their technological prowess to ensure the safety of the land should Calamity Ganon ever return . They constructed ... the Divine Beasts . They also built a legion of autonomous weapons called guardians . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Impa : The Divine Beasts were piloted by four individuals of exceptional skill from across the land . And thus , the plan to neutralize Ganon was forged ... The princess and the hero fought alongside these four Champions against this ancient evil . The Guardians were tasked with protecting the hero , as the Divine Beasts unleashed a furious attack ... And when the hero wielding the sword that seals the darkness delivered his final blow , the princess used her sacred power to seal away Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Princess Zelda 's Research Notes : In the war against the Calamity 10,000 years ago ... were the injuries so great as to necessitate such a facility ? Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : There was also a prophecy . ' The signs of a resurrection of Calamity Ganon are clear , and the power to oppose it lies dormant beneath the ground ' . We decided to heed the prophecy and began excavating large areas of land . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : The princess , her appointed knight , and the rest of the Champions were on the brink of sealing away Ganon ... But nay ... Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : ( Ganon ) seized control of the Guardians and the Divine Beasts and turned them against us . The Champions lost their lives . Those residing in the castle as well . The appointed knight , gravely wounded , collapsed while defending the princess . And thus , the Kingdom of Hyrule was devastated absolutely by Calamity Ganon . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . King Rhoam : However , the princess survived ... to face Ganon alone . ^ Jump up to : Otero , Jose ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Might Be The Open World Zelda We Always Wanted '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nintendo . The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild . Zelda : Although Ganon is gone , for now , there is still so much for us to do . ( ... ) I believe in my heart , that if all of us work together , we can restore Hyrule to its former glory . Perhaps ... even beyond . But it all must start with us . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Tom ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` Breath of the Wild Will Have an Alternate Ending '' . kotaku.co.uk . Future plc . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Narcisse , Evan ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` The Man In Charge of Zelda Says He Wants to Keep Changing It '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ East , Thomas ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Zelda Wii U to rethink conventions of Zelda - will it be multiplayer ? '' . Official Nintendo Magazine . Future . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Carly ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Zelda : A Link Between Worlds Will Depart From Conventions '' . The Escapist . Defy Media . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Why Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Touchscreen Features Were Cut '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haywald , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Why Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's Link is Right - Handed '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hillier , Brenna ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` How The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is better on Switch than Wii U '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ When docked , the Switch runs at 900p resolution , and when undocked , it runs at the screen 's maximum 720p . The Wii U has the latter 's maximum resolution . All versions run at 30 frames per second . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt . `` Why Nintendo Had to Destroy Tradition to Create the New ' Zelda ' '' . TIME.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Ben ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monolith Is Helping Work On The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casey . `` Monolith Soft 's Role In The Development Of The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Siliconera . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's map is based on Kyoto '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Philip ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is getting voice acting and sci - fi elements '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Jason ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Every cutscene in The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will have voice acting '' . GameZone . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Craddock , David ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda producer says all cutscenes in Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will feature voice acting '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ; Robinson , Nick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` How to play The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild in nine languages '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` You Can Now Play Zelda : Breath Of The Wild With Japanese Vocals '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dale , Laura Kate . `` Nintendo is Localising Breath of the Wild into Chinese '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 한국 닌텐도 , 「 젤다 의 전설 브레스 오브 더 와일드 」 한글판 2018 년 초 정식 발매 결정 ! '' ( in Korean ) . Nintendo of Korea press release . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 任天堂 ( 香港 ) 有限公司決定將於 2018 年初正式發售『薩爾達傳說曠野之息』中文版 ! '' ( in Chinese ) . Nintendo Hong Kong press release . September 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Under the maiden name of Manaka Tominaga Jump up ^ Carter , Justin . `` Animal Crossing Composer Will Make Music for Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Twinfinite . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greening , Chris . `` Full sound team for Zelda : Breath of the Wild revealed '' . Video Game Music Online . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Video -- Open - Air Concept '' ( Video ) . YouTube . Nintendo . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom . `` Let 's take a look inside Nintendo 's Zelda : Breath of the Wild wrap party '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Marshall . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild lets you skip ahead to later dungeons '' . VG24 / 7 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boxer , Steve ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Nintendo at E3 : Zelda and Star Fox for Wii U a much - need shot in the arm '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` New Legend of Zelda game for Wii U coming in 2015 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda Wii U delayed beyond 2015 , skipping E3 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : Why Nintendo Did n't Show Zelda Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : The Legend of Zelda Still Coming to Wii U '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Why Zelda : Breath of the Wild Is Coming To Wii U And NX '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 for Nintendo : Facts , rumors and speculation '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter . `` New Zelda Game Gets Official Title '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will launch day - and - date with Nintendo Switch '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild gets Switch launch day release date '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Special , Master Editions Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Switch vs. Wii U : All the Zelda : Breath of the Wild Differences '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` Official Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' Explorer 's Edition ' is out this week '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stark , Chelsea ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild will be the last Nintendo game for Wii U '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Let 's compare and contrast the US and European Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild box art '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network ( Reed Exhibitions ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strawhun , Aiden . `` Limited - Edition Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Complete Soundtrack Releasing This April In Japan '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kuchera , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` See Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's two expansions in action '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is getting $20 worth of downloadable extras '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt . `` Not Finishing ' Breath of the Wild ' Just Got Easier '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nintendo UK ( August 7 , 2017 ) , The Art of Legend of Zelda Series Masterclass , archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 , retrieved August 9 , 2017 Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` In Breath of the Wild 's The Champion 's Ballad you will be playing as Link '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Champions ' Ballad DLC Launches Tonight '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild for Switch Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Edge . No. 304 . Future . April 2017 . pp. 104 -- 107 . 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Jump up ^ Castle , Matthew ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild review : `` It 's taken 18 years , but Nintendo has done it again : this is the adventure game to beat . '' `` . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryckert , Dan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitehead , Thomas ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ronaghan , Neal ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . Nintendo World Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gies , Arthur ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild review '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kooser , Amanda ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild trailer will take your breath away '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' is Nintendo 's next classic '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The next Legend of Zelda is a Breath of fresh air '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linneman , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild pushes Wii U hardware to the limit '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Gemma ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Social Media Reacts to E3 2016 '' . Brandwatch . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners '' . Game Critics Awards . July 2016 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devore , Jordan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` And Destructoid 's E3 2016 Game of the Show was ... '' Destructoid . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welsh , Oli ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Eurogamer 's best of E3 2016 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Espineli , Matt ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` GameSpot Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Our best games of E3 2016 '' . GamesRadar . Future . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The E3 2016 awards '' . GamesRadar . Future . June 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild Takes Top Award at Gamescom '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda Breath Of The Wild Is Dense , Challenging , And Full Of Wonder '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Game of the Year '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` GameSpot 's Game Of the Year 2017 - The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Our # 1 game of the year : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polygon staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Breath of the Wild ' Is a Masterpiece Zelda Game '' . Time . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Aaron ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' Is a Masterpiece : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review '' . IGN . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda on Switch runs more smoothly in portable mode '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gerardi , Matt ; Purdom , Clayton ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is The Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild one of the best games of all time ? '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reviewers who called the game a `` masterpiece '' include those of Time , Entertainment Weekly , IGN , Eurogamer , and The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Declared As The Greatest Game of All Time By EDGE Magazine `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . gamingbolt.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Persona 5 Voted As The Greatest Game of All Time By Famitsu Magazine `` GamingBolt.com : Video Game News , Reviews , Previews and Blog '' . gamingbolt.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild has the most perfect review scores in Metacritics history '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild is already one of the best - reviewed games of all time '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Joey ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild gets Famitsu 's 24th perfect score '' . TechnoBuffalo . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Breath of the Wild may be the best Zelda game ever '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gies , Arthur ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` Pre-review : The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , Kirk ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` If You 're Playing Zelda : Breath Of The Wild , Turn Off The Minimap '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford , Nadia ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Coolest Things People Have Discovered About Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . USgamer . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild definitely reacts when you play naked '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Breath of the Wild would be a perfect game if you could just pet the dogs '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kuchera , Ben ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild 's alleged Iwata tribute is beautiful '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plante , Chris ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why Breath of the Wild is the future of blockbuster games '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Jim . `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild Review -- Broken Sword -- The Jimquisition '' . www.thejimquisition.com . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild patch improves frame rates '' . Polygon.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' patch improves docked Switch performance '' . endgadget.com . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New patch significantly improves frame rates in Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' . ExtremeTech.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Watch ' fully playable ' Breath of the Wild running at 4K in the Cemu emulator '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wii U emulator devs show incredible Breath of the Wild progress in new video '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fenlon , Wes ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` How the Cemu emulator 's devs got Zelda : Breath of the Wild running in just a few hours '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 - 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Escapist ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Best , worst , and blandest games of 2017 ( Zero Punctuation ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 10 - 1 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ EGM staff ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Five : # 5 ~ # 1 '' . EGMNow . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 : Page 3 '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Switch Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action - Adventure Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Most Innovative '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Art Direction '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Original Music '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andriessen , CJ ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nominees for Destructoid 's Best Wii U Game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Destructoid 's award for Overall Best Game of 2017 goes to ... '' Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valdez , Nick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nominees for Destructoid 's Best Switch Game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Three : World , Wolfenstein , Moments , and PLEASE STOP '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giant Bomb staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Game of the Year 2017 Day Five : Best , Worst , Cast , and Capture '' . Giant Bomb . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 2 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Game Informer staff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Game Informer 's Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 5 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game Of The Year Awards ( Page 3 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` What Does the Nintendo Switch , Breath of the Wild Launch Success Actually Mean ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ In the Americas , the title surpassed Super Mario 64 as Nintendo 's fastest - selling standalone launch game , not including titles included with consoles , such as Wii Sports . In Europe , Australia , and New Zealand , Breath of the Wild outsold even Wii Sports in its opening weekend . Jump up ^ Byrne , Katharine ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Zelda : Breath of the Wild beats Horizon Zero Dawn to No. 1 in Japan , sells almost double '' . MCV UK . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` The Nintendo Switch 's First Week Game Sales In Japan '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Horizon Zero Dawn beats Zelda to No. 1 '' . MCV UK . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart : Horizon Zero Dawn Defeats Zelda : Breath Of The Wild '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Xbox One is struggling because video game exclusives still matter '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khan , Asif ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo has sold 1.5 million Switch Consoles According to SuperData '' . Shacknews . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Sells Nearly A Million Switches In The United States '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Jason . `` Technobubble : Switch fastest - selling Nintendo system , Zelda Switch attach rate above 100 % '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . USA Today . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zelda : Breath Of The Wild outsells Horizon Zero Dawn in US '' . GameCentral. April 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Switch Ships 2.74 Million Units Worldwide '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Switch boasts 2 : 1 software tie ratio '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Handrahan , Matthew . `` Nintendo 's revenue rockets as Switch nears 15m sold '' . gamesindustry.biz . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Here Are E3 2016 's Game Critics Award Winners '' . GameSpot . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Game Awards 2016 Winners Announced '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ; Knapp , JD ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Award goes to `` The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild '' '' ( PDF ) . Computer Entertainment Supplier 's Association . September 21 , 2017 . p. 1 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All the winners from the Radio 1 Teen Awards 2017 '' . BBC . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Public voting and the nominations for the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards are now up '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Golden Joystick Awards winners have been revealed '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Kayla ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced for DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Zelda , Horizon lead 2018 Game Developers Choice Award nominees '' . Polygon . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what consoles can you play breath of the wild	[ "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild[a] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. A part of The Legend of Zelda series, it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3, 2017. The story follows Link, who awakens from a hundred-year slumber to a mysterious voice that guides him to defeat Calamity Ganon before he can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule.", "The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild[a] is an action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. A part of The Legend of Zelda series, it was released for the Nintendo Switch and Wii U consoles on March 3, 2017. The story follows Link, who awakens from a hundred-year slumber to a mysterious voice that guides him to defeat Calamity Ganon before he can destroy the kingdom of Hyrule." ]	[ "Nintendo Switch", "Wii U" ]
-865101291036771879	Capture of New Orleans	Capture of New Orleans - wikipedia Capture of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search For the battle at New Orleans during the War of 1812 , see Battle of New Orleans . For other uses , see Battle of New Orleans ( disambiguation ) . Capture of New Orleans Part of the American Civil War Panoramic view of New Orleans ; Federal fleet at anchor in the river ( c. 1862 ) Date April 25 , 1862 ( 1862 - 04 - 25 ) -- May 1 , 1862 ( 1862 - 05 - 01 ) Location New Orleans and St. Bernard Parish , Louisiana Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders David Farragut Benjamin Butler Mansfield Lovell Units involved Department of the Gulf West Gulf Blockading Squadron Department No. 1 Casualties and losses none none Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge New Orleans Expedition Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans Map depicting Louisiana and approaches to New Orleans as depicted during the occupation of New Orleans Approaches to New Orleans , Department of the Gulf Map Number 5 , February 14 , 1863 The capture of New Orleans ( April 25 -- May 1 , 1862 ) during the American Civil War was an important event for the Union . Having fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip , the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself , which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities . However , the controversial and confrontational administration of the city by its U.S. Army military governor caused lasting resentment . This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Jacksonian democracy and manifest destiny 1.2 The jewel in the mouth of the Mississippi 2 War and battle 2.1 The enemy at the dock 3 Occupation and pacification 3.1 The rise of a political general 3.2 Balance between military power and political support 3.3 Building a political power base in New Orleans 3.4 The poorer classes as the key to the city 3.5 The impact of the occupation on slaves and slavery 3.6 The moment of truth , the Confederate counterstroke 3.7 Reputation vs. results 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The history of New Orleans contrasts significantly with the histories of other cities that became part of the Confederate States of America . Because it was founded by the French and owned by Spain for a time , New Orleans had a more cosmopolitan culture and diverse population . Only 13 percent of the 1810 population was Anglo - American . The census population of that time was made up of mostly French speaking refugees from the Haitian Revolution , the French and Indian War , and French and Spanish Creoles along with some smuggled slaves . New Orleans also benefited more by the Industrial Revolution , international trade , and geographical position . Its position by the mouth of the Mississippi River , which drained an important part of the United States , made New Orleans one of the most significant transportation centers in the early United States before the establishment of railroad and road systems . Of particular significance were the inventions of the steamboat and the cotton gin . Before the steamboat , keelboat men bringing cargo downriver would break up their boats for lumber in New Orleans and travel overland back to Ohio or Illinois to repeat the process . Steamboats had enough power to move upstream against the current of the Mississippi , making two - way trade possible between New Orleans and the cities in the interior river network . With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , which greatly expanded international trade , and the development of the cotton gin , cotton became a valuable export product , adding to the volume of cargo moved through the city . Jacksonian democracy and manifest destiny ( edit ) A formative event in the early history of New Orleans was the Battle of New Orleans . This battle , fought during the War of 1812 , enhanced the political career of Andrew Jackson , who , along with Martin Van Buren , in turn founded the Democratic Party . Jackson began a new political movement now known as the Jacksonian democracy . This new direction in American politics had a profound influence on the development of New Orleans and the American Southwest . One of these developments was the construction of Fort Jackson , Louisiana , a star fort suggested by and named after Jackson . This fortress was intended to support Fort St. Philip and bar the Mississippi Delta from invasion . The presidents of the Jacksonian democracy supported the concept of manifest destiny , greatly expanding acquisition of territory in the American Southwest and the support of international trade along with the spread of slavery . This powerful political movement also produced sectional tension between the northern and southern halves of the United States , resulting in the creation of the Whig Party to oppose the new Democratic Party . As the political rivalry between the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs intensified , the Republican Party was founded , to counter the spread of slavery into states produced by territorial conquests of the Jacksonian Democrats . The victory of Abraham Lincoln , the Republican presidential candidate , in the election of 1860 , resulted in the secession crisis and the American Civil War . The jewel in the mouth of the Mississippi ( edit ) By the year 1860 , the City of New Orleans was in a position of unprecedented economic , military , and political power . The Mexican -- American War , along with the annexation of Texas , had made New Orleans even more of a springboard for expansion . The California Gold Rush contributed another share to local wealth . The electrical telegraph arrived in New Orleans in 1848 , and the completion of the New Orleans , Jackson , and Great Northern Railroad from New Orleans to Canton , a distance of over 200 miles ( 320 km ) , added another dimension to local transportation . The combination of all these factors resulted in an increase in the price of prime field hands of 21 per cent in 1848 , and further increases as the value of trade grew through the 1850s . By 1860 New Orleans was one of the greatest ports in the world , with 33 different steamship lines and trade worth 500 million dollars passing through the city . As far as population , the city not only outnumbered any other city in the South , it was larger than the four next - largest Southern cities combined , with an estimated population of 168,675 . The Pelican Flag used as a Louisiana militia rally symbol from 1860 to early 1861 . This is a later `` Federal '' version . War and Battle ( edit ) The election of Lincoln in 1860 inspired one of the most ardent secessionists in Louisiana , its governor , Thomas Overton Moore , who had taken office on January 23 , 1860 . Governor Moore interdicted an effort to make New Orleans a `` free city '' , or neutral area in the conflict . A solid Democrat , Moore organized an effective and discreet movement that voted Louisiana out of the Union in a secession convention that represented only 5 per cent of the citizens of Louisiana . Moore also ordered the Louisiana militia to seize the Federal arsenal at Baton Rouge , and the Federal forts ( Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip that blocked approach upriver to New Orleans , Fort Pike that guarded the entrance to Lake Pontchartrain , the New Orleans Barracks south of the city , and Fort Macomb , which guarded the Chef Menteur Pass ) . These military moves were ordered on January 8 , 1861 , before the secession convention . With military companies forming all over Louisiana , the convention itself was anti-climactic , voting Louisiana out of the Union 113 to 17 . The outbreak of hostilities in the area of Fort Sumter , South Carolina , led to the story of New Orleans in the Civil War . Flag Officer David G. Farragut who commanded the Union fleet that broke through to New Orleans Major General Mansfield Lovell , CSA , would not surrender the city . The Union 's strategy was devised by Winfield Scott , whose `` Anaconda Plan '' called for the division of the Confederacy by seizing control of the Mississippi River . One of the first steps in such operations was the imposition of the Union blockade . After the blockade was established , a Confederate naval counterattack attempted to drive off the Union navy , resulting in the Battle of the Head of Passes . The Union countermove was to enter the mouth of the Mississippi River , ascend to New Orleans and capture the city , closing off the mouth of the Mississippi to Confederate shipping both from the Gulf and from Mississippi River ports still used by Confederate vessels . In mid-January 1862 , Flag Officer David G. Farragut had undertaken this enterprise with his West Gulf Blockading Squadron . The way was soon open except the water passage past the two masonry forts held by Confederate artillery , Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip , which were above the Head of Passes approximately 70 miles ( 110 km ) downriver below New Orleans . From April 18 to 28 , Farragut bombarded and then fought his way past these forts in the Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip , managing to get thirteen of his fleet 's ships upriver on April 24 . Historian John D. Winters in The Civil War in Louisiana ( 1963 ) noted that with few exceptions the Confederate fleet at New Orleans had `` made a sorry showing . Self - destruction , lack of co-operation , cowardice of untrained officers , and the murderous fire of the Federal gunboats reduced the fleet to a demoralized shambles . '' The enemy at the dock ( edit ) Major General Mansfield Lovell , Commander of Department 1 , Louisiana , was left with one tenable option after the Union Navy broke through the Confederate ring of fortifications and defense vessels guarding the lower Mississippi : evacuation . The inner ring of fortifications at Chalmette was only intended to resist ground troops ; few of the gun batteries were aimed toward the river . Most of the artillery , ammunition , troops , and vessels in the area were committed to the Jackson / St. Phillips position . Once this defense was breached , there remained to face Union troops and warships only three thousand militiamen with sundry military supplies and armed with shotguns . The city itself was a poor position to defend against a hostile fleet . With high water outside the levees , Union ships were elevated above the city and able to fire down into the streets and buildings below . Besides the ever - present danger of weather - caused breaks in the levees , now an even greater threat to New Orleans was the ability of the Union military to cause a break in a major levee that would lead to flooding most of the city , possibly destroying it within a day . Lovell loaded his troops and supplies aboard the New Orleans , Jackson and Great Northern railroad and sent them to Camp Moore , 78 miles ( 126 km ) north . All artillery and munitions were sent to Vicksburg . Lovell then sent a last message to the War Department in Richmond , `` The enemy has passed the forts . It is too late to send any guns here ; they had better go to Vicksburg . '' Military stores , ships , and warehouses were then burned . Anything considered useful to the Union , including thousands of bales of cotton , were thrown into the river . The Louisiana state flag is removed from City Hall Despite the complete vulnerability of the city , the citizens along with military and civil authorities remained defiant . At 2 : 00 p.m. on April 25 , Admiral Farragut sent Captain Bailey , First Division Commander from the USS Cayuga , to accept the surrender of the city . Armed mobs within the city defied the Union officers and marines sent to city hall . General Lovell and Mayor Monroe refused to surrender the city . William B. Mumford pulled down a Union flag raised over the former U.S. mint by marines of the USS Pensacola and the mob destroyed it . Farragut did not destroy the city in response , but moved upriver to subdue fortifications north of the city . On April 29 , Farragut and 250 marines from the USS Hartford removed the Louisiana State flag from the City Hall . By May 2 , US Secretary of State William H. Seward declared New Orleans `` recovered '' and `` mails are allowed to pass '' . Occupation and pacification ( edit ) Major General Benjamin Franklin Butler , Military Governor of New Orleans under Union Occupation Statue of Andrew Jackson in New Orleans , Louisiana . At high resolution , Butler 's inscription can be observed . The rise of a political General ( edit ) On May 1 , 1862 , Maj. Gen. Benjamin Butler , with an army of 5,000 men , occupied the city of New Orleans without resistance . Butler was a former Democratic party official , lawyer , and state legislator . General Butler was one of the first Major Generals of Volunteers of the Civil War appointed by Abraham Lincoln . He had gained glory as a Massachusetts state militia general who had anticipated the war and carefully prepared his six militia regiments for the conflict . At the start of hostilities he immediately marched to the relief of Washington , D.C. , and despite a lack of orders had occupied and restored order to Baltimore , Maryland . As a reward Butler was made commander of Fortress Monroe , on the Virginia Peninsula . There he gained further political renown as the first to practice confiscation of fugitive slaves as contraband of war . This practice was made a later policy of war by Congress . Due to these and other astute political maneuvers , Butler had been chosen to command the army expedition to New Orleans . Because of his lack of military experience and military success , many were happy to see him go . Balance between military power and political support ( edit ) Butler was one of the most controversial and volatile personalities of the Civil War . He was infamous in New Orleans for his confrontational proclamations and corruption . If these things were all he was capable of , he could never have held the city , or prevented Confederate forces from re-capturing it . The impression had been created by Confederate officials and sympathizers that New Orleans and Louisiana were held by brute military force and terror . Butler was in fact a political general , awarded his position by excellent political connections and accomplishments . It was his political expertise that made his position in New Orleans tenable . He in no way had the military force necessary to hold it by force alone . His total military command numbered 15,000 troops . He was never sent reinforcements during the time he commanded in Louisiana . As Butler himself put it , `` We were 2,500 men in a city ... of 150,000 inhabitants , all hostile , bitter , defiant , explosive , standing literally in a magazine , a spark only needed for destruction . '' His methods of preserving order were radical and totalitarian , even in the North and Europe , with the issue of Butler 's General Order No. 28 . '' The United States War Department under Edwin M. Stanton expected Butler to hold eastern Louisiana and the cities of Baton Rouge and New Orleans , maintain communications up river to Vicksburg , and support Farragut 's forces for the siege of Vicksburg . In addition the city of New Orleans itself was just as indefensible for the Union as for the Confederates . Surrounded by a fragile network of levees and lower in elevation than anything else around it , New Orleans was extremely vulnerable to flooding , bombardment , and insurrection , and was generally unhealthy and subject to devastating epidemics . Defense of the city against attacks from Confederate forces depended on an extensive outer ring of fortifications requiring a garrison of thousands of troops . As a conquered territory , Louisiana had a potential for becoming a serious logistical drain on Union forces , and an unsustainable front if contested by well - organized resistance movements . It was popularly assumed that the Confederacy would launch a major counteroffensive to retake New Orleans . As the largest population center of the Confederacy , and commanding formidable industrial and shipping resources , its permanent loss would be politically intolerable to the Confederacy . Building a political power base in New Orleans ( edit ) The most valuable asset Butler commanded in New Orleans was not his army , but his formidable political heritage . Butler was a Jacksonian Democrat in all senses , and a populist and reformer . He had a great gift for identifying with the issues of the broadest levels of the voters , and turning them to his political advantage . Here the Jacksonian political legacy had come full circle in 47 years , from defending New Orleans from the British , to securing it from secession . Butler 's inscription on the base of Jackson 's statue , `` The Union Must and Shall be Preserved '' , was symbolic of his political identity . The inscription echoed Andrew Jackson 's 1830 toast in response to a speech endorsing `` nullification '' , during what was called the Nullification Crisis. Jackson stated , `` Our Federal Union ! It must be preserved ! '' . This statement defined Jackson 's position against any threat to the Union . The spoils system created by the Democratic party was also part of Butler 's political heritage . Butler believed the advantages of political office should be used to the advantage of friends and supporters , and to suppress political opponents . In general , Butler used these political abilities to play the various factions and interests in New Orleans as a virtuoso conductor would inspire an orchestra , to insure his control and reward Union supporters while isolating and marginalizing hostile pro-confederate factions . The poorer classes as the key to the city ( edit ) Butler began his rule of martial law in New Orleans by sentencing anyone calling for cheers for Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Confederate Major General P.G.T. Beauregard to three months hard labor at Fort Jackson . He also issued order number 25 , which distributed captured Confederate food supplies of beef and sugar in the city to the poor and starving . The Union Blockade and the King Cotton embargo had done damage to the port economy , leaving many without work . The value of goods passing through New Orleans had gone from $500 million to $52 million during the period 1860 to 1862 . Butler raised three regiments of infantry , the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Louisiana Native Guards , the Corps D'Afrique , from existing free black militia units which were supervised by Gen. Daniel Ullmann . These black units were unusual in having black officers . They served both to add to his forces and to confront the former ruling classes of the city with the bayonets of their former slaves . Butler also used his commercial contacts in the northeast and Washington to revive commerce in the city , exporting 17,000 bales of cotton to the northeast and re-establishing international trade . He employed many local citizens in logistics support of the Union military and in cleaning up the city , including an expansion of the existing city sewer system and setting up pumps to empty the system into the river . This policy helped free the city from the anticipated summer yellow fever epidemic , possibly saving thousands of lives . He extensively taxed the wealthy of the city to set up social programs for the lower classes . These `` Robin Hood '' aspects of his programs provided a broad base of political support , an extensive informal intelligence and counter-espionage organization , and provided law and order . Soldiers of the Louisiana Native Guard Regiments raised by Butler in New Orleans The impact of the occupation on slaves and slavery ( edit ) Butler had already done the institution of slavery in the Confederacy considerable damage by instituting his `` contraband of war '' policy while commanding Fort Monroe on the Virginia peninsula . This policy rationalized the retention of slaves fleeing the seceding states by claiming that the Confederate military was using slave labor for military use in the construction of fortifications , moving military supplies , and constructing roads and railroad grades of use to the Confederate army . Slaves within areas of Confederate control rapidly spread the word that Union military forces were not enforcing the fugitive slave laws , and that slaves could find refuge within Union military lines and employment as laborers for the Union armies . As a result , the use of slaves in the proximity of Union forces became extremely difficult and expensive , since these slaves would flee at first opportunity to Union lines , depriving the Confederate armies of their labor and their former masters of what they regarded as their valuable property . Since the Confederate government was counting on slave labor to offset the greater numbers of Union soldiers , Butler 's innovative policy struck the Confederacy at a strategic level , destroying an asset counted on to win the military struggle for independence . The flight of the slaves in the direction of the Union also diverted the resources of the Confederate military and its government in defense of the plantations and the discipline of their labor forces . The planters of Louisiana even appealed for aid from Union authorities , to quote one of them , `` Our family has owned negroes for generations ... we have no one but yourself and Genls Shepley and Butler to protect us against these negroes in a state of insurrection . '' The plantations of Jefferson Davis , located in the state of Mississippi on Davis Bend 20 miles ( 32 km ) downriver from Vicksburg , were also disrupted by the Union invasion . After Davis ' older brother Joseph fled the area with some of the slaves in May 1862 , the rest revolted , took possession of the property , and betrayed the location of valuables to Union forces and resisted any efforts by Confederate forces to recapture the area . The slaves in rebellion armed themselves with guns and newspapers , and fought to the death any attempts to infringe upon their newfound freedom . This rebellion within a rebellion began to erode Confederate authority within Louisiana the instant Butler 's troops appeared in New Orleans , and as a political fifth column was invaluable to his occupation . The moment of truth , the Confederate counterstroke ( edit ) The expected rebel counteroffensive came on August 5 in the form of a naval and army assault on Baton Rouge , led by Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge , resulting in the Battle of Baton Rouge . After a hard fought battle , the Confederate forces were driven out of the city , and both Confederate and Union forces withdrew after the battle . The significant aspect of the battle was that it did not result in a popular uprising , nor widespread support for Confederate forces in Louisiana . As a result , Rebel forces were not able to mount a sustained campaign to retake New Orleans or the rest of the state . This can be considered a tribute to the Union consensus building wrought by Butler 's political manipulation and broad - based political support . Chester G. Hearn summed up the bases of this support : `` The huge , illiterate majority -- the poorer classes of blacks and whites -- would have starved had Butler not fed and employed them , and thousands may have died had his sanitation policies not cleansed the city of disease . '' Reputation vs. results ( edit ) Butler 's generally abrasive style and heavy handed actions did , however , catch up with him . Many of his acts gave great offense , such as the seizure of $800,000 that had been deposited in the office of the Dutch consul and his imprisonment of the French champagne magnate Charles Heidsieck . Most notorious was Butler 's General Order No. 28 of May 15 , issued after many provocations and displays of contempt by women in New Orleans . It stated that if any woman should insult or show contempt for any officer or soldier of the United States , she shall be regarded and shall be held liable to be treated as a `` woman of the town plying her avocation '' , i.e. , a prostitute . This order provoked protests both in the North and the South , and also abroad , particularly in Britain and France , and many considered it the cause of his removal from command of the Department of the Gulf on December 17 , 1862 . He was also nicknamed `` Beast Butler '' , and `` Spoons '' , for his alleged habit of pilfering the silverware of Southern homes in which he stayed . He became so reviled in the city that merchants began selling chamber pots with his likeness at the bottom . General Nathaniel P. Banks On June 7 , he executed one William B. Mumford , who had torn down a United States flag placed by Farragut on the New Orleans Mint . For this execution , Butler was denounced in December 1862 by Confederate President Jefferson Davis in General Order 111 as a felon deserving capital punishment , who if captured should be reserved for execution . Butler 's administration did have benefits to the city , which was kept both orderly and healthy . The Butler occupation was probably best summed up by Admiral Farragut , who stated , `` They may say what they please about General Butler , but he was the right man in the right place in New Orleans . '' Aftermath ( edit ) On December 14 , 1862 , Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks arrived to take command of the Department of the Gulf . Butler was not made aware of this change until Banks arrived to tell him . Contrary to common belief , Butler 's inflammatory reign had little to do with his replacement . Political considerations in Illinois , Indiana , and Ohio tipped the balance . The Democratic victories in Illinois and Ohio on November 4 had alarmed the Lincoln administration , and a dramatic letter from Governor Oliver P. Morton of Indiana claimed that the states along the Ohio had more in common with the southern states than with New England , and would leave the Union if the Mississippi were not re-opened to trade . These new considerations reinforced the idea by Secretary of State William H. Seward ( one of Butler 's political opponents ) that an invasion of Texas would be favorably received by a pro-union group of German American cotton farmers living there . This idea was championed by Banks , a New England political general eager to send cotton to mills in the northeast . Banks undertook the siege of Port Hudson , and on its successful conclusion , began the Red River Campaign in pursuit of Texan cotton . The Red River expedition proved to be a costly failure , and resulted in more wanton destruction and looting than the Butler occupation . See also ( edit ) New Orleans in the American Civil War H.L. Hunley ( submarine ) Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) Abbreviations used in these notes Official atlas : Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies . ORA ( Official records , armies ) : War of the Rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies . ORN ( Official records , navies ) : Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion . Jump up ^ ORN I , v. 18 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Official atlas : plate XC . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel W. ( 2007 ) . What hath God Wrought , The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 . Jump up ^ Howe , pp. 8 -- 73 , 329 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Howe , pp. 671 -- 700 . Jump up ^ Hearn , Chester G. ( 1995 ) . The Capture of New Orleans 1862 . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 1945 - 8 . Jump up ^ Foote , Shelby ( 1986 ) . The Civil War , A Narrative , Fort Sumter to Perryville . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74623 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 11 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 2 -- 11 . Jump up ^ John D. Winters , The Civil War in Louisiana , Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1963 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 0 , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 238 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 243 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Appletons ' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year : 1862 . New York : D. Appleton & Company . 1863 . p. 228 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Jeffrey D. ( 2004 ) . `` Butler 's Rotten Breath of Calumny '' : Major General Benjamin F. Butler and the Censure of the Seventh Vermont Infantry regiment . Vermont History 72 ( Winter / Spring ) . ISSN 1544 - 3043 . Jump up ^ Hearn , When the Devil came down to Dixie : Ben Butler in New Orleans , Louisiana State University Press 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2623 - 3 , pp. 104 -- 7 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Stephanie ( 2010 ) . Confederate Reckoning , Power and Politics in the Civil War South . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04589 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hearn , When the Devil came down to Dixie : Ben Butler in New Orleans , pp. 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Dowdey , Clifford ( 1955 ) . The Land They Fought For , The Story of the South as the Confederacy , 1832 -- 1865 . Doubleday & Company , Inc. , Garden City , NY . p. 28 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Hearn , Capture of New Orleans , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hearn , When the Devil came down to Dixie : Ben Butler in New Orleans , pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 28 . Jump up ^ McCurry , pp. 253 -- 60 , 271 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , When the Devil came down to Dixie : Ben Butler in New Orleans , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ludwell H. ( 1993 ) . Red River Campaign , Politics & Cotton in the Civil War . Kent State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 486 - 5 . References ( edit ) National Park Service battle description External links ( edit ) Newspaper coverage of the capture of New Orleans Map : 29 ° 57 ′ 27 '' N 90 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W / 29.95750 ° N 90.06306 ° W / 29.95750 ; - 90.06306 Coordinates : 29 ° 57 ′ 27 '' N 90 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W / 29.95750 ° N 90.06306 ° W / 29.95750 ; - 90.06306 ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_New_Orleans&oldid=810658115 '' Categories : 1862 in the American Civil War Expedition to , and Capture of , New Orleans ( American Civil War ) Battles of the Lower Seaboard Theater and Gulf Approach of the American Civil War Union victories of the American Civil War St. Bernard Parish , Louisiana Battles and conflicts without fatalities 1862 in Louisiana Military operations of the American Civil War in Louisiana April 1862 events May 1862 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the battle of new orleans during the civil war	[ "The capture of New Orleans (April 25 – May 1, 1862) during the American Civil War was an important event for the Union. Having fought past Forts Jackson and St. Philip, the Union was unopposed in its capture of the city itself, which was spared the destruction suffered by many other Southern cities. However, the controversial and confrontational administration of the city by its U.S. Army military governor caused lasting resentment. This capture of the largest Confederate city was a major turning point and an incident of international importance." ]	[ "the Union" ]
6730736909397709281	One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)	One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) - wikipedia One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Broadway play , see One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( play ) . One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Miloš Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Bill Butler Edited by Richard Chew Sheldon Kahn Lynzee Klingman Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 19 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4.4 million Box office $109 million One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Miloš Forman , based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey . The film stars Jack Nicholson , and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher , William Redfield , Will Sampson and Brad Dourif . Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Actor in Lead Role , Actress in Lead Role , Director , and Screenplay ) following It Happened One Night in 1934 , an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs . It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 1993 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 Oregon , recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15 - year - old . Though not actually mentally ill , McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment . Upon arriving at the hospital , he finds the ward run by the steely , strict Nurse Ratched , who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive - aggressive routine , intimidating the patients . The other patients include anxious , stuttering Billy Bibbit ; Charlie Cheswick , who is prone to childish tantrums ; delusional Martini ; the well - educated , paranoid Dale Harding ; belligerent Max Taber ; epileptic Jim Sefelt ; and `` Chief '' Bromden , a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute . Ratched soon sees McMurphy 's lively , rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority , confiscating the patients ' cigarettes and rationing them . During his time in the ward , McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched . He steals a hospital bus , escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip , encouraging his friends to become more self - confident . McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite , and he makes plans to escape , exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window . He , Chief , and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes . Ratched sends them to the `` shock shop , '' and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak , feigning illness to avoid engaging with anyone . After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy , McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage , but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more . McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape , but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night . McMurphy sneaks two women , Candy and Rose , into the ward and bribes the night guard . After a night of partying , McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape , inviting Billy to come with them . He refuses , not ready to leave the hospital . McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy . Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients unconscious . She discovers Billy and Candy together , the former now free of his stutter , until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade . Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor 's office and commits suicide . The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched , before being knocked out by an orderly . Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice . Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped rather than be taken `` upstairs . '' Later that night , Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed . He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead , and smothers his friend with a pillow . Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night , cheered on by Taber . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched Will Sampson as `` Chief '' Bromden William Redfield as Dale Harding Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber Danny DeVito as Martini Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey William Duell as Jim Sefelt Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson Michael Berryman as Ellis Nathan George as Attendant Washington Marya Small as Candy Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle Louisa Moritz as Rose Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson Production ( edit ) Actor Kirk Douglas -- who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963 -- 64 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel -- had purchased the film rights to the story and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen , but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him . Eventually , he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas , who succeeded in getting the film produced -- but the elder Douglas , by then nearly 60 , was considered too old for the McMurphy role , which ultimately went to 38 - year old Jack Nicholson . Douglas bought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer . The film 's first screenwriter , Lawrence Hauben , introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman , whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen 's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for . Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do , in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming . Saul Zaentz , a voracious reader , felt an affinity with Kesey , and so after Hauben 's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay , and promised him a piece of the action , but it did n't work out and ended in a financial dispute . Hal Ashby , who had been an early consideration for director , suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy . Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson 's schedule . However , Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing as it gave more time to get the ensemble right . Casting ( edit ) Danny DeVito , who was Douglas 's oldest friend , was the first to be cast as he had played Martini , one of the patients , in the 1971 off - Broadway production . Douglas found Will Sampson , who played Chief Bromden , through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft . Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief . He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later rang Douglas to say : `` the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day ! '' Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy . While screening Thieves Like Us ( 1974 ) to see if she was right for the role , he became interested in Louise Fletcher , who had a supporting role , for the role of Nurse Ratched . A mutual acquaintance , the casting director Fred Roos , had already mentioned her name as a possibility . Even so it took four or five meetings , over a year , ( during which the role was offered to other actresses ) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched . Her final audition was late in 1974 , with Forman , Zaentz and Douglas . The day after Christmas , her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals . Rehearsals ( edit ) Prior to commencement of filming a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon , during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy . Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient . Filming ( edit ) Other than Nicholson , the rest of the cast were working for scale , or a little above that . Fletcher worked for 11 weeks and made $10,000 before taxes . Filming began in January 1975 and concluded approximately three months later , and was shot on location in Salem , Oregon and the surrounding area , as well as on the Oregon coast . The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital , an actual mental hospital , as this was also the setting of the novel . The hospital 's director , Dean Brooks , was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film . Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow , and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night . He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew , to which the producers agreed . Douglas recalls that it was n't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane . As Forman did n't allow the actors to see the day 's filming , this led to the cast losing confidence in him , while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance . Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something , which he did , and restored the actor 's confidence . Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler . Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground , in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law . However , Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences . Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , though Wexler said there was `` only about a minute or two minutes in that film I did n't shoot . '' According to Butler , Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman : `` ... ( Jack ) never talked to Miloš at all , he only talked to me . '' Filming went over the initial budget of $2 m and over-schedule , but Saul Zaentz , who was personally financing the movie , was able to fund this by borrowing against his company , Fantasy Records . The movie cost in total $4.4 m to make . Reception ( edit ) The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim ; Roger Ebert said `` Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there 's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong . But it does go wrong , insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry , so that at the end , the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all . And yet there are those moments of brilliance . '' Ebert would later put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list . A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well , as did Vincent Canby : writing in The New York Times , Canby called the film `` a comedy that ca n't quite support its tragic conclusion , which is too schematic to be honestly moving , but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors . '' The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche , featuring an eerie bowed saw ( performed by Robert Armstrong ) and wine glasses . Commenting on the score , reviewer Steven McDonald has said , `` The edgy nature of the film extends into the score , giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal . The music has a tendency to always be a little off - kilter , and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ... '' The film went on to win the `` Big Five '' Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony . These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson , Best Actress for Louise Fletcher , Best Direction for Forman , Best Picture , and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman . The film currently has a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 9 / 10 . Its consensus states `` The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s -- and testament to the director 's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later . '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films . Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development , but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view ; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement . Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie , but said he disliked what he knew of it , a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote , `` The first time I heard this story , it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson . A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked . '' In 1993 , this film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry . Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Award Academy Award for Best Picture Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Academy Award for Best Director Miloš Forman Won Academy Award for Best Actor Jack Nicholson Won Academy Award for Best Actress Louise Fletcher Won Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Brad Dourif Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated Academy Award for Film Editing Richard Chew , Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Nominated Academy Award for Original Music Score Jack Nitzsche Nominated Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture Miloš Forman Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jack Nicholson Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama Louise Fletcher Won Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Film Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won BAFTA Award for Best Direction Miloš Forman Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jack Nicholson Won BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Louise Fletcher Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award for Best Editing Richard Chew , Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Nominated Others ( edit ) American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 20 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Nurse Ratched -- # 5 Villain Randle Patrick McMurphy -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 33 See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1970s portal Mental illness in film List of Academy Award records White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Sylvia ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Haskell Wexler and the Making of ' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ' '' . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Chew was listed as `` supervising editor '' in the film 's credits , but was included in the nomination for an editing Academy Award . Jump up ^ `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Phil ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Douglas : how we made One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Louise Fletcher recalls the impact of landing the Oscar - winning role of Nurse Ratched '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at the American Film Institute Jump up ^ Story Notes for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Love Affair with Oregon Coast Continues '' . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Oregon State Hospital - A documentary film ( Mental Health Association of Portland ) Jump up ^ Anderson , John . `` Haskell Wexler , Oscar - Winning Cinematographer , Dies at 93 . '' The New York Times , December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , January 1 , 1975 Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Variety.com - A.D. Murphy , Variety , November 7 , 1975 Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 28 , 1975 ) . `` Critic 's Pick : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ AllMusic : Review by Steven McDonald Jump up ^ `` One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest Movie Reviews , Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carnes , Mark Christopher , Paul R. Betz , et al. ( 1999 ) . American National Biography , Volume 26 . New York : Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522202 - 4 . p. 312 , Jump up ^ Carnes , p. 312 Jump up ^ Foreword of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Copyright 2007 by Chuck Palahniuk . Available in the 2007 Edition published by Penguin Books Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry -- Titles '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest on IMDb One Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest at the TCM Movie Database One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Rotten Tomatoes One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Miloš Forman Black Peter ( 1964 ) Loves of a Blonde ( 1965 ) The Firemen 's Ball ( 1967 ) Taking Off ( 1971 ) Visions of Eight ( 1973 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Hair ( 1979 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Valmont ( 1989 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) Ken Kesey 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Thalavattam ( 1986 film ) Manasukkul Mathappu ( 1988 film ) Kyon Ki ( 2005 film ) Characters Randle McMurphy Nurse Ratched See also Institutionalisation Ken Kesey Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) Caverns ( 1989 ) Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear ( 1990 ) Sailor Song ( 1992 ) Last Go Round with Ken Babbs ( 1994 ) Collections Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) Demon Box ( 1986 ) Kesey 's Jail Journal ( 2003 ) Plays Over the Border ( 1973 ) The Furthur Enquiry ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1999 ) Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1971 film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Related Merry Pranksters Further bus Acid Tests Neal Cassady Carolyn Garcia Lee Quarnstrom Ken Babbs Paul Foster The Electric Kool - Aid Acid Test Magic Trip The Storyteller : Ken Kesey Memorial Awards for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1933 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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7096642771686275238	Attack on Pearl Harbor	Attack on Pearl Harbor - wikipedia Attack on Pearl Harbor Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 21 ° 22 ′ N 157 ° 57 ′ W / 21.367 ° N 157.950 ° W / 21.367 ; - 157.950 Attack on Pearl Harbor Part of the Asia and the Pacific Theater of World War II Photograph of Battleship Row taken from a Japanese plane at the beginning of the attack . The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on USS West Virginia . Two attacking Japanese planes can be seen : one over USS Neosho and one over the Naval Yard . Date December 7 , 1941 ; 75 years ago ( 1941 - 12 - 07 ) Location Primarily Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , U.S. Result Major Japanese tactical victory ; precipitated the entrance of the United States into World War II See consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Belligerents United States Imperial Japan Commanders and leaders ADM Husband E. Kimmel LtGen Walter Short VADM Chūichi Nagumo ADM Isoroku Yamamoto CDR Mitsuo Fuchida Strength 8 battleships 8 cruisers 30 destroyers 4 submarines 1 USCG Cutter 49 other ships ≈ 390 aircraft Mobile Unit : 6 aircraft carriers 2 battleships 2 heavy cruisers 1 light cruiser 9 destroyers 8 tankers 23 fleet submarines 5 midget submarines 414 aircraft Casualties and losses 4 battleships sunk 4 battleships damaged 2 other ships sunk 3 cruisers damaged 3 destroyers damaged 3 other ships damaged 188 aircraft destroyed 159 aircraft damaged 2,403 killed 1,178 wounded 4 midget submarines sunk 1 midget submarine grounded 29 aircraft destroyed 64 killed 1 sailor captured Civilian casualties 68 killed 35 wounded 3 aircraft shot down Hawaiian Islands Campaign Pearl Harbor Niihau 1st Midway Johnston and Palmyra 2nd Midway 3rd Midway Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts and Marshalls Marianas and Palau Volcano and Ryukyu British raid on Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Singapore Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Operation K Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Territory , on the morning of December 7 , 1941 . The attack , also known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor , led to the United States ' entry into World War II . The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI , and as Operation Z during its planning . Japan intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , and the United States . Over the next seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the U.S. - held Philippines , Guam and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya , Singapore , and Hong Kong . The attack commenced at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 18 : 18 UTC ) . The base was attacked by 353 Imperial Japanese aircraft ( including fighters , level and dive bombers , and torpedo bombers ) in two waves , launched from six aircraft carriers . All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged , with four sunk . All but the USS Arizona were later raised , and six were returned to service and went on to fight in the war . The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers , three destroyers , an anti-aircraft training ship , and one minelayer. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed ; 2,403 Americans were killed and 1,178 others were wounded . Important base installations such as the power station , dry dock , shipyard , maintenance , and fuel and torpedo storage facilities , as well as the submarine piers and headquarters building ( also home of the intelligence section ) , were not attacked . Japanese losses were light : 29 aircraft and five midget submarines lost , and 64 servicemen killed . One Japanese sailor , Kazuo Sakamaki , was captured . The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters . The following day , December 8 , the United States declared war on Japan , and several days later , on December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy . Domestic support for non-interventionism , which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940 , disappeared . There were numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by Japan , but the lack of any formal warning , particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing , led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7 , 1941 , `` a date which will live in infamy '' . Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning , the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to conflict 1.1 Diplomatic background 1.2 Military planning 1.3 Objectives 2 Approach and attack 2.1 Submarines 2.2 Japanese declaration of war 2.3 First wave composition 2.4 Second wave composition 2.5 American casualties and damage 2.6 Japanese losses 2.7 Possible third wave 3 Ships lost or damaged 3.1 Battleships 3.2 Ex-battleship ( target / AA training ship ) 3.3 Cruisers 3.4 Destroyers 3.5 Auxiliaries 4 Salvage 5 Aftermath 5.1 Niihau Incident 5.2 Strategic implications 5.3 Retrospective debate on American intelligence 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background to conflict Main article : Events leading to the attack on Pearl Harbor Diplomatic background War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of ( and developed contingency plans for ) since the 1920s , though tensions did not begin to grow seriously until Japan 's 1931 invasion of Manchuria . Over the next decade , Japan continued to expand into China , leading to all - out war between those countries in 1937 . Japan spent considerable effort trying to isolate China and achieve sufficient resource independence to attain victory on the mainland ; the `` Southern Operation '' was designed to assist these efforts . Pearl Harbor on October 30 , 1941 , looking southwest From December 1937 , events such as the Japanese attack on USS Panay , the Allison incident , and the Nanking Massacre ( the International Military Tribunal of the Far East concluded that more than 200,000 Chinese non-combatants were killed in indiscriminate massacres , though other estimates have ranged from 40,000 to more than 300,000 ) swung public opinion in the West sharply against Japan . Fearing Japanese expansion , the United States , the United Kingdom , and France provided loan assistance for war supply contracts to China . In 1940 , Japan invaded French Indochina in an effort to control supplies reaching China . The United States halted shipments of airplanes , parts , machine tools , and aviation gasoline to Japan , which was perceived by Japan as an unfriendly act . The U.S. did not stop oil exports to Japan at that time in part because prevailing sentiment in Washington was that such an action would be an extreme step that Japan would likely consider a provocation , given Japanese dependence on U.S. oil . Early in 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Pacific Fleet to Hawaii from its previous base in San Diego and ordered a military buildup in the Philippines in the hope of discouraging Japanese aggression in the Far East . Because the Japanese high command was ( mistakenly ) certain that any attack on the UK 's Southeast Asian colonies , including Singapore , would bring the U.S. into war , a devastating preventive strike appeared to be the only way to avoid U.S. naval interference . An invasion of the Philippines was also considered necessary by Japanese war planners . The U.S. War Plan Orange had envisioned defending the Philippines with a 40,000 - man elite force . This was opposed by Douglas MacArthur , who felt that he would need a force ten times that size , and was never implemented . By 1941 , U.S. planners anticipated abandonment of the Philippines at the outbreak of war and orders to that effect were given in late 1941 to Admiral Thomas Hart , commander of the Asiatic Fleet . The U.S. ceased oil exports to Japan in July 1941 , following Japanese expansion into French Indochina after the Fall of France , in part because of new American restrictions on domestic oil consumption . This in turn caused the Japanese to proceed with plans to take the Dutch East Indies , an oil - rich territory . On August 17 , Roosevelt warned Japan that the U.S. was prepared to take steps against Japan if it attacked `` neighboring countries '' . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of Southeast Asia . Japan and the U.S. engaged in negotiations during the course of 1941 in an effort to improve relations . During these negotiations , Japan offered to withdraw from most of China and Indochina when peace was made with the Nationalist government , adopt an independent interpretation of the Tripartite Pact , and not to discriminate in trade provided all other countries reciprocated . Washington rejected these proposals . Japanese Prime Minister Konoye then offered to meet with Roosevelt , but Roosevelt insisted on coming to an agreement before any meeting . The U.S. ambassador to Japan repeatedly urged Roosevelt to accept the meeting , warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory Konoye government and peace in the Pacific . His recommendation was not acted upon . The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military refused to agree to the withdrawal of all troops from China . Japan 's final proposal , on November 20 , offered to withdraw their forces from southern Indochina and not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia provided that the U.S. , the UK , and the Netherlands ceased aiding China and lifted their sanctions against Japan . The American counter-proposal of November 26 ( November 27 in Japan ) ( the Hull note ) required Japan to evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers . However the day before the Hull Note was delivered , on November 26 in Japan , the main Japanese attack fleet left port for Pearl Harbor . Military planning Preliminary planning for an attack on Pearl Harbor to protect the move into the `` Southern Resource Area '' ( the Japanese term for the Dutch East Indies and Southeast Asia generally ) had begun very early in 1941 under the auspices of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , then commanding Japan 's Combined Fleet . He won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff only after much contention with Naval Headquarters , including a threat to resign his command . Full - scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 , primarily by Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka , with assistance from Captain Minoru Genda and Yamamoto 's Deputy Chief of Staff , Captain Kameto Kuroshima . The planners studied the 1940 British air attack on the Italian fleet at Taranto intensively . Over the next several months , pilots were trained , equipment was adapted , and intelligence was collected . Despite these preparations , Emperor Hirohito did not approve the attack plan until November 5 , after the third of four Imperial Conferences called to consider the matter . Final authorization was not given by the emperor until December 1 , after a majority of Japanese leaders advised him the `` Hull Note '' would `` destroy the fruits of the China incident , endanger Manchukuo and undermine Japanese control of Korea . '' By late 1941 , many observers believed that hostilities between the U.S. and Japan were imminent . A Gallup poll just before the attack on Pearl Harbor found that 52 % of Americans expected war with Japan , 27 % did not , and 21 % had no opinion . While U.S. Pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions , U.S. officials doubted Pearl Harbor would be the first target ; instead , they expected the Philippines would be attacked first . This presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout the country and the naval base at Manila posed to sea lanes , as well as to the shipment of supplies to Japan from territory to the south . They also incorrectly believed that Japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time . Objectives The Japanese attack had several major aims . First , it intended to destroy important American fleet units , thereby preventing the Pacific Fleet from interfering with Japanese conquest of the Dutch East Indies and Malaya and to enable Japan to conquer Southeast Asia without interference . Second , it was hoped to buy time for Japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 Vinson - Walsh Act erased any chance of victory . Third , to deliver a blow to America 's ability to mobilize its forces in the Pacific , battleships were chosen as the main targets , since they were the prestige ships of any navy at the time . Finally , it was hoped that the attack would undermine American morale such that the U.S. government would drop its demands contrary to Japanese interests , and would seek a compromise peace with Japan . Striking the Pacific Fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor carried two distinct disadvantages : the targeted ships would be in very shallow water , so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them ; and most of the crews would survive the attack , since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor . A further important disadvantage -- this of timing , and known to the Japanese -- was the absence from Pearl Harbor of all three of the U.S. Pacific Fleet 's aircraft carriers ( Enterprise , Lexington , and Saratoga ) . IJN top command was so imbued with Admiral Mahan 's `` Decisive battle '' doctrine -- especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships -- that , despite these concerns , Yamamoto decided to press ahead . Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war also meant other targets in the harbor , especially the navy yard , oil tank farms , and submarine base , were ignored , since -- by their thinking -- the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt . Approach and attack See also : Order of battle of the Attack on Pearl Harbor Route followed by the Japanese fleet to Pearl Harbor and back An Imperial Japanese Navy Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter on the aircraft carrier Akagi On November 26 , 1941 , a Japanese task force ( the Striking Force ) of six aircraft carriers -- Akagi , Kaga , Sōryū , Hiryū , Shōkaku , and Zuikaku -- departed northern Japan en route to a position northwest of Hawaii , intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor : 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol ( CAP ) , including nine fighters from the first wave . The first wave was to be the primary attack , while the second wave was to attack carriers as its first objective and cruisers as its second , with battleships as the third target . The first wave carried most of the weapons to attack capital ships , mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extension that let them operate in shallow water . The aircrews were ordered to select the highest value targets ( battleships and aircraft carriers ) or , if these were not present , any other high value ships ( cruisers and destroyers ) . First wave dive bombers were to attack ground targets . Fighters were ordered to strafe and destroy as many parked aircraft as possible to ensure they did not get into the air to intercept the bombers , especially in the first wave . When the fighters ' fuel got low they were to refuel at the aircraft carriers and return to combat . Fighters were to serve CAP duties where needed , especially over U.S. airfields . Before the attack commenced , two reconnaissance aircraft launched from cruisers Chikuma and Tone were sent to scout over Oahu and Maui and report on U.S. fleet composition and location . Reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the U.S. , and were not necessary . U.S. fleet composition and preparedness information in Pearl Harbor was already known due to the reports of the Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa . A report of the absence of the U.S. fleet in Lahaina anchorage off Maui was received from the fleet submarine I - 72 . Another four scout planes patrolled the area between the Japanese carrier force ( the Kidō Butai ) and Niihau , to detect any counterattack . Submarines Fleet submarines I - 16 , I - 18 , I - 20 , I - 22 , and I - 24 each embarked a Type A midget submarine for transport to the waters off Oahu . The five I - boats left Kure Naval District on November 25 , 1941 . On December 6 , they came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of the mouth of Pearl Harbor and launched their midget subs at about 01 : 00 on December 7 . At 03 : 42 Hawaiian Time , the minesweeper Condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the Pearl Harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer Ward . The midget may have entered Pearl Harbor . However , Ward sank another midget submarine at 06 : 37 in the first American shots in the Pacific Theater . A midget submarine on the north side of Ford Island missed the seaplane tender Curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer Monaghan with her other one before being sunk by Monaghan at 08 : 43 . A third midget submarine , Ha - 19 , grounded twice , once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of Oahu , where it was captured on December 8 . Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by Hawaii National Guard Corporal David Akui , becoming the first Japanese prisoner of war . A fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes . Japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 : 41 on December 8 claiming damage to one or more large warships inside Pearl Harbor . In 1992 , 2000 , and 2001 , Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory 's submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside Pearl Harbor . The wreck was in the debris field where much surplus U.S. equipment was dumped after the war , including vehicles and landing craft . Both of its torpedoes were missing . This correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser St. Louis at 10 : 04 at the entrance of Pearl Harbor , and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer Helm at 08 : 21 . Japanese declaration of war See also : Japanese war crimes The attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by Japan , but this was not Admiral Yamamoto 's intention . He originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that peace negotiations were at an end . However , the attack began before the notice could be delivered . Tokyo transmitted the 5000 - word notification ( commonly called the `` 14 - Part Message '' ) in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington . Transcribing the message took too long for the Japanese ambassador to deliver it on schedule ; in the event , it was not presented until more than an hour after the attack began . ( In fact , U.S. code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before he was scheduled to deliver it . ) The final part is sometimes described as a declaration of war . While it was viewed by a number of senior U.S government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated and that war might break out at any moment , it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations . A declaration of war was printed on the front page of Japan 's newspapers in the evening edition of December 8 , but not delivered to the U.S. government until the day after the attack . For decades , conventional wisdom held that Japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to Washington . In 1999 , however , Takeo Iguchi , a professor of law and international relations at International Christian University in Tokyo , discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how , and indeed whether , to notify Washington of Japan 's intention to break off negotiations and start a war , including a December 7 entry in the war diary saying , `` ( O ) ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success . '' Of this , Iguchi said , `` The diary shows that the army and navy did not want to give any proper declaration of war , or indeed prior notice even of the termination of negotiations ... and they clearly prevailed . '' In any event , even if the Japanese had decoded and delivered the 14 - Part Message before the beginning of the attack , it would not have constituted either a formal break of diplomatic relations or a declaration of war . The final two paragraphs of the message read : Thus the earnest hope of the Japanese Government to adjust Japanese - American relations and to preserve and promote the peace of the Pacific through cooperation with the American Government has finally been lost . The Japanese Government regrets to have to notify hereby the American Government that in view of the attitude of the American Government it can not but consider that it is impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations . First wave composition The Japanese attacked in two waves . The first wave was detected by U.S. Army radar at 136 nautical miles ( 252 km ) , but was misidentified as USAAF bombers arriving from the American mainland Top : A. Ford Island NAS B. Hickam Field C. Bellows Field D. Wheeler Field E. Kaneohe NAS F. Ewa MCAS R - 1 . Opana Radar Station R - 2 . Kawailoa RS R - 3 . Kaaawa RS G. Haleiwa H. Kahuku I. Wahiawa J. Kaneohe K. Honolulu 0 . B - 17s from mainland 1 . First strike group 1 - 1 . Level bombers 1 -- 2 . Torpedo bombers 1 -- 3 . Dive bombers 2 . Second strike group 2 - 1 . Level bombers 2 - 1F . Fighters 2 - 2 . Dive bombers Bottom : A. Wake Island B. Midway Islands C. Johnston Island D. Hawaii D - 1 . Oahu 1 . USS Lexington 2 . USS Enterprise 3 . First Air Fleet < 21 feet ( 6.4 m ) 22 -- 23 feet ( 6.7 -- 7.0 m ) 29 feet ( 8.8 m ) 30 -- 32 feet ( 9.1 -- 9.8 m ) 33 -- 34 feet ( 10.1 -- 10.4 m ) 34 -- 35 feet ( 10.4 -- 10.7 m ) 36 -- 37 feet ( 11.0 -- 11.3 m ) 38 -- 39 feet ( 11.6 -- 11.9 m ) 40 -- 41 feet ( 12.2 -- 12.5 m ) 42 -- 48 feet ( 12.8 -- 14.6 m ) > 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) City Army base Navy base Attacked targets : 1 : USS California 2 : USS Maryland 3 : USS Oklahoma 4 : USS Tennessee 5 : USS West Virginia 6 : USS Arizona 7 : USS Nevada 8 : USS Pennsylvania 9 : Ford Island NAS 10 : Hickam field Ignored infrastructure targets : A : Oil storage tanks B : CINCPAC headquarters building C : Submarine base D: Navy Yard The first attack wave of 183 planes was launched north of Oahu , led by Commander Mitsuo Fuchida . Six planes failed to launch due to technical difficulties . It included : 1st Group ( targets : battleships and aircraft carriers ) 49 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs , organized in four sections ( 1 failed to launch ) 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes , also in four sections 2nd Group -- ( targets : Ford Island and Wheeler Field ) 51 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs ( 3 failed to launch ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 43 Mitsubishi A6M `` Zero '' fighters for air control and strafing ( 2 failed to launch ) As the first wave approached Oahu , it was detected by the U.S. Army SCR - 270 radar at Opana Point near the island 's northern tip . This post had been in training mode for months , but was not yet operational . The operators , Privates George Elliot Jr. and Joseph Lockard , reported a target . But Lieutenant Kermit A. Tyler , a newly assigned officer at the thinly manned Intercept Center , presumed it was the scheduled arrival of six B - 17 bombers from California . The Japanese planes were approaching from a direction very close ( only a few degrees difference ) to the bombers , and while the operators had never seen a formation as large on radar , they neglected to tell Tyler of its size . Tyler , for security reasons , could not tell the operators of the six B - 17s that were due ( even though it was widely known ) . As the first wave planes approached Oahu , they encountered and shot down several U.S. aircraft . At least one of these radioed a somewhat incoherent warning . Other warnings from ships off the harbor entrance were still being processed or awaiting confirmation when the attacking planes began bombing and strafing . Nevertheless , it is not clear any warnings would have had much effect even if they had been interpreted correctly and much more promptly . The results the Japanese achieved in the Philippines were essentially the same as at Pearl Harbor , though MacArthur had almost nine hours warning that the Japanese had already attacked Pearl Harbor . The air portion of the attack began at 7 : 48 a.m. Hawaiian Time ( 3 : 18 a.m. December 8 Japanese Standard Time , as kept by ships of the Kido Butai ) , with the attack on Kaneohe . A total of 353 Japanese planes in two waves reached Oahu . Slow , vulnerable torpedo bombers led the first wave , exploiting the first moments of surprise to attack the most important ships present ( the battleships ) , while dive bombers attacked U.S. air bases across Oahu , starting with Hickam Field , the largest , and Wheeler Field , the main U.S. Army Air Forces fighter base . The 171 planes in the second wave attacked the Army Air Forces ' Bellows Field near Kaneohe on the windward side of the island , and Ford Island . The only aerial opposition came from a handful of P - 36 Hawks , P - 40 Warhawks , and some SBD Dauntless dive bombers from the carrier Enterprise . A destroyed Vindicator at Ewa field , the victim of one of the smaller attacks on the approach to Pearl Harbor In the first wave attack , about eight of the forty - nine 800 kg ( 1760 lb ) armor - piercing bombs dropped hit their intended battleship targets . At least two of those bombs broke up on impact , another detonated before penetrating an unarmored deck , and one was a dud . Thirteen of the forty torpedoes hit battleships , and four torpedoes hit other ships . Men aboard U.S. ships awoke to the sounds of alarms , bombs exploding , and gunfire , prompting bleary - eyed men to dress as they ran to General Quarters stations . ( The famous message , `` Air raid Pearl Harbor . This is not drill . '' , was sent from the headquarters of Patrol Wing Two , the first senior Hawaiian command to respond . ) The defenders were very unprepared . Ammunition lockers were locked , aircraft parked wingtip to wingtip in the open to prevent sabotage , guns unmanned ( none of the Navy 's 5 `` / 38s , only a quarter of its machine guns , and only four of 31 Army batteries got in action ) . Despite this low alert status , many American military personnel responded effectively during the attack . Ensign Joe Taussig Jr. , aboard Nevada , commanded the ship 's antiaircraft guns and was severely wounded , but continued to be on post . Lt. Commander F.J. Thomas commanded Nevada in the captain 's absence and got her under way until the ship was grounded at 9 : 10 a.m. One of the destroyers , Aylwin , got underway with only four officers aboard , all ensigns , none with more than a year 's sea duty ; she operated at sea for 36 hours before her commanding officer managed to get back aboard . Captain Mervyn Bennion , commanding West Virginia , led his men until he was cut down by fragments from a bomb which hit Tennessee , moored alongside . Second wave composition The second planned wave consisted of 171 planes : 54 B5Ns , 81 D3As , and 36 A6Ms , commanded by Lieutenant - Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki . Four planes failed to launch because of technical difficulties . This wave and its targets comprised : 1st Group -- 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) and 132 lb ( 60 kg ) general - purpose bombs 27 B5Ns -- aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe , Ford Island , and Barbers Point 27 B5Ns -- hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field 2nd Group ( targets : aircraft carriers and cruisers ) 78 D3As armed with 550 lb ( 249 kg ) general - purpose bombs , in four sections ( 3 aborted ) 3rd Group -- ( targets : aircraft at Ford Island , Hickam Field , Wheeler Field , Barber 's Point , Kaneohe ) 35 A6Ms for defense and strafing ( 1 aborted ) The second wave was divided into three groups . One was tasked to attack Kāne ʻohe , the rest Pearl Harbor proper . The separate sections arrived at the attack point almost simultaneously from several directions . American casualties and damage Ninety minutes after it began , the attack was over . 2,008 sailors were killed and 710 others wounded ; 218 soldiers and airmen ( who were part of the Army until the independent U.S. Air Force was formed in 1947 ) were killed and 364 wounded ; 109 marines were killed and 69 wounded ; and 68 civilians were killed and 35 wounded . In total , 2,403 Americans died and 1,178 were wounded . Eighteen ships were sunk or run aground , including five battleships . All of the Americans killed or wounded during the attack were non-combatants , given the fact there was no state of war when the attack occurred . USS Arizona during the attack USS Nevada , on fire and down at the bow , attempting to leave the harbor before being deliberately beached Of the American fatalities , nearly half were due to the explosion of Arizona 's forward magazine after it was hit by a modified 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) shell . Already damaged by a torpedo and on fire amidships , Nevada attempted to exit the harbor . She was targeted by many Japanese bombers as she got under way and sustained more hits from 250 lb ( 113 kg ) bombs , which started further fires . She was deliberately beached to avoid blocking the harbor entrance . California was hit by two bombs and two torpedoes . The crew might have kept her afloat , but were ordered to abandon ship just as they were raising power for the pumps . Burning oil from Arizona and West Virginia drifted down on her , and probably made the situation look worse than it was . The disarmed target ship Utah was holed twice by torpedoes . West Virginia was hit by seven torpedoes , the seventh tearing away her rudder . Oklahoma was hit by four torpedoes , the last two above her belt armor , which caused her to capsize . Maryland was hit by two of the converted 16 '' shells , but neither caused serious damage . Although the Japanese concentrated on battleships ( the largest vessels present ) , they did not ignore other targets . The light cruiser Helena was torpedoed , and the concussion from the blast capsized the neighboring minelayer Oglala . Two destroyers in dry dock , Cassin and Downes were destroyed when bombs penetrated their fuel bunkers . The leaking fuel caught fire ; flooding the dry dock in an effort to fight fire made the burning oil rise , and both were burned out . Cassin slipped from her keel blocks and rolled against Downes . The light cruiser Raleigh was holed by a torpedo . The light cruiser Honolulu was damaged , but remained in service . The repair vessel Vestal , moored alongside Arizona , was heavily damaged and beached . The seaplane tender Curtiss was also damaged . The destroyer Shaw was badly damaged when two bombs penetrated her forward magazine . This message denotes the first U.S. ship , St. Louis to clear Pearl Harbor . ( National Archives and Records Administration ) ( Note that this is in answer to question `` Is channel clear ? '' and faint writing at bottom concerning the answer being held until St. Louis had successfully cleared . ) Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii , 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged , 155 of them on the ground . Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base . Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack : 1st Lt. Lewis M. Sanders , 2nd Lt. Philip M. Rasmussen , 2nd Lt. Kenneth M. Taylor , 2nd Lt. George S. Welch , 2nd Lt. Harry W. Brown , and 2nd Lt. Gordon H. Sterling Jr . Sterling was shot down by Lt. Fujita over Kaneohe Bay and is listed as Body Not Recovered ( not Missing In Action ) . Lt. John L. Dains was killed by friendly fire returning from a victory over Kaawa . Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii , 24 were destroyed , and six others damaged beyond repair . ( The three on patrol returned undamaged . ) Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that , including five from an inbound flight from Enterprise . Japanese attacks on barracks killed additional personnel . At the time of the attack , nine civilian aircraft were flying in the vicinity of Pearl Harbor . Of these , three were shot down . Japanese losses Fifty - five Japanese airmen and nine submariners were killed in the attack , and one was captured . Of Japan 's 414 available planes , 29 were lost during the battle ( nine in the first attack wave , 20 in the second ) , with another 74 damaged by antiaircraft fire from the ground . Possible third wave Several Japanese junior officers including Fuchida and Genda urged Nagumo to carry out a third strike in order to destroy as much of Pearl Harbor 's fuel and torpedo storage , maintenance , and dry dock facilities as possible . Genda , who had unsuccessfully advocated for invading Hawaii after the air attack , believed that without an invasion three strikes were necessary to disable the base as much as possible . The captains of the other five carriers in the task force reported they were willing and ready to carry out a third strike . Military historians have suggested the destruction of these shore facilities would have hampered the U.S. Pacific Fleet far more seriously than the loss of its battleships . If they had been wiped out , `` serious ( American ) operations in the Pacific would have been postponed for more than a year '' ; according to Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , later Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet , `` it would have prolonged the war another two years . '' Nagumo , however , decided to withdraw for several reasons : American anti-aircraft performance had improved considerably during the second strike , and two thirds of Japan 's losses were incurred during the second wave . Nagumo felt if he launched a third strike , he would be risking three quarters of the Combined Fleet 's strength to wipe out the remaining targets ( which included the facilities ) while suffering higher aircraft losses . The location of the American carriers remained unknown . In addition , the admiral was concerned his force was now within range of American land - based bombers . Nagumo was uncertain whether the U.S. had enough surviving planes remaining on Hawaii to launch an attack against his carriers . A third wave would have required substantial preparation and turnaround time , and would have meant returning planes would have had to land at night . At the time , only the Royal Navy had developed night carrier techniques , so this was a substantial risk . The task force 's fuel situation did not permit him to remain in waters north of Pearl Harbor much longer , since he was at the very limit of logistical support . To do so risked running unacceptably low on fuel , perhaps even having to abandon destroyers en route home . He believed the second strike had essentially satisfied the main objective of his mission -- the neutralization of the Pacific Fleet -- and did not wish to risk further losses . Moreover , it was Japanese Navy practice to prefer the conservation of strength over the total destruction of the enemy . At a conference aboard Yamato the following morning , Yamamoto initially supported Nagumo . In retrospect , sparing the vital dockyards , maintenance shops , and oil depots meant the U.S. could respond relatively quickly to Japanese activities in the Pacific . Yamamoto later regretted Nagumo 's decision to withdraw and categorically stated it had been a great mistake not to order a third strike . Ships lost or damaged Seventeen ships were damaged or lost in the attack , of which fourteen were repaired and returned to service . Battleships Arizona ( RADM Kidd 's flagship of Battleship Division One ) : hit by four armor - piercing bombs , exploded ; total loss . 1,177 dead . Oklahoma : hit by five torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 429 dead . West Virginia : hit by two bombs , seven torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service July 1944 . 106 dead . California : hit by two bombs , two torpedoes , sunk ; returned to service January 1944 . 100 dead . Nevada : hit by six bombs , one torpedo , beached ; returned to service October 1942 . 60 dead . Pennsylvania ( ADM Kimmel 's flagship of the United States Pacific Fleet ) : in drydock with Cassin and Downes , hit by one bomb and debris from USS Cassin ; remained in service . 9 dead . Tennessee : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 5 dead . Maryland : hit by two bombs ; returned to service February 1942 . 4 dead ( including floatplane pilot shot down ) . Ex-battleship ( target / aa training ship ) Utah : hit by two torpedoes , capsized ; total loss . 64 dead . Cruisers Helena : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service January 1942 . 20 dead . Raleigh : hit by one torpedo ; returned to service February 1942 . Honolulu : Near miss , light damage ; remained in service . Destroyers Cassin : in drydock with Downes and Pennsylvania , hit by one bomb , burned ; returned to service February 1944 . Downes : in drydock with Cassin and Pennsylvania , caught fire from Cassin , burned ; returned to service November 1943 . Shaw : hit by three bombs ; returned to service June 1942 . Auxiliaries Oglala ( minelayer ) : Damaged by torpedo hit on Helena , capsized ; returned to service ( as engine - repair ship ) February 1944 . Vestal ( repair ship ) : hit by two bombs , blast and fire from Arizona , beached ; returned to service by August 1942 . Curtiss ( seaplane tender ) : hit by one bomb , one crashed Japanese aircraft ; returned to service January 1942 . 19 dead . Sotoyomo ( harbor tug ) : damaged by explosion and fires in Shaw ; sunk ; returned to service August 1942 . Salvage Captain Homer N. Wallin ( center ) supervises salvage operations aboard USS California , early 1942 After a systematic search for survivors , formal salvage operations began . Captain Homer N. Wallin , Material Officer for Commander , Battle Force , U.S. Pacific Fleet , was immediately ordered to lead salvage operations . `` Within a short time I was relieved of all other duties and ordered to full time work as Fleet Salvage Officer . '' Around Pearl Harbor , divers from the Navy ( shore and tenders ) , the Naval Shipyard , and civilian contractors ( Pacific Bridge and others ) began work on the ships that could be refloated . They patched holes , cleared debris , and pumped water out of ships . Navy divers worked inside the damaged ships . Within six months , five battleships and two cruisers were patched or refloated so they could be sent to shipyards in Pearl Harbor and on the mainland for extensive repair . Intensive salvage operations continued for another year , a total of some 20,000 man - hours under water . Oklahoma , while successfully raised , was never repaired , and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947 . Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage , though much of their armament and equipment was removed and put to use aboard other vessels . Today , the two hulks remain where they were sunk , with Arizona becoming a war memorial . Aftermath Main article : Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. President Roosevelt signing declaration of war against Japan on December 8 , 1941 In the wake of the attack , 15 Medals of Honor , 51 Navy Crosses , 53 Silver Stars , four Navy and Marine Corps Medals , one Distinguished Flying Cross , four Distinguished Service Crosses , one Distinguished Service Medal , and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen who distinguished themselves in combat at Pearl Harbor . Additionally , a special military award , the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal , was later authorized for all military veterans of the attack . The day after the attack , Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress , calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan . Congress obliged his request less than an hour later . On December 11 , Germany and Italy declared war on the United States , even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it . Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day . The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did , partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong , and partially due to Winston Churchill 's promise to declare war `` within the hour '' of a Japanese attack on the United States . Pennsylvania , behind the wreckage of Downes and Cassin The attack was an initial shock to all the Allies in the Pacific Theater . Further losses compounded the alarming setback . Japan attacked the Philippines hours later ( because of the time difference , it was December 8 in the Philippines ) . Only three days after the attack on Pearl Harbor , the battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse were sunk off the coast of Malaya , causing British Prime Minister Winston Churchill later to recollect `` In all the war I never received a more direct shock . As I turned and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me . There were no British or American capital ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor who were hastening back to California . Over this vast expanse of waters Japan was supreme and we everywhere were weak and naked '' . Remember December 7th ! propaganda issued in 1942 Throughout the war , Pearl Harbor was frequently used in American propaganda . One further consequence of the attack on Pearl Harbor and its aftermath ( notably the Niihau incident ) was that Japanese American residents and citizens were relocated to nearby Japanese - American internment camps . Within hours of the attack , hundreds of Japanese American leaders were rounded up and brought to high - security camps such as Sand Island at the mouth of Honolulu harbor and Kilauea Military Camp on the island of Hawaii . Eventually , more than 110,000 Japanese Americans , nearly all who lived on the West Coast , were forced into interior camps , but in Hawaii , where the 150,000 - plus Japanese Americans composed over one - third of the population , only 1,200 to 1,800 were interned . The attack also had international consequences . The Canadian province of British Columbia , bordering the Pacific Ocean , had long had a large population of Japanese immigrants and their Japanese Canadian descendants . Pre-war tensions were exacerbated by the Pearl Harbor attack , leading to a reaction from the Government of Canada . On February 24 , 1942 , Order - in - Council P.C. no . 1486 was passed under the War Measures Act allowing for the forced removal of any and all Canadians of Japanese descent from British Columbia , as well as the prohibiting from them returning to the province . On 4 March , regulations under the Act were adopted to evacuate Japanese - Canadians . As a result , 12,000 were interned in interior camps , 2,000 were sent to road camps and another 2,000 were forced to work in the prairies at sugar beet farms . Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi 's aircraft shown ten days after it crashed Niihau incident Main article : Niihau incident The Japanese planners had determined that some means was required for rescuing fliers whose aircraft were too badly damaged to return to the carriers . The island of Niihau , only 30 minutes flying time from Pearl Harbor , was designated as the rescue point . The Zero flown by Petty Officer Shigenori Nishikaichi of Hiryu was damaged in the attack on Wheeler , so he flew to the rescue point on Niihau . The aircraft was further damaged on landing . Nishikaichi was helped from the wreckage by one of the native Hawaiians , who , aware of the tension between the United States and Japan , took the pilot 's maps and other documents . The island 's residents had no telephones or radio and were completely unaware of the attack on Pearl Harbor . Nishikaichi enlisted the support of three Japanese - American residents in an attempt to recover the documents . During the ensuing struggles , Nishikaichi was killed and a Hawaiian civilian was wounded ; one collaborator committed suicide , and his wife and the third collaborator were sent to prison . The ease with which the local ethnic Japanese residents had apparently gone to the assistance of Nishikaichi was a source of concern for many , and tended to support those who believed that local Japanese could not be trusted . Strategic implications Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying , `` We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war . '' To a similar effect , see Isoroku Yamamoto 's alleged `` sleeping giant '' quote . While the attack accomplished its intended objective , it turned out to be largely unnecessary . Unbeknownst to Yamamoto , who conceived the original plan , the U.S. Navy had decided as far back as 1935 to abandon ' charging ' across the Pacific towards the Philippines in response to an outbreak of war ( in keeping with the evolution of Plan Orange ) . The U.S. instead adopted `` Plan Dog '' in 1940 , which emphasized keeping the IJN out of the eastern Pacific and away from the shipping lanes to Australia , while the U.S. concentrated on defeating Nazi Germany . Fortunately for the United States , the American aircraft carriers were untouched by the Japanese attack ; otherwise the Pacific Fleet 's ability to conduct offensive operations would have been crippled for a year or more ( given no diversions from the Atlantic Fleet ) . As it was , the elimination of the battleships left the U.S. Navy with no choice but to rely on its aircraft carriers and submarines -- the very weapons with which the U.S. Navy halted and eventually reversed the Japanese advance . While six of the eight battleships were repaired and returned to service , their relatively low speed and high fuel consumption limited their deployment , and they served mainly in shore bombardment roles ( their only major action being the Battle of Surigao Strait in October 1944 ) . A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships , in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan . As a result , Yamamoto ( and his successors ) hoarded battleships for a `` decisive battle '' that never happened . The Japanese confidence in their ability to achieve a short , victorious war meant that they neglected Pearl Harbor 's navy repair yards , oil tank farms , submarine base , and old headquarters building . All of these targets were omitted from Genda 's list , yet they proved more important than any battleship to the American war efforts in the Pacific . The survival of the repair shops and fuel depots allowed Pearl Harbor to maintain logistical support to the U.S. Navy 's operations , such as the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway . It was submarines that immobilized the Imperial Japanese Navy 's heavy ships and brought Japan 's economy to a virtual standstill by crippling the transportation of oil and raw materials : by the end of 1942 , import of raw materials was cut to half of what it had been , `` to a disastrous ten million tons '' , while oil import `` was almost completely stopped '' . Lastly , the basement of the Old Administration Building was the home of the cryptanalytic unit which contributed significantly to the Midway ambush and the Submarine Force 's success . Retrospective debate on American intelligence Main article : Pearl Harbor advance - knowledge conspiracy theory Ever since the Japanese attack , there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware , and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics . Military officers including Gen. Billy Mitchell had pointed out the vulnerability of Pearl to air attack . At least two Naval War games , one in 1932 and another in 1936 , proved that Pearl was vulnerable to such an attack . Admiral James Richardson was removed from command shortly after protesting President Roosevelt 's decision to move the bulk of the Pacific fleet to Pearl Harbor . The decisions of military and political leadership to ignore these warnings has contributed to conspiracy theories . Several writers , including journalist Robert Stinnett and former United States rear admiral Robert Alfred Theobald , have argued that various parties high in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the U.S. into war via the so - called `` back door '' . However , this conspiracy theory is rejected by mainstream historians . In popular culture Main article : Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture See also Battle of Taranto Operation K Air warfare of World War II Attack on Howland Island List of United States Navy ships present at Pearl Harbor , December 7 , 1941 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor Nagai Kita Edwin T. Layton National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day Pearl Harbor Survivors Association Winds Code References Informational notes Jump up ^ USCGC Taney ( WHEC - 37 ) Jump up ^ Utah and Oglala Jump up ^ Unless otherwise stated , all vessels listed were salvageable . Jump up ^ USS Utah ( AG - 16 , formerly BB - 31 ) ; Utah was moored in the space intended to have been occupied by the aircraft carrier Enterprise which , returning with a task force , had been expected to enter the channel at 0730 on December 7 ; delayed by weather , the task force did not reach Pearl Harbor until dusk the following day . Jump up ^ After it was announced in September iron and steel scrap export would also be prohibited , Japanese Ambassador Horinouchi protested to Secretary Hull on October 8 , 1940 warning this might be considered an `` unfriendly act '' . Jump up ^ This was mainly a Japanese Navy preference ; the Japanese Army would have chosen to attack the Soviet Union . Jump up ^ `` The Dorn report did not state with certainty that Kimmel and Short knew about Taranto . There is , however , no doubt that they did know , as did the Japanese . Lt. Cdr . Takeshi Naito , the assistant naval attaché to Berlin , flew to Taranto to investigate the attack first hand , and Naito subsequently had a lengthy conversation with Cdr . Mitsuo Fuchida about his observations . Fuchida led the Japanese attack on December 7 , 1941 . '' Jump up ^ `` A torpedo bomber needed a long , level flight , and when released , its conventional torpedo would plunge nearly a hundred feet deep before swerving upward to strike a hull . Pearl Harbor deep averages 42 feet . But the Japanese borrowed an idea from the British carrier - based torpedo raid on the Italian naval base of Taranto . They fashioned auxiliary wooden tail fins to keep the torpedoes horizontal , so they would dive to only 35 feet , and they added a breakaway `` nosecone '' of soft wood to cushion the impact with the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ She was located by a University of Hawaii research submersible on August 28 , 2002 in 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) of water , 6 nmi ( 11 km ) outside the harbor . Jump up ^ While the nine sailors who died in the attack were quickly lionized by the Japanese government as Kyūgunshin ( `` The Nine War Heroes '' ) , the news of Sakamaki 's capture , which had been publicized in U.S. news broadcasts , was kept secret . Even after the war , however , he received recriminating correspondence from those who despised him for not sacrificing his own life . Jump up ^ The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor , Planning and Execution . First wave : 189 planes , 50 Kates w / bombs , 40 Kates with torpedoes , 54 Vals , 45 Zekes Second wave : 171 planes , 54 Kates w / bombs , 81 Vals , 36 Zekes . The Combat Air Patrol over the carriers alternated 18 plane shifts every two hours , with 18 more ready for takeoff on the flight decks and an additional 18 ready on hangar decks . Jump up ^ In 1941 , Hawaii was a half - hour different from the majority of other time zones . See UTC − 10 : 30 . Jump up ^ In the twenty - five sorties flown , USAF Historical Study No. 85 credits six pilots with ten planes destroyed : 1st Lt Lewis M. Sanders ( P - 36 ) and 2nd Lts Philip M Rasmussen ( P - 36 ) , Gordon H. Sterling Jr . ( P - 36 , killed in action ) , Harry W. Brown ( P - 36 ) , Kenneth M. Taylor ( P - 40 , 2 ) , and George S. Welch ( P - 40 , 4 ) . Three of the P - 36 kills were not verified by the Japanese and may have been shot down by naval anti-aircraft fire . Jump up ^ Odd though it may sound , `` not '' is correct , in keeping with standard Navy telegraphic practice . This was confirmed by Beloite and Beloite after years of research and debate . Jump up ^ The gunners that did get in action scored most of the victories against Japanese aircraft that morning , including the first of the attack by Tautog , and Dorie Miller 's Navy Cross-worthy effort . Miller was an African - American cook aboard West Virginia who took over an unattended anti-aircraft gun on which he had no training . He was the first African - American sailor to be awarded the Navy Cross . Jump up ^ The wreck has become a memorial to those lost that day , most of whom remain within the ship . She continues to leak small amounts of fuel oil , over 70 years after the attack . Jump up ^ USAAF pilots of the 46th and 47th Pursuit Squadrons , 15th Pursuit Group , claim to have destroyed 10 . Jump up ^ In the event , loss of these might have been a net benefit to the U.S. Blair , passim . Jump up ^ Wallin had been assigned to go to Massawa in East Africa . The harbor there was blocked by scuttled Italian and German ships , which prevented British use of the port . Commander Edward Ellsberg was sent instead . Jump up ^ The pact had one of its objectives limiting U.S. intervention in conflicts involving the three nations . Liddell Hart , B.H. ( 1970 ) History of the Second World War London : Weidenfeld Nicolson . p. 206 Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germsny New York : Simon and Shuster . p. 873 Keegan , John ( 1990 ) The Second World War New York : Viking . p. 130 . ISBN 0670823597 Jump up ^ In less than eleven months , most of Japan 's elite naval aviators who had been at Pearl Harbor were lost in subsequent battles . Lack of fuel and an inflexible training policy meant that they could not be replaced . Jump up ^ Gordon Prange specifically addresses some revisionist works , including Charles A. Beard . President Roosevelt and the Coming War 1941 ; William Henry Chamberlin , America 's Second Crusade ; John T. Flynn , The Roosevelt Myth ; George Morgenstern , Pearl Harbor ; Frederic R. Sanborn , Design for War ; Robert Alfred Theobald , The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ; Harry E. Barnes , ed. , Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace and The Court Historians versus Revisionism ; Husband E. Kimmel , Admiral Kimmel 's Story . '' Citations Jump up ^ `` Ships and District Craft Present at Pearl Harbor , 0800 7 December 1941 U.S. Navy Historical Center '' . History.navy.mil . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CinCP report of damage to ships in Pearl Harbor from ibiblio.org/hyperwar . Jump up ^ `` Overview of The Pearl Harbor Attack , 7 December 1941 '' . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Conn 2000 , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : GPO 1946 , pp. 64 -- 65 Jump up ^ Gilbert 2009 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Casualty List '' . USSWestVirginia.org . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morison 2001 , pp. 101 , 120 , 250 Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. , Goldstein , Donald , & Dillon , Katherine . The Pearl Harbor Papers ( Brassey 's , 2000 ) , p. 17ff ; Google Books entry on Prange et al . Jump up ^ For the Japanese designator of Oahu . Wilford , Timothy . `` Decoding Pearl Harbor '' , in The Northern Mariner , XII , # 1 ( January 2002 ) , p. 32fn81 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru , `` Hawaii Operation '' . United States Naval Institute , Proceedings , 81 ( December 1955 ) , pp. 1315 -- 1331 Jump up ^ Gill , G. Hermon ( 1957 ) . Royal Australian Navy 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 2 -- Navy . 1 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . p. 485 . LCCN 58037940 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. December 7 , 1941 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 288 Jump up ^ Thomas 2007 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor Facts '' . About . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United States declares war '' . Abilene Reporter - News . December 8 , 1941 . p. 1 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) . `` How Pearl Harbor Shaped the Modern World '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braumoeller , Bear F. ( 2010 ) `` The Myth of American Isolationism . '' Foreign Policy Analysis 6 : 349 -- 371 . ^ Jump up to : Yuma Totani ( April 1 , 2009 ) . The Tokyo War Crimes Trial : The Pursuit of Justice in the Wake of World War II . Harvard University Asia Center . p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen C. McCaffrey ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Understanding International Law . AuthorHouse . pp. 210 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Barnhart 1987 . Jump up ^ Werner Gruhl ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War Two , 1931 -- 1945 . Transaction Publishers . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 96 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Toland , Japan 's War . Jump up ^ Harper , Tim ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Japan 's gigantic second world war gamble '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 Jump up ^ William Chalek ( 2002 ) , `` 8 . War Plan Orange '' , Guest of the Emperor , iUniverse , pp. 45 -- 52 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 23996 - 2 Jump up ^ Edward S. Miller ( 2007 ) , War Plan Orange : The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan , 1897 -- 1945 , Naval Institute Press , pp. 63 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 500 - 4 Jump up ^ GPO 1943 , p. 125 ^ Jump up to : Peattie 1997 ; Coox , Kobun . Jump up ^ Chapter IV The Showdown With Japan August -- December 1941 Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare , 1941 -- 1942 Jump up ^ Chapter IV : The Fatal Turn Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Review of the Diplomatic Conversations REPORT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON THE INVESTIGATION OF THE PEARL HARBOR ATTACK ( 1946 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter V : The Decision for War Morton , Louis . Strategy and Command : The First Two Years Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Gailey 1995 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 2012 ) . Day of Infamy . Open Road Media . p. 14 . ISBN 1 - 4532 - 3842 - 5 . Jump up ^ Borch & Martinez 2005 , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Hellions of the Deep : The Development of American Torpedoes in World War II . By Robert Gannon , Published by Penn State Press , 1996 , p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 01508 - X Jump up ^ Wetzler 1998 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 417 , citing the Sugiyama memo Jump up ^ The Canadian Institute of Public Opinion ( December 8 , 1941 ) . `` Gallup Poll Found 52 p.c. of Americans Expected War '' . Ottawa Citizen . p. 1 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Noted by Arthur MacArthur in the 1890s . Manchester , William . American Caesar Jump up ^ Peattie & Evans , Kaigun ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Fukudome , Shigeru . Shikan : Shinjuwan Kogeki ( Tokyo , 1955 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Alan Zimm , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Kaigun ; Wilmott , Barrier and the Javelin ; Blair , Silent Victory ^ Jump up to : Willmott 1983 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 132 Jump up ^ Peattie 2001 p. 145 . Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 173 , 174 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Tony DiGiulian . `` Order of Battle -- Pearl Harbor -- December 7 , 1941 '' . Navweaps.com . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stewart , A.J. , Lieutenant Commander , USN . `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , United States Naval Institute Proceedings , December 1974 , p. 56 Jump up ^ Stewart , p. 56 Jump up ^ Goldstein 2000 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 57 Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Stewart , `` Those Mysterious Midgets '' , p. 58 Jump up ^ `` Japanese Midget Submarine '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Stewart , Those Mysterious Midgets , pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Ofstie , R.A. , Rear Admiral , USN . The Campaigns of the Pacific War ( United States Government Printing Office , 1946 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ Zimm 2011 , pp. 330 -- 341 Jump up ^ Toland , Infamy Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 424 and 475 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , and Dillon , At Dawn We Slept , pp. 493 -- 494 Jump up ^ Declaration of War handout Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howard W. French ( December 9 , 1999 ) . `` Pearl Harbor Truly a Sneak Attack , Papers Show '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kawabata , Tai , `` Historian seeks to clear embassy of Pearl Harbor ' sneak attack ' infamy '' , Japan Times , December 10 , 2014 , p. 3 Jump up ^ `` Japanese ' Fourteen Part ' Message of December 7 , 1941 '' HyperWar Jump up ^ Shinsato , Douglas and Tadanori Urabe , For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , Chapters 19 and 20 , eXperience , inc. , Kamuela , Hawaii , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft Attack Organization '' . Ibiblio.org . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NavSource 2003 Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept . pages 730 -- 31 ' Short mishandled radar ... ' In his ( Short 's ) words ' ... more for training than any idea it would be real ' Jump up ^ Evans , Harold . The American Century London : Jonathan Cape , 1998 . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Prange 1988 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Prange et al. , At Dawn We Slept , p. 500 - 501 . Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. The Battle Of Midway , ( Oxford University Press , 2011 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Hone , Thomas C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Destruction of the Battle Line at Pearl Harbor '' . Proceedings . United States Naval Institute . 103 ( 12 ) : 56&57 . ^ Jump up to : Parillo 2006 , p. 293 Jump up ^ Bonner , Kermit . Final Voyages p. 105 Jump up ^ Aylwin , Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Watson ( December 1 , 2007 ) . Watson 's Really Big WWII Almanac , Volume 2 : July to December . Xlibris Corporation . p. 592 . Jump up ^ Dennis W. Shepherd ( September 22 , 2004 ) . Returning Son : From Baghdad , Kentucky to Baghdad , Iraq ( and back ) . AuthorHouse . p. 57 . Jump up ^ USS Shaw ( DD - 373 ) Jump up ^ Dorr , Robert F. ; Fred L. Borch . `` Pyjama - clad pilot took on Japanese at Pearl Harbor '' . Army Times . United States Army . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HyperWar : 7 December 1941 : The Air Force Story ( Chapter 4 ) '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Potter , Lt Col Joseph V. ( Winter 1982 ) . `` A Handful of Pilots '' ( PDF ) . JOURNAL . American Aviation Historical Society . pp. 282 -- 285 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ofstie 1946 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Caravaggio , Angelo N. ( Winter 2014 ) . `` '' Winning '' the Pacific War `` . Naval War College Review . 67 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 118 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horn , Steve . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K and Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II ( Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 2005 ) , p. 16 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 ; Blair , Silent Victory . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , pp. 97 -- 98 Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money & Power , New York : Simon & Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 79932 - 0 p. 327 ^ Jump up to : Hoyt 2000 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Hoyt 2000 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Stephen , Martin ; Grove , Eric ( Ed ) ( 1988 ) , Sea Battles in Close - up : World War 2 , Volume 1 , Shepperton , Surrey : Ian Allan , pp. 34 -- 38 , ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1596 - 1 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Prange 1988 ^ Jump up to : Gailey 1997 , p. 97 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gailey 1997 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Courtney , Will Sabel ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` These 13 U.S. Navy Ships Rose from the Dead After Pearl Harbor '' . The Drive . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prange , Goldstein , Dillon . At Dawn We Slept page 49 Jump up ^ Wallin , Homer . Pearl Harbor : Why , How Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal . Naval History Division , 1968 Jump up ^ Commander Edward Ellsberg , O.B.E. Under the Red Sea Sun Dodd , Mead , and Co. , 1946 . Jump up ^ Raymer , E.C. Descent Into Darkness . Presidio Press , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Post-attack ship salvage 1942 -- 1944 '' . Geocities . October 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2009 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith 1999 , p. . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. At War , The Last Stage '' . Time . December 15 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ; Martin Gilbert ( 2001 ) , `` December 1941 '' , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever - Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , London , New York : W.W. Norton , pp. 1593 -- 1594 , ISBN 0 - 393 - 01959 - 4 Jump up ^ Anthony Rhodes , Propaganda : The art of persuasion : World War II , p. 257 1976 , Chelsea House Publishers , New York Jump up ^ `` World War II Internment in Hawai'i '' . Education through Cultural & Historical Organizations . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , E. ( 1995 ) . A Fence Away from Freedom : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 13 . Pearl Harbor Oahu website , retrieved on November 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , R. ( 1972 ) . Concentration camps USA : Japanese Americans and World War II . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , Inc . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico Office of the State Historian -- people '' . Jump up ^ Regulations made 4 March 1942 Jump up ^ War Measures Act Conference ( 1977 : McMaster University ) . ( 1978 ) . The Japanese Canadian experience : the October crisis ( proceedings ) . Wilfrid Laurier University Book Shelves : London , Ontario : P. Anas Pub . pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Douglas Shinsato , Translator / Publisher of For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor , 2011 , pp. 293 -- 294 Jump up ^ Haufler , Herve . Codebreaker 's Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II ( New York : NAL , 2003 ) , quoted p. 127 . Jump up ^ Hakim 1995 Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , War Plan Orange Jump up ^ `` Attack on Pearl Harbor Nihon Kaigun '' . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Harbor vet remembers Dec. 7 , 1941 , sneak attack '' . The Kalona News . April 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , p. 360 , 816 Jump up ^ Rehearsals for Pearl Harbor Jump up ^ Wallin , Vice Admiral , Homer N. ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' . Hyperwar . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Donald M. Goldstein ; Katherinve V. Dillon ( 1991 ) . Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0140159097 . Jump up ^ Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 161 -- 177 . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 431 - 8 . Jump up ^ Budiansky , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Battle of Wits : The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II . Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0743217347 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Richard W. `` New Light Shed on Churchill and Pearl Harbor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prange , Gordon W. ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1991 ) . At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor . New York : Penguin Books . p. 867 . ISBN 9780140157345 . Bibliography Books Barnhart , Michael A. ( 1987 ) , Japan prepares for total war : the search for economic security , 1919 -- 1941 , Cornell University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1915 - 7 Bix , Herbert P. ( 2000 ) , Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , Diane Pub Co , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7567 - 5780 - 9 Borch , Frederic L. ; Martinez , Daniel ( 2005 ) , Kimmel , Short , and Pearl Harbor : the final report revealed , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 090 - 0 Conn , Stetson ; Fairchild , Byron ; Engelman , Rose C. ( 2000 ) , `` 7 -- The Attack on Pearl Harbor '' , Guarding the United States and Its Outposts , Washington D.C. : Center of Military History United States Army Gailey , Harry A. ( 1997 ) , War in the Pacific : From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay , Presidio , ISBN 0 - 89141 - 616 - 1 Gilbert , Martin ( 2009 ) , The Second World War , Phoenix , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 2676 - 8 Goldstein , Donald M. ( 2000 ) , Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. , eds. , The Pearl Harbor papers : inside the Japanese plans , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 222 - 3 Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) , A History of US : Book 9 : War , Peace , and All that Jazz , Oxford University Press , U.S. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509514 - 2 Hixson , Walter L. ( 2003 ) , The American Experience in World War II : The United States and the road to war in Europe , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94029 - 0 Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2000 ) , Pearl Harbor , G.K. Hall , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9303 - 5 Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2001 ) , History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The rising sun in the Pacific , 1931 -- April 1942 , University of Illinois Press , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06973 - 0 Ofstie , Ralph , A. , RADM USN , Naval Analysis Division , United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) ( 1946 ) , The Campaigns of the Pacific War , United States Government Printing Office Peattie , Mark R. ; Evans , David C. ( 1997 ) , Kaigun : Strategy , Tactics , and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 0 - 87021 - 192 - 7 Peattie , Mark R. ( 2001 ) , Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power , 1909 -- 1941 , Naval Institute Press , ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X Parillo , Mark ( 2006 ) , `` The United States in the Pacific '' , in Higham , Robin ; Harris , Stephen , Why Air Forces Fail : the Anatomy of Defeat , The University Press of Kentucky , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2374 - 5 Prange , Gordon William ; Goldstein , Donald M. ; Dillon , Katherine V. ( 1988 ) . December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 050682 - 4 . Smith , Carl ( 1999 ) , Pearl Harbor 1941 : The Day of Infamy ; Osprey Campaign Series # 62 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85532 - 798 - 8 Stille , Mark E. ( 2011 ) , Tora ! Tora ! Tora ! : Pearl Harbor 1941 ; Osprey Raid Series # 26 , Osprey Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 509 - 0 Thomas , Evan ( 2007 ) , Sea of Thunder : Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5222 - 5 Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) , The barrier and the javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific strategies , February to June 1942 , Naval Institute Press Zimm , Alan D. ( 2011 ) , Attack on Pearl Harbor : Strategy , Combat , Myths , Deceptions , Havertown , Pennsylvania : Casemate Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61200 - 010 - 7 U.S. government documents `` Document text '' , U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor , United States National Archives , Modern Military Branch , 1942 , archived from the original on January 13 , 2008 , retrieved December 25 , 2007 `` Document text '' , Peace and War , United States Foreign Policy 1931 -- 1941 , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1943 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 `` Damage to United States Naval Forces and Installations as a Result of the Attack '' , Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , Washington D.C. : United States Government Printing Office , 1946 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 Magazine articles Rodgaard , John ; Peter Hsu ; Carroll Lucas & Captain Andrew Biach ( December 1999 ) , `` Pearl Harbor -- Attack from Below '' , Naval History , United States Naval Institute , 13 ( 6 ) , archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 ( requires subscription ) Wetzler , Peter ( 1998 ) , Hirohito and war : imperial tradition and military decision making in prewar Japan , University of Hawaii Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1925 - 5 Online sources Organization of the Japanese Air Attack Units December 7 , 1941 , NavSource Naval History , 2003 , archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 , retrieved December 8 , 2007 USS Shaw , destroyerhistory.org , archived from the original on June 17 , 2011 , retrieved January 5 , 2017 Homer N. Wallin , `` Pearl Harbor : Why , How , Fleet Salvage and Final Appraisal '' , Hyperwar , ibiblio.org , retrieved October 10 , 2011 Further reading Edwin T. Layton , Roger Pineau , and John Costello ( 1985 ) , And I Was There : Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets , New York : Morrow . Layton , Kimmel 's Combat Intelligence Officer , says that Douglas MacArthur was the only field commander who had received any substantial amount of Purple intelligence . George Edward Morgenstern . Pearl Harbor : The Story of the Secret War . ( The Devin - Adair Company , 1947 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 299 - 05736 - 4 . Conspiracy theory . James Dorsey . `` Literary Tropes , Rhetorical Looping , and the Nine Gods of War : ' Fascist Proclivities ' Made Real , '' in The Culture of Japanese Fascism , ed. by Alan Tansman ( Durham & London : Duke UP , 2009 ) , pp. 409 -- 431 . A study of Japanese wartime media representations of the submarine component of the attack on Pearl Harbor . McCollum memo A 1940 memo from a Naval headquarters staff officer to his superiors outlining possible provocations to Japan , which might lead to war ( declassified in 1994 ) . Gordon W. Prange , At Dawn We Slept ( McGraw - Hill , 1981 ) , Pearl Harbor : The Verdict of History ( McGraw - Hill , 1986 ) , and December 7 , 1941 : The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor ( McGraw - Hill , 1988 ) . This monumental trilogy , written with collaborators Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , is considered the authoritative work on the subject . Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis , The Attack on Pearl Harbor : An Illustrated History ( NavPublishing , 2004 ) . Using maps , photos , unique illustrations , and an animated CD , this book provides a detailed overview of the surprise attack that brought the United States into World War II . Walter Lord , Day of Infamy ( Henry Holt , 1957 ) is a very readable , and entirely anecdotal , re-telling of the day 's events . W.J. Holmes , Double - Edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II ( Naval Institute , 1979 ) contains some important material , such as Holmes ' argument that , had the U.S. Navy been warned of the attack and put to sea , it would have likely resulted in an even greater disaster . Michael V. Gannon , Pearl Harbor Betrayed ( Henry Holt , 2001 ) is a recent examination of the issues surrounding the surprise of the attack . Frederick D. Parker , Pearl Harbor Revisited : United States Navy Communications Intelligence 1924 -- 1941 ( Center for Cryptologic History , 1994 ) contains a detailed description of what the Navy knew from intercepted and decrypted Japan 's communications prior to Pearl . Henry C. Clausen and Bruce Lee , Pearl Harbor : Final Judgment , ( HarperCollins , 2001 ) , an account of the secret `` Clausen Inquiry '' undertaken late in the war by order of Congress to Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson . Robert A. Theobald , Final Secret of Pearl Harbor ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1954 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5503 - 0 ISBN 0 - 317 - 65928 - 6 Foreword by Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey , Jr . Albert C. Wedemeyer , Wedemeyer Reports ! ( Henry Holt Co , 1958 ) ISBN 0 - 89275 - 011 - 1 ISBN 0 - 8159 - 7216 - 4 Hamilton Fish III , Tragic Deception : FDR and America 's Involvement in World War II ( Devin - Adair Pub , 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 8159 - 6917 - 1 John Toland , Infamy : Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath ( Berkley Reissue edition , 1986 ISBN 0 - 425 - 09040 - X ) . Mary Ellen Condon - Rall , `` The U.S. Army Medical Department and the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( The Journal of Medical History , January 1989 ) . PMID 11617401 . This article discusses the state of medical readiness prior to the attack , and the post-attack response by medical personnel . Robert Stinnett , Day of Deceit : The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor ( Free Press , 1999 ) A study of the Freedom of Information Act documents that led Congress to direct clearance of Kimmel and Short . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0129 - 9 Edward L. Beach , Jr. , Scapegoats : A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor ISBN 1 - 55750 - 059 - 2 Andrew Krepinevich . `` Lighting the Path Ahead : Field Exercises and Transformation ( 186 KB ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments ) contains a passage regarding the Yarnell attack , as well as reference citations . Roberta Wohlstetter , Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision , ( Stanford University Press : 1962 ) . Regarded by many as the most important work in the attempt to understand the intelligence failure at Pearl Harbor . Her introduction and analysis of the concept of `` noise '' persists in understanding intelligence failures . John Hughes - Wilson , Military Intelligence Blunders and Cover - Ups . Robinson , 1999 ( revised 2004 ) . Contains a brief but insightful chapter on the particular intelligence failures , and broader overview of what causes them . Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe , `` For That One Day : The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida , Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor '' . ( eXperience : 2011 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 9846745 - 0 - 3 Horn , Steve ( 2005 ) . The Second Attack on Pearl Harbor : Operation K And Other Japanese Attempts to Bomb America in World War II . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 388 - 8 . Seki , Eiji. ( 2006 ) . Mrs. Ferguson 's Tea - Set , Japan and the Second World War : The Global Consequences Following Germany 's Sinking of the SS Automedon in 1940 . London : Global Oriental . ISBN 1 - 905246 - 28 - 5 ; ISBN 978 - 1 - 905246 - 28 - 1 ( cloth ) Published by BRILL / Global Oriental , 2006 . Previously announced as Sinking of the SS Automedon and the Role of the Japanese Navy : A New Interpretation . Daniel Madsen , Resurrection - Salvaging the Battle Fleet at Pearl Harbor . U.S. Naval Institute Press . 2003 . Highly readable and thoroughly researched account of the aftermath of the attack and the salvage efforts from December 8 , 1941 through early 1944 . Takeo , Iguchi , Demystifying Pearl Harbor : A New Perspective From Japan , I - House Press , 2010 , ASIN : B003RJ1AZA . Haynok , Robert J. ( 2009 ) . How the Japanese Did It . Naval History Magazine . 23 . United States Naval Institute . Melber , Takuma , Pearl Harbor . Japans Angriff und der Kriegseintritt der USA . C.H. Beck , München 2016 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 406 - 69818 - 7 . A concise introduction with a good focus oo what came before the attack and on the Japanese perspective . Moorhead , John J. 1942 `` Surgical Experience at Pearl Harbor '' , The Journal of the American Medical Association . An overview of different surgical procedures at the hospital at the scene of the event . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Attack on Pearl Harbor '' dated 2006 - 01 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Harbor attack . Library resources about Attack on Pearl Harbor Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Navy History Heritage Command Official Overview History.com Account With Video About Education Account `` Remembering Pearl Harbor : The USS Arizona Memorial '' , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Hawaii War Records Depository , Archives & Manuscripts Department , University of Hawaii at Manoa Library 7 December 1941 , The Air Force Story The `` Magic '' Background ( PDFs or readable online ) The Congressional investigation Accounts Guarding The United States And Its Outposts , in Guarding the United States and Its Outposts Official U.S. Army history of Pearl Harbor by the United States Army Center of Military History War comes to Hawaii Honolulu Star - Bulletin , Monday , September 13 , 1999 Media Video of first Newsreel from December 23 , 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor Bombing of Pearl Harbour -- 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor 1 , Nippon News , No. 82 . in the official website of NHK . Attack on Pearl Harbor 2 , Nippon News , No. 84 . in the official website of NHK . Historic footage of Pearl Harbor during and immediately following attack on December 7 , 1941 Historical documents WW2DB : U.S. Navy Report of Japanese Raid on Pearl Harbor Second World War -- USA Declaration of War on Japan . 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3148169796777988010	Lane splitting	Lane splitting - wikipedia Lane splitting `` Whitelining '' redirects here . For other uses , see White line ( disambiguation ) . Lane splitting in Bangkok , Thailand Lane splitting is riding a bicycle or motorcycle between lanes or rows of slow moving or stopped traffic moving in the same direction . It is sometimes called lane sharing , whitelining , filtering , or stripe - riding . This allows riders to save time , bypassing traffic congestion , and is also safer than stopping behind stationary vehicles . Filtering or filtering forward describes moving through traffic that is stopped . Lane splitting means riding between two lanes of vehicles , while filtering can also refer to using space on the outside edge of same - direction traffic . Contents 1 In the developing world 2 Safety 2.1 Research 2.2 Debate over safety and benefits 2.2. 1 Responsibility and liability issues 2.2. 2 Safety aspects 3 Legal status 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links In the developing World ( edit ) Traffic in Bangalore , India , 2008 In population - dense and traffic - congested urban areas , particularly in the developing world , the space between larger vehicles is filled with a wide variety of different kinds of two - wheeled vehicles , as well as pedestrians , and many other human or animal powered conveyances . In places such as Bangkok , Thailand and in Indonesia , the ability of motorcycles to take advantage of the space between cars has led to the growth of a motorcycle taxi industry . In Indonesia , the motorcycle is the most common type of vehicle . Unlike typical developed nations that have only a handful of vehicle types on their roads , many types of transport will share the same roads as cars and trucks ; this diversity is extreme in Delhi , India , where more than 40 modes of transportation regularly use the roads . In contrast , New York City , for example , has perhaps five modes , and in parts of America a vast majority of traffic is made up of two types of vehicles on the road , cars and trucks . It has been suggested that highly diverse and adaptive modes of road use are capable of moving very large numbers of people in a given space compared with cars and trucks remaining within the bounds of marked lanes . On roads where modes of transportation are mingled this can cause a reduced efficiency for all modes . Safety ( edit ) Filtering forward , in stopped or extremely slow traffic , requires very slow speed and awareness that in a door zone , vehicle doors may unexpectedly open . Also , unexpected vehicle movements such as lane changes may occur with little warning . Buses and tractor - trailers require extreme care , as the cyclist may be nearly invisible to the drivers who may not expect someone to be filtering forward . To avoid a hook collision with a turning vehicle at an intersection after filtering forward to the intersection , cyclists are taught to either take a position directly in front of the stopped lead vehicle , or stay behind the lead vehicle . Cyclists should not stop directly at the passenger side of the lead vehicle , that being a blind spot . Research ( edit ) Little safety research in the United States has directly examined the question of lane splitting . The European MAIDS report studied the causes of motorcycle accidents in four countries where it is legal and one where it is not , yet reached no conclusion as to whether it contributed to or prevented accidents . Proponents of lane splitting state the Hurt Report of 1981 reached the conclusion that lane splitting improves motorcycle safety by reducing rear end crashes . Lane splitting supporters also state that the US DOT FARS database shows that fatalities from rear - end collisions into motorcycles are 30 % lower in California than in Florida or Texas , states with similar riding seasons and populations but which do not lane split . No specifics are given about where this conclusion is found in the FARS system . The database is available online to the public . The NHTSA does say , based on the Hurt Report , that lane splitting `` slightly reduces '' rear - end accidents , and is worthy of further study due to the possible congestion reduction benefits . Lane splitting is never mentioned anywhere in the Hurt Report , and all of the data was collected in California , so no comparison was made between of lane splitting vs. non-lane splitting . The Hurt Report ends with a list of 55 specific findings , such as `` Fuel system leaks and spills are present in 62 % of the motorcycle accidents in the post-crash phase . This represents an undue hazard for fire . '' None of these findings mentions lane splitting , or rear - end collisions . The legislative and law enforcement advice that follows this list does not mention lane splitting or suggest laws be changed with regard to lane splitting . This section may have been copied and pasted from another location , possibly in violation of Wikipedia 's copyright policy . Please review http://news.berkeley.edu/2015/05/29/motorcycle-lanesplitting-report/ and remedy this by editing this article to remove any non-free copyrighted content and attributing free content correctly , or flagging the content for deletion . Please be sure that the supposed source of the copyright violation is not itself a Wikipedia mirror . ( June 2017 ) In a May 2015 study researchers from UC Berkeley 's Safe Transportation Research and Education Center ( SafeTREC ) found that accidents resulting from lane - splitting are relatively safe if they occur when traffic is moving at 50 mph or less , and if motorcyclists do not exceed the speed of other vehicles by more than 15 mph . The report also found that compared with other motorcyclists involved in a collision in California , lane - splitting riders were significantly less likely to be rear - ended than other non-lane - splitting riders ( 6 percent vs 4.6 percent ) . They also were less likely to suffer head injury ( 9 percent versus 17 percent ) , torso injury ( 19 percent versus 29 percent ) and fatal injury ( 1.2 percent versus 3 percent ) . However lane - splitting riders who were involved in collisions were also more than twice as likely to rear - end another vehicle ( 38.4 percent versus 15.7 percent ) . In Europe , the MAIDS Report was conducted using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) standards in 1999 -- 2000 and collected data on over 900 motorcycle accidents in five countries , along with non-accident exposure data ( control cases ) to measure the contribution of different factors to accidents , in the same way as the Hurt Report . Four of the five countries where data was collected allow lane splitting , while one does not , yet none of the conclusions contained in the MAIDS Final Report note any difference in rear - end accidents or accidents during lane splitting . It is notable that the pre-crash motion of the motorcycle or scooter was lane - splitting in only 0.4 % of cases , in contrast to the more common accident situations such as `` Moving in a straight line , constant speed '' 49.1 % and `` Negotiating a bend , constant speed '' 12.1 % . The motorcyclist was stopped in traffic prior to 2.8 % of the accidents . Preliminary results from a study in the United Kingdom , conducted by the University of Nottingham for the Department for Transport , show that filtering is responsible for around 5 % of motorcycle Killed or Seriously Injured ( KSI ) accidents . It also found that in these KSI cases the motorist is twice as likely to be at fault as the motorcyclist due to motorists `` failing to take into account possible motorcycle riding strategies in heavy traffic '' . A very different form of research , where the capacity benefits are examined as well , 1500 powered two - wheelers were video tracked to calibrate an agent based model of movement between and along lanes , also included a Bayesian model calibrated to determine the choices made to move between lanes . This model provides a basis for measuring the risk levels of such choices , and late applications allowed the determination of the capacity gains ( in terms of passenger car equivalent ) from such movement once filtered to the front of the queue and in continuing non-intersection movements along stretches of road Debate over safety and benefits ( edit ) Proponents state that the practice relieves congestion by removing commuters from cars and gets them to use the unused roadway space between the cars , and that lane splitting also improves fuel efficiency and motorcyclists ' comfort in extreme weather . In the US , transportation engineers have suggested that motorcycles are too few , and will remain too few , to justify any special accommodation or legislative consideration , such as lane splitting . Unless it becomes likely that a very large number of Americans will switch to motorcycles , they will offer no measurable congestion relief , even with lane splitting . Rather , laws and infrastructure should merely incorporate motorcycles into normal traffic with minimal disruption and risk to riders . Potentially , lane splitting can lead to road rage on the part of drivers , who feel frustrated that the motorcyclists are able to filter through the traffic jam . However , the Hurt Report indicates that , `` Deliberate hostile action by a motorist against a motorcycle rider is a rare accident cause . '' Lane splitting is not recommended for beginning motorcyclists , and riders who do not practice it in their home area are strongly cautioned that it can be risky if they attempt it when traveling to a jurisdiction where it is allowed . Similarly , for drivers new to places where it is done , it can be startling and scary . Responsibility and liability issues ( edit ) Another consideration is that lane splitting in the United States , even where legal , can possibly leave the rider legally responsible . ' Safely ' is always very much a judgment call . The mere fact that an accident happened while a rider was lane splitting is very strong evidence that on that occasion it was n't safe to do so ... If you 've been involved in an accident you will have a hard job convincing an insurance adjuster that the accident was not completely your fault . '' When the 2005 bill to legalize lane splitting in Washington State was defeated , a Washington State Patrol spokesman testified in opposition , saying that , `` it would be difficult to set and enforce standards for appropriate speeds and conditions for lane splitting . '' He also said that officials with the California Highway Patrol told him that they wished they had never begun allowing the practice . Recently , California Highway Patrol removed their guidelines on such practice . Safety aspects ( edit ) Two motorcycle riders lane splitting in California A CalTrans sign on Route 91 eastbound in Anaheim , cautioning drivers to be on the lookout for bikers that may be in their blind spots California 's DMV handbook for motorcycles advises caution regarding lane splitting : `` Vehicles and motorcycles each need a full lane to operate safely and riding between rows of stopped or moving vehicles in the same lane can leave you vulnerable . A vehicle could turn suddenly or change lanes , a door could open , or a hand could come out the window . '' The Oxford Systematics report commissioned by VicRoads , the traffic regulating authority in Victoria , Australia , found that for motorcycles filtering through stationary traffic `` ( n ) o examples have yet been located where such filtering has been the cause of an incident . '' In the United Kingdom , Motorcycle Roadcraft , the police riding manual , is explicit about the advantages of filtering but also states that the `` ... advantages of filtering along or between stopped or slow moving traffic have to be weighed against the disadvantages of increased vulnerability while filtering '' . After discussing the pros and cons at great length , motorcycle safety guru David L. Hough ultimately argues that a rider , given the choice to legally lane split , is probably safer doing so , than to remain stationary in a traffic jam . However , Hough has not gone on record as favoring changing the law in jurisdictions where it is not permitted , in contrast to his public education and legislative efforts in favor of rider training courses and helmet use . A literature review of lane - sharing by the Oregon Department of Transportation notes `` a potential safety benefit is increased visibility for the motorcyclist . Splitting lanes allows the motorcyclist to see what the traffic is doing ahead and be able to proactively maneuver . '' However , the review was limited and `` Benefits were often cited in motorcyclist advocacy publications and enthusiast articles . '' Legal status ( edit ) Australian lane filtering law map ( 2015 ) showing variations in laws . Legal : green with starting dates . US lane splitting law map ( April 2014 ) showing variations in laws . Legal : green . Illegal : black and red ( legalizing bills filed ) . No law : orange and yellow ( legalizing bills filed ) Lane splitting is controversial in the United States , and is sometimes an issue in other countries . People debate whether or not it is legal , whether or not it should be legal , and whether or not it should be practiced regardless of legality . In the United States , bills to legalize lane splitting have been introduced in state legislatures around the US over the last twenty years but none had been enacted until California 's legislature passed such a bill in August , 2016 . A frequently asked question by motorcyclists is `` Is lane splitting legal ? '' In Australia , a furor erupted when the transport authorities decided to consolidate and clarify the disparate set of laws that collectively made lane splitting illegal . Because of the very opacity of the laws they were attempting to clarify , many Australians had actually believed that lane splitting was legal , and they had been practicing it as long as they had been riding . They interpreted the action as a move to change the law to make lane splitting illegal . Because of the volume of public comment opposed to this , the authorities decided to take no further action and so the situation remained as it was until 1 July 2014 when New South Wales made lane filtering and lane splitting legal under strict conditions . On 1 February 2015 , similar relaxations were introduced in Queensland . The legal confusion in Australia is not exceptional . In a 2012 California survey only 53 % of non-motorcycle drivers thought lane splitting is legal . California is not the only state in which there is no traffic law that explicitly prohibits lane splitting , but officials rely on other laws to regularly interpret lane splitting as unlawful . For example , New Mexico does not address lane splitting by name , but has language requiring turn signals be used continuously for at least 100 ft ( 30 m ) before changing lanes , as well as other codes which may be cited by an officer . Many other states have identical codes , derived from the Uniform Vehicle Code . Lane splitting was legally defined for the first time in California by a bill signed into law in August , 2016 . The new law established a definition of lane splitting , while making no mention of whether , or under what circumstances , it is allowed , or not allowed . It also permits , but does not require , the California Highway Patrol , in consultation with government and interest groups , to establish educational guidelines about lane splitting , essentially giving the CHP permission to bring back the FAQ and advice on lane splitting they published , then rescinded after one person complained , in 2009 . The bill was a compromise between pro - and anti-lane splitting factions that Motorcycle Consumer News legal columnist and attorney Harry Deitzler called `` tacit approval '' of lane splitting , maintaining the status quo for riders on California roads , while otherwise being a `` legislative non sequitur '' . Sport Rider magazine predicted that `` issues are almost certain '' due to the law 's ambiguity as to what is and is not legal . Cycle World said that while it , `` is a step in the right direction , the AB 51 Bill does n't actually do much to clear anything up . '' Other jurisdictions have legal codes that their authorities have , over time , interpreted as prohibiting lane splitting in all cases , even when done safely , and so riders are cited for it . For instance , in Colorado and Nebraska the law explicitly prohibits lane splitting , while permitting motorcycles to ride two abreast , and making an exception for police officers . See also ( edit ) Motorcycle lane Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHSTA Glossary 2002 . ^ Jump up to : NHSTA Motorcycle Factors 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Hough 2000 , p. 253 . ^ Jump up to : MAIDS ( Motorcycle Accidents In Depth Study ) Final Report 1.2 ( PDF ) , ACEM , the European Association of Motorcycle Manufacturers , September 2004 , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Even in congested areas there is nearly always sufficient roadway width available for cyclists to lane share with stopped motorists , so cyclists filter forward through traffic jams . '' John Forester , Bicycle Transportation , second edition , p. 73 Jump up ^ `` In some states , it is legal for a motorcycle to ride between lanes of traffic . This is known as splitting lanes . Doing this when traffic is moving at normal speed is , of course , insane . '' Darwin Homstrom , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Motorcycles , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Sperley & Pietz 2010 . Jump up ^ A European Agenda for Motorcycle Safety ( PDF ) , Federation of European Motorcyclists Associations , April 2009 , retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 ^ Jump up to : Forester , John , Effective Cycling ( 6th f ed . ) , MIT Press , pp. 198 , 313 , 393 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 56070 - 4 Jump up ^ Tiwari 2007 . Jump up ^ Cervero , Robert ( 2000 ) , Informal transport in the developing world , UN-HABITAT , p. 90 , ISBN 92 - 1 - 131453 - 4 Jump up ^ Iles , Richard ( 2005 ) , Public transport in developing countries , Emerald Group Publishing , p. 50 , ISBN 0 - 08 - 044558 - 6 Jump up ^ United Nations . Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , United Nations ( 2005 ) , Road Safety , United Nations Publications , p. 62 , ISBN 92 - 1 - 120428 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Vanderbilt 2008 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Geetam ( 1999 ) , `` Towards A Sustainable Urban Transport System : Planning For Non-Motorized Vehicles in Cities '' ( PDF ) , Transport and Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific , Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme Indian Institute of Technology ( 68 ) , pp. 49 -- 66 Jump up ^ Downs 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Riding between rows of stopped or moving cars in the same lane can leave you vulnerable . A car could turn suddenly or change lanes , a door could open , or a hand could come out of a window . '' The California Motorcycle Handbook Jump up ^ `` It 's often safer to take the whole lane , or at least ride a little bit to the left , rather than hug the right curb . Here 's why : Cars at intersections ahead of you can see you better if you 're squarely in the road rather than on the extreme edge where you 're easily overlooked ... '' Michael Bluejay , bicyclesafe.com ^ Jump up to : Squatriglia 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Is sharing lanes more or less dangerous than sitting in traffic ? '' , WhyBike ? , February 27 , 2007 , retrieved September 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov Jump up ^ Yange 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rice 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke et al. 2004 . Jump up ^ Tzu - Chang , L. , Polak , J. , Bell , M.G.H , Wigan , M.R. ( 2012 ) . `` The kinematical features of motorcycles in congested urban networks . '' , Accident Analysis and Prevention 49 ( November ) : 203 -- 211 . Jump up ^ Tzu - Chang , L. , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The Passenger Car Unit values of motorcycles at the beginning of a green period and in a saturation flow . '' 12th World Conference on Transport Research ( WCTR ) , Lisbon , Portugal . Jump up ^ Tzu - Chang , L. , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` The PCU Values of Motorcycles in congested flow . '' Transportation Research Board 89th Annual General Meeting , Washington DC , TRB Jump up ^ Hough 2000 , p. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Kim 2006 . Jump up ^ Safety , New York Motorcycle & Scooter Task Force , retrieved October 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Grava 2003 , pp. 123 -- 124 . ^ Jump up to : Grava 2003 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Hough 2000 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Parks 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Preston 2004 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Holmstrom 2001 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 2007 . Jump up ^ Vanderbilt 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews 2015 , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ CHP - Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol , February 2009 , archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 , retrieved February 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/wcm/connect/af13374c-aa57-4f2b-9ac9-aa3fdc419cc9/dl665.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CONVERT_TO=url&CACHEID=af13374c-aa57-4f2b-9ac9-aa3fdc419cc9 Jump up ^ Oxford Systematics ( July 2000 ) , Motorcycle Transport -- Powered Two Wheelers in Victoria ( PDF ) , VicRoads & Victorian Motorcycle Advisory Council , retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 Jump up ^ Coyne , Mayblin & Mares 1996 . Jump up ^ Balish 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/politics/essential/la-pol-sac-essential-politics-updates-california-to-establish-lane-splitting-1470328822-htmlstory.html Jump up ^ Washington HB3159 , 2004 , archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 Jump up ^ Vogel 2005 . Jump up ^ New Jersey Assembly Bill 1684 ( Establishes task force to study lane splitting ) , 2008 Jump up ^ Lane Splitting Proposed in Colorado , Biker News Online , 2007 Jump up ^ Colorado Man Proposes New Traffic Legislation , NBC 11 News , September 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ Texas SB506 , 2009 Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions of the Highway Patrol , 2009 State of California , 2009 , archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 11 Jump up ^ Australian Road Rules General Amendments and Regulatory Impact Statement 2005 , NTC National Transport Commission Australia , November 2005 Jump up ^ Australian Road Rules Amendment Package 2005 Draft Regulatory Impact Statement ( PDF ) , NTC National Transport Commission Australia , November 2005 Jump up ^ `` Bikers angry over lane - splitting ban plan '' . The Age . Melbourne . January 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Road Rules ~ Lane Splitting , Biker Aware , 2006 , archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 , retrieved March 8 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lane Filtering , RMS Jump up ^ `` Changes to road rules for motorcycle riders '' , Department of Transport and Main Roads , 1 February 2015 Jump up ^ The Safety Transportation Research and Education Center ‐ University of California , Berkeley ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Press Release '' ( PDF ) . 2012 Motorcycle ' Lane Splitting ' Intercept Survey . California Office of Traffic Safety . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . The OTS survey showed that only 53 percent of vehicle drivers thought that lane splitting is legal in California . Jump up ^ American Motorcyclist State Motorcycle Laws . Archived from the original Archived 2012 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . on March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 66 - 7 - 325 . Turning movements and required signals. , Justia.com US Laws Jump up ^ Hough , p. 214 -- 215 . Jump up ^ Besides violating 66 - 7 - 325 Turning Movements and required signals prohibit Lane Splitting , a motorcyclist lane splitting in New Mexico could be cited for 66 - 7 - 317 `` Driving on roadways laned for traffic '' ( 1 ) and 66 - 7 - 322 `` Required position and method of turning at intersections '' ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Search Results for All US State Codes '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lane splitting '' . California Highway Patrol . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . A petitioner complained to the California Office of Administrative Law ( OAL ) that there was no formal rulemaking process for the guidelines , and raised other objections . The CHP discussed the issue with OAL and chose not to issue , use , or enforce the guidelines and thus , removed them from the website . Jump up ^ Deitzler , Harry ( September 2016 ) , `` Motorcycle Justice '' , Motorcycle Consumer News , p. 43 Jump up ^ `` The California Lane - Splitting Bill , AB 51 , Has Passed the Senate '' , Sport Rider , August 4 , 2016 , retrieved October 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ MacDonald , Sean ( August 4 , 2016 ) , `` California 's Lane - Splitting Bill Passes State Senate Vote ; AB 51 is one step closer to becoming law '' , Cycle World , retrieved October 21 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nebraska Revised Statute 60 - 6,308 Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic ; prohibited acts. , Nebraska Legislature , retrieved May 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ CRS 42 - 4 - 1503 . Operating motorcycles on roadways laned for traffic . ( PDF ) , retrieved May 11 , 2009 References ( edit ) Balish , Chris ( 2006 ) , How to live well without owning a car , Ten Speed Press , p. 108 , ISBN 1 - 58008 - 757 - 4 Clarke , DD ; Ward , P ; Bartle , C ; Truman , W ( 2004 ) . `` Motorcycle accidents : preliminary results of an in - depth case - study -- Road Safety Research Report No. 54 '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Coyne , Philip ; Mayblin , Bill ; Mares , Penny ( 1996 ) , Motorcycle Roadcraft -- The police rider 's handbook to better motorcycling ( 11th impression ed . ) , The Stationery Office , pp. 139 -- 140 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 341143 - 6 Downs , Anthony ( 2004 ) , Still stuck in traffic : coping with peak - hour traffic congestion , Brookings Institution Press , p. 273 , ISBN 0 - 8157 - 1929 - 9 Grava , Sigurd ( 2003 ) , Urban Transportation Systems : Choices for Communities , McGraw - Hill Professional , pp. 123 -- 124 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 138417 - 0 Hahn , Pat ( 2012 ) , Motorcyclist 's Legal Handbook : How to Handle Legal Situations from the Mundane to the Insane , MotorBooks International , pp. 75 , 134 -- 135 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 4023 - 3 Holmstrom , Darwin ( 2001 ) , The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Motorcycles , Alpha Books , ISBN 0 - 02 - 864258 - 9 Hough , David L. ( 2000 ) , Proficient Motorcycling : The Ultimate Guide to Riding Well ( 2nd ed . ) , U.S. : BowTie Press , p. 253 , ISBN 1 - 889540 - 53 - 6 Kim , Ray ( February 22 , 2006 ) , Lane Splitting : Time Saver or Insanity ? , archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 , retrieved April 4 , 2009 Matthews , J.L. ( 2015 ) , How to Win Your Personal Injury Claim ( 9th ed . ) , Nolo , p. 41 , ISBN 9781413321500 Parks , Lee ( 2003 ) , Total control : high performance street riding techniques , MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company , p. 45 , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1403 - 9 Phillips , Kelli ( January 19 , 2007 ) , `` Bikers and auto drivers split on lane sharing : BAY AREA : Trend of riding between autos scares some , but motorcyclists say it 's safe if everyone pays attention . '' , Contra Costa Times , Walnut Creek , CA Preston , Dave ( 2004 ) , Motorcycle 101 , Mixed MEDIA , ISBN 0 - 9747420 - 0 - 7 Rice , Thomas ; Troszak , Lara ; Erhardt , Taryn ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Motorcycle Lane - splitting and Safety in California '' ( PDF ) . Safe Transportation Research & Education Center University of California Berkeley . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Roderick , Tom ( October 24 , 2014 ) , Preliminary Lane - Splitting Safety Report Released , Motorcycle.com Sperley , Myra ; Pietz , Amanda Joy ( June 2010 ) , Motorcycle Lane - Sharing Literature Review ( PDF ) , Oregon Department of Transportation , retrieved 2010 - 09 - 18 Squatriglia , Chuck ( October 30 , 2000 ) , `` It 's OK for Motorcycles To Squeeze Past Traffic '' , San Francisco Chronicle Tiwari , Geetam ( 2007 ) , Urban Transport in India , Federation of Automobile Dealers Associations of India Vanderbilt , Tom ( 2008 ) , Traffic : why we drive the way we do ( and what it says about us ) , Random House , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 307 - 26478 - 5 Vanderbilt , Tom ( February 25 , 2009 ) , `` Lane Splitting '' , How We Drive , archived from the original on April 25 , 2009 , retrieved April 4 , 2009 Vogel , Kenneth P. ( March 1 , 2005 ) , `` Bill could give bikers free pass through traffic . '' , The News Tribune , Tacoma , Washington Yang , Sarah ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Is motorcycle lane - splitting safe ? New report says it can be '' . Berkley News . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . `` Glossary '' , National Agenda for Motorcycle Safety , US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration / Motorcycle Safety Foundation , c. 2002 , retrieved September 18 , 2010 Motorcycle Factors : Lane Use , US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration / Motorcycle Safety Foundation , c. 2002 , retrieved October 8 , 2013 Further reading ( edit ) All available from the United Kingdom Department of Transport websites ( executive summary ) , and the Transportation Research Board Record publication : WSP Policy and Research UK , Motorcycles and congestion : the effect of modal shift : Phase 3 policy testing . 2004 , WSP for Uk Department for Transport : Cambridge UK . p. 44 . WSP Policy and Research UK , Motorcycles and congestion : the effect of modal shift : Phase 2 -- Modelling Methodology. 2004 , WSP for Uk Department for Transport : Cambridge UK . p. 47 . WSP Policy and Research UK , et al. , Motorcycles and congestion : the effect of modal shift : Summary Final Report . 2004 , WSP for Uk Department for Transport : Cambridge UK . p. 26 . Burge , P. , et al. , The modelling of motorcycle ownership and usage : a UK study . Transportation Research Record J Transportation Research Board , 2007 ( 2031 ) : p. 59 - 68 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Road traffic lanes . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Fundamentals of Transportation / Queueing Tips for Splitting Lanes LaneShare.org Statement on lane splitting from the California Highway Patrol Cycling Glossary Outlines Bicycles Cycling General Bicycle Bicycle culture Bicycle dynamics Bicycle performance Electric bicycle History of the bicycle History of cycling infrastructure Utility and slow recreation Bicycle commuting Bicycle messenger Bicycle rental / hire Bicycle - sharing system Bicycle touring Challenge riding Cold - weather biking Freight bicycle Indoor cycling Rail trail Randonneuring Road cycling Utility cycling Vehicular cycling Sports - related cycling and fast - paced recreation Artistic cycling BMX Cross-country cycling Cycle speedway Cycle sport Cyclo - cross Cyclosportive Fatbiking Freeride Goldsprint Mountain bike trials Mountain biking Pump track Road bicycle racing Track cycling Triathlon U.S. intercollegiate champions Health , safety and infrastructure Active mobility Bicycle - friendly Bicycle law Bicycle parking Bicycle poverty reduction Bicycle rodeo Bicycle safety Bicycle transportation planning and engineering Bike rage Bike registry Bike - to - Work Day Bike Week ( Bicycle Week ) Cycling advocacy Cycling infrastructure Hand signals Idaho stop Lane splitting Protected intersection Vehicular cycling Other Unicycle Tricycle Quadracycle Pentacycle Bicycle collecting Bicycle cooperative ( `` bicycle kitchen '' ) Clothing - optional bike ride Cooling vest Sustainable transport Mechanical doping Lists List of bicycle types List of bicycle brands and manufacturing companies List of bicycle - sharing systems List of cyclists List of films about bicycles and cycling List of doping cases in cycling Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lane_splitting&oldid=844722618 '' Categories : Cycling Cycling safety Motorcycle regulation Motorcycle safety Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Copied and pasted articles and sections with url provided from June 2017 All copied and pasted articles and sections All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 18 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did lane splitting become legal in california	[ "In the United States, bills to legalize lane splitting have been introduced in state legislatures around the US over the last twenty years but none had been enacted until California's legislature passed such a bill in August, 2016.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]\n" ]	[ "August, 2016" ]
-4514617487935897579	NBA regular season records	NBA Regular season records - wikipedia NBA Regular season records Jump to : navigation , search For NBA playoff and Finals records , see NBA post-season records . For NBA All - Star Game records , see NBA All - Star Game records . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA regular season in major statistical categories recognized by the league , including those set by teams and individuals in a game , season , and career . The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation , the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular season records 1.1 Game 1.2 Season 1.3 Career 2 Rookie and age - related records 3 Team records 3.1 Game 3.2 Season 3.3 Franchise 4 Other records 5 Awards 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References Regular season records Game Most minutes in a game 69 by Dale Ellis , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Milwaukee Bucks ) on November 9 , 1989 ( 5 OT ) Most points in a game 100 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most points in a half 59 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most points in a quarter 37 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most points in an overtime period 16 by Gilbert Arenas , Washington Wizards ( vs. Los Angeles Lakers ) on December 17 , 2006 Most field goals made in a game 36 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals attempted in a game 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 Most field goals missed in a game 30 by Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 7 , 2002 Most field goals made in a half 22 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals attempted in a half 37 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 2nd ) Most field goals made in a quarter 13 by David Thompson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on April 9 , 1978 ( 1st ) 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 3rd ) Most field goals attempted in a quarter 21 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 4th ) Most field goals made in a game , no misses 18 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. Baltimore Bullets ) on February 24 , 1967 Most field goals attempted in a game , none made 17 by Tim Hardaway , Golden State Warriors ( at Minnesota Timberwolves ) on December 27 , 1991 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 13 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. New Orleans Pelicans ) on November 7 , 2016 ( 13 / 17 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 22 by J.R. Smith , New York Knicks ( at Miami Heat ) on April 6 , 2014 ( 10 / 22 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a game , no misses 9 by Latrell Sprewell , New York Knicks ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 4 , 2003 9 by Ben Gordon , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Washington Wizards ) on April 14 , 2006 9 by Ben Gordon , Detroit Pistons ( at Denver Nuggets ) on March 21 , 2012 Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made to start a game 10 by Ty Lawson , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) on April 9 , 2011 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 11 by Antoine Walker , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 17 , 2001 11 by Trey Burke , Utah Jazz ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 2 , 2015 11 by Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on February 27 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 10 by Chandler Parsons , Houston Rockets ( vs. Memphis Grizzlies ) on January 24 , 2014 ( 10 / 11 ) Most 3 - point field goals made in a quarter 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a quarter , no misses 9 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on January 23 , 2015 ( 9 / 9 ) Most free throws made in a game 28 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 2 , 1962 ( 28 / 32 ) 28 by Adrian Dantley , Utah Jazz ( vs. Houston Rockets ) on January 4 , 1984 ( 28 / 29 ) Most free throws made in a game , no misses 23 by Dominique Wilkins , Atlanta Hawks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 8 , 1992 Most consecutive free throws made in a game 24 by DeMar DeRozan , Toronto Raptors ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on March 4 , 2016 Most free throws attempted in a game , none made 11 by Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on December 8 , 2000 Most free throws attempted in a game 39 by Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on January 12 , 2012 ( 21 / 39 ) 39 by Dwight Howard , Los Angeles Lakers ( at Orlando Magic ) on March 12 , 2013 ( 25 / 39 ) Most free throws missed in a game 23 by Andre Drummond , Detroit Pistons ( at Houston Rockets ) on January 20 , 2016 ( 13 / 36 ) Most free throws made in a half 20 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( vs. Miami Heat ) on December 30 , 1992 Most free throws attempted in a half 26 by Josh Smith , Houston Rockets ( vs. San Antonio Spurs ) on April 10 , 2015 ( 12 / 26 ) Most free throws made in a quarter 16 by Vince Carter , New Jersey Nets ( at Miami Heat ) on December 23 , 2005 Most free throws attempted in a quarter 20 by Ben Wallace , Detroit Pistons ( at Los Angeles Clippers ) on December 11 , 2005 Most rebounds in a game 55 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Boston Celtics ) on November 24 , 1960 Most rebounds in a half 32 by Bill Russell , Boston Celtics ( vs. Philadelphia Warriors ) on November 16 , 1957 Most rebounds in a quarter 18 by Nate Thurmond , San Francisco Warriors ( at Baltimore Bullets ) on February 28 , 1965 Most offensive rebounds in a game 21 by Moses Malone , Houston Rockets ( vs. Seattle SuperSonics ) on February 11 , 1982 Most defensive rebounds in a game 29 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on December 14 , 1975 Most offensive rebounds in a half 13 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 Most defensive rebounds in a half 18 by Swen Nater , San Diego Clippers ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 14 , 1979 Most offensive rebounds in a quarter 11 by Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers ( vs. New York Knicks ) on March 4 , 1987 11 by Larry Smith , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on March 23 , 1986 Most defensive rebounds in a quarter 13 by Happy Hairston , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on November 15 , 1974 Most assists in a game 30 by Scott Skiles , Orlando Magic ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on December 30 , 1990 Most assists in a half 19 by Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics ( vs. Minneapolis Lakers ) on February 27 , 1959 Most assists in a quarter 14 by John Lucas , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Denver Nuggets ) on April 15 , 1984 14 by Steve Blake , Portland Trail Blazers ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 22 , 2009 Most steals in a game 11 by Larry Kenon , San Antonio Spurs ( at Kansas City Kings ) on December 26 , 1976 11 by Kendall Gill , New Jersey Nets ( vs. Miami Heat ) on April 3 , 1999 Most steals in a half 8 by Quinn Buckner , Milwaukee Bucks ( vs. New York Nets ) on November 27 , 1976 8 by Fred Brown , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on December 3 , 1976 8 by Gus Williams , Seattle SuperSonics ( at Washington Bullets ) on January 23 , 1979 8 by Eddie Jordan , New Jersey Nets ( at Chicago Bulls ) on October 23 , 1979 8 by Dudley Bradley , Indiana Pacers ( at Utah Jazz ) on November 10 , 1980 8 by Rob Williams , Denver Nuggets ( at New Jersey Nets ) on February 17 , 1983 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 8 by Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( at Boston Celtics ) on November 9 , 1988 8 by Clyde Drexler , Houston Rockets ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) on November 1 , 1996 8 by Doug Christie , Toronto Raptors ( at Philadelphia 76ers ) on April 2 , 1997 8 by Michael Finley , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on January 23 , 2001 8 by Rafer Alston , Houston Rockets ( vs. Charlotte Bobcats ) on February 10 , 2007 Most steals in a quarter 8 by Fat Lever , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on March 9 , 1985 Most blocks in a game 17 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 Most blocks in a half 11 by Elmore Smith , Los Angeles Lakers ( vs. Portland Trail Blazers ) on October 28 , 1973 11 by George T. Johnson , San Antonio Spurs ( vs. Golden State Warriors ) on February 24 , 1981 11 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 Most blocks in a quarter 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Milwaukee Bucks ) on December 12 , 1985 8 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Indiana Pacers ) on February 26 , 1987 8 by Dikembe Mutombo , Philadelphia 76ers ( at Chicago Bulls ) on December 1 , 2001 8 by Erick Dampier , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on April 17 , 2002 Most turnovers in a game 14 by John Drew , Atlanta Hawks ( at New Jersey Nets ) on March 1 , 1978 14 by Jason Kidd , Phoenix Suns ( vs. New York Knicks ) on November 17 , 2000 Quickest disqualification 3 minutes by Bubba Wells , Dallas Mavericks ( vs. Chicago Bulls ) on December 29 , 1997 Season Most games played 88 by Walt Bellamy , 1968 -- 69 Most minutes per game average 48.52 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most minutes 3,882 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest points per game average 50.36 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most points 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 50 - point games 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most 40 - point games 63 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals made 1,597 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals attempted 3,159 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Most field goals missed 1,562 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest field goal percentage 72.7 % by Wilt Chamberlain , 1972 -- 73 Most free throws made 840 by Jerry West , 1965 -- 66 Most free throws attempted 1,363 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1961 -- 62 Highest free throw percentage 98.05 % by José Calderón , 2008 -- 09 Most 3 - point field goals made 402 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals per game average 5.1 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Most 3 - point field goals attempted 886 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goals attempted per game average 11.2 by Stephen Curry , 2015 -- 16 Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 53.6 % by Kyle Korver , 2009 -- 10 Highest rebounds per game average 27.2 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Most rebounds 2,149 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1960 -- 61 Highest defensive rebounds per game average 13.7 by Elvin Hayes , 1973 -- 74 Most defensive rebounds 1,111 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , 1975 -- 76 Highest offensive rebounds per game average 7.2 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Most offensive rebounds 587 by Moses Malone , 1978 -- 79 Highest assists per game average 14.54 by John Stockton , 1989 -- 90 Most assists 1164 by John Stockton , 1990 -- 91 Highest steals per game average 3.67 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Most steals 301 by Alvin Robertson , 1985 -- 86 Highest blocks per game average 5.56 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Most blocks 456 by Mark Eaton , 1984 -- 85 Highest turnovers per game average 5.73 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most turnovers 464 by James Harden , 2016 -- 17 Most personal fouls 386 by Darryl Dawkins , 1983 -- 84 Most technical fouls 41 by Rasheed Wallace , 2000 -- 01 Most disqualifications 26 by Don Meineke , 1952 -- 53 Most consecutive disqualifications 6 by Don Boven , 1951 -- 52 Triple - double per game average Oscar Robertson : 30.8 points , 12.5 rebounds , and 11.4 assists , 1961 -- 62 . Russell Westbrook : 31.6 points , 10.7 rebounds , and 10.4 assists , 2016 -- 17 . Most triple - doubles 42 by Russell Westbrook , 2016 -- 17 Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1967 -- 68 Career Most games 1,611 by Robert Parish Most consecutive games 1,192 by A.C. Green Most minutes per game 45.8 by Wilt Chamberlain Most minutes 57,446 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Highest points per game average 30.12 by Michael Jordan Most points 38,387 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in points 11 by Michael Jordan Most seasons leading league in points per game 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in points 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1959 -- 60 -- 1965 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1986 -- 87 -- 1992 -- 93 ) Most 60 + point games 32 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 50 + point games 118 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 40 + point games 271 by Wilt Chamberlain Most 30 + point games 562 by Michael Jordan Most 20 + point games 1,134 by Karl Malone Most 10 + point games 1,509 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most consecutive 50 + point games 7 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 16 -- 29 , 1961 Most consecutive 40 + point games 14 by Wilt Chamberlain from December 8 -- 30 , 1961 and January 11 -- February 1 , 1962 Most consecutive 30 + point games 65 by Wilt Chamberlain from November 4 , 1961 -- February 22 , 1962 Most consecutive 20 + point games 126 by Wilt Chamberlain from October 19 , 1961 -- January 19 , 1963 Most consecutive 10 + point games 866 by Michael Jordan from March 25 , 1986 -- December 26 , 2001 Most field goals made 15,837 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most field goals attempted 28,307 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most seasons leading league in field goals made 10 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals made 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) and Michael Jordan ( 1987 -- 93 ) Most seasons leading league in field goals attempted 9 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons leading league in field goals attempted 7 by Wilt Chamberlain ( 1960 -- 66 ) Highest field goal percentage 59.9 % by Artis Gilmore Most seasons leading league in field goal percentage 10 by Shaquille O'Neal Most consecutive field goals made 35 by Wilt Chamberlain from February 17 -- 28 , 1967 Most consecutive games with a field goal made 1,360 by Tim Duncan from October 31 , 1997 to December 30 , 2015 . Most seasons leading league in free throws made 8 by Karl Malone Most consecutive free throws made 97 by Micheal Williams from March 24 -- November 9 , 1993 Most free throws made 9,787 by Karl Malone Most free throws attempted 13,188 by Karl Malone Most seasons leading league in free throws attempted 9 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest free throw percentage 90.43 % by Steve Nash ( 3,060 / 3,384 ) Most seasons leading league in free throw percentage 7 by Bill Sharman Most 3 - point field goals made 2,973 by Ray Allen Most 3 - point field goals attempted 7,429 by Ray Allen Highest 3 - point field goal percentage 45.4 % by Steve Kerr Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made 157 by Stephen Curry from November 13 , 2014 -- November 4 , 2016 ( 73 in 2014 -- 15 ; 79 in 2015 -- 16 ; 5 in 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive 3 - point field goals made 13 by Brent Price from January 15 -- 19 , 1996 and Terry Mills from December 4 -- 7 , 1996 Most 50 -- 40 -- 90 seasons 4 by Steve Nash ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2010 ) Most rebounds 23,924 by Wilt Chamberlain Highest rebounds per game average 22.9 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons leading league in rebounds 11 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons leading league in rebounds 7 by Dennis Rodman Most offensive rebounds 6,731 by Moses Malone Highest offensive rebounds per game average 5.1 by Moses Malone Most seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 8 by Moses Malone Most consecutive seasons leading league in offensive rebounds 6 by Moses Malone Most defensive rebounds 11,453 by Kevin Garnett Highest defensive rebounds per game average 9.8 by Dave Cowens Most seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in defensive rebounds 6 by Dwight Howard ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2012 -- 13 ) Most assists 15,806 by John Stockton Most seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton Most consecutive seasons leading league in assists 9 by John Stockton ( 1988 -- 89 -- 1996 -- 97 ) Highest assists per game average 11.2 by Magic Johnson Most steals 3,265 by John Stockton Highest steals per game average 2.71 by Alvin Robertson Most consecutive games with at least 1 steal 108 by Chris Paul Most seasons leading league in steals 6 by Chris Paul ( 2007 -- 08 -- 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most consecutive seasons leading league in steals 4 by Chris Paul ( 2010 -- 11 -- 2013 -- 14 ) Most blocks 3,830 by Hakeem Olajuwon Highest blocks per game average 3.5 by Mark Eaton Most seasons leading league in blocks 4 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Mark Eaton , and Marcus Camby Most consecutive seasons leading league in blocks 3 by Dikembe Mutombo and Marcus Camby Most turnovers 4,524 by Karl Malone Most triple - doubles 181 by Oscar Robertson Most consecutive triple - doubles 9 by Wilt Chamberlain from March 8 -- 20 , 1968 Most personal fouls 4,657 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most disqualifications 127 by Vern Mikkelsen Most technical fouls 304 by Rasheed Wallace Rookie and age - related records In 2006 , the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions . Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA , making age - related records harder to break . Youngest player to be drafted Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to be drafted in NBA history at 17 years and 249 days after the Los Angeles Lakers selected him as the 10th overall pick in the 2005 NBA draft . He made his debut at 18 years and 6 days and was also the youngest to ever play in the NBA . Oldest player to be drafted Bernard James was the oldest player to be drafted in NBA history at 27 years and 148 days after the Cleveland Cavaliers selected him as the 33rd overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft before trading his rights to the Dallas Mavericks . He made his debut at 27 years and 266 days . Youngest player debut Andrew Bynum was the youngest player to debut in NBA history at 18 years and 6 days on his first game with the Los Angeles Lakers against the Denver Nuggets on November 2 , 2005 . Oldest player debut Nat Hickey was the oldest player to debut in NBA history at 45 years and 363 days on his first game with the Providence Steamrollers against the St. Louis Bombers on January 27 , 1948 . He was the team 's coach and activated himself as a player . He only played 2 games . Oldest NBA debut as a starter Arvydas Sabonis was the oldest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 30 years and 319 days on his first game with the Portland Trail Blazers against the Vancouver Grizzles on November 3 , 1995 . He was drafted 24th overall during the 1986 NBA Draft but elected to play professionally in Europe for 9 years before officially entering the NBA . Youngest NBA debut as a starter LeBron James was the youngest rookie as a starter in NBA history at 18 years and 303 days on his first game with the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Sacramento Kings on October 29 , 2003 . Youngest player to start a game Kobe Bryant ( 18 years , 158 days ) Oldest player to play a game Nat Hickey ( 45 years , 363 days ) Oldest player to start a game Robert Parish ( 43 years , 118 days ) Most points per game by a rookie 37.6 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most rebounds per game by a rookie 27.0 by Wilt Chamberlain , 1959 -- 60 Most assists per game by a rookie 10.6 by Mark Jackson , 1987 -- 88 Most steals per game by a rookie 2.57 by Dudley Bradley , 1979 -- 80 Most blocks per game by a rookie 4.96 by Manute Bol , 1985 -- 86 Most points in a game by a rookie 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Detroit Pistons ) on January 25 , 1960 58 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( at New York Knicks ) on February 21 , 1960 Most rebounds in a game by a rookie 45 by Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors ( vs. Syracuse Nationals ) on February 6 , 1960 Most assists in a game by a rookie 25 by Ernie DiGregorio , Buffalo Braves ( at Portland Trail Blazers ) on January 1 , 1974 25 by Nate McMillan , Seattle SuperSonics ( vs. Los Angeles Clippers ) on February 23 , 1987 Most steals in a game by a rookie 10 by Ron Harper , Cleveland Cavaliers ( vs. Philadelphia 76ers ) on March 10 , 1987 Most blocks in a game by a rookie 15 by Manute Bol , Washington Bullets ( vs. Atlanta Hawks ) on January 25 , 1986 Most consecutive games with a 3 - point field goal made by a rookie 33 by Rudy Fernández , from December 7 , 2008 -- February 22 , 2009 . Youngest / oldest player to score in a game Andrew Bynum is the youngest to score in a game , doing so on November 20 , 2005 , 18 days after his debut , for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Chicago Bulls at the age of 18 years , 24 days . He had a total of 4 points with two free throws made and a field goal . Nat Hickey is the oldest to score in a game , doing so on January 27 , 1948 for the Providence Steamrollers vs. the St. Louis Bombers at the age of 45 years , 363 days . He had a total of 2 points with two free throws made and no field goals . These are the only points recorded by Hickey in his entire NBA career . Youngest / oldest player to record a triple - double LeBron James is the youngest , doing so on January 19 , 2005 for the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers at the age of 20 years , 20 days . He had 27 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Karl Malone is the oldest , doing so on November 28 , 2003 for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 40 years , 127 days . He had 10 points , 11 rebounds and 10 assists . Leading the league in scoring Youngest : Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder ( 21 years , 197 days on April 14 , 2010 ) Oldest : Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls ( 7004128450000000000 ♠ 35 years , 61 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Leading the league in rebounding Youngest : Dwight Howard , Orlando Magic ( 22 years , 130 days on April 16 , 2008 ) Oldest : Dennis Rodman , Chicago Bulls ( 36 years , 341 days on April 19 , 1998 ) Most consecutive games with 40 + points by a rookie 5 by Allen Iverson in 1997 Only players to average 20 + points , 5 + assists and 5 + rebounds as a rookie Oscar Robertson ( 1960 -- 61 ) Michael Jordan ( 1984 -- 85 ) LeBron James ( 2003 -- 04 ) Tyreke Evans ( 2009 -- 10 ) Only player to average 30 + points and 20 + rebounds as a rookie Wilt Chamberlain Youngest / Oldest player to score 70 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : David Robinson is the oldest player to score 70 + points in a game , scoring 71 points for the San Antonio Spurs vs. the Los Angeles Clippers at the age of 28 years , 261 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 60 + points in a game Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 70 points for the Phoenix Suns vs. the Boston Celtics at the age of 20 years , 145 days . Oldest : Kobe Bryant is the oldest player to score 60 + points in a game , scoring 60 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Utah Jazz at the age of 37 years , 234 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 50 + points in a game Youngest : Brandon Jennings is the youngest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 55 points for the Milwaukee Bucks against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 20 years , 52 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 50 + points in a game , scoring 51 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 38 years , 315 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 40 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 40 + points in a game , scoring 41 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player and only 40 - year - old player to score 40 + points in a game , doing so with 43 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New Jersey Nets at the age of 40 years , 4 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 30 + points in a game , scoring 33 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + points in a game , doing so with 39 points for the Washington Wizards vs. the New York Knicks at the age of 40 years , 20 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to score 20 + points in a game , scoring 28 points for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Washington Wizards at the age of 18 years , 324 days . Oldest : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar is the oldest player to score 20 + points in a game , doing so with 21 points for the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Houston Rockets at the age of 41 years , 331 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 30 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 30 points for the Los Angeles Lakers against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 113 days . Oldest : Michael Jordan is the oldest player to score 30 + while coming off the bench , he scored 34 points for the Washington Wizards against the Milwaukee Bucks at the age of 39 years , 40 days . Youngest / Oldest player to score 20 + points in a game as a reserve Youngest : Jermaine O'Neal is the youngest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Portland Trail Blazers against the Seattle SuperSonics at the age of 18 years , 101 days . Oldest : Vince Carter is the oldest player to score 20 + while coming off the bench , he scored 20 points for the Memphis Grizzlies against the Utah Jazz at the age of 39 years , 293 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + rebounds in a game Youngest : Dwight Howard is the youngest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 20 rebounds for the Orlando Magic against the Toronto Raptors at the age of 18 years , 359 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 20 + in a game , he grabbed 22 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Denver Nuggets at the age of 40 years , 250 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 15 + rebounds in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 16 rebounds for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Memphis Grizzlies at the age of 18 years , 334 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player to rebound 15 + in a game , he grabbed 15 rebounds for the Houston Rockets against the Golden State Warriors at the age of 42 years , 289 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + rebounds in a game as a reserve Youngest : Devin Booker is the youngest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Phoenix Suns against the Charlotte Hornets at the age of 19 years , 68 days . Oldest : Kevin Willis is the oldest player to rebound 10 + in a game coming off the bench , he grabbed 10 rebounds for the Atlanta Hawks against the New York Knicks at the age of 42 years , 85 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + steals in a game Youngest : Ron Harper is the youngest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the Philadelphia 76ers at the age of 23 years , 49 days . Oldest : Clyde Drexler is the oldest player with 10 + steals in a game , he had 10 steals for the Houston Rockets against the Sacramento Kings at the age of 34 years , 132 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 20 + assists in a game Youngest : Ennis Whatley is the youngest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 22 assists for the Chicago Bulls against the New York Knicks at the age of 21 years , 156 days . Oldest : Steve Nash is the oldest player with 20 + assists in a game , he had 20 assists for the Phoenix Suns against the Los Angeles Lakers at the age of 37 years , 43 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + assists in a game Youngest : LeBron James is the youngest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 13 assists for the Cleveland Cavaliers against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 19 years , 88 days . Oldest : John Stockton is the oldest player with 10 + assists in a game , he had 10 assists for the Utah Jazz against the San Antonio Spurs at the age of 41 years , 19 days . Youngest / Oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game Youngest : Josh Smith is the youngest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the Atlanta Hawks against the Dallas Mavericks at the age of 19 years , 13 days . Oldest : Dikembe Mutombo is the oldest player with 10 + blocks in a game , he had 10 blocks for the New York Knicks against the New Jersey Nets at the age of 37 years , 193 days . LeBron James is the youngest player to record a triple - double and every point milestone from 1,000 to 25,000 . Youngest player to reach ... ( career ) 1,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 19 years , 41 days ) on February 9 , 2004 5,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 21 years , 22 days ) on January 21 , 2006 10,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 23 years , 59 days ) on February 27 , 2008 15,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 25 years , 72 days ) on March 19 , 2010 20,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 28 years , 17 days ) on January 16 , 2013 25,000 Points -- LeBron James ( 30 years , 307 days ) on November 2 , 2015 30,000 Points -- Kobe Bryant ( 34 years , 104 days ) on December 5 , 2012 1,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 19 years , 356 days ) on November 29 , 2005 5,000 Rebounds -- Dwight Howard ( 23 years , 112 days ) on March 30 , 2009 10,000 Rebounds -- Wilt Chamberlain ( 28 years , 81 days ) on November 10 , 1964 1,000 Assists -- LeBron James ( 20 years , 102 days ) on April 11 , 2005 5,000 Assists -- Magic Johnson ( 26 years , 246 days ) on April 17 , 1986 Fewest games played to reach 15,000 points 358 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 20,000 points 499 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 25,000 points 691 by Wilt Chamberlain Fewest games played to reach 30,000 points 941 by Wilt Chamberlain Youngest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors LeBron James ( 21 years , 138 days ) Oldest player to receive All - NBA First Team honors Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , he was 39 years and 35 days old in his last game for the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1985 -- 86 regular season . Youngest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Derrick Rose ( 22 years , 191 days ) Oldest player to receive regular season NBA MVP award Karl Malone ( 35 years , 284 days ) Team records Game Other than the longest game , all records in this section are since the 1954 -- 55 season ( the first season with a shot clock ) . Longest game The longest NBA game occurred on January 6 , 1951 between the Olympians and Royals . Indianapolis beat Rochester 75 -- 73 after 6 overtimes . Most points in a game -- overtime 186 by the Detroit Pistons vs. the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) Most points in a game -- regulation 173 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Minneapolis Lakers on February 27 , 1959 173 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in a half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 1st half 107 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Most points in 2nd half 97 by the Atlanta Hawks at the San Diego Rockets on February 11 , 1970 Most points in a quarter 58 by the Buffalo Braves at the Boston Celtics on October 20 , 1972 Most points in an overtime period 25 by the New Jersey Nets at Los Angeles Clippers on November 30 , 1996 Most combined points in a game 370 -- Detroit Pistons ( 186 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 184 ) in 3 overtimes on December 13 , 1983 Most combined points in a half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 1st half 174 -- Phoenix Suns ( 107 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 67 ) on November 10 , 1990 Most combined points in 2nd half 172 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 91 ) at the Denver Nuggets ( 81 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in a quarter 99 -- San Antonio Spurs ( 53 ) at Denver Nuggets ( 46 ) on January 11 , 1984 Most combined points in an overtime period 46 -- Dallas Mavericks ( 23 ) at Houston Rockets ( 23 ) on April 11 , 1995 ( 1st OT ) Fewest points in a game 49 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Miami Heat on April 10 , 1999 Fewest points in a half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in 1st half 19 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on December 14 , 1999 Fewest points in 2nd half 16 by the New Orleans Hornets at the Los Angeles Clippers on March 1 , 2006 Fewest points in a quarter 2 by the Dallas Mavericks at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 6 , 1997 2 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Toronto Raptors on February 8 , 2004 Fewest points in an overtime period 0 by the Houston Rockets vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on January 22 , 1983 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 1 , 1989 0 by the Seattle SuperSonics at the Philadelphia 76ers on February 16 , 1990 0 by the Indiana Pacers at the Portland Trail Blazers on March 10 , 1996 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Denver Nuggets vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 13 , 1997 0 by the Washington Bullets at the Atlanta Hawks on November 18 , 1997 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers vs. the Chicago Bulls on November 21 , 1997 ( 2nd OT ) 0 by the Vancouver Grizzlies vs. the Indiana Pacers on December 1 , 2000 0 by the Sacramento Kings vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers on December 23 , 2009 0 by the Atlanta Hawks vs. the Miami Heat on January 5 , 2012 ( 3rd OT ) 0 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on November 7 , 2015 Fewest combined points in a game 119 -- The Milwaukee Hawks ( 57 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 62 ) on February 27 , 1955 Fewest combined points in 1st half 55 -- The Houston Rockets ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 30 ) on December 11 , 2003 55 -- The New Jersey Nets ( 25 ) at the Portland Trail Blazers ( 30 ) on November 28 , 2004 Fewest combined points in 2nd half 51 -- The Boston Celtics ( 25 ) vs. the Milwaukee Hawks ( 26 ) on February 27 , 1955 51 -- The Charlotte Hornets ( 19 ) at the New York Knicks ( 32 ) on November 11 , 2000 Fewest combined points in a quarter 15 -- The New York Knicks ( 8 ) at the Orlando Magic ( 7 ) on April 11 , 2015 Fewest combined points in an overtime period 2 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 0 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 2 ) on January 13 , 1997 Fewest field goals made in a game 16 by the Orlando Magic vs. the Boston Celtics on January 23 , 2012 Most 3 - point field goals made in a game 25 by the Cleveland Cavaliers at the Atlanta Hawks on March 3 , 2017 Most combined 3 - point field goals made in a game 39 -- The Dallas Mavericks ( 18 ) vs. the Golden State Warriors ( 21 ) on March 25 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 61 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a game , none made 22 by the Denver Nuggets vs. Portland Trail Blazers , December 21 , 2012 Most combined 3 - point field goals attempted in a game 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Golden State Warriors ( 44 ) on December 1 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 61 ) vs. the New Orleans Pelicans ( 27 ) on December 16 , 2016 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 44 ) at the Brooklyn Nets ( 44 ) on January 15 , 2017 88 -- The Houston Rockets ( 45 ) vs. the Cleveland Cavaliers ( 43 ) on March 12 , 2017 Most 3 - point field goals made in a half 16 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on November 23 , 2016 Most 3 - point field goals attempted in a half 31 by the Houston Rockets vs. the New Orleans Pelicans on December 16 , 2016 Most free throws made in a game 61 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most free throws attempted in a game 80 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Utah Jazz on April 9 , 1990 Most combined free throws made in a game 92 -- The Boston Celtics ( 50 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 42 ) on November 18 , 2006 Most combined free throws attempted in a game 121 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 80 ) vs. the Utah Jazz ( 41 ) on April 9 , 1990 Fewest free throws made in a game 0 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Charlotte Hornets on January 9 , 1996 ( 0 / 3 ) Fewest free throws attempted in a game 1 by the Memphis Grizzlies vs. the Atlanta Hawks on February 8 , 2014 Fewest combined free throws made in a game 8 -- The Toronto Raptors ( 1 ) vs. the Chicago Bulls ( 7 ) on January 14 , 2012 8 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 4 ) vs. the New Orleans Hornets ( 4 ) on January 1 , 2013 Fewest combined free throws attempted in a game 13 -- The Orlando Magic ( 8 ) vs. the Philadelphia 76ers ( 5 ) on February 4 , 2013 13 -- The Chicago Bulls ( 9 ) vs. the Boston Celtics ( 4 ) on March 12 , 2017 Largest margin of victory in a game 68 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Miami Heat 148 -- 80 on December 17 , 1991 Only team to double its opponents ' score in a game The Indiana Pacers defeated the Portland Trail Blazers 124 -- 59 on February 27 , 1998 Largest margin of victory in an overtime period 17 -- The Portland Trail Blazers defeated the Houston Rockets on January 22 , 1983 ( 113 -- 96 game , 17 -- 0 OT ) Most rebounds in a game 109 by the Boston Celtics vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 24 , 1960 Fewest rebounds in a game 17 by the Brooklyn Nets vs. the Oklahoma City Thunder on January 31 , 2014 Most assists in a game 53 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 26 , 1978 Most assists in a half 33 by the Phoenix Suns vs. the Denver Nuggets on November 10 , 1990 Fewest assists in a game 3 by the Chicago Bulls vs. the New Jersey Nets on December 26 , 1999 Fewest combined assists in a game 18 -- The Atlanta Hawks ( 5 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 13 ) on April 28 , 1999 18 -- The Denver Nuggets ( 7 ) vs. the Miami Heat ( 11 ) on February 21 , 2004 Most steals in a game 27 by the Seattle SuperSonics vs. the Toronto Raptors on January 15 , 1997 Most steals in a half 17 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the San Antonio Spurs on February 15 , 1989 Most steals in a quarter 12 by the Golden State Warriors vs. the Indiana Pacers on January 16 , 2008 Most combined steals in a game 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 24 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) on January 21 , 1974 40 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 24 ) vs. the Detroit Pistons ( 16 ) on November 11 , 1978 40 -- The Golden State Warriors ( 25 ) vs. the San Antonio Spurs ( 15 ) on February 15 , 1989 Fewest combined steals in a game 2 -- The Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) vs. the New York Knicks ( 1 ) on October 9 , 1973 2 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) vs. the Charlotte Hornets ( 1 ) on February 6 , 1996 2 -- The Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. the Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) on January 16 , 2006 2 -- The New York Knicks ( 0 ) vs. the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2 ) on February 10 , 2006 2 -- The Orlando Magic ( 0 ) vs. the Houston Rockets ( 2 ) on January 22 , 2011 Most blocks in a game 23 by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 Most blocks in a half 16 during the 1st half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Atlanta Hawks on March 23 , 2001 16 during the 2nd half by the Toronto Raptors vs. the Golden State Warriors on November 7 , 2001 Most combined blocks in a game 32 -- The Philadelphia 76ers ( 20 ) vs. the Seattle SuperSonics ( 12 ) on March 9 , 1984 Most turnovers in a game 45 by the San Francisco Warriors vs. the Boston Celtics on March 9 , 1971 Most combined turnovers in a game 69 -- The Phoenix Suns ( 39 ) vs. the Denver Nuggets ( 30 ) on October 29 , 1985 Fewest turnovers in a game 2 by the Milwaukee Bucks vs. the Indiana Pacers on April 1 , 2006 2 by the Cleveland Cavaliers vs. the Portland Trail Blazers on March 19 , 2009 ( OT ) 2 by the Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on March 6 , 2013 2 by the Charlotte Hornets vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 28 , 2017 Fewest combined turnovers in a game 9 -- The San Antonio Spurs ( 4 ) vs. the Los Angeles Clippers ( 5 ) on December 13 , 2005 ( OT ) 9 -- The Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) vs. the New Jersey Nets ( 5 ) on March 22 , 2009 Most fouls in a game 52 by the Utah Jazz at the Phoenix Suns on April 9 , 1990 ( OT ) Most disqualifications in a game 8 by the Syracuse Nationals vs the Baltimore Bullets on November 15 , 1952 ( OT ) Most fast - break points in a game 56 by the Phoenix Suns at the Golden State Warriors on March 15 , 2009 Largest comebacks 36 points ( : 20 left in 2nd ) -- The Utah Jazz overcame a 36 - point deficit to defeat the Denver Nuggets at home on November 27 , 1996 . Utah trailed 70 -- 34 with 20 seconds left in the 1st half , but outscored Denver 73 -- 33 during the rest of the game to win 107 -- 103 . This is the largest overall deficit overcome in NBA history . 35 points ( 8 : 50 left in 3rd ) -- The Sacramento Kings were down 79 -- 44 to the Chicago Bulls on December 21 , 2009 , but the Kings , led by Tyreke Evans 's 23 points , charged back , winning the game 102 -- 98 . 29 points ( 8 : 43 left in 4th ) -- The Milwaukee Bucks overcame a 29 - point deficit to beat the Atlanta Hawks on the road on November 25 , 1977 . This is the largest 4th quarter deficit overcome in NBA history . Atlanta led 111 -- 82 when Milwaukee went on a 35 -- 4 run to win 117 -- 115 . Teams that had two players score 40 + points in a game The Baltimore Bullets vs. the Los Angeles Lakers on November 14 , 1964 ( Gus Johnson 41 , Walt Bellamy 40 ) The Los Angeles Lakers at the San Francisco Warriors on February 11 , 1970 ( Elgin Baylor 43 , Jerry West 43 ) The New Orleans Jazz vs. the Denver Nuggets on April 10 , 1977 ( Pete Maravich 45 , Nate Williams 41 ) The Phoenix Suns at the Boston Celtics on January 5 , 1978 ( Paul Westphal 43 , Walter Davis 40 ) The San Antonio Spurs vs. the Milwaukee Bucks on March 6 , 1982 ( 3 OT ) ( George Gervin 50 , Mike Mitchell 45 ) The Detroit Pistons at the Denver Nuggets on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Isiah Thomas 47 , John Long 41 ) The Denver Nuggets vs. the Detroit Pistons on December 13 , 1983 ( 3 OT ) ( Kiki Vandeweghe 51 , Alex English 47 ) The Utah Jazz vs. the Detroit Pistons on March 19 , 1984 ( Adrian Dantley 43 , John Drew 42 ) The Chicago Bulls at the Indiana Pacers on February 18 , 1996 ( Michael Jordan 44 , Scottie Pippen 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Denver Nuggets on February 19 , 2012 ( OT ) ( Kevin Durant 51 , Russell Westbrook 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Minnesota Timberwolves on March 23 , 2012 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 45 , Kevin Durant 40 ) The Oklahoma City Thunder vs. the Orlando Magic on October 30 , 2015 ( 2 OT ) ( Russell Westbrook 48 , Kevin Durant 43 ) The Minnesota Timberwolves at the Los Angeles Lakers on April 9 , 2017 ( Andrew Wiggins 41 , Karl - Anthony Towns 40 ) Season Best record 73 -- 9 (. 890 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst record 7 -- 59 (. 106 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Most losses 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Fewest wins 6 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Best home record 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 40 -- 1 (. 976 ) by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Fewest home losses 1 by the Washington Capitols in the 1946 -- 47 season 1 by the Minneapolis Lakers , Syracuse Nationals , and Rochester Royals in the 1949 -- 50 season 1 by the Boston Celtics in the 1985 -- 86 season 1 by the San Antonio Spurs in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst home record 4 -- 29 (. 121 ) by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 -- 12 season Fewest home wins 3 by the Providence Steamrollers in the 1947 -- 48 season Most home losses 35 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Best road record 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Most road wins 34 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst road record 0 -- 20 (. 000 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1953 -- 54 season Most road losses 40 by the Sacramento Kings in the 1990 -- 91 season Longest winning streak 33 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 5 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest home winning streak 54 by the Golden State Warriors over 2 regular seasons from January 31 , 2015 -- March 29 , 2016 Longest road winning streak 16 by the Los Angeles Lakers from November 6 , 1971 -- January 7 , 1972 Longest losing streak 28 by the Philadelphia 76ers over 2 regular seasons from March 27 -- November 29 , 2015 Longest single - season losing streak 26 by the Cleveland Cavaliers from December 20 , 2010 -- February 9 , 2011 26 by the Philadelphia 76ers from January 31 -- March 27 , 2014 Best start ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season ( went to 39 -- 3 ) 38 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season ( went to 41 -- 3 ) Best finish ( 41 games ) 38 -- 3 by the Miami Heat in the 2012 -- 13 season Worst start ( 41 games ) 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season Worst finish ( 41 games ) 4 -- 37 by the San Diego Rockets in the 1967 -- 68 season Best starts ( number of losses ) 0 : 24 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 27 -- December 11 , 2015 ) 1 : 29 -- 1 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 36 -- 2 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 3 : 41 -- 3 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1995 -- 96 season 4 : 48 -- 4 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 5 : 55 -- 5 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 6 : 62 -- 6 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 7 : 68 -- 7 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 8 : 69 -- 8 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season 9 : 73 -- 9 by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 -- 16 season Worst starts ( number of wins ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the New Jersey Nets in the 2009 -- 10 season ( October 28 -- December 2 , 2009 ) 0 : 0 -- 18 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season ( October 28 -- November 29 , 2015 ) 1 : 1 -- 30 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2015 -- 16 season 2 : 2 -- 39 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1993 -- 94 season 3 : 3 -- 40 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1997 -- 98 season 4 : 4 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 5 : 5 -- 58 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 6 : 6 -- 59 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season 7 : 7 -- 64 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 8 : 8 -- 68 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season 9 : 9 -- 73 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1972 -- 73 season Highest average point differential 12.3 by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1971 -- 72 season Lowest average point differential - 15.2 by the Dallas Mavericks in the 1992 -- 93 season Largest average margin of victory 17.5 by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1970 -- 71 season Most points per game 126.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1981 -- 82 season Fewest points per game 81.9 by the Chicago Bulls in the 1998 -- 99 season Most consecutive 100 - point games 136 by the Denver Nuggets from January 21 , 1981 -- December 8 , 1982 Most consecutive games with less than 100 points 35 by the Miami Heat from October 31 , 2001 -- January 14 , 2002 Most steals per game 12.9 by the Phoenix Suns in the 1977 -- 78 season Fewest steals per game 5.54 by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2013 -- 14 season Most blocks per game 8.7 by the Washington Bullets in the 1985 -- 86 season Fewest blocks per game 2.49 by the New York Knicks in the 2008 -- 09 season Most turnovers per game 24.5 by the Denver Nuggets in the 1976 -- 77 season Fewest turnovers per game 11.2 by the Philadelphia 76ers in the 2011 -- 12 season Undefeated months ( min . 12 games ) 12 -- 0 by the Washington Capitols in November 1948 15 -- 0 by the Boston Celtics in December 1959 14 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1971 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in December 1971 12 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Lakers in November 1972 13 -- 0 by the Milwaukee Bucks in March 1973 14 -- 0 by the Phoenix Suns in December 1992 14 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in November 1993 14 -- 0 by the New York Knicks in March 1994 14 -- 0 by the Chicago Bulls in January 1996 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 1996 13 -- 0 by the Houston Rockets in February 2008 16 -- 0 by the Los Angeles Clippers in December 2012 16 -- 0 by the San Antonio Spurs in March 2014 17 -- 0 by the Atlanta Hawks in January 2015 16 -- 0 by the Golden State Warriors in November 2015 Best record to not qualify for Playoffs 49 -- 33 (. 598 ) by the Phoenix Suns in the 1971 -- 72 season ( 8 - team playoff of 17 - team league ) Worst record to qualify for Playoffs 16 -- 54 (. 229 ) by the Baltimore Bullets in the 1952 -- 53 season Best single - season improvement The Boston Celtics improved from 24 wins in the 2006 -- 07 season to 66 in the 2007 -- 08 season . Only teams to have three players on NBA All - Defensive First Team 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks : Dave DeBusschere , Walt Frazier , Willis Reed 1975 -- 76 Boston Celtics : Dave Cowens , John Havlicek , Paul Silas 1977 -- 78 Portland Trail Blazers : Lionel Hollins , Maurice Lucas , Bill Walton 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers : Maurice Cheeks , Bobby Jones , Moses Malone 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls : Michael Jordan , Scottie Pippen , Dennis Rodman Franchise Highest winning percentage 62.1 % by the San Antonio Spurs ( 2,006 -- 1,226 ) Lowest winning percentage 39.1 % by the Minnesota Timberwolves ( 847 -- 1,319 ) Best record over 2 Seasons : 141 -- 23 by the Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 ) 3 Seasons : 207 -- 39 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) 4 Seasons : 258 -- 70 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2013 -- 14 , 2016 -- 17 ) 5 Seasons : 311 -- 99 by the Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 82 , 1985 -- 86 ) 10 Seasons : 570 -- 209 by the Boston Celtics ( 1957 -- 58 , 1966 -- 67 ) Best home record over 2 Seasons : 79 -- 3 by the Boston Celtics ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 ) 3 Seasons : 115 -- 8 by the Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 1995 -- 96 , 1997 -- 98 ) Best road record over 2 Seasons : 65 -- 17 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 ) 3 Seasons : 93 -- 30 by the Golden State Warriors ( 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 ) Longest streak of at least one 3 - point field goal made 1,108 games : Dallas Mavericks ( February 27 , 1999 -- December 14 , 2012 ) Most consecutive 50 + win seasons 18 seasons : by the San Antonio Spurs ( 1999 -- 2000 -- present ) Other records Most consecutive points in a regular season game 26 by Carmelo Anthony , Denver Nuggets ( vs. Minnesota Timberwolves ) , December 10 , 2008 Most consecutive unanswered points in a regular season game 13 by Klay Thompson , Golden State Warriors ( vs. Sacramento Kings ) , January 23 , 2015 ( starting at 79 -- 70 with 3 : 04 left in 3rd quarter , until 92 -- 70 with 1 : 02 left in the same quarter ) Largest attendance at a game Regular season or Playoffs : 62,046 on March 27 , 1998 , Chicago Bulls at the Atlanta Hawks in the Georgia Dome . This was one of the last regular season games Michael Jordan played before his 2nd retirement . Only player to record a double - triple - double ( 20 + in any 3 stats ) Wilt Chamberlain had 22 points , 25 rebounds , and 21 assists on February 4 , 1968 Quadruple - doubles ( 10 + in any 4 stats ) Nate Thurmond , October 18 , 1974 , Chicago Bulls vs. Atlanta Hawks ; 22 points , 14 rebounds , 13 assists , 12 blocks . Alvin Robertson , February 18 , 1986 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Phoenix Suns ; 20 points , 11 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 steals . Hakeem Olajuwon , March 29 , 1990 , Houston Rockets vs. Milwaukee Bucks ; 18 points , 16 rebounds , 10 assists , 11 blocks . David Robinson , February 17 , 1994 , San Antonio Spurs vs. Detroit Pistons ; 34 points , 10 rebounds , 10 assists , 10 blocks . ' Only player to ever record two 40 + totals in the same game Wilt Chamberlain ( 40 + for both points and rebounds , achieved eight times ) Only player to average 40 + and 50 + points in a season Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 40 + points per game 2 by Wilt Chamberlain Most seasons with 30 + points per game 8 by Michael Jordan Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain and Michael Jordan Only player to average 30 + points , 20 + rebounds in a season Wilt Chamberlain ( 7 times ) Most seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 30 + points , 20 + rebounds per game 7 by Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + points , 10 + rebounds 13 by Shaquille O'Neal Most seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Most consecutive seasons with 20 + rebounds per game 10 by Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain Only players to average 30 + points and 10 + assists in a season Oscar Robertson ( Cincinnati Royals , 1961 -- 62 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1965 -- 66 , 1966 -- 67 ) Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder , 2016 -- 17 ) Only player to lead the league in scoring and assists in the same season Nate Archibald ( Kansas City -- Omaha Kings , 1972 -- 73 ) Most blocks by a guard ( career ) 893 by Michael Jordan Most blocks by a guard ( season ) 131 by Michael Jordan in the 1987 -- 88 season Only players to record 200 steals and 100 blocks in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1988 -- 89 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1989 -- 90 ) Only players to lead a team in all 5 major statistics in the same season ( points , rebounds , assists , steals , blocks ) Dave Cowens ( Boston Celtics , 1977 -- 78 ) Scottie Pippen ( Chicago Bulls , 1994 -- 95 ) Kevin Garnett ( Minnesota Timberwolves , 2002 -- 03 ) LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers , 2008 -- 09 ) Giannis Antetokounmpo ( Milwaukee Bucks , 2016 -- 17 ) Only players to lead the league in scoring and steals in the same season Michael Jordan ( Chicago Bulls , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1992 -- 93 ) Allen Iverson ( Philadelphia 76ers , 2000 -- 01 , 2001 -- 02 ) Stephen Curry ( Golden State Warriors , 2015 -- 16 ) Only players to lead the league in assists and steals in the same season Don `` Slick '' Watts ( Seattle SuperSonics , 1975 -- 76 ) Don Buse ( Indiana Pacers , 1976 -- 77 ) Micheal Ray Richardson ( New York Knicks , 1979 -- 80 ) John Stockton ( Utah Jazz , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 ) Chris Paul ( New Orleans Hornets , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 ; Los Angeles Clippers , 2013 -- 14 ) Only players to lead the league in blocks and rebounding in the same season Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( Los Angeles Lakers , 1975 -- 76 ) Bill Walton ( Portland Trail Blazers , 1976 -- 77 ) Hakeem Olajuwon ( Houston Rockets , 1989 -- 90 ) Ben Wallace ( Detroit Pistons , 2001 -- 02 ) Dwight Howard ( Orlando Magic , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 ) Awards Most regular season NBA MVP Awards 6 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most All - NBA First Team honors 11 by Karl Malone , Kobe Bryant and LeBron James Most All - NBA Team honors 15 by Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Tim Duncan and Kobe Bryant Most NBA All - Defensive First Team honors * 9 by Michael Jordan , Gary Payton , Kobe Bryant , and Kevin Garnett Most NBA All - Defensive Team honors * 15 by Tim Duncan Most Defensive Player of the Year awards * * 4 by Dikembe Mutombo and Ben Wallace Most Sixth Man of the Year awards 3 by Jamal Crawford * This award has only been given since the 1968 -- 69 season . * * This award has only been given since the 1982 -- 83 season . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA post-season records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages List of National Basketball Association single - season scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - season rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association single - game rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most assists in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks List of National Basketball Association longest losing streaks List of NBA teams by single season win percentage Basketball statistics Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wilt Scores 100 ! '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Wilt Chamberlain 's NBA Records '' . www.nba.com . C1 control character in title = at position 26 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson nets NBA - record 37 - point quarter , finishes with 52 '' . ESPN.com . AP . 2015 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Zero to 60 : Gilbert Arenas ' Historic 60 Points '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` J.R. Smith shoots an NBA - record 22 three - pointers in Knicks ' loss '' . FoxSports.com . FOX. 2014 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Lawson scores career - high 37 to help short - handed Nuggets '' . ESPN.com. April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Hawks 98 , Jazz 92 '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Chandler Parsons Hits 10 Threes in 1 Half , Sets NBA Record '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season Records : Free Throws '' . NBA.com . NBA . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard breaks FT attempts mark as Magic top Warriors '' . ESPN.com . January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard ties FT mark , dominates in return to Orlando '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2609690-andre-drummond-sets-nba-record-with-23-missed-free-throws-vs-rockets# Jump up ^ `` Do You Know Vince Carter ? '' . GrizzlyBearBlues.com . Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Mini Bio '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Skiles : The Game I 'll Never Forget '' . NBA.com . NBA . 2005 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Blake ties NBA mark with 14 first - quarter assists as Blazers dismantle Clippers , ESPN.com . Retrieved on February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Regular Season Records : Turnovers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Game Leaders and Records for Turnovers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Marion scores 34 as Raptors beat Bulls , thestar.com , April 15 , 2009 , accessed April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant , Bynum lift Lakers ; Blazers win 11th straight -- chicagotribune.com '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Individual Records Jump up ^ Tim Duncan records first - ever career game without a made field goal , Spurs still win by 11 Jump up ^ Nba.Com Líderes Jump up ^ Paul beats Robertson 's steal record , ESPN.com . Retrieved from December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Forsberg . `` Wallace fined $35,000 for criticizing officials '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/players/h/hickena01.html Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/boxscore/1948-01-27/St-Louis-at-Providence/181661 Jump up ^ Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Durant becomes youngest to win scoring title in Thunder victory '' . espn.com. April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Magic rest starters , ride Redick , Gortat to blowout of Wizards '' . espn.com. April 16 , 2008 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jennings to visit with shoppers at Boston Store at Mayfair Mall on Thursday The official site of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan becomes first 40 - year - old to score 40 '' . espn.com . February 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNC in the NBA : Vince Carter breaks record held by Michael Jordan '' . KeepingItHeel.com. 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elias : Top 5 questions from Wednesday , Nov. 19 '' . NBA.com/stats . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- January , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- December , NBA.com . Jump up ^ This Date in History -- February , NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Reach a New Low by Scoring 49 Points in Loss '' . Los Angeles Times . April 11 , 1999 . Jump up ^ espn.com , Clippers hold Hornets to NBA - low 16 points in second half , accessed August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Orlando Magic / Boston Celtics Recap -- NBA.com Jump up ^ Warriors become 2nd team with back - to - back 65 - win seasons Jump up ^ Nuggets set futility record going 0 -- 22 from three in loss to Trail Blazers Jump up ^ Pacers double hapless Blazers , 124 -- 59 , to land in record book Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kevin Durant 's 30 - point streak ends at 12 in Thunder 's rout of Nets ^ Jump up to : `` Regular Season Records : Assists '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ NBA -- Golden State Warriors / Indiana Pacers Recap Wednesday January 16 , 2008 -- Yahoo ! Sports Jump up ^ April 1 , 2006 Box Scores accessed January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NBA.com : James leads Cavaliers past Trail Blazers in OT Jump up ^ Russell Westbrook scores 37 as Thunder stave off Lakers rally Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Phoenix Suns vs. Golden State Warriors - Recap - March 15 , 2009 - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets @ Utah Jazz - Wednesday , November 27th , 1996 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jazz Zips Back In Record Style , New York Times . Jump up ^ Greatest NBA Comebacks . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` 13 Worst NBA Teams of All Time '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/gamenotes/mavericks.pdf Jump up ^ Howard becomes youngest player to win top defensive honor , nba.com , April 21 , 2009 , accessed April 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Howard wins Kia Defensive Player of the Year Award again , nba.com , April 20 , 2010 , accessed April 23 , 2013 . References ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) Playoffs record from USAToday Finals record from USAToday National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Special motorcycle Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_regular_season_records&oldid=808592121 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano ქართული Lietuvių 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 20 : 50 . About Wikipedia	most points in a half by a player	[ "\n\n\n59 by Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors (vs. New York Knicks) on March 2, 1962 (2nd)[3]\n\n\n" ]	[ "59" ]
-591190420838967081	Mega Millions	Mega Millions - wikipedia Mega Millions Jump to : navigation , search Mega Millions ( which began as The Big Game in 1996 and renamed , temporarily , to The Big Game Mega Millions six years later ) is an American multi-jurisdictional lottery game ; it is offered in 44 states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was in 2002 ; see below . ( What is now Mega Millions initially was offered in six states ; the logo for all versions of the game following the retiring of The Big Game name featured a gold - colored ball with six stars to represent the game 's initial membership . ) Mega Millions is drawn at 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday and Friday evenings , including holidays . Mega Millions is administered by a consortium of its 12 original lotteries ; the drawings are held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia , supervised by the Georgia Lottery . Under the current version 's regulations ( which began October 28 , 2017 with the first drawing October 31 ) for Mega Millions , the minimum Mega Millions advertised jackpot is $40 million , paid in 30 graduated yearly installments , increasing 5 percent each year ( unless the cash option is chosen ; see below for differences by lotteries on cash / annuity choice regulations . ) The jackpot increases when there is no top - prize winner ( see below for information on how the Mega Millions jackpot is funded . ) As of December 13 , 2017 , there has yet to be a jackpot winner under the current Mega Millions format , including wagers for the newly created Just the Jackpot option . Reflecting common practice among American lotteries , the jackpot is advertised as a nominal value of annual installments . A cash value option ( the usual choice ) , when chosen by a jackpot winner , pays the approximate present value of the installments . Mega Millions ' previous format began on October 19 , 2013 ; its first drawing was three days later . The current version of Mega Millions uses a 5 / 70 ( for the white balls ) plus 1 / 25 ( for the `` Mega Ball '' ) double matrix to select its winning numbers . Each game costs $2 . Of the 46 Mega Millions jurisdictions , all but California offer an option , called Megaplier ( plays with the Megaplier are $3 each ) where non-jackpot prizes are multiplied by 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . The Megaplier was made available to all Mega Millions jurisdictions in January 2011 ; it began as an option available only in Texas . The October 28 , 2017 Mega Millions ' format change resulted in the game 's first price increase : plays are $2 each ( $3 with the Megaplier ; up from $1 and $2 respectively ) ; as part of the format change , the `` Just the Jackpot '' option was introduced to seven of the game 's members . The new option is two plays for $3 ; only the jackpot can be won ( or shared ) on this wager . The largest jackpot in Mega Millions history was $656 million annuity value ( with a cash option of $474 million ) for the March 30 , 2012 drawing , in which there were three jackpot - winning tickets ; one each in Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland . All three tickets had been claimed by April 18 , with each set of winners choosing the cash option of $158 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball 2 Current Mega Millions members 3 History 3.1 The Big Game 3.2 The Big Game Mega Millions 3.3 2010 cross-sell expansion 3.4 October 2013 format change 3.5 October 2017 format / price point change 3.5. 1 `` Just the Jackpot '' option 4 Record jackpots 5 Versions of ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions 5.1 Megaplier 5.2 Winning and probability 5.3 Payment options and claiming prizes 6 Drawings 7 Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) 8 Revenue 9 Miscellany 10 See also 11 Notes 12 External links The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Mega Millions lottery tickets from New Jersey ( left ) and New York ; see below for rule variations among the game 's 46 members , including where the Just the Jackpot option will be offered beginning October 28 , 2017 On October 13 , 2009 , the Mega Millions consortium and Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in American lottery jurisdictions , with the two groups referred to as the `` Mega Power Lottery '' by many users . The expansion occurred on January 31 , 2010 , as 23 Powerball members began selling Mega Millions tickets for their first drawing on February 2 , 2010 ; likewise , 10 Mega Millions members began selling Powerball tickets for their first drawing the next day . Montana ( joining Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 ) was the first jurisdiction to add either game after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska ( March 20 , 2010 ) , Oregon ( March 28 , 2010 ) , Arizona ( April 18 , 2010 ) , Maine ( May 9 , 2010 ) , Colorado and South Dakota ( the latter two on May 16 , 2010 ) also have joined Mega Millions since the expansion . As of January 2016 , there are 46 lotteries offering Mega Millions and Powerball ; Florida joined Mega Millions in May 2013 . ( Puerto Rico , whose lottery began in the 1930s , currently does not offer Mega Millions ) . Before the agreement , the only stores which sold Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers whose business was on a border between jurisdictions which sold competing games . The current Mega Millions format began in October 2013 ; the game will use a different double matrix as of October 2017 . Mega Millions plays will become $2 per game upon the format change ; it is unknown exactly how the `` Megaplier '' will be utilized . Current Mega Millions members ( edit ) As of October 2017 , Mega Millions is available in 44 states and the District of Columbia ( in blue ) , plus the US Virgin Islands ( not shown ) Mega Millions replaced The Big Game in 2002 ( see below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions ) . Mega Millions lottery tickets from New York , Delaware , and Maryland Lottery Mega Millions Arizona 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 Arkansas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 California 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 Connecticut 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Colorado 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Delaware 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 District of Columbia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Florida 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2013 Georgia 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Idaho 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Illinois 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Indiana 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Iowa 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kansas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kentucky 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Louisiana 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Maine 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Maryland 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Massachusetts 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Michigan 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Minnesota 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Missouri 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Montana 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 Nebraska 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 New Hampshire 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New Jersey 000000001999 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1999 New Mexico 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New York 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 North Carolina 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 North Dakota 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Ohio 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 Oklahoma 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Oregon 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Pennsylvania 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Rhode Island 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Carolina 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Dakota 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Tennessee 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Texas 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 US Virgin Islands 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 Vermont 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Virginia 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Washington 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 West Virginia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wisconsin 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wyoming 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 In most cases , a lottery joining Mega Millions on or after January 31 , 2010 offered Powerball before the MUSL cross-sell expansion . The states of Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada , and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . History ( edit ) The Big game ( edit ) The Big Game logo prior to the Mega Millions name change . Tickets for The Big Game began to be sold in Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , and Virginia on August 31 , 1996 . The Big Game was the brainchild of lottery directors Rebecca Paul ( of the Georgia Lottery ) and Penelope W. Kyle ( of the Virginia Lottery . ) The Big Game initially was drawn weekly , on Friday . The Georgia Lottery was a member of MUSL at the time and wanted to sell both games for the remainder of 1996 ; however , within a few days , Georgia was forcibly removed from MUSL , returning with the 2010 cross-selling expansion . Beginning in January 1999 , jackpot winners were given the option to receive their prize in cash . In May 1999 , New Jersey joined The Big Game , the only jurisdiction to enter as a participant before The Big Game became Mega Millions in 2002 . The Big game Mega Millions ( edit ) The Big Game Mega Millions logo following the addition of the name Mega Millions Ohio and New York joined The Big Game consortium on May 15 , 2002 , when the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions , temporarily retaining the old name and the original `` gold ball '' logo . The `` Big Money Ball '' became the `` Mega Ball . '' While the game 's name was altered , the yellow ball in the new Mega Millions logo continued to read `` The Big Game '' until February 2003 , after which it was replaced with six stars representing the original members of the consortium . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was held two days later , on May 17 . The Mega Millions trademark is owned by the Illinois Lottery . The first three lotteries to join Mega Millions were Washington ( in September 2002 ) , Texas ( in 2003 ) and California ( in 2005 ) ; California was the last addition to Mega Millions before the cross-sell expansion of 2010 . Montana joined Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 , the first addition to Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . When Texas joined Mega Millions in 2003 , it began offering an option , initially available only to Texas Lottery players , known as the Megaplier , which was similar to Powerball 's Power Play . The 11 Mega Millions lotteries without Megaplier on the January 31 , 2010 cross-selling date gradually added the multiplier option ; by January 2011 , all Mega Millions lotteries , except for California , offered the Megaplier . The Texas Lottery owns the trademark to Megaplier . On June 24 , 2005 , to commemorate California joining Mega Millions , that night 's drawing was held in Hollywood , with Carrie Underwood assisting host Glenn Burns for the draw . For the November 15 , 2005 drawing , a group called `` The Lucky 7 '' held the only jackpot - winning ticket , purchased in Anaheim , California , winning $315 million . They chose the cash option , splitting $175 million before federal withholdings . This remains the largest prize won by a single Mega Millions ticket . On March 6 , 2007 , the Mega Millions jackpot reached $390 million , which is the record for the third largest jackpot in U.S. history . The jackpot was shared by two tickets , both matching the numbers of 16 - 22 - 29 - 39 - 42 and Mega Ball 20 . Both winners chose the cash option , with each share $116,557,083 before withholdings . 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) The New Jersey Lottery , among others , in early 2009 announced it would seek permission to sell Powerball tickets alongside Mega Millions . In October 2009 , an agreement between Mega Millions and MUSL allowed all U.S. lotteries , including New Jersey 's , to offer both games . On January 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions expanded to include the 23 MUSL members ; as of that date , 35 jurisdictions were participating in Mega Millions . On the same day , 10 existing Mega Millions - participating lotteries began selling Powerball tickets . Ohio joined Powerball on April 16 , 2010 . On March 1 , 2010 , Montana became the first MUSL member to add Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska became the 37th Mega Millions participating member on March 20 , 2010 , followed by Oregon as the 38th member on March 28 , Arizona as the 39th member on April 18 , and Maine as 40th Mega Millions participant on May 9 , 2010 . Colorado and South Dakota added Mega Millions on May 16 , 2010 , bringing the total to 42 jurisdictions . The most recent additions to Mega Millions were the U.S. Virgin Islands , in October 2010 , and Louisiana in November 2011 . Florida joined Mega Millions on May 15 , 2013 ; the first drawing to include Florida - bought tickets was two days later . Presumably due to their experience with the Power Play option for Powerball , all 23 lotteries joining Mega Millions on January 31 , 2010 immediately offered Megaplier to their players . The Megaplier continues to be drawn by Texas Lottery computers , as California does not offer the multiplier . Montana , offering Powerball before the expansion date , became the 24th lottery to offer the Megaplier , followed by Nebraska ( the 25th ) , Oregon ( the 26th ) , Arizona ( as the 27th ) and Maine ( as the 28th lottery to offer the Megaplier option ) . After Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions , this raised the number of lotteries offering the Megaplier to 37 . Mega Millions tickets bought with the Megaplier option , beginning September 12 , 2010 , automatically won $1 million ( instead of $250,000 ) if the five white balls -- but excluding the Mega Ball -- are matched . On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first Mega Millions participant ( just before the cross-sell expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning ticket for Powerball after joining that game . The ticket was worth over $211 million annuity ( the cash option was chosen ) . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first Powerball member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket after joining Mega Millions , with an annuity jackpot of $12 million . In January 2012 , Mega Millions ' rival Powerball was altered ; among the changes were a price increase of $1 for each play , as a result , a base game costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . At the time , there were no plans to change the price of a Mega Millions play , with or without the Megaplier ( see below for the 2017 format change that includes the base price for a Mega Millions play to be raised to $2 . ) The price increase for playing Powerball was a major factor in Louisiana deciding to pursue joining Mega Millions , as that state 's lottery joined Mega Millions on November 16 , 2011 . October 2013 format change ( edit ) The final 5 / 56 + 1 / 46 Mega Millions drawing was held on October 18 , 2013 ; that night 's jackpot of $37 million was not won . The first drawing under the revised 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format -- which saw the jackpot estimate `` leap '' to $55 million due to the change in the annuity structure -- occurred on October 22 , 2013 . The minimum jackpot was then $15 million , with rollovers of at least $5 million . Second prize ( 5 + 0 ) became $1 million cash . In the revised format , players chose 5 of 75 white ball numbers , and the `` Gold Ball '' number out of 15 . The Megaplier option remained ; the 5x multiplier was added . Lower prize tiers ( through October 18 , 2013 ; and October 19 , 2013 - October 27 , 2017 ) based on a $1 play : Match 5 + 0 : $250,000 / $1 million Match 4 + MB : $10,000 / $5,000 Match 4 + 0 : $150 / $500 Match 3 + MB : $150 / $50 Match 3 + 0 : $7 / $5 Match 2 + MB : $10 / $5 Match 1 + MB : $3 / $2 Match 0 + MB : $2 / $1 Payouts in California remained pari - mutuel . The odds of winning or sharing a Mega Millions jackpot ( 2013 - 2017 version ) : 1 in about 258.9 million . The overall odds of winning a prize were 1 in 14.71 , including the base $1 prize for a `` Mega Ball '' - only match . Prizes and odds ( 2013 - 2017 version ) : 5 numbers plus the Mega Ball ( 5 + 1 ) : 1 in 258,890,850 5 numbers but not the Mega Ball ( 5 + 0 ) : 1 in 17,259,390 4 + 1 : 1 in 739,688 4 + 0 : 1 in 52,835 3 + 1 : 1 in 10,720 3 + 0 : 1 in 766 2 + 1 : 1 in 473 1 + 1 : 1 in 56 Mega Ball only : 1 in 21 The odds for winning the $1 prize , 1 in 21 , reflected the possibility of matching at least one of the white balls , as well as the Mega Ball . The annuity -- which was 20 annual payments ( no cash option was available ) when The Big Game began -- changed from 26 equal yearly installments to 30 graduated annual payments ( increasing 5 percent yearly ) with the format change on October 19 , 2013 . October 2017 format / price point change ( edit ) On October 28 , 2017 , the price of a Mega Millions play doubled , to $2 ; the first drawing under the current price point was October 31 , 2017 . The Mega Millions double matrix changed , from 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 to the current 5 / 70 + 1 / 25 . The starting jackpot became $40 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The `` Megaplier '' option ( which again is not offered in California ) was retained , with an adjustment to its multipliers . ( The final jackpot for the $1 version was $30 million , which was not won ; the initial jackpot for the new version would still be $40 million with a jackpot hit . ) Mega Millions prize tiers effective October 28 , 2017 ( changed amounts in boldface ) for a $2 base play ( except prizes won in California ) : 5 + MB : Jackpot ; starting jackpot raised to $40 million ( annuity value ) 5 + 0 : $1,000,000 ( $1,000,000 ) 4 + MB : $10,000 ( $5,000 ) 4 + 0 : $500 ( $500 ) 3 + MB : $200 ( $50 ) 3 + 0 : $10 ( $5 ) 2 + MB : $10 ( $5 ) 1 + MB : $4 ( $2 ) 0 + MB : $2 ( $1 ) The new prize structure allocates roughly 75 percent of the prize pool for the jackpot ; this is , in part , to facilitate the new Just the Jackpot option . The 2013 - 2017 version allocated about 68 percent towards the jackpot . `` Just the jackpot '' option ( edit ) Each of the 46 Mega Millions participants , in preparation for the October 28 , 2017 format change , were given the choice of offering a $3 , two - game play ( called `` Just the Jackpot '' ) . A player choosing this option is not eligible for any of the eight lower - tier prizes ; therefore , the Megaplier option is not available for Just the Jackpot wagers . These lotteries offered the `` Just the Jackpot '' option upon the format change : Georgia , Hoosier Lottery , Kansas , Massachusetts , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Ohio , South Dakota , Texas , Virginia , Wisconsin , and Wyoming , with other lotteries potentially adding it . Not known is whether a second series of playslips would be printed for lotteries offering `` Just the Jackpot '' beginning after the October 28 , 2017 format change . `` Just the Jackpot '' wagers and regular Mega Millions plays are printed on separate tickets . Most participating lotteries ' wagers are terminal - generated ; however , `` Just the Jackpot '' wagers in Kansas and Texas allow the player to choose their numbers , while Wisconsin players must ask for a terminal - generated ticket . Record jackpots ( edit ) The largest Mega Millions jackpot , advertised as $640 million at the time of the drawing ( annuitized ) or $462 million ( cash value ) , was drawn on March 30 , 2012 . The initial estimate for that drawing ( following the March 27 drawing , which was $363 million annuity ) was $476 million ( later increased to $500 million and again to $540 million ) ; brisk ticket sales pushed the jackpot values , both annuitized ( to $656 million ) and the cash option ( $474 million ) higher . The amount spent on Mega Millions for drawings following its previous jackpot win , on January 24 , 2012 , was at least $1.5 billion . three jackpot - winning tickets had been confirmed ( Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland ) . Mega Millions ' second - largest jackpot , $648 million , was for the December 17 , 2013 drawing . Two winning tickets , one each from California and Georgia , were sold . The holder of the Georgia ticket claimed the next morning ; they selected the cash option , which amounted to $173,819,742.50 before withholdings . The holder of the California ticket claimed on January 3 , 2014 . ( The California ticket holder received an equal share , but potentially a larger cash - option amount , as California lottery winnings are exempt from state income tax ) . '' Mega Millions ' third - largest jackpot , $540 million , was for the July 8 , 2016 drawing . One ticket from Indiana won the jackpot ; the winner chose the cash option . Mega Millions ' fourth - largest jackpot , $414 million , was for the March 18 , 2014 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Florida and Maryland , split the prize ; both sets of winners chose the cash option , splitting $230.9 million ( as noted below , interest rates change , resulting in different ratios between the cash values and annuity values of jackpots ) . Mega Millions ' fifth - largest jackpot annuity value ( $390 million ) was for the March 6 , 2007 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Georgia and New Jersey , won $195 million ( annuity value ) each . The holders of each ticket also chose the cash option . Versions of ( the Big game ) Mega Millions ( edit ) Versions of The Big Game and Mega Millions have used different matrices : Start Date 5 white balls out of Mega Balls Jackpot odds September 6 , 1996 50 25 1 : 52,969,000 January 13 , 1999 50 36 1 : 76,275,360 May 15 , 2002 52 52 1 : 135,145,920 June 22 , 2005 56 46 1 : 175,711,536 October 19 , 2013 75 15 1 : 258,890,850 October 28 , 2017 ( current ) 70 25 1 : 302,575,350 Megaplier ( edit ) Mega Millions players have the option to activate a multiplier , called Megaplier , in 45 of its 46 jurisdictions ; it is functionally similar to Powerball 's Power Play . ( Neither Megaplier nor Power Play are offered in California because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' in which the bank can not be `` broken '' , and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken ; only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . ) By doubling the wager in a Mega Millions game to $2 , players have an opportunity to multiply any non-jackpot prize by 2 , 3 , 4 or 5 . The Megaplier is drawn by the Texas Lottery ( before the cross-sell expansion on January 31 , 2010 , it was the only lottery to offer Megaplier ) , which is drawn by a random number generator ( RNG ) . Megaplier differs from Power Play in that the odds for each Megaplier possibility are not uniform . Megaplier Former odds ( October 19 , 2013 -- October 27 , 2017 ) Current odds 2x 1 : 7.5 1 : 3 3x 1 : 3.75 1 : 2.5 4x 1 : 5 1 : 5 5x 1 : 2.5 1 : 15 Megaplier wagers made for drawings from September 12 , 2010 through October 18 , 2013 that won second prize ( then $250,000 ) were automatically elevated to 4x , winning $1 million . This `` guarantee '' did not carry over to the following version of Mega Millions , although the $1 million second prize became $5 million if the Megaplier is 5x . Winning and probability ( edit ) Former Mega Millions odds ( October 19 , 2013 -- October 27 , 2017 ) : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning White balls ( pool of 75 ) Mega Ball ( pool of 15 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 258,890,850 5 0 $1 million 1 in 18,492,204 $5,000 1 in 739,688 0 $500 1 in 52,835 $50 1 in 10,720 0 $5 1 in 766 $5 1 in 473 $2 1 in 56 0 $1 1 in 21 The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective : The probability of winning the jackpot ( through October 27 , 2017 ) was 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 ) ; that is : 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 , or 5 ! , and this number is then multiplied by 15 ( 15 possible numbers for the `` Megaball '' ) . Therefore , ( 75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71 ) / ( 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) x 15 = 258,890,850 , which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1 : 258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot . Similarly , the odds for second prize are 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 / 14 ) = 1 : 18,492,204 chance of winning . The overall probability of winning any prize was 1 in 14.7 . If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing , the jackpot will keep increasing , however , the odds will still remain the same . Payouts through October 18 , 2013 : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning White balls ( pool of 56 ) Mega Ball ( pool of 46 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 175,711,536 ( C × 46 ) 5 0 $250,000 1 in 3,904,701 ( C × 46 / 45 ) $10,000 1 in 689,065 0 $150 1 in 15,313 $150 1 in 13,781 $10 1 in 844 0 $7 1 in 306 $3 1 in 141 0 $2 1 in 74.8 ( the probability for this prize was not 1 : 46 , because there is the possibility of matching at least one of the `` white '' balls , which decreases the likelihood of matching only the `` Mega Ball '' ) Overall probabilities : 1 in 755 of winning any of the top six prizes , 1 in 40 of winning any prize . In California , prize levels are paid on a parimutuel basis , rather than the fixed lower - tier amounts for winners in other Mega Millions jurisdictions . California 's eight lower - tier Mega Millions prize pools are separate from those shared by the other 45 lotteries . California 's second prize is a `` secondary jackpot '' ; its payout sometimes exceeds $1 million cash , even though California does not offer the Megaplier . Payment options and claiming prizes ( edit ) In Georgia , New Jersey , and Texas , players must choose , in advance , whether they wish to collect a jackpot prize in cash or annuity . Georgia and New Jersey winners can change an annuity ticket to cash should they be eligible for a jackpot share ; however , the choice is binding in Texas . The other Mega Millions members allow the cash / annuity choice to be made after winning ( usually 60 days after claiming the ticket ) , although in Florida the 60 - day `` clock '' starts with the drawing in which the jackpot prize was won . If a jackpot prize is not claimed within the respective jurisdiction 's time limit , each of the 46 Mega Millions members get back the money they contributed to that jackpot . Each of the 46 lotteries have rules in regards to unclaimed prizes ; most Mega Millions members set aside unclaimed winnings for educational purposes . In 2007 , a $31 million prize went unclaimed in New York . Many prizes of $250,000 each have been unclaimed , including several in Michigan for 2007 drawings . Mega Millions winners have either 180 days ( California non-jackpot prizes only ) or one year to claim prizes , including the jackpot ( although some Mega Millions winners lose the right to collect a jackpot in cash if they wait more than 60 days after the drawing ) . The minimum age to purchase a Mega Millions ticket is 18 , except in Arizona , Iowa and Louisiana , where the minimum is 21 , and in Nebraska ; its minimum is 19 . Generally ( an exception is Virginia ) , minors can win on tickets received as gifts ; the rules according to each Mega Millions member vary for minors receiving prizes . Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold , and the winner 's residence ( e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan ) . Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California ; while Florida , New Hampshire , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Washington state , and Wyoming do not have an income tax . On the other hand , some residents of New York City and Yonkers , New York pay three levels of income tax , as these cities levy income taxes . Drawings ( edit ) Drawings are usually held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia . The original host was WSB 's chief meteorologist , Glenn Burns . Currently , most drawings are emceed by the full - time host of Georgia Lottery drawings , John Crow , with Brian Hooker the main substitute host . For larger jackpots , the drawing sometimes is moved to Times Square , with New York Lottery announcer Yolanda Vega co-hosting . Before the January 31 , 2010 cross-sell expansion , Mega Millions was the only multi-jurisdictional lottery whose drawings were carried nationally , instead of airing only on stations in participating jurisdictions . Chicago - based cable superstation WGN - TV simulcast Mega Millions drawings on its national WGN America feed immediately following WGN 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast . Following the cross-sell expansion , WGN also began airing Powerball drawings nationally . WGN served as a default carrier of both major games where no local television station carried either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . Both drawings were removed from WGN America in late 2014 when it ceased carrying WGN 's newscasts . Two machines are used in each Mega Millions drawing . The model used for Mega Millions is the Criterion II , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . The balls are moved around by means of counter-rotating arms which randomly mix the balls . Individually , the five white balls , several seconds apart , drop through a hole in the bottom of the mixing drum . Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) ( edit ) Cash value ( in millions USD ) Annuity value ( in millions USD ) Drawing date Winner ( s ) Description $474 $656 March 30 , 2012 3 ( MD , KS , IL ) World 's second largest jackpot ( cash or annuity ) $347.7 $648 December 17 , 2013 2 ( CA , GA ) Second - largest annuity value $240 $380 January 4 , 2011 2 ( ID , WA ) $233 $390 March 6 , 2007 2 ( GA , NJ ) $224 $400 March 18 , 2014 2 ( FL , MD ) $210 $336 August 28 , 2009 2 ( CA , NY ) NY winner chose annuity ( the cash / annuity choice made `` when playing '' required per then - NY Lottery rules ) $208.3 $330 August 31 , 2007 4 ( NJ , MD , TX , VA ) $197.5 $326 November 4 , 2014 1 ( NY ) Sold in Middletown , Orange County $202.9 $319 March 25 , 2011 1 ( Albany , NY ) $180 $363 May 9 , 2000 2 ( IL , MI ) Largest The Big Game jackpot Revenue ( edit ) Approximately 50 % of Mega Millions sales is returned to players as prizes ; the remainder is split ( each lottery has different rules regarding these funds ) among retailers , marketing , and operations , as well as the 46 jurisdictions offering the game ; different lotteries uses the proceeds in different ways . Miscellany ( edit ) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 , the legislature in Albany , fearing a monumental loss of revenue , passed legislation the following month , which was signed by Governor George Pataki , which included joining a multi-jurisdictional lottery game . Around the same time , for entirely different reasons , Ohio 's governor also gave the green light to joining a multi-jurisdictional game . Both lotteries opted to join The Big Game , which , at the time , was offered in seven states . The added populations of the two new jurisdictions , in turn , led to a larger double matrix . The first machine continued to hold white 52 balls , while 16 gold balls were added in the second , meaning there were 52 numbers to pick from in both parts of each $1 game . On May 15 , 2002 , the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions ; shortly after , it became just Mega Millions . Except for the 2010 cross-selling expansion , this was the only time The Big Game or Mega Millions simultaneously added more than one member . In 2005 , Mega Millions was the target of a mailing scam . A letter bearing the Mega Millions logo was used in a string of lottery scams designed to trick people into providing personal financial information by cashing bogus checks . The letter , which had been sent to people in several states via standard mail , included a check for what the scammers said was an unclaimed Mega Millions prize . If the check was cashed , it bounced , but not before the bank stamped it with a routing number and personal account information and sent it back to the fraudulent organization , providing them with the recipients ' financial information . A budget impasse due to the 2006 New Jersey Government shutdown led to the temporary closing of its non-essential agencies on July 1 , 2006 . Among the casualties were the Atlantic City casinos and the New Jersey Lottery . Not only were New Jersey 's in - house games ( such as Pick - 6 ) not drawn for about a week , but all New Jersey lottery terminals were shut down , meaning Mega Millions could not be played in New Jersey , even though Mega Millions was drawn as usual . A similar shutdown happened in Minnesota on July 1 , 2011 . Elecia Battle made national headlines in January 2004 when she claimed that she had lost the winning ticket in the December 30 , 2003 Mega Millions drawing . She then filed a lawsuit against the woman who had come forward with the ticket , Rebecca Jemison . Several days later , when confronted with contradictory evidence , she admitted that she had lied . Battle was charged with filing a false police report the following day . As a result of this false report , she was fined $1,000 , ordered to perform 50 hours of community service , and required to compensate the police and courts for various costs incurred . The January 4 , 2011 Mega Millions drawing drew attention for its similarity to `` The Numbers , '' a sequence of six numbers that served as a plot device of the ABC drama series Lost . One such usage involved character Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes playing the sequence in a similar `` Mega Lotto '' game , winning a nine - figure jackpot and subsequently experiencing numerous misfortunes in his personal life . The first three numbers ( 4 , 8 , 15 ) and mega ball ( 42 ) in the Mega Millions drawing matched the first three numbers and the final number ( which Hurley also used as the `` mega ball '' number ) in the Lost sequence . The last two numbers in the Mega Millions drawing did not match the last two numbers that were used in the scene . Those who played `` The Numbers '' , including from quick - picks , won $150 ( $118 in California ) in a non-Megaplier game ; $600 with the multiplier . The 12 original ( before the 2010 cross-sell expansion ) Mega Millions members have each produced at least one Mega Millions jackpot winner . See also ( edit ) Lottery jackpot records Powerball Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions FAQs '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 winning tickets in $636 M Mega Millions drawing - CBS News '' . CBS News with contributions from Associated Press . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic mega-jackpot split by two tickets '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Increases Final Jackpot to $656 M - ABC News '' . Associated Press via ABC News . 2012 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Power Lottery '' . Worldlottery.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions with Megaplier : Maine State Lottery '' . Mainelottery.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` California 's First Mega Millions Jackpot Winners The Lucky Seven -- Claim Prize '' . Mega Millions. 2005 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Jackpot History '' . Megamillions.com. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Face man wins half of record $390 M jackpot '' . Megamillions.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( dead link ) Bicker , Benjamin ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) . `` MegaMillions Lotto Results , Winning Numbers , News & More '' . Lotto-results-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/274243/mega-millions-lottery-tickets-will-go-from-1-to-2/ Mega Millions lottery tickets will go from $1 to $2 ) Jump up ^ Matt Stevens ; Carol J. Williams ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Millions mania leads to disappointment in California '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Winning tickets for Mega Millions jackpot sold in Maryland , Illinois '' . CNN . 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Mega Millions jackpot winner comes forward '' . Georgia Lottery via Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` $324 million winner comes forward in California '' . California Lottery via Mega Millions. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions : : The official Web site of the Missouri Lottery '' . Molottery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` How To Play '' . Mega Millions . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Prizes are uniform in all Mega Millions jurisdictions , with the exception of California ( where all prizes , including the jackpot , are pari - mutuel ; payouts are based on sales and the number of winners of each prize tier . ) All other Mega Millions members ' second through ninth prizes are set amounts , although in rare cases they can be reduced . ^ Jump up to : If more than one play wins the jackpot in a given drawing , the prize is divided equally among 5 + 1 plays . Winners have one year to collect a jackpot share ; for other prizes , the deadline also is one year , except in California , where it is 180 days . Other than in and Texas ( see below ) , a jackpot winner has 60 days from either the drawing , or in some jurisdictions , after claiming , to choose cash or annuity . The relative value of actual cash jackpot share fluctuates . Jackpots began at $15 million ( disbursed in 30 graduated annual payments if the annuity is chosen ) ; the corresponding cash value fluctuates depending on interest rates . Jump up ^ `` ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 '' . Google . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sal Khan . `` Mega Millions Jackpot Probability '' . Khan Academy . Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 5 ) * ( 51 choose 0 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 4 ) * ( 51 choose 1 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 2 ) * ( 51 choose 3 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 3 ) * ( 51 choose 2 ) * 45 ) - Google Search Jump up ^ ( ( 56 choose 5 ) * 46 ) / ( ( 5 choose 1 ) * ( 51 choose 4 ) ) - Google Search Jump up ^ Lotto Numbers Jump up ^ `` CA Lottery Regulations '' ( PDF ) . California Lottery. 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ kowens ( 2011 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Calottery.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What Happens to Unclaimed Prizes ? '' . Michigan.gov. 2010 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Many major U.S. lottery prizes unclaimed '' . UPI.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Michigan.gov , Lottery - Top Unclaimed Prizes Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Drawing Time '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . 11 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesdays and Fridays Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America dropping Illinois Lottery drawings '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Megamillions Jackpot with 321 millions dollars win in New York stats '' . Jump up ^ `` Where does Mega Millions money go after the jackpot ? '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Logo Officials Warn of Lottery scams '' . ScamFraudAlert. 2011 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Women argue over ' lost ' jackpot '' . BBC News . 2004 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Apology For Lottery Claim '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Midwest : Ohio : Lottery Tale Costs Her $6,596 '' . The New York Times . 2004 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bonner , Jessie et al. ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) . 2 winners for $380 M lottery sold in Wash. , Idaho . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website Telemarketing and Telephone Services : Prizes & Sweepstakes on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website New Spin On Sweepstakes Scams on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot May 9 , 2000 -- February 18 , 2006 Succeeded by Powerball Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot March 30 , 2012 -- January 13 , 2016 Succeeded by Powerball ( hide ) Lotteries in the United States US lotteries Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas US Virgin Islands Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) Powerball ( 47 ) Mega Millions ( 46 ) Lucky for Life ( 25 ) Lotto America ( 13 ) Cash4Life ( 9 ) MegaHits ( 5 ) 2by2 ( 3 ) Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) All or Nothing ( 2 ) Former multi-state games Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Daily Millions Decades of Dollars Hot Lotto Lotto * America ( 1988 - 1992 ) Lotto South Midwest Millions Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Wild Card Win for Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Millions&oldid=822135685 '' Categories : Georgia Lottery Lottery games in the United States Lottery monopolies Mega Ball lottery games 1996 introductions 1996 in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本語 Română Русский Suomi ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 16 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the chances of winning the mega millions	[ "The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective: The probability of winning the jackpot (through October 27, 2017) was 1:(75C5) x (15); that is: 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1, or 5!, and this number is then multiplied by 15 (15 possible numbers for the \"Megaball\"). Therefore, (75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71)/ (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) x 15 = 258,890,850, which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1:258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot. Similarly, the odds for second prize are 1:(75C5) x (15/14) = 1: 18,492,204 chance of winning. The overall probability of winning any prize was 1 in 14.7. If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing, the jackpot will keep increasing, however, the odds will still remain the same." ]	[ "1:258,890,850" ]
1933571958449145713	History of South Africa	History of South Africa - Wikipedia History of South Africa Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of South Africa General periods Before 1652 1652 -- 1815 1815 -- 1910 1910 -- 1948 1948 -- 1994 Since 1994 Specific themes Economy Military Politics Religion Slavery Inventions See also Years Timeline ( nl ) South Africa portal Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal Historical states in present - day South Africa before 1600 ( show ) Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( 1050 -- 1270 ) Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1795 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Swellendam ( 1795 ) Graaff - Reinet ( 1795 -- 96 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1802 ) 1800 -- 1850 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1802 -- 06 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 -- 1910 ) Waterboer 's Land ( 1813 -- 71 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1818 -- 97 ) Adam Kok 's Land ( 1825 -- 61 ) Winburg ( 1836 -- 44 ) Potchefstroom ( 1837 -- 48 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) 1850 -- 1875 ( show ) South African Republic ( 1852 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Republic of Utrecht ( 1854 -- 58 ) Lydenburg Republic ( 1856 -- 60 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 80 ) Diggers ' Republic ( 1870 - 71 ) 1875 -- 1900 ( show ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Nieuw Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) 1900 -- present ( show ) Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1910 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- present ) South Africa portal Bartolomeu Dias Statue of Bartolomeu Dias at the High Commission of South Africa in London . He was the first European navigator to sail around the southernmost tip of Africa . Republic of South Africa flag Use Civil and state flag , civil and state ensign Design The flag of Republic of South Africa was adopted on 27 April 1994 . It replaced the flag that had been used since 1928 , and was chosen to represent multiculturalism and ethnic diversity in the country 's new , post-apartheid democratic society . The first humans are believed to have inhabited South Africa more than 100,000 years ago . The historical record of this ethnically diverse country is generally divided into five distinct periods : the pre-colonial era , the colonial era , the post-colonial and apartheid era , and the post-apartheid era . Much of this history , particularly of the colonial and post-colonial eras , is characterised by clashes of culture , violent territorial disputes between European settlers and indigenous people , dispossession and repression , and other racial and political tensions . The discoveries of diamonds and gold in the nineteenth century had a profound effect on the fortunes of the region , propelling it onto the world stage and introducing a shift away from an exclusively agrarian - based economy towards industrialisation and the development of urban infrastructure . The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire , fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry . Following the defeat of the Boers in the Anglo - Boer or South African War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) , the Union of South Africa was created as a dominion of the British Empire in terms of the South Africa Act 1909 , which amalgamated the four previously separate British colonies : Cape Colony , Natal Colony , Transvaal Colony and Orange River Colony . The country became a self - governing nation state within the British Empire , in 1934 following enactment of the Status of the Union Act . The dominion came to an end on 31 May 1961 as the consequence of a 1960 referendum , which legitimised the country becoming a sovereign state named Republic of South Africa . A republican constitution was adopted . From 1948 - 1994 , South African politics were dominated by Afrikaner nationalism . Racial segregation and white minority rule known officially as apartheid came into existence in 1960 , and become an official law of segregation when South Africa became a republic , an Afrikaans word meaning `` separateness '' . It was an extension of segregationist legislation enacted in 1960 . On 27 April 1994 , after decades of armed struggle and international opposition to apartheid , during which military and political support was provided primarily by the Soviet Union to the non-racial African National Congress ( ANC ) , the ANC achieved victory in the country 's first democratic election in which all races could vote . Since then , the African National Congress has dominated the politics of South Africa , in an uneasy alliance with the South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history ( before 1652 ) 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 San and Khoikhoi 1.3 Bantu people 1.4 Early European exploration 1.4. 1 Portuguese role 1.4. 2 Dutch role 2 Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) 3 British colonisation , Mfecane and Boer Republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) 3.1 British at the Cape 3.2 European exploration of the interior 3.3 Zulu militarism and expansionism 3.4 Boer people and republics 3.4. 1 South African Republic 3.4. 2 Free State Republic 3.4. 3 Natalia 3.5 The Cape Colony 3.6 Natal 3.7 Griqua people 3.8 Cape Frontier Wars 3.8. 1 Wars against the Xhosa 3.8. 2 Wars against the Zulu 3.8. 3 Wars with the Basotho 3.8. 4 Wars with the Ndebele 3.8. 5 Wars with the Bapedi 3.9 Discovery of diamonds 3.10 Discovery of gold 3.11 The First Anglo - Boer War 3.12 The Second Anglo - Boer War 4 Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) 4.1 First World War 4.2 Second World War 4.2. 1 Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes 5 Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) 5.1 Apartheid legislation 5.2 UN embargo 5.3 Extra-judicial killings 5.4 Military operations in frontline states 5.5 Resistance to apartheid 6 Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) 6.1 Emigration , debt burden and poverty 6.2 Xenophobia 6.3 Post-apartheid heads of state 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early History ( before 1652 ) ( edit ) Main article : Early history of South Africa Prehistory ( edit ) Scientists researching the periods before written historical records were made have established that the territory of what is now referred to generically as South Africa have established that it is one of the important centers of human evolution . It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago . Modern human settlement occurred around 125,000 years ago in the Middle Stone Age , as shown by archaeological discoveries at Klasies River Caves . The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan ( Khoi and San ) . Southern Africa was reached later by the migration of the ethnically different , dark - skinned , Bantu - speaking or African people originating in the northwestern region of southern Africa during the early centuries AD . At the Blombos cave Professor Raymond Dart discovered the skull of a 2.51 million year old Taung Child in 1924 , the first example of Australopithecus africanus ever found . Following in Dart 's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai , and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein . In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002 , stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns , dated to some 70,000 years ago . This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens . Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades . The oldest is Little Foot , a collection of footbones of an unknown hominid between 2.2 and 3.3 million years old , discovered at Sterkfontein by Ronald J. Clarke . An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba , discovered in 2008 . In 2015 , the discovery near Johannesburg of a previously unknown species of Homo was announced , named Homo naledi . It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times . San and Khoikhoi ( edit ) Khoisan men demonstrating how to start a fire by rubbing sticks together . The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes . The settlement of southern Africa by the ancestors of the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether , associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 ( mtDNA ) and patrilinear haplogroup A ( Y - DNA ) , originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa . The San and Khoikhoi are grouped under the term Khoisan , and are essentially distinguished only by their respective occupations . Whereas the San were hunter - gathers , the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders . Archaeological discoveries of livestock bones on the Cape Peninsula indicate that the Khoikhoi began to settle there by about 2000 years ago . In the late 15th and early 16th centuries , Portuguese mariners , who were the first Europeans at the Cape , encountered pastoral Khoikhoi with livestock . Later , English and Dutch seafarers in the late 16th and 17th centuries exchanged metals for cattle and sheep with the Khoikhoi . The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why , in the mid-17th century , the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated . The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain . The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership . Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued , with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force , after a succession of wars . The first Khoikhoi - Dutch War broke out in 1659 , the second in 1673 , and the third 1674 -- 1677 . By the time of their defeat and expulsion from the Cape Peninsula and surrounding districts , the Khoikhoi population was decimated by a smallpox epidemic , against which the Khoikhoi had no natural resistance or indigenous medicines . The disease had been brought to the Cape by Dutch sailors . Bantu people ( edit ) Further information : Bantu migrations The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory , sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC . Bantu - speaking communities would have reached southern Africa from the Congo basin by the early centuries AD . The advancing Bantu encroached on the Khoikhoi territory , forcing the original inhabitants of the region to move to more arid areas . Some of the migrant groups , ancestral to today 's Nguni peoples ( the Zulu , Xhosa , Swazi , and Ndebele ) , preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present - day South Africa . Others , now known as the Sotho -- Tswana peoples ( Tswana , Pedi , and Sotho ) , settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld , while today 's Venda , Lemba , and Shangaan - Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north - eastern areas of present - day South Africa . Looking out over the floodplains of the Luvuvhu River ( right ) and the Limpopo River ( far distance and left ) The Kingdom of Mapungubwe , which was located near the northern border of present - day South Africa , at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers adjacent to present - day Zimbabwe and Botswana , was the first indigenous kingdom in southern Africa between AD 900 and 1300 . It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century . Smiths created objects of iron , copper and gold both for local decorative use and for foreign trade . The kingdom controlled trade through the east African ports to Arabia , India and China , and throughout southern Africa , making it wealthy through the exchange of gold and ivory for imports such as Chinese porcelain and Persian glass beads . Specifics of the contact between Bantu - speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched , although linguistic proof of some assimilation exists , as several southern Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) incorporate many click consonants of the Khoisan languages . The assimilation is not dissimilar to that of the European settlers , who adapted and assimilated the Dutch , Flemish , German and Malay languages into the Dutch patois of Afrikaans . Early European exploration ( edit ) Portuguese role ( edit ) See also : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Discovery of the sea route to India , Bartolomeu Dias , Vasco da Gama , and Portuguese Empire The Portuguese mariner Bartolomeu Dias was the first European to explore the coastline of South Africa in 1488 , while attempting to discover a trade route to the Far East via the southernmost cape of South Africa , which he named Cabo das Tormentas , meaning Cape of Storms . In November 1497 , a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope . By 16 December , the fleet had passed the Great Fish River on the east coast of South Africa , where Dias had earlier turned back . Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing , which in Portuguese means Christmas . Da Gama 's fleet proceeded northwards to Zanzibar and later sailed eastwards , eventually reaching India and thereby opening the Cape Route between Europe and Asia . Dutch role ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) See also : Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) , First Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia , Brouwer Route , and Jan Huyghen van Linschoten The Dutch East India Company ( Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC ) was a major force behind the Golden Age of Dutch exploration ( ca . 1590s -- 1720s ) and Netherlandish cartography ( ca . 1570s -- 1670s ) . Dutch colonisation ( 1652 -- 1815 ) ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2017 ) Main article : Dutch Cape Colony See also : History of South Africa ( 1652 -- 1815 ) , Economic history of South Africa , Military history of South Africa , Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars , Dutch Empire , Maritime history of the Dutch East India Company , Military history of the Dutch East India Company , and Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery See also : History of Cape Town , Stellenbosch , Swellendam , Graaff - Reinet , Franschhoek , Huguenots in South Africa , Boer Nationalism , Dorsland Trek , South African wine , Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa , Afrikaner Calvinism , Cape Dutch , and Cape Dutch architecture Jan van Riebeeck , first Commander of the Dutch East India Company colony The Dutch East India Company ( in the Dutch of the day : Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape . The VOC , one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East , had no intention of colonising the area , instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could shelter and be serviced , and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat , fruit , and vegetables . To this end , a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652 . The VOC had settled at the Cape in order to supply their trading ships . As the Khoikhoi were not agricultural farmers , there was no food to trade for at the Cape and the VOC had to import Dutch farmers to establish farms to supply the passing ships as well as to supply the growing VOC settlement . The small initial group of free burghers , as these farmers were known , steadily increased in number and began to expand their farms further north and east into the territory of the Khoikhoi . The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners , who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC . The statue of Jan van Riebeeck , the founder of Cape Town , in Heerengracht Street . The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Calvinist Reformed Church of the Netherlands , but there were also numerous Germans as well as some Scandinavians . In 1688 the Dutch and the Germans were joined by French Huguenots , also Calvinists , who were fleeing religious persecution in France under King Louis XIV . Van Riebeeck considered it impolitic to enslave the local Khoi and San aboriginals , so the VOC began to import large numbers of slaves , primarily from the Dutch colonies in Indonesia . Eventually , van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San . The offspring from miscegenation between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi - San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays , respectively . A significant number of the offspring from the white and slave unions were absorbed into the local proto - Afrikaans speaking white population . The racially mixed genealogical origins of many so - called `` white '' South Africans have been traced to interracial unions at the Cape between the European occupying population and imported Asian and African slaves , the indigenous Khoi and San , and their vari - hued offspring . Simon van der Stel , the first Governor of the Dutch settlement , famous for his development of the lucrative South African wine industry , was himself of mixed race - origin . British colonisation , mfecane and Boer republics ( 1815 - 1910 ) ( edit ) British at the Cape ( edit ) Main articles : British Cape Colony and History of South Africa ( 1815 - 1910 ) The Rhodes Colossus -- Cecil Rhodes spanning `` Cape to Cairo '' In 1787 , shortly before the French Revolution , a faction within the politics of the Dutch Republic known as the Patriot Party attempted to overthrow the regime of stadtholder William V. Though the revolt was crushed , it was resurrected after the French invasion of the Netherlands in 1794 / 1795 which resulted in the stadtholder fleeing the country . The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic , which was closely allied to revolutionary France . In response , the stadtholder , who had taken up residence in England , issued the Kew Letters , ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British . The British then seized the Cape in 1795 to prevent it from falling into French hands . The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803 . In 1805 , the British inherited the Cape as a prize during the Napoleonic Wars , again seizing the Cape from the French controlled Kingdom of Holland which had replaced the Batavian Republic . Like the Dutch before them , the British initially had little interest in the Cape Colony , other than as a strategically located port . The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain `` all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto '' , and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire , allowing the continuance of Roman - Dutch law . British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony . As one of their first tasks they outlawed the use of the Dutch language in 1806 with the view of converting the European settlers to the British language and culture . This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move ( or trek ) away from British administrative reach . Much later , in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle - class British immigrants ( most of them `` in trade '' ) to leave Great Britain . Many of the 1820 Settlers eventually settled in Grahamstown and Port Elizabeth . British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments , but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony . This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers , who soon developed a distaste for British authority . European exploration of the interior ( edit ) Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope , from 1780 to 1795 . The four expeditions Gordon undertook between 1777 and 1786 are recorded in a series of several hundred drawings known collectively as the Gordon Atlas , as well as in his journals , which were only discovered in 1964 . Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa , the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward , were peaceful . However , there was competition for land , and this tension led to skirmishes in the form of cattle raids from 1779 . The British explorers David Livingstone and William Oswell , setting out from a mission station in the northern Cape Colony , are believed to have been the first white men to cross the Kalahari desert in 1849 . The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert . Zulu militarism and expansionism ( edit ) Main articles : Zulu people and Difaqane This map illustrates the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka ( 1816 -- 1828 ) in present - day South Africa . The rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa . Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone included the Soshangane , Zwangendaba , Ndebele , Hlubi , Ngwane , and the Mfengu . A number of clans were caught between the Zulu Empire and advancing Voortrekkers and British Empire such as the Xhosa . The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu - Natal , founded ca . 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela . The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom , which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms . Sotho - speakers know this period as the difaqane ( `` forced migration '' ) ; Zulu - speakers call it the mfecane ( `` crushing '' ) . Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane , ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade . Another theory attributes the epicentre of Zulu violence to the slave trade out of Delgoa Bay in Mozambique situated to the north of Zululand . According to this theory , Portuguese slavers had been driven southwards because of increased naval activity during the Napoleonic wars ; it was the rush of refugees away from the encroaching slavers that precipitated violent instability in the region . In 1818 , Nguni tribes in Zululand became a militaristic kingdom under the driving force of Shaka kaSenzangakhona , son of the chief of the Zulu clan . Shaka built large armies , breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs . He then set out on a massive programme of expansion , killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered . His impis ( warrior regiments ) were rigorously disciplined : failure in battle meant death . Shaka Zulu in traditional Zulu military garb Peoples in the path of Shaka 's armies moved out of his way , becoming in their turn aggressors against their neighbours . This wave of displacement spread throughout southern Africa and beyond . It also accelerated the formation of several new nation - states , notably those of the Sotho ( present - day Lesotho ) and of the Swazi ( now Swaziland ) . In 1828 Shaka was killed by his half - brothers Dingaan and Umhlangana . The weaker and less - skilled Dingaan became king , relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism . Dingaan also attempted to establish relations with the British traders on the Natal coast , but events had started to unfold that would see the demise of Zulu independence . Boer people and republics ( edit ) Main article : Boer Republics After 1806 , a number of Dutch - speaking inhabitants of the Cape Colony trekked inland , first in small groups . Eventually , in the 1830s , large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek . Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule . Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch . Similarly , schools , justice and trade up to the arrival of the British , were all managed in the Dutch language . The language law caused friction , distrust and dissatisfaction . An account of the first trekboers Another reason for Dutch - speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day , 1 December 1838 . The farmers complained they could not replace the labour of their slaves without losing an excessive amount of money . The farmers had invested large amounts of capital in slaves . Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin . Britain had allocated the sum of 1 200 000 British Pounds as compensation to the Dutch settlers , on condition the Dutch farmers had to lodge their claims in Britain as well as the fact that the value of the slaves was many times the allocated amount . This caused further dissatisfaction among the Dutch settlers . The settlers , incorrectly , believed that the Cape Colony administration had taken the money due to them as payment for freeing their slaves . Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent . The commission charged by agents was the same as the payment for one slave , thus those settlers only claiming for one slave would receive nothing . South African Republic ( edit ) Main article : South African Republic Flag of the South African Republic , often referred to as the Vierkleur ( meaning four - coloured ) The South African Republic ( Dutch : Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR , not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa ) , is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal . It was an independent and internationally recognised nation - state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902 . Independent sovereignty of the republic was formally recognised by Great Britain with the signing of the Sand River Convention on 17 January 1852 . The republic , under the premiership of Paul Kruger , defeated British forces in the First Boer War and remained independent until the end of the Second Boer War on 31 May 1902 , when it was forced to surrender to the British . The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony . Free State Republic ( edit ) Main article : Orange Free State Flag of the Republic of the Orange Free State The independent Boer republic of Orange Free State evolved from colonial Britain 's Orange River Sovereignty , enforced by the presence of British troops , which lasted from 1848 to 1854 in the territory between the Orange and Vaal rivers , named Transorange . Britain , due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe , then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854 , when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic , which they named the Orange Free State . In March 1858 , after land disputes , cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids , the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom , which it failed to defeat . A succession of wars were conducted between the Boers and the Basotho for the next 10 years . The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony , created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War . The colony , with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904 ceased to exist in 1910 , when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province . Natalia ( edit ) Main article : Natalia Republic Natalia was a short - lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer voortrekkers emigrating from the Cape Colony . In 1824 a party of 25 men under British Lieutenant FG Farewell arrived from the Cape Colony and established a settlement on the northern shore of the Bay of Natal , which would later become the port of Durban , so named after Sir Benjamin d'Urban , a governor of the Cape Colony . Boer voortrekkers in 1838 established the Republic of Natalia in the surrounding region , with its capital at Pietermaritzburg . On the night of 23 / 24 May 1842 British colonial forces attacked the voortrekker camp at Congella . The attack failed , with British forces then retreating back to Durban , which the Boers besieged . A local trader Dick King and his servant Ndongeni , who later became folk heroes , were able to escape the blockade and ride to Grahamstown , a distance of 600 km ( 372.82 miles ) in 14 days to raise British reinforcements . The reinforcements arrived in Durban 20 days later ; the siege was broken and the voortrekkers retreated . The Boers accepted British annexation in 1844 . Many of the Natalia Boers who refused to acknowledge British rule trekked over the Drakensberg mountains to settle in the Orange Free State and Transvaal republics . The Cape Colony ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Cape Colony and Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope Sir Harry Smith , British governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , 1847 -- 1852 Between 1847 and 1854 , Sir Harry Smith , governor and high commissioner of the Cape Colony , annexed territories far to the north of original British and Dutch settlement . Smith 's expansion of the Cape Colony resulted in conflict with disaffected Boers in the Orange River Sovereignty who in 1848 mounted an abortive rebellion at Boomplaats , where the Boers were defeated by a detachment of the Cape Mounted Rifles . Annexation also precipitated a war between British colonial forces and the indigenous Xhosa nation in 1850 , in the eastern coastal region . Starting from the mid-1800s , the Cape of Good Hope , which was then the largest state in southern Africa , began moving towards greater independence from Britain . In 1854 , it was granted its first locally elected legislature , the Cape Parliament . In 1872 , after a long political struggle , it attained responsible government with a locally accountable executive and Prime Minister . The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire , even though it was self - governing in practice . The Cape Colony was unusual in southern Africa in that its laws prohibited any discrimination on the basis of race and , unlike the Boer republics , elections were held according to the non-racial Cape Qualified Franchise system , whereby suffrage qualifications applied universally , regardless of race . Initially , a period of strong economic growth and social development ensued . However , an ill - informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War . Meanwhile , the discovery of diamonds around Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal led to a later return to instability , particularly because they fueled the rise to power of the ambitious colonialist Cecil Rhodes . As Cape Prime Minister , Rhodes curtailed the multi-racial franchise , and his expansionist policies set the stage for the Second Boer War . Natal ( edit ) Main article : Colony of Natal By the end of 1847 , following annexation by Britain of the former Boer republic of Natalia , nearly all the Boers had left their former republic , which the British renamed Natal . The role of the Boer settlers was replaced by subsidised British immigrants of whom 5,000 arrived between 1849 and 1851 . Indian indentured labourers arriving in Durban for the first time Indian slaves from the Dutch colonies had been introduced into the Cape area of South Africa by the Dutch settlers in 1654 . By 1860 , with slavery having been abolished in 1834 , and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843 , the British colonialists in Natal ( now kwaZulu - Natal ) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage . Men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to adopt the servile position of labourers . In that year , the SS Truro arrived in Durban harbour with over 300 Indians on board . Over the next 50 years , 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived , as well as numerous free `` passenger Indians '' , building the base for what would become the largest Indian community outside India . By 1893 , when the lawyer and social activist Mahatma Gandhi arrived in Durban , Indians outnumbered whites in Natal . The civil rights struggle of Gandhi 's Natal Indian Congress failed ; until the 1994 advent of democracy , Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country . Griqua people ( edit ) Main article : Griqua people By the late 1700s , the Cape Colony population had grown to include a large number of mixed - race so - called `` coloureds '' who were the offspring of extensive miscegenation between white , male Dutch settlers , Khoikhoi females , and female slaves imported from Dutch colonies in the East . Members of this mixed - race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people . Under the leadership of a former slave named Adam Kok , these `` coloureds '' or Basters ( meaning Bastards ) as they were named by the Dutch , started trekking northward into the interior , through what is today named Northern Cape Province . The trek of the Griquas to escape the influence of the Cape Colony has been described as `` one of the great epics of the 19th century . '' They were joined on their long journey by a number of San and Khoikhoi aboriginals , local African tribesmen , and also some white renegades . Around 1800 , they started crossing the northern frontier formed by the Orange River , arriving ultimately in an uninhabited area , which they named Griqualand . In 1825 , a faction of the Griqua people was induced by Dr John Philip , superintendent of the London Missionary Society in Southern Africa , to relocate to a place called Philippolis , a mission station for the San , several hundred miles southeast of Griqualand . Philip 's intention was for the Griquas to protect the missionary station there against banditti in the region , and as a bulwark against the northward movement of white settlers from the Cape Colony . Friction between the Griquas and the settlers over land rights resulted in British troops being sent to the region in 1845 . It marked the beginning of nine years of British intervention in the affairs of the region , which the British named Transorange . Nicolaas Waterboer who ruled Griqualand from 1852 to 1896 In 1861 , to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State , most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek . They moved about 500 miles eastward , over the Quathlamba ( today known as the Drakensberg mountain range ) , settling ultimately in an area officially designated as `` Nomansland '' , which the Griquas renamed Griqualand East . East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879 . The original Griqualand , north of the Orange River , was annexed by Britain 's Cape Colony and renamed Griqualand West after the discovery in 1871 of the world 's richest deposit of diamonds at Kimberley , so named after the British Colonial Secretary , Earl Kimberley . Although no formally surveyed boundaries existed , Griqua leader Nicolaas Waterboer claimed the diamond fields were situated on land belonging to the Griquas . The Boer republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State also vied for ownership of the land , but Britain , being the preeminent force in the region , won control over the disputed territory . In 1878 , Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities , for which he was arrested and briefly exiled . Cape frontier wars ( edit ) In early South Africa , European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture . To the local African chieftains , customary tribute in the form of horses and cattle represented acceptance by the reigning chief of land use under his authority . To both the Boer and the British settlers , the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority . As British and Boer settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land , they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier . The consequent frontier wars were officially referred to by the British colonial authorities as the `` Kaffir '' wars . It has been suggested by at least one historian that the early tribal societies of what is today South Africa were defeated not only by the superior weapons of the settlers , `` but also by their own backwardness and disunity . '' Too , the increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s , and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal , resulted in pressure for land and African labour , and led to increasingly tense relations with African states . Wars against the Xhosa ( edit ) In the southeastern part of the country , the Boers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River , and in 1779 the first of nine frontier wars erupted . For nearly 100 years subsequently , the Xhosa fought the settlers sporadically , first the Boers or Afrikaners and later the British . In the Fourth Frontier War , which lasted from 1811 to 1812 , the British forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary . Map of South Africa showing the primary Xhosa language area in green In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders , Ndlambe and Ngqika , ended in Ngqika 's defeat , but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief . He appealed to the British for help against Ndlambe , who retaliated in 1819 during the Fifth Frontier War by attacking the British colonial town of Grahamstown . The Xhosa prophet Nxele emerged at this time and led the Xhosa armies in several attacks . He was subsequently captured and imprisoned on Robben Island . After this war the British attempted unsuccessfully to declare the area between the Great Fish and the Keiskamma rivers neutral territory . More fighting took place , until eventually all Xhosa territories were incorporated into the Cape Colony . Wars against the Zulu ( edit ) King Cetshwayo photograph ( ca. 1875 ) In the eastern part of what is today South Africa , in the region named Natalia by the Boer trekkers , the latter negotiated an agreement with Zulu King Dingane kaSenzangakhona allowing the Boers to settle in part of the then Zulu kingdom . Cattle rustling ensued and a party of Boers under the leadership of Piet Retief was massacred . The Boers retaliated at the Ncome River on 16 December 1838 , when they killed about three thousand Zulu warriors in a clash known historically as the Battle of Blood River . In the later annexation of the Zulu kingdom by imperial Britain , an Anglo - Zulu War was fought in 1879 . Following Lord Carnarvon 's successful introduction of federation in Canada , it was thought that similar political effort , coupled with military campaigns , might succeed with the African kingdoms , tribal areas and Boer republics in South Africa . In 1874 , Sir Henry Bartle Frere was sent to South Africa as High Commissioner for the British Empire to bring such plans into being . Among the obstacles were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand and its army . Frere , on his own initiative , without the approval of the British government and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu , had presented an ultimatum on 11 December 1878 , to the Zulu king Cetshwayo with which the Zulu king could not comply . Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles , including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana , as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region . Britain 's eventual defeat of the Zulus , marking the end of the Zulu nation 's independence , was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority . The British then set about establishing large sugar plantations in the area today named KwaZulu - Natal Province . Wars with the Basotho ( edit ) From the 1830s onwards , numbers of white settlers from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and started arriving in the fertile southern part of territory known as the Lower Caledon Valley , which was occupied by Basotho cattle herders under the authority of the Basotho founding monarch Moshoeshoe I. In 1845 , a treaty was signed between the British colonialists and Moshoeshoe , which recognised white settlement in the area . No firm boundaries were drawn between the area of white settlement and Moshoeshoe 's kingdom , which led to border clashes . Moshoeshoe was under the impression he was loaning grazing land to the settlers in accordance with African precepts of occupation rather than ownership , while the settlers believed they had been granted permanent land rights . Afrikaner settlers in particular were loathe to live under Moshoesoe 's authority and among Africans . The British , who at that time controlled the area between the Orange and Vaal Rivers called the Orange River Sovereignty , decided a discernible boundary was necessary and proclaimed a line named the Warden Line , dividing the area between British and Basotho territories . This led to conflict between the Basotho and the British , who were defeated by Moshoeshoe 's warriors at the battle of Viervoet in 1851 . King Moshoeshoe with his advisors As punishment to the Basotho , the governor and commander - in - chief of the Cape Colony , Sir George Cathcart , deployed troops to the Mohokare River ; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine . When he did not pay the fine in full , a battle broke out on the Berea Plateau in 1852 , where the British suffered heavy losses . In 1854 , the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention . This territory and others in the region then became the Republic of the Orange Free State . A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State . In the battles that followed , the Orange Free State tried unsuccessfully to capture Moshoeshoe 's mountain stronghold at Thaba Bosiu , while the Sotho conducted raids in Free State territories . Both sides adopted scorched - earth tactics , with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed . Faced with starvation , Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858 , though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved . War broke out again in 1865 . After an unsuccessful appeal for aid from the British Empire , Moshoeshoe signed the 1866 treaty of Thaba Bosiu , with the Basotho ceding substantial territory to the Orange Free State . On 12 March 1868 , the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire . Open hostilities ceased between the Orange Free State and the Basotho . The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho . Wars with the Ndebele ( edit ) Boer voortrekkers depicted in an early artist 's rendition In 1836 , when Boer voortrekkers ( meaning advance trekkers ) arrived in the northwestern part of present - day South Africa , they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named `` Matabele '' , under chief Mzilikazi . A series of battles ensued , in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated . He withdrew from the area and led his people northwards to what would later become the Matabele region of Southern Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) . Other members of the Ndebele ethnic language group in different areas of the region similarly came into conflict with the Voortrekkers , notably in the area that would later become the Northern Transvaal . In September 1854 , 28 Boers accused of cattle rustling were killed in three separate incidents by an alliance of the Ndebele chiefdoms of Mokopane and Mankopane . Mokopane and his followers , anticipating retaliation by the settlers , retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa , ( or Makapansgat in Afrikaans ) . In late October , Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves . By the end of the siege , about three weeks later , Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves . The survivors were captured and allegedly enslaved . Wars with the Bapedi ( edit ) The Bapedi wars , also known as the Sekukuni wars , consisted of three separate campaigns fought between 1876 and 1879 against the Bapedi under their reigning monarch King Sekukuni , in the northeastern region known as Sekukuniland , bordering on Swaziland . The wars were an outcome of constant friction between the Bapedi and the Boers , who claimed that Bapedi carrying arms were continually stealing livestock , whilst the Bapedi claimed that neighbouring Boer settlers stole children to be forced into farm labour . Further friction was caused by the refusal of Sekukuni to allow prospectors to search for gold in territory he considered to be sovereign and independent under his authority . The First Sekukuni War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers , and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekukuni War of 1878 / 1879 were conducted by the British . During the final campaign , Sekukuni ( also spelled Sekhukhune ) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water . He eventually surrendered to a combined deputation of Boer and British forces on December 2 , 1879 . Sekukuni , members of his family and some Bapedi generals were subsequently imprisoned in Pretoria for two years , with Sekukuniland becoming part of the Transvaal Republic . No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory . Discovery of diamonds ( edit ) Cecil John Rhodes , co-founder of De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley The first diamond discoveries between 1866 and 1867 were alluvial , on the southern banks of the Orange River . By 1869 , diamonds were found at some distance from any stream or river , in hard rock called blue ground , later called kimberlite , after the mining town of Kimberley where the diamond diggings were concentrated . The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership . Claimants to the site included the South African ( Transvaal ) Republic , the Orange Free State Republic , and the mixed - race Griqua nation under Nicolaas Waterboer . Cape Colony Governor Sir Henry Barkly persuaded all claimants to submit themselves to a decision of an arbitrator and so Robert W Keate , Lieutenant - Governor of Natal was asked to arbitrate . Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas . Waterboer , fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State , subsequently asked for and received British protection . Griqualand then became a separate Crown Colony renamed Griqualand West in 1871 , with a Lieutenant - General and legislative council . The Crown Colony of Griqualand West was annexed into the Cape Colony in 1877 , enacted into law in 1880 . No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation ; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley . The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated . By the 1870s and 1880s the mines at Kimberley were producing 95 % of the world 's diamonds . The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley . Revenue accruing to the Cape Colony from the Kimberley diamond diggings enabled the Cape Colony to be granted responsible government status in 1872 , since it was no longer dependent on the British Treasury and hence allowing it to be fully self - governing in similar fashion to the federation of Canada , New Zealand and some of the Australian states . The wealth derived from Kimberley diamond mining , having effectively tripled the customs revenue of the Cape Colony from 1871 to 1875 , also doubled its population , and allowed it to expand its boundaries and railways to the north . In 1888 , British imperialist Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley , after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty . Abundant , cheap African labour was central to the success of Kimberley diamond mining , as it would later also be to the success of gold mining on the Witwatersrand . It has been suggested in some academic circles that the wealth produced at Kimberley was a significant factor influencing the Scramble for Africa , in which European powers had by 1902 competed with each other in drawing arbitrary boundaries across almost the entire continent and dividing it among themselves . Discovery of gold ( edit ) Main article : Witwatersrand Gold Rush Johannesburg before gold mining transformed it into a bustling modern city Although many tales abound , there is no conclusive evidence as to who first discovered gold or the manner in which it was originally discovered in the late 19th Century on the Witwatersrand ( meaning White Waters Ridge ) of the Transvaal . The discovery of gold in February 1886 at a farm called Langlaagte on the Witwatersrand in particular precipitated a gold rush by prospectors and fortune seekers from all over the world . Except in rare outcrops , however , the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock . Finding and extracting the deposits far below the ground called for the capital and engineering skills that would soon result in the deep - level mines of the Witwatersrand producing a quarter of the world 's gold , with the `` instant city '' of Johannesburg arising astride the main Witwatersrand gold reef . Within two years of gold being discovered on the Witwatersrand , four mining finance houses had been established . The first was formed by Hermann Eckstein in 1887 , eventually becoming Rand Mines . Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed , with their Gold Fields of South Africa company . Rhodes and Rudd had earlier made fortunes from diamond mining at Kimberley . In 1895 there was an investment boom in Witwatersrand gold - mining shares . The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come . Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields , 15 were Jewish , 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria , and nine of that latter category were also Jewish . The commercial opportunities opened by the discovery of gold attracted many other people of European Jewish origin . The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000 ; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000 , mostly migrants from Lithuania . The working environment of the mines , meanwhile , as one historian has described it , was `` dangerous , brutal and onerous '' , and therefor unpopular among local black Africans . Recruitment of black labour began to prove difficult , even with an offer of improved wages . In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899 . The decision was made to start importing Chinese indentured labourers who were prepared to work for far less wages than local African labourers . The first 1,000 indentured Chinese labourers arrived in June 1904 . By January 1907 , 53,000 Chinese labourers were working in the gold mines . The first Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : First Boer War This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Regional geography during the period of the Anglo - Boer wars ; the South African Republic / Transvaal ( green ) , with the Orange Free State ( orange ) , the British Cape Colony ( blue ) , and Natalia Republic ( red ) The Transvaal Boer republic was forcefully annexed by Britain in 1877 , during Britain 's attempt to consolidate the states of southern Africa under British rule . Long - standing Boer resentment turned into full - blown rebellion in the Transvaal and the first Anglo - Boer War , also known as the Boer Insurrection , broke out in 1880 . The conflict ended almost as soon as it began with a decisive Boer victory at Battle of Majuba Hill ( 27 February 1881 ) . The republic regained its independence as the Zuid - Afrikaansche Republiek ( `` South African Republic '' ) , or ZAR . Paul Kruger , one of the leaders of the uprising , became President of the ZAR in 1883 . Meanwhile , the British , who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration , forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics . They saw this as the best way to come to terms with the fact of a white Afrikaner majority , as well as to promote their larger strategic interests in the area . The cause of the Anglo - Boer wars has been attributed to a contest over which nation would control and benefit most from the Witwatersrand gold mines . The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European `` Randlords '' overseeing the mainly British foreign managers , mining foremen , engineers and technical specialists , characterised by the Boers as uitlander , meaning aliens . The `` aliens '' objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote , and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits , and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government . In 1895 , a column of mercenaries in the employ of Cecil John Rhodes ' Rhodesian - based Charter Company and led by Captain Leander Starr Jameson had entered the ZAR with the intention of sparking an uprising on the Witwatersrand and installing a British administration there . The armed incursion became known as the Jameson Raid . It ended when the invading column was ambushed and captured by Boer commandos . President Kruger suspected the insurgency had received at least the tacit approval of the Cape Colony government under the premiership of Cecil John Rhodes , and that Kruger 's South African Republic faced imminent danger . Kruger reacted by forming an alliance with the neighbouring Boer republic of Orange Free State . This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second Anglo - Boer war . The Second Anglo - Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Second Boer War Emily Hobhouse campaigned against the appalling conditions of the British concentrations in South Africa , thus influencing British public opinion against the war . Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand . Until that point , President Paul Kruger 's government had excluded all foreigners from the franchise . Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the borders of the South African Republic . When the British refused , Kruger declared war . This Second Anglo - Boer War , also known as the South African War lasted longer than the first , with British troops being supplemented by colonial troops from Southern Rhodesia , Canada , India , Australia and New Zealand . It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000 . By June 1900 , Pretoria , the last of the major Boer towns , had surrendered . Yet resistance by Boer bittereinders ( meaning those who would fight to the bitter end ) continued for two more years with guerrilla warfare , which the British met in turn with scorched earth tactics . The Boers kept on fighting . The British suffragette Emily Hobhouse visited British concentration camps in South Africa and produced a report condemning the appalling conditions there . By 1902 , 26,000 Boer women and children had died of disease and neglect in the camps . The Anglo - Boer War affected all race groups in South Africa . Black people were conscripted or otherwise coerced by both sides into working for them either as combatants or non-combatants to sustain the respective war efforts of both the Boers and the British . The official statistics of blacks killed in action are inaccurate . Most of the bodies were dumped in unmarked graves . It has , however , been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone , but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers . Concentration camp superintendents did not always record the deaths of black inmates in the camps . From the outset of hostilities in October 1899 to the signing of peace on 31 May 1902 the war claimed the lives of 22,000 imperial soldiers and 7,000 republican fighters . In terms of the peace agreement known as the Treaty of Vereeniging , the Boer republics acknowledged British sovereignty , while the British in turn committed themselves to reconstruction of the areas under their control . Union of South Africa ( 1910 - 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1910 -- 48 ) Main article : Union of South Africa This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Union Buildings , government administrative centre , Pretoria , circa 1925 During the years immediately following the Anglo - Boer wars , Britain set about unifying the four colonies including the former Boer republics into a single self - governed country called the Union of South Africa . This was accomplished after several years of negotiations , when the South Africa Act 1909 consolidated the Cape Colony , Natal , Transvaal , and Orange Free State into one nation . Under the provisions of the act , the Union became an independent Dominion of the British Empire , governed under a form of constitutional monarchy , with the British monarch represented by a Governor - General . Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown . The British High Commission territories of Basutoland ( now Lesotho ) , and Bechuanaland ( now Botswana ) , Swaziland continued under direct rule from Britain . Among other harsh segregationist laws , including denial of voting rights to black people , the Union parliament enacted the 1913 Natives ' Land Act , which earmarked only eight percent of South Africa 's available land for black occupancy . White people , who constituted 20 percent of the population , held 90 percent of the land . The Land Act would form a cornerstone of legalised racial discrimination for the next nine decades . Daniel François Malan , National Party leader from 1934 -- 1953 General Louis Botha headed the first government of the new Union , with General Jan Smuts as his deputy . Their South African National Party , later known as the South African Party or SAP , followed a generally pro-British , white - unity line . The more radical Boers split away under the leadership of General Barry Hertzog , forming the National Party ( NP ) in 1914 . The National Party championed Afrikaner interests , advocating separate development for the two white groups , and independence from Britain . Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union 's affairs reached a climax in September 1914 , when impoverished Boers , anti-British Boers and bitter - enders launched a rebellion . The rebellion was suppressed , and at least one officer was sentenced to death and executed by firing squad . In 1924 the Afrikaner - dominated National Party came to power in a coalition government with the Labour Party . Afrikaans , previously regarded as a low - level Dutch patois , replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union . English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925 . The Union of South Africa came to an end after a referendum on 5 October 1960 , during which , a majority of white South Africans voted in favour of unilateral withdrawal from the British Commonwealth and the establishment of a Republic of South Africa . First World War ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : Jan Smuts and Military history of South Africa The British Empire is red on the map , at its zenith in 1919 . ( India highlighted in purple . ) South Africa , bottom centre , lies between both halves of the Empire . At the outbreak of World War I , South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire . Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts , were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British , but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet . Elements of the South African Army refused to fight against the Germans and along with other opponents of the government ; they rose in an open revolt known as the Maritz Rebellion . The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914 , and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion . The rebel leaders were prosecuted , fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years . Nearly 250,000 South Africans served in the South African military units supporting the Allies during World War I . This included 43,000 in German South West Africa and 30,000 on the Western Front . An estimated 3,000 South Africans also joined the Royal Flying Corps . The total South African casualties during the war was about 18,600 . South Africa assisted the Allied war effort by capturing the two German colonies of German West Africa and German East Africa , as well as participating in battles in Western Europe and the Middle East . In July 1916 , four battalions of the South African Brigade attached to the 9th Scottish Division suffered 766 fatalities among the approximately 3,150 South African soldiers who fought in the Battle of Delville Wood , France , . It was the most costly action fought by the South African Brigade on the Western Front . The dead outnumbered the wounded by four to one . Generals Smuts ( right ) and Botha were members of the British Imperial War Cabinet during World War I . Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines . The British elements strongly supported the war , and formed by far the largest military component . Likewise the Indian element ( led by Mahatma Gandhi ) generally supported the war effort . Afrikaners were split , with some like Botha and Smuts taking a prominent leadership role in the British war effort . This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion . The trade union movement was divided . Many urban blacks supported the war expecting it would raise their status in society . Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights . The Coloured element was generally supportive and many served in a Coloured Corps in East Africa and France , also hoping to better themselves after the war . 25,000 Black South Africans were recruited at the request of the British War Cabinet to serve as non-combatant labourers in the South African Native Labour Contingent ( SANLC ) . 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports , where they were housed in segregated compounds . A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi , on which they were being transported to France , collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight . The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa 's worst tragedies of the Great War , second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood . The South African government issued no war service medal to the black servicemen and the special medal issued by King George V to `` native troops '' that served the Empire , the British War Medal in bronze , was disallowed and not issued to the SANLC . Black and mixed - race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation . South Africa 's main economic role was as the country that supplied two - thirds of gold production in the British Empire , most of the remainder coming from Australia . When the war began , Bank of England officials worked with the government of South Africa to block any gold shipments to Germany , and force the mine owners to sell only to the British Treasury , at prices set by the Treasury . This facilitated purchases of munitions and food in the United States and neutral countries . Second World War ( edit ) Simon 's Town harbour and naval base in South Africa was used by the Allies during World War II . During World War II , South Africa 's ports and harbours , such as at Cape Town , Durban , and Simon 's Town , were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy . South Africa 's top - secret Special Signals Service played a significant role in the early development and deployment of radio detection and ranging ( radar ) technology used in protecting the vital coastal shipping route around southern Africa . By August 1945 , South African Air Force aircraft in conjunction with British and Dutch aircraft stationed in South Africa had intercepted 17 enemy ships , assisted in the rescue of 437 survivors of sunken ships , attacked 26 of the 36 enemy submarines operating the vicinity of the South African coast , and flown 15,000 coastal patrol sorties . About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full - time military service in support of the Allies abroad . Nearly 9,000 were killed in action . On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers , representing one - third of the entire South African force in the field , were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel 's forces in the fall of Tobruk , Libya . A number of South African fighter pilots served with distinction in the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain , including Group Captain Adolph `` Sailor '' Malan who led 74 Squadron and established a record of personally destroying 27 enemy aircraft . General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain 's war - time Prime Minister Winston Churchill . Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet in 1939 as the most senior South African in favour of war . On 28 May 1941 , Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army , becoming the first South African to hold that rank . When the war ended , Smuts represented South Africa in San Francisco at the drafting of the United Nations Charter in May 1945 . Just as he had done in 1919 , Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace ; he was determined that , unlike the League of Nations , the UN would have teeth . Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty , resolving the peace in Europe , thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War , and that which ended the Second . Pro-German and pro-Nazi attitudes ( edit ) After the suppression of the abortive , pro-German Maritz Rebellion during the South African World War I campaign against German South West Africa in 1914 , the South African rebel General Manie Maritz escaped to Spain . He returned in 1923 , and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich . In 1896 , the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger 's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection , known historically as the Jameson Raid , into Boer territory . Germany was the primary supplier of weapons to the Boers during the subsequent Anglo - Boer war . Kaiser Wilhelm 's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech - loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges . Germany 's Ludwig Loewe company , later known as Deutsche Waffen - und Munitionfabriken , delivered 55,000 of these rifles to the Boers in 1896 . The early - 1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag ( OB ) movement become half - a-million strong , including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh , the future head of police intelligence . The anti-semitic Boerenasie ( Boer Nation ) and other similar groups soon joined them . When the war ended , the OB was one of the anti-parliamentary groups absorbed into the National Party . Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging insignia The South African Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging or AWB ( meaning Afrikaner Resistance Movement ) , a militant neo-Nazi , mainly Afrikaner white supremacist movement that arose in the 1970s , and was active until the mid-1990s , openly used a flag that closely resembled the swastika . In the early to mid-1990s , the AWB attempted unsuccessfully through various acts of public violence and intimidation to derail the country 's transition to democracy . After the country 's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994 , a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB . On 11 March 1994 , several hundred AWB members formed part of an armed right - wing force that invaded the nominally independent `` homeland '' territory of Bophuthatswana , in a failed attempt to prop up its unpopular , conservative leader Chief Lucas Mangope . The AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010 . A majority of politically moderate Afrikaners were pragmatic and did not support the AWB 's extremism . Apartheid era ( 1948 - 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : Apartheid in South Africa Apartheid legislation ( edit ) `` For use by white persons '' -- sign from the apartheid era Racist legislation during the apartheid era was a continuation and extension of discriminatory and segregationist laws forming a continuum that had commenced in 1856 , under Dutch rule in the Cape and continued throughout the country under British colonialism . From 1948 , successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid , which lasted until 1991 . A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970 . This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so - called `` homelands '' or `` reserves '' . It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa ( now Namibia ) to what became described colloquially as `` Bantustans '' or the `` original homes '' , as they were officially referred to , of the black tribes of South Africa . The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate . Apartheid apologists attempted to justify the `` homelands '' policy by citing the 1947 partition of India , when the British had done much the same thing without arousing international condemnation . Map of the black homelands in South Africa at the end of apartheid in 1994 Although many important events occurred during this period , apartheid remained the central pivot around which most of the historical issues of this period revolved , including violent conflict and the militarisation of South African society . By 1987 , total military expenditure amounted to about 28 % of the national budget . In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it , Joint Management Centres ( JMCs ) operating in at least 34 State - designated `` high - risk '' areas became the key element in a National Security Management System . The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision - making at every level , from the Cabinet down to local government . UN embargo ( edit ) On 16 December 1966 , United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2202 A ( XXI ) identified apartheid as a `` crime against humanity '' . The Apartheid Convention , as it came to be known , was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour , four against ( Portugal , South Africa , the United Kingdom and the United States ) and 26 abstentions . The convention came into force on 18 July 1976 . On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination . The convention declared that apartheid was both unlawful and criminal because it violated the Charter of the United Nations . The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974 . On 4 November 1977 , the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms , ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa . The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy . Apartheid South Africa reacted to the UN arms embargo by strengthening its military ties with Israel , and establishing its own arms manufacturing industry : with the help of Israel . Four hundred M - 113A1 armoured personnel carriers , and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel . Extrajudicial killings ( edit ) In the mid-1980s , police and army death squads conducted state - sponsored assassinations of dissidents and activists . By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country , while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states . The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known . Strict censorship disallowed journalists from reporting , filming or photographing such incidents , while the government ran its own covert disinformation programme that provided distorted accounts of the extrajudicial killings . At the same time , State - sponsored vigilante groups carried out violent attacks on communities and community leaders associated with resistance to apartheid . The attacks were then falsely attributed by the government to `` black - on - black '' or factional violence within the communities . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission ( TRC ) would later establish that a covert , informal network of former or still serving army and police operatives , frequently acting in conjunction with extreme right - wing elements , was involved in actions that could be construed as fomenting violence and which resulted in gross human rights violations , including random and targeted killings . Between 1960 - 1994 , according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission , the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths , South African Police 2,700 , and the ANC about 1,300 . In early 2002 , a planned military coup by a white supremacist movement known as the Boeremag ( Boer Force ) was foiled by the South African police . Two dozen conspirators including senior South African Army officers were arrested on charges of treason and murder , after a bomb explosion in Soweto . The effectiveness of the police in foiling the planned coup strengthened public perceptions that the democratic order was irreversible . The TRC , at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004 , handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority ( NPA ) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA 's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit . Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued . Military operations in Frontline states ( edit ) See also : South African Border War and Angolan Civil War South African security forces during the latter part of the apartheid era , had a policy of destabilising neighbouring states supporting opposition movements , conducting sabotage operations and attacking ANC bases and places of refuge for exiles in those states . These states , forming a regional alliance of southern African states , were named collectively as the Frontline States : Angola , Botswana , Lesotho , Mozambique , Swaziland , Tanzania , Zambia and , from 1980 , Zimbabwe . South African troops in Angola In early - November 1975 , immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola , civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements . In order to prevent UNITA 's collapse and cement the rule of a friendly government , South Africa intervened on 23 October , sending between 1,500 and 2,000 troops from Namibia into southern Angola in order to fight the MPLA . In response to the South African intervention , Cuba sent 18,000 soldiers as part of a large - scale military intervention nicknamed Operation Carlota in support of the MPLA . Cuba had initially provided the MPLA with 230 military advisers prior to the South African intervention . The Cuban intervention was decisive in helping reverse SADF and UNITA advances and cement MPLA rule in Angola . More than a decade later 36,000 Cuban troops were deployed throughout the country helping providing support for MPLA 's fight with UNITA . The civil war in Angola resulted in 550,000 - 1,250,000 deaths in total mostly from famine . Most of the deaths occurred between 1992 and 1993 , after South African and Cuban involvement had ended . Direct war damage in Angola alone amounted to over $17,000,000,000 in the period 1980 - 88 . Loss of farm production amounted to a further $1,000,000,000 . Between 1975 and 1988 , the SADF continued to stage massive conventional raids into Angola and Zambia to eliminate PLAN 's forward operating bases across the border from Namibia as well as provide support for UNITA . A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola , resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed , including PLAN millitants and a large number of women and children . Colonel Jan Breytenbach , the South African parachute battalion commander , claimed it was `` recognised in Western military circles as the most successful airborne assault since World War II . '' The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp . The United Nations Security Council on 6 May 1978 condemned South Africa for the attack . On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . The Angolan army , in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion , was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas , all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union . The apartheid - era South African military and political intelligence services , for their part , worked closely with American , British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War . Both South Africa and Cuba claimed victory at the decisive battle of Cuito Cuanavale , which have been described as `` the fiercest in Africa since World War II '' . However , the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage , largely due to an international arms embargo against the country . South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations - brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola , Cuba and South Africa , resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa 's withdrawal from South West Africa ( now Namibia ) , which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966 . South Africa in the 1980s also provided logistical and other covert support to Resistência Nacional Moçambicana ( RENAMO ) rebels , in neighbouring Mozambique fighting the FRELIMO - run government during the Mozambique Civil War , and it launched cross-border raids into Lesotho , Swaziland and Botswana , killing or capturing a number of South African exiles . The civil war in Mozambique resulted in an estimated 1,000,000 deaths from violence and famine . Resistance to apartheid ( edit ) Painting of the Sharpeville massacre of March 1960 Organised resistance to Afrikaner nationalism was not confined exclusively to activists of the oppressed , dark - skinned population . A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s , led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II , only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home . With 250,000 paid - up members at the height of its existence , it was the largest white protest movement in the country 's history . By 1952 , the brief flame of mass - based white radicalism was extinguished , when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act , 1950 . Some members of the Torch Commando subsequently became leading figures in the armed wing of the banned African National Congress . From the 1940s to the 1960s , anti-apartheid resistance within the country took the form mainly of passive resistance , influenced in part by the pacifist ideology of Mahatma Gandhi . After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville , and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency , and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress ( ANC ) , the Pan-Africanist Congress ( PAC ) , and the Communist Party of South Africa , the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity . The armed wing of the ANC , Umkhonto weSizwe ( abbreviation MK , meaning Spear of the Nation ) claimed moral legitimacy for the resort to violence on the grounds of necessary defence and just war . From the 1960s onwards until 1989 , MK carried out numerous acts of sabotage and attacks on military and police personnel . The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that , despite the ANC 's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets , `` the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians . '' The national liberation movement was divided in the early 1960s when an `` Africanist '' faction within the ANC objected to an alliance between the ANC and the Communist Party of South Africa . Leaders of the Communist Party of South Africa were mostly white . The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo , which became active mainly in the Cape provinces . During the early - 1990s , Poqo was renamed Azanian People 's Liberation Army ( APLA ) . Its underground cells conducted armed robberies to raise funds and obtain weapons and vehicles . Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies . In 1993 , attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased . APLA denied the attacks were racist in character , claiming that the attacks were directed against the apartheid government as all whites , according to the PAC , were complicit in the policy of apartheid . An attack on a Christian church in Cape Town in 1993 , left eleven people dead and 58 injured . Hundreds of students and others who fled to neighbouring countries , especially Botswana , to avoid arrest after the Soweto uprising of 16 June 1976 , provided a fertile recruiting ground for the military wings of both the ANC and PAC . The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition . with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement . The uprising spread throughout the country . By the time it was finally quelled , hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police . A non-racial United Democratic Front ( UDF ) coalition of about 400 civic , church , student , trade union and other organisations emerged in 1983 . At its peak in 1987 , the UDF had some 700 affiliates and about 3,000,000 members . It pursued a non-violent strategy known as `` ungovernability '' including rent boycotts , student protests , and strike campaigns . A strong relationship existed between the African National Congress ( ANC ) and the UDF , based on the shared mission statement of the Freedom Charter . Following restrictions placed on its activities , the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement , a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure , making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities . A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990 . The prisoners were mainly members of the Pan Africanist Congress and United Democratic Front . Post-apartheid period ( 1994 - present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of South Africa ( 1994 -- present ) Frederik de Klerk and Nelson Mandela , two of the driving forces in ending apartheid The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late - 1980s meant the African National Congress ( ANC ) in alliance with the South African Communist Party , could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support . It also meant the apartheid government could no longer link apartheid and its purported legitimacy to the protection of Christian values and civilisation in the face of the rooi gevaar , meaning `` red danger '' or the threat of communism . Both sides were forced to the negotiating table , with the result that in June 1991 , all apartheid laws were finally rescinded - opening the way for the country 's first multiracial democratic elections three years later . It was the culmination of mounting local and international opposition to apartheid in the 1980s , including the armed struggle , widespread civil unrest , economic and cultural sanctions by the international community , and pressure from the anti-apartheid movement around the world , State President FW de Klerk announced the lifting of the ban on the African National Congress , the Pan Africanist Congress and the South African Communist Party , as well as the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela on 2 February 1990 , after twenty - seven years in prison . In a referendum held on 17 March 1992 , the white electorate voted 68 % in favour of democracy . After lengthy negotiations under the auspices of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa ( CODESA ) , a draft constitution was published on 26 July 1993 , containing concessions towards all sides : a federal system of regional legislatures , equal voting - rights regardless of race , and a bicameral legislature . From 26 -- 29 April 1994 , the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections . The African National Congress won , well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party . The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress , among others , formed a parliamentary opposition in the country 's first non-racial parliament . Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity , consisting of the ANC , the National Party and Inkatha . On 10 May 1994 Mandela was inaugurated as South Africa 's new President in Pretoria with Thabo Mbeki and F.W. De Klerk as his vice-presidents . The Government of National Unity lapsed at the end of the first parliament sitting in 1999 , with the ANC becoming the sole party in power while maintaining a strategic alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions ( COSATU ) and the South African Communist Party . After considerable debate , and following submissions from advocacy groups , individuals and ordinary citizens , the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996 . The death penalty was abolished , land reform and redistribution policies were introduced , and equitable labour laws legislated . Emigration , debt burden and poverty ( edit ) The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled , white South Africans amid safety concerns . The South African Institute of Race Relations estimated in 2008 that 800,000 or more white people had emigrated since 1995 , out of the approximately 4,000,000 who were in South Africa when apartheid formally ended the year before . Large white South African diasporas , both English - and Afrikaans - speaking , sprouted in Australia , New Zealand , North America , and especially in the UK to which around 550,000 South Africans emigrated . The apartheid government had declared a moratorium on foreign debt repayments in the mid-1980s , when it declared a state of emergency in the face of escalating civil unrest . With the formal end of apartheid in 1994 , the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to 86,700,000,000 rands ( $14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates ) accrued by the former apartheid regime . The cash - strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions . The debt was finally settled in September 2001 . A further financial burden was imposed on the new post-apartheid government through its obligation to provide antiretroviral ( ARV ) treatment to impoverished victims of the HIV / AIDS epidemic sweeping the country . South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV / AIDS compared to any other country in the world , with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV - related deaths were recorded in 2011 . By that time , more than 2,000,000 children were orphaned due to the epidemic . The provision of ARV treatment resulted in 100,000 fewer AIDS - related deaths in 2011 than in 2005 . Church on Green Market Square in Cape Town , South Africa with a banner memorialising the Marikana massacre Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry , which employed half a million mostly black miners . Labour unrest in the industry resulted in a massacre in mid-August 2012 , when anti-riot police shot dead 34 striking miners and wounded many more in what is known as the Marikana massacre . The incident was widely criticised by the public , civil society organisations and religious leaders . The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest . Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo - American Corporation , Lonmin , and Anglo Platinum , were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid . By 2014 , around 47 % of mostly black South Africans continued to live in poverty , making it one of the most unequal countries in the world . Widespread dissatisfaction with the slow pace of socio - economic transformation , government incompetence and maladministration , and other public grievances in the post-apartheid era , precipitated many violent protest demonstrations . In 2007 , less than half the protests were associated with some form of violence , compared with 2014 , when almost 80 % of protests involved violence on the part of the participants or the authorities . The slow pace of transformation also fomented tensions within the tripartite alliance between the ANC , the Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Unions . The ANC had risen to power on the strength of a socialist agenda embodied in a Freedom Charter , which was intended to form the basis of ANC social , economic and political policies . The Charter decreed that `` the national wealth of our country , the heritage of South Africans , shall be restored to the people ; the mineral wealth beneath the soil , the banks and monopoly industry shall be transferred to the ownership of the people '' . ANC icon Nelson Mandela , asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990 : `` The nationalisation of the mines , banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC , and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable . '' But , after the ANC 's electoral victory in 1994 , the eradication of mass poverty through nationalisation was never implemented . The ANC - led government , in a historic reversal of policy , adopted neoliberalism instead . A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside , while domestic and international corporations , enriched by apartheid , were excused from any financial reparations . Large corporations were allowed to shift their main listings abroad . According to a leading South African economics expert , the government 's concessions to big business represented `` treacherous decisions that ( will ) haunt South Africa for generations to come '' . Xenophobia ( edit ) The post-apartheid period has been marked by numerous outbreaks of xenophobic attacks against foreign migrants and asylum seekers from various conflict zones in Africa . An academic study conducted in 2006 , found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world . The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) found that competition over jobs , business opportunities , public services and housing gave rise to tension among refugees , asylum seekers , migrants and host communities , identified as a main cause of the xenophobic violence . South Africa received more than 207,000 individual asylum applications in 2008 and a further 222,300 in 2009 , representing nearly a four-fold rise in both years over the levels seen in 2007 . These refugees and asylum seekers originated mainly from Zimbabwe , Burundi , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Rwanda , Eritrea , Ethiopia and Somalia . Post-apartheid heads of State ( edit ) Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government . The president is elected by the National Assembly and serves a term that expires at the next general election ; a president may serve a maximum of two terms . In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President . President Term of office Political party # Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration Nelson Mandela ( 1918 -- 2013 ) 10 May 1994 16 June 1999 5 years , 37 days African National Congress Thabo Mbeki ( 1942 -- ) 16 June 1999 24 September 2008 ( Resigned ) 9 years , 100 days African National Congress Kgalema Motlanthe ( 1949 -- ) 25 September 2008 9 May 2009 226 days African National Congress Jacob Zuma ( 1942 -- ) 9 May 2009 Incumbent 7003307800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 156 days ( as of 12 October 2017 ) African National Congress See also ( edit ) History of Africa Scramble for Africa History of Cape Colony History of Johannesburg History of the Northern Cape History of South African wine List of Presidents of South Africa List of Prime Ministers of South Africa List of heads of state of South Africa List of South Africa - related topics Military history of South Africa Politics of South Africa Timeline of liberal parties in South Africa Years in South Africa History of cities in South Africa : Cape Town history and timeline Durban history and timeline Johannesburg history and timeline Pietermaritzburg history and timeline Port Elizabeth history and timeline Pretoria history and timeline References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bert Woodhouse , The Rock Art of the Golden Gate and Clarens Districts , Johannesburg : Waterman 1996 , p. 34 -- ( citing report by Professor C van Riet Lowe and Dr DJH Visser , published in 1955 by government Department of Mines ) . ISBN 1 874959 31 5 Jump up ^ `` ' Oldest ' prehistoric art unearthed '' . BBC News . 10 January 2002 . Jump up ^ National Geographic , `` New Human Ancestor Elicits Awe -- and Many Questions '' , 10 September 2015 . Accessed 20 September 2015 Jump up ^ Chen YS , Olckers A , Schurr TG , Kogelnik AM , Huoponen K , Wallace DC ( 2000 ) . `` mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe , and their genetic relationships to other African populations '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 66 ( 4 ) : 1362 -- 83 . PMC 1288201 . PMID 10739760 . doi : 10.1086 / 302848 . Jump up ^ Tishkoff , SA ; Gonder , MK ; Henn , BM ; Mortensen , H ; Knight , A ; Gignoux , C ; Fernandopulle , N ; Lema , G ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` History of click - speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation '' ( PDF ) . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 ( 10 ) : 2180 -- 95 . PMID 17656633 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msm155 . 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Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball Publishers , 1986 , pp. 137 , 138 , 143 , 147 -- 9 , 169 . ISBN 0715390511 Jump up ^ Openlibrary.org , Census of the British empire , 1906 , p. 169 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of the Boers in South Africa , 3rd ed . Cape Town : Struik 1973 , pp 156 -- 165 . ISBN 0869770365 Jump up ^ The Voortrekkers : A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 -- 1845 , Voortrekkers leave Natal Accessed 17 June 2015 Jump up ^ Karel Schoeman ( ed ) , The British Presence in the Transorange 1845 -- 1854 , Human & Rosseau , Cape Town , 1992 , p. 22 - 25 ISBN 0 - 7981 - 2965 - 4 Jump up ^ Piers Brendon , Decline and Fall of the British Empire , New York : Knopf 2007 , page 98 . Jump up ^ Neil Parsons ( 1993 ) . A New History of Southern Africa . Macmillan , London . ISBN 0333570103 . 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London : 1900 . p. 186 Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of South Africa Since September 1795 , Cambridge University Press , 2010 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Brian Roberts , Kimberley , Turbulent City , Cape Town : David Philips 1976 ISBN 0949968625 Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , `` Discovery of diamonds and its consequences '' , in History of South Africa from 1795 to 1872 , Vol. IV , London : Allen & Unwin 1919 , pp. 331 Jump up ^ EJ Verwey : New Dictionary of South African Biography , Vol I , Human Sciences and Research ( HSRC ) Press , Pretoria : 1995 Jump up ^ Paul Germond , Chronicles of Basutoland , Morija ( Lesotho ) : Morija Sesuto Books , 1967 , p. 144f , 252 - 53 Jump up ^ Elizabeth Eldredge , A South African Kingdom , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1993 , p. 48 - 9 , ISBN 052144067X Jump up ^ A Lerumo , Fifty Fighting Years : The Communist Party of South Africa 1921 -- 1971 , London : 1971 , p. 3 . Accessed 12 June 2015 Jump up ^ Noel Mostert , Frontiers : The Epic of South Africa 's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People , London : Pimlico , 1993 ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5584 - 0 Jump up ^ Ngubane , Jordan K. An African Explains Apartheid . New York : Praeger , 1970 . pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ Donald R Morris , The Washing of the Spears , London : Cardinal , 1973 , p. 148 - 50 ISBN 0 351 17400 1 Jump up ^ Dacob Dlamini , `` Jacob Zuma a spawn of collaborators trying to right old wrongs '' , Rand Daily Mail , 30 July 2015 . Accessed 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ David B Coplan , Unconquered Territory : Narrating the Caledon Valley , Journal of African Cultural Studies , Vol 13 , No 2 , December 2000 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Information department , Government of Lesotho , About Lesotho . Accessed 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ Roger B Beck , History of South Africa , Greenwood Press , Westport , Connecticut 2000 , p. 74 ISBN 0 - 313 - 30730 - X Jump up ^ George McCall Theal , History of South Africa , Vol IV , `` War with the Basuto '' , London : Allen & Unwin , 1919 , p. 225 - 79 Jump up ^ Beck 2000 , p. 74 Jump up ^ James S Olson , Robert S Shadle ( eds . ) Historical Dictionary of the British Empire , Greenwood Press : Westport , Connecticut 1996 , p. 118 ISBN 0 - 313 - 27917 - 9 Jump up ^ A history of the Voortrekkers Great Trek 1835 -- 1845 , Mzilikazi . Accessed 15 May 2015 Jump up ^ Isabel Hofmeyr , We Spend Our Years as a Tale that is Told : Oral Historical Narrative in a South African Chiefdom . Witwatersrand University Press , Johannesburg : 1993 , pp. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ HW Kinsey , `` The Sekukuni Wars '' , South African Military History Journal , Vol 2 No 5 -- June 1973 . Accessed 28 June 2015 Jump up ^ SA History Online , King Sekhukhune . Accessed 29 June 2015 Jump up ^ Dougie Oakes , Illustrated History of South Africa : The Real Story , Reader 's Digest : Cape Town 1992 , p. 166 ISBN 9781874912279 Jump up ^ Oakes ( 1992 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Colin Newbury , `` Technology , Capital , and Consolidation : The Performance of De Beers Mining Company Limited , 1880 -- 1889 '' , Business History Review , Vol 61 , Issue 1 Spring 1987 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Gearge McCall Theal , History of South Africa : 1975 to 1872 , Vol IV , London : Allen & Unwin 1919 , pp. 224 -- 5 Jump up ^ Diamond Museum , Cape Town , History of Diamonds . Accessed 1 June 2015 Jump up ^ John Lang , Bullion Johannesburg : Men , Mines and the Challenge of Conflict , Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball 1986 , pp. 7 -- 8 ISBN 086850 130 1 Jump up ^ Thomas Pakenham , The Scramble for Africa , Johannesburg : Jonathan Ball 1991 , p. 46 ISBN 0 - 947464 - 47 - 6 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut ( eds ) , Source Material on the South African Economy 1860 -- 1970 , Vol I , Cape Town : 1972 , pp. 290,346 Jump up ^ Cornelius William de Kiewiet , A History of South Africa , Social and Economic , London : Oxford University Press , 1957 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Newbury ( 1987 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Christopher Oldstone - Moore , The Imperialist Venture , Wright State University . Accessed 24 May 2015 Jump up ^ Stacey Greer , South African Diamond Mines 1970s , University of California , Davis . 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Jump up ^ Jan Breytenbach , They Live by the Sword : 32 Battalion , South Africa 's Foreign Legion , Johannesburg : Lemur 1990 , p. 180 ISBN 0620148705 Jump up ^ UN Security Council , Resolution 435 Jump up ^ Cambridge Journals , Review of Stockwell , In Search of Enemies accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ John Stockwell , In Search of Enemies , London : Futura , 1979 pp. 193 -- 96 , 228 -- 29 , 214 , 241 ISBN 0 7088 1647 9 Jump up ^ Anthony Egan , Review of `` The Hidden Thread : Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era '' by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson , Focus : Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation , issue 70 , October 2013 Jump up ^ Horace Campbell , `` Siege of Cuito Cuanavale '' Current African Issues No. 10 , Scandinavian Institute of African Studies , Uppsala , Sweden , pp. 22 -- 6 Accessed 27 April 2015 Jump up ^ Phyllis Johnson & David Martin , Apartheid Terrorism : The destabilisation report , Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 , p. 122 ISBN 0253331331 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly , res n ° 2154 ( XXI ) , 17 November 1966 . 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Accessed 27 July 2015 Jump up ^ DM Powell , M O'Donovan and J De Visser , Civic Protests Barometer 2007 -- 2014 , Cape Town : Community Law Centre , University of Western Cape , 2015 . Accessed 9 May 2015 Jump up ^ Independent Online , `` Spat within tripartite alliance runs deep '' , 14 November 2004 . Accessed 12 October 2015 Jump up ^ African National Congress , `` ANC policy '' . Accessed 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Freedom Charter , adopted 26 June 1955 . Accessed 17 September 2015 Jump up ^ Mail & Guardian , `` We will nationalise -- Mandela '' , 26 January 1990 . Accessed 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashwin Desai , `` Neoliberalism and resistance in South Africa '' , Monthly Review , Volume 54 , Issue 08 , January 2003 . Accessed 18 September 2015 Jump up ^ Solomon Johannes Terreblanche , Lost in Transformation , Johannesburg : KMM Review Publishing , 2012 , ISBN 0620537256 , quoted in Ronnie Kasrils , `` How the ANC 's Faustian pact sold out South Africa 's poorest '' , The Guardian 24 June 2013 . Accessed 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Crush ( ed ) , The Perfect Storm : Realities of Xenophobia in Contemporary South Africa , Southern African Migration Project , University of Cape Town & Queen 's University , Canada , 2006 , p. 1 Jump up ^ UNHCR , UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 - South Africa Jump up ^ UNHCR , 2011 UNHCR country operations profile - South Africa Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Category Further reading ( edit ) Beinart , William . Twentieth - Century South Africa . Oxford University Press . 2001 . Beck , Roger S. History of South Africa , Greenwood Press , Westport CT : 2000 Blignaut , Charl . `` Untold History with a Historiography : A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History . '' South African Historical Journal 65.4 ( 2013 ) : 596 - 617 . Bunting , Brian . Rise of the South African Reich First published by Penguin Africa Library 1964 , revised 1969 . Christopher , A.J. The Atlas of Changing South Africa . 2000 . 216 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 21178 - 6 . Deegan , Heather . The Politics of the New South Africa . 2000 . 256 pages . ISBN 0 - 582 - 38227 - 0 . Elbourne , Elizabeth . Blood Ground : Colonialism , Missions , and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain , 1799 -- 1853 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . December 2002 . 560 pages . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2229 - 8 . Hamilton , Carolyn and Bernard K. Mbenga , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 1 : From Early Times to 1885 ( 2009 ) excerpt Hetherington , Penelope . `` Women in South Africa : the historiography in English . '' The International Journal of African Historical Studies 26 # 2 ( 1993 ) : 241 - 269 . Hrbek , Ivan ( cs ) ( 1981 ) . `` Written sources from the fifteenth century onwards '' . In J. Ki - Zerbo . Methodology and African Prehistory . General History of Africa . 1 . UNESCO . pp. 121 -- 124 . ISBN 0435948075 . Republic of South Africa CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Johnson , R.W. South Africa 's Brave New World : The Beloved Country Since the End of Apartheid ( Overlook Press ; 2011 ) 702 pages ; a history since 1994 Joyce , Peter . The Making of a Nation South Africa 's Road to Freedom , Zebra Press , 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 77007 - 312 - 8 Le Cordeur , Basil Alexander . The War of the Axe , 1847 : Correspondence between the governor of the Cape Colony , Sir Henry Pottinger , and the commander of the British forces at the Cape , Sir George Berkeley , and others . Brenthurst Press . 1981 . 287 pages . ISBN 0 - 909079 - 14 - 5 . Mabin , Alan . Recession and its aftermath : The Cape Colony in the eighteen eighties . University of the Witwatersrand , African Studies Institute . 1983 . 27 pages . Meiring , Hannes . Early Johannesburg , Its Buildings and People , Human & Rousseau , 1986 , 143 pages , ISBN 0 - 7981 - 1456 - 8 Mitchell , Laura . Belongings : Property , Family , and Identity in Colonial South Africa : An Exploration of Frontiers , 1725 - c. 1830 . Columbia University Press , 2008.Gutenberg-e.org Pakenham , Thomas . The Boer War , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , London 1979 , ISBN 9780349104669 Rosenthal , Eric . Gold ! Gold ! Gold ! The Johannesburg Gold Rush , AD . Donker , 1970 , ISBN 0 - 949937 - 64 - 9 Ross , Robert , and David Anderson . Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony , 1750 -- 1870 : A Tragedy of Manners . Cambridge University Press . 1999 . 220 pages . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62122 - 4 . Ross , Robert , Anne Kelk Mager and Bill Nasson , eds . The Cambridge History of South Africa : Volume 2 since 1885 ( 2011 ) excerpt Theal , George McCall . History of the Boers in South Africa ; Or , the Wanderings and Wars of the Emigrant Farmers from Their Leaving the Cape Colony to the Acknowledgment of Their Independence by Great Britain . Greenwood Press . 28 February 1970 . 392 pages . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 1661 - 9 . Thompson , Leonard . A History of South Africa , Third Edition . Yale University Press . 2001 . 384 pages . ISBN 0 - 300 - 08776 - 4 . Tomlinson , Richard , et al. Emerging Johannesburg : Perspectives on the Postapartheid City . 2003 . 336 pages . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93559 - 8 . Van Der Merwe , P.J. , and Roger B. Beck . The Migrant Farmer in the History of the Cape Colony . Ohio University Press . 1995 . 333 pages . ISBN 0 - 8214 - 1090 - 3 . Welsh , Frank . South Africa : A Narrative History . Kodansha America . 1 February 1999 . 606 pages . ISBN 1 - 56836 - 258 - 7 . Worden , Nigel . Making of Modern South Africa : Conquest , Segregation and Apartheid. 2000 . 194 pages . ISBN 0 - 631 - 21661 - 8 . External links ( edit ) South African History Archive Democratic Development in South Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives South African History Online SouthAfrica.info . Accessed 12 February 2005 . South Africa Government Online . Accessed 20 February 2005 . Dr Cyril Hromník on research into ancient history of Africa -- an article written by Maré Mouton . Bearer of an Ideal -- a public - release document of the Afrikanerbond ( formerly Afrikaner Broederbond ) : think - tank which influenced policies of separate development in South Africa Full text of the UN convention South Africa , 10 years later from US National Public Radio `` History : Useful links '' . LibGuides . University of KwaZulu - Natal Libraries . `` Registry '' . Archivalplatform.org . Rondebosch . ( Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations ) Links to related articles South Africa articles History Timeline ( nl ) Years Early history Cape Colony Orange Free State Transvaal First Boer War Second Boer War Great Depression World War II Apartheid Border War Since 1994 By topic Economy Military Geography Districts Earthquakes Estuaries Forests Islands Lakes Mountain ranges Municipalities National parks Populated places Provinces Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Law Parliament Political parties President State security and intelligence Minister Co-ordinating committee ( NICC ) Intelligence agency ( NIA ) Communications centre ( NCC ) Communications security ( COMSEC ) Secret Service ( SASS ) Intelligence academy ( SANAI ) Law enforcement Department of Police Police Service Criminal intelligence ( SAPS ) Special Task Force National Intervention Unit NFDD Municipal Police Independent Complaints Directorate Department of Correctional Services Biometrics use Military Department of Defence Defence Force Air Force Army Navy Military Health Service Special Forces Commando System Intelligence Economy Agriculture Communications Economic history Energy Foreign trade Mining industry Rand ( currency ) Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Trade unions Transportation Water and sanitation Society Crime Education Feminism Health Healthcare Immigration Intersex Languages LGBT Racism Religion Sexual violence Social movements Xenophobia Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag HIV / AIDS Homelessness Literature Media Music Public holidays Sports Demographics Asian Indian Chinese Bantu Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zulu Coloured Cape Coloured Cape Malay Griqua Khoisan White Afrikaner British Outline Index Category Portal Years in South Africa ( 1910 -- present ) Pre-1910 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberanía ) ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_South_Africa&oldid=804977297 '' Categories : History of South Africa Hidden categories : Use South African English from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from May 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from May 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip SiSwati Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 08 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the dutch arrived in south africa	[ "The Dutch East India Company (in the Dutch of the day: Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, or VOC) decided to establish a permanent settlement at the Cape. The VOC, one of the major European trading houses sailing the spice route to the East, had no intention of colonising the area, instead wanting only to establish a secure base camp where passing ships could shelter and be serviced,[16] and where hungry sailors could stock up on fresh supplies of meat, fruit, and vegetables. To this end, a small VOC expedition under the command of Jan van Riebeeck reached Table Bay on 6 April 1652.[19]" ]	[ "6 April 1652" ]
415798803543933734	Wallander (UK TV series)	Wallander ( UK TV series ) - wikipedia Wallander ( UK TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the BBC programme starring Kenneth Branagh . For the Swedish television series starring Krister Henriksson , see Wallander ( Swedish TV series ) . Wallander Opening titles Genre Crime Written by Novels Henning Mankell Screenplays Richard Cottan Peter Harness Richard McBrien Directed by Philip Martin Niall MacCormick Benjamin Caron Starring Kenneth Branagh Opening theme `` Nostalgia '' by Emily Barker Composer ( s ) Martin Phipps Vince Pope Country of origin United Kingdom Sweden Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 12 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Francis Hopkinson Anne Mensah Rebecca Eaton Hans - Wolfgang Jurgen Anni Faurby Ole Søndberg Kenneth Branagh Andy Harries Producer ( s ) Daniel Ahlqvist Simon Moseley Sanne Wohlenberg Location ( s ) Ystad , Sweden Skåne , Sweden Cinematography Anthony Dod Mantle Jan Jonaeus Igor Martinovic Lukas Strebel Editor ( s ) Tony Cranstoun Kristina Hetherington Tim Porter Running time 89 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Yellow Bird TKBC Release Original network BBC One BBC HD ( 2008 -- 10 ) Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 30 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ) -- 5 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) Wallander is a British television series adapted from the Swedish novelist Henning Mankell 's Kurt Wallander novels and starring Kenneth Branagh as the eponymous police inspector . It is the first time the Wallander novels have been adapted into an English - language production . Yellow Bird , a production company formed by Mankell , began negotiations with British companies to produce the adaptations in 2006 . In 2007 , Branagh met with Mankell to discuss playing the role . Contracts were signed and work began on the films , adapted from Sidetracked , Firewall and One Step Behind , in January 2008 . Emmy - award - winning director Philip Martin was hired as lead director . Martin worked with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle to establish a visual style for the series . The first three - episode series , produced by Yellow Bird , Left Bank Pictures and TKBC for BBC Scotland , was broadcast on BBC One from November to December 2008 . The second series was filmed from July to October 2009 and was broadcast in January 2010 . The third series was filmed in the summer of 2011 in Ystad , Scania , Sweden , and Riga , Latvia , and aired in July 2012 . The fourth and final series was shot from October 2014 to January 2015 and premiered on German TV , dubbed into German , in December 2015 . The final series aired in the original English on BBC One in May 2016 . Critics have written positively of the series , which has won a Broadcasting Press Guild Award ( Best Actor for Branagh ) and six British Academy Television Awards , including Best Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Series 1 3.2 Series 2 3.3 Series 3 3.4 Series 4 4 Broadcast 5 Episodes 5.1 Series 1 ( 2008 ) 5.2 Series 2 ( 2010 ) 5.3 Series 3 ( 2012 ) 5.4 Series 4 ( 2016 ) 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards 6.3 Impact on the Wallander franchise 6.4 Impact on Ystad 7 Merchandise 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Characters ( edit ) The series is based on Kurt Wallander ( Branagh ) , a detective and police inspector in the small town of Ystad , Sweden . Branagh describes Wallander as `` an existentialist who is questioning what life is about and why he does what he does every day , and for whom acts of violence never become normal . There is a level of empathy with the victims of crime that is almost impossible to contain , and one of the prices he pays for that sort of empathy is a personal life that is a kind of wasteland . '' In the novels , Wallander regularly listens to opera in his apartment and his car . This signature hobby has been dropped for this adaptation ; producer Francis Hopkinson believes it would make Wallander too similar to Inspector Morse , whose love of opera is already familiar to British viewers . Branagh did not watch any of the Swedish Wallander films before playing the role , preferring to bring his own interpretation of the character to the screen . Wallander 's team at the Ystad police station is made up of : Anne - Britt Hoglund ( Smart ) , Kalle Svedberg ( Beard ) , and Magnus Martinsson ( Hiddleston ) . Of Wallander and Hoglund , Smart said , `` Our relationship is based on this impeccable mutual respect which is all very Scandinavian and , actually , more interesting to play . '' The team is joined at murder scenes by Nyberg ( McCabe ) , a forensics expert . The team is overseen by Lisa Holgersson ( Shimmin ) , Ystad 's chief of police . Away from the police station , Wallander has a tempestuous relationship with his daughter Linda ( Spark ) and his father Povel ( Warner ) , who Wallander discovers in Sidetracked has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease . Wallander 's father spends his days sitting in an art studio , painting the same landscape repeatedly while in the care of his new wife Gertrude ( Hemingway ) . Cast ( edit ) Kenneth Branagh as Kurt Wallander Sarah Smart as Anne - Britt Hoglund ( Series 1 - 3 ) Tom Hiddleston as Magnus Martinsson ( Series 1 - 2 ) Richard McCabe as Sven Nyberg Tom Beard as Kalle Svedberg ( Series 1 ) Sadie Shimmin as Lisa Holgersson ( Series 1 - 2 ) Jeany Spark as Linda Wallander , Kurt 's daughter David Warner as Povel Wallander , Kurt 's father ( Series 1 - 2 , 4 ) Polly Hemingway as Gertrude , Kurt 's step - mother ( Series 1 - 2 ) Saskia Reeves as Vanja Andersson ( Series 2 - 3 ) Rebekah Staton as Kristyna ( Series 3 ) Mark Hadfield as Stefan Lindeman ( Series 3 ) Barnaby Kay as Lennart Mattson ( Series 3 - 4 ) Production ( edit ) Kenneth Branagh approached Henning Mankell personally , asking if he could play Wallander In 2006 , Yellow Bird managing director Morten Fisker opened discussions with British production companies about developing English - language adaptations of the Kurt Wallander novels , to which Yellow Bird holds the distribution rights . The BBC and Channel 4 were believed to be involved in discussions ; the BBC had already announced plans to adapt Mankell 's The Return of the Dancing Master . Fisker wanted to bring a new detective to British screens to replace Inspector Morse , who had been killed off on - screen in 2000 . Actors proposed to play Wallander were Trevor Eve , Neil Pearson , Jason Isaacs , David Morrissey , Clive Owen and Michael Gambon . Negotiations were still under way in 2007 , when Kenneth Branagh met Henning Mankell at an Ingmar Bergman film festival and asked to play Wallander . Branagh had started reading the Wallander books `` relatively late '' but enjoyed them , and read all nine translated novels in a month . Mankell agreed to let Branagh play the role , and Branagh visited Ystad in December to scout for locations and meet Film i Skånes chief executive Ralf Ivarsson . A series of three 90 - minute adaptations was commissioned by BBC Scotland 's Anne Mensah and BBC Controller of Fiction Jane Tranter in January 2008 . Like Morten Fisker , the BBC wanted a returning series that would have the same audience appeal as Inspector Morse , Prime Suspect and Cracker . Yellow Bird was contracted as a co-producer , working with Left Bank Pictures , a production house formed in 2007 by former ITV Controller of Comedy , Drama and Film Andy Harries . Harries described Wallander as `` more than just a detective series '' and that it would be visually `` very picture postcard '' . The first series consists of adaptations of Sidetracked , Firewall and One Step Behind . Philip Martin was hired as lead director of the series , and met with Branagh , Harries and Left Bank producer Francis Hopkinson in January . The four discussed how the adaptations would appear on screen , agreeing that the characterisations , atmosphere and ideas would be difficult to portray on screen . Richard Cottan was hired to adapt Mankell 's novels , and delivered his first scripts in February . Cottan changed the plots of some of the books in order to fit them into a 90 - minute adaptation , though made sure the scripts retained Wallander 's `` journey '' . The following month , Martin began discussions with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle about what visual style the films would have . They agreed to use the Red One digital camera to shoot on , which has a near - 35 mm resolution and is not as expensive as 35 mm ; Dod Mantle said that the BBC `` has politics '' about the cheaper 16 mm and Super 16 . Casting of British actors , which was done in London , was completed by April , and the whole crew moved over to Ystad to begin rehearsals . Martin wanted the actors playing police officers to know how to fire a gun , so arranged for them to spend time at a firing range using live ammunition . Wallander 's distinctive mobile phone ringtone was specially composed by Lee Crichlow . Series 1 ( edit ) A £ 6 million budget was originally assigned to the first series , which increased to £ 7.5 million . Half of that came from the BBC , and the rest from pre-sale co-production funding from American WGBH Boston and German ARD Degeto , and a tax deduction for filming in Sweden . ARD Degeto and WGBH are credited as co-producers for their budget contribution . Using scripts adapted by Richard Cottan and Richard McBrien , filming ran for 12 weeks from April to July 2008 in Wallander 's hometown of Ystad , Sweden . Location filming was principally set in Ystad . Interior sets were constructed at Ystad Studios under the supervision of Anders Olin , who also designed the sets of the Swedish Wallander films . The main police station set is 500 square metres , twice the size of Olin 's previous sets . For exterior shots of the police station , a combination of the Ystad railway station and swimming pool was used . Mock - ups of Ystads Allehanda , a local newspaper , were produced as working props . Producer Simon Moseley explained that the mock - ups use Swedish words that can be understood by English - speaking audiences . Moseley also explained that some pronunciations of Swedish words are Anglicised ( such as the pronunciation of `` Ystad '' and `` Wallander '' ) , as `` the authentic local accent is very strange to English ears and we did n't want to stray into Allo ! Allo ! territory '' . Like Branagh , Philip Martin did not watch any of the Swedish - language Wallander films so that he could bring a fresh interpretation to the films . Filming was scheduled for 66 days over 12 weeks in Sweden ; each film would be shot back - to - back over 22 days . Martin directed the first and third films and Niall MacCormick directed the second . Dod Mantle was keen to conceive a good style for what could become a long - running series . Filming on Sidetracked commenced on 14 April on location at a townhouse in Södra Änggatan , Ystad . The same week , filming was done at Häckeberga Castle near Genarp . Another castle was going to be used , but the deal fell through . The manager of Häckeberga Castle , which had been turned into a hotel , allowed filming to take place there on the night of 17 April , though guests had to be moved to stables for the night . Scenes set in the rapeseed field were filmed at Charlottenlund Mansion . Location scouts had been impressed with the look of the winter rapeseed . The team from Danish Special Effects had difficulty setting the field on fire . Using the Red One digital camera meant that rushes could be viewed on set , saving time on the already tight schedule . Martin and Dod Mantle believed that the Red captured the Swedish light well , so there was no need to use big lighting rigs . The cheaper filming option meant that the budget could be used on other things . One Step Behind was filmed in May . The opening scene , featuring a multiple murder and burial in the woods , was filmed on location at the Hagestads nature reserve . A large hole was needed for the shallow grave , so Yellow Bird approached the local authority for permission . The request was granted on the same day as it was lodged , with the stipulation that the hole be filled in after filming . Niall MacCormick arrived in Sweden to film Firewall in June , concluding in the third week of July . Danish Special Effects also worked on body squibs , bullet hits and atmospheric effects . Their post-production work was completed in August . While the crew were in Sweden , editing was done at The Chimney Pot in Stockholm . Post-production was completed by The Farm in London . Martin Phipps composed the soundtrack to the series . A version of `` Nostalgia '' by Australian singer - songwriter Emily Barker is the opening theme . The three films of series 1 were broadcast on BBC One on 30 November , 7 December , and 14 December 2008 respectively . Series 2 ( edit ) The production of three new films based on Faceless Killers , The Fifth Woman and The Man Who Smiled was confirmed by the BBC in May 2009 to start in the summer in Ystad . The BBC broadcast the series in January 2010 . Richard Cottan wrote Faceless Killers and The Fifth Woman , while Simon Donald wrote The Man Who Smiled . Hettie MacDonald directed Faceless Killers , Andy Wilson handled The Man Who Smiled while Aisling Walsh directed The Fifth Woman . Photographer Igor Martinovic ( director of photography on Man on Wire ) worked with Macdonald and Wilson while Lukas Strebel , who won an Emmy in 2009 for Little Dorrit , was in charge of photography for `` The Fifth Woman . '' The second series started shooting on 22 June 2009 . The film crew consisted of slightly more Britons , as the Swedish - language films were still filming in the area until December 2009 . Yellow Bird 's Daniel Ahlqvist said , `` It is a quite special that we are doing two different Wallander productions at the same time . So it has been a little bit tougher to recruit competent personnel here in Skåne . We came to the conclusion that if we can not get people from Skåne , we might as well bring in folks from the UK rather than Stockholm . '' The landscape of Skåne will be a big part of the second series . Shooting will start in the outskirts of Ystad but a big scene in Ystad city square is planned . Scenes are also planned to be filmed at the summer residence that served as the home for Wallander 's father . Faceless killers , was first in the shooting schedule , followed by The Fifth Woman and last The Man Who Smiled . As with Series 1 , each episode is filmed over approximately 22 -- 23 days , with just 3 -- 5 days set aside for studio recording , and the rest for location shooting . On 23 June , the film team spent all day in Simrishamn , a coastal town north east of Ystad . Scenes were shot at the local police station and in the town square . Production Manager Nina Sackmann explained that `` the town was perfect for what we needed to convey with this film '' . On 21 July , the portions of road 1015 passing by the Karlsfält Farmland Estate north of Ystad was closed from 11 p.m. until midnight to accommodate the film crew . On 18 August , closing scenes of The Fifth Woman , where Kurt Wallander is dragged away at gunpoint , were shot on location at Ystad railway station . On the right side of the railway track , this dramatic scene was being filmed and on the left side , commuters were exiting the train . About 40 metres away , the Swedish language Wallander film Vålnaden ( The Ghost ) was being filmed at the same time . Earlier in the week , scenes were shot at an old automobile repair and maintenance shop from 1928 in Hammenhög village . Part of the building had served as a flower shop when Mankell wrote The Fifth Woman and , since a murder victim is a flower shop owner , it was convenient to shoot in the now abandoned building . Filming on The Man Who Smiled began at the beginning of September . Location production on the episode concluded on 2 October . The first couple of weeks featured location work outside of the swimming baths -- which doubles as the exterior of the police station . For the last two weeks , production moved to locations around the countryside of Österlen . On Monday evening 14 September , the Ystad city square was closed off to film an important action scene from The Man Who Smiled where Kurt Wallander comes running across the square as a car explodes . The clear blue September sky caused problems with the lighting and they had to wait until the sun started to set . Kenneth Branagh explained that the challenge for filming series one was to `` create '' the strange world of Ystad , in part as Henning Mankell sees it , in part as script writer Rick Cottan saw it , and then upon arrival to realise that the town looks different . `` To get all these different visions to work together was a bit nervous last year . This year the pressure is to develop the style of this show and develop the characters , for example the other policemen at the station . Branagh claimed that there had been no problems shooting due to weather conditions except the last day of filming : `` Henning Mankell often writes about the long Swedish summer rains , but during two years of filming we have not seen any of that . No wonder British tourists like to visit . '' He also stated that there is a possibility of a third series . `` It all depends on how these new episodes are received , but I think I really would like to film more episodes . But we also need to feel that we have something more to offer , more to tell and that the scripts are good . '' Any filming on a third series would be postponed until 2011 , to allow Branagh to work on Thor . Yellow Bird 's Daniel Ahlqvist believes that The White Lioness 's South African setting will make it difficult to film , and the post-Cold War plot of The Dogs of Riga is no longer relevant , but sees no reason why Before the Frost and some new story ideas , in the same vein as the original Yellow Bird films could not be developed for the BBC . Local politicians supported and invested 8,000,000 Swedish kronor ( roughly £ 750,000 ) in the second Wallander series through Film i Skåne , a regional resource and production centre . Series 2 features some interesting choices of actors for minor roles . Fredrik Gunnarsson features in Faceless Killers as Valfrid Strom , Gunnarson appears in 17 episodes of Yellow Bird 's Swedish language TV series as uniformed police officer Svartman . Rune Bergman had a minor role in the Swedish language adaptation of Faceless Killers and also featured in the TV film Luftslottet . Patrik Karlson featured in the Swedish language adaptation of The Man Who Smiled as well as the TV film Mastermind . Bergman and Karlson have the distinction of appearing in films starring the three different Kurt Wallander actors . Karin Bertling also appears in the English language Faceless Killers and has previously worked on the Swedish - language TV film Before the Frost . Series 3 ( edit ) The third series aired in July 2012 . Screenwriter Peter Harness wrote the scripts for all three films that will make up Series 3 . Mankell has worked closely with Harness on the scripts . `` He is too busy to talk to me all the time . But we have met to discuss the material , so he is involved in what happens '' , Harness told Ystads Allehanda . Hiddleston and Shimmin did not return for this series . Actress Rebekah Staton portrays a new character , Kristina , in all three episodes of the new season . Mark Hadfield joins the cast as police officer Stefan Lindeman , one of the main characters in the first season of the Swedish Wallander TV series and the lead character in Mankell novel The Return of the Dancing Master ( a book that has already been filmed in Swedish and German versions ) . Barnaby Kay plays Lennart Mattson , who is Chief Holgerson 's successor . On 4 August 2011 it was made official that three new films were in production . The filming of The Dogs of Riga started in Latvia on 1 August at The Hotel Riga , and concluded on 20 August . More scenes were shot in Ystad the following week . This film is directed by Esther May Campbell , and features cinematography by Lukas Strebel who worked on the second Wallander series . The production tried to use as many Latvian actors as possible but a problem arose as most Latvian actors had a very limited knowledge of English . Latvian actor Artūrs Skrastiņš was the only native actor that landed a speaking role in the film . He portrayed Colonel Putnis . Romanian Actor Dragos Bucur portrays Sergei Upitis , an investigative journalist . The film was partially funded by The Riga Film Fund and co-stars Lithuanian actress Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė . On 10 August , several scenes were shot outside the Latvian Parliament and outside a building on Jēkaba street that was decorated with Swedish flags , to stand in for the Swedish embassy in Riga . On 13 August , the city closed down several streets to accommodate the filming . On 16 August scenes were filmed at Riga 's central station . The national police cars used in for this production had been equipped with stickers that said Rīgas pilsētas policijas ( Riga City Police ) . These stickers covered up the usual coat of arms that Latvian police cars are decorated with , these stickers were designed specifically for the film and are easily removed . Nothing on Latvian police cars specifies what city they serve in . On 22 August the film team was back in Sweden to film for one week . The shooting started at a football pitch in Kåseberga , which has been converted into a filming area . Producer Hillary Benson explained to local press that once The Dogs of Riga had wrapped up , the film team would be back in mid October to start filming the other two episodes . The first two series were filmed in the summer , this time around the aim was to film in autumn and winter . The other two films in the series are Before The Frost , based on the novel of the same name , and An Event in Autumn , which is based on the short story Händelse om hösten ( The Grave ) , a short story from 2004 published only in the Netherlands . Before The Frost was directed by Charles Martin . Filming started in Ystad on 12 October 2011 . The first days of shooting were stunts and scenes with an animal trainer as Kenneth Branagh did not arrive until 17 October . Scenes were also shot at The Chemistry Hall at the Macklean School in Skurup Municipality . With the local firefighters on standby , a stunt man poured petrol over himself and then set himself alight . This three - minute long film sequence took nine and a half hours to shoot . Filming began on Friday October 14 at 6 pm and wrapped at 3 : 30 am on Saturday morning . The film crew later came back at the end of October to shoot a scene using headmaster Christin Stigborgs ' office . From Tuesday , 24 October and until the end of the week , three streets in central Ystad ( Lilla Norregatan , Stora Norregatan and Sladdergatan ) had to be closed down for a short time to shoot several scenes . Parts of the film were shot in the Snogeholm nature conservation area , Sjöbo Municipality . Filming took place for several days along the roads and a parking space . This was mainly shots of the environment and the nature of the conversation area and the Snogeholm lake , according to production manager Martin Ersgård . An Event in Autumn was the last film . Filming started 14 November and was directed by Toby Haynes According to Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist , An Event In Autumn is about how `` Kurt tries to take charge of his own life by getting a new house but gets interrupted and is more or less forced back to his job '' . On 21 and 23 October the crew was filming at an old small farm in the small village of Svarte . It is around the corner from the house where Wallander 's father lived in the previous films . The small farm house is Wallander 's new home but the remains of a dead woman are found on the property . Due to time constraints and unusually for a BBC production , all scenes were filmed with two cameras to provide more material for post production and cutting . The last week of shooting included filming some scenes in Germany . With the previous two series , the Skåne Regional Council invested 7 and 8 million Swedish Krona through its subsidiary Film i Skåne . With the third series , the Skåne Regional Council only wanted to invest 2 million Krona . They later signed on to support the production by other means such as letting BBC and Yellow Bird use Ystad Studios for free , worth about half a million Swedish Krona . City of Ystad - Österlens Film Bond also invested 2 million Swedish Krona . Series 4 ( edit ) On 8 October 2014 , the BBC announced that principal photography of the final three - episode fourth series had started . The first episode , The White Lioness , is written by James Dormer ( Strike Back , Outcast ) , and directed by Benjamin Caron ( Tommy Cooper : Not Like That , Like This , Skins , My Mad Fat Diary ) . Most of the book takes place in South Africa and the episode was filmed in Cape Town in January 2015 . The final two installments in the Wallander series , A Lesson in Love and The Troubled Man were written by Peter Harness , not Ronan Bennett , as previously announced , and also directed by Benjamin Caron , and adapted from the final Wallander novel , The Troubled Man . These two episodes were filmed on location in Skåne , Sweden , and Copenhagen , Denmark . Returning cast include Jeany Spark as Linda Wallander , Richard McCabe as Nyberg , Barnaby Kay as Lennart Mattson , and Ingeborga Dapkunaite as Baiba Liepa . Shooting took place in Ystad Studios , simultaneously with the third season of Swedish - Danish crime drama The Bridge . The budget for the final season is 100 million Swedish kronor . The tax funded entities Ystad - Österlens filmfond and Film i Skåne have put three million Swedish kronor into the production according to Sveriges Radio . The new series was shot on several locations surrounding Ystad , including Mossbystrand , Östra Hoby , Vårhallen Beach , Tunbyholm Castle plus Blekinge Province and the Danish island of Zealand . On 30 October , several scenes were shot at the Norreportskolan , a local Ystad middle school . Several of the students participated as extras . The final three episodes had their world première dubbed into German on German network ARD , which co-produced them . They aired over three nights , on December 25 , 26 and 27 , 2015 . In Poland , the episodes aired on Ale Kino+ on March 11 , 18 and 25 , 2016 . They made their English language première on BBC UKTV New Zealand on April 11 . In the US , 80 - minute - long re-edited versions of the episodes aired as `` Wallander , The Final Season '' on the PBS anthology series Masterpiece Mystery ! on May 8 , 15 , and 22 . BBC One broadcast the full 89 - minute episodes in the UK beginning on May 22 , 2016 . Broadcast ( edit ) A public screening of Sidetracked was given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 10 November 2008 , and was followed by a question - and - answer session with Philip Martin and Kenneth Branagh . A gala premiere of Sidetracked was held in Ystad on 23 November , a week before it was broadcast in Britain . Sidetracked 's first British broadcast came on BBC One on 30 November , followed by Firewall on 7 December , and One Step Behind on 14 December . Episodes were simulcast on BBC HD . BBC Four broadcast programmes and films to complement the series ; the schedule included a documentary by John Harvey entitled Who is Kurt Wallander , as well as the Swedish adaptation of the Linda Wallander novel Before the Frost , and Mastermind , an installment of the Mankell 's Wallander film series starring Krister Henriksson . The series has already been sold to 14 countries and territories across the world , including TV4 Sweden , TV2 Norway , DR Denmark , MTV3 Finland , France on M6 , Canada , Slovenia , Australia , Poland , Lumiere Benelux and Svensk Film for its pan Scandinavian feed . BBC Worldwide , the BBC 's commercial arm , sold the series to further buyers at the Mipcom television festival in October 2008 . In the United States , PBS secured the broadcast rights through the co-production deal struck between its affiliate WGBH Boston and the BBC . It aired as part of WGBH 's Masterpiece Mystery ! in May 2009 . In advance of the broadcast , Branagh and WGBH Boston 's Rebecca Eaton presented a screening of an episode at The Paley Center for Media on 29 April . In Germany , ARD broadcast the first series episodes on 29 and 30 May , and 1 June 2009 . TV4 broadcast the first series in Sweden from 11 October 2009 . Episodes ( edit ) Series 1 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Sidetracked '' Philip Martin Richard Cottan 30 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 30 ) 6.63 Swedish detective Inspector Kurt Wallander attempts to connect the shocking suicide of a young woman and the vicious murder of a government minister , and eventually uncovers wrongdoing and corruption that extends to the heart of the Swedish establishment . `` Firewall '' Niall MacCormick Richard Cottan & Richard McBrien 7 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 07 ) 5.97 A body is found at a cash point , the apparent victim of a heart attack , and later two teenage girls are arrested for the brutal murder of a cab driver . The two cases become one , leading to a conspiracy that stretches beyond the borders of Sweden . `` One Step Behind '' Philip Martin Richard Cottan 14 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 14 ) 5.71 On Midsummer 's Eve , three teenagers dressed in eighteenth - century fancy dress are shot dead in a secluded wood . One of Wallander 's colleagues also turns up dead . Wallander knows the murders are related , but with his only clue a photograph of a woman no one in Sweden seems to know , he grows desperate to catch the killer before he strikes again . Series 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Faceless Killers '' Hettie MacDonald Richard Cottan 3 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) 6.33 Wallander investigates the brutal slaying of an elderly couple at an isolated farmhouse , while a police leak of the wife 's dying words leads to an outbreak of racist reprisals in Ystad . The fallout from the case leads Wallander to doubt his abilities as a police officer . 5 `` The Man Who Smiled '' Andy Wilson Simon Donald & Richard Cottan 10 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 10 ) 6.02 Wallander is contacted by an old friend certain that his father has been murdered . Wallander refuses to get involved , as he is suspended from duty , but he soon becomes convinced that there is more to the case . 6 `` The Fifth Woman '' Aisling Walsh Richard Cottan 17 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 17 ) 5.25 An elderly bird - watcher falls to his death in a meticulously planned , brutal murder . In a seemingly unconnected case , a local man disappears and Wallander gets too close to one of the suspects . Wallander believes he is on the trail of a serial killer bent on revenge . Series 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 `` An Event in Autumn '' Toby Haynes Peter Harness 8 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 08 ) 6.91 Wallander moves into a dream home with his new girlfriend . But his happiness is shattered when the skeleton of a girl is discovered in the garden . Wallander must try to get his life back on track by finding her killer , but the case is not as cold as he thinks . 8 `` The Dogs of Riga '' Esther Campbell Peter Harness 15 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 15 ) 5.78 After two Eastern European corpses are washed ashore on a raft in Ystad , Wallander travels to Latvia in his hunt for the killers . Thrown into a cold , alien world of police surveillance and lies , Wallander finds himself entangled in a web of corruption with no one to trust . 9 `` Before the Frost '' Charles Martin Peter Harness 22 July 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 22 ) 5.01 A friend of Wallander 's daughter comes begging for his help but then disappears . Meanwhile , an elderly woman 's body is found cremated in a shallow grave . With the woman having been killed by a seemingly religious obsessive , Wallander must catch the culprit before he strikes again . Series 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 10 `` The White Lioness '' Benjamin Caron James Dormer 22 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 5.18 While in South Africa for a conference , Wallander becomes involved in the investigation of a Swedish citizen 's disappearance . 11 `` A Lesson in Love '' Benjamin Caron Peter Harness 29 May 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 4.45 After being attacked at night by three bikers , Wallander investigates the stabbing murder of a woman who had been having trouble with a nearby bikers ' club . 12 `` The Troubled Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Harness 5 June 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 4.02 Despite the advancement of Alzheimer 's , Wallander must solve the mystery of his daughter 's missing - father - in - law and the death of the man 's wife . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series received a positive reception from critics , who praised both Branagh 's performance and the character he played ; in a preview of the BBC 's Autumn season , Mark Wright of The Stage Online wrote that Branagh was `` a good fit '' for the character and had `` high hopes for the success of ( the ) series '' . Previewing Sidetracked , The Times 's David Chater called Branagh `` superb as Kurt Wallander '' , and the series `` one of those superior cop shows in which the character of the detective matters more than the plot '' . In a feature in The Knowledge , a supplement of The Times , Paul Hoggart called Branagh 's performance `` understated , ruminative , warm , sensitive and depressed '' and wrote positively of the design and cinematography and concluded by writing that `` Wallander is that rare treasure : a popular form used for intelligent , thoughtful , classy drama and superbly shot '' . At the time the series was commissioned , Scottish author Ian Rankin expressed disappointment to The Scotsman that BBC Scotland was producing adaptations of Swedish literature ; `` My main caveat is that there 's so much good , complex and diverse Scottish crime writing going on right now that I 'd like to have seen BBC Scotland pick up on that '' . Reviewing Sidetracked after it aired , Tom Sutcliffe for The Independent called it , `` often a visually dazzling experience , the camerawork as attentive to the contours of Branagh 's stubbly , despairing face as it was to the Swedish locations in which the action took place or the bruised pastels of a Munch sunset '' . He praised Branagh 's acting but felt the Wallander character was `` shallower than the performance , the disaffection and Weltschmerz just another detective gimmick '' . The Guardian 's Kira Cochrane was also complimentary to Branagh , calling him `` faultless '' , but was not impressed with the scenes between Wallander and his father , which she believed slowed the pace of the film , as she did not want to learn Wallander 's entire backstory immediately . Like Sutcliffe , Cochrane praised the cinematography and was pleased that the ending `` tied up nicely '' . Andrew Billen of The Times wrote , `` This distinctly superior cop show is both spare and suggestive , and brilliantly acted . '' He took time to adjust to Kenneth Branagh as Wallander , and found the warm blue skies of Sweden unexpected . Billen 's and Cochrane 's opinions of the child abuse storyline differed ; Billen believed that it was `` used too often in fiction , but here it meant something '' , though Cochrane called it a `` familiar element '' . In The Daily Telegraph , James Walton was disappointed with the revelation that the crimes stemmed from sexual abuse ; `` once quite a daring TV subject , now a rather clichéd short cut to the black recesses of the human heart '' . Walton , like others , was complimentary of Branagh , and concluded by writing , `` The series still probably wo n't appeal to fans of Heartbeat , but if you fancy an undoubtedly classy antidote to the cosy cop show , you could do a lot worse . '' The broadcast had an average 6.2 million viewers and 23.9 % audience share . The episode began with a peak of 6.9 million ( 25.4 % ) but dropped to 5.8 million ( 24.6 % ) at the end . 57.2 % of the audience was from the upmarket ABC1 demographic and 6.1 % were in the age 16 -- 34 demographic . The average viewer rating was down 300,000 on the same timeslot in the previous week . Final ratings , incorporating those who watched via DVR , was 6.54 million , making it the eighth-most - watched programme on BBC One that week . An editorial in The Independent complained that the episode 's closing credits ran too fast ; a hundred names were displayed in 14 seconds . Branagh called the speed of the credits `` insulting '' . The actors ' union Equity also complained to BBC director general Mark Thompson . Firewall was seen by 5.6 million ( 23 % share ) , 600,000 viewers and one share point down on the previous week . Final ratings boosted it to 5.90 million and the tenth-most - watched broadcast on BBC One that week . In The Guardian , Sam Wollaston wrote , `` with the greyness , the cold , the Scandinavian sadness , and a troubled Kenneth Branagh mooching around in the gloom trying to figure out who killed these people so horribly , it 's all pretty perfect . '' Andrew Billen wrote in The Times that Wallander and Ella 's relationship not working out is conventional for a television detective drama , though liked how Wallander 's depression `` has grown out of the failure of his marriage and the experiences of his career '' . On TV Scoop website , John Beresford wrote that the episode `` went quickly downhill '' from the murder of the taxi driver in the opening minutes ; `` Pedestrian plots , characters that wander aimlessly about with next to nothing to do or say , and a format that seems better fitted for radio than it is for television . By that I mean the endless shots where there 's a someone on the left of the screen , someone on the right , and they stand there for hours tal ... king ... verrrry ... slow ... ly to each other with absolutely nothing else happening . '' One Step Behind received overnight ratings of 5.6 million ( 22.4 % ) . Final ratings were recorded as 5.66 million , making it the week 's twelfth-most - watched programme on BBC One . David Chater 's Times preview called Branagh `` a masterpiece of vulnerability and despair '' . He wrote of the conclusion : `` a climactic scene that has been done dozens of times in thrillers , on this one occasion it felt entirely believable '' . The Daily Record named it `` Best of this week 's TV '' though it was criticised in The Herald ; David Belcher called it `` far worse than initially reckoned . Never has there been a less observant , more irritating fictional detective '' . Belcher hoped that no more adaptations would be made . In a review called `` Wåll - and - ör -- den äkta Wallander '' ( the title is first poking fun at Branagh 's pronunciation of Wallander while at the same time calling the version the real or proper Wallander ) , Martin Andersson of southern Sweden 's main daily newspaper Sydsvenskan was very positive to Branagh 's interpretation of Wallander , and thought the BBC series to be of better quality than the current Swedish - language series . He emphasised that not only was Branagh 's performance of higher quality than the current Swedish Wallander actor Krister Henriksson , but the BBC series really understood how to use the nature and environment of the Skåne province to tell the proper story and added that , as a person from southern Sweden , he recognised all the settings and they had never looked as beautiful as in this production . Awards ( edit ) Branagh won the award for best actor at the 35th Broadcasting Press Guild Television and Radio Awards ( 2009 ) . It is his first major television award win in the UK . The series was nominated for Best Drama Series but lost to The Devil 's Whore . The series , represented by Sidetracked , won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . Richard Cottan , Branagh , Philip Martin and Francis Hopkinson are named as the nomination recipients . At the BAFTA Television Craft Awards , the series won four of five nominations : Martin Phipps for Original Television Music , Anthony Dod Mantle for Photograph & Lighting ( Fiction / Entertainment ) , Jacqueline Abrahams for Production Design , and Bosse Persson , Lee Crichlow , Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin for Sound ( Fiction / Entertainment ) . Ray Leek was also nominated for his opening titles work . In May 2009 , PBS distributed promotional DVDs of One Step Behind to members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for nomination consideration at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards . The episode was not nominated , but Branagh was nominated for his performance in the Outstanding Actor , Miniseries or Movie category and Philip Martin was nominated for Outstanding Directing For A Miniseries , Movie Or A Dramatic Special . Branagh was placed on longlist in the Best Actor category of the 2010 National Television Awards . The series was nominated for The TV Dagger at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards . In November 2009 , the Royal Television Society presented the series with two awards at the 2009 RTS Craft & Design Awards ; Aidan Farrell at post-production house The Farm was presented with the Effects ( Picture Enhancement ) award , and Martin Phipps and Emily Barker with the Music ( Original Title ) award for the opening theme . Anthony Dod Mantle was also nominated in the Lighting , Photography & Camera ( Photography ) -- Drama category , and Bosse Persson , Lee Crichlow , Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin in the Sound ( Drama ) category . The series was nominated in the Best Drama Series / Serial category at the Broadcast Awards 2010 . The International Press Academy nominated the series for the Satellite Award for Best Miniseries and Branagh for the Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Miniseries or Television Film . The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated Branagh for the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film for his performance in One Step Behind . Impact on the Wallander franchise ( edit ) In a Radio Times interview , Henning Mankell announced that he has a new Wallander book in the works . Several Swedish media outlets have speculated that the renewed Wallander interest in the UK and the warm reception of the BBC adaptations has sparked a new motivation in writing further Wallander novels ; Mankell 's last book starring the Ystad inspector was originally published in 1999 . The new and final Kurt Wallander book , The Troubled Man , was published in Swedish in August 2009 . The increase in sales of the novels already published in the UK was also attributed to the television series . Impact on Ystad ( edit ) The series has resulted in a new interest among British tourists to visit Sweden , and especially Ystad and the Skåne province according to Itta Johnson , Marketing Strategist with Ystad County . Johnson reports that in the past British people were reluctant to visit Sweden since they saw the country as cold and expensive , but now questions are mostly about the light and the nature seen in the BBC series . Statistics Sweden reports that Skåne is the only Swedish region that has seen an increase in hotel visits during the first quarter of 2009 . The largest increase in non-Scandinavian tourists is seen among Britons , who now count for 12 % which is almost as large as the percentage of visitors from Germany , at 13 % . In 2009 , Ystad saw an increase of tourists from the UK with 18 % , and local politicians credit the BBC Wallander series with attracting British tourists . Johnson estimates that 2 - 3 % of the people who watched the first series of Wallander on the BBC decided to visit the region . In 2008 tourism brought into Ystad 51 million Swedish kronor ( c. £ 4.4 million ) and with the influx of British tourists this number could very likely be higher for 2009 . `` A lot of travel organisers from the UK call and want to include Ystad in what they can offer their clients '' says Marie Holmström , tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency . `` This year ( 2009 ) we have 30 % more hotel bookings from Great Britain , compared to last year . Kenneth Branagh says many good things about this town and we have received many requests from British press '' . Jolanta Olsson , tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency , says they get many requests from visiting Britons concerning shooting locations and where the film crew reside . Starting in October 2009 , Ystad will start hosting a film festival with a focus on crime fiction . The festival is kick started with a marathon of series one and a speech by Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist . Ystad was awarded the 2009 Stora Turismpriset ( The Great Tourism Award ) . `` The brand of Ystad as a film - and tourism town has been strengthened due consequent and longsighted film investments '' said Pia Jönsson - Rajgård , President of Tourism in Skåne . Merchandise ( edit ) Vintage published paperbacks of the first three adapted novels in Series One with tie - in covers featuring Branagh on 20 November 2008 . The Series One DVD was published by 2 Entertain Video on 26 December 2008 . It features all three films , the Who is Kurt Wallander ? documentary , and a 55 - minute documentary entitled The Wallander Look . Half of The Wallander Look features Branagh and Mankell discussing Wallander . The DVD was released in the United States on 2 June 2009 . Tie - in editions of the novels adapted for Series 2 were published on 31 December 2009 . The second series was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 8 February 2010 . No tie - in editions of the two full novels adapted for the third series were released , and the short story `` An Event In Autumn '' was not even available in English at the time . The third series was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 23 July 2012 . The fourth series was released on DVD in the US on 21 June 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BBC Press Office ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` Network TV BBC Week 1 : Sunday 3 January 2010 '' . Press release . Retrieved 11 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Christine ( 25 August 2011 ) . `` Exclusive photos of Kenneth Branagh filming ' Wallander ' in Latvia '' . Onlocationvacations.com . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wallander , Series 3 '' . BBC One . 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , E Jane ( 29 November -- 5 December 2008 ) . `` Death Becomes Him '' , Radio Times , BBC Magazines , pp. 12 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Arbsjö , Karin ( 17 April 2008 ) , `` Han är nye Wallander '' ( in Swedish ) , TT Spectra , Kuriren . Retrieved 5 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mårtensson , Ulf ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Kenneth Branaghs liv som Kurt Wallander '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Duval Smith , Alex ; Rob Sharp ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Just what we need instead of miserable Morse ... a gloomy Swedish detective '' , The Observer , Guardian News and Media . 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Jump up ^ Åkerlund , Olof ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` Här spelas nya Wallander - filmen in '' ( in Swedish ) , Sydsvenskan . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Höstraps lockade engelska filmare '' ( in Swedish ) , Lantbrukets Affärstidning , LRF Media AB . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pennington , Adrian ( 5 November 2008 ) . `` Tapeless : Wallander '' , Broadcastnow , Emap Media . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Per ( 23 May 2008 ) . `` Filmteam fick snabbt besked av länsstyrelsen '' ( in Swedish ) . Ystads Allehanda ( Skånemedia AB ) . Jump up ^ Mårtensson , Ulf ( 12 July 2008 ) , `` Wallanderinspelningar rullar på '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Haraldsted , Soren ( 15 August 2008 ) . `` DSFX finishes BBC `` Wallander '' production `` , Danish Special Effects website . Retrieved 11 September 2008 . 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Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Sjöstrand , Fredrik ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Wallander återvänder '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystad Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . 18 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Ploberg , Maria ( 24 June 2009 ) . `` Brittiska Wallander i Simrishamn '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystad Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . 24 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Eriksson , Frida ( 21 June 2009 ) . `` Wallander stänger av vägen '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystad Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . 22 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Victor ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Här stretchar Mr Wallander '' ( in Swedish ) , Expressen , Bonnier AB . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Elin ( 25 August 2009 ) . `` Ystad kryllar av Wallandrar '' ( in Swedish ) , Expressen , Bonnier AB . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Degerholm , Anja ( 15 August 2009 ) . `` Nu förvandlas det gamla bilpalatset till kulturhus '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystad Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . 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Jump up ^ Sandgren , Emil ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wallander på hjärnan '' . Ystads Allehanda ( in Swedish ) . Skånemedia . Jump up ^ IMDb Jump up ^ `` Mark Hadfield '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stefan Lindman '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inga pengar i världen stoppar Wallander -- Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystad : Ystads Allehanda. 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rīgā filmējas britu kinozvaigzne Branags '' . Kultura . LV : Delfi. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Esther Campbell '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lukas Strebel -- Director of Photography '' ( PDF ) . UK : Casarotto . Retrieved 27 September 2012 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 10 August 2011 ) . `` Producents : latviešu aktieri nav gatavi strādāt ar ārzemju režisoriem - DELFI '' . Kultura.delfi.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ IK MFCTRL . `` Latvian Culture Portal '' . Kultura.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` papildināta - Producents : Latviešu aktieri nav gatavi strādāt ar ārzemju režisoriem '' . Diena.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragos Bucur , coleg cu Kenneth Branagh Cancan '' . Cancan.ro . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible '' . IMDb . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artūrs Skrastiņš izraudzīts dalībai Lielbritānijas seriālā '' . La.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pie Saeimas uzņems epizodes filmai `` Valanders : Rīgas suņi '' - Rīgā - nra.lv `` . Zinas.nra.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` Pie Saeimas nama filmē BBC mākslas filmu - DELFI '' . Aculiecinieks.delfi.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rīgā noteikti satiksmes ierobežojumi angļu seriāla filmēšanas laikā - Rīgā - nra.lv '' . Zinas.nra.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ DELFI ( 17 August 2011 ) . `` Vai policijas automašīnām jaunas emblēmas ? - DELFI '' . Aculiecinieks.delfi.lv . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC filmar i Kåseberga - Kåseberga - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystadsallehanda.se. 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Morddrama i Kåseberga - Kåseberga - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystadsallehanda.se. 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Kidd '' . United Agents . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Förberedelser för Wallanderinspelning - Skurup - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystadsallehanda.se. 14 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC :s filmteam spelar in i Ystad - Ystad - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystadsallehanda.se. 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wallander i stan - Ystad - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystadsallehanda.se. 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wallanderfilm spelar in bilscener i Snogeholm -- Sjöbo -- Nyheter dygnet runt '' . SE : Ystads Allehanda. 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Angantyr , Av Lasse ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Snogeholmsskogen del i Wallander -- Sjöbo '' . SE : Skånskan . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Klart för mer brittisk Wallander -- Nyheter P4 Malmöhus '' . SE : Sveriges radio . 4 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draghjälp åt filmen -- Nyheter dygnet runt '' . Ystad , SE : Ystads Allehanda. 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Kenneth Branagh says it `` feels like Christmas morning '' `` . The LA times . 15 December 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Principal photography begins on the final series of BBC One 's BAFTA winning Wallander - Media Centre '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ DigC . Young . `` Christa Schamberger , Casting Director '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronan Bennett to write Wallander finale '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Uddenfeldt ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Full rulle på Ystad Studios i höst '' . Ystads Allehanda . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ulf Mårtensson . `` Livet som stand - in för Branagh - Ystads Allehanda '' . Ystads Allehanda . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Billgren ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Tystnad , tagning i skolan '' . Ystads Allehanda . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Von Karina Krawczyk . `` Kurt Wallander -- Ein Skandinavier ermittelt in Kapstadt - TV - Berliner Morgenpost '' ( in German ) . Morgenpost.de . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Die weiße Löwin - Kommissar Wallander - ARD '' . Das Erste. 2015 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Lektionen der Liebe - Kommissar Wallander - ARD '' . Das Erste . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Der Feind im Schatten - Kommissar Wallander - ARD '' . Das Erste. 2015 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ale kino+ Wallander 4 - serial kryminalny '' . www.alekinoplus.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/07/arts/television/review-the-final-days-of-the-british-accented-wallander.html Jump up ^ `` MASTERPIECE : MYSTERY ! ' Wallander , The Final Season ' '' ( Press release ) . PBS . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smith , Darryl ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Facing Dementia Together : Kenneth Branagh learned about Alzheimer 's for Wallander role '' . The Sunday Post . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19 : 30 TV Preview Screening : Wallander + Interview '' , British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Mårtensson , Ulf ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` Ystadspremiär för första BBC - Wallanderfilmen '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Episodes from Wallander broadcast in 2008 , BBC Programmes . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Before the Frost , BBC Programmes . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Mastermind , BBC Programmes . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Mike ( 16 November 2009 ) . `` Wallander Returns to BBC One in 2010 '' , ATV News Network . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 6 June 2008 ) . `` Branagh Turns TV Detective '' , 4ni.co.uk , Flagship E-Commerce . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Sennitt , Caroline ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` BBC Worldwide drama takes centre stage at MIPCOM 2008 '' , BBC Press Office . Press release . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : PBS ( February 2009 ) . `` Masterpiece Mystery ! Wallander '' . Press release . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Branagh as Inspector Kurt Wallander '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh ist der neue Kommissar Wallander '' ( in German ) . DerWesten . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : BBC 1 ratings ( see relevant weeks ) Archived 5 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . added with BBC HD ratings ( see relevant weeks ) , from the Broadcaster 's Audience Research Board . Retrieved 16 July 2012 Jump up ^ Wallander `` The White Lioness '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Wallander `` A Lesson in Love '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Wallander `` The Troubled Man '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Wright , Mark ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` BBC Drama - Autumn Trailer '' , The Stage Online ( The Stage Newspaper ) . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Chater , David ( 29 November 2008 ) . `` Sunday TV Choice '' , The Times , Times Newspapers . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Tim ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Meet TV 's new Inspector Morse ... he 's grumpy , a big drinker and , oh yes , he 's Swedish '' , The Scotsman , The Scotsman Publications . Retrieved 27 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sutcliffe , Tom ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Take a cold , hard look '' , The Independent , Independent News and Media . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Cochrane , Kira ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The weekend 's TV '' , The Guardian , Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Billen , Andrew ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Weekend TV '' , The Times , Times Newspapers . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Walton , James ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` The weekend on television '' , The Daily Telegraph , Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Darren ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Britney Spears ' X Factor comeback pulls in 12.8 m viewers '' , Brand Republic , Haymarket Media . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Jon ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Wallander launches with 6.2 m '' , Broadcastnow , Emap Media . 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Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( 25 May 2009 ) `` PBS ships Emmy voters DVDs of ' Little Dorrit ' and ' Wallander ' '' . The Envelope ( Los Angeles Times subsite ) . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 61st Primetime Emmy Awards and 2009 Creative Arts Emmy Awards Nominees are ... Archived 14 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 16 July 2009 . Jump up ^ UKPA ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Fern and Holly go head to head '' . The Press Association . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kate ( 7 September 2009 ) . `` Coben , Cole , Atkinson vie for crime awards Archived 10 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The Bookseller . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RTS Craft & Design Winners 2009 Archived 29 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Royal Television Society . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Awards 2010 Shortlist '' . Emap Awards ( Emap Media ) . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 14th Annual Satellite Awards Nominations Archived 28 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved 1 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations & Winners ( 2009 ) Archived 15 December 2009 at WebCite '' . Golden Globe Awards , but lost to Kevin Bacon for his role as Michael Strobl for Taking Chance . Retrieved 15 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 24 November 2008 ) . `` Mankell skriver ny Wallanderbok '' ( in Swedish ) , Allehanda , Allehanda Media Ångermanland AB . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 25 November 2008 ) . `` Mankell : Ny Wallanderbok på gång '' ( in Swedish ) , SVT , Sveriges Television . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 24 November 2008 ) . `` Mankell skriver ny Wallanderbok '' ( in Swedish ) , Metro , Metro International . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Staff ( April 2009 ) . `` Mankell : Den sista Wallanderboken '' ( in Swedish ) , Stv , Sveriges Television . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Victoria ( 28 January 2009 ) . `` Translated titles storm charts '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Mårtensson , Ulf ( 14 May 2009 ) , `` Fler brittiska turister i Skåne '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lantz , Thomas ( 9 December 2009 ) , `` Större filmfond nödvändigt efter Wallander '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 10 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Rothenborg , Ole ( 18 August 2009 ) . `` Vallfärd till Wallander - land '' ( in Swedish ) , Dagens Nyheter , Bonnier AB . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 28 July 2009 ) . `` Nu vill britterna gå i kommissariens fotspår '' ( in Swedish ) , Kvällsposten , Schibsted . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 20 August 2009 ) . `` Britter ger klirr i Ystads kassa '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 20 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Sandgren , Emil ( 10 October 2009 ) . `` Bloddrypande filmfestival '' ( in Swedish ) , Ystads Allehanda , Skånemedia AB . Retrieved 12 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 22 October2009 ) , `` Wallander gör Ystad till en vinnare '' ( in Swedish ) , Aftonbladet , Schibsted . Retrieved 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branagh Compendium '' . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Foster , Dave ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` 2 Entertain / BBC December - January '' , DVD Times . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Allen , Katie ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` Mankell e-book early for Random '' . The Bookseller ( VNU Entertainment Media UK ) . Retrieved 13 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wallander - Series 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Kenneth Branagh , David Warner , Sarah Smart , Karin Bertling , Jeany Spark , Arsher Ali , Tom McCall , Richard McCabe , Rune Bergman , Roger Watkins , Sadie Shimmin , Tom Hiddleston , Aisling Walsh , Andy Wilson , Hettie Macdonald , Niall MacCormick , Philip Martin , Henning Mankell , Richard Cottan , Richard McBrien : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wallander - Series 3 ( DVD ) '' . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Macnab , Geoffrey ( 31 July 2009 ) . `` Wallander : Swede dreams are made of this '' . The Independent ( Independent News & Media ) : pp. 34 -- 35 ( Art & Books section ) . -- A comparison between Wallander and Mankell 's Wallander . Nicholson , Paul ( December 2008 ) . `` Wallander and the BBC '' . High Definition ( Media Maker Publishing ) ( 34 ) . -- A detailed description of the cinematography and editing technology used on the series . Silberg , Jon ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` Red One No Mystery For DP Anthony Dod Mantle On ' Wallander ' '' . DV Magazine ( NewBay Media ) . -- An interview with director of photography Anthony Dod Mantle about the series ' camera setup . Tapper , Michael ( April 2009 ) . `` ' More than ABBA and skinny - dipping in mountain lakes ' : Swedish dystopia , Henning Mankell and the British Wallander series '' . Film International 7 ( 2 ) : 60 -- 69 . ISSN 1651 - 6826 . doi : 10.1386 / fiin. 7.2. 60 . -- An analysis of the political and social representation of Sweden in the novels and Wallander . External links ( edit ) Branagh 's Wallander website Wallander on IMDb Wallander at Yellow Bird Pictures ( with trailer ) . Videos Independent News & Media plc ( December 2009 ) . `` Wallander Returns '' . The Independent Show : Interview with Branagh and preview . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jeffries , Stuart ( 27 December 2009 ) . `` Kenneth Branagh talks to Stuart Jeffries about the new series of Wallander '' . Guardian Web - TV . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Branagh , Kenneth ; et al ... Interview with Angellica Bell . Baftaonline YouTube channel . 26 April 2009 . Panel discussion of the novels and adaptations . Newsnight Review . 1 December 2008 . Filming Wallander in Ystad city square . Filming of The Man Who Smiled . Ystad Allehanda Webb - TV . 15 September 2009 . Interviews Geoghegan , Kev ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Talking Shop : Kenneth Branagh '' . BBC News website . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Press releases BBC Press Office ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` Wallander -- Kenneth Branagh in major new drama adaptation for BBC One '' . Press release . Retrieved 18 April 2008 . BBC Press Office ( 4 November 2008 ) . `` Killing time '' . Press release . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Kurt Wallander by Henning Mankell Novels Faceless Killers The Dogs of Riga The White Lioness The Man Who Smiled Sidetracked The Fifth Woman One Step Behind Firewall The Pyramid Before the Frost The Troubled Man Film and television Swedish film series with Rolf Lassgård Swedish TV series with Krister Henriksson British TV series with Kenneth Branagh BAFTA TV Award for Best Drama Series Inspector Morse ( 1992 ) Inspector Morse ( 1993 ) Between the Lines ( 1994 ) Cracker ( 1995 ) Cracker ( 1996 ) EastEnders ( 1997 ) Jonathan Creek ( 1998 ) The Cops ( 1999 ) The Cops ( 2000 ) Clocking Off ( 2001 ) Cold Feet ( 2002 ) Spooks ( 2003 ) Buried ( 2004 ) Shameless ( 2005 ) Doctor Who ( 2006 ) The Street ( 2007 ) The Street ( 2008 ) Wallander ( 2009 ) Misfits ( 2010 ) Sherlock ( 2011 ) The Fades ( 2012 ) Last Tango in Halifax ( 2013 ) Broadchurch ( 2014 ) Happy Valley ( 2015 ) Wolf Hall ( 2016 ) Happy Valley ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wallander_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=813200568 '' Categories : 2008 British television programme debuts 2016 British television programme endings 2000s British drama television series 2010s British drama television series BBC Scotland television programmes British crime television series English - language television programs Television series by Left Bank Pictures Television programs based on Swedish novels Wallander Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Use British English from August 2015 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 11 : 03 . 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2618492263118356105	Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017	Tax cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 - Wikipedia Tax cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( February 2018 ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act Full title An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 . Colloquial name ( s ) GOP tax reform Republican tax cuts Trump tax cuts Cut Cut Cut Act Introduced in 115th United States Congress Introduced on November 2 , 2017 Citations Public Law 115 -- 97 Stat . 131 Stat. 2054 Effects and codifications Act ( s ) affected Internal Revenue Code of 1986 Agencies affected Internal Revenue Service Legislative history Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 1 by Kevin Brady ( R -- TX ) on November 2 , 2017 Committee consideration by : House Committee on Ways and Means ; passed committee on November 9 , 2017 , as `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' ( 24 -- 16 ) Passed the House of Representatives on November 16 , 2017 ( 227 -- 205 ) Passed the Senate on December 2 , 2017 ( 51 -- 49 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on December 15 , 2017 ; agreed to by the Senate on December 20 , 2017 ( 51 -- 48 ) and by the House of Representatives on December 19 , 2017 and December 20 , 2017 ( 227 -- 203 224 -- 201 ) Signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22 , 2017 The Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 , Pub. L. 115 -- 97 , is a congressional revenue act originally introduced in Congress as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( TCJA ) , that amended the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 . Major elements of the changes include reducing tax rates for businesses and individuals ; a personal tax simplification by increasing the standard deduction and family tax credits , but eliminating personal exemptions and making it less beneficial to itemize deductions ; limiting deductions for state and local income taxes ( SALT ) and property taxes ; further limiting the mortgage interest deduction ; reducing the alternative minimum tax for individuals and eliminating it for corporations ; reducing the number of estates impacted by the estate tax ; and repealing the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . The Act is based on tax reform advocated by congressional Republicans and the Trump administration . The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported that under the Act individuals and pass - through entities like partnerships and S corporations would receive about $1,125 billion in net benefits ( i.e. net tax cuts offset by reduced healthcare subsidies ) over 10 years , while corporations would receive around $320 billion in benefits . The CBO estimates that implementing the Act would add an estimated $2.289 trillion to the national debt over ten years , or about $1.891 trillion after taking into account macroeconomic feedback effects , in addition to the $9.8 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt . The individual and pass - through tax cuts fade over time and become net tax increases starting in 2027 while the corporate tax cuts are permanent . This enabled the Senate to pass the bill with only 51 votes , without the need to defeat a filibuster , under the budget reconciliation process . The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19 , 2017 , though for Senate procedural reasons small changes were needed and a revote was held in the House . The Senate passed the final version on December 20 in a 51 -- 48 vote and that final version was passed by the House of Representatives on that same day . The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22 , 2017 . Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1 , 2018 and will not affect 2017 taxes . Critics in the media , think tanks and academia assailed the law , mainly based on forecasts of its adverse impact ( e.g. , higher budget deficit , higher trade deficit , greater income inequality , lower healthcare coverage and higher healthcare costs ) , disproportionate impact on certain states and professions and the misrepresentations made by its advocates . Some of the reforms passed by the Republicans have become controversial within key states , particularly the $10,000 cap on state and local tax deductibility , and are being challenged in federal court . Polls have consistently found the law to be unpopular with the public . Contents 1 Financial impact 2 Plan elements 2.1 Individual income tax 2.2 Estate tax 2.3 Pass - through business taxation 2.4 Corporate tax 2.5 Churches and nonprofit organizations 2.5. 1 Employee compensation 2.5. 2 University investment tax 2.5. 3 Parking and public transportation provided to employees 2.5. 4 Unrelated business income 2.5. 5 Charitable contributions 2.6 Miscellaneous tax provisions 2.7 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge drilling 3 Impact 3.1 Economy 3.2 Budget deficits and debt 3.3 Distribution 3.3. 1 By income level 3.3. 2 Individual vs. business 3.3. 3 By state 3.3. 4 If the tax cuts are paid for 3.4 Healthcare impact 4 Claims made by the Administration 5 Objections 5.1 Minor impact on economic growth 5.2 Limited or no wage impact 5.3 Increases income and wealth inequality 5.4 International tax standards 5.4. 1 International trade issues 5.4. 2 Foreign objections 5.5 Conflict of interest 5.6 Tax complication 5.7 Procedural concerns 5.8 Name of the law 6 Averted concerns 6.1 Tuition waiver exemption 6.2 Federal Reserve 6.3 Automatic spending cuts averted / PAYGO 7 Polls 8 Passage through the House and Senate 8.1 Differences between the House and Senate bills 9 Support and opposition 9.1 Notable supporters 9.2 Notable opponents 9.3 Views of economists 9.4 Political significance 10 Congressional votes 10.1 Pre-conference vote 10.1. 1 House of Representatives 10.1. 2 Senate 10.2 Post-conference vote 10.2. 1 House of Representatives 10.2. 2 Senate 11 Sequel 12 See also 13 Notes and references 13.1 Notes 13.2 References 14 External links Financial impact ( edit ) CBO reported on December 21 , 2017 : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units '' . The nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation also estimated that the GDP level would be 0.7 % higher , employment level would be 0.6 % higher and personal consumption level would be 0.6 % higher during the 2018 -- 2027 period on average due to the Act . These are higher levels , not higher annual growth rates , so these are relatively minor economic impacts over 10 years . The distribution of impact by individual income group varies significantly based on the assumptions involved and point in time measured . In general , businesses and upper income groups will mostly benefit regardless , while lower income groups will see the initial benefits fade over time or be adversely impacted . For example , the CBO and JCT estimated that : During 2019 , income groups earning under $20,000 ( about 23 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction ( i.e. incur a cost ) , mainly by receiving fewer subsidies due to the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act . Other groups would contribute to deficit increases ( i.e. receive a benefit ) , mainly due to tax cuts . During 2021 , 2023 and 2025 , income groups earning under $40,000 ( about 43 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $40,000 would contribute to deficit increases . During 2027 , income groups earning under $75,000 ( about 76 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction while income groups above $75,000 would contribute to deficit increases . The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) estimated that the bottom 80 % of taxpayers ( income under $149,400 ) would receive 35 % of the benefit in 2018 , 34 % in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027 , with some groups incurring costs . TPC also estimated 72 % of taxpayers would be adversely impacted in 2019 and beyond , if the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts separate from the legislation , as most spending cuts would impact lower - to middle - income taxpayers and outweigh the benefits from the tax cuts . Bloomberg reported in March 2018 that an estimated 60 % of corporate tax savings were going to shareholders , while 15 % was going to employees , based on analysis of 51 S&P 500 companies . The law also impacts healthcare by repealing the ACA individual mandate , resulting in projections of up to 13 million fewer persons covered by health insurance as some younger , healthier persons will likely choose not to participate . Those in the remaining less healthy pool will pay higher insurance costs on the ACA exchanges , which will result in additional persons dropping coverage . Plan elements ( edit ) Individual income tax ( edit ) Single filers ( 2018 ) Under previous law Under current law Rate Income bracket Rate Income bracket 10 % $0 -- $9,525 10 % $0 -- $9,525 15 % $9,525 -- $38,700 12 % $9,525 -- $38,700 25 % $38,700 -- $93,700 22 % $38,700 -- $82,500 28 % $93,700 -- $195,450 24 % $82,500 -- $157,500 33 % $195,450 -- $424,950 32 % $157,500 -- $200,000 35 % $424,950 -- $426,700 35 % $200,000 -- $500,000 39.6 % $426,700 and up 37 % $500,000 and up Married filing jointly ( 2018 ) Under previous law Under current law Rate Income bracket Rate Income bracket 10 % $0 -- $19,050 10 % $0 -- $19,050 15 % $19,050 -- $77,400 12 % $19,050 -- $77,400 25 % $77,400 -- $156,150 22 % $77,400 -- $165,000 28 % $156,150 -- $237,950 24 % $165,000 -- $315,000 33 % $237,950 -- $424,950 32 % $315,000 -- $400,000 35 % $424,950 -- $480,050 35 % $400,000 -- $600,000 39.6 % $480,050 and up 37 % $600,000 and up See also : Income tax in the United States Under the law , there are numerous changes to the individual income tax , including changing the income level of individual tax brackets , lowering tax rates , and increasing the standard deductions and family tax credits while the personal exemption and itemized deductions are reduced or eliminated . Most individual income taxes are reduced , until 2025 . The number of income tax brackets remain at seven , but the income ranges in several brackets have been changed and each new bracket has lower rates . These are marginal rates that apply to income in the indicated range as under current law ( i.e. , prior Public Law 115 - 97 or the Act ) , so a higher income taxpayer will have income taxed at several different rates . A different inflation measure ( Chained CPI or C - CPI ) will be applied to the brackets instead of the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) , so the brackets increase more slowly . This is effectively a tax increase over time , as people move more quickly into higher brackets as their income rises ; this element is permanent . The standard deduction nearly doubles , from $12,700 to $24,000 for married couples . For single filers , the standard deduction will increase from $6,350 to $12,000 . About 70 % of families choose the standard deduction rather than itemized deductions ; this could rise to over 84 % if doubled . The personal exemption is eliminated -- this was a deduction of $4,050 per taxpayer and dependent , unless it is in an estate or trust . The child tax credit is doubled from $1,000 to $2,000 , $1,400 of which will be refundable . There is also a $500 credit for other dependents , versus zero under current law . The lower threshold for the high - income phaseout for the Child Tax Credit changes from $110,000 AGI to $400,000 for married filers . Mortgage interest deduction for newly purchased homes ( and second homes ) would be lowered from total loan balances of $1 million under current law to $750,000 . Interest from home equity loans ( aka second mortgages ) will no longer be deductible , unless the money is used for home improvements . The deduction for state and local income tax , sales tax , and property taxes ( `` SALT deduction '' ) will be capped at $10,000 . This would have more impact on taxpayers with more expensive property , generally those who live in higher - income areas , or people in states with higher rates for state tax . The act repeals the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act effective January 1 , 2019 . This is estimated to save the government over $300 billion , by reducing the number of people with coverage by up to 13 million over time along with related health insurance premium tax subsidies . It is estimated to increase premiums on the health insurance exchanges by up to 10 % . It also expands the amount of out - of - pocket medical expenses that may be deducted by lowering threshold from 10 % of adjusted gross income to 7.5 % , but only for 2017 ( retroactively ) and 2018 . Effective January 1 , 2019 , the threshold will increase to 10 % . No changes are made to major education deductions and credits , or to the teacher deduction for unreimbursed classroom expenses , which remains at $250 . The bill initially expanded usage of 529 college savings accounts for both K -- 12 private school tuition and homeschools , but the provision regarding homeschools was overruled by the Senate parliamentarian and removed . The 529 savings accounts for K - 12 private school tuition provision was left intact . Taxpayers will only be able to deduct a casualty loss if it occurs in a federally - declared disaster area . Alimony paid to a former spouse will no longer be deductible by the payer , and alimony payments will no longer be included in the recipient 's gross income . This effectively shifts the tax burden of alimony from the recipient to the payer . This provision is effective for divorce and separation agreements signed after December 31 , 2018 . Employment - related moving expenses will no longer be deductible , except for moves related to active - duty military service . The miscellaneous itemized deduction , including tax - deductions for tax - preparation fees , investment expenses , union dues , and unreimbursed employee expenses , are eliminated . Fewer people will pay the Alternative minimum tax because the act increases the exemption level from $84,500 to $109,400 for married taxpayers filing jointly and from $54,300 to $70,300 for single taxpayers . The act repeals the ability to recharacterize Roth conversions . The act also exempts the discharge of certain student loans due to the death or total permanent disability of the borrower from taxable income . This provision applies only to debt discharged during tax years 2018 through 2025 . Estate tax ( edit ) See also : Estate tax in the United States For deaths occurring between 2018 and 2025 , estates that exceed $11.2 million are subject to a 40 % estate tax at time of death , increased from $5.6 million previously . For a married couple aggregating their exemptions , an estate exceeding $22.4 million are subject to a 40 % estate tax at time of death . Pass - through business Taxation ( edit ) See also : S corporation and Limited liability company The final bill reduces pass - through taxes via a 20 % deduction , after which a lower rate of 29.6 % will be applied . This benefit phases out starting at $315,000 . Many businesses are incorporated as pass - through entities ( e.g. , partnerships , and S - corporations ) meaning the owners pay taxes at individual rates . These represent 95 % of businesses and most of corporate tax revenues . Approximately the largest 2 % of pass - through businesses represent 40 % of pass - through income and under current law are taxed at 39.6 % , the top individual rate . Corporate tax ( edit ) See also : Corporate tax in the United States The corporate tax rate would fall from 35 % to 21 % , while some related business deductions and credits would either be reduced or eliminated . The Act would also change the U.S. from a global to a territorial tax system with respect to corporate income tax . Instead of a corporation paying the U.S. tax rate ( 35 % ) for income earned in any country ( less a credit for taxes paid to that country ) , each subsidiary would pay the tax rate of the country in which it is legally established . In other words , under a territorial tax system , the corporation saves the difference between the generally higher U.S. tax rate and the lower rate of the country in which the subsidiary is legally established . Bloomberg journalist Matt Levine explained the concept , `` If we 're incorporated in the U.S. ( under today 's global tax regime ) , we 'll pay 35 percent taxes on our income in the U.S. and Canada and Mexico and Ireland and Bermuda and the Cayman Islands , but if we 're incorporated in Canada ( under a territorial tax regime , proposed by the Act ) , we 'll pay 35 percent on our income in the U.S. but 15 percent in Canada and 30 percent in Mexico and 12.5 percent in Ireland and zero percent in Bermuda and zero percent in the Cayman Islands . '' In theory , the law would reduce the incentive for tax inversion , which is used today to obtain the benefits of a territorial tax system by moving U.S. corporate headquarters to other countries . One - time repatriation tax of profits in overseas subsidiaries of 8 % , 15.5 % for cash . U.S. multinationals have accumulated nearly $3 trillion offshore , much of it subsidiaries in tax - haven countries . The Act may encourage companies to bring the money back to the U.S. eventually , but at these much lower rates . The corporate Alternative Minimum Tax is eliminated . Churches and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Employee compensation ( edit ) There is a 21 % excise tax on compensation paid to certain employees of churches and other tax - exempt organizations . The excise tax applies to any organization that tax - exempt under 501 ( c ) or 501 ( d ) , or who have Section 115 ( 1 ) income that is earned by performing essential government functions . The excise tax applies to annual compensation paid in excess of $1,000,000 to each of the organization 's five highest - paid employees who are either currently employed or who were formerly employed and were previously one of the five highest - paid employee of the organization . Compensation is exempt from the excise tax if the compensation is paid to medical doctors and other licensed professionals providing medical services . Compensation includes all current compensation , deferred compensation , income under Section 457 ( f ) , severance payments , but excluding Roth retirement contributions . University investment tax ( edit ) There is a 1.4 % excise tax on investment income of certain private tax - exempt colleges and universities . The excise tax applies only if the institution has at least 500 tuition - paying students and more than half the students are located in the United States . The excise tax applies if the institution and its related organizations have an endowment with an aggregate fair - market value at the end of the preceding tax year of at least $500,000 per full - time student , excluding assets used directly in carrying out institution 's tax - exempt purpose . This provision has been referred to as an endowment tax , and it has been estimated that it would apply to around 32 universities . Some provisions from the earlier House bill were dropped that would have taxed graduate student tuition waivers , tuition benefits for children and spouses of employees , and student loan interest . A Senate Parliamentarian ruling on December 19 changed the exemption threshold from 500 tuition - paying students to 500 total students . Endowment funds used to carry out a college 's tax - exempt purpose are excluded from the asset threshold , but Internal Revenue Service has not issued regulations specifically defining this term . In addition , a tax deduction is now disallowed entirely for charitable contributions if the donor receives rights to receive seats to college athletic events . Formerly , 80 % of the charitable contribution was considered to be a tax - deductible charitable contribution . Parking and public transportation provided to employees ( edit ) Unrelated business income is now increased by the amount a church or other tax - exempt organization pays or incurs for qualifying parking or qualifying transportation benefits for its employees . The amount includes when the employer pays for the transportation benefits or when the employee elects to pay for the transportation benefits through pre-tax payroll deductions . The Internal Revenue Service has not clarified whether and how the employer should count free parking for employees who park in the organization 's own parking lot that it provides to all visitors for free or a parking lot provided only to its own employees . The Internal Revenue Service has not clarified whether the amount is the fair - market value of the parking for employees or the employer 's actual expenses incurred in order to maintain the parking for employees . Some states and jurisdictions require all employees to provide these benefits to their employees , which may result in an organization being required to choose between paying unrelated business income tax to the federal government or being in noncompliance with state and local laws . Unrelated business income ( edit ) Unrelated business income is now separately computed for each trade or business activity of the church or other tax - exempt organization . Losses on one trade or business can no longer be used to offset gains on another trade or business for unrelated business income purposes . Net operating losses generated before January 1 , 2018 , and carried forward to other tax years are not affected and can be used to offset gains from any trade or business activity . Some affected organizations are considering incorporating for - profit subsidiaries and then moving all unrelated business income to the for - profit subsidiaries , which would make all the unrelated business income may then count as the same category of trade or business activity , namely income from for - profit subsidiaries . Net operating losses are now limited to 80 % of taxable income . Unrelated business income tax is now assessed at the flat rate of 21 % , rather than at a graduated tax rate , except for unrelated business income earned on or before December 31 , 2017 . Charitable contributions ( edit ) More individuals will choose to take the standard deduction rather than itemize their tax deductions because of the increase in standard deduction and limitation on itemized deduction for state and local taxes . As a result , these individuals will not see a tax savings from donations to churches or other eligible nonprofit organizations , and churches and other organizations may receive fewer charitable contributions . The indexed estate tax exemption was doubled , which means that people may not need to include charitable contributions being written into their will in order to reduce the estate tax paid , which would reduce the amount of charitable contributions given to churches and nonprofit organizations overall . Miscellaneous tax provisions ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2017 ) The Act contains a variety of miscellaneous tax provisions , many advantaging particular special interests . Miscellaneous provisions include : Internal Revenue Code section 1031 , which allowed the deferment of capital gains taxes on so - called `` like - kind exchanges '' of a wide array of real , personal , and business property , was maintained for real property but repealed for other types of property . A tax break for citrus growers , allowing them to deduct the cost of replanting `` citrus plants lost or damaged due to causes like freezing , natural disaster or disease . '' The extension of `` full expensing , '' a favorable tax treatment provision for film and television production companies , to 2022 . The provision allows such companies `` to write - off the full cost of their investments in the first year . '' The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the extension will lead to the loss of about $1 billion in federal revenue per year . A provision ending a corporate tax exemption for certain international airlines with commercial flights to the United States ( specifically , in cases where `` the country where the foreign airline is headquartered does n't have a tax treaty with the U.S. , and if major U.S. airliners make fewer than two weekly trips to that foreign country '' ) . This provision is seen as likely to disadvantage Gulf airlines ( such as Etihad , Emirates and Qatar Airways ) ; major U.S. airlines have complained that the Gulf states provide unfair subsidies to those carriers . Reductions in excise taxes on alcohol for a two - year period . The Senate bill would reduce the tax on `` the first 60,000 barrels of beer produced domestically by small brewers '' from $7 to $3.50 and would reduce the tax on the first 6 million barrels produced from $18 to $16 per barrel . The Senate bill would also extend a tax credit on wine production to all wineries and would extend the credit to the producers and importers of sparkling wine as well . These provisions were supported by the alcohol lobby , specifically the Beer Institute , Wine Institute , and Distilled Spirits Council . Exempts private jet management companies from the 7.5 % federal excise tax that is levied on each ticket sales of commercial flights . A late change to the bill created what came to be called the `` grain glitch '' , which altered an existing deduction for U.S. production in a way that allowed farmers to deduct 20 % of their total sales to agricultural cooperatives . According to The New York Times , this `` caused an uproar among independent agriculture businesses that say they can no longer compete with cooperatives . '' This glitch was corrected by the Consolidated Appropriations Act , 2018 . Because of a drafting error , businesses making renovations or other improvements must now use a 39 - year depreciation schedule for the cost of these improvements instead of the intended 15 - year period , which reduces allowable business tax deductions each year . Arctic national Wildlife Refuge drilling ( edit ) The Act contains provisions that would open 1.5 million acres in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and gas drilling . This major push to include this provision in the tax bill came from Republican Senator Lisa Murkowski . The move is part of the long - running Arctic Refuge drilling controversy ; Republicans had attempted to allow drilling in ANWR almost 50 times . Opening the Arctic Refuge to drilling `` unleashed a torrent of opposition from conservationists and scientists . '' Democrats and environmentalist groups such as the Wilderness Society criticized the Republican effort . Impact ( edit ) Economy ( edit ) Tax Policy Center estimate of the annual changes in GDP and budget deficit over the 2018 - 2027 period under the Senate version of the bill . The cumulative GDP increase of $961 billion is less than the deficit increase of $1,233 billion , including macroeconomic feedback effects . Comparison of U.S. federal revenues for two CBO forecasts , one from January 2017 ( based on laws at the end of the Obama Administration ) and the other from April 2018 , which reflects Trump 's policy changes . Key insights include : 1 ) Tax cuts reduce revenue collections relative to a baseline without them ; 2 ) Tax revenues rise each year under both forecasts as the economy grows ; and 3 ) The gap is larger initially , indicating larger stimulus effects in the earlier years . The non-partisan Joint Committee on Taxation of the U.S. Congress published its macroeconomic analysis of the final version of the Act , on December 22 , 2017 : Gross domestic product would be 0.7 % higher on average each year during the 2018 -- 2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast , a cumulative total of $1,895 billion , due to an increase in labor supply and business investment . The Act would increase the total budget deficits ( debt ) by about $1 trillion over ten years including macro-economic feedback effects . The effect of the tax cuts is only partially offset by incremental revenue due to the higher GDP levels . The initial deficit increase estimate without feedback effects of $1,456 billion , less $384 billion in feedback effects ( $451 billion less $66 billion in higher debt service costs ) , results in a $1,071 billion net debt increase over the 2018 -- 2027 period . This increase is in addition to the $10 trillion debt increase already in the CBO current law baseline projected over the 2018 -- 2027 period , and the approximately $20 trillion national debt that already exists . Employment would be about 0.6 % higher each year during the 2018 -- 2027 period than otherwise . The lower marginal tax rate on labor would provide `` strong incentives for an increase in labor supply . '' Personal consumption , the largest component of GDP , would increase by 0.7 % . Note that for GDP , employment , and consumption , these are higher levels , not higher annual growth rates , so these are relatively minor economic impacts over ten years . The Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget ( CRFB ) summarized several studies that indicated a boost to annual GDP growth rates would be about 0.1 % each year rather than the Administration 's claims of 0.4 % per year . In other words , a 2.0 % annual GDP growth rate typical during the Obama era would rise to 2.1 % and not 2.4 % as claimed , other things equal . The CRFB estimated that the JCT analysis implied a 0.02 % annual growth rate increase , to arrive at a cumulative 0.7 % GDP increase . The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) reported its macroeconomic analysis of the November 16 Senate version of the Act on December 1 , 2017 : Gross domestic product would be 0.4 % higher on average each year during the 2018 - 2027 period relative to the CBO baseline forecast , a cumulative total of $961 billion higher over ten years . TPC explained that since most tax reductions would benefit high - income households ( who spend a smaller share of tax reductions than lower - income households ) the effect on GDP would be modest . Further , TPC reported that : `` Because the economy is currently near full employment , the impact of increased demand on output would be smaller and diminish more quickly than it would if the economy were in recession . '' The Act would increase the total budget deficits ( debt ) by $1,412 billion , less $179 billion in feedback effects , for a $1,233 net debt increase ( excluding higher interest costs ) . The lower marginal tax rates would increase labor supply , mainly by encouraging lower - earning spouses to work more . This effect would reverse after 2025 due to expiration of individual tax provisions . The Penn Wharton Budget Model ( PWBM ) estimated relative to a prior law baseline that by 2027 : The GDP level would be between 0.6 % and 1.1 % higher . Debt would increase by between $1.9 trillion and $2.2 trillion , including macroeconomic feedback effects . Budget deficits and debt ( edit ) CBO forecasts that the 2017 Tax Act will increase the budget deficit by $2.289 trillion over the 2018 - 2027 decade , or $1.891 trillion after macro-economic feedback . The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) estimated in April 2018 that implementing the Act would add an estimated $2.289 trillion to the national debt over ten years , or about $1.891 trillion after taking into account macroeconomic feedback effects , in addition to the $9.8 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt . CBO reported on December 21 , 2017 , that : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units . '' The Joint Committee on Taxation estimated the Act would add $1,456 billion total to the annual deficits ( debt ) over ten years and described the deficit effects of particular elements of the Act on December 18 , 2017 : Individual and Pass - Through ( total : $1,127 billion deficit increase ) Add to the deficit : Reducing / consolidating individual tax rates $1,214 billion ; doubling the standard deduction $720 billion ; modifying the Alternative Minimum Tax $637 billion ; reduce taxes for pass through business income $415 billion ; modification of child care tax credit $573 billion . Reduce the deficit : Repealing personal exemptions $1,212 billion , repeal of itemized deductions $668 billion ; reduce ACA subsidy payments $314 billion ; alternative ( slower ) inflation measure for brackets $134 billion . The pass through changes represent a net $265 billion deficit increase , so the remaining individual elements are a net $862 billion increase . Business / Corporate and International ( total : $330 billion deficit increase ) Add to the deficit : Reduce corporate tax rate to 21 % $1,349 billion ; deductions for certain international dividends received $224 billion ; repeal corporate AMT $40 billion . Reduce the deficit : Enact one - time tax on overseas earnings $338 billion ; and reduce limit on interest expense deductions $253 billion . In a November 2017 survey of leading economists , only 2 % agreed with the notion that a tax bill similar to those currently moving through the House and Senate would substantially increase U.S. GDP . The economists unanimously agreed that the bill would increase the U.S. debt . Federal corporate tax receipts fell from an annualized level of $409 billion in Q1 2017 to $269 billion in Q1 2018 , a direct result of the Trump tax cuts . Distribution ( edit ) Average tax rate changes for various income groups , by year , under the Conference Agreement , as of December 15 , 2017 . The slope of each line down to the right indicates larger benefits for higher incomes , while the upward shift of the lines over time indicates fading benefits ( or increasing costs ) across all income levels . CBO and JCT estimate of the distribution of impact by income group ( average dollars per taxpayer ) under the Act . On average , taxpayers in the income groups highlighted in yellow will incur a net cost ( shown as a positive figure as this reduces the budget deficit ) , due in part to reduced healthcare subsidies . Higher income taxpayers receive a benefit via tax cuts ( shown as a negative number as this increases the budget deficit ) . The percent of taxpayers in each income group is also shown for the 2023 period . Distribution of benefits during 2018 by income percentile under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ( Conf . Cmte . version ) based on data from the Tax Policy Center . The top 10 % of taxpayers ( incomes over $216,800 ) receive 52 % of the benefit , while the bottom 60 % ( incomes under $86,100 ) receive 17 % of the benefit . This excludes the impact of reduced ACA subsidies . See also : Tax policy and economic inequality in the United States By income level ( edit ) On December 21 , 2017 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) released its distribution estimate of the Act : During 2019 , income groups earning under $20,000 ( about 23 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction ( i.e. , incur a cost ) , mainly by receiving fewer subsidies due to the repeal of the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act . Other groups would contribute to deficit increases ( i.e. , receive a benefit ) , mainly due to tax cuts . During 2021 , 2023 , and 2025 , income groups earning under $40,000 ( about 43 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $40,000 would contribute to deficit increases . During 2027 , income groups earning under $75,000 ( about 76 % of taxpayers ) would contribute to deficit reduction , while income groups above $75,000 would contribute to deficit increases . CBO stated that lower income groups will incur costs , while higher income groups will receive benefits : `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units . '' The Tax Policy Center ( TPC ) reported its distributional estimates for the Act . This analysis excludes the impact from repealing the ACA individual mandate , which would apply significant costs primarily to income groups below $40,000 . It also assumes the Act is deficit financed and thus excludes the impact of any spending cuts used to finance the Act , which also would fall disproportionally on lower income families as a percentage of their income . Compared to current law , 5 % of taxpayers would pay more in 2018 , 9 % in 2025 , and 53 % in 2027 . The top 1 % of taxpayers ( income over $732,800 ) would receive 8 % of the benefit in 2018 , 25 % in 2025 , and 83 % in 2027 . The top 5 % ( income over $307,900 ) would receive 43 % of the benefit in 2018 , 47 % in 2025 , and 99 % in 2027 . The top 20 % ( income over $149,400 ) would receive 65 % of the benefit in 2018 , 66 % in 2025 and all of the benefit in 2027 . The bottom 80 % ( income under $149,400 ) would receive 35 % of the benefit in 2018 , 34 % in 2025 and none of the benefit in 2027 , with some groups incurring costs . The third quintile ( taxpayers in the 40th to 60th percentile with income between $48,600 and $86,100 , a proxy for the `` middle class '' ) would receive 11 % of the benefit in 2018 and 2025 , but would incur a net cost in 2027 . The TPC also estimated the amount of the tax cut each group would receive , measured in 2017 dollars : Taxpayers in the second quintile ( incomes between $25,000 and $48,600 , the 20th to 40th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $380 in 2018 and $390 in 2025 , but a tax increase averaging $40 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the third quintile ( incomes between $48,600 and $86,100 , the 40th to 60th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $930 in 2018 , $910 in 2025 , but a tax increase of $20 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the fourth quintile ( incomes between $86,100 and $149,400 , the 60th to 80th percentile ) would receive a tax cut averaging $1,810 in 2018 , $1,680 in 2025 , and $30 in 2027 . Taxpayers in the top 1 % ( income over $732,800 ) would receive a tax cut of $51,140 in 2018 , $61,090 in 2025 , and $20,660 in 2027 . Individual vs. business ( edit ) According to the CBO , under the Senate version of the bill , businesses receive a $890 billion benefit or 63 % , individuals $441 billion or 31 % , and estates $83 billion or 6 % . U.S. corporations would likely use the extra after - tax income to repurchase shares or pay more dividends , which mainly flow to wealthy investors . According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( CBPP ) , `` Mainstream estimates conclude that more than one - third of the benefit of corporate rate cuts flows to the top 1 % of Americans , and 70 % flows to the top fifth . Corporate rate cuts could even hurt most Americans since they must eventually be paid for with other tax increases or spending cuts . '' Corporations have significant cash holdings ( $1.9 trillion in 2016 ) and can borrow to invest at near - record low interest rates , so a tax cut is not a prerequisite for investment or giving workers a raise . As of Q2 2017 , corporate profits after taxes were near record levels in dollar terms at $1.77 trillion annualized , and very high measured historically as a percentage of GDP , at 9.2 % . In 2017 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) compared the U.S. corporate tax rates ( statutory and effective rates ) as of 2012 across the G20 countries : The U.S. federal corporate statutory tax rate of 35 % ( combined with state elements that add another 4 % for a total of 39 % ) , was the highest in the G20 countries . It was 10 percentage points higher than the average . While the U.S. made no changes in federal corporate tax rates between 2003 and 2012 , nine of G20 countries reduced their rates . The U.S. average corporate tax rate of 29.0 % ( taxes actually paid as a share of income , after deductions and exemptions ) was the third highest in the G20 . The effective corporate tax rate of 18.6 % ( a measure of the percentage of income from a marginal investment ) was the fourth highest in the G20 . By state ( edit ) An Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy analysis indicated the Act has more of a tax increase impact on `` upper - middle - class families in major metropolitan areas , particularly in Democratic - leaning states where taxes , and usually property values , are higher . While only about one - in - five families between the 80th and 95th income percentiles in most red states would face higher taxes by 2027 under the House GOP bill , that number rises to about one - third in Colorado and Illinois , around two - fifths or more in Oregon , Virginia , Massachusetts , New York and Connecticut , and half or more in New Jersey , California and Maryland ... '' If the tax cuts are paid for ( edit ) The scoring by the organizations above assumes the tax cuts are deficit - financed , meaning that over ten years the deficit rises by $1.4 trillion relative to the current law baseline ; or $1.0 trillion after economic feedback effects . However , if one assumes the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts , the distribution is much more unfavorable to lower - and middle - income persons , as most government spending is directed to them ; the higher income taxpayers tend to get tax breaks , not direct payments . According to the Tax Policy Center , if the Senate bill were financed by a $1,210 per household cut in government spending per year ( a more likely scenario than focusing cuts proportionally by income or income taxes paid ) , then during 2019 : Approximately 72 % of taxpayers would be worse off than current law , meaning benefits from tax cuts would be more than offset by reduced spending on their behalf . The bottom 60 % of taxpayers would have lower after - tax income , paying a higher average federal tax rate . The benefits to the 60th to 80th percentiles would be minimal , a $350 net benefit on average or 0.3 % lower effective tax rate . Significant tax benefits would only accrue to the top 20 % of taxpayers . Republican politicians such as Paul Ryan have advocated for spending cuts to help finance the tax cuts , while the President Trump 's 2018 budget includes $2.1 trillion in spending cuts over ten years to Medicaid , Affordable Care Act subsidies , food stamps , Social Security disability insurance , Supplemental security income , and cash welfare ( TANF ) . Healthcare impact ( edit ) U.S. uninsured number ( millions ) and rate ( % ) , including historical data through 2016 and two CBO forecasts ( 2016 / Obama policy and 2018 / Trump policy ) through 2026 . Two key reasons for more uninsured under President Trump include : 1 ) Eliminating the individual mandate to have health insurance ( part of the Tax Act ) ; and 2 ) Stopping cost sharing reduction payments . The Senate bill repeals the individual mandate that requires all Americans under 65 to have health insurance or pay a penalty , effective starting in 2019 . The CBO initially estimated that 13 million fewer persons would have health insurance by 2025 , including 8 million fewer on the Affordable Care Act exchanges and 5 million fewer on Medicaid . Fewer persons with healthcare means lower costs for the government , so CBO estimated over $300 billion in savings . This allowed Republicans to increase the size of the tax cuts in the bill . Health insurance premiums on the exchanges could rise as much as 10 percentage points more than they would otherwise . CBO later revised this estimate in 2018 to 7 million fewer insured by 2026 . Claims made by the administration ( edit ) The Administration and its Council of Economic Advisors have made several claims in advocating the Act during 2017 , including : Reduction in corporate tax rates from 35 - 20 % . Also , immediate full expensing of non-structure investments ( e.g. , IT investments ) will increase GDP growth rates by 3 to 5 percentage points over the current baseline projections of around 2 % . This could begin as early as 3 -- 5 years from the tax cuts or further out in time . This projection excludes other tax cuts in the Act , such as those for individuals and pass - through entities , which may have additional GDP impact . The mechanism for this increased growth is at higher business investment levels ( one of the components of GDP ) due to the additional after - tax income available . Further , this GDP growth ( a measure of income and production ) would represent an average $4,000 annual increase in wage and salary income for households . President Trump and Treasury Secretary Mnuchin have stated the tax cuts would pay for themselves . Trump economic advisor Gary Cohn stated that `` The wealthy are not getting a tax cut under our plan '' and that the plan would cut taxes for low - and middle - income households . Further , Trump stated that the tax plan `` ... was not good for ( him ) ( personally ) . '' Objections ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( January 2018 ) Minor impact on economic growth ( edit ) Paul Krugman disputed the Administration 's primary argument that tax cuts for businesses will stimulate investment and higher wages : Foreigners own about 35 % of U.S. equities , so as much as $700 billion of the tax cut will go overseas , as corporate after - tax income will flow to these investors as stock buybacks and dividends . CEOs indicate that tax cuts are n't a big factor in investment decisions . Significantly increasing capital expenditures requires an inflow of foreign capital , strengthening the dollar , increasing trade deficits and potentially costing up to 2.5 million manufacturing and supporting jobs . In November 2017 , the University of Chicago asked over 40 economists if U.S. GDP would be substantially higher a decade from now , if either the House or Senate bills were enacted , with the following results : 52 % either disagreed or strongly disagreed , while 36 % were uncertain and only 2 % agreed . The Tax Policy Center estimated that GDP would be 0.3 % higher in 2027 under the House bill versus current law , while the University of Pennsylvania Penn Wharton budget model estimates approximately 0.3 -- 0.9 % for both the House and Senate bills . The very limited effect estimated is due to the expectation of higher interest rates and trade deficits . These estimates are both contrary to the Administration 's claims of 10 % increase by 2027 ( about 1 % per year ) and Senator Mitch McConnell 's estimate of a 4.1 % increase . Federal Reserve Bank of NY President and CEO William C. Dudley stated in January 2018 : `` While this legislation will reduce federal revenues by about 1 percent of GDP in both 2018 and 2019 , I anticipate the boost to economic growth will be less than that . Most importantly , most of the tax cuts accrue to the corporate sector and to higher - income households that have a relatively low marginal propensity to consume . This suggests that a significant portion of the tax cuts will be saved , not spent . '' Limited or no wage impact ( edit ) Corporate after - tax profits ( real or adjusted for inflation ) have increased about 150 % since 2000 , yet real median household incomes are flat . The starting point is represented by 100 . U.S. corporate profits after - tax from 1970 to Q2 2017 . The dollars are near record level ( blue line , left axis ) , while the % GDP is high relative to historical levels ( red line , right axis ) . CBO data on share of U.S. federal revenues collected by tax type from 1967 - 2016 . Payroll taxes , paid by all wage earners , have increased as a share of total federal tax revenues , while corporate taxes have fallen . Income taxes have moved in a range , with Presidents Reagan and G.W. Bush lowering income tax rates , and Clinton and Obama raising them for the top incomes . Corporate executives indicated that raising wages and investment were not priorities should they have additional funds due to a tax cut . A survey conducted by Bank of America - Merrill Lynch of 300 executives of major U.S. corporations asked what they would do with a corporate tax cut . The top three responses were that they would pay down debt , conduct stock buybacks , and conduct mergers . An informal survey of CEOs by Trump advisor Gary Cohn resulted in a similar response , with few hands raised in response to his request for them to do so if their company would invest more . Former Clinton cabinet Treasury Secretary Larry Summers referred to the analysis provided by the Trump administration of its tax proposal as `` ... some combination of dishonest , incompetent , and absurd . '' Summers wrote that the Trump administration 's `` central claim that cutting the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 20 percent would raise wages by $4,000 per worker '' lacked peer - reviewed support and was `` absurd on its face . '' On December 20 , 2017 , the day the final bill was passed by the House , Wells Fargo , Fifth Third Bancorp and Western Alliance Bancorp announced they would raise the minimum wage of its workers to $15 an hour upon signing of the bill . A number of companies announced bonuses for workers , including AT&T which said it will give a $1,000 bonus to every single one of its 200,000 employees as a result of the Tax Cut bill . Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer stated that these were the exception to the rule and that AT&T was in litigation with the government over a pending merger . He stated : `` There is a reason so few executives have said the tax bill will lead to more jobs , investments , and higher wages -- because it will actually lead to share buybacks , corporate bonuses , and dividends . '' In the immediate aftermath of the passage of the Act , a relatively small number of corporations -- many of them involved in mergers disputed by the government or regulatory difficulties -- announced pay raises or bonuses to employees , although it is not clear they would not have done so without the tax cut ( many companies award raises and bonuses early each year in the normal course of business , after their prior year earnings are known and their new budgets are put in place ) . About 18 companies in the S&P did so ; when companies paid awards to employees , these were usually a small percentage of corporate savings from the Act . A January 2018 study from the firm Willis Towers Watson found that 80 % of companies were not `` considering giving raises at all . '' Bloomberg reported in March 2018 that an estimated 60 % of corporate tax savings were going to shareholders , while 15 % was going to employees , based on analysis of 51 S&P 500 companies . In July 2018 , Bloomberg reported that real wages have actually fallen in the first quarter after the tax bill went into effect . Increases income and wealth inequality ( edit ) `` Overall , the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in spending ) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits ( primarily stemming from reductions in taxes ) allocated to higher - income tax filing units. -- Congressional Budget Office '' The New York Times editorial board explained the tax bill as both consequence and cause of income and wealth inequality : `` Most Americans know that the Republican tax bill will widen economic inequality by lavishing breaks on corporations and the wealthy while taking benefits away from the poor and the middle class . What many may not realize is that growing inequality helped create the bill in the first place . As a smaller and smaller group of people cornered an ever - larger share of the nation 's wealth , so too did they gain an ever - larger share of political power . They became , in effect , kingmakers ; the tax bill is a natural consequence of their long effort to bend American politics to serve their interests . '' The corporate tax rate was 48 % in the 1970s and is 21 % under the Act . The top individual rate was 70 % in the 1970s and is 37 % under the Act . Despite these large cuts , incomes for the working class have stagnated and workers now pay a larger share of the pre-tax income in payroll taxes . The share of income going to the top 1 % has doubled , from 10 % to 20 % , since the pre-1980 period , while the share of wealth owned by the top 1 % has risen from around 25 % to 42 % . Despite President Trump promising to address those left behind , the House and Senate bills would increase economic inequality : Sizable corporate tax cuts would flow mostly to wealthy executives and shareholders ; In 2019 , a person in the bottom 10 % would average a $50 tax cut , while a person in the top 1 % gets a $34,000 tax cut ; Up to 13 million persons losing health insurance or subsidies are overwhelmingly in the bottom 30 % of the income distribution ; The top 1 % receives approximately 70 % of the pass - through income , which will be subject to much lower taxes ; Rolling back the estate tax , which only impacted the top 0.2 % of estates in 2016 , is a $150 billion benefit ( Note : $83 billion in final bill ) to the ultra-rich over ten years . The top 1 % of households by wealth own 40 % of stocks ; the bottom 80 % just 7 % , even when including indirect ownership through mutual funds . According to a Gallup survey , 52 % of Americans owned some stock in 2016 , down from 65 % in 2007 . In 2027 , if the tax cuts are paid for by spending cuts borne evenly by all families , after - tax income would be 3.0 % higher for the top 0.1 % , 1.5 % higher for the top 10 % , - 0.6 % for the middle 40 % ( 30th to 70th percentile ) and - 2.0 % for the bottom 50 % . International tax standards ( edit ) In November 2017 , the OECD reported that the U.S. tax burden was lower in 2016 than the OECD country average , measured as a percentage of GDP : Overall taxes , including many state and local taxes , were 26.0 % GDP in 2016 , versus the OECD average of 34.3 % . Income taxes were 8.5 % GDP in 2016 , versus the OECD average of 8.9 % . Corporate taxes were 2.3 % GDP in 2011 , versus the OECD average of 3.0 % GDP . Despite this , the US corporate tax rate was 35 % prior to the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act , ten percentage points higher than the OECD average of 25 % ; the TCJA reduced the American corporate tax rate to 21 % , four percentage points lower than the OECD average at the time . Journalist Justin Fox wrote in Bloomberg that Americans may feel financial pressure due to healthcare and college tuition costs , which are much higher than other OECD countries measured as a share of GDP , offsetting the benefit of the already lower tax structure . International trade issues ( edit ) A potential consequence of the proposed tax reform , specifically lowering business taxes , is that ( in theory ) the U.S. would be a more attractive place for foreign capital ( investment money ) . This inflow of foreign capital would help fund the surge in investment by corporations , one of the stated goals of the legislation . However , a large inflow of foreign capital would drive up the price of the dollar , making U.S. exports more expensive , thus increasing the trade deficit . Paul Krugman estimated this could adversely impact up to 2.5 million U.S. jobs . According to The New York Times , `` wide range of experts agree that cutting taxes is likely to increase the trade deficit '' with other countries , which conflicts with the stated priority of the White House to reduce the trade deficit . However , Economists widely reject however that reducing the trade deficit necessarily has to be good for the economy . So the fact that this bill may increase the trade deficit will not necessarily decrease American welfare . Foreign objections ( edit ) The finance ministers of the five largest European economies ( Britain , Germany , France , Italy and Spain ) wrote a letter to U.S. Treasury Secretary Steve Mnuchin , expressing concern that the tax reforms could trigger a trade war , as they would violate World Trade Organization rules and distort international trade . Similar concerns were voiced by China . In response to the Act , German economists called for the German government to enact tax reform and additional subsidies to prevent a loss of jobs and investments to the US . Conflict of interest ( edit ) Fact - checkers such as FactCheck.Org , PolitiFact and The Washington Post 's fact - checker have found that Trump 's claims that his economic proposal and tax plan would not benefit wealthy persons like himself are likely false . An analysis by The New York Times found that if Trump 's tax plan had been in place in 2005 ( the one recent year in which his tax returns were leaked ) , he would have saved $11 million in taxes . The analysis also found that Trump would save $4.4 million on his eventual estate tax bill . Experts say that the financial windfall for the President and his family from this bill is `` virtually unprecedented in American political history '' . A number of Republican congressmen also stand to benefit personally from the pass - through deduction . Most notably , retiring Tennessee Senator Bob Corker was for some time the sole Republican Senator to oppose the tax plan , having stated that he would not support a tax plan that would increase the deficit ; however , after Arizona Senator John McCain , who was unable to vote while receiving treatment for brain cancer , endorsed the bill Corker changed his vote to yes on the final version of the bill after the pass - through deduction provision from which Corker stood to benefit was confirmed as part of the bill . Corker rejected that he traded his vote for provisions that benefited him and said that he had no idea that there were provisions in the bill from which he personally stood to benefit . Tax complication ( edit ) According to The New York Times , `` economists and tax experts across the political spectrum warn that the proposed system would invite tax avoidance . The more the tax code distinguishes among types of earnings , personal characteristics or economic activities , the greater the incentive to label income artificially , restructure or switch categories in a hunt for lower rates . '' According to The Wall Street Journal , the bill 's changes to `` business and individual taxation could lead to a new era of business reorganization and tax - code gamesmanship with unknown consequences for the economy and federal revenue collection . '' Republicans justified the tax reform initially as an effort to simplify the tax code . Kevin Brady , the chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee , and Speaker Paul Ryan said in November 2017 that they would simplify the tax code so much that 9 in 10 Americans would be able to file their taxes on a postcard . President Donald Trump said on December 13 , 2017 , that people would be able to file their taxes `` on a single , little , beautiful sheet of paper '' . However , when the final version of the tax legislation passed through houses of Congress , the legislation kept most loopholes intact and did not simplify the tax code . The announcements by the House leaders hurt the stock prices of tax preparers , but upon the release of the actual bill , the stock prices of tax preparers sharply increased . Procedural concerns ( edit ) The legislation was passed by Congress with little debate regarding the comprehensive reforming nature of the Act . The 400 - page House bill was passed two weeks after the legislation was first released , `` without a single hearing '' held . In the Senate , the final version of the bill did not receive a public hearing , `` was largely crafted behind closed doors , and was released just ahead of the final vote . '' Republicans rewrote major portions of tax bill just hours before the floor vote , making major changes in order to win the votes of several Republican holdouts . Many last - minute changes were handwritten on earlier drafts of the bill . The revisions appeared `` first in the lobbying shops of K Street , which sent back copies to some Democrats in the Senate , who took to social media to protest being asked to vote in a matter of hours on a bill that had yet to be shared with them directly . '' The rushed approval of the legislation prompted an outcry from Democrats . Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer ( D -- NY ) proposed giving senators more time to read the legislation , but this motion failed after every Republican voted no . Requests to wait until incoming Democratic Senator Doug Jones of Alabama could vote on the bill were also denied . Some commentators also criticized the process . The New York Times editorial board wrote that the Senate 's move to rapidly approve the bill `` is not how lawmakers are supposed to pass enormous pieces of legislation '' and contrasted the bill to the 1986 tax bill , in which `` Congress and the Reagan administration worked across party lines , produced numerous drafts , held many hearings and struck countless compromises . '' Bloomberg columnist Al Hunt classified the legislation as a `` slipshod product , legislated with minimal transparency '' that was `` rushed so fast through a short - circuited lawmaking process '' in which many members of Congress who voted in favor of the bill did not fully understand what they had done . Name of the law ( edit ) The Short Title reference of `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' was not approved by Senate in the final enactment of the reconciliation law due to a dispute that was settled by the Senate Parliamentarian . The tax act is , officially , a set of tax law changes to the Internal Revenue Code that were appended to a budget reconciliation law without Short Title , and its proper reconciliation name ( either , the Long Title , or Public Law 115 - 97 , or some generic abbreviation ) is currently used in referring to the actual law . Nevertheless , as of early 2018 , the proposed rejected Short Title name had gained currency within some political and professional circles who continue to use `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' to refer to Public Law 115 - 97 , and so the Act may be inaccurately referred to by its rejected Short Title in some instances . Averted concerns ( edit ) This section is for concerns regarding the law that were discussed prior to its passage , but that were excluded from the final bill or were otherwise confirmed would not occur . Tuition waiver exemption ( edit ) The bill that passed the House had been criticized for its significant negative impact on graduate students . Graduate students in private universities could have seen their effective tax rate go above 41.9 % , a rate higher than what even the richest of Americans typically pay . The change was due to a provision in the bill that would have repealed the deduction for qualified tuition and related expenses , meaning that graduate students ' waived tuition would be viewed as taxable income . Given that their stipends are significantly less than the waived tuition , this would typically increase their taxes by 30 -- 60 % for public universities and hundreds of percent for private ones . The Senate version of the bill did not contain these provisions . The House bill 's disadvantageous treatment of graduate students was criticized because of its projected negative effect on the training of U.S. scientists . The bill 's impact on U.S. science and innovation had been criticized by Stanford professor emeritus Burton Richter , a winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics and the National Medal of Science , who critiqued the bill 's negative impact on Americans seeking advanced degrees and wrote that the budget impact of the tax cuts would force a dramatic reduction in federal funding for scientific research . The final version of the Act reflected the Senate 's language in this area , maintaining the prior law 's tax exemption for tuition waivers . Federal Reserve ( edit ) Federal Reserve officials had indicated earlier in 2017 that aggressive tax cuts could increase the pace of interest rate increases already planned . Higher interest rates make borrowing more expensive , slowing economic growth ( GDP ) , other things equal . The Fed also raises interest rates to help offset the risk of inflation in a growing economy near full employment . However , as the tax plan became clearer and its impact on the economy was judged to be relatively minor , the Fed indicated that a plan to raise interest rates incrementally as many as three times in 2018 would not be changed . Automatic spending cuts averted / PAYGO ( edit ) Under the Statutory Pay - as - You - Go Act of 2010 ( PAYGO ) , laws that increase the federal deficit will trigger automatic spending cuts unless Congress votes to waive them . Because the Act adds $1.5 trillion to the deficit , automatic cuts of $150 billion per year over ten years would have applied , including a $25 billion annual cut to Medicare . Because the PAYGO waiver is not allowed in a reconciliation bill , it requires separate legislation which requires 60 votes in the Senate to end a filibuster . If Congress had not passed the waiver , it would have been the first time that statutory PAYGO sequestration would have occurred . However , the PAYGO waiver was included in the continuing resolution passed by Congress on December 22 and signed by President Trump . Polls ( edit ) Analysis by FiveThirtyEight in November 2017 found the pending tax law to be the least - popular major tax bill in at least 36 years , including the tax increases of 1990 and 1993 . Apart from February 12 , 2018 , the RealClearPolitics composite of polls has indicated that at least a plurality of Americans has disliked the law from October 2017 through July 2018 . Poll source Fieldwork Support / Approve Oppose / Disapprove Ref . Start End The New York Times / SurveyMonkey February 5 , 2018 February 11 , 2018 51 % 51 46 % 46 Monmouth University January 28 , 2018 January 30 , 2018 44 % 44 44 % 44 Harvard / Harris Poll January 17 , 2018 January 19 , 2018 47 % 47 53 % 53 Politico / Morning Consult January 11 , 2018 January 16 , 2018 45 % 45 34 % 34 GQR Research January 6 , 2018 January 11 , 2018 43 % 43 46 % 46 The New York Times / SurveyMonkey January 1 , 2018 January 5 , 2018 46 % 46 49 % 49 The Economist / YouGov December 31 , 2017 January 2 , 2018 37 % 37 39 % 39 McLaughlin & Associates December 14 , 2017 December 18 , 2017 49 % 49 41 % 41 Politico / Morning Consult December 14 , 2017 December 18 , 2017 42 % 42 39 % 39 CNN / SSRS December 14 , 2017 December 17 , 2017 33 % 33 55 % 55 NBC News / The Wall Street Journal December 13 , 2017 December 15 , 2017 24 % 24 41 % 41 Public Opinion Strategies ( R ) December 12 , 2017 December 16 , 2017 40 % 40 49 % 49 Monmouth University December 10 , 2017 December 12 , 2017 26 % 26 47 % 47 Quinnipiac University December 6 , 2017 December 11 , 2017 26 % 26 55 % 55 USA Today / Suffolk University December 5 , 2017 December 9 , 2017 32 % 32 48 % 48 Vice News / SurveyMonkey December 5 , 2017 December 6 , 2017 39 % 39 56 % 56 Reuters / Ipsos December 3 , 2017 December 7 , 2017 31 % 31 49 % 49 CBS News December 3 , 2017 December 5 , 2017 35 % 35 53 % 53 Gallup December 1 , 2017 December 2 , 2017 29 % 29 56 % 56 Quinnipiac University November 29 , 2017 December 4 , 2017 29 % 29 53 % 53 Reuters / Ipsos November 23 , 2017 November 27 , 2017 29 % 29 49 % 49 Harvard / Harris Poll November 11 , 2017 November 14 , 2017 46 % 46 54 % 54 Politico / Morning Consult November 9 , 2017 November 11 , 2017 47 % 47 40 % 40 Quinnipiac University November 7 , 2017 November 13 , 2017 25 % 25 52 % 52 The Economist / YouGov November 5 , 2017 November 7 , 2017 30 % 30 40 % 40 Politico / Morning Consult November 2 , 2017 November 6 , 2017 45 % 45 36 % 36 CNN / SSRS November 2 , 2017 November 5 , 2017 31 % 31 45 % 45 ABC / The Washington Post October 26 , 2017 November 1 , 2017 33 % 33 50 % 50 Politico / Morning Consult October 26 , 2017 October 30 , 2017 48 % 48 37 % 37 Reuters / Ipsos October 20 , 2017 October 23 , 2017 28 % 28 41 % 41 CNN / SSRS October 12 , 2017 October 15 , 2017 34 % 34 52 % 52 Politico / Morning Consult September 29 , 2017 October 1 , 2017 48 % 48 37 % 37 ABC / The Washington Post September 18 , 2017 September 21 , 2017 28 % 28 44 % 44 Passage through the House and Senate ( edit ) The bill was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on November 2 , 2017 , by Congressman Kevin Brady , Republican representative from Texas . On November 9 , 2017 , the House Ways and Means Committee passed the bill on a party - line vote , advancing the bill to the House floor . The House passed the bill on November 16 , 2017 , on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . No Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . Companion legislation was passed by the Senate Finance Committee and Senate Budget Committee , both times on a straight party - line vote . In the early morning hours of December 2 , 2017 , the Senate passed their version of the bill by a 51 -- 49 vote . Bob Corker ( R -- TN ) was the only Republican senator to vote against the measure and it received no Democratic Party support . Differences between the House and Senate bills were reconciled in a conference committee that signed the final version on December 15 , 2017 . The final version contained relatively minor changes from the Senate version . The President then signed the bill into law on December 22 , 2017 . Differences between the House and Senate bills ( edit ) There were important differences between the House and Senate versions of the bills , due in part to the Senate reconciliation rules , which required that the bill impact the deficit by less than $1.5 trillion over ten years and have minimal deficit impact thereafter . For example : The House plan had four income tax brackets ranging from 12 % to 39.6 % , while the Senate bill kept seven brackets ranging from 10 % to 38.5 % . The House plan cut the corporate tax immediately , while the Senate plan delayed it until 2019 . The House plan made both individual and corporate taxes `` permanent '' ( i.e. , no set expiration ) while the Senate bill had most of the individual tax cuts expiring ( but not the business cuts ) . The House plan did not repeal the health insurance individual mandate , while the Senate bill and final Act did . The House plan eliminated deductions for state , local , and sales taxes paid , and capped property deductions at $10,000 . The Senate bill initially would have eliminated the state and local property tax deduction , but in the later Act , this was later changed back to a $10,000 mirroring the House version . The House plan allowed parents to put aside money for an unborn child 's college education . The Senate bill did not include this provision . The House plan capped the deduction for mortgage interest to the first $500,000 mortgage debt versus the current $1 million , while the Senate did not change it . The House plan repealed the Johnson Amendment . Neither the Senate version nor the final Act included a repeal of the Johnson Amendment . The House plan forbade the use of tax - exempt municipal bonds to fund professional sports stadiums . The Senate version and the final Act did not . In final changes prior to approval of the Senate bill on December 2 , additional changes were made ( among others ) that were reconciled with the House bill in a conference committee , prior to providing a final bill to the President for signature . The Conference Committee version was published on December 15 , 2017 . It had relatively minor differences compared to the Senate bill . Individual and pass - through tax cuts expire after ten years , while the corporate tax changes are permanent . Support and opposition ( edit ) Notable supporters ( edit ) Leading Republicans supported the bill , including President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence , and Republicans in Congress , such as : Paul Ryan , Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( R - WI ) Kevin Brady , United States congressman ( R -- TX ) Mitch McConnell , Senate Majority Leader , United States Senator ( R -- KY ) Kevin McCarthy , House Majority Leader ( R -- CA ) The House passed the bill on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . Not a single Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . In the Senate , Republicans `` eager for a major legislative achievement after the Affordable Care Act debacle ... have generally been enthusiastic about the tax overhaul . '' A number of Republican senators who initially expressed trepidation over the bill , including Ron Johnson of Wisconsin , Susan Collins of Maine , and Steve Daines of Montana , ultimately voted for the Senate bill . The Senate passed the bill , with amendments , on a mostly - party line vote of 51 -- 49 . Every Democrat voted against the bill , while every Republican voted for it , with the single exception of Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee . Republican supporters of the tax bill characterized it as a simplification of the tax code . While some elements of the legislation would simplify the tax code , other provisions would add additional complexity . For most Americans , the process for filing taxes under the Republican legislation would be similar to what it is today . Notable opponents ( edit ) Democrats oppose the legislation , viewing it as a giveaway to corporations and high earners at the expense of the middle class . Every House Democrat voted against the bill when it came to the House floor ; they were joined by 13 Republicans who voted against it . The top congressional Democrats -- Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer of New York and House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi -- strongly oppose the bill . Schumer said of the bill that `` The more it 's in sunlight , the more it stinks . '' Pelosi said the legislation was `` designed to plunder the middle class to put into the pockets of the wealthiest 1 percent more money ... It raises taxes on the middle class , millions of middle - class families across the country , borrows trillions from the future , from our children and grandchildren 's futures to give tax cuts to the wealthiest and encourages corporations to ship jobs overseas . '' The 13 House Republicans who voted against the bill were mostly from New York , New Jersey , and California , and were opposed to the bill 's elimination of the state and local income tax deduction in the bill , which benefits those states . Billionaire and former Mayor of New York Michael Bloomberg called this tax bill an `` economically indefensible blunder '' arguing that companies would not invest more because of the tax cuts : `` Corporations are sitting on a record amount of cash reserves : nearly $2.3 trillion . That figure has been climbing steadily since the recession ended in 2009 , and it 's now double what it was in 2001 . The reason CEOs are n't investing more of their liquid assets has little to do with the tax rate . '' Bill Gates and Warren Buffett also thought that Trump 's tax cut would not help businesses . In a CNBC interview , Buffett even said : `` I do n't need a tax cut in a society with so much inequality '' . In a letter made public on the November 12th , 2017 , more than 400 millionaires and billionaires ( which include George Soros and Steven Rockefeller ) asked Congress to reject the Republican tax plan . They note that it would disproportionately benefit the wealthy , while adding at least $1.5 trillion in tax cuts to the current national debt . This deficit `` would leave us unable to meet our country 's current needs and restrict us in advancing any future investments , '' the letter continues . Views of economists ( edit ) While there is no clear consensus among academic economists as to whether the tax plan would benefit the economy to the degree that Trump administration predicted , there is a consensus that it will widen public deficits and economic inequality . In a survey conducted by the University of Chicago 's Initiative on Global Markets , 37 out of 38 economists interviewed stated that they thought the Act would cause a rapid increase in the national debt . The one dissenting economist later changed his mind . Conversely , only one economist ( Stanford 's Darrell Duffie ) out of the 38 agreed with the statement : `` If the US enacts a tax bill similar to those currently moving through the House and Senate -- and assuming no other changes in tax or spending policy -- US GDP will be substantially higher a decade from now than under the status quo '' . Four winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics have spoken out against the legislation : Joseph Stiglitz , Paul Krugman , Richard Thaler , and Angus Deaton . A group of 137 economists signed an open letter expressing support for the bill ; the letter was touted by President Trump , House Speaker Paul Ryan and the Senate Finance Committee as support for the legislation among economists ; the letter was criticized by left - liberal publications that cited independent research which contradicted some of its claims and alleged that it contained signatories who did not exist . A group of nine economists ( largely from the Reagan and Bush administrations ) wrote a letter which estimated 3 percent growth from the reduction in the corporate tax rate within a decade ; the letter was challenged by Harvard economists Larry Summers and Jason Furman ( both of whom served in the Obama administration ) , and the nine economists appeared to back off from their original claims . Political significance ( edit ) In November 2017 , Senator Lindsey Graham ( R -- SC ) said that `` financial contributions will stop '' flowing to the Republican Party if tax reform is unable to be passed . This echoed comments by Representative Chris Collins ( R -- NY ) , who said , `` My donors are basically saying ' get it done or do n't ever call me again . ' '' Congressional votes ( edit ) Pre-conference vote ( edit ) It was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on November 2 , 2017 , by Congressman Kevin Brady , Republican of Texas . On November 9 , 2017 , the House Ways and Means Committee passed the bill on a party - line vote , advancing the bill to the House floor . The House passed the bill on November 16 , 2017 , on a mostly - party line vote of 227 -- 205 . No Democrat voted for the bill , while 13 Republicans voted against it . On the same day , companion legislation passed the Senate Finance Committee , again on a party - line vote , 14 -- 12 . On November 28 , the legislation passed the Senate Budget Committee , again on a party - line vote . On December 2 , the Senate passed its version by 51 -- 49 , with Bob Corker being the only Republican not to vote in support of the bill . The benefits of the individual tax cuts fade over time , so the Senate can attempt to pass the bill with only 51 votes under the budget reconciliation process . This is specifically to comply with the Byrd Rule , which allows Senators to block legislation if it would increase the deficit significantly beyond a ten - year term . House of Representatives ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( November 16 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 240 ) 227 13 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Tom McClintock Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin -- Democratic ( 194 ) -- 192 2 ( show ) Mark Pocan Frederica Wilson Total ( 434 ) 227 205 Senate ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the Senate ( December 2 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 52 ) 51 1 ( show ) Bob Corker -- Democratic ( 46 ) -- 46 -- Independent ( 2 ) -- 2 ( show ) Angus King Bernie Sanders -- Total ( 100 ) 51 49 -- Post-conference vote ( edit ) The final version of the bill initially passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 227 -- 203 on December 19 , 2017 . In the December 19 vote , the same Republicans who voted against the original House bill still voted against it , with the exception of Tom McClintock . However , several provisions of the bill violated the Senate 's procedural rules , causing the need for the House of Representatives to re-vote with the provisions removed . On December 20 , the Senate passed the bill by a party - line vote of 51 -- 48 . On the same day , the House of Representatives re-voted on the bill and passed it by a vote of 224 -- 201 . House of Representatives ( edit ) Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( December 19 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 239 ) 227 12 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin -- Democratic ( 193 ) -- 191 2 ( show ) Joe Kennedy III Mark Pocan Total ( 432 ) 227 203 Act to provide for reconciliation -- Vote in the House of Representatives ( December 20 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 239 ) 224 12 ( show ) Dan Donovan John Faso Rodney Frelinghuysen Darrell Issa Walter B. Jones Jr . Peter T. King Leonard Lance Frank LoBiondo Dana Rohrabacher Chris Smith Elise Stefanik Lee Zeldin 3 ( show ) Mo Brooks Jim Renacci Lamar Smith Democratic ( 193 ) -- 189 4 ( show ) Joe Kennedy III Grace Napolitano Mark Pocan Bennie Thompson Total ( 432 ) 224 201 7 Senate ( edit ) Act to provide for reconciliation -- Vote in the Senate ( December 20 , 2017 ) Party Votes for Votes against Not voting / Absent Republican ( 52 ) 51 -- 1 ( show ) John McCain Democratic ( 46 ) -- 46 -- Independent ( 2 ) -- 2 ( show ) Angus King Bernie Sanders -- Total ( 100 ) 51 48 Sequel ( edit ) House Republicans have written a follow - on bill which would provide : ( 1 ) an extension of the individual tax cuts beyond their current expiration date ; ( 2 ) simplification of the rules for individual retirement accounts ; and ( 3 ) more help for small businesses . See also ( edit ) Bush tax cuts Reagan tax cuts Revenue Act of 1964 Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There was one vacant seat in the House of Representatives after Tim Murphy 's resignation on October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ There were three vacant seats in the House of Representatives after Tim Murphy 's resignation on October 21 , 2017 ; John Conyers ' resignation on December 5 , 2017 ; and Trent Franks ' resignation on December 8 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/11/in-defense-of-the-cut-cut-cut-act/544703/ Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1 - An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018 . '' Congress.gov . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Watkins , Eli . `` Senate rules force Republicans to go with lengthy name for tax plan '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 # Confusion about the name of the law ^ Jump up to : `` Reconciliation Recommendations of the Senate Committee on Finance - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : CBO - Appendix B : The Effects of the 2017 Tax Act on CBO 's Economic and Budget Projections , page 129 ^ Jump up to : `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : 2017 to 2027 - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cost Estimate for the Conference Agreement on H.R. 1 - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Kaplan , Thomas ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Republican Tax Bill Passes Senate in 51 - 48 Vote '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pullen , John Patrick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When the GOP Tax Reform Bill Will Take Effect '' . Fortune . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House Passes Historic Debt Increase '' . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Appelbaum , Binyamin ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Trump 's Tax Cuts Are Likely to Increase Trade Deficit '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Republican tax bill will exacerbate income inequality in America '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` the Tax Bill that Inequality Created '' . Editorial . The New York Times . December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Senate 's tax bill is a sweeping change to every part of federal health care '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans Exact Their Revenge Through a Tax Bill '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konish , Lorie ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Why states like New York , New Jersey and California could get hammered by the new tax bill '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Summers , Lawrence ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's Top Economist 's Analysis Is n't Just Wrong , It 's Dishonest '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Everybody Hates the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stephanie . `` New York , New Jersey , Connecticut to sue over federal tax law '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/other/trump_republicans_tax_reform_law-6446.html#polls Jump up ^ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-gop-tax-cuts-are-even-more-unpopular-than-past-tax-hikes/ ^ Jump up to : `` Distributional Effects of Changes in Taxes and Spending Under the Conference Agreement for H.R. 1 - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` JCX - 69 - 17 '' . www.jct.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Comparing Estimates of the Macroeconomic Effects of Tax Policy : Growth Rates vs. Levels '' . December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` JCX - 58 - 17 '' . www.jct.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Distributional Analysis of the Conference Agreement for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Republican tax plan leaves a $1.5 trillion bill for the middle class to pay '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Charts That Show How Companies Are Spending Their Tax Savings '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Repealing the Individual Health Insurance Mandate : An Updated Estimate - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mercado , Darla ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Find your new tax brackets under the final GOP tax plan '' . CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Office of Tax Analysis '' . www.treasury.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 IRS Tax '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 1 -- 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1 -- 115th Congress ( 2017 - 2018 ) - Sec. 11041 , subsection ( b ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` New Child Tax Credit : Changes for 2018 '' . Jump up ^ Reilly , Peter J. ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Laws Of Tax Planning Updated For Tax Cuts And Jobs Act '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` The GOP Tax Bill Kills Obamacare 's Individual Mandate . Here 's What That Means '' . CNN Money . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act lowers medical expense deduction threshold '' . Capata Certified Public Accountants. 2018 . Jump up ^ Egger , Andrew ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` House Passes Tax Reform , But Will Have to Revote '' . The Weekly Standard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McRuer , Scott ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` New Tax Law Cuts Personal Casualty Loss Deduction '' . McRuer CPAs . Jump up ^ Rickert , Kelly Chang ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and Alimony After 2018 '' . Law and Mediation Offices of Kelly Change , PLC . Jump up ^ Swavely , Lauren ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act -- Significant Changes to Moving Expense Deductions '' . Herbein + Company , Inc . Jump up ^ Kocher , Chris ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act ... Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions '' . LCI Taxes , LLC . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` What 's in the GOP 's final tax plan '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Final GOP Tax Plan Summary : Tax Strategies Under TCJA 2017 '' . Nerd 's Eye View . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 '' . Lexology . December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discharged Student Loan Debt No Longer Taxable Under New Tax Law '' . Special Needs Answers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` King , Portman , Coons Urge Administration to Immediately Discharge Outstanding Loans for Families Suffering from Child 's Death or Permanent Disability '' ( Press release ) . Office of Senator Angus King . February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Borchers , Tim ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Estate and Gift Taxes Under the New 2018 Tax Law '' . Borchers Trust Law Group , PC . Jump up ^ Levine , Matt ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` Burger King May Move to Canada for the Donuts '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Korving , Stephen ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` How tax cuts and job act will affect you and your business '' . Inside Business . The Hampton Roads Business Journal . Jump up ^ Drucker , Jess ; Rappeport , Alan ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Tax Bill 's Winners and Losers '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Andrews , Wilson ; Parlapiano , Alicia ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` What 's in the Final Republican Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` 26 U.S. Code § 4960 - Tax on excess tax - exempt organization executive compensation '' . Internal Revenue Service . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Update on Tax Reform and the Impact on Tax - Exempt Organizations '' . Gelman , Rosenberg & Freedman CPAs . July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Notice 2018 - 55 : Guidance on the Calculation of Net Investment Income for Purposes of the Section 4968 Excise Tax Applicable to Certain Private Colleges and Universities '' . Internal Revenue Service . 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreighbaum , Andrew ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Large endowments would be taxed under final GOP tax plan '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Bob ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` The House will be forced to revote on the massive tax bill because of provisions that break Senate rules '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stratford , Michael ; Wermund , Benjamin ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The new tax on Harvard '' . Politico . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 26 CFR 1.513 - 1 - Definition of unrelated trade or business '' . Internal Revenue Service . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University . 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Note 2018 - 38 : 2018 Fiscal - year Blended Tax Rates for Corporations '' . Internal Revenue Service . 2018 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Patti Brandt ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` Donation decisions : To give or not to give in new tax era '' . The Tribune - Democrat ( Johnstown , Pennsylvania ) . Jump up ^ Harding , Hayley ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Report : Charitable Donations On Rise In State But Number Of People Giving Falls '' . The Hartford Courant ( Hartford , Connecticut ) . p. 4B . Jump up ^ Pender , Kathleen ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` State lags on foiling tax deductions cap '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Petulla & Jennifer Hansler , Sparkling wine , jets , the unborn and other special - interest wins in the tax bill , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Tankersley , Jim ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` A Curveball From the New Tax Law : It Makes Baseball Trades Harder '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vinik , Danny ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Easter eggs hidden in the new Senate tax bill '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Smith , Cheers ! Senators propose lowering alcohol tax , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Matthews - King , Alex ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Private jet owners handed tax break in major Senate victory for Republicans '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Tax Plan Includes Exemption for Private Jet Management '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New Tax Plan Can Impact Victims of DUI Accidents '' . scalar.usc.edu . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tankersley , Jim ; Rappeport , Alan ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` G.O.P. Rushed to Pass Tax Overhaul . Now It May Need to Be Altered '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Werner , Erica ; DeBonis , Mike ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` House approves jam - packed $1.3 trillion spending bill '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shankman , Sabrina ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` 12 House Republicans Urge Congress to Cut ANWR Oil Drilling from Tax Bill '' . InsideClimate News . Jump up ^ Natter , Ari ; Dlouhy , Jennifer A. ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Tax Bill Opens Arctic Refuge for Oil , But Years of Delay May Follow '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Detrow , Senate May Approve Drilling In Alaskan Wilderness With Tax Bill , NPR ( November 18 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Christopher ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ANWR Drilling Rights in the Tax - Reform Bill '' . Outside . ^ Jump up to : Shankman , Sabrina ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` At Stake in Arctic Refuge Drilling Vote : Money , Wilderness and a Way of Life '' . InsideClimate News . ^ Jump up to : `` Macroeconomic Analysis of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act as Passed by the Senate Finance Committee '' . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Analysis Finds Tax Bill Will Produce Marginal Growth , Cost $1.1 Trillion '' . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act , as Reported by Conference Committee ( 12 / 15 / 17 ) : Static and Dynamic Effects on the Budget and the Economy '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JCX - 67 - 17 '' . www.jct.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Reform '' . igmchicago.org . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeff ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` 37 of 38 economists said the GOP tax plans would grow the debt . The 38th misread the question '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal government current tax receipts : Taxes on corporate income '' . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion - Trump 's Potemkin Economy '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` JCX - 68 - 17 '' . www.jct.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Tax Cuts Mainly Benefit Shareholders and CEOs , Not Workers '' . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Adam ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Why Are Corporations Hoarding Trillions ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` FRED Graph - FRED - St. Louis Fed '' . fred.stlouisfed.org . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` International Comparisons of Corporate Income Tax Rates - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Ronald Brownstein , . `` GOP tax plans could fuel the suburban revolt against Trump '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2018 to 2028 - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax Bill And The Individual Mandate : What Happened , And What Does It Mean ? '' . Jump up ^ CEA Report - The Growth Effects of Corporate Tax Reform and Implications for Wages - October 27 , 2017 Archived December 10 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` No evidence Trump 's tax cut could pay for itself '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Says His Tax Plan Wo n't Benefit the Rich -- He 's Exactly Wrong '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's $700 Billion Gift to Wealthy Foreigners '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Krugman , Paul ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tax Cuts And the Trade Deficit '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ University of Chicago - IGM Panel - Tax Reform - November 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Republican Tax on the Future '' . Editorial . The New York Times . November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Outlook for the U.S. Economy in 2018 and Beyond - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK '' . www.newyorkfed.org . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konczal , Mike ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans are Weaponizing the Tax Code '' . Vox . Jump up ^ `` An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook : 2017 to 2027 - Congressional Budget Office '' . www.cbo.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Why are n't the other hands up ? ' A top Trump adviser 's startling response to CEOs not doing what he 'd expect '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Wells Fargo , AT&T Try to Show Unpopular Tax Cut Helps Workers '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Egan , Matt . `` Only a small slice of corporate America has shared tax savings with workers so far '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Companies Are Really Doing With Their Tax Windfall ( So Far ) '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Noah ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Trump 's Tax Cut Has n't Done Anything for Workers '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmanuel Saez - Striking it Richer - June 30 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saez&Zucman - Quarterly Journal of Economics - Wealth Inequality in the United States Since 1913 - May 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion - Tax - Cut Santa Is Coming to Town '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` While Trump Touts Stock Market , Many Americans Are Left Out Of The Conversation '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` A Plan to Turbocharge Inequality in Three Charts '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Revenue Statistics : 1965 - 2016 - en - OECD '' . www.oecd.org . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Tax Rates : The Big Picture '' . April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Yurou . `` U.S. tax reform poses threat to German jobs , investment , say leading economists '' . Xinhua . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fox , Justin ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taxes are Low in the U.S. , but other stuff is expensive '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon . `` Philip Hammond sides with EU to demand Donald Trump drops tax reforms that risk trade war '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Deen , Mark . `` Europeans Tell Mnuchin the GOP Tax Plan May Break Treaties , Hurt Trade '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Glenn ; Ye Hee Lee , Michelle ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fact - Checking President Trump 's tax speech in Indianapolis '' . The Washington Post . `` Trump Likely Benefits from Tax Bills - FactCheck.org '' . FactCheck.org. 2017 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . `` Will the GOP tax bill cost Donald Trump ' a fortune ' ? No '' . @ politifact . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Drucker , Jesse ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Trump Could Save More Than $11 Million Under the New Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Harwell , Drew ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Trump stands to save millions under new tax measure , experts say '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Lauren ( 2017 - 12 - 17 ) . `` GOP tax bill includes a provision that could enrich Trump and Republican senators '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Mattingly , Phil . `` Tax voting starts Tuesday , why is Corker voting yes ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Iannelli , Jerry ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Miami Rep. Curbelo 's Wife Owns Assets That Benefit From GOP Tax Bill 's Last - Minute Provision '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fox , Lauren ; Mattingly , Phil ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. John McCain says he 'll vote for Senate GOP tax plan '' . CNN . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People Are Outraged About the GOP Tax Bill 's ' Corker Kickback . ' This Is Why '' . Money . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Patricia ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Tax Plans May Give Your Co-Worker a Better Deal Than You '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Richard ; Simon , Ruth ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) . `` For Pass - Through Businesses , Let the ( Tax ) Games Begin '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Carmichael , Kevin ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Republican Tax Bill Does n't Actually Simplify The Tax Code '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sahadi , Jeanne . `` New tax code will still be complicated despite GOP promise to simplify '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Peter S. ; Cohen , Patricia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` It Started as a Tax Cut . Now It Could Change American Life '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Jim Tankersley & Alan Rappeport , A Hasty , Hand - Scribbled Tax Bill Sets Off an Outcry , The New York Times ( December 1 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ; Rappeport , Alan ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` House Passes Tax Bill , as Does Senate Panel '' . 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The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Taxing a Coupon ' '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Timmer , John ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Tax bill that passed the House would cripple training of scientists '' . Ars Technica . Jump up ^ S. Lubell , Michael ; Richter , Burton ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Why the tax bill Is bad for science , innovation and America '' . The Hill . Jump up ^ `` An update on the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and CU Boulder '' . CU Boulder Today . Strategic Relations and Communications , University of Colorado Boulder . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin . `` Fed Predicts Modest Economic Growth From Tax Cut '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Binyamin Appelbaum , A Trump Economic Boom ? The Fed May Stand in the Way , The New York Times ( December 13 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Democrats have leverage in one part of the GOP tax cut process '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sanger - Katz , Margot ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` The Tax Bill 's Automatic Spending Cuts '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cancryn , Adam ; Ferris , Sarah ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Tax bill could trigger historic spending cuts '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Edgerton , Anna ; Wasson , Erik ( 2017 - 12 - 21 ) . `` House GOP Pushes Funding Gambit Day Ahead of Shutdown Deadline '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wilkie , Christina ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Trump signs GOP tax plan and short - term government funding bill on his way out of town '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The GOP Tax Cuts Are Even More Unpopular Than Past Tax Hikes '' . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearPolitics - Election Other - Trump , Republicans ' Tax Reform Law '' . www.realclearpolitics.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casselman , Ben ; Tankersley , Jim ( February 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tax Overhaul Gains Public Support , Buoying Republicans '' . SurveyMonkey . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump Rating Ticks Up ; Support for Tax Plan Increases '' . Monmouth University . January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Harvard - Harris Poll : January 2018 Re-Field '' ( PDF ) . Harvard -- Harris Poll . January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Toby ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` GOP tax plan fails to crack a majority in new poll '' . Morning Consult . Politico . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Corps '' ( PDF ) . GQR Research . Jump up ^ Casselman , Ben ; Tankersley , Jim ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Poll Finds Upturn in Sentiment on Tax Overhaul and Economy '' . SurveyMonkey . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Economist / YouGov Poll '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` December National Survey Results '' . December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters split on GOP tax bill '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` CNN December 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Study # 17505 '' ( PDF ) . NBC News . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , David M. ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Republican poll shows political challenges , possible benefits , of passing tax bill '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Half The Public Say Their Taxes Will Go Up Under GOP Plan '' . West Long Branch : Monmouth University . December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Support for GOP Tax Plan Could Hurt Candidates , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; U.S. Voters Say 7 - 1 DACA Immigrants Should Stay '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Page , Susan ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Most Americans doubt GOP bill will cut their taxes or boost the economy '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Shawna ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Why the GOP tax bill is so unpopular '' . Vice News . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Nearly half of Americans still oppose Republican tax bill : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ De Pinto , Jennifer ; Backus , Fred ; Khanna , Kabir ; Salvanto , Anthony ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` CBS News poll : Americans say tax plan helps wealthy , not middle class '' . CBS News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Independents , Democrats Not on Board With GOP Tax Plan '' . Gallup . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Tax Plan Benefits Rich , U.S. Voters Say Almost 3 - 1 , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Trump Job Approval Stuck at 35 Percent '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Nearly half of Americans oppose Republican tax bill : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Harvard CAPS - Harris Poll : November 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard -- Harris Poll . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters think Trump will benefit from tax plan '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Massacre Drives Gun Control Support to New High , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Voters Reject GOP Tax Plan 2 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist / YouGov Poll '' ( PDF ) . YouGov . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Support for GOP tax plan ticks down but remains positive '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN November 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clement , Scott ; Guskin , Emily ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans ' tax overhaul pitch faces skeptical public , Post-ABC poll finds '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eckert , Toby ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Voters like tax reform overall but cool to corporate cut '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Amanda ; Kahn , Chris ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Fewer than a third of Americans back Trump tax plan : Reuters / Ipsos poll '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN October 2017 '' ( PDF ) . CNN . October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Steven ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : 48 percent approve of Trump 's tax proposal '' . Politico . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Filer , Christine ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Two - thirds say large corporations pay too little in federal taxes ( POLL ) '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Siobhan ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` House Ways and Means Committee Approves GOP Tax Bill '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` $1.5 Trillion Tax Cut Passed by House in Mostly Party - Line Vote '' . The New York Times . November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : House Passes Historic Debt Increase ( press release ) , House Passes Historic Debt Increase ( November 16 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : Faler , Brian ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Finance Committee approves GOP tax reform plan '' . Politico . ^ Jump up to : Seung Min Kim , Colin Wilhelm and Bernie Becker , Senate GOP gets breathing room as tax plan advances , Politico ( November 28 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes huge tax cuts after last - minute changes ; conference with House next '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Dustin ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Republicans unveil final version of tax bill '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 9 Sticking Points The House And Senate Have To Work Out In Their Tax Bills '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` The House and Senate Still Have Very Different Tax Bills . Here 's How They Compare '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Vogel , Kenneth P. ; Goodstein , Laurie ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` In Tax Debate , Gift to Religious Right Could Be Bargaining Chip '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Heather Long , In a small win for Democrats , the final tax bill will not include a provision allowing churches to endorse political candidates , Washington Post ( December 14 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Ted Gayer and Austin J. Drukker , A small difference between the House and Senate tax plans could mean big benefits for private sports stadiums , Brookings Up Front ( December 4 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` JCX - 62 - 17 '' . www.jct.gov . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans roll out their long - awaited tax reform plan '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin McCarthy guarantees middle class tax cut under House GOP plan '' . The Washington Examiner . November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan ; Kaplan , Thomas ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tax Bill Thrown Into Uncertainty as First G.O.P. Senator Comes Out Against It '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Michael ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Susan Collins says she supports Senate GOP 's tax bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Jump up ^ Jacob Pramuk , Ron Johnson and Steve Daines , two of the last Senate GOP holdouts , will back tax bill after pass - through tweak , CNBC ( December 1 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Senate passes tax reform bill : Here 's how it affects you '' . Fox News . December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vinik , Danny ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Simpler taxes under the GOP plan ? Do n't count on it '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Tankersley , Jim ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Democrats Attack Tax Bill as a ' Middle - Class Con Job ' '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ DeBonis , Mike ; Paletta , Damian ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Public will turn against GOP tax bill , Schumer predicts : ' The more it 's in sunlight , the more it stinks ' '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript '' . At This Hour . CNN . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sam Petulla , Sean O'Key and Hannah Lang , The House Republicans who voted ' no ' on tax reform , CNN ( November 16 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` Billionaire Michael Bloomberg : ' The Tax Bill Is an Economically Indefensible Blunder ' '' . Money . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett and Bill Gates do n't think Trump 's tax cut will help business '' . Business Insider France ( in French ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Catherine ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Billionaire Warren Buffett : ' I do n't need a tax cut ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Read the Letter '' . Responsible Wealth Project . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` More than 400 millionaires and billionaires have called on Republicans not to cut their taxes '' . The Independent . 2017 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` More than 400 millionaires tell Congress : Do n't cut our taxes '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How to Improve the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most Economists Agree : Trump Tax Plan Will Widen Budget Deficit '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Soergel , Andrew ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Would a Trump Tax Cut Boost Economic Growth ? '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Stein , Jeff ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) . `` 37 of 38 economists said the GOP tax plans would grow the debt . The 38th misread the question '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Reform '' . www.igmchicago.org . November 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Déjà Voodoo by Joseph E. Stiglitz - Project Syndicate '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Opinion Everybody Hates the Trump Tax Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Winner Thaler Takes a Jab at Trump '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel winning economist says Trump 's plans aggravate income inequality '' . Newsweek. 2017 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ reform , The RATE Coalition , a group of businesses calling for tax ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` 137 economists sign open letter to Congress supporting GOP tax reform bill '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pennyfarthing , Aldous J ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` How did Trump find 137 economists who support his tax plan ? '' . DailyKos . DailyKos . Jump up ^ Fang , Lee ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) . `` GOP 's List of Economists Backing Tax Cut Includes Ghosts , Office Assistants , Ex-Felons , and a Sprinkling of Real Economists '' . The Intercept . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Seem to Back Off Growth Claim for Tax Cuts '' . Bloomberg Quint . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca . `` Graham : ' Financial contributions will stop ' if GOP does n't pass tax reform '' . The Hill . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Marcy ; Werner , Erica . `` Changes to House tax bill on child care benefits , credits '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jasmine C. ; Storey , Rachel ; Simon , Sara ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` See How Every Senator Voted on the Republican Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preliminary Distributional Analysis of the `` Tax Cuts and Jobs Act '' `` . November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levitz , Eric ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` The GOP Tax Plan Is Dead -- Unless the Filibuster Dies First '' . New York . Jump up ^ Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Andrews , Wilson ; Parlapiano , Alicia ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` How Every Member Voted on the House Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faler , Brian ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` House passes tax overhaul , teeing up final Senate vote '' . Politico . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tatum , Sophie ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` These are the Republicans who voted ' no ' on the tax bill '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jasmine C. ; Simon , Sara ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Every Senator Voted on the Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seipel , Arnie ; Kurtzleben , Danielle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Congress Passes $1.5 Trillion Tax Cut Bill , A Legislative Win For Trump '' . NPR . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Almukhtar , Sarah ; Carlsen , Audrey ; Lai , K.K. Rebecca ; Migliozzi , Blacki ; Parlapiano , Alicia ; Patel , Jugal K. ; Shorey , Rachel ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Each House Member Voted on the Tax Bill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final Vote Results for Roll Call 699 '' . Clerk of the United States House of Representatives . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Text of the Law Tax Acts of the United States Internal Revenue 1861 1862 1864 1913 1916 1917 1918 1921 1924 1926 1928 1932 1934 1935 1936 1940 1940 ( 2nd ) 1941 1942 1943 1943 1944 1945 1948 1950 1950 1951 1954 1954 Code 1962 1964 1968 1969 1971 1976 1977 1978 1981 1982 Gas Tax 1984 COBRA 1986 1986 Code 2008 Crisis 2012 2017 Tariffs 1789 : Hamilton I 1790 : Hamilton II 1792 : Hamilton III 1816 : Dallas 1824 : Sectional 1828 : `` Abominations '' 1832 1833 : Compromise 1842 : Black 1846 : Walker 1857 1861 : Morrill 1872 1875 1883 : Mongrel 1890 : McKinley 1894 : Wilson -- Gorman 1897 : Dingley 1909 : Payne -- Aldrich 1913 : Underwood 1921 : Emergency 1922 : Fordney -- McCumber 1930 : Smoot -- Hawley 1934 : Reciprocal 1948 : GATT 1962 1974 / 75 1979 1984 1988 : Canada FT 1993 : NAFTA 1994 : WTO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017&oldid=853576117 '' Categories : 2017 in economics Presidency of Donald Trump Acts of the 115th United States Congress United States federal taxation legislation United States federal reconciliation legislation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles that may be too long from February 2018 Use mdy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing POV - check from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 18 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the new tax bill take effect	[ "The individual and pass-through tax cuts fade over time and become net tax increases starting in 2027 while the corporate tax cuts are permanent. This enabled the Senate to pass the bill with only 51 votes, without the need to defeat a filibuster, under the budget reconciliation process.[8] The House passed the penultimate version of the bill on December 19, 2017, though for Senate procedural reasons small changes were needed and a revote was held in the House.[9] The Senate passed the final version on December 20 in a 51–48 vote and that final version was passed by the House of Representatives on that same day. The bill was signed into law by President Donald Trump on December 22, 2017. Most of the changes introduced by the bill went into effect on January 1, 2018 and will not affect 2017 taxes.[10]\n" ]	[ "January 1, 2018" ]
-3248419305586561643	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin six years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Lord Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II `` the Mad King '' , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's closest friend and chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard attempts to unseat Joffrey but is betrayed and executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Lord Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline and her legitimate claim to the throne , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well - received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . Martin experienced some harsh winters when living in Dubuque a few years in the 70s , and suspects these winters had an influence on his writing ; `` I think a lot of the stuff in A Game of Thrones , the snow and ice and freezing , comes from my memories of Dubuque '' . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( hide ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Writer George R.R. Martin Posts ' Winds of Winter ' Novel Excerpt '' . New York Times . New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' George RR Martin revolutionised how people think about fantasy ' Books The Guardian '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ grrm ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Another Precinct Heard From '' . Not A Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` A Fantasy Realm Too Vile For Hobbits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Sails into Darker Waters With ' Ghost of Harrenhal ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Dance with Dragons ( Slipcase edition ) '' . harpercollins.co.uk . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gallery of different language editions '' . georgerrmartin.com . 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Jump up ^ Gilmore , Mikal ( April 23 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schweitzer , Darrell ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on magic vs. science '' . weirdtalesmagazine.com . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Has a Detailed Plan For Keeping the Game of Thrones TV Show From Catching Up To Him '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( March 12 , 2012 ) . In Conversation With ... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 1 -- TIFF Bell Lightbox . TIFF Bell Lightbox . Event occurs at 4 : 00 min ( publishing history ) , 15 : 00 min ( names ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Transcript summary available by Ippolito , Toni - Marie ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin talks to fans about the making of Game of Thrones and what inspired his best - selling book series '' . thelifestylereport.ca . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gevers , Nick ( December 2000 ) . `` Sunsets of High Renown -- An Interview with George R.R. Martin '' . infinityplus.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Cogan , Eric ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` George R.R Martin Interview '' . fantasyonline.net . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ( Interview approved by GRRM . ) ^ Jump up to : Guxens , Adrià ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` George R.R. Martin : `` Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake '' `` . adriasnews.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. 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Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` George R.R. Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) BIBSYS : 13030568 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=817645223 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many books left in game of thrones	[ "Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each.[54] The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter,[55] taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy.[21] Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume, Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006.[22] Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and that the Others will appear in the book.[56]" ]	[ "two" ]
-8008308290804005694	Earth's magnetic field	Earth 's magnetic field - wikipedia Earth 's magnetic field Jump to : navigation , search Computer simulation of the Earth 's field in a period of normal polarity between reversals . The lines represent magnetic field lines , blue when the field points towards the center and yellow when away . The rotation axis of the Earth is centered and vertical . The dense clusters of lines are within the Earth 's core . Earth 's magnetic field , also known as the geomagnetic field , is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth 's interior out into space , where it meets the solar wind , a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun . Its magnitude at the Earth 's surface ranges from 25 to 65 microteslas ( 0.25 to 0.65 gauss ) . Roughly speaking it is the field of a magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 11 degrees with respect to Earth 's rotational axis , as if there were a bar magnet placed at that angle at the center of the Earth . The North geomagnetic pole , located near Greenland in the northern hemisphere , is actually the south pole of the Earth 's magnetic field , and the South geomagnetic pole is the north pole . Unlike a bar magnet , Earth 's magnetic field changes over time because it is generated by a geodynamo ( in Earth 's case , the motion of molten iron alloys in its outer core ) . While the North and South magnetic poles are usually located near the geographic poles , they can wander widely over geological time scales , but sufficiently slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation . However , at irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand years , the Earth 's field reverses and the North and South Magnetic Poles relatively abruptly switch places . These reversals of the geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past . Such information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continents and ocean floors in the process of plate tectonics . The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere that is defined by the extent of the Earth 's magnetic field in space . It extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space , protecting the Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere , including the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance 2 Main characteristics 2.1 Description 2.1. 1 Intensity 2.1. 2 Inclination 2.1. 3 Declination 2.2 Geographical variation 2.3 Dipolar approximation 2.4 Magnetic poles 3 Magnetosphere 4 Time dependence 4.1 Short - term variations 4.2 Secular variation 4.3 Magnetic field reversals 4.4 Earliest appearance 4.5 Future 5 Physical origin 5.1 Earth 's core and the geodynamo 5.1. 1 Numerical models 5.2 Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere 6 Measurement and analysis 6.1 Detection 6.2 Crustal magnetic anomalies 6.3 Statistical models 6.3. 1 Spherical harmonics 6.3. 1.1 Radial dependence 6.3. 2 Global models 7 Biomagnetism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Importance ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind , whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation . One stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field , which are ripped off by solar winds . Calculations of the loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of Mars , resulting from scavenging of ions by the solar wind , indicate that the dissipation of the magnetic field of Mars caused a near total loss of its atmosphere . The study of past magnetic field of the Earth is known as paleomagnetism . The polarity of the Earth 's magnetic field is recorded in igneous rocks , and reversals of the field are thus detectable as `` stripes '' centered on mid-ocean ridges where the sea floor is spreading , while the stability of the geomagnetic poles between reversals has allowed paleomagnetists to track the past motion of continents . Reversals also provide the basis for magnetostratigraphy , a way of dating rocks and sediments . The field also magnetizes the crust , and magnetic anomalies can be used to search for deposits of metal ores . Humans have used compasses for direction finding since the 11th century A.D. and for navigation since the 12th century . Although the magnetic declination does shift with time , this wandering is slow enough that a simple compass remains useful for navigation . Using magnetoception various other organisms , ranging from some types of bacteria to pigeons , use the Earth 's magnetic field for orientation and navigation . Main characteristics ( edit ) Description ( edit ) At any location , the Earth 's magnetic field can be represented by a three - dimensional vector . A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North . Its angle relative to true North is the declination ( D ) or variation . Facing magnetic North , the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the inclination ( I ) or magnetic dip . The intensity ( F ) of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet . Another common representation is in X ( North ) , Y ( East ) and Z ( Down ) coordinates . Common coordinate systems used for representing the Earth 's magnetic field . Intensity ( edit ) The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss ( G ) , but is generally reported in nanoteslas ( nT ) , with 1 G = 100,000 nT . A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma ( γ ) . The tesla is the SI unit of the Magnetic field , B . The Earth 's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT ( 0.25 -- 0.65 G ) . By comparison , a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas ( 100 G ) . A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart . As the World Magnetic Model shows , the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator . A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada , Siberia , and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia . Inclination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic dip The inclination is given by an angle that can assume values between - 90 ° ( up ) to 90 ° ( down ) . In the northern hemisphere , the field points downwards . It is straight down at the North Magnetic Pole and rotates upwards as the latitude decreases until it is horizontal ( 0 ° ) at the magnetic equator . It continues to rotate upwards until it is straight up at the South Magnetic Pole . Inclination can be measured with a dip circle . An isoclinic chart ( map of inclination contours ) for the Earth 's magnetic field is shown below . Declination ( edit ) Main article : Magnetic declination Declination is positive for an eastward deviation of the field relative to true north . It can be estimated by comparing the magnetic north / south heading on a compass with the direction of a celestial pole . Maps typically include information on the declination as an angle or a small diagram showing the relationship between magnetic north and true north . Information on declination for a region can be represented by a chart with isogonic lines ( contour lines with each line representing a fixed declination ) . Geographical variation ( edit ) Components of the Earth 's magnetic field at the surface from the World Magnetic Model for 2015 . Intensity Inclination Declination Dipolar approximation ( edit ) The variation between magnetic north ( N ) and `` true '' north ( N ) . See also : Dipole model of the Earth 's magnetic field Near the surface of the Earth , its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11 ° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth . The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet , with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole . This may seem surprising , but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because , if allowed to rotate freely , it points roughly northward ( in the geographic sense ) . Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles , it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth 's magnet . The dipolar field accounts for 80 -- 90 % of the field in most locations . Magnetic poles ( edit ) The movement of Earth 's North Magnetic Pole across the Canadian arctic . The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways : locally or globally . One way to define a pole is as a point where the magnetic field is vertical . This can be determined by measuring the inclination , as described above . The inclination of the Earth 's field is 90 ° ( downwards ) at the North Magnetic Pole and - 90 ° ( upwards ) at the South Magnetic Pole . The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe . They can migrate rapidly : movements of up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole . Over the last 180 years , the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward , from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres ( 370 mi ) from Resolute Bay in 2001 . The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero ( the magnetic field is horizontal ) . The global definition of the Earth 's field is based on a mathematical model . If a line is drawn through the center of the Earth , parallel to the moment of the best - fitting magnetic dipole , the two positions where it intersects the Earth 's surface are called the North and South geomagnetic poles . If the Earth 's magnetic field were perfectly dipolar , the geomagnetic poles and magnetic dip poles would coincide and compasses would point towards them . However , the Earth 's field has a significant non-dipolar contribution , so the poles do not coincide and compasses do not generally point at either . Magnetosphere ( edit ) An artist 's rendering of the structure of a magnetosphere. 1 ) Bow shock . 2 ) Magnetosheath. 3 ) Magnetopause. 4 ) Magnetosphere. 5 ) Northern tail lobe. 6 ) Southern tail lobe. 7 ) Plasmasphere . Main article : Magnetosphere Earth 's magnetic field , predominantly dipolar at its surface , is distorted further out by the solar wind . This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun 's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second . They carry with them a magnetic field , the interplanetary magnetic field ( IMF ) . The solar wind exerts a pressure , and if it could reach Earth 's atmosphere it would erode it . However , it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The magnetopause , the area where the pressures balance , is the boundary of the magnetosphere . Despite its name , the magnetosphere is asymmetric , with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii . Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock , the area where the solar wind slows abruptly . Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere , a donut - shaped region containing low - energy charged particles , or plasma . This region begins at a height of 60 km , extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii , and includes the ionosphere . This region rotates with the Earth . There are also two concentric tire - shaped regions , called the Van Allen radiation belts , with high - energy ions ( energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts ( MeV ) ) . The inner belt is 1 -- 2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4 -- 7 Earth radii . The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap , with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity . As well as deflecting the solar wind , the Earth 's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays , high - energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar system . ( Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun 's magnetosphere , or heliosphere . ) By contrast , astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation . Anyone who had been on the Moon 's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose . Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere . These spiral around field lines , bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second . In addition , positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward , giving rise to a ring current . This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth 's surface . Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays . The varying conditions in the magnetosphere , known as space weather , are largely driven by solar activity . If the solar wind is weak , the magnetosphere expands ; while if it is strong , it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in . Periods of particularly intense activity , called geomagnetic storms , can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System . Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth . Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption ; the `` Halloween '' storm of 2003 damaged more than a third of NASA 's satellites . The largest documented storm occurred in 1859 . It induced currents strong enough to short out telegraph lines , and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii . Time dependence ( edit ) Short - term variations ( edit ) Background : a set of traces from magnetic observatories showing a magnetic storm in 2000 . Globe : map showing locations of observatories and contour lines giving horizontal magnetic intensity in μ T . The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years . Shorter time scales mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere ( ionospheric dynamo region ) and magnetosphere , and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents . Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect changes in the Earth 's interior , particularly the iron - rich core . Frequently , the Earth 's magnetosphere is hit by solar flares causing geomagnetic storms , provoking displays of aurorae . The short - term instability of the magnetic field is measured with the K - index . Data from THEMIS show that the magnetic field , which interacts with the solar wind , is reduced when the magnetic orientation is aligned between Sun and Earth -- opposite to the previous hypothesis . During forthcoming solar storms , this could result in blackouts and disruptions in artificial satellites . Secular variation ( edit ) Main article : Geomagnetic secular variation Estimated declination contours by year , 1590 to 1990 ( click to see variation ) . Strength of the axial dipole component of Earth 's magnetic field from 1600 to 2020 . Changes in Earth 's magnetic field on a time scale of a year or more are referred to as secular variation . Over hundreds of years , magnetic declination is observed to vary over tens of degrees . A movie on the right shows how global declinations have changed over the last few centuries . The direction and intensity of the dipole change over time . Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3 % per century . At this rate of decrease , the field would be negligible in about 1600 years . However , this strength is about average for the last 7 thousand years , and the current rate of change is not unusual . A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0.2 degrees per year . This drift is not the same everywhere and has varied over time . The globally averaged drift has been westward since about 1400 AD but eastward between about 1000 AD and 1400 AD . Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials . Such changes are referred to as paleomagnetic secular variation or paleosecular variation ( PSV ) . The records typically include long periods of small change with occasional large changes reflecting geomagnetic excursions and reversals . Magnetic field reversals ( edit ) Geomagnetic polarity during the late Cenozoic Era . Dark areas denote periods where the polarity matches today 's polarity , light areas denote periods where that polarity is reversed . Main article : Geomagnetic reversal Although generally Earth 's field is approximately dipolar , with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis , occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places . Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts , sediment cores taken from the ocean floors , and seafloor magnetic anomalies . Reversals occur nearly randomly in time , with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years . The most recent geomagnetic reversal , called the Brunhes -- Matuyama reversal , occurred about 780,000 years ago . A related phenomenon , a geomagnetic excursion , amounts to an incomplete reversal , with no change in polarity . The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion , it having occurred during the last ice age ( 41,000 years ago ) . The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals , particularly iron oxides such as magnetite , that can carry a permanent magnetic moment . This remanent magnetization , or remanence , can be acquired in more than one way . In lava flows , the direction of the field is `` frozen '' in small minerals as they cool , giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization . In sediments , the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom . This is called detrital remanent magnetization . Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around ocean ridges . As the seafloor spreads , magma wells up from the mantle , cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge , and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading . As it cools , it records the direction of the Earth 's field . When the Earth 's field reverses , new basalt records the reversed direction . The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge . A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below . This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past . Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale , part of which is shown in the image . This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy , a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies . Studies of lava flows on Steens Mountain , Oregon , indicate that the magnetic field could have shifted at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day at some time in Earth 's history , which significantly challenges the popular understanding of how the Earth 's magnetic field works . This finding was later attributed to unusual rock magnetic properties of the lava flow under study , not rapid field change , by one of the original authors of the 1995 study . Temporary dipole tilt variations that take the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity are known as excursions . Earliest appearance ( edit ) Paleomagnetic studies of Paleoarchean lava in Australia and conglomerate in South Africa have concluded that the magnetic field has been present since at least about 3,450 million years ago . Future ( edit ) Variations in virtual axial dipole moment since the last reversal . At present , the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker ; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10 -- 15 % decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years ; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from a maximum 35 % above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago . The rate of decrease and the current strength are within the normal range of variation , as shown by the record of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks . The nature of Earth 's magnetic field is one of heteroscedastic fluctuation . An instantaneous measurement of it , or several measurements of it across the span of decades or centuries , are not sufficient to extrapolate an overall trend in the field strength . It has gone up and down in the past for unknown reasons . Also , noting the local intensity of the dipole field ( or its fluctuation ) is insufficient to characterize Earth 's magnetic field as a whole , as it is not strictly a dipole field . The dipole component of Earth 's field can diminish even while the total magnetic field remains the same or increases . The Earth 's magnetic north pole is drifting from northern Canada towards Siberia with a presently accelerating rate -- 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) per year at the beginning of the 20th century , up to 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per year in 2003 , and since then has only accelerated . Physical origin ( edit ) Main article : Dynamo theory The Earth 's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core , created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core . However the process is complex , and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades . Earth 's core and the geodynamo ( edit ) A schematic illustrating the relationship between motion of conducting fluid , organized into rolls by the Coriolis force , and the magnetic field the motion generates . The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System , as well as the Sun and other stars , all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids . The Earth 's field originates in its core . This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km ( the radius of the Earth is 6370 km ) . It is divided into a solid inner core , with a radius of 1220 km , and a liquid outer core . The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core , which is about 6,000 K ( 5,730 ° C ; 10,340 ° F ) , to the core - mantle boundary , which is about 3,800 K ( 3,530 ° C ; 6,380 ° F ) . The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core . The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo . The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop : current loops generate magnetic fields ( Ampère 's circuital law ) ; a changing magnetic field generates an electric field ( Faraday 's law ) ; and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents ( the Lorentz force ) . These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the magnetic induction equation : ∂ B ∂ t = η ∇ 2 B + ∇ × ( u × B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ partial \ mathbf ( B ) ) ( \ partial t ) ) = \ eta \ nabla ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( B ) + \ nabla \ times ( \ mathbf ( u ) \ times \ mathbf ( B ) ) ) ... where u is the velocity of the fluid ; B is the magnetic B - field ; and η = 1 / σμ is the magnetic diffusivity , which is inversely proportional to the product of the electrical conductivity σ and the permeability μ . The term ∂ B / ∂ t is the time derivative of the field ; ∇ is the Laplace operator and ∇ × is the curl operator . The first term on the right hand side of the induction equation is a diffusion term . In a stationary fluid , the magnetic field declines and any concentrations of field spread out . If the Earth 's dynamo shut off , the dipole part would disappear in a few tens of thousands of years . In a perfect conductor ( σ = ∞ ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = \ infty \ ; ) ) , there would be no diffusion . By Lenz 's law , any change in the magnetic field would be immediately opposed by currents , so the flux through a given volume of fluid could not change . As the fluid moved , the magnetic field would go with it . The theorem describing this effect is called the frozen - in - field theorem . Even in a fluid with a finite conductivity , new field is generated by stretching field lines as the fluid moves in ways that deform it . This process could go on generating new field indefinitely , were it not that as the magnetic field increases in strength , it resists fluid motion . The motion of the fluid is sustained by convection , motion driven by buoyancy . The temperature increases towards the center of the Earth , and the higher temperature of the fluid lower down makes it buoyant . This buoyancy is enhanced by chemical separation : As the core cools , some of the molten iron solidifies and is plated to the inner core . In the process , lighter elements are left behind in the fluid , making it lighter . This is called compositional convection . A Coriolis effect , caused by the overall planetary rotation , tends to organize the flow into rolls aligned along the north - south polar axis . A dynamo can amplify a magnetic field , but it needs a `` seed '' field to get it started . For the Earth , this could have been an external magnetic field . Early in its history the Sun went through a T - Tauri phase in which the solar wind would have had a magnetic field orders of magnitude larger than the present solar wind . However , much of the field may have been screened out by the Earth 's mantle . An alternative source is currents in the core - mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or variations in thermal or electric conductivity . Such effects may still provide a small bias that are part of the boundary conditions for the geodynamo . The average magnetic field in the Earth 's outer core was calculated to be 25 gauss , 50 times stronger than the field at the surface . Numerical models ( edit ) Simulating the geodynamo requires numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ) of the Earth 's interior . Simulation of the MHD equations is performed on a 3D grid of points and the fineness of the grid , which in part determines the realism of the solutions , is limited mainly by computer power . For decades , theorists were confined to creating kinematic dynamo computer models in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated . Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and testing whether such geometries could sustain a dynamo . The first self - consistent dynamo models , ones that determine both the fluid motions and the magnetic field , were developed by two groups in 1995 , one in Japan and one in the United States . The latter received attention because it successfully reproduced some of the characteristics of the Earth 's field , including geomagnetic reversals . Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ( edit ) Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields ( ionospheric dynamo region ) . Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun , causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree . Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas ( nT ) ( one part in 2000 ) , with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT ( one part in 50,000 ) . Measurement and analysis ( edit ) Detection ( edit ) The Earth 's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832 and has been repeatedly measured since then , showing a relative decay of about 10 % over the last 150 years . The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3 - axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3 - D structure of the Earth 's magnetic field . The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of S. Africa . Governments sometimes operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth 's magnetic field . These are geomagnetic observatories , typically part of a national Geological survey , for example the British Geological Survey 's Eskdalemuir Observatory . Such observatories can measure and forecast magnetic conditions such as magnetic storms that sometimes affect communications , electric power , and other human activities . The International Real - time Magnetic Observatory Network , with over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world has been recording the earths magnetic field since 1991 . The military determines local geomagnetic field characteristics , in order to detect anomalies in the natural background that might be caused by a significant metallic object such as a submerged submarine . Typically , these magnetic anomaly detectors are flown in aircraft like the UK 's Nimrod or towed as an instrument or an array of instruments from surface ships . Commercially , geophysical prospecting companies also use magnetic detectors to identify naturally occurring anomalies from ore bodies , such as the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly . Crustal magnetic anomalies ( edit ) A model of short - wavelength features of Earth 's magnetic field , attributed to lithospheric anomalies . Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth 's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts , kilns , some types of stone structures , and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics . Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines , the magnetic variations across the ocean floor have been mapped . Basalt -- the iron - rich , volcanic rock making up the ocean floor -- contains a strongly magnetic mineral ( magnetite ) and can locally distort compass readings . The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century . More important , because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties , these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor . When newly formed rock cools , such magnetic materials record the Earth 's magnetic field . Statistical models ( edit ) Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time . If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed , the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions . Spherical harmonics ( edit ) See also : Multipole expansion Schematic representation of spherical harmonics on a sphere and their nodal lines . P is equal to 0 along m great circles passing through the poles , and along l - m circles of equal latitude . The function changes sign each ltime it crosses one of these lines . Example of a quadrupole field . This can also be constructed by moving two dipoles together . The most common way of analyzing the global variations in the Earth 's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics . This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss . Spherical harmonics are functions that oscillate over the surface of a sphere . They are the product of two functions , one that depends on latitude and one on longitude . The function of longitude is zero along zero or more great circles passing through the North and South Poles ; the number of such nodal lines is the absolute value of the order m . The function of latitude is zero along zero or more latitude circles ; this plus the order is equal to the degree l . Each harmonic is equivalent to a particular arrangement of magnetic charges at the center of the Earth . A monopole is an isolated magnetic charge , which has never been observed . A dipole is equivalent to two opposing charges brought close together and a quadrupole to two dipoles brought together . A quadrupole field is shown in the lower figure on the right . Spherical harmonics can represent any scalar field ( function of position ) that satisfies certain properties . A magnetic field is a vector field , but if it is expressed in Cartesian components X , Y , Z , each component is the derivative of the same scalar function called the magnetic potential . Analyses of the Earth 's magnetic field use a modified version of the usual spherical harmonics that differ by a multiplicative factor . A least - squares fit to the magnetic field measurements gives the Earth 's field as the sum of spherical harmonics , each multiplied by the best - fitting Gauss coefficient g or h . The lowest - degree Gauss coefficient , g , gives the contribution of an isolated magnetic charge , so it is zero . The next three coefficients -- g , g , and h -- determine the direction and magnitude of the dipole contribution . The best fitting dipole is tilted at an angle of about 10 ° with respect to the rotational axis , as described earlier . Radial dependence ( edit ) Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height ( for example , ground observatories and satellites ) . In that case , each term with coefficient g or h can be split into two terms : one that decreases with radius as 1 / r and one that increases with radius as r . The increasing terms fit the external sources ( currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere ) . However , averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero . The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source ( l = 1 ) drops off as 1 / r . The magnetic field , being a derivative of the potential , drops off as 1 / r . Quadrupole terms drop off as 1 / r , and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius . The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth . If the field at the core - mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics , the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface , the quadrupole part by a factor of 16 , and so on . Thus , only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface . From a variety of arguments , it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core . These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) or less . Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies . Global models ( edit ) The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy maintains a standard global field model called the International Geomagnetic Reference Field . It is updated every 5 years . The 11th - generation model , IGRF11 , was developed using data from satellites ( Ørsted , CHAMP and SAC - C ) and a world network of geomagnetic observatories . The spherical harmonic expansion was truncated at degree 10 , with 120 coefficients , until 2000 . Subsequent models are truncated at degree 13 ( 195 coefficients ) . Another global field model , called World Magnetic Model , is produced jointly by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information ( formerly the National Geophysical Data Center ) and the British Geological Survey . This model truncates at degree 12 ( 168 coefficients ) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers . It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense , the Ministry of Defence ( United Kingdom ) , the United States Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) , and the International Hydrographic Office as well as in many civilian navigation systems . A third model , produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center ( NASA and GSFC ) and the Danish Space Research Institute , uses a `` comprehensive modeling '' approach that attempts to reconcile data with greatly varying temporal and spatial resolution from ground and satellite sources . For users with higher accuracy needs , the United States National Centers for Environmental Information developed the Enhanced Magnetic Model ( EMM ) , which extends to degree and order 720 and resolves magnetic anomalies down to a wavelength of 56 kilometers . It was compiled from satellite , marine , aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys . The latest version , EMM2015 , includes data from The European Space Agency 's Swarm satellite mission . Biomagnetism ( edit ) Main article : Magnetoception Animals including birds and turtles can detect the Earth 's magnetic field , and use the field to navigate during migration . Some researchers have found that cows and wild deer tend to align their bodies north - south while relaxing , but not when the animals are under high - voltage power lines , suggesting that magnetism is responsible . Other researchers reported in 2011 that they could not replicate those findings using different Google Earth images . Researchers found out that very weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth 's magnetic field . Neither power lines nor cellphone signals are to blame for the electromagnetic field effect on the birds , according to the new study published in the 8 May 2014 edition of the journal Nature . Instead , the culprits consist of frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 MHz , such as AM radio signals and ordinary electronic equipment that might be found in businesses or private homes . 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National Geophysical Data Center . January 2010 . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The World Magnetic Model '' . National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 14 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Frey . `` Comprehensive Modeling of the Geomagnetic Field '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Enhanced Magnetic Model '' . United States National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Deutschlander , M. ; Phillips , J. ; Borland , S. ( 1999 ) . `` The case for light - dependent magnetic orientation in animals '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 202 ( 8 ) : 891 -- 908 . PMID 10085262 . Jump up ^ Burda , H. ; Begall , S. ; Cerveny , J. ; Neef , J. ; Nemec , P. ( 2009 ) . `` Extremely low - frequency electromagnetic fields disrupt magnetic alignment of ruminants '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 14 ) : 5708 -- 13 . Bibcode : 2009PNAS ... 106.5708 B. PMC 2667019 . PMID 19299504 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0811194106 . Jump up ^ `` Biology : Electric cows '' . Nature . 458 ( 7237 ) : 389 . 2009 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458Q. 389 ... doi : 10.1038 / 458389a . Jump up ^ Hert , J ; Jelinek , L ; Pekarek , L ; Pavlicek , A ( 2011 ) . `` No alignment of cattle along geomagnetic field lines found '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 197 ( 6 ) : 677 -- 682 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 011 - 0628 - 7 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Hsu , Jeremy ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Electromagnetic Interference Disrupts Bird Navigation , Hints at Quantum Action '' . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Campbell , Wallace H. ( 2003 ) . Introduction to geomagnetic fields ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52953 - 2 . Comins , Neil F. ( 2008 ) . Discovering the Essential Universe ( Fourth ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 1797 - 2 . Herndon , J.M. ( 1996 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Substructure of the inner core of the Earth '' . PNAS. 93 ( 2 ) : 646 -- 648 . Bibcode : 1996PNAS ... 93 ... 646H . PMC 40105 . PMID 11607625 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 93.2. 646 . Hollenbach , D.F. ; Herndon , J.M. ( 2001 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Deep - Earth reactor : Nuclear fission , helium , and the geomagnetic field '' . PNAS. 98 ( 20 ) : 11085 -- 90 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9811085H . PMC 58687 . PMID 11562483 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 201393998 . Love , Jeffrey J. ( 2008 ) . `` Magnetic monitoring of Earth and space '' ( PDF ) . Physics Today . 61 ( 2 ) : 31 -- 37 . Bibcode : 2008PhT ... 61b ... 31H . doi : 10.1063 / 1.2883907 . Luhmann , J.G. ; Johnson , R.E. ; Zhang , M.H.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O pickup ions '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 19 ( 21 ) : 2151 -- 2154 . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19.2151 L . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL02485 . Merrill , Ronald T. ( 2010 ) . Our Magnetic Earth : The Science of Geomagnetism . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 52050 - 1 . Merrill , Ronald T. ; McElhinny , Michael W. ; McFadden , Phillip L. ( 1996 ) . The magnetic field of the earth : paleomagnetism , the core , and the deep mantle . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 491246 - 5 . `` Temperature of the Earth 's core '' . NEWTON Ask a Scientist. 1999 . Tauxe , Lisa ( 1998 ) . Paleomagnetic Principles and Practice . Kluwer . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 5258 - 0 . Towle , J.N. ( 1984 ) . `` The Anomalous Geomagnetic Variation Field and Geoelectric Structure Associated with the Mesa Butte Fault System , Arizona '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 9 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 225 . Bibcode : 1984GSAB ... 95 ... 221T . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1984 ) 95 < 221 : TAGVFA > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Wait , James R. ( 1954 ) . `` On the relation between telluric currents and the earth 's magnetic field '' . Geophysics. 19 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 289 . Bibcode : 1954Geop ... 19 ... 281W . doi : 10.1190 / 1.1437994 . Walt , Martin ( 1994 ) . Introduction to Geomagnetically Trapped Radiation . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61611 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geomagnetism . Geomagnetism & Paleomagnetism background material . American Geophysical Union Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section . National Geomagnetism Program . United States Geological Survey , March 8 , 2011 . BGS Geomagnetism . Information on monitoring and modeling the geomagnetic field . British Geological Survey , August 2005 . William J. Broad , Will Compasses Point South ? . New York Times , July 13 , 2004 . John Roach , Why Does Earth 's Magnetic Field Flip ? . National Geographic , September 27 , 2004 . Magnetic Storm . PBS NOVA , 2003 . ( ed. about pole reversals ) When North Goes South . Projects in Scientific Computing , 1996 . The Great Magnet , the Earth , History of the discovery of Earth 's magnetic field by David P. Stern . Exploration of the Earth 's Magnetosphere , Educational web site by David P. Stern and Mauricio Peredo Dr. Dan Lathrop : The study of the Earth 's magnetic field . Interview with Dr. Dan Lathrop , Geophysicist at the University of Maryland , about his experiments with the Earth 's core and magnetic field . July 3 , 2008 International Geomagnetic Reference Field 2011 Global evolution / anomaly of the Earth 's magnetic field Sweeps are in 10 degree steps at 10 years intervals . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	earth's magnetism is due to which effect	[ "The Earth's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core, created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core. However the process is complex, and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades." ]	[ "convection currents due to heat escaping from the core" ]
-3310692675308732828	Privacy in Australian law	Privacy in Australian law - Wikipedia Privacy in Australian law Jump to : navigation , search Privacy in Australian law is not an absolute right and there is no clearly recognised tort of invasion of privacy or similar remedy available to people who feel their right to privacy has been violated . Privacy is , however , affected and protected in limited ways by the Australian common law and a range of Commonwealth , state and territorial laws , and administrative arrangements . The New Zealand Law Commission said of privacy in Australian law in 2009 : `` The current landscape in Australia includes federal and state information privacy legislation , some sector - specific privacy legislation at state level , regulation of the media and some criminal sanctions . Regarding civil causes of action for invasion of privacy , however , the current position in Australia is unclear . There have been some indications by the courts that a tort of invasion of privacy may exist in Australia . The Australian Law Reform Commission has recommended the enactment of a statutory cause of action for invasion of privacy . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 What is privacy ? 2 Privacy at common law 3 Postal confidentiality 4 Telecommunications privacy 5 Australian privacy laws 5.1 Commonwealth 5.2 New South Wales 5.3 Victoria 5.4 Queensland 5.5 South Australia 5.6 Western Australia 5.7 Tasmania 5.8 Northern Territory 5.9 Australian Capital Territory 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Government agencies administering privacy laws 8.2 Other Government websites and publications 8.3 World Legal Information Institute & Australasian Legal Information Institute What is privacy ? ( edit ) There is no statutory definition of privacy in Australia . The Australian Law Reform Commission ( ALRC ) was given a reference to review Australian privacy law in 2006 . During that review it considered the definition of privacy in 2007 in its Discussion paper 72 . The ALRC found there is no `` precise definition of universal application '' of privacy ; instead it conducted the inquiry considering the contextual use of the term `` privacy '' . In reaching that conclusion , the ALRC began by considering the concept of privacy : `` It has been suggested that privacy can be divided into a number of separate , but related , concepts : Information privacy , which involves the establishment of rules governing the collection and handling of personal data such as credit information , and medical and government records . It is also known as ' data protection ' ; Bodily privacy , which concerns the protection of people 's physical selves against invasive procedures such as genetic tests , drug testing and cavity searches ; Privacy of communications , which covers the security and privacy of mail , telephones , e-mail and other forms of communication ; and Territorial privacy , which concerns the setting of limits on intrusion into the domestic and other environments such as the workplace or public space . This includes searches , video surveillance and ID checks . Privacy at common law ( edit ) It is unclear if a tort of invasion of privacy exists under Australian law . The ALRC summarised the position in 2007 : `` In Australia , no jurisdiction has enshrined in legislation a cause of action for invasion of privacy ; however , the door to the development of such a cause of action at common law has been left open by the High Court in Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd ( Lenah Game Meats ) . To date , two lower courts have held that such a cause of action is part of the common law of Australia ... '' `` At common law , the major obstacle to the recognition in Australia of a right to privacy was , before 2001 , the 1937 High Court decision in Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co Ltd v Taylor ( Victoria Park ) . In a subsequent decision , the High Court in Lenah Game Meats indicated clearly that the decision in Victoria Park ' does not stand in the path of the development of ... a cause of action ( for invasion of privacy ) ' . The elements of such a cause of action -- and whether the cause of action is to be left to the common law tradition of incremental development or provided for in legislation -- remain open questions . '' However , in 2008 , the Court of Appeal of the Supreme Court of Victoria held `` damages should be available for breach of confidence occasioning distress , either as equitable compensation , or under Lord Cairns ' Act . '' This is a reference to the equitable doctrine of breach of confidence , which is different to a tort of invasion of privacy , although it has some applications to situations where one 's privacy has been invaded . See also : Grosse v Purvis ( 2003 ) QDC 151 District Court of Queensland ( 16 June 2003 ) Jane Doe v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 2007 ) VCC 281 County Court of Victoria ( 3 April 2007 ) In 2013 , Attorney - General of Australia Mark Dreyfus QC MP again referred the issue of privacy to the ALRC . Its terms of reference included a detailed legal design of a statutory cause of action for serious invasions of privacy , and to consider the appropriateness of any other legal remedies to redress for serious invasions of privacy . The final report , Serious Invasions of Privacy in the Digital Era ( ALRC Report 123 ) , was tabled in September 2014 . There has never been a formal response from the Australian government . Postal confidentiality ( edit ) Since at least the 19th century , it has been the practice to enclose mail in an envelope to prevent infringement of confidentiality . The unauthorised interception of mail of another is a criminal offence . Telecommunications privacy ( edit ) An Attorney - General discussion paper notes : `` The primary objective of the current legislation governing access to communications is to protect the privacy of users of telecommunications services in Australia by prohibiting covert access to communications except as authorised in the circumstances set out in the Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) Act 1979 . '' On 26 March 2015 both Houses of Parliament passed the Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) Amendment ( Data Retention ) Act 2015 , which received royal assent on 13 April 2015 . The Act implements recommendations of the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security ( PJCIS ) Report of the Inquiry into Potential Reforms of Australia 's National Security Legislation by amending the Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) Act 1979 to : require telecommunications service providers to retain for two years telecommunications data ( not content ) prescribed by regulations ; provide for a review by the PJCIS of the mandatory data retention scheme no more than three years after the end of its implementation phase ; limit the range of agencies that are able to access telecommunications data and stored communications ; provide for record - keeping and reporting the use of , and access to , telecommunications data ; and require the Commonwealth Ombudsman to inspect and oversight these records for compliance ; and Telecommunications Act 1997 to make consequential amendments . Despite being considered by some an absolute and whole violation of the right to privacy under the Privacy Act 1988 the topic , whilst debated , was never brought to light by mainstream media . The consideration was postured due to the nature of the ' metadata ' being retained under the Act and the concept that whilst not directly capturing the content of communications undertaken the bill gives considerable leeway in the kind of metadata being collected . Australian privacy laws ( edit ) Commonwealth ( edit ) Privacy Act 1988 Telecommunications Act 1997 National Health Act 1953 Data - matching Program ( Assistance and Tax ) Act 1990 Crimes Act 1914 Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 The Healthcare Identifiers Act 2010 Personally Controlled Electronic Health Records Act 2012 New South Wales ( edit ) Privacy and Personal Information Protection Act 1998 Health Records and Information Privacy Act 2002 Freedom of Information Act 1989 State Records Act 1998 Criminal Records Act 1991 Surveillance Devices Act 2007 Workplace Surveillance Act 2005 Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) ( New South Wales ) Act 1987 Access to Neighbouring Land Act 2000 Crimes ( Forensic Procedures ) Act 2000 Victoria ( edit ) Privacy and Data Protection Act 2014 Health Records Act 2001 The Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 Freedom of Information Act 1982 Public Records Act 1973 Surveillance Devices Act 1999 Telecommunications ( Interception ) ( State Provisions ) Act 1988 Queensland ( edit ) Information Privacy Act 2009 Right to Information Act 2009 Public Records Act 2002 Criminal Law ( Rehabilitation of Offenders ) Act 1986 Invasion of Privacy Act 1971 Whistleblowers Protection Act 1994 Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 Private Employment Agents ( Code of Conduct ) Regulation 2005 South Australia ( edit ) Freedom of Information Act 1991 State Records Act 1997 Listening and Surveillance Devices Act 1972 Telecommunications ( Interception ) Act 1988 Western Australia ( edit ) Freedom of Information Act 1992 Health Services ( Conciliation and Review ) Act 1995 State Records Act 2000 Spent Convictions Act 1988 Surveillance Devices Act 1998 Telecommunications ( Interception ) Western Australia Act 1996 Tasmania ( edit ) Personal Information Protection Act 2004 Right to Information Act 2009 Archives Act 1983 Annulled Convictions Act 2003 Listening Devices Act 1991 Telecommunications ( Interception ) Tasmania Act 1999 Northern Territory ( edit ) Information Act 2002 Criminal Records ( Spent Convictions ) Act 1992 Surveillance Devices Act 2007 Telecommunications ( Interception ) Northern Territory Act 2001 Australian Capital Territory ( edit ) Privacy Act 1988 ( Cth ) Australian Capital Territory Government Service ( Consequential Provisions ) Act 1994 ( Cth ) Health Records ( Privacy and Access ) Act 1997 Human Rights Act 2004 Freedom of Information Act 1989 Territory Records Act 2002 Spent Convictions Act 2000 Listening Devices Act 1992 See also ( edit ) Expectation of privacy Privacy law References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` privacy '' in Trischa Mann ( ed . ) , Australian Law Dictionary , ISBN 9780199691449 via Oxford Reference Online , Oxford University Press , accessed 29 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of privacy : Penalties and remedies : Review of the law of privacy : Stage 3 '' ( 2009 ) ( Issues paper 14 ) , New Zealand Law Commission , ISBN 978 - 1 - 877316 - 67 - 8 , 2009 NZIP 14 accessed 27 August 2011 ; see also Hosking v Runting ( 2004 ) NZCA 34 NZLII accessed 8 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Discussion Paper 72 ( 2007 ) , Review of Australian Privacy Law , Australian Law Reform Commission © Commonwealth of Australia , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9758213 - 9 - 8 DP 72 . Jump up ^ Seven Network ( Operations ) Limited v Media Entertainment and Arts Alliance ( 2004 ) FCA 637 Jump up ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation v. Lenah Game Meats Pty Ltd ( 2001 ) HCA 63 , 208 CLR 199 ; 185 ALR 1 ; 76 ALJR 1 ( 15 November 2001 ) ( Australia ) Jump up ^ Victoria Park Racing and Recreation Grounds Co. Ltd v. Taylor ( 1937 ) 58 C.L.R. 479 , ( 1937 ) HCA 45 , High Court ( Australia ) Jump up ^ `` Giller v Procopets ( 2008 ) VSCA 236 '' . Jump up ^ `` Telecommunications and Postal Services ( Transitional Provisions and Consequential Amendments ) Act 1989 ( Cth ) s 85P '' . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Attorney - General 's Department , Equipping Australia against emerging and evolving threats , Discussion Paper , July 2012 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) Amendment ( Data Retention ) Bill 2015 External links ( edit ) Government agencies administering privacy laws ( edit ) Australian Government : Office of the Australian Information Commissioner New South Wales : Office of the Privacy Commissioner Victoria : Privacy Victoria Office of the Health Services Commissioner Victorian Equal Opportunity & Human Rights Commission Queensland : Office of the Information Commissioner Health Quality and Complaints Commission South Australia : Privacy Committee of South Australia Department of Health Western Australia : Office of the Information Commissioner Ombudsman Western Australia Tasmania : Ombudsman Tasmania Office of egovernment Australian Capital Territory : Human Rights Commissioner Northern Territory : Office of the Northern Territory Information Commissioner Other government websites and publications ( edit ) Telecommunications ( Interception and Access ) Amendment ( Data Retention ) Bill 2015 Australian Parliamentary Library Civil and Human Rights : Privacy , Australian Parliamentary Library The Australian Law Reform Commission has had two references concerning privacy law in Australia : 2006 -- 2008 ALRC Report 108 For Your Information : Australian Privacy Law and Practice ( 12 August 2008 ) - final report into the extent to which the Privacy Act 1988 ( Cth ) and related laws continue to provide an effective framework for the protection of privacy in Australia ; ALRC DP 72 Review of Australian Privacy Law , Discussion Paper 72 ( 12 September 2007 ) - seeking community feedback on 301 proposals for reform of privacy law and related practices ; Overview of ALRC Issues Papers 31 & 32 , Review of Privacy , Reviewing Australia 's Privacy Laws , Is Privacy passé ? ... have your say ; ALRC Issues Paper 32 , Review of Privacy , Credit Reporting Provisions ( IP 32 ) ( 15 December 2006 ) ALRC Issues Paper 31 , Review of Privacy , ( IP 31 ) ( 9 October 2006 ) seeking stakeholder feedback on 142 questions . 1976 -- 1983 ALRC 22 ( 1983 ) - Final report from 1976 reference . NSW Law Reform Commission landing page for the 2006 privacy reference ( amended 2009 ) . World legal Information institute & australasian legal Information institute ( edit ) WorldLII - Australia - Privacy ( hide ) Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union Germany Ghana New Zealand Switzerland USA Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative NOYB -- European Center for Digital Rights Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privacy_in_Australian_law&oldid=808263013 '' Categories : Privacy law Australian law Privacy in Australia Australian case law Australian law support structures Australian criminal law Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2011 Use Australian English from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 21 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who regulates the privacy act in australia and new zealand	[ "There is no statutory definition of privacy in Australia.[1] The Australian Law Reform Commission (ALRC) was given a reference to review Australian privacy law in 2006. During that review it considered the definition of privacy in 2007 in its Discussion paper 72. The ALRC found there is no \"precise definition of universal application\" of privacy; instead it conducted the inquiry considering the contextual use of the term \"privacy\".[3]:para 1.37-1.45" ]	[ "Australian Law Reform Commission" ]
-2148731276909889261	Syngman Rhee	Syngman Rhee - Wikipedia Syngman Rhee This article is about former president of South Korea . For the Presbyterian minister , see Syngman Rhee ( clergy ) . The native form of this personal name is Rhee Syngman . This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals . This is a Korean name ; the family name is Rhee . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Korean . ( May 2017 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the Korean article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated ko 이승만 ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Syngman Rhee 이승만 1st President of South Korea In office July 24 , 1948 -- April 26 , 1960 Vice President Yi Si - yeong Kim Seong - su Ham Tae - young Chang Myon Yun Posun Preceded by Himself as the Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea Succeeded by Yun Posun Speaker of the National Assembly In office May 31 , 1948 -- July 24 , 1948 Preceded by Office created Succeeded by Shin Ik - hee Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea In office March 3 , 1947 -- August 15 , 1948 Deputy Kim Koo Preceded by Kim Koo Succeeded by Himself as the President of South Korea President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea In office September 11 , 1919 -- March 23 , 1925 Prime Minister Yi Donghwi Yi Dongnyeong Sin Gyu - sik No Baek - rin Park Eunsik Preceded by Office created Succeeded by Park Eunsik Personal details Rhee Syngman ( 1875 - 04 - 18 ) April 18 , 1875 Neungnae - dong , Daegyeong - ri , Masan - myeon , Pyeongsan County , Hwanghae Province , Korea ( now North Hwanghae , North Korea ) July 19 , 1965 ( 1965 - 07 - 19 ) ( aged 90 ) Honolulu , Hawaii , U.S. Resting place Seoul National Cemetery Nationality South Korean Political party Liberal Spouse ( s ) Seungseon Park ( 1890 -- 1910 ) Francesca Donner ( 1934 -- 1965 ) Children Rhee Bong - su or 이봉수 ( 1898 -- 1908 ) Rhee In - soo ( Yi In - su ) or 이인수 ( b . 1931 , adoptive ) Alma mater George Washington University ( B.A. ) Harvard University ( M.A. ) Princeton University ( Ph. D . ) Signature Korean name Hangul 이 승 만 / 리 승 만 Hanja 李承晩 Revised Romanization I Seung ( - ) man / Ri Seung ( - ) man McCune -- Reischauer I Sŭngman / Ri Sŭngman Syngman Rhee ( Korean : 이승만 , tr . I Seungman , pronounced ( i. sɯŋ. man ) ; April 18 , 1875 -- July 19 , 1965 ) was a South Korean politician , the first and the last Head of State of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea , and President of South Korea from 1948 to 1960 . His three - term presidency of South Korea ( August 1948 to April 1960 ) was strongly affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean Peninsula . He led South Korea through the Korean War . His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election . Rhee was regarded as an anti-Communist authoritarian leader and is thought to have ordered tens of thousands of extrajudicial killings of suspected communists during the early stages of the Korean War . He died in exile in Honolulu , Hawaii . Contents 1 Early life and career 1.1 Early life ( 1875 -- 95 ) 1.2 Independence activities ( 1896 -- 1904 ) 1.3 Political activities in the U.S. ( 1904 -- 10 , 1912 -- 45 ) , China and Korea ( 1910 -- 12 ) 2 Presidency 2.1 Return to Korea and rise to power ( 1945 -- 48 ) 2.2 Political repression 2.3 Korean War 2.4 Re-election 2.5 Resignation and exile 3 Personal life 4 Death 5 Memorials 5.1 In popular culture 6 Works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early Life and career ( edit ) Early Life ( 1875 -- 95 ) ( edit ) Syngman Rhee was born on April 18 , 1875 ; his birthday is also stated as March 26 ( the lunar date ) . Rhee was born in Hwanghae Province into a rural family of modest means as the third son out of three brothers and two sisters . His two older brothers both died in infancy . Rhee 's family traced its lineage back to King Taejong of Joseon . He is a 16th - generation descendant of Grand Prince Yangnyeong . In 1877 , at the age of two , Rhee and his family moved to Seoul . In Seoul , he had traditional Confucianism education in various seodang in Nakdong ( 낙동 ; 駱洞 ) and Dodong ( 도동 ; 桃洞 ) . He was portrayed as a potential candidate for gwageo , the Korean civil service examination . When Rhee was nine years old , he was rendered virtually blind through smallpox and was cured by Horace Newton Allen , an American medical missionary . In 1894 , when reforms abolished the gwageo system , Rhee enrolled in the Pai Chai School ( 배재학 당 ; 培材學堂 ) , an American Methodist school , in April . He studied English and sinhakmun ( 신학문 ; 新學問 ; lit . new subjects ) . Near the end of 1895 , he joined a Hyeopseong Club ( 협성회 ; 協成會 ) created by Seo Jae - pil , who returned from the United States . He worked as the head and the main writer of the newspapers Hyeopseong - hoe Hoebo ( 협성회 회보 ; 協成會會報 ; lit . Hyeopseong Club Newsletter ) and Maeil Shinmun ( 매일 신문 ; 每日新聞 ; lit . The Daily Newspaper ) , the latter being the first daily newspaper in Korea . During this period , he earned money by teaching Americans Korean . He converted to Christianity in school . In 1895 , he graduated from Pai Chai School . Independence activities ( 1896 -- 1904 ) ( edit ) Rhee was implicated in a plot to take revenge for the assassination of Empress Myeongseong ; however , a female American physician helped him avoid the charges . At this point , he converted to Christianity . Rhee acted as one of the forerunners of Korea 's grassroots movement through organizations such as the Hyeopseong Club and the Independence Club ( 독립 협회 ; 獨立協會 ) . He organized several protests against corruption and the influences of the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire . As a result , in November 1898 , he attained the rank of Uigwan ( 의관 ; 議官 ) in the Imperial Legislature , the Jungchuwon ( 중추원 ; 中樞院 ) . After entering civil service , he was implicated in a plot to remove King Gojong from power through the recruitment of Park Yeong - hyo . As a result , he was imprisoned in the Gyeongmucheong Prison ( 경무청 ; 警務廳 ) in January 1899 . Other sources place the year arrested as 1897 and 1898 . Rhee attempted to escape on the 20th day of imprisonment but was caught and was sentenced to life imprisonment through the Pyeongniwon ( 평리원 ; 平理院 ) . He was imprisoned in the Hanseong Prison ( 한성 감옥서 ; 漢城監獄署 ) . In prison , Rhee translated and compiled The Sino -- Japanese War Record ( 청일 전기 ; 淸日戰紀 ) , wrote The Spirit of Independence ( 독립 정신 ; 獨立精神 ) , compiled the New English -- Korean Dictionary ( 신영한 사전 ; 新英韓辭典 ) and wrote in the Imperial Newspaper ( 제국 신문 ; 帝國新聞 ) . He was also tortured . Political activities in the U.S. ( 1904 -- 10 , 1912 -- 45 ) , China and Korea ( 1910 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Syngman Rhee in 1905 dressed to meet Theodore Roosevelt . In 1904 , Rhee was released from prison at the outbreak of the Russo - Japanese War with the help of Min Young - hwan . In November 1904 , with the help of Min Yeong - hwan and Han Gyu - seol ( 한규설 ; 韓圭卨 ) , Rhee moved to the United States . In August 1905 , Rhee and Yun Byeong - gu ( 윤병구 ; 尹炳求 ) met with the Secretary of State John Hay and U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt at peace talks in Portsmouth , New Hampshire and attempted unsuccessfully to convince the US to help preserve independence for Korea . Rhee continued to stay in the United States ; this move has been described as an `` exile . '' He obtained a Bachelor of Arts from George Washington University in 1907 , and a Master of Arts from Harvard University in 1908 . In 1910 , he obtained a Ph. D. from Princeton University with the thesis `` Neutrality as influenced by the United States '' ( 미국 의 영향 하에 발달 된 국제 법상 중립 ) . In August 1910 , he returned to Japanese occupied Korea . He served as a YMCA coordinator and missionary . In 1912 , he was implicated in the 105 - Man Incident , and was shortly arrested . However , he fled to the United States in 1912 with M.C. Harris 's rationale that Rhee was going to participate in the general meeting of Methodists in Minneapolis as the Korean representative . In the United States , Rhee attempted to convince Woodrow Wilson to help the people involved in the 105 - Man Incident , but failed to bring any change . Soon afterwards , he met Park Yong - man , who was in Nebraska at the time . In February 1913 , as a consequence of the meeting , he moved to Honolulu and took over the Han - in Jung - ang Academy ( 한인 중앙 학원 ; 韓人中央學園 ) . In Hawaii , he began to publish the Pacific Ocean Magazine ( 태평양 잡지 ; 太平洋雜誌 ) . In 1918 , he established the Han - in Christian Church ( 한인 기독교 회 ; 韓人基督敎會 ) . During this period , he opposed Park Yong - man 's stance on foreign relations of Korea and brought about a split in the community . In December 1918 , he was chosen as one of the Korean representatives to the Paris Peace Conference , 1919 by the Korean National Association ( 대한 인 국민회 ; 大韓人國民會 ) , but failed to obtain permission to travel to Paris . After giving up traveling to Paris , Rhee held the First Korean Congress ( 한인 대표자 대회 ) in Philadelphia with Seo Jae - pil to make plans for the declaration and action of independence of Korea . Syngman Rhee and Kim Kyu - sik in 1919 . Following the March 1st Movement in 1919 , Rhee discovered that he was appointed to the positions of Foreign Minister in the Noryeong Provisional Government ( 노령 임시 정부 ; 露領臨時政府 ) , Prime Minister for the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai , and a position equivalent to President for the Hansung Provisional Government ( 한성 임시 정부 ; 漢城臨時政府 ) . In June , in the acting capacity of the President of the Republic of Korea , he notified the prime ministers and the chairmen of peace conferences of Korea 's independence . On August 25 , Rhee established the Korean Commission to America and Europe ( 구미 위원 부 ; 歐美委員部 ) in Washington , D.C. On September 6 , Rhee discovered that he had been appointed acting president for the Provisional Government in Shanghai . From December 1920 to May 1921 , he moved to Shanghai and was the acting president for the Provisional Government . However , Rhee failed to efficiently act in the capacity of Acting President due to conflicts inside the provisional government in Shanghai . In October 1920 , he returned to the US to participate in the Washington Naval Conference . During the conference , he attempted to set the problem of Korean independence as part of the agenda and campaigned for independence , but was unsuccessful . In September 1922 , he returned to Hawaii to focus on publication , education , and religion . In November 1924 , Rhee was appointed the position of President - for - Life in the Korean Comrade Society ( 대한 인 동지회 ; 大韓人同志會 ) . In March 1925 , Rhee was impeached as the president of the Provisional Government in Shanghai over allegations of misuse of power and was removed from office . Nevertheless , he continued to claim the position of President by referring to the Hansung Provisional Government and continued independence activities through the Korean Commission to America and Europe . In the beginning of 1933 , he participated in the League of Nations conference in Geneva to bring up the question of Korean independence . In November 1939 , Rhee and his wife left Hawaii for Washington . He focused on writing the book Japan Inside Out and published it during the summer of 1941 . With the attack on Pearl Harbor and the consequent Pacific War which began in December 1941 , Rhee used his position as the chairman of the foreign relations department of the provisional government in Chongqing to convince President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the United States Department of State to approve the existence of the Korean provisional government . As part of this plan , he cooperated with anti-Japan strategies conducted by the Office of Strategic Services . In 1945 , he participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization as the leader of the Korean representatives to request the participation of the Korean provisional government . Presidency ( edit ) Syngman Rhee and Douglas MacArthur at the Ceremony inaugurating the government of the Republic of Korea . Ceremony inaugurating the government of the Republic of Korea ( August 15 , 1948 ) . Return to Korea and rise to power ( 1945 -- 48 ) ( edit ) Main article : First Republic of South Korea After the surrender of Japan on September 2 , 1945 , Rhee was flown to Tokyo aboard a U.S. military aircraft . Over the objections of the State Department , the American military government allowed Rhee to return to Korea by providing him with a passport in October 1945 , despite the refusal of the State Department to issue Rhee with a passport . The British historian Max Hastings wrote that there was `` at least a measure of corruption in the transaction '' as the American OSS agent Preston Goodfellow who provided Rhee with the passport that allowed him to return to Korea was apparently promised by Rhee that if he came to power , he would reward Goodfellow with commercial concessions . '' Following the independence of Korea and a secret meeting with Douglas MacArthur , Rhee was flown in mid-October 1945 to Seoul aboard MacArthur 's personal airplane , The Bataan . After the return to Korea , he assumed the posts of president of the Independence Promotion Central Committee ( 독립 촉성 중앙 위원회 ; 獨立促成中央協議會 ) , chairman of the Korean People 's Representative Democratic Legislature ( 대한 국민 대표 민주 의원 ; 大韓國民代表民主議院 ) , and president of the Headquarters for Unification ( 민족 통일 총본부 ; 民族統一總本部 ) . At this point , he was strongly anti-communist and opposed foreign intervention ; he opposed Soviet Union and United States ' proposal in the Moscow Conference ( 1945 ) to establish a trusteeship for Korea and the cooperation between the left - wing ( communist ) and the right - wing ( nationalist ) parties . He also refused to join the U.S. -- Soviet Cooperation Committee ( 미소 공동 위원회 ; 美蘇共同委員會 ) as well as the negotiations with the north . The Korean nationalist movement had for decades been torn by factionalism and in - fighting , and most of the leaders of the independence movement hated each other as much as they hated the Japanese . Rhee , who had lived for decades in the United States , was a figure known only from afar in Korea , and therefore regarded as a more or less acceptable compromise candidate for the conservative factions . More importantly , Rhee spoke fluent English whereas none of his rivals did , and therefore he was the Korean politician most trusted and favored by the American occupation government . The British diplomat Roger Makins later recalled , `` the American propensity to go for a man rather than a movement -- Giraud among the French in 1942 , Chiang Kai - shek in China . Americans have always liked the idea of dealing with a foreign leader who can be identified as ' their man ' . They are much less comfortable with movements . '' Makins further added the same was the case with Rhee , as very few Americans were fluent in Korean in the 1940s or knew much about Korea , and it was simply far easier for the American occupation government to deal with Rhee than to try to understand Korea . Rhee was `` acerbic , prickly , unpromising '' and was regarded by the U.S. State Department , which long had dealings with him as `` a dangerous mischief - maker '' , but the American General John R. Hodge decided that Rhee was the best man for the Americans to back because of his fluent English and his ability to talk with authority to American officers about American subjects . Once it become clear from October 1945 onward that Rhee was the Korean politician most favored by the Americans , other conservative leaders fell in behind him . Hastings wrote , `` In an Asian society , where politics are often dominated by an instinctive desire to fall in behind the strongest force , Rhee 's backing from the military government was the decisive factor in his rise to power . '' When the first U.S. -- Soviet Cooperation Committee meeting was concluded without a result , he began to argue in June 1946 that the government of Korea must be established as an independent entity . In the same month , he created a plan based on this idea and moved to Washington , D.C. from December 1946 to April 1947 to lobby support for the plan . During the visit , Harry S. Truman 's policies of Containment and the Truman Doctrine , which was announced in March 1947 , enforced Rhee 's anti-communist ideas . In November 1947 , the United Nations General Assembly recognized Korea 's independence and established the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea ( UNTCOK ) through Resolution 112 . In May 1948 , the South Korean Constitutional Assembly election was held under the oversight of the UNTCOK . He was elected without competition to serve in the South Korean Constitutional Assembly ( 대한민국 제헌 국회 ; 大韓民國制憲國會 ) and was consequently selected to be Speaker of the Assembly . Rhee was highly influential in creating the policy stating that the president of South Korea had to be elected by the National Assembly . The 1948 Constitution of the Republic of Korea was adopted on July 17 , 1948 . On July 20 , 1948 , Rhee was elected president of the Republic of Korea in the South Korean presidential election , 1948 with 92.3 % of the vote ; the second candidate , Kim Gu , received 6.7 % of the vote . On August 15 , the Republic of Korea was formally established in South Korea and Rhee was inaugurated as the first President of the Republic of Korea . The next month , on September 9 , the north also proclaimed statehood as the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea . Rhee himself had been an independence activist , and his relations with the chinilpa Korean elites who had collaborated with the Japanese were , in the words of the South Korean historian Kyung Moon Hwang , often `` contentious , '' but in the end an understanding was reached in which , in exchange for their support , Rhee would not purge the elites . In particular , the Koreans who had served in the colonial - era National Police , whom the Americans had retained after August 1945 , were promised by Rhee that their jobs would not be threatened by him . Upon independence in 1948 , 53 % of South Korean police officers were men who had served in the National Police during the Japanese occupation . Political repression ( edit ) Soon after taking office , Rhee enacted laws that severely curtailed political dissent . There was much controversy between Rhee and his leftist opponents . Allegedly , many of the leftist opponents were arrested and in some cases killed . The most controversial issue has been Kim Gu 's assassination . On 26 June 1949 , Kim Gu was assassinated by Ahn Doo - hee , who confessed that he assassinated Kim Gu by the order of Kim Chang - ryong . The assassin was described by the British historian Max Hastings as one of Rhee 's `` creatures '' . It soon became apparent that Rhee 's governing was going to be authoritarian . He allowed the internal security force ( headed by his right - hand man , Kim Chang - ryong ) to detain and torture suspected communists and North Korean agents . His government also oversaw several massacres , including the suppression of the Jeju Uprising on Jeju island , of which South Korea 's Truth Commission reported 14,373 victims , 86 % at the hands of the security forces and 13.9 % at the hands of communist rebels , and the Mungyeong massacre . By early 1950 Rhee had about 30,000 alleged communists in his jails , and had about 300,000 suspected sympathisers enrolled in an official `` re-education '' movement called the Bodo League . When the Communist army attacked from the North in June , retreating South Korean forces executed the prisoners , along with several tens of thousands of Bodo League members . Korean War ( edit ) Main article : Korean War Syngman Rhee awarding a medal to U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Ralph A. Ofstie during the Korean War in 1952 . Both Rhee and Kim Il - sung wanted to unite the Korean peninsula under their respective governments , but the United States refused to give South Korea any heavy weapons , in order to ensure that its military could only be used for preserving internal order and self - defense . By contrast , Pyongyang was well equipped with Soviet aircraft and tanks . According to John Merrill , `` the war was preceded by a major insurgency in the South and serious clashes along the thirty - eighth parallel , '' and 100,000 people died in `` political disturbances , guerrilla warfare , and border clashes '' . At the outbreak of hostilities on June 25 , 1950 , all South Korean resistance at the 38th parallel was overwhelmed by the North Korean offensive within a few hours . By June 26 , it was apparent that the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) would occupy Seoul . Rhee stated , `` Every Cabinet member , including myself , will protect the government , and parliament has decided to remain in Seoul . Citizens should not worry and remain in their workplaces . '' However , Rhee had already left the city with most of his government on June 27 . At midnight on June 28 , the South Korean military destroyed the Han Bridge , thereby preventing thousands of citizens from fleeing . On June 28 , North Korean soldiers occupied Seoul . Rhee and his wife posing with Army Corps of Engineers personnel in 1950 at the Han River Bridge . During the North Korean occupation of Seoul , Rhee established a temporary government in Busan and created a defensive perimeter along the Naktong Bulge . A series of battles ensued , which would later be known collectively as the Battle of Naktong Bulge . After the Battle of Inchon in September 1950 , the North Korean military was routed , and the United Nations ( UN ) -- of whom the largest contingents were the Americans and South Koreans -- not only liberated all of South Korea , but overran much of North Korea . In the areas of North Korea taken by the UN forces , elections were supposed to be administered by the United Nations , but instead were taken over and administered by the South Koreans . After the Chinese entered the war in November 1950 , the UN forces were thrown into retreat . During this period of crisis , Rhee ordered the December Massacres of 1950 . Hastings notes that , during the war , Rhee 's official salary was equal to $37.50 ( U.S. dollars ) per month . Both at the time and since , there has been much speculation about precisely how Rhee managed to live on a salary equivalent to $37.50 per month . The entire Rhee regime was notorious for its corruption , with everyone in the government from the President downwards stealing as much they possibly could from both the public purse and aid from the United States . The Rhee regime engaged in the `` worst excesses of corruption , '' with the soldiers in the Army of the Republic of Korea ( ROK ) going unpaid for months as their officers embezzled their pay , equipment provided by the United States being sold on the black market , and the size of the ROK army being bloated by hundreds of thousands of `` ghost soldiers '' who only existed on paper , allowing their officers to steal pay that would have been due had these soldiers actually existed . The problems with low morale experienced by the ROK army were largely due to the corruption of the Rhee regime . The worst scandal during the war -- indeed of the entire Rhee government -- was the National Defense Corps Incident . Rhee created the National Defense Corps in December 1950 , intended to be a paramilitary militia , comprising men not in the military or police who be drafted into the corps for internal security duties . In the months that followed , thousands of National Defense Corps men either starved or froze to death in their unheated barracks , as the men lacked winter uniforms . Even Rhee could not ignore the deaths of so many of the National Defense Corps and ordered an investigation . It was revealed that commander of the National Defense Corps , General Kim Yun Gun , had stolen millions of American dollars that were intended to heat the barracks and feed and clothe the men . General Kim and five other officers were publicly shot at Daegu on August 12 , 1951 , following their convictions for corruption . In the spring of 1951 , Rhee -- who was upset about MacArthur 's dismissal by President Truman -- lashed out in a press interview against Britain , whom he blamed for MacArthur 's sacking . Rhee was absolutely committed to reunifying Korea under his leadership and strongly supported MacArthur 's call for going all - out against China , even at the risk of provoking a nuclear war with the Soviet Union . Rhee declared , `` The British troops have outlived their welcome in my country . '' Shortly thereafter , Rhee told an Australian diplomat about the Australian troops fighting for his country , `` They are not wanted here any longer . Tell that to your government . The Australian , Canadian , New Zealand and British troops all represent a government which is now sabotaging the brave American effort to liberate fully and unify my unhappy nation . '' Rhee was strongly against the armistice negotiations the U.S. entered into in 1953 . Accordingly , in April of the same year , he demanded of President Eisenhower a total withdrawal of his troops from the peninsula if an armistice were to be signed , declaring that the ROK would rather fight on its own than negotiate a cease - fire . He also deliberately carried out some actions that would deter the armistice and reignite conflicts in the region , the most provocative one being his unilateral release of 25,000 prisoners of war in June 1953 . Such actions , which hindered the progress of armistice talks , upset China and the North . Moreover , for such unpredictability in his authoritarian leadership , the Truman and Eisenhower administrations considered him one of the `` rogue allies '' in East Asia and engaged in `` powerplay '' , or the construction of asymmetric alliances , which helped the U.S. maximize economic and political influence over the ROK and increase ROK 's dependency on the United States . On July 27 , 1953 , at last , `` one of the 20th century 's most vicious and frustrating wars '' came to an end with no apparent victor . Ultimately , the armistice agreement was signed by military commanders from China and the North , with the United Nations Command , led by the U.S. , signing `` on the behalf of the international community . '' Its signatories did not include the ROK , however , as Rhee refused to agree to the armistice , and neither was it supposed to be a permanent cease - fire , as a peace treaty was never signed . Nevertheless , to this very day , the armistice remains the only means for security and peace on the Korean peninsula . Re-election ( edit ) Because of widespread discontent with Rhee 's corruption and political repression , it was considered unlikely that Rhee would be re-elected by the National Assembly . To circumvent this , Rhee attempted to amend the constitution to allow him to hold elections for the presidency by direct popular vote . When the Assembly rejected this amendment , Rhee ordered a mass arrest of opposition politicians and then passed the desired amendment in July 1952 . During the following presidential election , he received 74 % of the vote . Resignation and exile ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After the war ended in July 1953 , South Korea struggled to rebuild following nationwide devastation . The country remained at a Third - World level of development and was heavily reliant on U.S. aid . Rhee was easily re-elected for what should have been the final time in 1956 since the 1948 constitution limited the president to two consecutive terms . However , soon after being sworn in , he had the legislature amend the constitution to allow the incumbent president -- himself -- to run for an unlimited number of terms . In 1960 , the 84 - year - old Rhee won his fourth term in office as President with 90 % of the vote . His victory was assured after the main opposition candidate , Cho Byeong - ok , died shortly before the March 15 elections . Rhee wanted his protégé , Lee Ki - poong , elected as Vice President -- a separate office under Korean law at that time . When Lee , who was running against Chang Myon ( the ambassador to the United States during the Korean War , a member from the opposition Democratic Party ) won the vote with a wide margin , the opposition Democratic Party claimed the election was rigged . This triggered anger among segments of the Korean populace on April 19 . When police shot demonstrators in Masan , the student - led April Revolution forced Rhee to resign on April 26 . On April 28 , a DC - 4 belonging to the United States Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , piloted by Captain Harry B. Cockrell , Jr. and operated by Civil Air Transport , covertly flew Rhee out of South Korea as protesters converged on the Blue House . During the journey , Rhee and Franziska Donner , his Austrian wife , came up to the cockpit to thank the pilot and crew . Rhee 's wife offered the pilot a substantial diamond ring in thanks , which was courteously declined . The former president , his wife , and their adopted son subsequently lived in exile in Honolulu , Hawaii . Personal Life ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) In February 1933 , Rhee met Austrian Franziska Donner in Geneva . At the time , Rhee was participating in a League of Nations meeting and Donner was working as an interpreter . In October 1934 , they were married in New York City . She also acted as his secretary . Death ( edit ) Rhee on a 1959 issued 100 hwan coin . Rhee died of a stroke on July 19 , 1965 . A week later , his body was returned to Seoul and buried in the Seoul National Cemetery . Memorials ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rhee 's former Seoul residence , Ihwajang , is currently used for the presidential memorial museum . The Woo - Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honor his legacy . There is also a memorial museum located in Hwajinpo near Kim Il Sung 's cottage . In popular culture ( edit ) Rhee was portrayed by Kwon Sung - deok in the 2006 KBS1 TV series Seoul 1945 . In the M * A * S * H ( TV series ) episode titled `` Mail Call Again '' , Radar mentions a parade in Seoul due to Syngman Rhee being `` elected dictator again . '' Works ( edit ) Neutrality as influenced by the United States See also ( edit ) Korea portal Biography portal Politics portal List of Korea - related topics President of South Korea Francesca Donner Inha University Korean independence movement Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1910 , the Korean Peninsula was officially annexed by the Empire of Japan . Jump up ^ He did participate in the meeting as the Korean representative . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KOREA : The Walnut '' . TIME . March 9 , 1953 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . In 1932 , while attempting to put Korea 's case before an indifferent League of Nations in Geneva , Rhee met Francesca Maria Barbara Donner , 34 , the daughter of a family of Viennese iron merchants . Two years later they were married in a Methodist ceremony in New York . ^ Jump up to : 이승만 ( 李承晩 ) ( Rhee Syngman ) . Doopedia ( in Korean ) . Doosan Corporation . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syngman Rhee '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syngman Rhee : First president of South Korea '' . CNN Student News . CNN . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Syngman Rhee '' . The Cold War Files . Cold War International History Project . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cha , Marn J. ( September 19 , 2012 ) ( 1996 ) , `` SYNGMAN RHEE 'S FIRST LOVE '' ( PDF ) , The Information Exchange for Korean - American Scholars ( IEKAS ) ( 12 - 19 ) : 2 , ISSN 1092 - 6232 , retrieved March 14 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : 이승만 ( Rhee Syngman ) . Encyclopedia of Korean culture ( in Korean ) . Academy of Korean Studies . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Breen , Michael ( April 18 , 2010 ) . `` Fall of Korea 's First President Syngman Rhee in 1960 '' . The Korea Times . KoreaTimes.co.kr . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu Yeong - ik ( 유영익 ) ( 1996 ) . 이승만 의 삶 과 꿈 ( Rhee Syngman 's Life and Dream ) ( in Korean ) . Seoul : Joong Ang Ilbo Press . pp. 40 -- 44 . ISBN 89 - 461 - 0345 - 0 . Jump up ^ Coppa , Frank J. , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Rhee , Syngman '' . Encyclopedia of modern dictators : from Napoleon to the present . Peter Lang . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 5010 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John E. ( 1998 ) . `` Rhee , Syngman '' . An encyclopedic dictionary of conflict and conflict resolution , 1945 -- 1996 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 626 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28112 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Breen , Michael ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` ( 13 ) Syngman Rhee : president who could have done more '' . The Korea Times . KoreaTimes.co.kr . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan surrenders '' . History . A + E Networks . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings , Bruce ( 2010 ) . `` 38 degrees of separation : a forgotten occupation '' . The Korean War : a History . Modern Library . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7896 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . Simon and Schuster . pp. 32 -- 34 . ISBN 9780671668341 . Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 112 . Wikisource . Jump up ^ `` Details / Information for Canadian Forces ( CF ) Operation United Nations Commission on Korea '' . Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Korea ( 1948 - present ) '' . Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management Project . University of Central Arkansas . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Croissant , Aurel ( 2002 ) , `` Electoral Politics in South Korea '' ( PDF ) , Electoral politics in Southeast & East Asia , 370 , VI , Singapore : Friedrich - Ebert - Stiftung , pp. 234 -- 237 , ISBN 978 - 981 - 04 - 6020 - 4 , retrieved April 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kyung Moon Hwang A History of Korea Palgrave Macmillan , 2010 page 204 . Jump up ^ Hastings ( 1988 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hastings ( 1988 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ Tirman , John ( 2011 ) . The Deaths of Others : The Fate of Civilians in America 's Wars . Oxford University Press . pp. 93 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538121 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The National Committee for Investigation of the Truth about the Jeju April 3 Incident '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea owns up to brutal past - World - smh.com.au '' . www.smh.com.au . Jump up ^ Merrill , John , Korea : The Peninsular Origins of the War ( University of Delaware Press , 1989 ) , p181 . Jump up ^ `` Ten biggest lies in modern Korean history '' . The Korea Times . April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hastings ( 1988 ) , p. 235 - 240 ^ Jump up to : Hastings ( 1988 ) , p. 235 Jump up ^ Cha ( 2010 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Cha , Victor D ( Winter 2010 ) . `` Powerplay : Origins of the U.S. Alliance System in Asia '' . International Security . MIT Press Journals. 34 ( 3 ) : 158 -- 196 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2010.34. 3.158 . Jump up ^ James E. Dillard . `` Biographies : Syngman Rhee '' . The Department of Defense 60th Anniversary of Korean War Commemoration Committee . Retrieved on September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Korean War armistice '' . BBC News . March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved on September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2007 ) . The making of modern Korea . Taylor & Francis . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41482 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Farivar ( 2011 ) , The Internet of Elsewhere : The Emergent Effects of a Wired World , Rutgers University Press , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : 프란체스카 ( Francesca ) . Encyclopedia of Korean culture ( in Korean ) . Academy of Korean studies . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Syngman Rhee '' . South Korean President . Find a Grave . February 20 , 2004 . Retrieved Aug 19 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Appleman , Roy E. ( 1998 ) , South to the Naktong , North to the Yalu : United States Army in the Korean War , Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army , ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 001918 - 0 Lew , Yong Ick . The Making of the First Korean President : Syngman Rhee 's Quest for Independence ( University of Hawai'i Press ; 2013 ) ; scholarly biography ; 576 pages ; Shin , Jong Dae , Christian F. Ostermann , and James F. Person ( 2013 ) , North Korean Perspectives on the Overthrow of Syngman Rhee , Washington , D.C. : North Korea International Documentation Project External links ( edit ) Media related to Syngman Rhee at Wikimedia Commons Syngman Rhee 's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive Political offices First Establishment of the Republic President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 11 September 1919 -- 21 March 1925 Succeeded by Park Eunsik Preceded by Kim Kyu - sik Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly 1948 Succeeded by Himself as Speaker of the Constituent Assembly Preceded by Himself as Chairmen of the Interim Legislative Assembly Speaker of the National Constituent Assembly 1948 Succeeded by Shin Ik - hee Preceded by Kim Gu President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1947 -- 1948 Succeeded by Syngman Rhee ( President of South Korea ) Preceded by Syngman Rhee as President of the Provisional Government 1 ~ 3rd President of South Korea July 24 , 1948 -- April 26 , 1960 Succeeded by Heo Jeong ( Acting ) Leaders of Korea Italics indicate an acting leader Korean government - in - exile ( 1919 -- 1948 ) Syngman Rhee Yi Dong - nyeong Park Eun - sik Park Eun - sik Yi Yu - pil Yi Sang - ryong Yang Gi - tak Yi Dong - nyeong Ahn Changho Yi Dong - nyeong Hong Jin Kim Koo Yi Dong - nyeong Song Byeong - jo Yi Dong - nyeong Kim Koo Syngman Rhee Divided Korea ( since 1945 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Supreme Leaders Kim Il - sung Kim Jong - il Kim Jong - un Heads of state Kim Tu - bong Choe Yong - gon Kim Il - sung Yang Hyong - sop Kim Yong - nam Heads of government Kim Il - sung Kim Il Pak Song - chol Ri Jong - ok Kang Song - san Ri Kun - mo Yon Hyong - muk Kang Song - san Hong Song - nam Hong Song - nam Pak Pong - ju Kim Yong - il Choe Yong - rim Pak Pong - ju Republic of Korea Heads of state and government Syngman Rhee Heo Jeong Kwak Sang - hoon Baek Nak - jun Yun Posun Park Chung - hee Park Chung - hee Choi Kyu - hah Choi Kyu - hah Pak Choong - hoon Chun Doo - hwan Roh Tae - woo Kim Young - sam Kim Dae - jung Roh Moo - hyun Goh Kun Roh Moo - hyun Lee Myung - bak Park Geun - hye Hwang Kyo - ahn Moon Jae - in Presidents of South Korea ( List ) First Republic ( 1948 -- 1960 ) Syngman Rhee Heo Jeong Second Republic ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Gwak Sang - hun Heo Jeong Paek Nak - jun Yun Posun Military Junta ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Park Chung - hee Third Republic ( 1963 -- 1972 ) Park Chung - hee Fourth Republic ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Park Chung - hee Choi Kyu - hah Chun Doo - hwan Fifth Republic ( 1981 -- 1987 ) Chun Doo - hwan Sixth Republic ( 1981 -- Present ) Roh Tae - woo Kim Young - sam Kim Dae - jung Roh Moo - hyun † Goh Kun Lee Myung - bak Park Geun - hye ‡ Hwang Kyo - ahn Moon Jae - in Notes Italics indicate an acting president † Impeached , but restored to office ‡ Impeached and removed from office Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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About Wikipedia	who was the first president of south korea	[ "Syngman Rhee\n이승만\n\n1st President of South Korea\nIn officeJuly 24, 1948 – April 26, 1960Vice President\nYi Si-yeongKim Seong-suHam Tae-youngChang MyonYun PosunPreceded by\nHimself as the Chairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of KoreaSucceeded by\nYun PosunSpeaker of the National Assembly\nIn officeMay 31, 1948 – July 24, 1948Preceded by\nOffice createdSucceeded by\nShin Ik-heeChairman of the State Council of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\nIn officeMarch 3, 1947 – August 15, 1948Deputy\nKim KooPreceded by\nKim KooSucceeded by\nHimself as the President of South KoreaPresident of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea\nIn officeSeptember 11, 1919 – March 23, 1925Prime Minister\nYi DonghwiYi DongnyeongSin Gyu-sikNo Baek-rinPark EunsikPreceded by\nOffice createdSucceeded by\nPark Eunsik\nPersonal detailsBorn\nRhee Syngman(1875-04-18)April 18, 1875Neungnae-dong, Daegyeong-ri, Masan-myeon, Pyeongsan County, Hwanghae Province, Korea(now North Hwanghae, North Korea)Died\nJuly 19, 1965(1965-07-19) (aged 90)Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.Resting place\nSeoul National CemeteryNationality\nSouth KoreanPolitical party\nLiberalSpouse(s)\nSeungseon Park (1890–1910)Francesca Donner (1934–1965)[1]Children\nRhee Bong-su or 이봉수(1898–1908) Rhee In-soo (Yi In-su) or 이인수 (b. 1931, adoptive)Alma mater\nGeorge Washington University (B.A.)Harvard University (M.A.)Princeton University (Ph.D.)Signature\n\nKorean nameHangul\n이승만/리승만Hanja\n李承晩Revised Romanization\nI Seung(-)man / Ri Seung(-)manMcCune–Reischauer\nI Sŭngman / Ri Sŭngman\n" ]	[ "Syngman Rhee" ]
-5149968286684814844	United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq war	United States support for Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq War - wikipedia United States support for Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq War Jump to : navigation , search `` Iraqgate '' redirects here . For other uses , see Iraqgate ( disambiguation ) . United States support for Ba'athist Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq War , against post-revolutionary Iran , included several billion dollars ' worth of economic aid , the sale of dual - use technology , non-U.S. origin weaponry , military intelligence , and special operations training . At no point , however , did the U.S. directly supply arms to Iraq . Of particular interest for contemporary Iran -- United States relations are the repeated accusations that the U.S. government actively encouraged Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to invade Iran ( proponents of this theory frequently describe the U.S. as having given Saddam a `` green light '' ) , supported by a considerable amount of circumstantial evidence , but the U.S. government officially denies that any such collusion occurred , and no conclusive proof of it has been found by scholars that have studied the issue . U.S. government support for Iraq was not a secret and was frequently discussed in open session of the US Senate and House of Representatives . On June 9 , 1992 , Ted Koppel reported on ABC 's Nightline that the `` Reagan / Bush administrations permitted -- and frequently encouraged -- the flow of money , agricultural credits , dual - use technology , chemicals , and weapons to Iraq . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 U.S. reaction to the conflict 2 Support 2.1 Bear Spares 2.2 Dual - use exports 2.3 Diplomatic support 3 Parties involved 3.1 Sarkis Soghanalian 3.2 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 3.3 Index of American companies 4 Energy development and security 4.1 Aqaba pipeline project 4.2 Tanker War and U.S. military involvement 4.2. 1 The USS Stark incident 4.3 Longer term interests 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links U.S. reaction to the conflict ( edit ) The Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi meeting with President Jimmy Carter and Zbigniew Brzezinski , 1977 . Following the Iranian Revolution , the Carter administration continued to see Iran as a bulwark against Iraq and the Soviet Union , and therefore attempted to forge a strategic partnership with the new Interim Government of Iran under Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan . `` Acting head of the U.S. embassy in Tehran '' Bruce Laingen realized that Iranian officials were acutely interested in U.S. intelligence on Iraq , and convinced Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs Harold H. Saunders to approve an intelligence - sharing liaison with the Iranian government , culminating in an October 15 , 1979 meeting between longtime Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) officer George Cave and the Iranian Deputy Prime Minister Abbas Amir - Entezam and Foreign Minister Ebrahim Yazdi . Cave told Mark J. Gasiorowski that he briefed Entezam and Yazdi on Iraqi military preparations and covert operations seemingly designed to facilitate a large - scale invasion of Iran , although no final decision had been made . ( The content of Cave 's briefing was corroborated by Laingen , Yazdi , Entezam , and Bazargan . ) In particular , echoing a March 1979 warning from Pentagon analyst Howard Teicher regarding Iraqi designs on Iran 's oil - rich Khuzestan Province , Cave pointed out that Iraq had created a front organization that could instigate unrest among Khuzestan 's majority -- Arab inhabitants -- yet Cave emphasized that war could still be avoided if the strength of Iran 's armed forces did not continue its post-revolutionary decline . Furthermore , Cave urged his Iranian interlocutors to monitor the movement of Iraqi troops with `` the IBEX listening posts the CIA had constructed in northern Iran '' under the Shah . Although Teicher and Cave 's predictions proved accurate , they were the product of circumstantial evidence disputed internally within the U.S. government , and the significance of Cave 's briefing has been debated . For example , according to Bureau of Intelligence and Research analyst Wayne White , who was not aware of the intelligence that informed Cave 's briefing : `` The Iraqi army was doing little more than continuing its well - known annual schedule of primarily battalion and brigade - level training exercises ... Very little of the Iraqi military was anywhere near the Iraqi - Iranian frontier . '' Similarly , the head of the Iran desk at the State Department , Henry Precht , stated : `` I had no impression at the time that anyone believed Iraq was planning a major attack although we thought that ( Iraqi President ) Saddam ( Hussein ) might be stirring up the Kurds . At the time I did not think he would take on his larger and still probably more potent neighbor . '' On the other hand , Gasiorowski contended that `` If Iran 's leaders had acted on the information provided in Cave 's briefings ... the brutal eight -- year ( Iran -- Iraq War ) might never have occurred . '' Iraq 's invasion of Iran in September 1980 was preceded by a long period of tension between the two countries throughout 1979 and 1980 , including frequent border skirmishes , calls by Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini for the Shia of Iraq to revolt against the Ba'ath Party , and allegations of Iraqi support for ethnic separatists in Iran . On June 18 , 1979 , U.S. chargé d'affaires Charlie Naas asked Yazdi about the deterioration in relations ; Yazdi stated he `` does not know what might be bothering Iraq ... certainly we have done nothing to bother them . '' Khomeini had recently condemned Iraq 's arrest of Shi'ite leader Muhammad Baqir al - Sadr , but Yazdi claimed this had nothing to do with any effort to export the Islamic Revolution to Iraq : Iran was merely concerned with protecting the `` religious centers in Najaf and Karbala . '' Nevertheless , in a subsequent conversation between Naas and Entezam it emerged that the latter was unaware of the anti-Iraq broadcasts `` Sadegh Ghotbzadeh was sanctioning in his role as managing director of National Iranian Radio and Television . '' Continuing to seek good relations with Iranian authorities , U.S. officials uncovered considerable evidence of Iraqi support for Kurdish rebels in Iran under the leadership of Jalal Talabani ( Fatah contacts told the CIA 's Beirut station that `` Saddam Hussein himself was directly involved in supervising these operations '' ) ; while these rebels were not considered capable of overthrowing the Iranian government militarily , they were undermining Iranian moderates , prompting Precht to broach the possibility of meeting with Iraqi officials to persuade them that Iraq 's support for the Kurds was not in its best interest . Throughout this time , Iraq 's intentions toward Iran were not entirely clear , as `` the Iraqi government was continuing to put out diplomatic feelers , unsuccessfully inviting a delegation led by Bazargan to visit Iraq in July 1979 , '' while the CIA concluded in November ( despite Cave 's warning the previous month ) that Iraq intended `` to settle its differences with Iran through negotiations . '' Muhammed Dosky , `` a Kurdistan Democratic Party representative in Washington , '' also believed `` Iraq 's overriding goal was to persuade the new government in Tehran to live up to the conditions of the Algiers Accord ... Iraq was using Kurdish groups not out of a sense of opportunism , or as a prelude to the coming conflict , but in order to consolidate agreements made with the Shah . '' Saddam was willing to work with Iranian moderates such as Yazdi , whom he met in Havana in October , but `` the mass resignation of the Bazargan government '' following the November 4th seizure of the U.S. embassy and initiation of the Iran hostage crisis -- and the resulting consolidation of power under Khomeini -- `` would profoundly change Saddam 's decision - making calculus . '' While the Iraqi archives suggest that Saddam contemplated invading Iran as early as February 1979 , he was deterred from doing so until July 1980 , at which point `` purges and revolutionary chaos '' had rendered Iran grossly unprepared for the attack . Iranian leaders , including Khomeini and his successor Ali Khamenei , have long espoused a belief that the U.S. gave Saddam Hussein a `` green light '' to launch the invasion of Iran -- something U.S. officials `` have unanimously and vociferously denied . '' Joost Hiltermann observed that a U.S. `` green light '' is also `` the conventional wisdom in the Arab world . '' In fact , Iranian suspicions that the U.S. would use Iraq to retaliate for the hostage - taking predated the invasion , as Carter noted in his diary on April 10 , 1980 : `` The Iranian terrorists are making all kinds of crazy threats to kill the American hostages if they are invaded by Iraq -- whom they identify as an American puppet . '' There are several reasons for this perception , including some circumstantial evidence . First , although the Carter administration had long been interested in rapprochement with Iraq , prior to the hostage crisis the administration 's preference for Iran as the `` strategic choice '' effectively rendered this impossible . After the dramatic break in Iran -- United States relations , however , both American and Iraqi officials made a number of positive gestures towards one another , including `` a speech by Saddam denouncing the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , '' and culminating in an April 10 statement by Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs David D. Newsom that `` The United States is prepared ... to resume diplomatic relations with Iraq at any time . '' Saddam later acknowledged that Iraq had accepted Newsom 's offer `` during the two months prior to the war between us and Iran '' but `` when the war started , and to avoid misinterpretation , we postponed the establishment of relations . '' Moreover , the CIA -- desperate for intelligence on Iran -- maintained contacts with Iranian opposition figures including `` the Shah 's last Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar '' and Gholam Ali Oveisi , who were themselves in touch with Iraqi officials and had encouraged Saddam to invade . Even though declassified documents state the U.S. `` would not fund , assist , or guide ( Bakhtiar 's ) movement , but ( was ) providing the channel as a means by which he could provide us information on his intentions and capabilities , '' and there is no evidence either Bakhtiar or Oveisi were acting at the behest of the U.S. , `` the Iranian militants occupying the embassy found dozens of documents detailing these contacts '' -- which began `` even before the hostage crisis '' -- and `` read them extremely selectively . '' What ultimately convinced the Iranian leadership of `` American complicity in any Iraqi attack '' was the July 9 Nojeh coup plot , a failed military coup d'état against Khomeini funded by Iraqi intelligence through Bakhtiar ( the Iraqis may have notified the Iranian authorities in advance , as they understood `` the damage the subsequent purge would inflict on the Iranian military '' ) . Bakhtiar told the plotters the U.S. `` had given ( the coup ) its blessing , '' but `` he was lying '' as the U.S. `` knew nothing about the Nojeh operation and would likely have opposed it on the grounds that it would endanger the lives of the hostages . '' In August , Saddam made a trip to Saudi Arabia in which King Khalid `` reportedly gave his personal blessing to the invasion and promised Saudi backing , '' which Bryan R. Gibson commented was `` a very significant gesture , especially in light of the closeness of American -- Saudi relations . '' United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig told Carter 's successor , Ronald Reagan , that it was during this visit that `` President Carter gave the Iraqis a green light to launch the war against Iran through ( Crown Prince ) Fahd , '' as related to Haig by Fahd himself , but at a 2008 conference several academics and former U.S. officials questioned the veracity of this assertion as well as the motives of both Haig and Fahd in promulgating it . As described by Malcolm Byrne : `` The American veterans were unanimous that no ' green light ' was ever given , and that the Haig document , while intriguing on its face , leaves far too much room for interpretation to be definitive . In any event the Saudi comments did not address the various policy arguments that militated against an invasion -- chiefly , the potential danger posed to the American hostages in Tehran -- which the participants said held sway with most American officials . '' On April 9 , the Defense Intelligence Agency received information from a source considered reliable , predicting that `` the situation is presently more critical than previously reported '' and postulating a 50 % chance Iraq would invade Iran . An April 11 CIA analysis is more blunt : `` Evidence indicates that Iraq had probably planned to initiate a major military move against Iran with the aim of toppling the Khomeini regime '' -- and had `` sought to engage the Kuwaitis to act as intermediary in obtaining United States approval and support for Iraqi military action against Iran . '' Carter himself has confirmed that fear the U.S. hostages would be executed if Iraq attacked was one reason he approved a failed rescue mission on April 24 . In light of these alerts , the claims of senior Carter administration officials involved with Iran -- including White , Naas , Precht , and head of the National Security Council ( NSC ) 's Iran desk Gary Sick -- that they were surprised by the invasion require some explanation . In all likelihood , these warnings went unheeded because `` those who doubted they amounted to compelling evidence won the argument . In effect , they were right . Only in early July did U.S. observers note the movement of Iraqi assets out of garrison with war - related ' basic loads ' of ammunition '' and it was not until September 17 that the CIA indicated `` the intensification of border clashes between Iran and Iraq has reached a point where a serious conflict is now a distinct possibility . '' Even then , as recounted by State Department official W. Nathaniel Howell , U.S. officials remained unsure what to make of Saddam 's intentions : `` We all followed Saddam 's actions and rhetoric closely but most people I knew tended to believe he was posturing . '' When the invasion came on September 22 , `` it was unclear whether Saddam had simply fallen into a rage following a smaller skirmish . '' White recalled : `` The outbreak of war did , in fact , come as a surprise to most of us because a decent portion of Iraq 's ground forces were still in garrison . The hasty movement of the remaining units up to the front immediately after the beginning of major hostilities was the activity that tended to nudge me toward the abrupt scenario in which Saddam ordered the attack before all military preparations had been completed . '' Thus , in the view of Chris Emery , `` it is unlikely that the United States was ever in possession of clear evidence of Saddam 's intention to invade Iran . Although the Carter administration drastically underestimated the scale of Saddam 's plans , the disorganized and apparently impetuous nature of the invasion , with much of the Iraqi army still in garrison , and occurring in the context of border skirmishes and aggressive propaganda , muddied the waters for U.S. observers . '' Once the war began , the Carter administration 's policy was broadly neutral and included several actions that favored Iran , although these could also be seen as aimed primarily at preventing a wider war . While many U.S. officials were initially optimistic that limited Iraqi gains would force Iran to agree to an arms - for - hostages deal ( this proved unnecessary because Iran purchased adequate arms and equipment from Syria , Libya , North Korea , the Soviet Union , and Israel ) , a consensus soon emerged that the war had disrupted whatever progress had been made during negotiations with Sadeq Tabatabaei . When Iraq unilaterally attempted to station MiG - 23 aircraft , helicopters , and special forces in several Persian Gulf states to use for operations against Iran , `` most made frantic attempts to dissuade the Iraqi aircraft from landing ; Bahrain even physically blockaded its runways . '' The Iraqi presence was initially tolerated in Oman ( Sultan Qaboos bin Said al Said `` had been a close friend of the Shah and was probably convinced by Saddam that one decisive attack could bring the revolution down '' ) and Ras al - Khaimah ( which had designs on an island the Shah had seized from the United Arab Emirates in 1971 ) , but U.S. officials were `` horrified '' by the prospect of a regional war , and `` after a series of telephone conversations between the White House , Sultan Qaboos , and Sheik Saqr , the Iraqis were swiftly sent on their way . '' Likewise , when King Hussein informed `` U.S. ambassador to Jordan '' Nick Veliotes that Iraq was considering the annexation of Khuzestan Province , Veliotes stated : `` The U.S. was unalterably opposed to any efforts to dismember Iran . '' On October 3 , National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski advised Carter that `` we should actively seek new contacts with Iran to explore the possibility of helping it just enough to put sufficient pressure on Iraq to pull back from most , if not all , its current acquisitions , '' citing the need `` to safeguard Iran from Soviet penetration or internal disintegration . '' The U.S. even tried , unsuccessfully , to stop the flow of weapons from Jordan to Iraq -- prompting `` Saddam to claim in December that it was supporting ' Iran 's `` aggression '' against Iraq . ' '' Despite this , the U.S. tolerated the provision of weapons and intelligence from Egypt to Iraq , in exchange for Iraq 's assistance in ending the diplomatic isolation Egypt had endured as a result of its Peace Treaty with Israel . In addition , the U.S. `` took active steps to make sure that Iraq 's ability to export ( oil ) through the Gulf was unimpaired and could be quickly restored after the cessation of hostilities , primarily by expediting the purchase and early placement of single point mooring buoys , '' although this `` had only limited effect , given the scale of Iranian retaliatory strikes . '' Finally , `` American AWACS planes '' were deployed to protect Saudi Arabia at the Saudi government 's request . In Emery 's judgement , claims that the Reagan administration 's later `` tilt '' in favor of Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq War was merely a continuation of Carter - era policies can not be supported by available evidence : `` The policy that emerged was characterized by a desire to preserve all options , while trying to avoid actions that would undermine the Carter Doctrine or establish an opening for the Soviet Union . The impetus for America to adjust its policy of neutrality , and take a definitive position on which side to back , came in 1982 , when the Iranian military threatened to overrun Iraq . '' Indeed , `` the State Department 's transition team advised the incoming government '' to avoid threatening Iran militarily or assisting the Iranian opposition , as doing so would `` make an eventual rapprochement with Iran more difficult . '' In Carter 's own account , `` I despised Saddam Hussein , because he attacked Iran when my hostages were being held . It was President Reagan who established diplomatic relations with Saddam Hussein after I left office . '' Gibson averred : `` If Washington had any foreknowledge of the invasion , logic would suggest that the timing would be postponed until after the hostages were successfully released . '' Regardless of whether the U.S. provided any express `` green light '' to Saddam , Iranians continue to view the failure of the United Nations Security Council to condemn Iraq 's invasion -- or to recognize Iraq as the aggressor until after Iraq 's Invasion of Kuwait nearly a decade later -- as a form of tacit complicity in Iraq 's aggression against Iran -- not just on the part of the U.S. , but the entire world . Support ( edit ) President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Bush work in the Oval Office of the White House , July 20 , 1984 . By mid-1982 , the war 's momentum had shifted decisively in favor of Iran , which invaded Iraq to depose Saddam 's government . CIA analyst Bruce Riedel recounted : `` You just had a series of catastrophic Iraqi defeats . They had been driven out of Iran , and the Iraqi army looked like it was falling apart . '' `` The Reagan administration feared that Iran 's army might slice through Iraq to the oilfields of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia '' ; Veliotes , then `` Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs , '' `` outlined a nightmare scenario in which the Iranians invade Iraq , they defeat Iraq , and then head straight for Israel , which is distracted and debilitated by its ongoing adventure in Lebanon . '' As a result , the U.S. gradually abandoned its policy of neutrality . In February 1982 , Iraq was removed from the State Department 's list of State Sponsors of Terrorism to ease the transfer of dual - use technology to that country . According to investigative journalist Alan Friedman , Secretary of State Alexander Haig was `` upset at the fact that the decision had been made at the White House , even though the State Department was responsible for the list . '' `` I was not consulted , '' Haig is said to have complained . In March , President Reagan signed National Security Study Memorandum ( NSSM ) 4 - 82 -- seeking `` a review of U.S. policy toward the Middle East '' -- and in June Reagan signed a National Security Decision Directive ( NSDD ) co-written by NSC official Howard Teicher , which determined : `` The United States could not afford to allow Iraq to lose the war to Iran . '' Pursuant to this Directive , Thomas Twetten arrived in Baghdad on July 27 to share CIA satellite imagery on Iranian troop movements with the Iraqi Mukhabarat . This was `` the first U.S. provision of intelligence to Iraq , '' and sparked a short - lived debate over whether Iraq would tolerate a CIA presence in the country : Mukhabarat head Barzan Tikriti told Twetton to `` get the hell out of Iraq , '' but Iraqi military intelligence -- `` having already drooled over it and having said repeatedly how valuable it was '' -- subsequently informed Twetton `` we 'll continue to look at your information , and we 'll assess whether it is of use to us in any way . '' Reports of Iraq 's use of chemical weapons against Iran reached the CIA as early as 1983 , but the U.S. took no action to restrain Iraq 's violations of international law , failing even to alert the UN . In late 1983 , Reagan selected Donald Rumsfeld as his envoy to the Middle East ; Rumsfeld met Saddam in Baghdad in December 1983 and March 1984 . `` On November 26 , 1984 , Iraq and the U.S. restored diplomatic relations . '' According to Teicher 's 1995 affidavit and separate interviews with former Reagan and Bush administration officials , the CIA secretly directed armaments and hi - tech components to Iraq through false fronts and friendly third parties such as Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Egypt and Kuwait , and they quietly encouraged rogue arms dealers and other private military companies to do the same : ( T ) he United States actively supported the Iraqi war effort by supplying the Iraqis with billions of dollars of credits , by providing U.S. military intelligence and advice to the Iraqis , and by closely monitoring third country arms sales to Iraq to make sure that Iraq had the military weaponry required . The United States also provided strategic operational advice to the Iraqis to better use their assets in combat ... The CIA , including both CIA Director Casey and Deputy Director Gates , knew of , approved of , and assisted in the sale of non-U.S. origin military weapons , ammunition and vehicles to Iraq . My notes , memoranda and other documents in my NSC files show or tend to show that the CIA knew of , approved of , and assisted in the sale of non-U.S. origin military weapons , munitions and vehicles to Iraq . Play media Donald Rumsfeld meets Saddām on 19 -- 20 December 1983 . Rumsfeld visited again on 24 March 1984 , the day the UN reported that Iraq had used mustard gas and tabun nerve agent against Iranian troops . The NY Times reported from Baghdad on 29 March 1984 , that `` American diplomats pronounce themselves satisfied with Iraq and the U.S. , and suggest that normal diplomatic ties have been established in all but name . '' The full extent of these covert transfers is not yet known . Teicher 's files on the subject are held securely at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and many other Reagan Era documents that could help shine new light on the subject remain classified . Teicher declined to discuss details of the affidavit with the Washington Post shortly before the 2003 invasion of Iraq . About two of every seven licenses for the export of `` dual use '' technology items approved between 1985 and 1990 by the U.S. Department of Commerce `` went either directly to the Iraqi armed forces , to Iraqi end - users engaged in weapons production , or to Iraqi enterprises suspected of diverting technology '' to weapons of mass destruction , according to an investigation by House Banking Committee Chairman Henry B. Gonzalez . Confidential Commerce Department files also reveal that the Reagan and Bush administrations approved at least 80 direct exports to the Iraqi military . These included computers , communications equipment , aircraft navigation and radar equipment . In conformance with the Presidential directive , the U.S. began providing tactical battlefield advice to the Iraqi Army . `` The prevailing view '' , says Alan Friedman , `` was that if Washington wanted to prevent an Iranian victory , it would have to share some of its more sensitive intelligence photography with Saddam . '' At times , thanks to the White House 's secret backing for the intelligence - sharing , U.S. intelligence officers were actually sent to Baghdad to help interpret the satellite information . As the White House took an increasingly active role in secretly helping Saddam direct his armed forces , the United States even built an expensive high - tech annex in Baghdad to provide a direct down - link receiver for the satellite intelligence and better processing of the information ... The American military commitment that had begun with intelligence - sharing expanded rapidly and surreptitiously throughout the Iran -- Iraq War . A former White House official explained that `` by 1987 , our people were actually providing tactical military advice to the Iraqis in the battlefield , and sometimes they would find themselves over the Iranian border , alongside Iraqi troops . '' Iraq used this data to target Iranian positions with chemical weapons , says ambassador Galbraith . The MK - 84 : Saudi Arabia transferred to Iraq hundreds of U.S. - made general - purpose `` dumb bombs '' . According to retired Army Colonel W. Patrick Lang , senior defense intelligence officer for the United States Defense Intelligence Agency at the time , `` the use of gas on the battlefield by the Iraqis was not a matter of deep strategic concern '' to Reagan and his aides , because they `` were desperate to make sure that Iraq did not lose . '' Lang disclosed that more than 60 officers of the Defense Intelligence Agency were secretly providing detailed information on Iranian deployments . He cautioned that the DIA `` would have never accepted the use of chemical weapons against civilians , but the use against military objectives was seen as inevitable in the Iraqi struggle for survival . '' The Reagan administration did not stop aiding Iraq after receiving reports affirming the use of poison gas on Kurdish civilians . Joost R. Hiltermann says that when the Iraqi military turned its chemical weapons on the Kurds during the war , killing approximately 5,000 people in the town of Halabja and injuring thousands more , the Reagan administration actually sought to obscure Iraqi leadership culpability by suggesting , inaccurately , that the Iranians may have carried out the attack . Bear Spares ( edit ) With the UN-imposed embargo on warring parties , and with the Soviet Union opposing the conflict , Iraqi engineers found it increasingly difficult to repair and replace hardware damaged in battle . According to Kenneth Timmerman , `` Saddam did foresee one immediate consequence of his invasion of Iran : the suspension of arms supplies from the USSR . '' When he launched his attack , the Soviets were busy playing games in Iran . They were not amused that the Iraqis upset their plans . For generations the KGB had been working to penetrate Iran 's Shiite clergy . In February 1979 , when Ayatollah Khomeini took power and threw the Americans out of Iran , the Soviets stood to gain more than they had ever believed possible ... KGB boss Yuri Andropov ( had ) little difficulty in convincing Brezhnev and Kosygin to agree to an embargo on arms to Iraq ... The United States assisted Iraq through a military aid program known as `` Bear Spares '' , whereby the U.S. military `` made sure that spare parts and ammunition for Soviet or Soviet - style weaponry were available to countries which sought to reduce their dependence on the Soviets for defense needs . '' According to Howard Teicher 's court sworn declaration : If the `` Bear Spares '' were manufactured outside the United States , then the U.S. could arrange for the provision of these weapons to a third country without direct involvement . Israel , for example , had a very large stockpile of Soviet weaponry and ammunition captured during its various wars . At the suggestion of the United States , the Israelis would transfer the spare parts and weapons to third countries ... Similarly , Egypt manufactured weapons and spare parts from Soviet designs and provided these weapons and ammunition to the Iraqis and other countries . Little today is known about this program as details remain scarce . Dual - use Exports ( edit ) Iraq purchased 8 strains of anthrax from the United States in 1985 , according to British biological weapons expert David Kelly . The Iraqi military settled on the American Type Culture Collection strain 14578 as the exclusive strain for use as a biological weapon , according to Charles Duelfer . On February 9 , 1994 , Senator Riegle delivered a report - commonly known as the Riegle Report - in which it was stated that `` pathogenic ( meaning ' disease producing ' ) , toxigenic ( meaning ' poisonous ' ) , and other biological research materials were exported to Iraq pursuant to application and licensing by the U.S. Department of Commerce . '' It added : `` These exported biological materials were not attenuated or weakened and were capable of reproduction . '' The report then detailed 70 shipments ( including Bacillus anthracis ) from the United States to Iraqi government agencies over three years , concluding `` It was later learned that these microorganisms exported by the United States were identical to those the UN inspectors found and recovered from the Iraqi biological warfare program . '' Donald Riegle , Chairman of the Senate committee that authored the aforementioned Riegle Report , said : U.N. inspectors had identified many United States manufactured items that had been exported from the United States to Iraq under licenses issued by the Department of Commerce , and ( established ) that these items were used to further Iraq 's chemical and nuclear weapons development and its missile delivery system development programs ... The executive branch of our government approved 771 different export licenses for sale of dual - use technology to Iraq . I think that is a devastating record . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control sent Iraq 14 separate agents `` with biological warfare significance , '' according to Riegle 's investigators . Diplomatic support ( edit ) See also : Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988 In 1984 , Iran introduced a draft resolution to the United Nations Security Council , citing the Geneva Protocol of 1925 , condemning Iraq 's use of chemical weapons on the battlefield . In response , the United States instructed its delegate at the UN to lobby friendly representatives in support of a motion to take `` no decision '' on the use of chemical munitions by Iraq . If backing to obstruct the resolution could be won , then the U.S. delegation were to proceed and vote in favour of taking zero action ; if support were not forthcoming , the U.S. delegate were to refrain from voting altogether . USDEL should work to develop general Western position in support of a motion to take `` no decision '' on Iranian draft resolution on use of chemical weapons by Iraq . If such a motion gets reasonable and broad support and sponsorship , USDEL should vote in favor . Failing Western support for `` no decision , '' USDEL should abstain . Representatives of the United States argued that the UN Human Rights Commission was an `` inappropriate forum '' for consideration of such abuses . According to Joyce Battle , the Security Council eventually issued a `` presidential statement '' condemning the use of unconventional weapons `` without naming Iraq as the offending party . '' Parties involved ( edit ) According to Russ Baker , writing in the Columbia Journalism Review , a `` vast network '' based in the U.S. and elsewhere , fed Iraq 's warring capabilities right up until August 1990 , when Saddam invaded Kuwait . Sarkis Soghanalian ( edit ) MD 500 Defender : Iraq acquired 60 multi-role military helicopters directly from the United States in 1983 . Additional helicopter sales prompted congressional opposition , forcing the Reagan administration to explore alternative ways of assisting Saddam . Alan Friedman writes that Sarkis Soghanalian , one of the most notorious arms dealers during the Cold War , procured Eastern Bloc and French origin weaponry , and brokered vast deals with Iraq , with the tacit approval of the Central Intelligence Agency . The most prominent ( arms merchant ) was Sarkis Soghanalian , a Miami - based former CIA contractor who brokered tens of billions of dollars ' worth of military hardware for Iraq during the 1980s , reporting many of his transactions to officials in Washington . ( Soghanalian ) was close to the Iraqi leadership and to intelligence officers and others in the Reagan administration . In many respects he was the living embodiment of plausible deniability , serving as a key conduit for CIA and other U.S. government operations . In an interview with William Kistner , Soghanalian stated that he was `` working closely with the U.S. government '' . According to Timmerman , Soghanalian also helped the Iraqis obtain TOW anti-tank missiles , for which he was later prosecuted by the United States Department of Justice . Banca Nazionale del Lavoro ( edit ) The `` Iraqgate '' scandal revealed that a branch of Italy 's largest bank , Banca Nazionale del Lavoro ( BNL ) , in Atlanta , Georgia relied partially on U.S. taxpayer - guaranteed loans to funnel $5 billion to Iraq from 1985 to 1989 . In August 1989 , when FBI agents raided the Atlanta branch of BNL , branch manager Christopher Drogoul was charged with making unauthorized , clandestine , and illegal loans to Iraq -- some of which , according to his indictment , were used to purchase arms and weapons technology . According to the Financial Times , the companies involved in the scandal by shipping militarily useful technology to Iraq were Hewlett - Packard , Tektronix , and Matrix Churchill 's Ohio branch . Even before the Persian Gulf War started in 1990 , the Intelligencer Journal of Pennsylvania in a string of articles reported : `` If U.S. and Iraqi troops engage in combat in the Persian Gulf , weapons technology developed in Lancaster and indirectly sold to Iraq will probably be used against U.S. forces ... And aiding in this ... technology transfer was the Iraqi - owned , British - based precision tooling firm Matrix Churchill , whose U.S. operations in Ohio were recently linked to a sophisticated Iraqi weapons procurement network . '' `` One entire facility , a tungsten - carbide manufacturing plant that was part of the Al Atheer complex , '' Kenneth Timmerman informed the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs , `` was blown up by the IAEA in April 1992 because it lay at the heart of the Iraqi clandestine nuclear weapons program , PC - 3 . Equipment for this plant appears to have been supplied by the Latrobe , Pennsylvania manufacturer , Kennametal , and by a large number of other American companies , with financing provided by the Atlanta branch of the BNL bank . '' Aside from the New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , and ABC 's Ted Koppel , the Iraq-gate story never picked up much momentum , even though the U.S. Congress became involved with the scandal . See an article by journalist William Safire , introduced into the Congressional Record by Rep. Tom Lantos . By contrast , Alcolac International , a Maryland company , transported thiodiglycol , a mustard gas precursor , to Iraq . Alcolac was successfully prosecuted for its violations of export control law . Index of American companies ( edit ) According to German daily newspaper Die Tageszeitung , which is reported to have reviewed an uncensored copy of Iraq 's 11,000 - page declaration to the U.N. Security Council in 2002 , almost 150 foreign companies supported Saddam Hussein 's WMD program . Twenty - four U.S. firms were involved in exporting materials to Baghdad . An even longer list of American companies and their involvements in Iraq was provided by the LA Weekly in May 2003 . Energy development and Security ( edit ) Aqaba pipeline project ( edit ) The United States government supported the construction of new oil pipeline that would run westward from Iraq across land to the Jordanian port city of Aqaba , permitting access from the Red Sea . The Bechtel Corporation was the prime contractor for this project . Donald Rumsfeld discussed the advantages of the pipeline personally with Saddam Hussein in 1983 . The Aqaba project never made it past the drawing board , however , because of its proximity to Israel , which planners insisted upon . So near to the border it would run , the Iraqi leadership feared the Israeli side could disable the pipeline at a later date , simply by `` lobbing a few hand grenades '' at it . Tanker War and U.S. military involvement ( edit ) The Tanker War started when Iraq attacked Iranian tankers and the oil terminal at Kharg island in 1984 . Iran struck back by attacking tankers carrying Iraqi oil from Kuwait and then any tanker of the Persian Gulf states supporting Iraq . Both nations attacked oil tankers and merchant ships , including those of neutral nations , in an effort to deprive the opponent of trade . After repeated Iraqi attacks on Iran 's main exporting facility on Khark Island , Iran attacked a Kuwaiti tanker near Bahrain on May 13 , 1984 , and a Saudi tanker in Saudi waters on May 16 . Attacks on ships of noncombatant nations in the Persian Gulf sharply increased thereafter , and this phase of the war was dubbed the `` Tanker War . '' Lloyd 's of London , a British insurance market , estimated that the Tanker War damaged 546 commercial vessels and killed about 430 civilian mariners . The largest of attacks were directed by Iran against Kuwaiti vessels , and on November 1 , 1986 , Kuwait formally petitioned foreign powers to protect its shipping . The Soviet Union agreed to charter tankers starting in 1987 , and the United States Navy offered to provide protection for tankers flying the U.S. flag on March 7 , 1987 . Operation Prime Chance was a United States Special Operations Command operation intended to protect U.S. - flagged oil tankers from Iranian attack . The operation took place roughly at the same time as Operation Earnest Will , the largely Navy effort to escort the tankers through the Persian Gulf . Agusta - Bell 212 ASW : The Italian subsidiary of Bell Textron sold Iraq military helicopters fitted out for anti-submarine warfare . This deal needed , and duly received , government approval . Under international law , an attack on such ships would be treated as an attack on the U.S. , allowing the U.S. to retaliate militarily . This support would protect ships headed to Iraqi ports , effectively guaranteeing Iraq 's revenue stream for the duration of the war . Special Operations Forces also assisted in this effort . The 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment operated AH - 6 helicopters from a large barge anchored at sea . A second platform was manned by Special Forces from Fort Bragg , piloting OH - 58Ds . `` These things looked extremely sinister . They were all black and bristling with antennas and had a huge round sight module about two feet in diameter stuck on a mast above the rotor blades ... The impression you got , just looking at one of these things on the ground , was of a giant insect staring at you before you die '' , a Special Forces officer is quoted as saying . On April 14 , 1988 , the frigate USS Samuel B. Roberts was badly damaged by an Iranian mine . U.S. forces responded with Operation Praying Mantis on April 18 , the United States Navy 's largest engagement of surface warships since World War II . Two Iranian ships were destroyed , killing 55 sailors in the process , and an American helicopter was shot down , killing the two pilots . A number of researchers and former military personnel contend that the United States carried out Black operations against Iranian military targets during the war . Lt. Col. Roger Charles , who worked in the Office of the Secretary of Defense at the Pentagon , says the Navy used specially equipped Mark III patrol boats during the night , with the intent of luring Iranian gunboats away from territorial waters , where they could be fired upon and destroyed . `` They took off at night and rigged up false running lights so that from a distance it would appear there was a merchant ship , which the Iranians would want to inspect . '' Information collected from Operation Eager Glacier , a top - secret intelligence - gathering program , was also used to bomb manufacturing plants inside Iran by the CIA . The USS Stark incident ( edit ) An Iraqi jet fighter mistakenly attacked the USS Stark in May 1987 , killing 37 servicemen and injuring 21 . But attention in Washington was on isolating Iran ; accepting Saddam 's apology for the error , the White House criticized Iran 's mining of international waters , and in October 1987 , the U.S. attacked Iranian oil platforms in retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S. - flagged Kuwaiti tanker Sea Isle City . Longer term interests ( edit ) In October 1989 , President Bush signed NSD 26 , which begins , `` Access to Persian Gulf oil and the security of key friendly states in the area are vital to U.S. national security . '' With respect to Iraq , the directive stated , `` Normal relations between the United States and Iraq would serve our longer term interests and promote stability in both the Persian Gulf and the Middle East . '' See also ( edit ) CIA activities in Iraq International aid to combatants in the Iran -- Iraq War Iran Air Flight 655 Iran -- Contra affair Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Iraq -- United States relations Operation Staunch was created in spring 1983 by the United States State Department to stop the illicit flow of U.S. arms to Iran . Soviet support for Iraq during the Iran -- Iraq war References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Alan . Spider 's Web : The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq , Bantam Books , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Timmerman , Kenneth R . The Death Lobby : How the West Armed Iraq . New York , Houghton Mifflin Company , 1991 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , Malcolm ( 2013 ) . `` Critical Oral History : A new approach to examining the United States ' role in the war '' . The Iran - Iraq War : New International Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 9780415685245 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Ted . The USS Vincennes : Public War , Secret War , ABC Nightline . July 1 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Gasiorowski 2012 , pp. 622 -- 623 . ^ Jump up to : Emery , Chris ( 2013 ) . `` Reappraising the Carter Administration 's response to the Iran - Iraq war '' . The Iran - Iraq War : New International Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 9780415685245 . Jump up ^ Gasiorowski 2012 , pp. 614 , 617 , 620 , 622 -- 623 . ^ Jump up to : Gasiorowski 2012 , p. 620 . Jump up ^ Gasiorowski 2012 , pp. 626 -- 627 . Jump up ^ Gasiorowski 2012 , pp. 614 , 620 -- 621 , 623 , 626 -- 627 . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 - 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts From Iraqi Document on Meeting With U.S. Envoy '' . The New York Times . 1990 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Gibson , Bryan R. ( 2010 ) . Covert Relationship : American Foreign Policy , Intelligence , and the Iran - Iraq War , 1980 - 1988 . ABC - CLIO . pp. 31 -- 36 . ISBN 9780313386107 . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 - 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 5 , 58 -- 59 , 63 -- 69 , 260 -- 262 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . Jump up ^ United States Ambassador to Saudi Arabia James E. Akins provided an anecdote that may be related to the rumored `` green light '' : `` When disintegration started , and a report was prepared on this -- the economic and political and military disintegration of ( Iran ) -- the army had been totally purged , and the people who were taking over were young and incompetent . The implication was that the government would not last too much longer . A copy of such a report was given to the Saudis , and the Saudis were quite impressed by it , because they were deathly afraid of the government of Iran 's mullahs . What the Saudis did with this report is where this narrative breaks down somewhat . There are a lot of people who believe that the Saudis gave a copy of this to Saddam . But no Saudis ever told me that it was given , and no Iraqi has ever told me that they got a copy of this report from the Saudis , although they could have . Whether they did or not , Saddam also reached the same conclusion on his own . There 's no doubt about that . If he got confirmation of his conclusion from an American report , that would have made him even more determined to move against Iran . '' See `` An Interview with James Akins '' . PBS Frontline. 2000 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Strategic Warning Staff ( 1980 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Possible Iranian -- Iraqi Conflict '' : 3 . Available online here . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ This hypothesis was later confirmed by the Iraqi archives . See Gibson , Bryan R. ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Re-Writing History : The Iran - Iraq war 30 years later '' . The Majalla : The Leading Arab Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . These transcripts and documents show that Iraqi generals were ordered to invade Iran only days before the actual invasion took place . Caught completely unaware , the generals had only limited resources and could only execute the war as far as their logistical tethers would allow . Jump up ^ `` Fmr . President Jimmy Carter on `` Palestine : Peace Not Apartheid , '' Iraq , Greeting the Shah of Iran at the White House , Selling Weapons to Indonesia During the Occupation of East Timor , and More `` . Democracy Now ! . 2007 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 - 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 71 -- 82 , 261 -- 262 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . Jump up ^ cf . Tanner , Henry ( 1982 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Iran Says Iraqis ' Withdrawal Wo n't End War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 - 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 20 -- 21 , 97 , 112 -- 119 , 362 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Yaphe , Judith ( 2013 ) . `` Changing American Perspectives on the Iran - Iraq war '' . The Iran - Iraq War : New International Perspectives . Routledge . ISBN 9780415685245 . ^ Jump up to : Battle , Joyce . Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein : The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq , 1980 - 1983 , National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82 . George Washington University National Security Archive , February 25 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Harris , Shane ; Aid , Matthew M. ( 2013 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Exclusive : CIA Files Prove America Helped Saddam as He Gassed Iran '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Statement by former NSC official Howard Teicher to the U.S. District Court , Southern District of Florida . Plain text version Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael . U.S. Had Key Role in Iraq Buildup Washington Post . December 30 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Smith , R. Jeffrey . Dozens of U.S. Items Used in Iraq Arms , Washington Post . July 22 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Peter W . `` The true Iraq appeasers , The Boston Globe . August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick E. Officers Say U.S. Aided Iraq in War Despite Use of Gas New York Times August 18 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert . U.S. Says It Monitored Iraqi Messages on Gas , New York Times . September 15 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , Alex & Shuster , Mike . U.S. Links to Saddam During Iran -- Iraq War National Public Radio . September 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hiltermann , Joost R. Halabja : America did n't seem to mind poison gas , International Herald tribune . January 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The Iraqis used mostly Soviet - made equipment , and because the Russians were honoring the arms embargo , the Iraqis were about to run out of ammunition . '' Martin , Terrence L. & Reid , Rob . `` Merchants of Death '' , Discovery Channel Productions . July 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt had purchased great quantities of Soviet weaponry throughout the 1960s and 1970s , and it still had large stockpiles of Soviet ammunition , spare parts , rocket launchers , and aircraft ... Only days after the Soviet Union imposed the embargo in late September 1980 , ( Anwar ) Sadat conferred with the Carter administration , then announced that Egypt would sell Iraq $1 billion worth of Soviet arms . '' Timmerman , Kenneth R . The Death Lobby : How the West Armed Iraq , p 86 . Jump up ^ Lauria , Joe . Iraq Purchased Anthrax From US Company , Vancouver Sun . October 22 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Duelfer , Charles . Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the Director of Central Intelligence on Iraq 's Weapons of Mass Destruction Archived October 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 30 September 2004 , Vol 3 , `` Biological Warfare '' , p. 21 . Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Banking Committee . Second Staff Report on U.S. CBW - Related Dual - Use Exports to Iraq , May 25 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Riegle , Jr. , Donald W. U.S. Chemical and Biological Warfare - Related Dual Use Exports to Iraq and their Possible Impact on the Health Consequences of the Gulf War , Committee on Banking , Housing and Urban Affairs , May 25 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Drury , Tom . How Iraq built its weapons programs , with a little help from its friends , St. Petersburg Times . March 16 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Department of State Cable from George P. Shultz to the Mission to the European Office of the United Nations and Other International Organizations . `` UN Human Rights Commission : Item 12 : Iranian Resolution on Use of Chemical Weapons by Iraq , '' March 14 , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Russ W. ( March 1993 ) . `` Iraq-gate : The Big One That ( Almost ) Got Away '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Jump up ^ Kistner , William . The Cold War 's largest arms merchant . PBS Frontline . March 2001 ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( 19 May 1992 ) . `` The Administration 's Iraq Gate Scandal '' . Congressional Record . Jump up ^ Timmerman , Kenneth R. `` Testimony before the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs '' , October 27 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Paterson , Tony . Leaked Report Says German and US Firms Supplied Arms to Saddam The Independent . December 18 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Crogan , Joe . Made in the USA , Part III : The Dishonor Roll , LA Weekly . May 01 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Peniston , Bradley . No Higher Honor : Saving the USS Samuel B. Roberts in the Persian Gulf , Naval Institute Press . 2006 . Jump up ^ Martins , Mark S. ( Winter 1994 ) . `` Rules of Engagement for Land Forces : A Matter of Training , Not Lawyering '' ( PDF ) . Military Law Review . 143 : 43 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Directive 26 '' ( PDF ) . The White House . 1989 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 12 . Sources ( edit ) Gasiorowski , Mark J. ( Fall 2012 ) . `` US Intelligence Assistance to Iran , May -- October 1979 '' ( PDF ) . The Middle East Journal . Middle East Institute . 66 ( 4 ) : 613 -- 627 . Further reading ( edit ) Blight , James G. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Becoming Enemies : U.S. - Iran Relations and the Iran - Iraq War , 1979 - 1988 . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0830 - 8 . Bryan R. Gibson , Covert Relationship : American Foreign Policy , Intelligence , and the Iran -- Iraq War , 1980 -- 88 . Praeger , 2010 . Bruce Jentleson , With Friends Like These : Reagan , Bush , and Saddam , 1982 -- 1990 . New York , W.W. Norton , 1994 . Mark Phythian , Arming Iraq : How the U.S. and Britain Secretly Built Saddam 's War Machine . Boston , Northeastern University Press , 1997 . External links ( edit ) Shaking Hands with Saddam Hussein : The U.S. Tilts toward Iraq , 1980 - 1984 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 82 U.S. Diplomatic and Commercial Relationships with Iraq , 1980 - 2 August 1990 Timeline Saddam Hussein , the United States , and the invasion of Iran : was there a green light ? Haig 's now - infamous `` green - light '' memo to President Reagan ( hide ) Saddam Hussein 28 April 1937 -- 30 December 2006 Biography 17 July Revolution Iran -- Iraq War ( U.S. support ) Anfal genocide Gulf War ( 1991 uprisings ) Human rights record Relationship with Al - Qaeda timeline Capture Interrogation Trial Execution Books Zabibah and the King The Fortified Castle Men and the City Begone , Demons Propaganda Killing babies Alleged shredder Family Father : Hussein ' Abid al - Majid Mother : Subha Tulfah al - Mussallat Half - brothers : Watban , Sabawi , and Barzan Wives : Sajida Talfah and Samira Shahbandar Uncle and Father - in - Law : Khairallah Talfah Sons : Uday and Qusay Daughters : Rana , Raghad , and Hala Grandchildren : Mustapha Hussein Media House of Saddam South Park The Devil 's Double Wikimedia : Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Commons Wikinews Wikibook Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran -- Iraq_war&oldid = 807701470 '' Categories : 20th century in Iraq Carter administration controversies History of the foreign relations of the United States Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress Iraq -- United States military relations Iran -- United States relations Foreign relations during the Iran -- Iraq War Reagan administration controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 17 : 02 . 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About Wikipedia	who did the us support in the iraq iran war	[ "United States support for Ba'athist Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War, against post-revolutionary Iran, included several billion dollars' worth of economic aid, the sale of dual-use technology, non-U.S. origin weaponry, military intelligence, and special operations training.[1][2] At no point, however, did the U.S. directly supply arms to Iraq.[3] Of particular interest for contemporary Iran–United States relations are the repeated accusations that the U.S. government actively encouraged Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to invade Iran (proponents of this theory frequently describe the U.S. as having given Saddam a \"green light\"), supported by a considerable amount of circumstantial evidence, but the U.S. government officially denies that any such collusion occurred, and no conclusive proof of it has been found by scholars that have studied the issue." ]	[ "Iraq" ]
2175013301114411281	NBA salary cap	NBA salary cap - wikipedia NBA salary cap Jump to : navigation , search The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players . Like many professional sports leagues , the NBA has a salary cap to control costs , defined by the league 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a soft cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league 's revenue from the previous season . Under the CBA ratified in December 2011 , the cap will continue to vary in future seasons based on league revenues . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the cap is set at $99 million for the salary cap and $119 million for the luxury tax . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Soft versus hard caps 3 Maximum individual contracts under the CBA 3.1 Designated Player 3.1. 1 `` Derrick Rose '' Rule 3.1. 1.1 5 / 30 % Contracts 3.1. 1.2 5 / 25 % Contracts 3.1. 2 `` Kevin Durant '' Rule 3.1. 2.1 Players eligible for DVPE 3.1. 2.2 DVPE Contracts 4 Exceptions 4.1 Mid-level exception 4.2 Bi-annual exception 4.3 Rookie exception 4.4 Two - way contracts 4.5 Larry Bird exception 4.6 Early Bird exception 4.7 Non-Bird exception 4.8 Minimum Salary Exception 4.9 Traded Player Exception 4.10 Disabled Player Exception 4.11 Reinstatement 5 Free agency 5.1 Unrestricted free agent 5.2 Restricted free agent 5.3 July moratorium 5.4 Cap holds 6 Rookie scale salary 7 Options 8 Sign and trade agreements 9 Over-38 rule 10 Trading and the salary cap 10.1 Base year compensation 11 Waivers 12 Released players 12.1 Stretch provision 13 Amnesty clause 14 Luxury tax 14.1 Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s , but it was abolished after only one season . The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984 -- 85 season , when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA 's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future . Before the cap was reinstated , teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players , but in the first season under the new cap , they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll . Under the 2005 CBA , salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball - related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years until June 30 , 2011 . The next CBA , which took effect in 2011 , set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011 -- 12 , with a 49 - to - 51 band in subsequent years . To ensure the players get their share of the BRI , teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year , the salary floor for the 2016 -- 17 season will be 84.73 million . In December 2016 , the league and the players ' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA , with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month . The new agreement will run through the 2023 -- 24 season , with either side able to opt out after the 2022 -- 23 season . NBA Salary Cap in USD NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD ( Inflation rate through May 2016 ) Soft versus hard caps ( edit ) Unlike the NFL and NHL , the NBA features a so - called soft cap , meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players . This is done to allow teams to keep their own players , which , in theory , fosters fan support in each individual city . By contrast , the NFL and NHL caps are considered hard , meaning that they offer relatively few ( if any ) circumstances under which teams can exceed the salary cap . The NBA version of the `` soft '' cap does , however , offer less leeway to teams than that of the MLB . MLB does allow teams to spend as much as they want on salary , but it penalizes them a percentage of the amount by which they exceed the soft cap . The percentage increases as the number of consecutive years a team exceeds the cap grows , resetting only when a team falls under the cap . Maximum individual contracts under the CBA ( edit ) The maximum amount of money a player can sign for is based on the number of years that player has played and the total of the salary cap . The maximum salary of a player with 6 or fewer years of experience is either $25,500,000 or 25 % of the total salary cap ( projected for 2017 -- 18 ) , whichever is greater . For a player with 7 -- 9 years of experience , the maximum is $30,600,000 or 30 % of the cap , and for a player with 10 + years of experience , the maximum is $35,700,000 or 35 % of the cap . There is an exception to this rule : a player is able to sign a contract for 105 % of his previous contract , even if the new contract is higher than the league limit . The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries . Under the 2011 CBA , the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74 % of the league 's basketball - related income ( BRI ) , while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14 % of BRI . This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA , with the same 44.74 % of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations . Designated player ( edit ) Since the 2011 CBA , each NBA team has been able to nominate a player on his rookie contract to receive a `` Designated Player '' contract extension . A Designated Player is eligible for a 5 - year contract extension , instead of being held to the standard 4 - year restriction . From 2011 through the 2016 -- 17 season , a team could only allocate a single Designated Player contract at any one time ( if a team had already extended a rookie contract by using the Designated Player extension , they could not create a second Designated Player contract until the current contract expired , or until the player moved to a different team ) ; however the 2011 CBA allowed teams to sign a second Designated Player from another team in addition to the one they already had . All teams were limited to having a maximum of two Designated Players contracted on their roster at any time ( one which they had created from one of their own rookie contracts , and one acquired from another team ) . Under the 2017 CBA , the `` Designated Player '' limit remains at two , but in a new feature , teams are now able to create Designated Player contracts from their own veteran contracts . In addition , teams may now use their Designated Player slots on any combination of their own rookie contracts , their own veteran contracts , or players acquired in trades . `` Derrick Rose '' rule ( edit ) In a rule named after Derrick Rose , accomplished players coming off their contract could earn more money in the 2011 CBA . A Designated Player coming off his contract may be eligible to earn 30 % of the salary cap ( rather than the standard 25 % ) if he passes certain criteria . Through the 2017 -- 18 season , in order to be eligible , the player must be voted to start in two All - Star Games , or be named to an All - NBA Team twice ( at any level ) , or be named MVP . Officially titled the `` 5th Year 30 % Max Criteria '' , it has been dubbed ( and is more commonly known as ) the `` Derrick Rose Rule '' after the 2011 MVP , due to the fact that when the criteria were introduced , Rose was the only player in the NBA eligible to sign the maximum extension ( due to his MVP award ) . The reasoning for the rule is to suitably reward players being extended off of their rookie contract who are considered to be of a higher `` caliber '' than their peers , without restricting them to the lower ( 25 % ) salary level . A player may sign a `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contract before the final year of his rookie contract and before fulfilling the criteria needed to receive the 30 % salary grade . Should the player fail to fulfil the criteria before the start of his Designated Player contract , he will receive the standard five - year , 25 % Designated Player contract . James Harden of the Houston Rockets and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans had such a clause in their contract extensions , but both failed to meet the criteria . The only player in the NBA who was attempting to qualify for a full 30 % contract in 2013 -- 14 was Paul George , who signed a provisional 30 % / 5 year contract in September 2013 . George , who had made the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 , qualified by again making the All - NBA third team . The 2017 CBA changed the qualification criteria for `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contracts . Players who come off rookie contracts at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , or later , must meet any of the following criteria to qualify : Selection to an All - NBA team ( at any level ) in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . Selection as Defensive Player of the Year in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . Selection as MVP in any season from the player 's second onward . These criteria are identical to those for the veteran player extensions introduced in the 2017 CBA . Had these criteria been part of the 2011 CBA , Rose would still have qualified for a 30 % contract , as he was in his third NBA season when he was named MVP . 5 / 30 % contracts ( edit ) The following players have signed 5 year / 30 % contracts : Derrick Rose ( signed with the Chicago Bulls ; was later traded to the New York Knicks during the last year on that deal ) until 2017 ( qualified by winning the 2011 MVP award ) Blake Griffin ( signed with the L.A. Clippers ; was later traded to the Detroit Pistons in 2018 ) signed through 2018 ( qualified by making the All - NBA second team in 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 ) Paul George ( signed with Indiana Pacers ; since has been traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder ) signed until 2019 ( qualified by making the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 and 2013 -- 14 ) 5 / 25 % contracts ( edit ) In addition the following players are known to have signed 5 year / 25 % contracts : Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) until 2023 Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) until 2017 Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) until 2021 John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) until 2019 James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) until 2018 Kyrie Irving ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) until 2020 Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) until 2020 Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) until 2021 Kevin Love was eligible for a designated player contract , but the Minnesota Timberwolves opted for a 4 - year contract ( with a player option year included , potentially allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent ) instead . During Kevin Durant 's final five seasons with the Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 -- 2016 ) , he received a Designated Player level salary . His contract was initially drawn up before the lockout -- during which the Derrick Rose Rule was implemented -- but was officially approved under the provisions of the 2005 CBA by the NBA after the lockout . This led some people to question whether the Thunder had ( with NBA approval ) effectively signed two players as their Designated Player , as both were contracted for 5 years . `` Kevin Durant '' rule ( edit ) The provision in the 2017 CBA that allows teams to create Designated Player contracts for their own veteran players , officially known as the `` Designated Veteran Player Extension '' ( DVPE ) , came to be called the `` Kevin Durant Rule '' because it was seen as a reaction to a wave of veteran superstars leaving their teams in free agency , capped off by Durant 's departure from the Thunder to the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 offseason . The 2011 CBA allowed all of the teams that were trying to lure Durant to offer him the same initial salary of $26.5 million . For a veteran player to qualify for such an extension , he must be entering his eighth or ninth season in the NBA , and have either : made the All - NBA team ( at any level ) in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; been named NBA Defensive Player of the Year in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; or been named NBA MVP at least once in the previous three seasons . Additionally , the team offering the extension must have originally drafted the player , or obtained him in a trade while he was on his rookie contract . Players who qualify can be offered contracts with a starting salary between 30 and 35 % of the salary cap . The extension can not last more than five years after the expiration of the player 's current contract ( or five years for a player who is a free agent when signed ) , but can be negotiated and signed one year before the current contract expires . The extension can be offered to a team 's own free agent as well as a player with time left on his contract . Additionally , once a player signs a DVPE , he can not be traded for one year . Ironically , while the rule was intended to encourage star players to stay with their current teams , the first major move by an NBA team involving a player eligible for the DVPE was the Sacramento Kings ' trade of DeMarcus Cousins to the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2017 All - Star break . Cousins ' contract with the Kings was not set to expire until 2018 , but he was eligible to sign a DVPE after the 2016 -- 17 season for up to $209 million over five years , a financial commitment that the Kings were apparently unwilling to make . Players eligible for DVPE ( edit ) Following the announcement of the 2016 -- 17 All - NBA team , four players were eligible to sign DVPE contracts during the 2017 offseason . All four were named to one of the three All - NBA teams for that season ; two were already eligible under the new criteria . Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) James Harden , Houston Rockets John Wall , Washington Wizards Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) Harden and Westbrook would not have qualified under the standard DVPE criteria because both signed extensions to their contracts in the 2016 offseason , Harden for two years and Westbrook for one . The players ' union and owners negotiated a special dispensation allowing them to sign DVPE contracts should they otherwise qualify . The most recent player to qualify for a DVPE contract , also known as a `` supermax '' contract , is Anthony Davis , who has played his entire NBA career to date with the New Orleans Pelicans . He qualified by being named to the All - NBA first team in 2017 -- 18 , enabling the Pelicans to offer him a five - year extension worth up to $230 million , effective with the 2019 -- 20 season . DVPE contracts ( edit ) The first player to sign a supermax contract was Stephen Curry , who agreed to a new five - year DVPE deal with the Warriors , worth $201 million , that runs through the 2021 -- 22 season . Curry signed the contract once the NBA 's free agency moratorium ended on July 6 , 2017 . Shortly thereafter , James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets . At the time of signing , his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million ; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons , ending in 2022 -- 23 . The next supermax signing was that of John Wall , who agreed later in July to a four - year , $170 million extension that will start in 2019 -- 20 . In late September , Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason , signing a five - year , $205 million extension that will start in 2018 -- 19 . Exceptions ( edit ) Because the NBA 's salary cap is a soft one , the CBA allows for several important scenarios in which a team can sign players even if their payroll exceeds the cap . The exceptions are as follows : Mid-level exception ( edit ) Once a year , teams can use a mid-level exception ( MLE ) to sign a player to a contract for a specified maximum amount . The amount of the MLE and its duration depend on the team 's cap status . In the 2017 CBA , the MLE was initially set at $8.406 million in the 2017 -- 18 season for teams that are over the cap either before or after the signing , but under the luxury tax apron , set at $6 million above the tax line . Teams can use this exception to offer contracts of up to four years . Teams above the apron have an MLE initially set at $5.192 million , allowing contracts of up to three years . Teams with cap room , which were ineligible for the MLE before the 2011 CBA , have an MLE initially set at $4.328 million that allows two - year contracts . In subsequent seasons , all MLE amounts will be determined by applying the percentage change of the salary cap to the previous exception amount . Before the 2011 CBA , the MLE was equal to the average NBA salary for all teams over the cap ; teams with cap room were then ineligible for the MLE . The Mid-Level Exception for the 2008 -- 09 NBA season was $5.585 million . The MLE was $5.854 million for the 2009 -- 10 NBA regular season . Under the 2017 CBA , the apron was initially set at $6 million above the tax line for the 2017 -- 18 season . In a new feature , the apron will change from season to season , with the percentage change ( up or down ) set at half of the rate of change of the cap for that season . Bi-annual exception ( edit ) The bi-annual exception can currently be used by teams below the apron to sign a free agent to a contract starting at $3.29 million . Like the mid-level exception , the bi-annual exception can also be split among more than one player , and can be used to sign players for up to two years ; raises were originally limited to 8 % per year , but in the 2017 CBA are limited to 5 % . This exception was referred to as the `` $1 million exception '' in the 1999 CBA , although it was valued at $1 million for only the first year of the agreement . An example of the bi-annual exception was the Los Angeles Lakers ' signing of Karl Malone to a contract before the 2003 -- 04 season . The exception was eliminated for teams above the tax apron following the 2011 NBA lockout as many high spending teams were using this as a tool to gain top paid players . A team can not use this exception in consecutive years ; a team that used it in 2016 -- 17 ( under the 2011 CBA ) can not use it in 2017 -- 18 ( under the 2017 CBA ) . It also can not be used by a team that has already used an MLE in the same season . Additionally , once a team uses the bi-annual exception , the tax apron becomes a hard salary cap for the remainder of that season . Rookie exception ( edit ) The NBA allows teams to sign their first - round draft choices to rookie `` scale '' contracts even if their payroll exceeds the cap . Two - way contracts ( edit ) The 2017 CBA introduced two - way contracts between NBA teams and players in the NBA G League ( formerly the D - League ) . Before the 2017 CBA , all D - League players were contracted directly with the league , and all D - League players could be called up by any NBA team , regardless of whether they were affiliated with the player 's D - League team . Now , each NBA team can sign two players to contracts that allow them to assign the players to the G League without risk of being `` poached '' by another NBA team . The players signed to such deals benefit by receiving a considerably higher salary than other G League players while in that league , as well as earning a prorated share of the NBA minimum rookie salary for each day they are with their contracted NBA team . Salaries of two - way players are not included in salary cap calculations . Additionally , a team can convert a two - way contract to a standard NBA contract at any time , with the player 's salary becoming the NBA minimum for the player 's years of service , prorated from the time of the conversion ; a converted contract also does not count in cap calculations . Larry Bird exception ( edit ) Perhaps the most well - known of the NBA 's salary cap exceptions is the Larry Bird exception , so named because the Boston Celtics were the first team permitted to exceed the salary cap to re-sign one of their own players ( in that case , Larry Bird ) . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` qualifying veteran free agents '' or `` Bird Free Agents '' in the CBA , and this exception falls under the terms of the Veteran Free Agent exception . In essence , the Larry Bird exception allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . To qualify as a Bird free agent , a player must have played three seasons without being waived or changing teams as a free agent . Players claimed after being amnestied have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Other players claimed off waivers are not eligible for the full Bird exception , but may qualify for the early Bird exception . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . This means a player can obtain `` Bird rights '' by playing under three one - year contracts , a single contract of at least three years , or any combination thereof . It also means that when a player is traded , his Bird rights are traded with him , and his new team can use the Bird exception to re-sign him . Since the 2011 CBA , Bird - exception contracts can be up to five years in length , down from six under the 2005 CBA . Early Bird exception ( edit ) The lesser form of the Larry Bird exception is the `` early Bird '' exception . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` early qualifying veteran free agents '' , and qualify after playing two seasons with the same team . Players that are traded or claimed off waivers have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . Using this exception , a team can re-sign its own free agent for either 175 % of his salary the previous season , or the NBA 's average salary , whichever is greater . Early Bird contracts must be for at least two seasons , but can last no longer than four seasons . If a team agrees to a trade that would make a player lose his Early Bird Rights , he has the power to veto the trade . A much - publicized example for this was Devean George , who vetoed his inclusion into a larger trade during the 2007 -- 08 season that would have sent him from the Dallas Mavericks to the New Jersey Nets . Non-Bird exception ( edit ) `` Non-qualifying free agents '' ( those who do not qualify under either the Larry Bird exception or the early Bird exception ) are subject to the non-Bird exception . Under this exception , teams can re-sign a player to a contract beginning at either 120 % of his salary for the previous season , or 120 % of the league 's minimum salary , whichever amount is higher . Contracts signed under the Non-Bird exception can last up to four years ( down from six under the 2005 CBA ) . Minimum salary exception ( edit ) Teams can sign players for the NBA 's minimum salary even if they are over the cap , for up to two years in length . In the case of two - year contracts , the second - season salary is the minimum salary for that season . The contract may not contain a signing bonus . This exception also allows minimum - salary players to be acquired via trade . There is no limit to the number of players that can be signed or acquired using this exception . Traded player exception ( edit ) If a team trades away a player with a higher salary than the player they acquire in return ( the deal hereafter referred to as `` Trade # 1 '' ) , they receive a Traded Player Exception , also known as a `` Trade Exception . '' Teams with a trade exception have up to a year in which they can acquire more salary in other trades ( Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc . ) than they send away , as long as the gulf in salaries for Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc. are less than or equal to the difference in salary for Trade # 1 . This exception is particularly useful when teams trade draft picks directly for a player ; since draft picks have no salary value , often the only way to get salaries to match is to use a trade exception , which allows trades to be made despite unbalanced salaries . It is also useful to compensate teams for losing free agents , as they can do a sign and trade of that free agent to acquire a trade exception that can be used later . Note this exception is for single player trades only , though additional cash and draft picks can be part of the trade . Disabled player exception ( edit ) Allows a team that is over the cap to acquire a replacement for a disabled player who will be out for either the remainder of that season ( for in - season injuries / deaths ) or the next season ( if the disability occurs during the offseason ) . The maximum salary of the replacement player is either 50 % of the injured player 's salary , or the mid-level exception for a non-taxpaying team , whichever is less . This exception requires an NBA - designated doctor to verify the extent of the injury . Under the 2005 CBA , a team could sign a player under this exception for five years ; since the 2011 CBA , it has been allowed only for one year . Note that while teams can often use one exception to sign multiple players , they can not use a combination of exceptions to sign a single player . Reinstatement ( edit ) A player banned from the league for a drug - related offense who is reinstated may be re-signed by his prior team for a salary up to his previous salary . Free agency ( edit ) Gilbert Arenas in 2003 was able to receive a bigger contract as a restricted free agent by leaving the Golden State Warriors for the Washington Wizards , prompting the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . There are two types of free agency under the NBA 's Collective Bargaining Agreement : Unrestricted and Restricted . Unrestricted free agent ( edit ) An unrestricted free agent is free to sign with any team that they choose to . Restricted free agent ( edit ) A restricted free agent is subject to his current team 's Right of First Refusal , meaning that the player can be signed to an offer sheet by another team , but his current club reserves the right to match the offer and keep the player . An offer sheet is a contract offer of at least two years made by another team to a restricted free agent . The player 's current club has three days to match the offer or they lose the player to the new team ; the CBA prior to 2011 allowed seven days . For first - round draft picks , restricted free agency is only allowed after a team exercises its option for a fourth year , and the team makes a Qualifying Offer at the Rookie - scale amount after the fourth year is completed . For any other player to be a restricted free agent , he must be at most a three - year NBA veteran , and his team must have made a Qualifying Offer for either 125 % of his previous season 's salary or the minimum salary plus $200,000 , whichever offer is higher . Teams are limited in what they can offer an unrestricted free agent with two years or less experience . The maximum first - year salary in an offer sheet is the mid-level exception . The second - year salary can be raised a maximum of 4.5 % . The third year salary is limited to the maximum a team has available in their salary cap . The salary in the fourth season may increase ( or decrease ) by up to 4.1 % of the salary in the third season . The offer sheet can only increase in the third season if it provides the highest salary allowed in the first two seasons , the contract is fully guaranteed , and it contains no bonuses . A player 's original team can use the Early Bird exception or their Mid-Level exception to re-sign the player . If the raise in the third season is greater than 4.5 % of the first year , the offering team must be able to fit the average of the entire contract under their cap . Through the 2016 -- 17 season , the accounting was different for the player 's original team , where the player 's salary for a given year -- not the contract 's average -- was counted against the cap . In some cases , the offering team could exploit a loophole to create what is referred to as a poison pill for the player 's original team , potentially forcing the original team to pay the luxury tax by the third season , as the Houston Rockets did in order to sign Jeremy Lin and Ömer Aşık away from the New York Knicks and Chicago Bulls , respectively . This could discourage them from matching the offer sheet . The 2017 CBA changed the accounting rules for the player 's original team in this scenario . If the original team matches , and has enough cap space to absorb the average annual salary of the offer , it can choose to take cap hits of either the actual contract payouts or the average of the contract in each season . Before the 2005 CBA , the original team could only use an exception to re-sign a player who had been drafted in the first round . The 2005 CBA allowed teams to use exceptions on non-first - round picks , with the extension named the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . In 2003 , Gilbert Arenas , who had been a second - round pick in 2001 , signed a six - year , $60 million contract with the Washington Wizards after his original team , the Golden State Warriors , were unable to match the offer since they were over the salary cap . July moratorium ( edit ) Players on a team 's season - ending roster remain under contract with their respective team until the start of free agency on July 1 . During a period in the beginning of July , teams may begin negotiating with free agents , but trades can not be made and most free agents can not be signed . The salary cap for the upcoming year is not set until the league 's audit is completed by the end of the period . Contracts that are allowed during this period are limited to : Rookie scale contracts to first round draft picks . A second round draft pick can accept a required tender , which is a one - year contract that teams are required to offer in order to retain their rights to the player . A restricted free agent can accept a qualifying offer from his previous team . A restricted free agent finishing the fourth season of his rookie scale contract can accept a maximum qualifying offer . The actual amount is not determined until the end of the moratorium . Teams may sign players to contracts of one or two years for the minimum salary . During the moratorium , teams are restricted from commenting on deals . Contracts can be signed once the moratorium ends . Cap holds ( edit ) The end of a free agent 's contract does not remove him from a team 's cap calculations . During the free agency period ( from July 1 until the player signs with a team , or the free agent 's former team renounces its rights ) , each free agent carries a specified salary cap charge for his last team , most often called a `` cap hold '' . Normally , the cap hold can be no more than a player 's maximum salary , or less than his minimum salary , based on years of service . The only exception is for free agents who made the minimum salary in the previous season ; if the league reimbursed the team for a portion of his salary in the last season of his contract , the reimbursement is not counted in the cap hold . Apart from these restrictions , the cap hold varies based on the status of the free agent and his salary in the previous season : Bird free agent : If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 150 % of previous salary . If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 190 % of previous salary . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 200 % of previous salary . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary . If coming off the third season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . Early Bird : If coming off the second season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . Otherwise , 130 % of previous salary . Non-Bird : 120 % of previous salary . The 2017 CBA will increase some cap holds from those found in the 2011 CBA as follows : Unsigned first - round draft picks : 120 % of rookie scale ( up from 100 % ) Bird free agent ( as of the 2018 -- 19 season ) : If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary ( up from 200 % ) . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 300 % of previous salary ( up from 250 % ) . Rookie scale salary ( edit ) First - round draft choices are assigned salaries according to their draft position . The first overall pick receives more than the second pick , the second more than the third , and so on . Each contract is for two years , with a team option for the third and fourth seasons ( CBAs before 2011 provided for three - year contracts with an option for the fourth season ) , with built - in raises every year to compensate for increases in the average salary . A team may elect to exceed rookie scale for a drafted player that was unsigned for which they retained his draft rights three seasons after the draft . The contract would be for at least three seasons , with a maximum value up to the team 's available cap room . In 2017 , the scale for lottery picks was as follows : Second - round picks are not subject to a scale , and technically can be paid anywhere from the minimum to the maximum contract amount . In practice , they rarely receive more than the minimum . Prior to the 2017 CBA , the rookie scales for each season were negotiated into the agreement . For the current agreement , only the rookie scales for the 2017 -- 18 season were determined in advance . In subsequent seasons , the percentage change in the salary cap will be applied to all dollar amounts in the previous season 's scale . Amounts that are expressed as a percentage of salary , such as the allowable salary change from the third to the fourth season of the rookie contract , remain the same from season to season . Options ( edit ) Many NBA contracts are structured with options for either the player or the team . An option simply gives the party that controls the option the right to extend the contract for one more season at a salary no less than the prior year 's amount . Sign and trade agreements ( edit ) Main article : Sign and trade When a team is willing to sign an upcoming free agent , but the player 's current team wants something in return , it might be in the best interest of both clubs to execute a sign - and - trade deal . This occurs when one team signs one of its free agents and immediately trades that player to another team . A sign - and - trade is beneficial to both the player and the teams ; the player receives a bigger contract than he might ordinarily get from a team that he would like to play for , while the trading club gets something in return for a free agent , and the recipient of the trade gets the player they desire . Sign - and - trades are a reality in the NBA because of the CBA 's rules : unlike baseball , where teams losing free agents are compensated with draft picks or cash , NBA teams that lose free agents receive no compensation . When a team initiates a sign - and - trade agreement , it must trade the signed player immediately ; teams can not renege on the arrangement and keep the player for themselves , using the other team 's financial situation to leverage the signee into a more favorable deal for themselves . Also , the contract signed before the trade must be for at least 3 years , with the first year guaranteed . Because of the contract length requirement , the signing team can not use an exception that can not be used to offer a contract of 3 or more years . Since the 2011 CBA , the signed player must have been on the roster of his previous team at the end of the last regular season . Previous agreements allowed teams to sign - and - trade any player to whom they held Bird rights , which do not automatically disappear with a player 's retirement -- for example , in July 2012 , the Los Angeles Lakers still held Bird rights to John Salley , who had not played since 2000 . In the 2007 -- 08 season , two teams used sign - and - trades on players who had been out of the league . The Dallas Mavericks signed Keith Van Horn out of retirement as part of a package to acquire Jason Kidd , and the Lakers did the same with Aaron McKie to facilitate their deal for Pau Gasol . The 2011 CBA put further restrictions on sign - and - trades , with these restrictions maintained in the 2017 CBA . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , the payroll of the receiving team can not exceed the so - called `` apron '' ( as of 2017 -- 18 set at $6 million above the tax line ) as a result of the trade , and a team that has used the taxpayers ' MLE can not receive a player in a sign - and - trade in that season . Additionally , the apron becomes a hard salary cap for the first season after the signing . Teams above the apron before the trade can not receive a player unless the trade leaves the team below the apron . Over-38 rule ( edit ) The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long - term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire . Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work : For example , suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million . With 5 % raises , a three - year contract would total $28.35 million . But if they added a fourth year to the contract , the salary would total $38.7 million . If the player retires after three seasons and continues drawing his salary for the additional season , then he effectively will be paid $38.7 million for three years ' work . In essence , they are giving the player a three - year contract with additional deferred compensation . To address this issue , CBAs since at least the 1990s have included what is now called the `` over-38 rule '' , under which certain contracts that extend past the player 's 38th birthday are presumed to cover seasons following the player 's expected retirement . The age threshold that triggered this rule was originally set at 35 , changed to 36 in the 1999 CBA , and changed again to 38 in the 2017 CBA . The salary for any years that come after the player 's 38th birthday is presumed to be deferred compensation , and is shifted for cap purposes to the under - 38 seasons of the deal , with the over-38 year ( s ) being referred to as `` zero years '' in the CBA . If the player continues to play under the deal ( proving the presumption of retirement wrong ) , the salary that had originally been treated as deferred is distributed evenly over the remaining years of the contract , starting with the second season before the zero years . This rule had been a larger issue before the 2011 CBA , which limited the maximum contract length to 5 years . While the threshold age was changed in the 2017 CBA , the mechanics of the rule remained the same . Notably , several members of the union 's executive committee at the time the 2017 CBA was negotiated were older players who were seen as potential major beneficiaries of a change to an over-38 rule . For example , the change to an over-38 rule gave union president Chris Paul , scheduled to become a free agent after the 2016 -- 17 season , a potential gain of nearly $50 million over the life of his next contract . Similarly , executive committee members LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony , who could opt out of their current contracts after the same season , had the potential for similar gains with this change . Trading and the salary cap ( edit ) Teams below the salary cap may trade without regard to salary , as long as they do n't end up more than $100,000 above the cap following a trade . Teams above the cap ( or teams below the cap but would end up more than $100,000 over the cap following a trade ) can not acquire more than 125 % plus $100,000 of the salary they trade away . Under the 2011 CBA , teams that remain below the luxury tax threshold even after the trade can acquire the lesser of 150 % plus $100,000 , or 100 % plus $5 million , of the salary they trade away . There is no lower limit -- teams may divest themselves of as much salary as they wish ( or can convince another team to take on ) in a trade . No free agent signed in the offseason can be traded until December 15 of that year or until three months have passed ( whichever comes later ) , a rule that prevents teams from signing free agents with the intent of using them strictly as trade fodder . For draft picks this moratorium lasts 30 days . If teams acquire a player in a trade , they are allowed to trade that player straight - up for another individual player immediately . However , if teams wish to package that player with another and make a trade , they must wait 60 days before doing so . The tight salary - matching rules of the 2005 CBA often required what NBA cap analyst Larry Coon called `` trade ballast '' -- extra players added to a deal solely for salary matching , who would typically be waived by their new teams . Under that CBA , such players were restricted from rejoining their original teams for 30 days during the season or 20 days in the offseason . This led to what Coon called `` wink - wink deals where players are traded with the full expectation of returning later . '' A notable example of such a deal occurred in the 2009 -- 10 season , in which the Cleveland Cavaliers included Zydrunas Ilgauskas in their trade with the Washington Wizards for Antawn Jamison . Ilgauskas was waived a week later without ever appearing in a game for the Wizards , and re-signed with Cleveland after the 30 - day waiting period passed . Under the 2011 CBA , a player acquired in a trade and waived by his new team can not re-sign with his original team until one year after the trade or July 1 after the expiration of his contract , whichever is sooner . Base year compensation ( edit ) Certain players in the first few months of a new contract are subject to base year compensation ( BYC ) . The intent of BYC is to prevent teams from re-signing players to salaries specifically targeted to match other salaries in a trade ( in other words , salary should be based on basketball value , not trade value ) . A BYC player 's trade value as outgoing salary is 50 % of his new salary , or his previous salary , whichever is greater . BYC applies only to players who re-sign with their previous team and receive a raise greater than 20 % . It also applies only when ( and as long as ) the team is over the salary cap . Under the 2011 CBA , players subject to BYC can not be traded before January 15 except in a sign - and - trade , and BYC is only applied to outgoing salary in sign - and - trade deals . Waivers ( edit ) NBA teams can release a player to the waiver wire , where he can stay for 48 hours ( during the regular season ) . While he is on waivers , other teams may claim him , for his existing salary . If he is not claimed , he is said to have `` cleared waivers '' , and is treated like any free agent , able to sign with any team ( with the special restriction noted above for players who were traded and then waived ) . Players waived after March 1 are not eligible to be on a team 's playoff roster . The deadline was March 23 during the lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season . Released players ( edit ) Released / waived players with guaranteed contracts continue to be included in their former team 's payroll . Players whose contracts are guaranteed are included in team salary in the amount they made while they were with the team . Players on non-guaranteed `` summer contracts '' are not included in team salary unless they make the regular season roster . If another team signs a released player who had a guaranteed contract ( as long as the player has cleared waivers ) , the player 's original team is allowed to reduce the amount of money they still owe the player ( and lower their team payroll ) by the right of set - off . This is true if the player signs with any professional team -- it does not even have to be an NBA team . The amount the original team gets to set off is limited to one - half the difference between the player 's new salary and a pro-rated share of the minimum salary for a one - year veteran ( if the player is a rookie , then the rookie minimum is used instead ) . Stretch provision ( edit ) Both the 2005 and 2011 CBAs contained a so - called `` stretch '' provision regarding payment of guaranteed money to waived players and its effect on the salary cap ; the 2011 provisions were kept in the 2017 CBA . Under the 2005 CBA , players and teams could alter the schedule of payments to waived players by mutual agreement . The remaining guaranteed salary was equally spread across the remaining years of the player 's contract . The 2011 CBA dramatically changed this regime . While contracts signed under the 2005 CBA remained under the original scheme , different rules apply to contracts signed since the 2011 CBA went into effect . Today , when a team waives a player , it can spread the remaining guaranteed salary ( and its accompanying cap hit ) over twice the remaining length of the contract , plus one year . According to Coon , `` if a team has an underperforming player with one season remaining at $12 million , the team can waive him and stretch his salary across three seasons at $4 million per season . '' Amnesty clause ( edit ) The NBA Amnesty Clause provided franchises a means of escaping a contractual obligation to a player whose performance falls far short of the extremely large salary they initially agreed to pay him . Under the 2010 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) , each franchise is allowed to waive just one player prior to the start of any season between the 2011 -- 12 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . The remaining salary still contractually owed will not be included in the salary cap or luxury tax totals of the team terminating his employment . Only players signed prior to the 2011 -- 12 season can be `` amnestied '' . The clause can be exercised during the seven days following the NBA 's July moratorium period on player transactions . The clause 's provisions allow a rival team to claim an amnestied player at a significantly ( often , dramatically ) reduced salary ; the waiving team only has to pay the player the remaining balance . The team with the highest bid acquires the player . If unclaimed , the player becomes a free agent . Teams over the salary cap can only acquire an amnestied player if he becomes a free agent and the offer would be limited to the veteran 's minimum contract . Under the 2005 CBA , one player could be waived prior to the start of the 2005 -- 06 season and not count toward the luxury tax . Unlike the 2011 CBA , the player still counted under the salary cap . The 2005 amnesty provision was derisively named the `` Allan Houston Rule '' , but his team , the New York Knicks , actually did n't use the measure on Houston -- they instead applied it to Jerome Williams due to Allan Houston later retiring under medical circumstances the same season . Ironically enough , Jerome Williams would retire as well from the NBA just two days after being under the amnesty clause for the Knicks that season . Season Season the amnesty clause was exercised . Team Team that exercised the clause . Player Player that was amnestied by the team . Next team The team the player joined after being amnestied . Bid amount The bid amount used by the next team if the player was claimed off waivers . All unclaimed players become free agents . * Denotes the team claimed the player off waivers ( i.e. he was not a free agent ) . N / A Denotes the player was n't selected to join a new team ( i.e. retirement ) and / or was n't bid on . Players amnestied under the 2011 CBA Season Team Player Next team Bid amount Ref 2011 -- 12 Orlando Magic Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas Memphis Grizzlies N / A Golden State Warriors Bell , Charlie Charlie Bell Juvecaserta Basket N / A New York Knicks Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups Los Angeles Clippers * $2,000,032 Cleveland Cavaliers Davis , Baron Baron Davis New York Knicks N / A New Jersey Nets Outlaw , Travis Travis Outlaw Sacramento Kings * $12,000,000 Indiana Pacers Posey , James James Posey N / A ( Retired ) N / A Portland Trail Blazers Roy , Brandon Brandon Roy Minnesota Timberwolves N / A 2012 -- 13 Philadelphia 76ers Brand , Elton Elton Brand Dallas Mavericks * $2,100,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Miličić , Darko Darko Miličić Boston Celtics N / A Dallas Mavericks Haywood , Brendan Brendan Haywood Charlotte Bobcats * $2,000,500 Houston Rockets Scola , Luis Luis Scola Phoenix Suns * $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Childress , Josh Josh Childress Brooklyn Nets N / A Washington Wizards Blatche , Andray Andray Blatche Brooklyn Nets N / A Denver Nuggets Andersen , Chris Chris Andersen Miami Heat N / A Los Angeles Clippers Gomes , Ryan Ryan Gomes Artland Dragons N / A 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Lakers World Peace , Metta Metta World Peace New York Knicks N / A Charlotte Bobcats Thomas , Tyrus Tyrus Thomas Iowa Energy N / A Milwaukee Bucks Gooden , Drew Drew Gooden Washington Wizards N / A Toronto Raptors Kleiza , Linas Linas Kleiza Fenerbahçe Ülker N / A Miami Heat Miller , Mike Mike Miller Memphis Grizzlies N / A 2014 -- 15 Chicago Bulls Boozer , Carlos Carlos Boozer Los Angeles Lakers * $3,200,000 Note Jump up ^ Posey would be retired from the NBA before he could find another team that he could play for , with him taking on an assistant coaching role for the Canton Charge in the D - League in the 2013 -- 14 season . Jump up ^ Roy initially retired from basketball due to persistent knee injuries and was then amnestied by Portland . However , after a year of inactivity , he returned to the NBA . Luxury tax ( edit ) While the soft cap allows teams to exceed the salary cap indefinitely by re-signing their own players using the `` Larry Bird '' family of exceptions , there are consequences for exceeding the cap by large amounts . A luxury tax payment is required of teams whose payroll exceeds a certain `` tax level '' , determined by a complicated formula , and teams exceeding it are punished by being forced to pay bracket - based amounts for each dollar by which their payroll exceeds the tax level . While most NBA teams hold contracts valued in excess of the salary cap , few teams have payrolls at luxury tax levels . The tax threshold in 2005 -- 06 was $61.7 million . In 2005 -- 06 , the New York Knicks ' payroll was $124 million , putting them $74.5 million above the salary cap , and $62.3 million above the tax line , which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league . Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax - paying teams , so there is often a several - million - dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax . The luxury tax level for the 2008 -- 09 season was $71.15 million . For the 2009 -- 10 season , the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million . The luxury tax level for the 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000 . The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime . The previous CBA had a dollar - for - dollar tax provision system , which remained in effect through the 2012 -- 13 season . Teams exceeding the tax level were punished by being forced to pay one dollar to the league for each dollar by which their payroll exceeded the tax level . Starting in 2013 -- 14 , the tax changed to an incremental system . Under the current system , tax is assessed at different levels based on the amount that a team is over the luxury tax threshold . The scheme is not cumulative -- each level of tax applies only to amounts over that level 's threshold . For example , a team that is $8 million over the tax threshold will pay $1.50 for each of its first $5 million over the tax threshold , and $1.75 per dollar for the remaining $3 million . Starting in 2014 -- 15 , `` repeat offenders '' , subject to additional penalties , are defined as teams that paid tax in previous seasons . In the first season , repeat offenders from in all previous three seasons will pay a stiffer tax rate ; from 2015 -- 16 thereafter , teams paying taxes in three out of four years will be subject to the higher repeater rate . As in the previous CBA , the tax revenue is divided among teams with lower payrolls . However , under the new scheme , no more than 50 % of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap . Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50 % under the 2011 CBA , but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid . For the 2013 -- 14 season , the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million . The Brooklyn Nets , whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million , would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million , resulting in a total payroll cost of $186 million . Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) Amount over tax threshold Standard tax per excess dollar Repeat offender tax per excess dollar $4,999,999 or less $1.50 $2.50 $5 million to $9,999,999 $1.75 $2.75 $10 million to $14,999,999 $2.50 $3.50 $15 million to $19,999,999 $3.25 $4.25 Over $20 million $3.75 + $0.50 per $5 million $4.75 + $0.50 per $5 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Average player salaries for a season are not determined until the NBA completes its annual audit in July . Because the free agency period starts before the actual average salary for the just - finished season is available , the league uses an `` estimated average salary '' , fixed in the CBA at 104.5 % of the most recent audited average salary ( from one season before the just - finished one ) , to determine cap holds , Early Bird exception amounts , and salaries for reinstated players until the audited numbers become available . Jump up ^ For the purposes of the over-38 rule only , seasons start on October 1 . A player 's age for a contract year is considered to be his age as of September 30 . Jump up ^ For the 2011 -- 12 season , that period was December 9 -- 16 , 2011 , due to the delayed start of the season after the lockout . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Salary cap for 2015 - 16 season jumps to $70 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap for 2016 - 17 set at $94.143 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Set for 2017 - 18 Season at $99.093 Million '' . NBA . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sources : Meeting before deadline off '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` Billy Hunter sends players memo on BRI '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking down changes in new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , players ratify new collective bargaining agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Answering your questions about the new collective bargaining agreement '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , Players ' Association Reach Agreement on New CBA '' . Heat Hoops . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA - Salary Cap History - RealGM '' . basketball.realgm.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Inflation Calculator '' . US Inflation Calculator . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hoops Rumours '' . hoopsrumors.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Salary Restrictions . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Contract Extensions . Accessed 27th July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ 58 : Rookie scale contract extensions . '' Accessed 27th July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose eager for season to start '' . ESPNChicago.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . November 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Entire list of players eligible for Higher Max Contract -- Accessed 25th July , 2013 Jump up ^ ESPN -- `` Derrick Rose Eager for Season to Start '' -- Accessed 27th July 2013 Jump up ^ Twitter discussion with Larry Coon ( author of the CBA FAQ ) who clarified the distinction between 25 % / 5 DPs and 30 % / 5 DPs who had failed to meet the criteria . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Dan NBCSports.com `` Report : Paul George , Pacers finalizing five - year max contract '' Accessed 23rd September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , LeBron headline 2013 - 14 All - NBA First Team '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 7 ( a ) ( i ) ( B ) : Maximum Annual Salary '' ( PDF ) . 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . p. 36 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ESPN.com ( 1 ) accessed 1st July 2015 Jump up ^ CBS - Wizards agree to 5 year deal for Wall -- Accessed 1 August 2013 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian . `` Kevin Love unsure about Timberwolves ' future '' Yahoo.com . Accessed 30th September 2013 Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ; Broussard , Chris ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Love , Wolves agree to deal '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBA FAQ : Rookie Scale Contract Extensions accessed July 25th , 2013 Jump up ^ SBNation : `` NBA 's bizarre decisions around Kevin Durant 's contract '' - accessed 25th July , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` DeMarcus Cousins trade FAQ : Key questions on huge deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` James Harden , John Wall eligible for max extensions under new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` It 's unanimous : LeBron James , James Harden voted All - NBA ; it 's the 12th time for LeBron '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ; Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 - 23 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall agrees to four - year , $170 M extension with Wizards , source says '' . ESPN.com . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook signs 5 - year , $205 M extension with Thunder '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 25 . What are salary cap exceptions ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salary Cap for 2008 -- 9 Season '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap set for 2009 -- 10 season '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 82 . What is a Two - Way player ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 83 . Can a Two - Way player be converted to a regular NBA player ? Can a regular NBA player be converted to a Two - Way player ? What is Exhibit 10 ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Deal Gives Knicks Lift in Effort to Re-Sign Lin '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Lin Granted Early - Bird Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Knicks Can Keep Their Breakout Star '' . The New York Times . p . SP3 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Danny ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` NBA 's poison - pill provision a reminder of Seahawks ' Hutchinson debacle '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manfred , Tony ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` A Quick Explanation Of The ' Poison Pill ' Contract That Could Stop The Knicks From Signing Jeremy Lin '' . businessinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hu , Janny ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Final looks in store for Warrick , Granger '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D - 3 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks letter names Paul , Howard '' . ESPN.com . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` With Eye on Williams , Nets to Acquire Johnson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 38 . How much do free agents count toward team salary ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 32 . How is `` average salary '' defined ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Splitter : The Difference '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 48 . What about second round draft picks ? What rules do they operate under ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 47 . First round draft picks operate under a different set of rules ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 92 . Can a free agent be signed and immediately traded ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` 101 . How are teams able to trade players who are out of the league , like Dallas did with Keith Van Horn ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 56 . What is the `` Over-38 '' rule ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Winderman : Still time to add good player ( or Eddy Curry ) to playoff roster '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board of Governors ratify 10 - year CBA '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers upset with Chris Paul 's trade to Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` No amnesty from preseason speculation engulfing league '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Mavericks claim Elton Brand '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remme , Mark ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wolves Waive Darko Milicic '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff . `` Mavs officially use amnesty on Brendan Haywood '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . SI.com . Associated Press . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . CBSsports.com . Jump up ^ Peay , Carla . `` Wizards release Andray Blatche using amnesty clause '' . washingtontimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets waive F / C Chris Andersen under amnesty provision '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers waive Gomes as amnesty player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers waive Metta World Peace under amnesty clause '' . ESPN . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Bobcats to use amnesty clause on Tyrus Thomas '' . Sports Illustrated . July 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency rumors '' . SB Nation . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors to amnesty Linas Kleiza '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heat designate Mike Miller amnesty '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls use amnesty provision on Boozer '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA salary cap for 2012 - 13 season set at $58.044 million '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . July 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ '' . www.cbafaq.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` New NBA deal may curtail Lakers ' free - spending ways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers to pay hefty luxury tax '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Andrei Kirilenko joins the Brooklyn Nets , who will pay $186 million for their roster next season '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the salary cap introduced to the nba	[ "The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s, but it was abolished after only one season. The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984–85 season, when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll." ]	[ "1984–85 season" ]
-3249192149026973155	Rigor mortis	Rigor mortis - wikipedia Rigor mortis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sign of death . For other uses , see Rigor mortis ( disambiguation ) . Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Rigor mortis ( Latin : rigor `` stiffness '' , mortis `` of death '' ) , the third stage of death , is one of the recognizable signs of death , caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem , which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen . In humans , rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem . Contents ( hide ) 1 Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Physiology ( edit ) After death , respiration in an organism ceases , depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is required to cause separation of the actin - myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle . When oxygen is no longer present , the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis . When the body 's glycogen is depleted , the ATP concentration diminishes , and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges . Additionally , calcium enters the cytosol after death . Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Also , the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol . The calcium activates the formation of actin - myosin cross-bridging . Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol , it binds to the troponin of thin filaments , which causes the troponin - tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins . In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex . Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP , which would destabilize the myosin - actin bond and break the cross-bridge . However , as ATP is absent , there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes ( endogenous or bacterial ) during decomposition . As part of the process of decomposition , the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes , allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax . Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis , which occurs approximately 13 hours after death . Physical Changes ( edit ) At the time of death , a condition called `` primary flaccidity '' occurs . Following this , the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis . All muscles in the body are affected . Starting between two and six hours following death , rigor mortis begins with the eyelids , neck , and jaw . The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles , which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers . Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles , including the internal organs , within the next four to six hours . The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual 's age , sex , physical condition , and muscular build . Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass . Applications in meat industry ( edit ) Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology . The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat . If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs , whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length . Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers , in response to the cold stimulus . The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules . To prevent cold shortening , a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out , especially in beef carcasses , immediately after slaughter and skinning . In this process , the carcass is stimulated with alternating current , causing it to contract and relax , which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening . Application in forensic pathology ( edit ) The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology , to determine the approximate time of death . A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in . If the body is moved after death , but before rigor mortis begins , forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied . If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found ( for example , if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up ) , that could mean someone moved it . Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis , and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death . One such factor is the ambient temperature . When conditions are warm , the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay . Low temperatures , however , slow them down . Therefore , for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal , so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death . See also ( edit ) Cadaveric spasm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , K.S. 2010 . Anatomy & Physiology : 6th edition . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John E. , and Arthur C. Guyton . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier , 2011 . MD Consult . Web . 26 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremery , Donald ( 3 February 1959 ) . `` Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization '' . Journal of Food Sciences . 25 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1960. tb17938. x . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research '' . Jump up ^ Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death , ExploreForensics < http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html Bibliography ( edit ) Bear , Mark F ; Connors , Barry W. ; Paradiso , Michael A. , Neuroscience , Exploring the Brain , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Third Edition ( 1 February 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 8 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . New York , 2012 . Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long does it take for rigamortis to set in on a dead body	[ "Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor \"stiffness\", mortis \"of death\"), the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.[1]" ]	[ "can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem" ]
3740858771044169078	Week	Week - wikipedia Week Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Week ( disambiguation ) and Weeks ( disambiguation ) . An Italian cameo bracelet representing the days of the week by their eponymous deities ( mid-19th century , Walters Art Museum ) Circular diagrams showing the division of the day and of the week , from a Carolingian ms . ( Clm 14456 fol . 71r ) of St. Emmeram Abbey . The week is divided into seven days , and each day into 96 puncta ( quarter - hours ) , 240 minuta ( tenths of an hour ) and 960 momenta ( 40th parts of an hour ) . A week is a time unit equal to seven days . It is the standard time period used for cycles of rest days in most parts of the world , mostly alongside -- although not strictly part of -- the Gregorian calendar . The days of the week were named after the classical planets ( derived from the astrological system of planetary hours ) in the Roman era . In English , the names are Monday , Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , Friday , Saturday and Sunday . ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system , a numbering system for weeks within a given year -- each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week 's Thursday ( so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday -- Sunday , week number one of the year will start after that ) . ISO 8601 assigns numbers to the days of the week , running from 1 to 7 for Monday through to Sunday . The term `` week '' is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days , such as the nundinal cycle of the ancient Roman calendar or the `` work week '' or `` school week '' referring only to the days spent on those activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Definition and duration 3 Days of the week 4 History 4.1 Ancient Near East 4.2 Achaemenid period 4.3 Hellenistic and Roman era 4.4 Adoption in Asia 4.5 Christian Europe 5 Week numbering 6 `` Weeks '' in other calendars 6.1 Pre-modern calendars 6.2 Modern calendar reforms 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Name ( edit ) The English word week comes from the Old English wice , ultimately from a Common Germanic * wikōn - , from a root * wik - `` turn , move , change '' . The Germanic word probably had a wider meaning prior to the adoption of the Roman calendar , perhaps `` succession series '' , as suggested by Gothic wikō translating taxis `` order '' in Luke 1 : 8 . The seven - day week is named in many languages by a word derived from `` seven '' . The archaism sennight ( `` seven - night '' ) preserves the old Germanic practice of reckoning time by nights , as in the more common fortnight . Hebdomad and hebdomadal week both derive from the Greek hebdomás ( ἑβδομάς , `` a seven '' ) . The obsolete septimane is cognate with the Romance terms derived from Latin septimana ( `` a seven '' ) . Slavic has a formation * tъ ( žь ) dьnь ( Serbo - Croatian тједан , Ukrainian тиждень , Czech týden , Polish tydzień ) , from * tъ `` this '' + * dьnь `` day '' , in some cases alongside nedělja ( OCS нєдѣлꙗ ) , a loan - translation of Latin feria and sedmitsa ( седмица ) , as ἑβδομάς derived from `` seven '' . Chinese has 星期 , as it were `` planetary time unit '' . Definition and duration ( edit ) A week is defined as an interval of exactly seven days , so that technically , except at daylight saving time transitions or leap seconds , 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours = 10,080 minutes = 604,800 seconds . With respect to the Gregorian calendar : 1 Gregorian calendar year = 52 weeks + 1 day ( 2 days in a leap year ) 1 week = ⁄ ≈ 22.9984 % of an average Gregorian month In a Gregorian mean year , there are 365.2425 days , and thus exactly 52 ⁄ or 52.1775 weeks ( unlike the Julian year of 365.25 days or 52 ⁄ ≈ 52.1786 weeks , which can not be represented by a finite decimal expansion ) . There are exactly 20,871 weeks in 400 Gregorian years , so 3 October 1617 was a Tuesday just like 3 October 2017 . Relative to the path of the Moon , a week is 23.659 % of an average lunation , or 94.637 % of an average quarter lunation . Historically , the system of Dominical letters ( letters A to G identifying the weekday of the first day of a given year ) has been used to facilitate calculation of the day of week . The day of the week can be easily calculated given a date 's Julian day number ( JD , i.e. the integer value at noon UT ) : Adding one to the remainder after dividing the Julian day number by seven ( JD modulo 7 + 1 ) yields that date 's ISO 8601 day of the week ( for example , the Julian day number of 3 October 2017 is 2458030 . Calculating ( 2458030 mod 7 + 1 ) yields 2 , corresponding to Tuesday . ) . Days of the week ( edit ) Main article : Names of the days of the week Schematic comparison of the ordering of the classical planets ( arranged in a circle ) and the sequence of days in the week ( forming a ( 7 / 3 ) heptagram within the circle ) . The days of the week were originally named for the classical planets . This naming system persisted alongside an `` ecclesiastical '' tradition of numbering the days , in ecclesiastical Latin beginning with dominica ( the Day of the Lord ) as the first day . The Greco - Roman gods associated with the classical planets were rendered in their interpretatio germanica at some point during the late Roman Empire , yielding the Germanic tradition of names based on indigenous deities . The ordering of the weekday names is not the classical order of the planets ( by distance in the planetary spheres model , or , equivalently , by their apparent speed of movement in the night sky ) . Instead , the planetary hours systems resulted in succeeding days being named for planets that are three places apart in their traditional listing . This characteristic was apparently discussed in Plutarch in a treatise written in c . AD 100 , which is reported to have addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order ? ( the text of Plutarch 's treatise has been lost ) . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Planet Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Greco - Roman deity Helios - Sol Selene - Luna Ares - Mars Hermes - Mercury Zeus - Jupiter Aphrodite - Venus Cronus - Saturn Greek : ἡμέρα Ἡλίου ἡμέρα Σελήνης ἡμέρα Ἄρεως ἡμέρα Ἑρμοῦ ἡμέρα Διός ἡμέρα Ἀφροδίτης ἡμέρα Κρόνου Latin : dies Sōlis dies Lūnae dies Martis dies Mercuriī dies Iovis dies Veneris dies Saturnī interpretatio germanica Sun Moon Tiwaz Wodanaz Þunraz Frige -- Old English sunnandæg mōnandæg tiwesdæg wōdnesdæg þunresdæg frīgedæg sæterndæg An ecclesiastical , non-astrological , system of numbering the days of the week was adopted in Late Antiquity . This model also seems to have influenced ( presumably via Gothic ) the designation of Wednesday as `` mid-week '' in Old High German ( mittawehha ) and Old Church Slavonic ( срѣда ) . Old Church Slavonic may have also modeled the name of Monday , понєдѣльникъ , after the Latin feria secunda . The ecclesiastical system became prevalent in Eastern Christianity , but in the Latin West it remains extant only in modern Icelandic , Galician and Portuguese . 1 . Sunday ( Christian Sabbath ) 2 . Monday 3 . Tuesday 4 . Wednesday 5 . Thursday 6 . Friday ( Muslim Sabbath ) 7 . Saturday ( Jewish Sabbath ) Greek Κυριακὴ ἡμέρα / kiriaki iméra / Δευτέρα ἡμέρα / devtéra iméra / Τρίτη ἡμέρα / tríti iméra / Τετάρτη ἡμέρα / tetárti iméra / Πέμπτη ἡμέρα / pémpti iméra / Παρασκευὴ ἡμέρα / paraskevi iméra / Σάββατον / sáb : aton / Latin ( dies ) dominica ; rarely feria prima , feria dominica feria secunda feria tertia feria quarta ; rarely media septimana feria quinta feria sexta Sabbatum ; dies sabbatinus , dies Sabbati ; rarely feria septima , feria Sabbati History ( edit ) A continuous seven - day cycle that runs throughout history paying no attention whatsoever to the phases of the moon was probably first practiced in Judaism , dated to the 6th century BC at the latest . There are several hypotheses concerning the origin of the biblical seven - day cycle . Friedrich Delitzsch and others suggested that the seven - day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation is the implicit astronomical origin of the seven - day week , and indeed the Babylonian calendar used intercalary days to synchronize the last week of a month with the new moon . According to this theory , the Jewish week was adopted from the Babylonians while removing the moon - dependency . However , Niels - Erik Andreasen , Jeffrey H. Tigay and others claimed that the sabbath is mentioned as a day of rest in some of the earliest layers of the Pentateuch dated to the 9th century BC at the latest , centuries before Judea 's Babylonian exile . They also find the resemblance between the biblical Sabbath and the Babylonian system weak . Therefore they suggested that the seven - day week may reflect an independent Israelite tradition . Tigay writes : It is clear that among neighboring nations that were in position to have an influence over Israel - and in fact which did influence it in various matters - there is no precise parallel to the Israelite Sabbatical week . This leads to the conclusion that the Sabbatical week , which is as unique to Israel as the Sabbath from which it flows , is an independent Israelite creation . The seven - day week seems to have been adopted , at different stages , by the Persian Empire , in Hellenistic astrology , and ( via Greek transmission ) in Gupta India and Tang China . The Babylonian system was received by the Greeks in the 4th century BC ( notably via Eudoxus of Cnidus ) . However the designation of the seven days of the week to the seven planets is an innovation introduced in the time of Augustus . The astrological concept of planetary hours is rather an original innovation of Hellenistic astrology , probably first conceived in the 2nd century BC . The seven day week was widely known throughout the Roman Empire by the 1st century AD , along with references to the Jewish Sabbath by Roman scholars such as Seneca and Ovid . The seven day cycle ultimately replaced the older Roman system of the nundinal cycle , probably during the 4th century . Ancient near East ( edit ) The earliest evidence of an astrological significance of a seven - day period is connected to Gudea , priest - king of Lagash in Sumer during the Gutian dynasty , who built a seven - room temple , which he dedicated with a seven - day festival . In the flood story of the Assyro - Babylonian epic of Gilgamesh the storm lasts for seven days , the dove is sent out after seven days , and the Noah - like character of Utnapishtim leaves the ark seven days after it reaches firm ground . It seems likely that the Hebrew seven - day week is based on the Babylonian tradition , although going through certain adaptations . George Aaron Barton speculated that the seven - day creation account of Genesis is connected to the Babylonian creation epic , Enûma Eliš , which is recorded on seven tablets . Counting from the new moon , the Babylonians celebrated the 7th , 14th , 21st and 28th as `` holy - days '' , also called `` evil days '' ( meaning `` unsuitable '' for prohibited activities ) . On these days , officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to `` make a wish '' , and at least the 28th was known as a `` rest - day '' . On each of them , offerings were made to a different god and goddess . In a frequently - quoted suggestion going back to the early 20th century the Hebrew Sabbath is compared to the Sumerian sa - bat `` mid-rest '' , a term for the full moon . The Sumerian term has been reconstructed as rendered Sapattu or Sabattu in Babylonian , possibly present in the lost fifth tablet of the Enûma Eliš , tentatively reconstructed `` ( Sa ) bbath shalt thou then encounter , mid ( month ) ly '' . Achaemenid period ( edit ) The Zoroastrian calendar follows the Babylonian in relating the seventh and other days of the month to Ahura Mazda . The forerunner of all modern Zoroastrian calendars is the system used to reckon dates in the Persian Empire , adopted from the Babylonian calendar by the 4th century BC . Frank C. Senn in his book Christian Liturgy : Catholic and Evangelical points to data suggesting evidence of an early continuous use of a seven - day week ; referring to the Jews during the Babylonian Captivity in the 6th century BC , after the destruction of the Temple of Solomon . While the seven - day week in Judaism is tied to Creation account in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible ( where God creates the heavens and the earth in six days and rests on the seventh ; Genesis 1 : 1 -- 2 : 3 , in the Book of Exodus , the fourth of the Ten Commandments is to rest on the seventh day , Shabbat , which can be seen as implying a socially instituted seven - day week ) , it is not clear whether the Genesis narrative predates the Babylonian Captivity of the Jews in the 6th century BC . At least since the Second Temple period under Persian rule , Judaism relied on the seven - day cycle of recurring Sabbaths Tablets from the Achaemenid period indicate that the lunation of 29 or 30 days basically contained three seven - day weeks , and a final week of eight or nine days inclusive , breaking the continuous seven - day cycle . The Babylonians additionally celebrated the 19th as a special `` evil day '' , the `` day of anger '' , because it was roughly the 49th day of the ( preceding ) month , completing a `` week of weeks '' , also with sacrifices and prohibitions . Difficulties with Friedrich Delitzsch 's origin theory connecting Hebrew Shabbat with the Babylonian lunar cycle include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week , and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Shabbat in any language . Hellenistic and Roman era ( edit ) Main article : Nundinae In Jewish sources by the time of the Septuagint , the term `` Sabbath '' ( Greek Sabbaton ) by synecdoche also came to refer to an entire seven - day week , the interval between two weekly Sabbaths . Jesus 's parable of the Pharisee and the Publican ( Luke 18 : 12 ) describes the Pharisee as fasting `` twice in the week '' ( Greek δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου dis tou sabbatou ) . The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight - day nundinum but , after the Julian calendar had come into effect in 45 BC , the seven - day week came into increasing use . For a while , the week and the nundinal cycle coexisted , but by the time the week was officially adopted by Constantine in AD 321 , the nundinal cycle had fallen out of use . The association of the days of the week with the Sun , the Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye dates to the Roman era ( 2nd century ) . The continuous seven - day cycle of the days of the week can be traced back to the reign of Augustus ; the first identifiable date cited complete with day of the week is 6 February AD 60 , identified as a `` Sunday '' ( as viii idus Februarius dies solis `` eighth day before the ides of February , day of the Sun '' ) in a Pompeiian graffito . According to the currently - used Julian calendar , 6 February 60 was , however , a Wednesday . This is explained by the existence of two conventions of naming days of the weeks based on the planetary hours system : 6 February was a `` Sunday '' based on the sunset naming convention , and a `` Wednesday '' based on the sunrise naming convention . Adoption in asia ( edit ) The earliest known reference in Chinese writings to a seven - day week is attributed to Fan Ning , who lived in the late 4th century in the Jin Dynasty , while diffusions from the Manichaeans are documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese or Central Asian Buddhist monk Bu Kong of the 7th century ( Tang Dynasty ) . The Chinese variant of the planetary system was brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ( 9th century ) . Surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven - day system in use in Heian Japan as early as 1007 . In Japan , the seven - day system was kept in use for astrological purposes until its promotion to a full - fledged Western - style calendrical basis during the Meiji era . The seven - day week was known in India by the 6th century , referenced in the Pañcasiddhāntikā. . Shashi ( 2000 ) mentions the Garga Samhita , which he places in the 1st century BC or AD , as a possible earlier reference to a seven - day week in India . He concludes `` the above references furnish a terminus ad quem ( viz . 1st century ) The terminus a quo can not be stated with certainty '' . Christian europe ( edit ) Further information : Holy Week and Easter Week The seven - day weekly cycle has remained unbroken in Christendom , and hence in Western history , for almost two millennia , despite changes to the Coptic , Julian , and Gregorian calendars , demonstrated by the date of Easter Sunday having been traced back through numerous computistic tables to an Ethiopic copy of an early Alexandrian table beginning with the Easter of AD 311 . A tradition of divinations arranged for the days of the week on which certain feast days occur develops in the Early Medieval period . There are many later variants of this , including the German Bauern - Praktik and the versions of Erra Pater published in 16th to 17th century England , mocked in Samuel Butler 's Hudibras . South and East Slavic versions are known as koliadniki ( from koliada , a loan of Latin calendae ) , with Bulgarian copies dating from the 13th century , and Serbian versions from the 14th century . Medieval Christian traditions associated with the lucky or unlucky nature of certain days of the week survived into the modern period . This concerns primarily Friday , associated with the crucifixion of Jesus . Sunday , sometimes personified as Saint Anastasia , was itself an object of worship in Russia , a practice denounced in a sermon extant in copies going back to the 14th century . Sunday , in the ecclesiastical numbering system also counted as the feria prima or the first day of the week ; yet , at the same time , figures as the `` eighth day '' , and has occasionally been so called in Christian liturgy . Justin Martyr wrote : `` the first day after the Sabbath , remaining the first of all the days , is called , however , the eighth , according to the number of all the days of the cycle , and ( yet ) remains the first '' . A period of eight days , starting and ending on a Sunday , is called an octave , particularly in Roman Catholic liturgy . In German , the phrase in acht Tagen ( literally `` in eight days '' ) means one week from today . Week numbering ( edit ) Further information : Leap week calendar World map showing holidays of week in different countries Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Weeks in a Gregorian calendar year can be numbered for each year . This style of numbering is commonly used ( for example , by schools and businesses ) in some European and Asian countries , but rare elsewhere . ISO 8601 includes the ISO week date system , a numbering system for weeks -- each week begins on a Monday and is associated with the year that contains that week 's Thursday ( so that if a year starts in a long weekend Friday -- Sunday , week number one of the year will start after that ) . For example , week 1 of 2004 ( 2004W01 ) ran from Monday , 29 December 2003 to Sunday , 4 January 2004 , because its Thursday was 1 January 2004 , whereas week 1 of 2005 ( 2005W01 ) ran from Monday , 3 January 2005 to Sunday , 9 January 2005 , because its Thursday was 6 January 2005 and so the first Thursday of 2005 . The highest week number in a year is either 52 or 53 ( it was 53 in the year 2004 ) . Schematically , this ISO convention translates as follows : Dates in January Effect Week number Week assigned to 5 6 7 New year 5 6 New year 5 New year New year 53 Previous year 53 when leap year , 52 when normal year Previous year 52 Previous year In some countries , though , the numbering system is different from the ISO standard . At least six numberings are in use : System First day of week First week of year contains Can also be last week of previous year Used by / in ISO - 8601 Monday 4 January 1st Thursday 4 -- 7 days of year yes EU and most of other European countries , most of Asia and Oceania ( Islamic ) Saturday 1 January 1st Friday 1 -- 7 days of year yes Much of the Middle East ( North American ) Sunday 1 January 1st Saturday 1 -- 7 days of year yes Canada , United States , India , Japan , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Macau , Israel , South Africa , most of Latin America The semiconductor package date code is often a 4 digit date code YYWW where the first two digits YY are the last 2 digits of the calendar year and the last two digits WW are the two - digit week number . The tire date code mandated by the US DOT is a 4 digit date code WWYY with two digits of the week number WW followed by the last two digits of the calendar year YY . `` Weeks '' in other calendars ( edit ) The term `` week '' is sometimes expanded to refer to other time units comprising a few days . Such `` weeks '' of between four and ten days have been used historically in various places . Intervals longer than 10 days are not usually termed `` weeks '' as they are closer in length to the fortnight or the month than to the seven - day week . Pre-modern calendars ( edit ) Calendars unrelated to the Chaldean , Hellenistic , Christian or Jewish traditions often have time cycles between the day and the month of varying lengths , sometimes also called `` weeks '' . An eight - day week was used in Ancient Rome and possibly in the pre-Christian Celtic calendar . Traces of a nine - day week are found in Baltic languages and in Welsh . The ancient Chinese calendar had a ten - day week , as did the ancient Egyptian calendar ( and , incidentally , the French Republican Calendar , dividing its 30 - day months into thirds ) . A six - day week is found in the Akan Calendar . Several cultures used a five - day week , including the 10th century Icelandic calendar , the Javanese calendar , and the traditional cycle of market days in Korea . The Igbo have a `` market week '' of four days . Evidence of a `` three - day week '' has been derived from the names of the days of the week in Guipuscoan Basque . The Aztecs divided a ritual cycle of 260 days , known as Tonalpohualli , into 20 weeks of 13 days known in Spanish as Trecena . They also divided the solar year into 18 periods of 20 days and five nameless days known as Nemontemi , creating a `` 20 - day month '' divided into four `` five - day weeks '' . The Maya divided a 260 - day ritual cycle known Tzolk'in into 20 weeks of 13 days known as Trecena . The Maya also divided the year , Haab ' , into 18 periods of 20 days , Uinal and five nameless days known as Wayeb ' . The Balinese Pawukon is a 210 - day calendar consisting of 10 different simultaneously running weeks of 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 days , of which the weeks of 4 , 8 and 9 days are interrupted to fit into the 210 - day cycle . Modern calendar reforms ( edit ) Further information : Decimal calendar , French Revolutionary Calendar § Ten days of the week , Bahá'í calendar , International Fixed Calendar , and Soviet calendar A 10 - day week , called décade , was used in France for nine and a half years from October 1793 to April 1802 ; furthermore , the Paris Commune adopted the Revolutionary Calendar for 18 days in 1871 . The Bahá'í calendar features a 19 - day period which some classify as a month and others classify as a week . The International Fixed Calendar ( also known as the `` Eastman plan '' ) fixed every date always on the same weekday . This plan kept a 7 - day week while defining a year of 13 months with 28 days each . It was the official calendar of the Eastman Kodak Company for decades . Soviet calendar `` Twenty - first year of the socialist revolution '' 12 December 1937 ( Below 12 : ) `` Sixth day of the six - day week '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Election day for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR '' Between 1929 and 1931 , the USSR changed from the seven - day week to a five - day week . There were 72 weeks and an additional five national holidays inserted within three of them , totaling a year of 365 days . In 1931 , after its brief experiment with a five - day week , the Soviet Union changed to a six - day week . Every sixth day ( 6th , 12th , 18th , 24th and 30th ) of the Gregorian Calendar was a state rest day . The five additional national holidays in the earlier five - day week remained and did not fall on the state rest day . But , as January , March , May , July , August , October and December have 31 days , the week after the state rest day of the 30th was seven days long ( 31st -- 7th ) . This extra day was a working day for most or an extra holiday for others . Also as February is only 28 or 29 days depending on whether it is a leap year or not , the first of March was also made a state rest day , although not every enterprise conformed to this . To clarify , the week after the state rest day , 24 / 25 February to 1 March , was only five or six days long , depending on whether it was a leap year or not . The week after that , 2 to 6 March , was only five days long . The calendar was abandoned 26 June 1940 and the seven - day week reintroduced the next day . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Week . Names of the days of the week Workweek and weekend References ( edit ) Jump up ^ sennight at worldwidewords.org ( retrieved 12 January 2017 ) Jump up ^ In pre-modern times , days were measured either from sunset to sunset , or from sunrise to sunrise , so that the length of the week ( and the day ) would be subject to slight variations depending upon the time of year and the observer 's geographical latitude . Jump up ^ Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In S.E. Urban & P.K. Seidelmann , eds . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac , 3rd ed . ( pp. 585 -- 624 ) . Mill Valley , Calif. : University Science Books . 2013 , pp. 592 , 618 . This is equivalent to saying that JD0 , i.e. 1 January 4713 BC of the proleptic Julian calendar , was a Monday . Jump up ^ E.G. Richards , Mapping Time , the Calendar and History , Oxford 1999 . p. 269 . Jump up ^ Max Vasmer , Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch , s.v. понедельник ; however , the Slavic languages later introduced a secondary numbering system that names Tuesday as the `` second day '' . Jump up ^ the latter specifically due to the influence of Martin of Braga , 6th - century archbishop of Braga . Richard A. Fletcher ( 1999 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . University of California Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21859 - 8 . McKenna , Stephen ( 1938 ) . `` Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century '' . Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom . Catholic University of America . pp. 93 -- 94 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` day of preparation '' , i.e. the day before Sabbath , c.f. Luke 23 : 54 ( καὶ ἡμέρα ἦν Παρασκευῆς , καὶ σάββατον ἐπέφωσκεν . ) ^ Jump up to : Eviatar Zerubavel , The Seven Day Circle : The History and Meaning of the Week , University of Chicago Press , 1989 ( 1985 ) , p. 11 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Senn , Frank C. ( 1997 ) . Christian Liturgy : Catholic and Evangelical . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2726 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leland , S. Copeland ( April 1939 ) . `` Sources of the Seven - Day Week '' . Popular Astronomy . XLVII ( 4 ) : 176 ff . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 175C . Jump up ^ a month consisted of three seven - day weeks and a fourth week of eight or nine days , thus breaking the seven - day cycle every month . Consequently , there is no evidence that the days of the week were given individual names in Babylonian tradition . Pinches , T.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Sabbath ( Babylonian ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 20 . Selbie , John A. , contrib . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 889 -- 891 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3698 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Andreasen , Niels Erik A. ( 1972 ) . The Old Testament Sabbath : A Tradition - historical Investigation . Society of Biblical Literature . Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ( 1974 ) . `` Review of The Old Testament Sabbath : A Tradition - Historical Investigation '' . Journal of Biblical Literature. 93 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 301 . doi : 10.2307 / 3263102 . ^ Jump up to : Tigay , Jeffery H. ( 1998 ) . `` Shavua '' . Mo'adei Yisra'el : Time and Holy Days in the Biblical and Second Commonwealth Periods ( Heb . ) , ed . Jacob S. Licht : pp. 22 -- 23 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ HALLO , WILLIAM W. `` New Moons and Sabbaths : A Case - Study in the Contrastive Approach , Hebrew Union College Annual , vol. 48 , 1977 , pp. 1 -- 18 '' . Jump up ^ FRIEDMAN , ALLEN ( 2008 ) . `` Unnatural Time : Its History and Theological Significance '' . The Torah U-Madda Journal . 15 : 104 -- 105 , Tigay 's citation . Jump up ^ It was transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans , via the country of Kang ( a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ) . Tang - era adoption is documented in the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . According to the Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai ( 辞海 ) , there is some evidence that the system had been adopted twice , the first time already in the 4th century ( Jin dynasty ) , based on a reference by a Jin era astrologer , Fan Ning ( 範寧 / 范宁 ) . The Cihai under the entry for `` seven luminaries calendar '' ( 七曜历 / 七曜曆 , qī yào lì ) has : `` method of recording days according to the seven luminaries ( 七曜 qī yào ) . China normally observes the following order : Sun , Moon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , and Saturn . Seven days make one week , which is repeated in a cycle . Originated in ancient Babylon ( or ancient Egypt according to one theory ) . Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD , later transmitted to other countries . This method existed in China in the 4th century . It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia . '' ( translation after Bathrobe 's Days of the Week in Chinese , Japanese & Vietnamese , plus Mongolian and Buryat ( cjvlang.com ) ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Peter ; Sears , Gareth ; Laurence , Ray ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) . Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 . A&C Black . ISBN 9781441123046 . Jump up ^ So , Ky - Chun ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . Jesus in Q : The Sabbath and Theology of the Bible and Extracanonical Texts . Wipf and Stock Publishers . ISBN 9781498282116 . Jump up ^ Leland , S. Copeland ( April 1939 ) . `` Sources of the Seven - Day Week '' . Popular Astronomy . XLVII ( 4 ) : 176 . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 175C . Copeland ( 1939 ) cites as the date for Gudea `` as early as 2600 BC '' ; the modern estimate according to the short chronology places Gudea in the 22nd century BC . By contrast , Anthony R. Michaelis in `` The Enigmatic Seven `` , Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 7 , p. 373 claims that `` the first great empire builder , King Sargon I of Akkad ( ( ruled ) 2335 to 2279 BC ( viz. , middle chronology ) ) , decreed a seven - day week in his empire . He lived for 56 years , established the first Semitic Dynasty , and defeated the Sumerian City States . Thus the Akkadian language spread , it was adopted by the Babylonians , and the seven - day week was similarly inherited from him . '' An article from The Economist of 20 December 2001 , titled The power of seven , talks about the significance of the number seven in Sumerian mythology . Jump up ^ `` Each account is arranged in a series of sevens , the Babylonian in seven tablets , the Hebrew in seven days . Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series . '' cited after : Albert T. Clay , The Origin of Biblical Traditions : Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel , 1923 , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Pinches , T.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Sabbath ( Babylonian ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 20 . Selbie , John A. , contrib . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 889 -- 891 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3698 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ referenced in The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal 30 ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ Boyce , Mary ( ed. & trans . ) . Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism . University of Chicago Press , 1984 , p. 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 1997 ) . Christian Liturgy : Catholic and Evangelical . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2726 - 3 . Jump up ^ Landau , Judah Leo . The Sabbath . Johannesburg , South Africa : Ivri Publishing Society , Ltd . pp. 2 , 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Sampey , John Richard ( 1915 ) . `` Sabbath : Critical Theories '' . In Orr , James . The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia . Howard - Severance Company . p. 2630 . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance , 4521 . Jump up ^ Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 1989 ) . The Seven Day Circle : The History and Meaning of the Week . University of Chicago Press . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 98165 - 9 . Senn , Frank C. ( 1997 ) . Christian Liturgy : Catholic and Evangelical . Fortress Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2726 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil . Cos. VIII idus Febr ( u ) arius dies solis , luna XIIIIX nun ( dinae ) Cumis , V ( idus Februarias ) nun ( dinae ) Pompeis . Robert Hannah , `` Time in Written Spaces '' , in : Peter Keegan , Gareth Sears , Ray Laurence ( eds . ) , Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 , A&C Black , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Shashi , Shyam Singh ( 2000 ) . Encyclopaedia Indica India , Pakistan , Bangladesh Vol. 76 Major dynasties of ancient Orissa : India , Pakistan , Bangladesh . Anmol Publications PVT . LTD . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7041 - 859 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kane , Dr. Pandurang Vaman ( 1930 -- 1962 ) . History of Dharmasastra . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Otto ( 1979 ) . Ethiopic astronomy and computus . Verl . d . Österr . Akad . d . Wiss . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7001 - 0289 - 2 . `` The Roman context of the spread of Christianity meant that Rome contributed a lot to the structure and calendar of the new faith . '' `` BBC Religion & Ethics -- Why are there seven days in a week ? '' . BBC Religion & Ethics . Jump up ^ William Francis Ryan , The Bathhouse at Midnight : An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia , Penn State Press , 1999 p. 380 . Jump up ^ William Francis Ryan , The Bathhouse at Midnight : An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia , Penn State Press , 1999 p. 383 . Jump up ^ This is just a reflection of the system of ordinal numbers in Greek and Latin , compare the nundinal cycle ( literally `` nine - days '' cycle , describing an eight - day week ) of the Roman calendar , or the Resurrection of Jesus ( after a period of less than 48 hours ) being described as happening on the `` third day '' Jump up ^ `` Saint Justin Martyr : Dialogue with Trypho ( Roberts - Donaldson ) '' . earlychristianwritings.com . Jump up ^ Peter Johann Haas ( 26 January 2002 ) . `` Weeknumber sorted by definition '' . pjh2.de . Jump up ^ `` JRS -- Calendar Weeks -- JR Stockton '' . demon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Marking Convention '' . Jump up ^ `` Top Mark Convention -- 4 - Digit Date Code '' . Jump up ^ `` 49 CFR 574.5 -- Tire identification requirements . '' . Jump up ^ OED s.v. `` week n . '' , entry 1. c. : `` Sometimes applied transf. to other artificial cycles of a few days that have been employed various peoples '' Jump up ^ Astronomy and Basque Language , Henrike Knörr , Oxford VI and SEAC 99 `` Astronomy and Cultural Diversity '' , La Laguna , June 1999 . It references Alessandro Bausani , 1982 , The prehistoric Basque week of three days : archaeoastronomical notes , The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy ( Maryland ) , v. 2 , 16 -- 22 . 1 . astelehena ( `` week - first '' , Monday ) , 2 . asteartea ( `` week - between '' , Tuesday ) , 3 . asteazkena ( `` week - last '' , Wednesday ) . Jump up ^ `` Aztec calendar stone '' . aztec-history.com . Jump up ^ Zerubavel , Eviatar ( 1985 ) . The Seven - Day Circle . New York : The Free Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 0029346800 . Further reading ( edit ) Colson , Francis Henry ( 1926 ) . The Week : An Essay on the Origin and Development of the Seven - day Cycle . Cambridge University Press . OCLC 59110177 . Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` week '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Week&oldid=803592938 '' Categories : Weeks Units of time Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text CS1 maint : Extra text Articles containing Germanic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles contradicting other articles All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from August 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the 7 days of the week come from	[ "Friedrich Delitzsch and others suggested that the seven-day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation is the implicit astronomical origin of the seven-day week[10] , and indeed the Babylonian calendar used intercalary days to synchronize the last week of a month with the new moon.[11] According to this theory, the Jewish week was adopted from the Babylonians while removing the moon-dependency." ]	[ "the seven-day week being approximately a quarter of a lunation is the implicit astronomical origin of the seven-day week" ]
-7227516126417573762	Richard Benjamin Harrison	Richard Benjamin Harrison - wikipedia Richard Benjamin Harrison This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 6 August 2018 . Richard Benjamin Harrison Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr . ( 1941 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1941 Danville , Virginia , U.S. June 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) ( aged 77 ) Las Vegas , Nevada , U.S. Cause of death Complications from Parkinson 's disease Other names The Old Man ( nickname ) The Appraiser Benny Occupation Businessman Reality television personality Years active 1988 -- 2018 Spouse ( s ) Joanne Rhue ( m . 1960 ) Children 4 , including Richard Kevin Harrison Website gspawn.com Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr . ( March 4 , 1941 -- June 25 , 2018 ) , also known by the nicknames The Old Man and The Appraiser , was an American businessman and reality television personality , best known as the co-owner of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop , as featured on the History Channel series Pawn Stars . Harrison was the co-owner of the pawn shop with his son Rick Harrison . They opened the store together in 1989 . Harrison was usually referred to by his nickname , `` The Old Man '' , which he earned at the age of 38 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Marriage and the Navy 3 Business career 4 Awards and recognition 5 Other appearances 6 Legal issues 6.1 Daniel Callahan 6.2 Interference with business practices 7 Personal life and death 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. was born in Danville , Virginia , on March 4 , 1941 , and was of Irish descent . Harrison 's grandson , Corey , has mentioned his grandmother said they are related to Presidents William Henry Harrison and Benjamin Harrison . Harrison indicated that he did not give much credence to this idea . When Harrison was one year old , his family moved to Lexington , North Carolina , where they lived at 115 Peacock Avenue , just off South Main Street . Harrison attended Lexington High School , but left during his junior year . Harrison 's family was poor , and to make money , Harrison drove a school bus when he was 14 , parking the bus at his house every night , and getting up early in the morning to pick up the schoolchildren , for which he was paid five or six dollars a week . Marriage and the Navy ( edit ) Harrison achieved the rank of petty officer first class while serving in the United States Navy . When he was 17 , Harrison attended a barn dance , where he met his future wife , Joanne Rhue , the daughter of Joseph Rhue , a county judge , who later became one of the lead attorneys for Philip Morris in North Carolina . They married in 1960 . Before they married , however , Harrison stole a car , and after he was arrested , was given a choice by the judge to go to prison or the military . Harrison chose the latter . JoAnne became pregnant with their first child immediately after they married , and Sherry , their first child , was born with Down syndrome . They also had three sons , Joseph , Rick , and Chris . Harrison left the Navy in February 1962 , but re-enlisted fourteen months later in order to obtain the health care benefits necessary to meet Sherry 's medical expenses . She died when she was six years old . Harrison ultimately served in the U.S. Navy for 20 years , including stints as a paymaster , and attaining the rank of petty officer first class . Harrison served on four ships , including his final five years on fleet tug ATF 100 USS Chowanoc , from 1972 to 1976 . In 1967 Harrison was transferred by the Navy to San Diego , California . He continued to serve in the Navy , while JoAnne obtained her real estate license in 1970 and opened her own office in 1973 . After Harrison was discharged from the Navy , he worked part - time in his wife 's office . Declining real estate sales caused by interest rates as high as 18 percent cost Harrison $1,000,000 and the collapse of this business in 1981 . Business career ( edit ) In April 1981 , Harrison and his wife , having only $5,000 left , moved with their three sons to Las Vegas , Nevada , where Harrison and his son Rick opened Gold & Silver Coin Shop in a 300 square foot shop at 1501 Las Vegas Boulevard . In 1986 , he relocated the business to a larger building at 413 Fremont Street . In 1987 , he obtained a license to buy and sell second - hand goods . The business 's lease expired in 1988 . In 1989 , Rick opened what would become the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop at 713 Las Vegas Boulevard South , located less than two miles from the Las Vegas Strip . The most common item brought into the store is jewelry . As of July 2011 , the store had 12,000 items in its inventory , 5,000 of which are typically held on pawn . Even when absent from the show , according to an episode of Pawn Stars , Harrison usually was the first to arrive at the shop in the morning , and by 2010 , had not had a sick day since 1994 . From July 19 , 2009 until his death , Harrison and his son Rick , along with his grandson Richard Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison and Corey 's childhood friend and employee Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell , starred in the reality television program Pawn Stars on the History Channel . Harrison was depicted as saying little and easily angered . Chumlee has stated that he is `` old and cranky '' , while Harrison himself indicates : `` My role on the show is to be an old grump . '' Within ten weeks of its debut , Pawn Stars was the highest - rated program on the History Channel , and second highest - rated reality show program behind Jersey Shore . In that same period , the average number of customers in the Gold & Silver Pawn Shop increased from 70 to 700 per day . By February 2012 , between 3,000 and 5,000 people visited the store each day . In 2014 Harrison 's net worth was estimated to be $5 million USD . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In March 2010 , Harrison , his son , grandson and Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell were awarded the key to the city of Las Vegas by Mayor Oscar Goodman . Harrison and the other stars of Pawn Stars served as grand marshals for the History 300 NASCAR race at the Charlotte Motor Speedway on May 26 , 2012 . On May 29 , 2012 , Harrison was awarded a key to the city of Lexington , his hometown , by Lexington Mayor Clark Newell , in the Lexington City Council Chamber , and the day was also officially `` Richard Harrison 's Day '' . On July 17 , 2012 , the Clark County Commission declared that day to be `` Pawn Stars / Gold & Silver Pawn Day '' . At the Commission meeting , Harrison donated $1000 to the Clark County Museum , and lent the U.S. Senate floor chair used by Senator Patrick McCarran ( sold to the Gold and Silver in the Pawn Stars episode `` Take a Seat '' ) to the museum as part of a display on Senator McCarran . Harrison and his son Rick were nominated for the 2012 Time 100 list . Other appearances ( edit ) On December 5 , 2011 , Harrison made a special appearance at the American Country Awards 2011 , giving a speech onstage . On February 25 , 2012 , he was a guest star at a Celebrity Bingo Bow Wow charity event , which was held at the Silverton Casino Lodge . Legal issues ( edit ) Daniel Callahan ( edit ) In May 2012 , Daniel Callahan filed a lawsuit in the District Court in Las Vegas claiming that Harrison and his son Rick failed to provide `` reasonable and necessary '' security at their store , seeking around $20,000 for injuries he allegedly suffered from being `` dragged out of the pawn shop and tossed onto the sidewalk '' after an argument over a rifle he had brought . Harrison 's grandson , Corey , defended them both , stating that they were never in direct contact with Callahan and `` it was in our best interests to get him out of there . '' Interference with business practices ( edit ) In October 2012 , A&E Network and the History Channel , along with Harrison and the rest of the show 's cast , were sued in Clark County District Court in Las Vegas for interference with business practices by Wayne F. Jefferies , a Las Vegas promoter and the Harrisons ' manager , who represented them and `` Chumlee '' Russell in their television business dealings . Jefferies , who managed and operated the Las Vegas world cuisine restaurant Seven in 2001 , and who , as an event promoter , put up to $75,000 in support of the 2005 and 2006 Las Vegas Red , White and Boom Independence Day event , was instrumental in helping to launch the series . Jefferies stated that after the show premiered , his influence in the show was increasingly reduced , and that he was ultimately fired and left without his promised share of fees and merchandising royalties from the series , purportedly due to network executives after a January 2012 report on TMZ that indicated that the Pawn Stars cast were taken aback by the History Channel 's launch of the spinoff Cajun Pawn Stars , of which the cast had been unaware . Personal Life and death ( edit ) Harrison was particularly passionate about automobiles , showing an interest in all types of cars . Cars he owned or expressed an interest in on the television series include his 1966 Imperial Crown , which took him fifteen years to convince the previous owner to sell , and was subsequently restored by his son and grandson for his 50th wedding anniversary ; a 1957 Chevy 150 sedan given to him by the stars of two other History shows , American Restoration and American Pickers ; and the mid-1960s B&Z Electra - King electric car shown to them in Pawn Stars season 3 episode 14 ( `` Honest Abe '' ) , which he suggested could be converted into a golf cart . Harrison died on June 25 , 2018 , after a battle with Parkinson 's disease . His funeral was held July 1 , with his casket draped in an American flag on account of his service in the Navy . His son Rick eulogized him thus : `` He was my hero and I was fortunate to get a very cool ' Old Man ' as my dad . That I got to share him with so many others and they got to see what a great family man he was is something I am grateful to have experienced with him . '' Harrison was survived by wife JoAnne , three sons , 10 grandchildren and five great - grandchildren . Harrison placed his son Rick in charge of his estate . Christopher Harrison , the youngest of Harrison 's three sons , was intentionally omitted from his father 's will . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huffman , Steve ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Old Man ' from ' Pawn Stars ' recalls growing up in Lexington '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Rick ( 2011 ) . License to Pawn : Deals , Steals , and My Life at the Gold & Silver . Hyperion. 2011 . New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 2430 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pawn shop boys '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Gary ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` From ' Pawn Stars ' to ' Pickers , ' America 's trash is TV 's treasure '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meet the Pawn Stars : The Old Man `` The Appraiser '' Archived July 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... History . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leach , Robin ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Rare $1,000 bill on ' Pawn Stars ' becomes Old Man 's keepsake '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fired Up '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 1 . November 30 , 2009 . History . Jump up ^ Barker , Victoria ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` TV 's hidden treasures '' . AsiaOne Showbiz . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shemeligian , Bob ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Road to ' Pawn ' -- Before ' Stars , ' Rick made sandwiches '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pawn Stars ' Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Celebrates 70th Birthday `` . Vegas News . March 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ License to Pawn : Deals , Steals and My Life at the Gold & Silver . Their territory was Corcabaskin in West Clare where the name is still most numerous . Jump up ^ `` Harrison for President '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 11 . February 11 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` Les is More '' . Pawn Stars . Season 5 . Episode 18 . January 23 , 2012 . History . Jump up ^ Huffman , Steve ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Locals remember ' Pawn Stars ' character as nice guy '' . The Dispatch . ^ Jump up to : Harrison ( 2011 ) . pp. 9 -- 11 ; 90 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Rich , Brad ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` Star of Pawn Stars visits Swansboro '' . Tideland News . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Christopher Lawrence ( July 5 , 2012 ) . `` Hit show brought fame , but ' Pawn Stars ' cast says it 's stayed the same '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tetrault , Rich . `` Vegas : Oh What a Time We Had ! '' . Towlines ( Winter 2010 ) . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Scott ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Richard Harrison from Pawn Stars '' . You Served . Jump up ^ `` April Fooled '' . Pawn Stars . Season 8 . Episode 49 . April 3 , 2014 . History . Jump up ^ Elder , Laura ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Locals learn hard reality of ' Pawn Stars ' '' . The Daily News . ( Galveston , Texas ) Jump up ^ `` Pezzed Off '' . Pawn Stars . Episode 2.15 . History . January 25 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Face the Music '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 39 . July 25 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` The Wright Stuff '' . Pawn Stars . Season 4 . Episode 44 . August 15 , 2011 . History . Jump up ^ `` Phoning it In '' . Pawn Stars . Season 3 . Episode 11 . July 12 , 2010 . History . Jump up ^ `` Big Guns '' . Pawn Stars . Season 2 . Episode 24 . March 8 , 2010 . History . Jump up ^ Powers , Ashley ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Hard times are their stock in trade '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Shepatin , Matthew ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' Hero Chumlee : ' Corey Lost 30 Pounds ' '' . PopEater . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison . 2011 . p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : Elfman , Doug ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' becomes a History Channel hit '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' Delivers 7 Million Viewers , An All - Time High for History '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Devan , Subhadra ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` Licence to be stars '' . Sunday Life & Times . Jump up ^ Gupta , Ashima ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Corey Harrison : Net Worth , Money And More '' . Rich Glare . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Oscar Goodman Gives Key to City to Pawn Stars '' . Vegas News . March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pawn Stars ' to Serve as Grand Marshals for HISTORY 300 ; Two Lucky Fans to Watch the Race with the TV Celebrities '' . Speedway Media . March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Deenisha ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Old Man ' Harrison honored by city for ' Pawn Stars ' success '' . The Dispatch . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Scott ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Lexington 's ' Pawn Star ' to be given key to city '' . WGHP . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leach , Robin ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Strip Scribbles : Steve Wynn 's L.V. neighbors -- in N.Y. ; Ray J hospitalized '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ Toplikar , Dave ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Richard Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' lends McCarran chair to museum '' . Vegas Deluxe . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 TIME 100 Poll : Rick and Richard Harrison '' . Time . March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The American Country Awards 2011 '' . Zimbio . December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Nick ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` 2012 Celebrity Bingo Bow Wow at Silverton '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ Clarke , Norm ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' staff backed in incident '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Divito , Nick ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` Reality Show Stars Face Real Lawsuit '' . Courthouse News Service . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Ken ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Pawn Stars ' sued by former manager in Las Vegas '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( November 5 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman set for role as TV judge '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hiesiger , Michael ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Inside Business '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . p. 2D . Jump up ^ Miller , Valerie ( July 4 , 2005 ) . `` Celebrations turn to entertainment promoters '' . Las Vegas Business Press . 22 ( 27 ) : 2 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Annual Red White And Boom Festival On July 3 , 4 At Desert Breeze Park '' . US State News . May 24 , 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Garrett to exit Trop for MGM Grand '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 6 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Katsilometes ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Goodman stays in spotlight '' . Las Vegas Sun . p. 1 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Eric ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Pawn Stars Cast Facing Lawsuit From Ex-Manager , Wayne Jefferies '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ His passion for cars is mentioned in the Pawn Stars episodes `` Rope a Dope '' and `` Honest Abe '' . He mentioned in the episode `` Sharks and Cobras '' that he has owned 40 cars in his life . Jump up ^ Cammisa , Jason ( May 2010 ) . `` As Seen on TV : The Pawn Stars ' 1966 Imperial Crown Convertible '' . Automobile Magazine . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Read , Richard ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` 1957 Chevy From ' Pawn Stars ' Catches Fire , Gets Restored Within Hours '' . Motor Authority . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old Man 's Booty '' , Pawn Stars . Season 2 , Episode 3 . History . December 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Honest Abe '' Pawn Stars . Season 3 , Episode 14 . History . November 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Richard ' Old Man ' Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' Dead at 77 '' . Daily News . New York City . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Richard ' Old Man ' Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' dead at 77 '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ Corriton , Michele ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Pawn Stars ' Richard ' Old Man ' Harrison Laid to Rest at Las Vegas Funeral '' . People . Jump up ^ Katsilometes , John ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Old Man ' Harrison of ' Pawn Stars ' cuts 1 son out of his will '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Benjamin Harrison . Richard Benjamin Harrison on IMDb Official website Gold and Silver Dealer in USA Pawn Stars franchise Main Pawn Stars episodes Cast Rick Harrison Richard `` Old Man '' Harrison Corey `` Big Hoss '' Harrison Austin `` Chumlee '' Russell Spinoffs American Restoration episodes Cajun Pawn Stars episodes Counting Cars episodes Pawn Stars UK Pawnography Pawn Stars Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Benjamin_Harrison&oldid=853671149 '' Categories : 1941 births 2018 deaths American television personalities Participants in American reality television series American car collectors People from Danville , Virginia People from Lexington , North Carolina Pawn Stars Military personnel from Virginia United States Navy sailors Deaths from Parkinson 's disease Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2018 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Español Euskara Français Português Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did the grandpa on pawn stars die of	[ "Harrison died on June 25, 2018, after a battle with Parkinson's disease.[58][59] His funeral was held July 1, with his casket draped in an American flag on account of his service in the Navy. His son Rick eulogized him thus: \"He was my hero and I was fortunate to get a very cool ‘Old Man’ as my dad. That I got to share him with so many others and they got to see what a great family man he was is something I am grateful to have experienced with him.\" Harrison was survived by wife JoAnne, three sons, 10 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren.[60] Harrison placed his son Rick in charge of his estate. Christopher Harrison, the youngest of Harrison's three sons, was intentionally omitted from his father’s will.[61]\n" ]	[ "Parkinson's disease" ]
8648381845210219669	Bed Bath & Beyond	Bed Bath & Beyond - Wikipedia Bed Bath & Beyond Jump to : navigation , search For the Will & Grace episode , see Bed , Bath & Beyond ( Will & Grace ) . Bed Bath & Beyond Inc . Type Public Traded as NASDAQ : BBBY S&P 400 component Industry Retail Founded 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 ) ( as Bed ' n Bath ) Springfield , New Jersey , U.S. Founders Warren Eisenberg Leonard Feinstein Headquarters Union , New Jersey United States Number of locations 1,550 ( all divisions ) ( August 2017 ) Areas served United States Mexico Canada Key people Warren Eisenberg ( Co-Chairman ) Leonard Feinstein ( Co-Chairman ) Steven H. Temares ( CEO ) Arthur Stark ( President ) Products Home furnishings , domestics merchandise Revenue US $ 12.216 billion ( FY 2017 ) Operating income US $ 1.135 billion ( FY 2017 ) Net income US $ 685.1 million ( FY 2017 ) Total assets US $ 6.846 billion ( FY 2017 ) Total equity US $ 2.719 billion ( FY 2017 ) Number of employees 65,000 ( 2017 ) Subsidiaries See below Website bedbathandbeyond.com Bed Bath & Beyond in Saugus , Massachusetts Bed Bath & Beyond Inc. is an American chain of domestic merchandise retail stores in the United States , Puerto Rico , Canada and Mexico . Founded in 1971 , the stores sell home goods primarily for the bedroom and bathroom , as well as kitchen and dining room . The company is included in the S&P 400 and Global 1200 Indices . It is also counted among the Fortune 500 and the Forbes Global 2000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Competition 3 Subsidiaries 3.1 Acquisitions 3.2 Other subsidiaries 4 New Zealand chain 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In 1971 , Warren Eisenberg and Leonard Feinstein opened a store in Springfield , New Jersey called Bed ' n Bath . By 1985 , Eisenberg and Feinstein were operating 17 stores in the New York metropolitan area and California . Also in 1985 , the first superstore was opened , as an attempt to remain competitive with Linens ' n Things , Pacific Linen , and Luxury Linens . In order to properly represent the size increase in its retail stores , the company changed its name to Bed Bath & Beyond . Competition ( edit ) Bed Bath and Beyond has several major retail competitors , including Walmart , Target , and JCPenney , as well as several mid-sized competitors like Pier 1 Imports . Companies such as Crate & Barrel , IKEA , and the numerous Williams - Sonoma companies like Pottery Barn and West Elm are competitors as well . Subsidiaries ( edit ) Acquisitions ( edit ) Harmon Stores -- acquired in March 2002 , operates Face Values Christmas Tree Shops -- acquired in June 2003 for $200 million Buy Buy Baby -- acquired in March 2007 for $67 million Cost Plus , Inc. -- acquired in May 2012 for $495 million , operates Cost Plus World Market and World Market Linen Holdings -- acquired in June 2012 for $105 million Of a Kind -- acquired in August 2015 for an undisclosed amount One Kings Lane -- acquired in June 2016 for an undisclosed amount PersonalizationMall.com -- acquired in November 2016 for $190 million . Other subsidiaries ( edit ) Bed Bath & Beyond Canada L.P. Bed Bath & Beyond Mexico -- a joint venture with Home & More to operate four stores in Mexico under the name `` Bed Bath & Beyond '' Bed Bath & Beyond Invitations -- an online wedding invitation venture New Zealand chain ( edit ) There is a New Zealand chain with the name `` Bed Bath & Beyond '' , which has no corporate connection with the American company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bed Bath & Beyond Inc . Reports Results for Fiscal 2017 Second Quarter Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond Investor Relations - Investor Overview '' . Phx.corporate-ir.net. 2012 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bed Bath & Beyond Mexico Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond '' . Fortune . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond on the Forbes Global 2000 List '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bed Bath & Beyond Inc '' . FundingUniverse . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lillo , Andrea ( March 11 , 2002 ) . `` Bed Bath makes first acquisition with Harmon '' . Home Textiles Today . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond Buys Christmas Tree Shops '' . The New York Times . June 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Cianciolo ( March 26 , 2007 ) . `` buybuy BABY Gets Bought '' . The Motley Fool . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Tiffany ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Bed Bath & Beyond to Buy Cost Plus for $495 Million '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dealbook Blog ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Bed Bath & Beyond to Buy Cost Plus '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath buys Linen Holdings for $105 million '' . Reuters . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brooke , Aliza ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indie Design Retailer Of a Kind Acquired by Bed Bath & Beyond '' . Fashionista . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kapner , Suzanne ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Bed Bath & Beyond Buys One Kings Lane for ' Not Material ' Price '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bed Bath & Beyond Scoops Up Another Online Retailer Jump up ^ Bed Bath & Beyond Canada L.P. corporate profile , Bloomberg , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond Inc . Announces Joint Venture with Home & More , a Home Products Retailer in Mexico '' . Bed Bath & Beyond . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bed Bath & Beyond - Frequently asked questions '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Business data for Bed Bath & Beyond : Google Finance Yahoo ! Finance Reuters SEC filings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed_Bath_%26_Beyond&oldid=834423973 '' Categories : Union Township , Union County , New Jersey Companies listed on NASDAQ Companies based in New Jersey Companies based in Union County , New Jersey Home decor retailers Retail companies established in 1971 Retail companies of the United States 1971 establishments in New Jersey Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 日本語 Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did bed bath and beyond first open	[ "In 1971, Warren Eisenberg and Leonard Feinstein opened a store in Springfield, New Jersey called Bed 'n Bath. By 1985, Eisenberg and Feinstein were operating 17 stores in the New York metropolitan area and California. Also in 1985, the first superstore was opened, as an attempt to remain competitive with Linens 'n Things, Pacific Linen, and Luxury Linens. In order to properly represent the size increase in its retail stores, the company changed its name to Bed Bath & Beyond.[6]" ]	[ "1971" ]
2143162228113594156	Michael Jackson	Michael Jackson - Wikipedia Michael Jackson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Jackson , see Michael Jackson ( disambiguation ) . `` King of Pop '' redirects here . For other uses , see King of Pop ( disambiguation ) . Michael Jackson Jackson performing in June 1988 Michael Joseph Jackson ( 1958 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1958 Gary , Indiana , U.S. June 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) ( aged 50 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Burial place Glendale , California , U.S. Other names Michael Joe Jackson Occupation Singer songwriter dancer Spouse ( s ) Lisa Marie Presley ( m . 1994 ; div. 1996 ) Debbie Rowe ( m . 1996 ; div. 1999 ) Children 3 , including Paris Jackson Parent ( s ) Joe Jackson Katherine Jackson Family Jackson Website michaeljackson.com Musical career Genres Pop soul rhythm and blues funk rock disco post-disco dance - pop new jack swing Instruments Vocals Years active 1964 -- 2009 Labels Steeltown Motown Epic Legacy Sony MJJ Productions Associated acts The Jackson 5 Janet Jackson Stevie Wonder Lionel Richie Quincy Jones Teddy Riley Signature Michael Joseph Jackson ( August 29 , 1958 -- June 25 , 2009 ) was an American singer , songwriter , actor , philanthropist , and dancer . Dubbed the `` King of Pop '' , he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world , and was the best - selling music artist during the year of his death . Jackson 's contributions to music , dance , and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades . The eighth child of the Jackson family , Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5 . He began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records . In the early 1980s , Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music . His music videos , including those of `` Beat It '' , `` Billie Jean '' , and `` Thriller '' from his 1982 album Thriller , are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool . The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame . Jackson 's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' , `` Bad '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Dirty Diana '' , becoming the first album to have five number - one singles in the nation . He continued to innovate with videos such as `` Black or White '' and `` Scream '' throughout the 1990s , and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist . Through stage and video performances , Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques , such as the robot and the moonwalk , to which he gave the name . His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres . Thriller is the best - selling album of all time , with estimated sales of over 66 million copies worldwide . Jackson 's other albums , including Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , Bad ( 1987 ) , Dangerous ( 1991 ) , and HIStory ( 1995 ) , also rank among the world 's best - selling albums . He is one of the few artists to have been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice , and was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Dance Hall of Fame as the only dancer from pop and rock music . His other achievements include multiple Guinness World Records including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time , 13 Grammy Awards , the Grammy Legend Award , the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , 26 American Music Awards -- more than any other artist -- including the `` Artist of the Century '' and `` Artist of the 1980s '' , 13 number - one singles in the United States during his solo career -- more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era -- and estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide . Jackson won hundreds of awards , making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music . He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when `` Love Never Felt So Good '' reached number nine in 2014. Jackson is also remembered for his philanthropy and pioneering efforts in charitable fundraising in the entertainment industry . Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism , and , in 2000 , the Guinness World Records recognized him for supporting 39 charities , more than any other entertainer . Jackson became a figure of controversy in the 1980s due to his changing physical appearance , his relationships , and behavior ; the controversy intensified due to a 1993 child sexual abuse scandal when a family friend accused him of sexually abusing his son ; the case led to an investigation but was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount . In 2005 , he was tried and acquitted of further child sexual abuse allegations and several other charges after the jury found him not guilty on all counts . While preparing for his comeback concert series , This Is It , Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25 , 2009 , after suffering from cardiac arrest . The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide , and his personal physician , Conrad Murray , was convicted of involuntary manslaughter . Jackson 's death triggered a global outpouring of grief , and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world . Forbes ranked Jackson as the top - earning deceased celebrity for the fifth straight year in 2017 . His estate earned $825 million in 2016 , the highest yearly amount ever recorded by the publication . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 1958 -- 1975 : Early life and the Jackson 5 1.2 1975 -- 1981 : Move to Epic and Off the Wall 1.3 1982 -- 1983 : Thriller and Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever 1.4 1984 -- 1985 : Pepsi , `` We Are the World '' , and business career 1.5 1986 -- 1990 : Changing appearance , tabloids , Bad , films , autobiography , and Neverland 1.6 1991 -- 1993 : Dangerous , Heal the World Foundation , and Super Bowl XXVII 1.7 1993 -- 1994 : First child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage 1.8 1995 -- 1997 : HIStory , second marriage , and fatherhood 1.9 1997 -- 2002 : Label dispute and Invincible 1.10 2002 -- 2005 : Second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal 1.11 2006 -- 2009 : Closure of Neverland , final years , and This Is It 2 Death and memorial 2.1 Aftermath 3 Artistry 3.1 Influences 3.2 Musical themes and genres 3.3 Vocal style 3.4 Music videos and choreography 4 Legacy and influence 5 Honors and awards 6 Earnings and wealth 6.1 Net worth during Jackson 's life 6.2 Net worth at time of death ; U.S. federal estate tax problems 6.3 Earnings after death 7 Discography 8 Filmography 8.1 Documentaries after death 9 Tours 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 13 External links Life and career 1958 -- 1975 : early life and the Jackson 5 Jackson 's childhood home in Gary , Indiana , pictured in March 2010 with floral tributes after his death Michael Joseph Jackson was born in Gary , Indiana , a part of the Chicago metropolitan area , on August 29 , 1958 . He was the eighth of ten children in the Jackson family , a working - class African - American family living in a two - bedroom house on Jackson Street in Gary . His mother , Katherine Esther Jackson ( née Scruse ) , was a devout Jehovah 's Witness . She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country - and - western performer , but worked part - time at Sears to support the family . His father , Joseph Walter `` Joe '' Jackson , a former boxer , was a steelworker at U.S. Steel . Joe performed on guitar with a local rhythm and blues band , the Falcons , to supplement the family 's income . Michael grew up with three sisters ( Rebbie , La Toya , and Janet ) and five brothers ( Jackie , Tito , Jermaine , Marlon , and Randy ) . A sixth brother , Marlon 's twin Brandon , died shortly after birth . Jackson had a troubled relationship with his father . In 2003 , Joe acknowledged that he regularly whipped him as a boy . Joe was also said to have verbally abused his son , often saying that he had a `` fat nose '' . Jackson stated that he was physically and emotionally abused during incessant rehearsals , though he credited his father 's strict discipline with playing a large role in his success . In an interview with Martin Bashir for the 2003 documentary Living with Michael Jackson , Jackson recalled that Joe often sat in a chair with a belt in his hand as he and his siblings rehearsed , and that `` if you did n't do it the right way , he would tear you up , really get you . '' Jackson 's parents have disputed the longstanding allegations of abuse , with Katherine stating that while whipping is considered abuse today , it was a common way to discipline children at the time . Jackie , Tito , Jermaine and Marlon have also said that their father was not abusive and that the whippings , which were harder on Michael because he was younger , kept them disciplined and out of trouble . Speaking openly about his childhood in an interview with Oprah Winfrey broadcast in February 1993 , Jackson acknowledged that his youth had been lonely and isolating . His deep dissatisfaction with his appearance , his nightmares and chronic sleep problems , his tendency to remain hyper - compliant , especially with his father , and to remain childlike in adulthood are consistent with the effects of the maltreatment he endured as a child . Jackson ( center ) as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1972 In 1964 , Michael and Marlon joined the Jackson Brothers -- a band formed by their father which included brothers Jackie , Tito , and Jermaine -- as backup musicians playing congas and tambourine . In 1965 , Michael began sharing lead vocals with his older brother Jermaine , and the group 's name was changed to the Jackson 5 . The following year , the group won a major local talent show with Jackson performing the dance to Robert Parker 's 1965 hit `` Barefootin ' '' . From 1966 to 1968 they toured the Midwest , frequently performing at a string of black clubs known as the `` chitlin ' circuit '' as the opening act for artists such as Sam & Dave , the O'Jays , Gladys Knight , and Etta James . The Jackson 5 also performed at clubs and cocktail lounges , where striptease shows and other adult acts were featured , and at local auditoriums and high school dances . In August 1967 , while touring the East coast , the group won a weekly amateur night concert at the Apollo Theater in Harlem . The Jackson 5 recorded several songs , including their first single `` Big Boy '' ( 1968 ) , for Steeltown Records , a Gary record label , before signing with Motown in 1969 . They left Gary in 1969 and relocated to Los Angeles , where they continued to record music for Motown . Rolling Stone later described the young Michael as `` a prodigy '' with `` overwhelming musical gifts '' who `` quickly emerged as the main draw and lead singer . '' The group set a chart record when its first four singles -- `` I Want You Back '' ( 1969 ) , `` ABC '' ( 1970 ) , `` The Love You Save '' ( 1970 ) , and `` I 'll Be There '' ( 1970 ) -- peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . In May 1971 , the Jackson family moved into a large home on two - acre estate in Encino , California . During this period , Michael evolved from child performer into a teen idol . As Jackson began to emerge as a solo performer in the early 1970s , he maintained ties to the Jackson 5 and Motown . Between 1972 and 1975 , Michael released four solo studio albums with Motown : Got to Be There ( 1972 ) , Ben ( 1972 ) , Music & Me ( 1973 ) , and Forever , Michael ( 1975 ) . `` Got to Be There '' and `` Ben '' , the title tracks from his first two solo albums , became successful singles , as did a cover of Bobby Day 's `` Rockin ' Robin '' . The Jackson 5 were later described as `` a cutting - edge example of black crossover artists . '' Although the group 's sales began to decline in 1973 , and the members chafed under Motown 's refusal to allow them creative input , they achieved several top 40 hits , including the top five single `` Dancing Machine '' ( 1974 ) , before leaving Motown in 1975 . 1975 -- 1981 : move to Epic and Off the Wall From left , back row : Jackie Jackson , Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson , Marlon Jackson . Middle row : Randy Jackson , La Toya Jackson , Rebbie Jackson . Front row : Janet Jackson ( 1977 ) In June 1975 , the Jackson 5 signed with Epic Records , a subsidiary of CBS Records , and renamed themselves the Jacksons . Younger brother Randy formally joined the band around this time , while Jermaine chose to stay with Motown and pursue a solo career . The Jacksons continued to tour internationally , and released six more albums between 1976 and 1984 . Michael , the group 's lead songwriter during this time , wrote hits such as `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' ( 1979 ) , `` This Place Hotel '' ( 1980 ) , and `` Can You Feel It '' ( 1980 ) . Jackson 's work in film began in 1978 , when he moved to New York City to star as the Scarecrow in The Wiz , a musical directed by Sidney Lumet . It costarred Diana Ross , Nipsey Russell , and Ted Ross . The film was a box - office failure . Its score was arranged by Quincy Jones , whom Jackson had previously met when he was 12 at Sammy Davis Jr. 's house . Jones agreed to produce Jackson 's next solo album . During his time in New York , Jackson frequented the Studio 54 nightclub and was exposed to early hip hop , influencing his beatboxing on future tracks such as `` Working Day and Night '' . In 1979 , Jackson broke his nose during a complex dance routine . His subsequent rhinoplasty was not a complete success ; he complained of breathing difficulties that would affect his career . He was referred to Dr. Steven Hoefflin , who performed Jackson 's second rhinoplasty and subsequent operations . Jackson 's fifth solo album , Off the Wall ( 1979 ) , co-produced by Jackson and Jones , established Jackson as a solo performer . The album helped Jackson transition from the bubblegum pop of his youth to the more complex sounds he would create as an adult . Songwriters for the album included Jackson , Rod Temperton , Stevie Wonder , and Paul McCartney . Off the Wall was the first solo album to generate four top 10 hits in the United States : `` Off the Wall '' , `` She 's Out of My Life '' , and the chart - topping singles `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' and `` Rock with You '' . The album reached number three on the Billboard 200 and eventually sold over 20 million copies worldwide . In 1980 , Jackson won three awards at the American Music Awards for his solo efforts : Favorite Soul / R&B Album , Favorite Soul / R&B Male Artist , and Favorite Soul / R&B Single for `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' . He also won Billboard Year - End awards for Top Black Artist and Top Black Album , and a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for 1979 with `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' . In 1981 Jackson was the American Music Awards winner for Favorite Soul / R&B Album and Favorite Soul / R&B Male Artist . Despite its commercial success , Jackson felt Off the Wall should have made a bigger impact , and was determined to exceed expectations with his next release . In 1980 , he secured the highest royalty rate in the music industry : 37 percent of wholesale album profit . Jackson recorded with Queen singer Freddie Mercury from 1981 to 1983 , including a demo of `` State of Shock '' , `` Victory '' and `` There Must Be More to Life Than This '' . The recordings were intended for an album of duets but , according to Queen 's then - manager Jim Beach , the relationship between the singers soured when Jackson insisted on bringing a llama into the recording studio . The collaborations were not officially released until 2014 . Jackson went on to record the single `` State of Shock '' with Mick Jagger for the Jacksons ' album Victory ( 1984 ) . Mercury included the solo version of `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' on his Mr. Bad Guy album ( 1985 ) . In 1982 , Jackson combined his interests in songwriting and film when he contributed the song `` Someone in the Dark '' to the storybook for the film E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . The song , with Jones as its producer , won a Grammy for Best Recording for Children for 1983 . 1982 -- 1983 : Thriller and Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever More success came with Jackson 's sixth album , Thriller , released in late 1982 . The album earned Jackson seven more Grammys and eight American Music Awards , including the Award of Merit , the youngest artist to win it . It was the best - selling album worldwide in 1983 , and became the best - selling album of all time in the United States and the best - selling album of all time worldwide , selling an estimated 66 million copies . It topped the Billboard 200 chart for 37 weeks and was in the top 10 of the 200 for 80 consecutive weeks . It was the first album to have seven Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles , including `` Billie Jean '' , `` Beat It '' , and `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . In December 2015 , Thriller was certified for 30 million shipments by the RIAA , making it the only album to achieve that feat in the United States . Thriller won Jackson and Quincy Jones the Grammy award for Producer of the Year ( Non-Classical ) for 1983 . It also won Album of the Year , with Jackson as the album 's artist and Jones as its co-producer , and a Best Pop Vocal Performance , Male , award for Jackson . `` Beat It '' won Record of the Year , with Jackson as artist and Jones as co-producer , and a Best Rock Vocal Performance , Male , award for Jackson . `` Billie Jean '' won Jackson two Grammy awards , Best R&B Song , with Jackson as its songwriter , and Best R&B Vocal Performance , Male , as its artist . Thriller also won another Grammy for Best Engineered Recording -- Non Classical in 1984 , awarding Bruce Swedien for his work on the album . The AMA Awards for 1984 provided Jackson with an Award of Merit and AMAs for Favorite Male Artist , Soul / R&B , and Favorite Male Artist , Pop / Rock . `` Beat It '' won Jackson AMAs for Favorite Video , Soul / R&B , Favorite Video , Pop / Rock , and Favorite Single , Pop / Rock . Thriller won him AMAs for Favorite Album , Soul / R&B , and Favorite Album , Pop / Rock . In addition to the album , Jackson released `` Thriller '' , a 14 - minute music video directed by John Landis , in 1983 . The zombie - themed video `` defined music videos and broke racial barriers '' on the Music Television Channel ( MTV ) , a fledgling entertainment television channel at the time . In December 2009 , the Library of Congress selected the `` Thriller '' music video for inclusion in the National Film Registry . It was one of 25 films named that year as `` works of enduring importance to American culture '' that would be `` preserved for all time . '' As of 2009 , `` Thriller '' is the only music video to have been inducted into the registry . The jacket and white sequined gloves worn by Jackson at Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever , one of Jackson 's most famous signature looks Jackson had the highest royalty rate in the music industry at that point , approximately $2 for every album sold , and was making record - breaking profits from sales of his recordings . The videocassette of the documentary The Making of Michael Jackson 's Thriller sold over 350,000 copies in a few months . The era saw the arrival of novelties such as dolls modeled after Jackson , which appeared in stores in May 1984 at a price of $12 . Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli writes that `` Thriller stopped selling like a leisure item -- like a magazine , a toy , tickets to a hit movie -- and started selling like a household staple . '' In 1985 , The Making of Michael Jackson 's Thriller won a Grammy for Best Music Video , Longform . Time described Jackson 's influence at that point as `` star of records , radio , rock video . A one - man rescue team for the music business . A songwriter who sets the beat for a decade . A dancer with the fanciest feet on the street . A singer who cuts across all boundaries of taste and style and color too '' . The New York Times wrote that `` in the world of pop music , there is Michael Jackson and there is everybody else '' . On March 25 , 1983 , Jackson reunited with his brothers for a performance taped at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium for Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever , an NBC television special . The show aired on May 16 , 1983 , to an estimated audience of 47 million , and featured the Jacksons and other Motown stars . It is best remembered for Jackson 's solo performance of `` Billie Jean '' , which earned Jackson his first Emmy nomination . Wearing a distinctive black - sequined jacket and a golf glove decorated with rhinestones , he debuted his signature dance move , the moonwalk , which former Soul Train dancer and Shalamar member Jeffrey Daniel had taught him three years earlier . Jackson had originally turned down the invitation to perform at the show , believing he had been doing too much television at the time ; at the request of Motown founder Berry Gordy , he agreed to perform in exchange for time to do a solo performance . According to Rolling Stone reporter Mikal Gilmore , `` There are times when you know you are hearing or seeing something extraordinary ... that came that night . '' Jackson 's performance drew comparisons to Elvis Presley 's and the Beatles ' appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show . Anna Kisselgoff of The New York Times wrote in 1988 : `` The moonwalk that he made famous is an apt metaphor for his dance style . How does he do it ? As a technician , he is a great illusionist , a genuine mime . His ability to keep one leg straight as he glides while the other bends and seems to walk requires perfect timing . '' Gordy said of the performance : `` From the first beat of ' Billie Jean ' , I was mesmerized , and when he did his iconic moonwalk , I was shocked , it was magic , Michael Jackson went into orbit , and never came down . '' 1984 -- 1985 : Pepsi , `` We are the World '' , and business career In November 1983 Jackson and his brothers partnered with PepsiCo in a $5 million promotional deal that broke records for a celebrity endorsement . The first Pepsi Cola campaign , which ran in the United States from 1983 to 1984 and launched its iconic `` New Generation '' theme , included tour sponsorship , public relations events , and in - store displays . Jackson , who was involved in creating the advertisement , suggested using his song `` Billie Jean '' as its jingle with revised lyrics . According to a Billboard report in 2009 , Brian J. Murphy , executive VP of branded management at TBA Global , said : `` You could n't separate the tour from the endorsement from the licensing of the music , and then the integration of the music into the Pepsi fabric . '' On January 27 , 1984 , Michael and other members of the Jacksons filmed a Pepsi commercial overseen by executive Phil Dusenberry , a BBDO ad agency executive , and Alan Pottasch , Pepsi 's Worldwide Creative Director , at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles . During a simulated concert before a full house of fans , pyrotechnics accidentally set Jackson 's hair on fire , causing second - degree burns to his scalp . Jackson underwent treatment to hide the scars and had his third rhinoplasty shortly thereafter . Pepsi settled out of court , and Jackson donated the $1.5 million settlement to the Brotman Medical Center in Culver City , California ; its Michael Jackson Burn Center is named in his honor . Dusenberry recounted the episode in his memoir , Then We Set His Hair on Fire : Insights and Accidents from a Hall of Fame Career in Advertising . Jackson signed a second agreement with Pepsi in the late 1980s for a reported $10 million . The second campaign had a global reach of more than 20 countries and would provide financial support for Jackson 's Bad album and 1987 -- 88 world tour . Although Jackson had endorsements and advertising deals with other companies , such as LA Gear , Suzuki , and Sony , none were as significant as his deals with Pepsi , which later signed other music stars such as Britney Spears and Beyoncé to promote its products . Jackson at the White House being presented with an award by President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan , 1984 Jackson 's humanitarian work was recognized on May 14 , 1984 , when he was invited to the White House to receive an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that helped people overcome alcohol and drug abuse , and in recognition of his support for the Ad Council 's and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 's Drunk Driving Prevention campaign . Jackson donated the use of `` Beat It '' for the campaign 's public service announcements . Unlike later albums , Thriller did not have an official tour , but the Victory Tour of 1984 headlined the Jacksons and showcased much of Jackson 's new solo material to more than two million Americans . It was the last tour he would do with his brothers . Following controversy over the concert 's ticket sales , Jackson held a press conference and announced that he would donate his share of the proceeds , an estimated $3 to 5 million , to charity . His charitable work and humanitarian awards continued with the release of `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) , co-written with Lionel Richie . The song was recorded on January 28 , 1985 and released worldwide in March 1985 to aid the poor in the United States and Africa . The song earned $63 million for famine relief , and became one of the best - selling singles of all time , with 20 million copies sold . It won four Grammys for 1985 , including Song of the Year for Jackson and Richie as its writers . Although the American Music Award directors removed the charity song from the competition because they felt it would be inappropriate , the AMA show in 1986 concluded with a tribute to the song in honor of its first anniversary . The project 's creators received two special AMA honors : one for the creation of the song and another for the USA for Africa idea . Jackson , Jones , and entertainment promoter Ken Kragan received special awards for their roles in the song 's creation . Jackson 's financial interests in the music publishing business grew after he collaborated with Paul McCartney in the early 1980s and learned that McCartney was making approximately $40 million a year from other people 's songs . By 1983 , Jackson had begun investing in publishing rights to songs that others had written , but he was careful with his acquisitions , only bidding on a few of the dozens that were offered to him . Jackson 's early acquisitions of music catalogs and song copyrights such as the Sly Stone collection included `` Everyday People '' ( 1968 ) , Len Barry 's `` 1 - 2 - 3 '' ( 1965 ) , and Dion DiMucci 's `` The Wanderer '' ( 1961 ) and `` Runaround Sue '' ( 1961 ) ; however , his most significant purchase came in 1985 , when he acquired the publishing rights to ATV Music Publishing after months of negotiation . ATV had acquired the publishing rights to nearly 4000 songs , including the Northern Songs catalog that contained the majority of the Lennon -- McCartney compositions recorded by the Beatles . In 1984 Robert Holmes à Court , the wealthy Australian investor who owned ATV Music Publishing , announced he was putting the ATV catalog up for sale . In 1981 , McCartney was offered the ATV music catalog for £ 20 million ( $40 million ) . According to McCartney , he contacted Yoko Ono about making a joint purchase by splitting the cost at £ 10 million each , but Ono thought they could buy it for £ 5 million each . When they were unable to make a joint purchase , McCartney , who did not want to be the sole owner of the Beatles ' songs , did not pursue an offer on his own . According to a negotiator for Holmes à Court in the 1984 sale , McCartney was given first right of refusal and declined to purchase . Jackson was informed of the sale by his attorney , John Branca , in September 1984 . An attorney for McCartney also assured Branca that McCartney was not interested in bidding . McCartney reportedly felt it was too expensive , but several other companies and investors were interested in bidding . Jackson submitted a bid of $46 million on November 20 , 1984 . His agents thought they had a deal several times , but encountered new bidders or new areas of debate . In May 1985 , Jackson 's team left talks after having spent more than $1 million and four months of due diligence work on the negotiations . In June 1985 , Jackson and Branca learned that Charles Koppelman 's and Marty Bandier 's The Entertainment Company had made a tentative agreement with Holmes à Court to buy ATV Music for $50 million ; however , in early August , Holmes à Court 's team contacted Jackson and talks resumed . Jackson raised his bid to $47.5 million , which was accepted because he could close the deal more quickly , having already completed due diligence of ATV Music . Jackson also agreed to visit Holmes à Court in Australia , where he would appear on the Channel Seven Perth Telethon. Jackson 's purchase of ATV Music was finalized on August 10 , 1985 . 1986 -- 1990 : changing appearance , tabloids , Bad , films , autobiography , and Neverland See also : Michael Jackson 's health and appearance Jackson 's skin had been a medium - brown color during his youth , but from the mid-1980s gradually grew paler . The change gained widespread media coverage , including rumors that he might have been bleaching his skin . According to J. Randy Taraborrelli 's biography , Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo in 1984 ; vitiligo results in white patches on the skin . Although Jackson was diagnosed with vitiligo , Taraborrelli stated that Jackson had been skin bleaching . He said that Jackson was diagnosed with lupus , and that while the vitiligo partially lightened Jackson 's skin , the lupus was in remission . Both illnesses made Jackson 's skin sensitive to sunlight . The treatments Jackson used for his condition further lightened his skin , and , with the application of pancake makeup to even out blotches he could appear pale . Jackson stated that although he used makeup to control the patchy appearance of his skin , he never purposely bleached his skin . He said of his vitiligo : `` It is something I can not help . When people make up stories that I do n't want to be who I am , it hurts me . It 's a problem for me . I ca n't control it . '' Jackson was also diagnosed with vitiligo in his autopsy , though not lupus . Jackson stated he had had only two rhinoplasties and no other facial surgery , although at one point mentioned having had a dimple created in his chin . He lost weight in the early 1980s because of a change in diet and a desire for `` a dancer 's body '' . Witnesses reported that he was often dizzy , and speculated he was suffering from anorexia nervosa . Periods of weight loss would become a recurring problem later in life . During the course of his treatment , Jackson made two close friends : his dermatologist , Dr. Arnold Klein , and Klein 's nurse Debbie Rowe . Rowe eventually became Jackson 's second wife and the mother of his two eldest children . He also relied heavily on Klein for medical and business advice . Jackson became the subject of increasingly sensational reports . In 1986 , the tabloids ran a story claiming that he slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber to slow the aging process ; he was pictured lying in a glass box . Although the claim was untrue , according to tabloid reports that are widely cited , Jackson disseminated the fabricated story himself . When Jackson bought a chimpanzee named Bubbles from a laboratory , he was reported to be increasingly detached from reality . It was reported that Jackson had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick ( the `` Elephant Man '' ) and , although untrue , Jackson did not deny the story . Although he initially saw these stories as opportunities for publicity , he stopped leaking untruths to the press as they became more sensational . Consequently , the media began fabricating stories . These reports became embedded in the public consciousness , inspiring the nickname `` Wacko Jacko '' , which Jackson came to despise . Responding to the gossip , Jackson remarked to Taraborrelli : Why not just tell people I 'm an alien from Mars ? Tell them I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight . They 'll believe anything you say , because you 're a reporter . But if I , Michael Jackson , were to say , `` I 'm an alien from Mars and I eat live chickens and do a voodoo dance at midnight , '' people would say , `` Oh , man , that Michael Jackson is nuts . He 's cracked up . You ca n't believe a single word that comes out of his mouth . '' Jackson wore a gold - plated military style jacket with belt during the Bad era Jackson collaborated with filmmakers George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola on the 17 - minute 3D film Captain EO , which debuted in September 1986 at both the original Disneyland and at Epcot in Florida , and in March 1987 at Tokyo Disneyland . The $30 million movie was a popular attraction at all three parks . A Captain EO attraction was later featured at Euro Disneyland after that park opened in 1992 . All four parks ' Captain EO installations stayed open well into the 1990s : the Paris installation was the last to close , in 1998 . The attraction would later return to Disneyland in 2010 after Jackson 's death . In 1987 , Jackson disassociated himself from the Jehovah 's Witnesses , in response to their disapproval of the Thriller video . Jackson performing in 1988 With the industry expecting another major hit , Jackson 's first album in five years , Bad ( 1987 ) , was highly anticipated . The album produced nine singles with seven charting in the U.S. Five of these singles ( `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' , `` Bad '' , `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Dirty Diana '' ) reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , a record for most number - one Hot 100 singles from any one album , including Thriller . By 2012 , the album had sold between 30 and 45 million copies worldwide . Bruce Swedien and Humberto Gatica won one Grammy in 1988 for Best Engineered Recording -- Non Classical and Michael Jackson won one Grammy for Best Music Video , Short Form for `` Leave Me Alone '' in 1989 . In the same year , Jackson won an Award of Achievement at the American Music Awards after Bad became the first album to generate five number - one singles in the U.S. , the first album to top in 25 countries , and the best - selling album worldwide in 1987 and 1988 . In 1988 , `` Bad '' won an American Music Award for Favorite Soul / R&B Single . The Bad World Tour began on September 12 that year , finishing on January 14 , 1989 . In Japan alone , the tour had 14 sellouts and drew 570,000 people , nearly tripling the previous record of 200,000 in a single tour . Jackson broke a Guinness World Record when 504,000 people attended seven sold - out shows at Wembley Stadium . He performed a total of 123 concerts to an audience of 4.4 million people . In 1988 , Jackson released his only autobiography , Moonwalk , which took four years to complete and sold 200,000 copies . He wrote about his childhood , the Jackson 5 , and the abuse he had suffered . He also wrote about his changing facial appearance , attributing it to puberty , weight loss , a strict vegetarian diet , a change in hairstyle , and stage lighting . Moonwalk reached the top position on The New York Times best sellers ' list . Jackson released a film , Moonwalker , which featured live footage and short films starring Jackson and Joe Pesci . Due to financial issues , the film was only released theatrically in Germany ; in other markets it was released direct - to - video . It debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Music Video Cassette chart , staying there for 22 weeks . It was eventually knocked off the top spot by Michael Jackson : The Legend Continues . In March 1988 , Jackson purchased land near Santa Ynez , California , to build Neverland Ranch at a cost of $17 million . He installed several carnival rides on the 2,700 - acre ( 11 km ) property , including a Ferris wheel , carousel , menagerie , movie theater and zoo . A security staff of 40 patrolled the grounds . In 2003 , it was valued at approximately $100 million . In 1989 , Jackson 's annual earnings from album sales , endorsements , and concerts were estimated at $125 million for that year alone . Shortly afterwards , he became the first Westerner to appear in a television ad in the Soviet Union . Jackson 's success earned him the nickname the `` King of Pop '' . It was popularized by Elizabeth Taylor when she presented him with the Soul Train Heritage Award in 1989 , proclaiming him `` the true king of pop , rock and soul . '' President George H.W. Bush designated him the White House 's `` Artist of the Decade '' . From 1985 to 1990 , he donated $455,000 to the United Negro College Fund , and all profits from his single `` Man in the Mirror '' went to charity . Jackson 's live rendition of `` You Were There '' at Sammy Davis Jr. 's 60th birthday celebration won Jackson a second Emmy nomination . 1991 -- 1993 : Dangerous , Heal the World Foundation , and Super Bowl XXVII In March 1991 , Jackson renewed his contract with Sony for $65 million , a record - breaking deal at the time , displacing Neil Diamond 's renewal contract with Columbia Records . In 1991 , he released his eighth album , Dangerous , co-produced with Teddy Riley . Dangerous was certified seven times platinum in the U.S. , and by 2008 had sold approximately 30 million copies worldwide . In the United States , the album 's first single `` Black or White '' was its biggest hit , reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and remaining there for seven weeks , with similar chart performances worldwide . The second single , `` Remember the Time '' , spent eight weeks in the top five in the United States , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . At the end of 1992 , Dangerous was awarded the best - selling album of the year worldwide and `` Black or White '' was awarded best - selling single of the year worldwide at the Billboard Music Awards . Jackson also won an award as best - selling artist of the 1980s . In 1993 , he performed the song at the Soul Train Music Awards in a chair , saying he had suffered an injury in rehearsals . In the UK and other parts of Europe , `` Heal the World '' was the album 's most successful song ; it sold 450,000 copies in the UK and spent five weeks at number two in 1992 . Jackson founded the Heal the World Foundation in 1992 . The charity brought underprivileged children to Jackson 's ranch to enjoy the property 's theme park rides , and sent millions of dollars around the globe to help children threatened by war , poverty , and disease . In the same year , Jackson published his second book , Dancing the Dream , a collection of poetry , revealing a more intimate side . While it was a commercial success , it received mostly negative reviews . In 2009 , the book was republished by Doubleday and was more positively received by some critics in the wake of Jackson 's death . The Dangerous World Tour began on June 27 , 1992 , and finished on November 11 , 1993 , having grossed $100 million ; Jackson performed to 3.5 million people in 70 concerts . He sold the broadcast rights to his Dangerous world tour to HBO for $20 million , a record - breaking deal that still stands . Jackson performing in 1992 Following the illness and death of AIDS spokesperson Ryan White , Jackson helped draw public attention to HIV / AIDS , something that was controversial at the time . He publicly pleaded with the Clinton Administration at Bill Clinton 's Inaugural Gala to give more money to HIV / AIDS charities and research . In a high - profile visit to Africa , Jackson visited countries including Gabon and Egypt . His first stop to Gabon was greeted with an enthusiastic reception of more than 100,000 people , some of them carrying signs that read `` Welcome Home Michael . '' In his trip to Ivory Coast , Jackson was crowned `` King Sani '' by a tribal chief . He thanked the dignitaries in French and English , signed official documents formalizing his kingship , and sat on a golden throne while presiding over ceremonial dances . In January 1993 , Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXVII halftime show in Pasadena , California . Because of a dwindling interest during halftime in the preceding years -- a special live episode of In Living Color eroded the previous halftime show 's audience by 10 ratings points -- the NFL decided to seek big - name talent that would keep ratings high , with Jackson selected for his universal appeal . It was the first Super Bowl whose half - time performance drew greater audience figures than the game itself . The performance began with Jackson catapulting onto the stage as fireworks went off behind him , followed by four songs : `` Jam '' , `` Billie Jean '' , `` Black or White '' , and `` Heal the World '' . Jackson 's Dangerous album rose 90 places in the album chart after the performance . Jackson gave a 90 - minute interview to Oprah Winfrey on February 10 , 1993 , his second television interview since 1979 . He grimaced when speaking of his childhood abuse at the hands of his father ; he believed he had missed out on much of his childhood years , admitting that he often cried from loneliness . He denied tabloid rumors that he had bought the bones of the Elephant Man , slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber , or bleached his skin , and stated for the first time that he had vitiligo . Dangerous re-entered the album chart in the top 10 , more than a year after its original release . In February 1993 , Jackson was given the `` Living Legend Award '' at the 35th Annual Grammy Awards in Los Angeles . `` Black or White '' was Grammy - nominated for best vocal performance . `` Jam '' gained two nominations : Best R&B Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song . The Dangerous album won a Grammy for Best Engineered -- Non Classical , awarding the work of Bruce Swedien and Teddy Riley . In the same year , Michael Jackson won three American Music Awards for Favorite Pop / Rock Album ( Dangerous ) , Favorite Soul / R&B Single ( `` Remember the Time '' ) , and was the first to win the International Artist Award of Excellence , for his global performances and humanitarian concerns . Jackson agreed to produce the soundtrack for Sega 's 1994 video game Sonic the Hedgehog 3 with collaborators Brad Buxer , Bobby Brooks , Darryl Ross , Geoff Grace , Doug Grigsby , and Cirocco Jones . Jackson left the project before completion and was not credited ; some sources state Jackson was dissatisfied with the Sega Genesis console 's audio chip , while others suggest Sega distanced itself from Jackson following the first allegations of child sexual abuse against him . 1993 -- 1994 : first child sexual abuse allegations and first marriage Main article : 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson In the summer of 1993 , Jackson was accused of child sexual abuse by a 13 - year - old boy , Jordan Chandler , and his father , Evan Chandler , a dentist . The Chandler family demanded payment from Jackson , which he refused . Jordan Chandler eventually told the police that Jackson had sexually abused him . Jordan 's mother was , however , adamant that there had been no wrongdoing on Jackson 's part . Evan was recorded discussing his intention to pursue charges , saying , `` If I go through with this , I win big - time . There 's no way I lose . I will get everything I want and they will be destroyed forever ... Michael 's career will be over . '' Jackson used the recording to argue that he was the victim of a jealous father whose only goal was to extort money . In January 1994 , after an investigation , deputy Los Angeles County district attorney Michael J. Montagna stated that Chandler would not be charged with extortion , due to lack of cooperation from Jackson 's party and its willingness to negotiate with Chandler for several weeks , among other reasons . In August 1993 , police raided Jackson 's home and , according to court documents , found books and photographs in his bedroom featuring young boys with little or no clothing . Since the books were legal to purchase and own , the jury decided not to indict Jackson . Jordan Chandler gave police a description of Jackson 's intimate parts ; a strip search revealed that Jordan had correctly claimed Jackson had patchy - colored buttocks , short pubic hair , and pink and brown marked testicles . Reportedly , Jordan had also drawn accurate pictures of a dark spot on Jackson 's penis only visible when his penis was lifted . Despite differing initial internal reports from prosecutors and investigators , with reports of jurors feeling that the photos did not match the description , the DA stated his belief in a sworn affidavit that the description was accurate , along with the sheriff 's photographer stating the description was accurate . A 2004 motion filed by Jackson 's defense asserted that Jackson was never criminally indicted by any grand jury and that his settlement admitted no wrongdoing and contained no evidence of criminal misconduct . The investigation was inconclusive and no charges were filed . Jackson described the search in an emotional public statement , and proclaimed his innocence . On January 1 , 1994 , Jackson settled with the Chandlers out of court for $22 million . A Santa Barbara County grand jury and a Los Angeles County grand jury disbanded on May 2 , 1994 , without indicting Jackson . The Chandlers stopped co-operating with the criminal investigation around July 6 , 1994 . The out - of - court settlement 's documentation stated Jackson admitted no wrongdoing and no liability ; the Chandlers and their family lawyer Larry Feldman signed it without contest . Feldman stated `` nobody bought anybody 's silence '' . A decade after the fact , during the second round of child abuse allegations , Jackson 's lawyers would file a memo stating that the 1994 settlement was made without his consent . A later disclosure by the FBI of investigation documents compiled over nearly 20 years led Jackson 's attorney to suggest that no evidence of molestation or sexual impropriety from Jackson toward minors existed . According to reports , the Department of Children and Family Services ( Los Angeles County ) investigated Jackson beginning in 1993 with the Chandler allegation and again in 2003 . Reports show the LAPD and DCFS did not find credible evidence of abuse or sexual misconduct . In May 1994 , Jackson married Lisa Marie Presley , the daughter of Elvis and Priscilla Presley . They had met in 1975 , when a seven - year - old Presley attended one of Jackson 's family engagements at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , and reconnected through a mutual friend . According to a friend of Presley 's , `` their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A. '' They stayed in contact every day over the telephone . As the child molestation accusations became public , Jackson became dependent on Presley for emotional support ; she was concerned about his faltering health and addiction to drugs . Presley said : `` I believed he did n't do anything wrong and that he was wrongly accused and yes I started falling for him . I wanted to save him . I felt that I could do it . '' She eventually persuaded him to settle the civil case out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover . Jackson proposed to Presley over the telephone towards the fall of 1993 , saying : `` If I asked you to marry me , would you do it ? '' They married in the Dominican Republic in secrecy , denying it for nearly two months afterwards . The marriage was , in her words , `` a married couple 's life ... that was sexually active . '' The tabloid media speculated that the wedding was a ploy to prop up Jackson 's public image . The marriage ended less than two years later with an amicable divorce settlement . In a 2010 interview with Oprah Winfrey , Presley said they had spent four more years after the divorce `` getting back together and breaking up '' until she decided to stop . 1995 -- 1997 : HIStory , second marriage , and fatherhood In June 1995 , Jackson released the double album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I . The first disc , HIStory Begins , is a 15 - track greatest hits album ( later reissued as Greatest Hits : HIStory , Volume I in 2001 ) ; the second disc , HIStory Continues , contains 13 original songs and two cover versions . The album debuted at number one on the charts and has been certified for seven million shipments in the US . It is the best - selling multiple - disc album of all time , with 20 million copies ( 40 million units ) sold worldwide . HIStory received a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year . The first single released from HIStory was `` Scream / Childhood '' . `` Scream '' , a duet with Jackson 's youngest sister Janet , protests the media , particularly its treatment of him during the 1993 child abuse allegations . The single had the highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number five , and received a Grammy nomination for `` Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals '' . `` You Are Not Alone '' was the second single released from HIStory ; it holds the Guinness World Record for the first song ever to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It was seen as a major artistic and commercial success , receiving a Grammy nomination for `` Best Pop Vocal Performance '' . Jackson at the 1997 Cannes Film Festival for the Ghosts music video premiere In late 1995 , Jackson was rushed to a hospital after collapsing during rehearsals for a televised performance , caused by a stress - related panic attack . In November , Jackson merged his ATV Music catalog with Sony 's music publishing division , creating Sony / ATV Music Publishing . He retained ownership of half the company , earning $95 million up front as well as the rights to more songs . `` Earth Song '' was the third single released from HIStory , and topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas 1995 ; it sold a million copies , making it Jackson 's most successful single in the UK . The track `` They Do n't Care About Us '' became controversial when the Anti-Defamation League and other groups criticized its allegedly antisemitic lyrics . Jackson quickly released a revised version of the song without the offending lyrics . In 1996 , Jackson won a Grammy for Best Music Video , Short Form for `` Scream '' and an American Music Award for Favorite Pop / Rock Male Artist . HIStory was promoted with the successful HIStory World Tour , beginning on September 7 , 1996 , and ending on October 15 , 1997 . Jackson performed 82 concerts in five continents , 35 countries and 58 cities to over 4.5 million fans , and grossed a total of $165 million , becoming Jackson 's most successful tour in terms of audience figures . During the tour , Jackson married his longtime friend Deborah Jeanne Rowe , a dermatology nurse , in an impromptu ceremony in Sydney , Australia . Rowe was approximately six months pregnant with the couple 's first child at the time . Originally , Rowe and Jackson had no plans to marry , but Jackson 's mother Katherine persuaded them to do so . Michael Joseph Jackson Jr ( commonly known as Prince ) was born on February 13 , 1997 ; his sister Paris - Michael Katherine Jackson was born a year later on April 3 , 1998 . The couple divorced in 1999 , and Jackson received full custody of the children . The divorce was relatively amicable , but a subsequent custody suit was not settled until 2006 . In 1997 , Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix , which contained remixes of hit singles from HIStory and five new songs . Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies , making it the best - selling remix album of all time . It reached number one in the UK , as did the title track . In the US , the album was certified platinum , but only reached number 24 . Forbes placed Jackson 's annual income at $35 million in 1996 and $20 million in 1997 . 1997 -- 2002 : label dispute and Invincible From October 1997 to September 2001 , Jackson worked with collaborators including Teddy Riley and Rodney Jerkins to produce what would be his tenth solo album , Invincible . The album cost $30 million to record , not including promotional expenditures . Throughout June 1999 , Jackson was involved in a number of charitable events . He joined Luciano Pavarotti for a benefit concert in Modena , Italy . The show was in support of the nonprofit organization War Child , and raised a million dollars for the refugees of Kosovo , FR Yugoslavia , and additional funds for the children of Guatemala . Later that month , Jackson organized a series of `` Michael Jackson & Friends '' benefit concerts in Germany and Korea . Other artists involved included Slash , The Scorpions , Boyz II Men , Luther Vandross , Mariah Carey , A.R. Rahman , Prabhu Deva Sundaram , Shobana , Andrea Bocelli , and Luciano Pavarotti . The proceeds went to the Nelson Mandela Children 's Fund , the Red Cross and UNESCO . From August 1999 through 2000 , he lived in New York City at 4 East 74th Street . At the turn of the century , Jackson won an American Music Award as Artist of the 1980s . In September 2001 , two 30th Anniversary concerts were held at Madison Square Garden to mark Jackson 's 30th year as a solo artist . Jackson appeared onstage alongside his brothers for the first time since 1984 . The show also featured performances by artists including Mýa , Usher , Whitney Houston , NSYNC , Destiny 's Child , Monica , Luther Vandross , and Slash . The second show took place the night before the September 11 , 2001 , terrorist attacks . After 9 / 11 , Jackson helped organize the United We Stand : What More Can I Give benefit concert at RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. The concert took place on October 21 , 2001 , and included performances from dozens of major artists , including Jackson , who performed his song `` What More Can I Give '' as the finale . Due to contractual issues related to the earlier 30th Anniversary concerts , later edited into a two - hour TV special titled Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration broadcast in November 2001 , Jackson 's solo performances were omitted from the televised benefit concert , although he could still be seen singing backing vocals . The release of Invincible was preceded by a dispute between Jackson and his record label , Sony Music Entertainment . Jackson had expected the licenses to the masters of his albums to revert to him some time in the early 2000s , after which he would be able to promote the material however he pleased and keep the profits ; however , clauses in the contract set the revert date years into the future . Jackson discovered that the attorney who had represented him in the deal had also been representing Sony . He was also concerned that for years Sony had been pressuring him to sell his share in its music catalog venture ; he feared that Sony might have had a conflict of interest , since if Jackson 's career failed , he would have had to sell his share of the catalog at a low price . Jackson sought an early exit from his contract . Invincible was released on October 30 , 2001 to much anticipation . It was Jackson 's first full - length album in six years , and the last album of original material he released in his lifetime . It debuted at number one in 13 countries and went on to sell approximately 13 million copies worldwide . It received double - platinum certification in the U.S. However , sales for Invincible were lower than Jackson 's previous releases , due in part to the record label dispute and the lack of promotion or tour , and its release at a bad time for the music industry in general . Invincible spawned three singles , `` You Rock My World '' , `` Cry '' , and `` Butterflies '' , the latter without a music video . On January 22 , 2002 , Jackson won his 22nd American Music Award for Artist of the Century . On February 22 of the same year , his third child , Prince Michael Jackson II ( nicknamed `` Blanket '' ) was born . The mother 's identity was not announced , but Jackson said Prince was the result of artificial insemination from a surrogate mother and his own sperm . Jackson alleged in July 2002 that the then - Sony Music chairman Tommy Mottola was a `` devil '' and `` racist '' who did not support his African - American artists , using them merely for his own gain . He charged that Mottola had called his colleague Irv Gotti a `` fat nigger '' . Sony refused to renew Jackson 's contract , and claimed that a $25 million promotional campaign had failed because Jackson refused to tour in the United States . 2002 -- 2005 : second child sexual abuse allegations and acquittal Further information : Living with Michael Jackson , Trial of Michael Jackson , and Michael Jackson 's Dangerous Liaisons Jackson in Las Vegas , 2003 Beginning in May 2002 , Jackson allowed a documentary film crew , led by British TV personality Martin Bashir , to follow him around nearly everywhere he went . On November 20 of that year , Jackson brought his infant son Prince onto the balcony of his room at the Hotel Adlon in Berlin as fans stood below , holding him in his right arm with a cloth loosely draped over Prince 's face . Prince was briefly extended over a railing , four stories above ground level , prompting widespread criticism in the media . Jackson later apologized for the incident , calling it `` a terrible mistake '' . Bashir 's crew was with Jackson during this incident ; the program was broadcast in March 2003 as Living with Michael Jackson . In a particularly controversial scene , Jackson was seen holding hands and discussing sleeping arrangements with a young boy . As soon as the documentary aired , the Santa Barbara county attorney 's office began a criminal investigation . After an initial probe from the LAPD and DCFS was conducted in February 2003 , they had initially concluded that molestation allegations were `` unfounded '' at the time . After the young boy involved in the documentary and his mother had told investigators that Jackson had behaved improperly , Jackson was arrested in November 2003 and charged with seven counts of child molestation and two counts of administering an intoxicating agent in relation to the 13 - year - old boy shown in the film . Jackson denied the allegations , saying the sleepovers were not sexual in nature . The People v. Jackson trial began on January 31 , 2005 , in Santa Maria , California , and lasted until the end of May . On June 13 , 2005 , Jackson was acquitted on all counts . After the trial , in a highly publicized relocation , he moved to the Persian Gulf island of Bahrain as a guest of Sheikh Abdullah . Unknown to Jackson , Bahrain was also where the family had intended to send Jackson if he had been convicted , according to a statement by Jermaine Jackson printed in The Times of London in September 2011 . On November 17 , 2003 , three days before Jackson 's arrest , Sony released Number Ones , a compilation of Jackson 's hits on CD and DVD . In the U.S. , the album was certified triple platinum by the RIAA ; in the UK it was certified six times platinum for shipments of at least 1.2 million units . 2006 -- 2009 : closure of Neverland , final years , and This is it Jackson and his son Blanket in Disneyland Paris , 2006 In March 2006 , amidst reports that Jackson was having financial problems , the main house at Neverland Ranch was closed as a cost - cutting measure . Jackson had been delinquent on his repayments of a $270 million loan secured against his music - publishing holdings , even though the holdings were reportedly making him as much as $75 million a year . Bank of America sold the debt to Fortress Investments . Sony reportedly proposed a restructuring deal which would give them a future option to buy half of Jackson 's stake in their jointly - owned publishing company , leaving Jackson with a 25 % stake . Jackson agreed to a Sony - backed refinancing deal in April 2006 , although the details were not made public . Jackson did not have a recording contract at the time . In early 2006 , it was announced that Jackson had signed a contract with a Bahrain - based startup , Two Seas Records ; nothing came of the deal , and Two Seas CEO Guy Holmes later stated that it had never been finalized . Throughout 2006 , Sony repackaged 20 singles from the 1980s and 1990s as the Michael Jackson : Visionary series , which subsequently became a box set . Most of the singles returned to the charts as a result . In September 2006 , Jackson and his ex-wife Debbie Rowe confirmed reports that they had settled their long - running child custody suit . The terms were never made public . Jackson continued to be the custodial parent of the couple 's two children . In October 2006 , Fox News entertainment reporter Roger Friedman said that Jackson had been recording at a studio in rural Westmeath , Ireland . It was not known at the time what Jackson was working on , or who had paid for the sessions , since his publicist had recently issued a statement claiming that he had left Two Seas . In November 2006 , Jackson invited an Access Hollywood camera crew into the studio in Westmeath , and MSNBC reported that he was working on a new album , produced by will.i.am. Jackson performed at the World Music Awards in London on November 15 , 2006 , and accepted a Diamond Award for selling over 100 million records . During his period in Ireland he sought Dr. Patrick Treacy for cosmetic treatment after reading about his experience with HLA fillers and his charitable work in Africa . Treacy became his only doctor when he lived in Ireland in 2006 . He started as Jackson 's personal dermatologist and developed a friendship with him . Jackson returned to the United States after Christmas 2006 to attend James Brown 's funeral in Augusta , Georgia , where he gave one of the eulogies , saying that `` James Brown is my greatest inspiration . '' In 2011 , Treacy appeared on the Dr. Drew show on CNN and stated he had given propofol to Jackson on two occasions , but that Jackson always requested an anaesthetist present . In 2007 , Jackson and Sony bought another music publishing company , Famous Music LLC , formerly owned by Viacom . This deal gave him the rights to songs by Eminem and Beck , among others . In March 2007 , Jackson gave a brief interview to the Associated Press in Tokyo , where he said : `` I 've been in the entertainment industry since I was 6 years old , and as Charles Dickens would say , ' It 's been the best of times , the worst of times . ' But I would not change my career ... While some have made deliberate attempts to hurt me , I take it in stride because I have a loving family , a strong faith and wonderful friends and fans who have , and continue , to support me . '' That month , Jackson visited a U.S. Army post in Japan , Camp Zama , to greet over 3,000 U.S. troops and their families . The hosts presented Jackson with a Certificate of Appreciation . In September 2007 , Jackson was still working on his next album , but it was never completed . In 2008 , Jackson and Sony released Thriller 25 to mark the 25th anniversary of the original Thriller . The album featured the previously unreleased song `` For All Time '' , an outtake from the original sessions , as well as remixes by younger artists who had been inspired by Jackson 's work . Two remixes were released as singles with modest success : `` The Girl Is Mine 2008 '' ( with will.i.am ) , based on an early demo version of the original song without Paul McCartney , and `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( with Akon ) . The album was a commercial success . In anticipation of Jackson 's 50th birthday , Sony BMG released a series of greatest hits albums , King of Pop . Slightly different versions were released in various countries , based on polls of local fans . King of Pop reached the top 10 in most countries where it was issued , and also sold well as an import in other countries ( such as the United States ) . An aerial view of part of Jackson 's 2,800 - acre ( 11 km ) Neverland Valley Ranch near Los Olivos , California , showing the many rides In late 2008 , Fortress Investments threatened to foreclose on Neverland Ranch , which Jackson used as collateral for loans running into many tens of millions of dollars . However , Fortress opted to sell Jackson 's debts to Colony Capital LLC . In November , Jackson transferred Neverland Ranch 's title to Sycamore Valley Ranch Company LLC , a joint venture between Jackson and Colony Capital LLC . The deal cleared Jackson 's debt and reportedly earned him an additional $35 million . At the time of his death , Jackson still owned a stake of unknown size in Neverland / Sycamore Valley . In September 2008 , Jackson entered negotiations with Julien 's Auction House to display and auction a large collection of memorabilia amounting to approximately 1,390 lots . The auction was scheduled to take place between April 22 and 25 . An exhibition of the lots opened as scheduled on April 14 , but Jackson eventually cancelled the auction . In March 2009 , Jackson held a press conference at London 's O Arena to announce a series of comeback concerts titled This Is It . The shows would have been Jackson 's first major series of concerts since the HIStory World Tour finished in 1997 . Jackson suggested retirement after the shows , saying it would be his `` final curtain call '' . The initial plan was for 10 concerts in London , followed by shows in Paris , New York City and Mumbai . Randy Phillips , president and chief executive of AEG Live , stated that the first 10 dates alone would earn Jackson approximately £ 50 million . The London residency was increased to 50 dates after record - breaking ticket sales : over one million were sold in less than two hours . The concerts would have commenced on July 13 , 2009 , and finished on March 6 , 2010 . Jackson rehearsed in Los Angeles in the weeks leading up to the tour under the direction of choreographer Kenny Ortega . Most of these rehearsals took place at the Staples Center , owned by AEG . Less than three weeks before the first show was due to begin in London , with all concerts sold out , Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest . Some time before his death , it was reported that he was starting a clothing line with Christian Audigier . Jackson 's first posthumous song released entirely by his estate was `` This Is It '' , which he had co-written in the 1980s with Paul Anka . It was not on the setlists for the concerts , and the recording was based on an old demo tape . The surviving brothers reunited in the studio for the first time since 1989 to record backing vocals . On October 28 , 2009 , Sony released a documentary film about the rehearsals , Michael Jackson 's This Is It . Despite a limited two - week engagement , it became the highest - grossing documentary or concert film of all time , with earnings of more than $260 million worldwide . Jackson 's estate received 90 % of the profits . The film was accompanied by a compilation album of the same name . Two versions of `` This Is It '' appear on the album , which also featured original masters of Jackson 's hits in the order in which they appear in the film , along with a bonus disc with previously unreleased versions of more Jackson hits and a spoken - word poem , `` Planet Earth '' . At the 2009 American Music Awards , Jackson won four posthumous awards , two for him and two for his album Number Ones , bringing his total American Music Awards to 26 . Death and memorial Main articles : Death of Michael Jackson and Michael Jackson memorial service Fans flocked to Jackson 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , adorning it with flowers and notes on the day of his death On June 25 , 2009 , Jackson stopped breathing while attempting to sleep under the care of Conrad Murray , his personal physician . Murray had reportedly given Jackson an array of medications in an attempt to help him sleep at his rented mansion in Holmby Hills , Los Angeles . Attempts at resuscitating Jackson were unsuccessful . Los Angeles Fire Department paramedics received a 911 call at 12 : 22 pm ( PDT , 19 : 22 UTC ) , arriving three minutes later . Jackson was reportedly not breathing and CPR was performed . Resuscitation efforts continued en route to Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center , and for more than an hour after arriving there at 1 : 13 pm ( 20 : 13 UTC ) . He was pronounced dead at 2 : 26 pm Pacific time ( 21 : 26 UTC ) . Jackson 's death triggered a global outpouring of grief . The news spread quickly online , causing websites to slow down and crash from user overload , and putting unprecedented strain on services and websites including Google , AOL Instant Messenger , Twitter , and Wikipedia . Overall , web traffic ranged from 11 % to at least 20 % higher than normal . MTV and BET aired marathons of Jackson 's music videos . Jackson specials aired on television stations around the world . MTV briefly returned to its original music video format , airing hours of Jackson 's music videos , accompanied by live news specials featuring reactions from MTV personalities and other celebrities . Jackson 's tomb in the Holly Terrace of the Great Mausoleum , Forest Lawn Glendale Jackson 's memorial was held on July 7 , 2009 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park 's Hall of Liberty . Tickets to the memorial were distributed via lottery ; over 1.6 million fans applied for tickets during the two - day application period . 8,750 names were drawn at random , and each recipient received two tickets . Jackson 's casket was present during the memorial but no information was released about the final disposition of the body . The memorial service was one of the most watched events in streaming history , with an estimated U.S. audience of 31.1 million , an amount comparable to the estimated 35.1 million that watched the 2004 burial of former president Ronald Reagan and the estimated 33.1 million Americans who watched the 1997 funeral for Princess Diana . Mariah Carey , Stevie Wonder , Lionel Richie , John Mayer , Jennifer Hudson , Usher , Jermaine Jackson , and Shaheen Jafargholi performed at the event . Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson gave eulogies , while Queen Latifah read `` We Had Him '' , a poem written for the occasion by Maya Angelou . The Reverend Al Sharpton received a standing ovation with cheers when he told Jackson 's children : `` Was n't nothing strange about your daddy . It was strange what your daddy had to deal with . But he dealt with it anyway . '' Jackson 's 11 - year - old daughter Paris Katherine , speaking publicly for the first time , wept as she told the crowd : `` Ever since I was born , Daddy has been the best father you could ever imagine ... I just wanted to say I love him ... so much . '' Reverend Lucious Smith provided a closing prayer . At the time of death , Jackson had been administered propofol , lorazepam , and midazolam , and the Los Angeles coroner decided to treat the death as a homicide . Law enforcement officials conducted a manslaughter investigation of his personal physician Conrad Murray , and charged him with involuntary manslaughter in Los Angeles on February 8 , 2010 . Jackson 's body was entombed on September 3 , 2009 , at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale , California . Tribute of fans from all over the world in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park on the first anniversary of his death On June 25 , 2010 , the first anniversary of Jackson 's death , fans traveled to Los Angeles to pay tribute . They visited Jackson 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , his family home , and Forest Lawn Memorial Park . Many carried sunflowers and other tributes to leave at the sites . Members of the Jackson family and close friends arrived to pay their respects . Katherine returned to Gary , Indiana to unveil a granite monument constructed in the front yard of the family home . The memorial continued with a candlelight vigil and a special performance of `` We Are the World '' . On June 26 , fans marched in front of the Los Angeles Police Department 's Robbery - Homicide Division at the old Parker Center building , and assembled a petition with thousands of signatures , demanding justice in the homicide investigation . The Jackson Family Foundation , in conjunction with Voiceplate , presented `` Forever Michael '' , an event bringing together Jackson family members , celebrities , fans , supporters and the community to celebrate and honor his legacy . A portion of the proceeds were presented to some of Jackson 's favorite charities . Aftermath In the 12 months after his death , Jackson sold more than 8.2 million albums in the United States and 35 million albums worldwide , making him the best - selling albums artist of 2009 . He became the first artist to sell one million downloads in a week in music download history , with a record - breaking 2.6 million downloads of his songs . Three of his albums , Thriller , Number Ones and The Essential Michael Jackson , sold more than any new album , the first time a catalog album has ever scanned more sales than any new album . Jackson also became the first artist in history to have four of the top 20 best - selling albums in a single year in the United States . Following this surge in sales , Sony extended its distribution rights for Jackson 's material , which had been due to expire in 2015 . On March 16 , 2010 , Sony Music Entertainment , spearheaded by its Columbia / Epic Label Group division , signed a new deal with the Jackson estate to extend their distribution rights to his back catalogue until at least 2017 , and release ten new albums of previously unreleased material and new collections of released work . On November 4 , 2010 , Sony announced the first posthumous album , Michael , released on December 14 , with the promotional single , `` Breaking News '' , released to radio on November 8 . Sony Music paid the Jackson estate $250 million for the deal , plus royalties , making it the most expensive music contract pertaining to a single artist in history . Video game developer Ubisoft announced a dancing - and - singing game featuring Michael Jackson for the 2010 holiday season , Michael Jackson : The Experience ; it was among the first games to use Kinect and PlayStation Move , the motion - detecting camera systems for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 and Sony 's PlayStation 3 respectively . On November 3 , 2010 , the theatre company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour in October 2011 in Montreal , while a permanent show would reside in Las Vegas . The 90 - minute $57 - million production combined Jackson 's music and choreography with the Cirque 's artistry , dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists . On October 3 , 2011 , a compilation soundtrack album accompanying the tour , Immortal , was announced . A second , larger and more theatrical Cirque show , Michael Jackson : One , designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas , was announced on February 21 , 2013 . This show began its run on May 23 , 2013 in a newly renovated theater to critical and commercial success . In April 2011 , billionaire businessman Mohamed Al - Fayed , chairman of Fulham Football Club , unveiled a statue of Michael Jackson outside the club 's stadium , Craven Cottage . Fulham fans were bemused by the statue and failed to understand the relevance of Jackson to the club . Al - Fayed defended the statue and told the fans to `` go to hell '' if they did not appreciate it . The statue was removed in September 2013 and moved to the National Football Museum in Manchester in May 2014 . In 2012 , in an attempt to end public family feuding , Jackson 's brother Jermaine Jackson retracted his signature on a public letter criticizing executors of Michael Jackson 's estate and his mother 's advisers concerning the legitimacy of his brother 's will . T.J. Jackson , son of Tito Jackson , was given co-guardianship of Michael Jackson 's children after false reports surfaced of Katherine Jackson going missing . On May 16 , 2013 , choreographer Wade Robson alleged on The Today Show that Jackson sexually abused him for 7 years , beginning when Robson was 7 years old . Robson had previously testified in defence of Jackson in the 2005 child molestation trial . The attorney for Jackson 's estate described Robson 's claim as `` outrageous and pathetic '' . On December 19 , 2017 , Judge Mitchell L. Beckloff dismissed the lawsuit filed by Wade Robson , who alleged Jackson molested him as a child , citing that he filed too late for Michael Jackson 's Estate to be held liable . In February 2014 , the Internal Revenue Service reported that Jackson 's estate owed $702 million , including $505 million in taxes , plus $197 million in penalties after the estate had undervalued Jackson 's fortune . On March 31 , 2014 , Epic Records announced Xscape , an album of eight songs of unreleased material . It was released on May 13 , 2014 . On May 12 , 2014 , another man , Jimmy Safechuck , sued Jackson 's estate , claiming Jackson sexually abused him `` from the age of 10 to about 14 or 15 '' in the 1980s . During the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on May 18 , a `` Pepper 's ghost '' likeness of Jackson appeared , dancing to `` Slave to the Rhythm '' , one of the tracks from Xscape . Later that year , Queen released three duets that Freddie Mercury had recorded with Jackson in the 1980s . A new compilation album , Scream , was released on September 29 , 2017 . Jackson 's earnings have exponentially increased following his death . According to a report by Forbes in 2016 , he had been the top - earning dead celebrity each year since his death , with triple - digit millions per annum ( $825 million in 2016 ) . In December 2015 , Thriller became the first album in the United States to surpass 30 million shipments , certifying it 30 × platinum . One year later , the album was certified again at 33 × platinum , surpassing 33 million shipments after Soundscan added streams and audio downloads to album certifications . Artistry Influences One of many identical statues , based on Diana Walczak 's original HIStory statue , positioned throughout Europe to promote HIStory Jackson was influenced by musicians including Little Richard , James Brown , Jackie Wilson , Diana Ross , Fred Astaire , Sammy Davis Jr. , Gene Kelly , David Ruffin , the Isley Brothers , and the Bee Gees . While Little Richard had a substantial influence on Jackson , James Brown was his greatest inspiration ; he said : `` Ever since I was a small child , no more than like six years old , my mother would wake me no matter what time it was , if I was sleeping , no matter what I was doing , to watch the television to see the master at work . And when I saw him move , I was mesmerized . I had never seen a performer perform like James Brown , and right then and there I knew that was exactly what I wanted to do for the rest of my life because of James Brown . '' Jackson owed his vocal technique in large part to Diana Ross , especially his use of the oooh interjection , which he used from a young age ; Ross had used this effect on many of the songs recorded with the Supremes . Not only a mother figure to him , she was often observed in rehearsal as an accomplished performer . He said : `` I got to know her well . She taught me so much . I used to just sit in the corner and watch the way she moved . She was art in motion . I studied the way she moved , the way she sang -- just the way she was . '' He told her : `` I want to be just like you , Diana . '' She said : `` You just be yourself . '' According to choreographer David Winters , who met and befriended Jackson while choreographing the 1971 Diana Ross TV special Diana ! , Jackson watched the musical West Side Story almost every week , and it was his favorite film ; he paid tribute to it in `` Beat It '' and the `` Bad '' video . Musical themes and genres Jackson explored a variety of music genres , including pop , soul , rhythm and blues , funk , rock , disco , post-disco , dance - pop and new jack swing . Unlike many artists , Jackson did not write his songs on paper and instead dictated into a sound recorder . When composing music , he preferred to beatbox and imitate instruments vocally rather than use instruments . Jackson in June 1988 , in Vienna , Austria , during his Bad World Tour According to Steve Huey of AllMusic , Thriller refined the strengths of Off the Wall ; the dance and rock tracks were more aggressive , while the pop tunes and ballads were softer and more soulful . Its tracks included the ballads `` The Lady in My Life '' , `` Human Nature '' , and `` The Girl Is Mine '' , the funk pieces `` Billie Jean '' and `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , and the disco set `` Baby Be Mine '' and `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' . With Thriller , Christopher Connelly of Rolling Stone commented that Jackson developed his long association with the subliminal theme of paranoia and darker imagery . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted this is evident on the songs `` Billie Jean '' and `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . In `` Billie Jean '' , Jackson sings about an obsessive fan who alleges he has fathered a child of hers . In `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' he argues against gossip and the media . `` Beat It '' decried gang violence in an homage to West Side Story , and was Jackson 's first successful rock cross-over piece , according to Huey . He also observed that the title track `` Thriller '' began Jackson 's interest with the theme of the supernatural , a topic he revisited in subsequent years . In 1985 , Jackson co-wrote the charity anthem `` We Are the World '' ; humanitarian themes later became a recurring theme in his lyrics and public persona . `` Thriller '' Jackson 's song `` Thriller '' , released as a single in 1984 , utilizes cinematic sound effects , horror film motifs , and vocal trickery to convey a sense of danger . `` Smooth Criminal '' A single from the album Bad , released 1988 , `` Smooth Criminal '' features digital drum sounds , keyboard - created bass lines , and other percussion elements designed to give the impression of a pulsing heart . `` Black or White '' The lead single from Dangerous , `` Black or White '' is a danceable rock song with hard rock elements . It was one of Jackson 's most successful recordings . Problems playing these files ? See media help . In Bad , Jackson 's concept of the predatory lover can be seen on the rock song `` Dirty Diana '' . The lead single `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' is a traditional love ballad , while `` Man in the Mirror '' is an anthemic ballad of confession and resolution . `` Smooth Criminal '' is an evocation of bloody assault , rape and likely murder . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine states that Dangerous presents Jackson as a paradoxical individual . He comments the album is more diverse than his previous Bad , as it appeals to an urban audience while also attracting the middle class with anthems like `` Heal the World '' . The first half of the record is dedicated to new jack swing , including songs like `` Jam '' and `` Remember the Time '' . It was the first Jackson album in which social ills become a primary theme ; `` Why You Wanna Trip on Me '' , for example , protests world hunger , AIDS , homelessness and drugs . Dangerous contains sexually charged songs such as the multifaceted love song `` In the Closet '' . The title track continues the theme of the predatory lover and compulsive desire . The second half includes introspective , pop - gospel anthems such as `` Will You Be There '' , `` Heal the World '' and `` Keep the Faith '' ; these songs show Jackson opening up about various personal struggles and worries . In the ballad `` Gone Too Soon '' , Jackson gives tribute to his friend Ryan White and the plight of those with AIDS . HIStory creates an atmosphere of paranoia . Its content focuses on the hardships and public struggles Jackson went through prior to its production . In the new jack swing - funk - rock tracks `` Scream '' and `` Tabloid Junkie '' , and the R&B ballad `` You Are Not Alone '' , Jackson retaliates against the injustice and isolation he feels , and directs much of his anger at the media . In the introspective ballad `` Stranger in Moscow '' , Jackson laments over his `` fall from grace '' , while songs like `` Earth Song '' , `` Childhood '' , `` Little Susie '' and `` Smile '' are operatic pop pieces . In the track `` D.S. '' , Jackson launched a verbal attack against the lawyer Tom Sneddon , who had prosecuted him in both child sexual abuse cases . He describes Sneddon as an antisocial white supremacist who wanted to `` get my ass , dead or alive '' . Of the song , Sneddon said : `` I have not -- shall we say -- done him the honor of listening to it , but I 've been told that it ends with the sound of a gunshot . '' Invincible found Jackson working heavily with producer Rodney Jerkins . The album comprises urban soul tracks such as `` Cry '' and `` The Lost Children '' , ballads such as `` Speechless '' , `` Break of Dawn '' , and `` Butterflies '' and mixes hip hop , pop , and R&B in `` 2000 Watts '' , `` Heartbreaker '' and `` Invincible '' . Vocal style Jackson sang from childhood , and over time his voice and vocal style changed noticeably . Between 1971 and 1975 , his voice descended from boy soprano to high tenor . His vocal range as an adult was F2 - E ♭ 6 . Jackson first used the `` vocal hiccup '' technique , similar to gulping for air or gasping , in 1973 , with the song `` It 's Too Late to Change the Time '' from the Jackson 5 's album G.I.T. : Get It Together . Jackson did not use the technique fully until the recording of Off the Wall : it can be seen in full force in the `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' promotional video . With the arrival of Off the Wall in the late 1970s , Jackson 's abilities as a vocalist were well regarded ; at the time , Rolling Stone compared his vocals to the `` breathless , dreamy stutter '' of Stevie Wonder , and wrote that `` Jackson 's feathery - timbred tenor is extraordinarily beautiful . It slides smoothly into a startling falsetto that 's used very daringly . '' 1982 saw the release of Thriller , and Rolling Stone was of the opinion that Jackson was then singing in a `` fully adult voice '' that was `` tinged by sadness '' . A distinctive deliberate mispronunciation of `` come on '' , used frequently by Jackson , occasionally spelled `` c'mon '' , `` cha'mone '' , or `` shamone '' , is also a staple in impressions and caricatures of him . The turn of the 1990s saw the release of the introspective album Dangerous . The New York Times noted that on some tracks , `` he gulps for breath , his voice quivers with anxiety or drops to a desperate whisper , hissing through clenched teeth '' and he had a `` wretched tone '' . When singing of brotherhood or self - esteem the musician would return to `` smooth '' vocals . Of Invincible , Rolling Stone was of the opinion that , at age 43 , Jackson still performed `` exquisitely voiced rhythm tracks and vibrating vocal harmonies '' . Nelson George wrote : `` The grace , the aggression , the growling , the natural boyishness , the falsetto , the smoothness -- that combination of elements mark him as a major vocalist '' . Cultural critic Joseph Vogel notes that Jackson had a `` distinctive styles is his ability to convey emotion without the use of language : there are his trademark gulps , grunts , gasps , cries , exclamations ; he also frequently scats or twists and contorts words until they are barely discernible . '' Neil McCormick notes that Jackson 's unorthodox singing style `` was original and utterly distinctive , from his almost ethereal falsetto to his soft , sweet mid-tones ; his fluid , seamless control of often very fast moving series of notes ; his percussive yet still melodic outbursts , ululations and interjections ( from those spooky `` tee - hee - hees '' to grunts and wails ) . Unusually for someone coming from a black American soul tradition , he did not often sing straight , unadorned ballads , though when he did ( from ' Ben ' to ' She 's Out of My Life ' ) the effect was of a powerful simplicity and truth . '' Music videos and choreography Jackson has been called the King of Music Videos . Steve Huey of AllMusic observed how Jackson transformed the music video into an art form and a promotional tool through complex story lines , dance routines , special effects and famous cameo appearances , simultaneously breaking down racial barriers . Before Thriller , Jackson struggled to receive coverage on MTV , allegedly because he was African American . Pressure from CBS Records persuaded MTV to start showing `` Billie Jean '' and later `` Beat It '' , leading to a lengthy partnership with Jackson , also helping other black music artists gain recognition . MTV employees deny any racism in their coverage , or pressure to change their stance . MTV maintains that they played rock music , regardless of race . The popularity of his videos on MTV helped to put the relatively young channel `` on the map '' ; MTV 's focus shifted in favor of pop and R&B . His performance on Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever changed the scope of live stage show ; `` That Jackson lip - synced ' Billie Jean ' is , in itself , not extraordinary , but the fact that it did not change the impact of the performance is extraordinary ; whether the performance was live or lip - synced made no difference to the audience '' thus creating an era in which artists re-create the spectacle of music video imagery on stage . Short films like Thriller largely remained unique to Jackson , while the group dance sequence in `` Beat It '' has frequently been imitated . The choreography in Thriller has become a part of global pop culture , replicated everywhere from Indian films to prisons in the Philippines . The Thriller short film marked an increase in scale for music videos , and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records . In the 19 - minute music video for `` Bad '' -- directed by Martin Scorsese -- Jackson began using sexual imagery and choreography not previously seen in his work . He occasionally grabbed or touched his chest , torso and crotch . When asked by Oprah in the 1993 interview about why he grabbed his crotch , he replied , `` I think it happens subliminally '' and he described it as something that was not planned , but rather , as something that was compelled by the music . `` Bad '' garnered a mixed reception from both fans and critics ; Time magazine described it as `` infamous '' . The video also featured Wesley Snipes ; in the future Jackson 's videos would often feature famous cameo roles . For the `` Smooth Criminal '' video , Jackson experimented with an anti-gravity lean where the performer leans forward at a 45 degree angle , beyond the performer 's center of gravity . To accomplish this move live , Jackson and designers developed a special shoe that locks the performer 's feet to the stage , allowing them to lean forward . They were granted U.S. Patent 5,255,452 for the device . Although the music video for `` Leave Me Alone '' was not officially released in the US , in 1989 it was nominated for three Billboard Music Video Awards ; the same year it won a Golden Lion Award for the quality of the special effects used in its production . In 1990 , `` Leave Me Alone '' won a Grammy for Best Music Video , Short Form . He received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988 and the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990 to celebrate his accomplishments in the art form in the 1980s ; in 1991 the first award was renamed in his honor . `` Black or White '' was accompanied by a controversial music video , which , on November 14 , 1991 , simultaneously premiered in 27 countries with an estimated audience of 500 million people , the largest viewing ever for a music video at that time . It featured scenes construed as having a sexual nature as well as depictions of violence . The offending scenes in the final half of the 14 - minute version were edited out to prevent the video from being banned , and Jackson apologized . Along with Jackson , it featured Macaulay Culkin , Peggy Lipton , and George Wendt . It helped usher in morphing as an important technology in music videos . `` Remember the Time '' was an elaborate production , and became one of his longest videos at over nine minutes . Set in ancient Egypt , it featured groundbreaking visual effects and appearances by Eddie Murphy , Iman , and Magic Johnson , along with a distinct complex dance routine . The video for `` In the Closet '' was Jackson 's most sexually provocative piece . It featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson . The video was banned in South Africa because of its imagery . The music video for `` Scream '' , directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden , is one of Jackson 's most critically acclaimed . In 1995 , it gained eleven MTV Video Music Award Nominations -- more than any other music video -- and won `` Best Dance Video '' , `` Best Choreography '' , and `` Best Art Direction '' . The song and its accompanying video are a response to the backlash Jackson received from the media after being accused of child molestation in 1993 . A year later , it won a Grammy for Best Music Video , Short Form ; shortly afterwards Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made , at a cost of $7 million . `` Earth Song '' was accompanied by an expensive and well - received music video , which gained a Grammy nomination for Best Music Video , Short Form in 1997 . The video had an environmental theme , showing images of animal cruelty , deforestation , pollution and war . Using special effects , time is reversed so that life returns , wars end , and the forests re-grow . Released in 1997 and premiering at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival , Michael Jackson 's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston . The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and holds the Guinness World Record as the world 's longest music video . The music video for `` You Rock My World '' , which is thirteen and a half minutes long , was directed by Paul Hunter , and was released in 2001 . The video features appearances from Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando . The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award shows 2002 ceremony . Legacy and influence See also : Records and achievements of Michael Jackson and List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson Jackson 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , set in 1984 The media has commonly referred to Jackson as the `` King of Pop '' because , throughout his career , he transformed the art of music videos and paved the way for modern pop music . For much of Jackson 's career , he had an unparalleled worldwide influence over the younger generation through his musical and humanitarian works . His music and videos , such as Thriller , fostered racial diversity in MTV 's roster and steered its focus from rock to pop music and R&B , shaping the channel into a form that proved enduring . Jackson 's work continues to influence numerous artists of various music genres . He is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records . Jackson 's wax statue at Madame Tussauds , London Danyel Smith , the chief content officer of Vibe Media Group and the editor - in - chief of Vibe describes Jackson as `` The Greatest Star '' . AllMusic 's Steve Huey describes Jackson as `` an unstoppable juggernaut , possessed of all the skills to dominate the charts seemingly at will : an instantly identifiable voice , eye - popping dance moves , stunning musical versatility and loads of sheer star power '' . BET described Jackson `` as quite simply the greatest entertainer of all time '' and someone who `` revolutionized the music video and brought dances like the moonwalk to the world . Jackson 's sound , style , movement and legacy continues to inspire artists of all genres . '' In 1984 , Time magazine 's pop critic Jay Cocks wrote that `` Jackson is the biggest thing since the Beatles . He is the hottest single phenomenon since Elvis Presley . He just may be the most popular black singer ever . '' In 1990 , Vanity Fair cited Jackson as the most popular artist in the history of show business . In 2003 , Daily Telegraph writer Tom Utley described Jackson as `` extremely important '' and a `` genius '' . In 2007 , Jackson said : `` Music has been my outlet , my gift to all of the lovers in this world . Through it , my music , I know I will live forever . '' At Jackson 's memorial service on July 7 , 2009 , Motown founder Berry Gordy proclaimed Jackson `` the greatest entertainer that ever lived '' . In a June 28 , 2009 Baltimore Sun article titled `` 7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World '' , Jill Rosen wrote that Jackson 's legacy was `` as enduring as it is multi-faceted '' , influencing fields including sound , dance , fashion , music videos and celebrity . On December 19 , 2014 , the British Council of Cultural Relations named Jackson 's life one of the 80 most important cultural moments of the 20th century . In July 2009 , the Lunar Republic Society , which promotes the exploration , settlement , and development of the Moon , named a Moon crater after Jackson . In the same year , for Jackson 's 51st birthday , Google dedicated their Google Doodle to him . In 2010 , two university librarians found that Jackson 's influence extended to academia , with references to Jackson in reports concerning music , popular culture , chemistry and an array of other topics . Honors and Awards See also : List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson Thriller platinum record on display at the Hard Rock Cafe , Hollywood in Universal City , California Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as member of the Jacksons and in 1984 as solo artist . Throughout his career he received numerous honors and awards , including the World Music Awards ' Best - Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium , the American Music Award 's Artist of the Century Award and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award . He was a double - inductee of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , once as a member of The Jackson 5 in 1997 and later as a solo artist in 2001 . Jackson was also inducted in several other halls of fame , including Vocal Group Hall of Fame ( as a Jackson 5 member ) in 1999 and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2002 . In 2010 , Jackson was inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame as the first ( and currently only ) dancer from the world of pop and rock ' n ' roll . In 2014 , Jackson was inducted into the second class of inductees to the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame ; his father Joe Jackson accepted on his behalf . His awards include many Guinness World Records ( eight in 2006 alone ) , including for the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time , 13 Grammy Awards ( as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ) , 26 American Music Awards ( including the `` Artist of the Century '' and `` Artist of the 1980s '' ) , -- more than any artist -- 13 number - one singles in the US in his solo career -- more than any other male artist in the Hot 100 era -- and estimated sales of over 350 million records worldwide making him one of the best - selling artists in modern music history . On December 29 , 2009 , the American Film Institute recognized Jackson 's death as a `` moment of significance '' saying , `` Michael Jackson 's sudden death in June at age 50 was notable for the worldwide outpouring of grief and the unprecedented global eulogy of his posthumous concert rehearsal movie This Is It . '' Michael Jackson also received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree from the United Negro College Fund and also an Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Fisk University . Earnings and wealth It is estimated that Michael Jackson earned about $750 million in his lifetime . Sales of his recordings through Sony 's music unit earned him an estimated $300 million in royalties . He may have also earned an additional $400 million from concerts , music publishing ( including his share of the Beatles catalog ) , endorsements , merchandising and music videos . Estimating how much of these earnings Jackson was able to personally pocket is difficult because one has to account for taxes , recording costs and production costs . Net worth during Jackson 's life There have also been several detailed estimates of Jackson 's net worth during his life , which range from negative $285 million to positive $350 million for the years 2002 , 2003 and 2007 . Michael Jackson 's estimated net - worth over the years Year Assets Debt Net worth Source 2002 $130 million $415 million - $285 million Forensic accountant in 2005 recalling Jackson 's 2002 balance sheet under oath 2003 $550 million ( $100 million in properties including Neverland ranch ; Encino and Las Vegas homes and other properties and $450 million in music holdings including 50 % stake in Sony ATV and other music publishing ) $200 million $350 million Forbes , November 21 , 2003 2007 $567.6 million ( includes 50 % share of the Sony / ATV catalog valued at $390.6 million , Neverland valued at $33 million , cars , antiques , collectibles and other property valued at $20 million , and $668,215 in cash ) $331 million $236 million Michael Jackson 's March 2007 statement of financial condition prepared by Washington - based accounting firm Thompson , Cobb , Bazilio & Associates ; described by CBS News as the clearest account yet of Jackson 's finances . Net worth at time of death ; U.S. federal estate Tax problems On July 26 , 2013 , the executors of the Estate of Michael Jackson filed a petition in the United States Tax Court as a result of a dispute with the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) over U.S. federal estate taxes imposed on the value of Jackson 's Estate at the time of his death . The executors claim that the Estate was worth about $7 million . The IRS asserts that the Estate was worth over $1.1 billion , and that over $700 million in federal estate taxes ( including penalties ) are due . A trial was held from February 6 to 24 , 2017 . As of early July 2017 , no decision has been rendered . In 2016 , Forbes magazine estimated annual gross earnings by the Jackson Estate at $825 million , the largest ever recorded for a celebrity . The majority was due to the sale of the Sony / ATV catalog . It marked the seventh consecutive year since his death where Jackson 's annual earnings were over $100 million . Earnings after death Year Earnings Source 2009 ( USD 90,000,000 ) ( USD 275,000,000 ) 2011 ( USD 170,000,000 ) 2012 ( USD 145,000,000 ) 2013 ( USD 160,000,000 ) 2014 ( USD 140,000,000 ) 2015 ( USD 115,000,000 ) 2016 ( USD 825,000,000 ) 2017 ( USD 75,000,000 ) Discography Main articles : Michael Jackson albums discography and Michael Jackson singles discography See also : The Jackson 5 discography Got to Be There ( 1972 ) Ben ( 1972 ) Music & Me ( 1973 ) Forever , Michael ( 1975 ) Off the Wall ( 1979 ) Thriller ( 1982 ) Bad ( 1987 ) Dangerous ( 1991 ) HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I ( 1995 ) Invincible ( 2001 ) Filmography See also : Michael Jackson videography The Wiz ( 1978 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Moonwalker ( 1988 ) Michael Jackson 's Ghosts ( 1997 ) Men in Black II ( 2002 ) Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls ( 2004 ) Documentaries after death Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 ) Bad 25 ( 2012 ) Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot ( 2014 ) Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall ( 2016 ) Tours Main article : List of concert tours by Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5 Bad World Tour ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Dangerous World Tour ( 1992 -- 1993 ) HIStory World Tour ( 1996 -- 1997 ) MJ & Friends ( 1999 ) This Is It ( 2009 -- 2010 ; cancelled ) See also Michael Jackson portal The Jackson Family portal African American portal Book : Michael Jackson Honorific nicknames in popular music List of best - selling music artists List of cover versions of Michael Jackson songs List of songs recorded by Michael Jackson List of unreleased songs recorded by Michael Jackson Michael Jackson - related games Personal relationships of Michael Jackson List of artists influenced by Michael Jackson List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson List of highest - grossing concert tours Michael Jackson impersonator Cultural impact of Michael Jackson Notes Note 1 ^ According to The Wall Street Journal and diverse news sites , the 750 million units sold by Michael Jackson is an inflated figure that was initially claimed by Raymone Bain ( 2006 ) , who was the singer 's publicist at that time , without any factual evidence and probably in an effort to promote album sales . From 2006 until present time , several sources such as RIAA , Rolling Stone , and Time have claimed that Michael Jackson has sold 750 million units ( or even 1 billion ) , however , Adrian Strain , a representative from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) has said that this figure is unreal . References Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Bio '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . In 2009 Jackson was the biggest - selling artist in the world . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Jones , 2005 , p. 3 : `` He wears the crown as the King Of Pop because no artist has broken his record of selling nearly 60 million copies of a single Album ( Thriller ) '' . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Kasmin ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Why Michael Jackson was a style icon '' . The Times of India . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemon , Don ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's style influence lives on '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . 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The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Potter , Andrew ( July 7 , 2009 ) . `` There was nothing strange about your daddy '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Branigan , Tania ( September 8 , 2001 ) . `` Jackson spends £ 20m to be Invincible '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Top Moments : Michael Jackson Memorial '' . TV Guide . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rev Lucious Smith on conducting the memorial service for Michael Jackson '' . Radio Live . June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doheny , Kathleen ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Propofol Linked to Michael Jackson 's Death '' . WebMD . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reid , Tim ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` LA coroner to treat Michael Jackson 's death as a homicide '' . The Times . Jump up ^ `` Jackson ' had lethal drug levels ' '' . BBC News Online . August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's doctor denies manslaughter charge '' . BBC News Online . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Mark ( September 4 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson finally laid to rest in Los Angeles '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells , Jason ; Rocha , Veroniac ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` One year later : Fans gather to pay tribute to Michael Jackson '' . Glendale News - Press . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Familia y fans de Jackson le recuerdan en el aniversario de su muerte '' . La Vanguardia ( in Spanish ) . EFE . June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Parry , Ryan ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's kids play in the sea in Hawaii as fans mourn his death one year on '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baichwal , Ravi ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Fans honor Michael Jackson in Gary , Ind '' . ABC7 Chicago . Jump up ^ McCartney , Anthony ( June 23 , 2010 ) . `` A year after Michael Jackson 's death , fan base remains committed to keeping memory alive '' . The Gaea Times . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Romero , Dennis ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` MJ fans plan to march in downtown L.A. one day after anniversary '' . LA Weekly . Michaeljackson.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gimenez - Llort , Lydia ( June 26 , 2010 ) . `` M4MJ ' Forever Michael ' ( 1 ) For fans use ONLY ! '' . World News Network . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An amazing tribute : The Jackson Family Foundation & VoicePlate Productions presents `` Forever Michael . '' `` . Michaeljackson.com . June 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aniversario de muerte de Michael Jackson pasará sin grandes homenajes '' . Diario ABC Color ( in Spanish ) . EFE . June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Taylor Swift Edges Susan Boyle For 2009 's Top - Selling Album '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Jackson sells 35 million albums since death '' . Today . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Van Buskirk , Eliot ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson First Artist to Sell Over 1 Million Downloads in a Single Week '' . Wired . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ethan ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Sony Places Big Bet on a Fallen ' King ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Michael Jackson Estate , Sony Strike Massive $250 Million Deal to Release King of Pop 's Music '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Official Michael Jackson Single Hold My Hand To Be Released On November 15th '' ( Press release ) . Breakingnews.michaeljackson.com . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson in ' record ' $200 m music deal '' . BBC Online . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Fans Will Moonwalk In Motion - Sensing Game '' . Billboard . Associated Press . June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony . `` People : Cirque du Soleil mounting Michael Jackson tour '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cirque plans $57 M touring Jackson show '' . CBC News . November 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Records Set To Release IMMORTAL The New Album From Michael Jackson On November 21 '' ( Press release ) . Sony . PR Newswire . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Michael Jackson ONE ' in Las Vegas : Cirque du Soleil refinds its way '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lane , Richard ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Jackson ONE Becomes The One Show You Must See In Vegas '' . VegasChatter . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Malley Greenburg , Zack ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's New Vegas Show ' One ' Will Double The Fun '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yancey , Kitty ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Cirque tells more about new Michael Jackson Vegas show '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Fulham FC statue defended by Al Fayed '' . BBC News Online . April 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Fulham fans cry foul over ' bizarre ' Michael Jackson statue '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Jackson is HIStory : Controversial statue removed from Fulham stadium Craven Cottage '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson statue moves to National Football Museum '' . BBC News Online . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine calls for an end to Jackson family feud '' . BBC News Online . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson nephew made co-guardian of children '' . BBC News Online . August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Choreographer : Michael Jackson ' sexually abused me ' '' . Today . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broder , John M. ( May 6 , 2005 ) . `` 2 Witnesses Say They Shared Jackson 's Bed and Were Never Molested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Jackson Estate Calls Wade Robson 's Molestation Claims ' Pathetic ' '' . MTV News . Viacom . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dalton , Andrew ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` APNewsBreak : Michael Jackson Sex Abuse Lawsuit Dismissed '' ( Press release ) . Associated Press . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson sex abuse lawsuit dismissed '' . CBC.ca . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Sex Abuse Lawsuit Dismissed '' . Billboard . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gottlieb , Jeff ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson estate embroiled in tax fight with IRS '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Michael Jackson album to be released in May '' . BBC News Online . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Michael Jackson Album ' Xscape ' to Be Released in May '' . Billboard . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dimond , Diane ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Michael Jackson Hit With New Sex Abuse Claim '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallo , Phil ( May 18 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson Hologram Rocks Billboard Music Awards : Go Behind the Scenes '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Estate Details ' Scream ' Compilation '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Has Now Been Certified 33 - Times Platinum '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken ( June 5 , 1988 ) . `` Summer Reading ; Firing Your Father Is n't Easy '' . The New York Times . p. 751 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Why People Still Dance Like Gene Kelly '' . Slate . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Singers : 65 -- David Ruffin '' . Rolling Stone . November 27 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Jones , 2005 . Jump up ^ Herron , Martin ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` ' Michael Jackson saved my life ' '' . Scarborough Evening News . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson Attends Brown 's Public Funeral '' . Contactmusic.com . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli , 2009 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Simon , Mallory ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson shared bond with ' very dear friend Diana Ross ' '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli , 2009 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Winters , David ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` David Winters remembers Michael Jackson '' . Magick Papers . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Eugene ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` Remembering Michael Jackson , On Screen '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Off the Wall -- Overview '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Heyliger , M. `` A State - of - the - Art Pop Album : Thriller by Michael '' . Consumerhelpweb.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Not many artists could pull off such a variety of styles ( funk , post-disco , rock , easy listening , ballads ) ... Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Turns 30 ! '' . Jet . Vol. 74 no . 35 . August 29 , 1988 . p. 58 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 1995 ) . Rock & Roll : An Unruly History . Harmony Books . p. 285 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 70050 - 1 . Jump up ^ Taraborrelli , 2009 , pp. 209 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lucy ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` The Incredible Way Michael Jackson Wrote Music '' . NME . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller -- Overview '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Eric ( October 18 , 2003 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Christopher ( January 28 , 1983 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Thriller '' . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : George , 2004 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous ( Remastered ) '' . Sony BMG. 2001 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Ramage , John D. ; Bean , John C. ; Johnson , June ( 2001 ) . Writing arguments : a rhetoric with readings . Allyn and Bacon . p. 491 . ISBN 0 - 205 - 31745 - 6 . ' Black or White ' , described by the record company as ' a rock ' n ' roll dance song about racial harmony ' Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 3 , 1987 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook ; How Good Is Jackson 's ' Bad ' ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Dangerous -- Overview '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved June 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( November 24 , 1991 ) . `` RECORDINGS VIEW ; Michael Jackson in the Electronic Wilderness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Richard ( November 24 , 1991 ) . `` Jackson 's ' Dangerous ' Departures ; Stylistic Shifts Mar His First Album in 4 Years '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- HIStory -- Overview '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , James ( August 10 , 1995 ) . `` Michael Jackson : HIStory : Past , Present , Future , Book I '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ `` Thomas W. ( Tom ) Sneddon Jr '' . National Defense Authorization Act . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Invincible -- Overview '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beaumont , Mark ( November 30 , 2001 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Invincible '' . NME . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brackett , Nathan ; Hoard , Christian ( 2004 ) . The Rolling Stone Album Guide . Fireside . p. 414 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0169 - 8 . Jump up ^ Brown , Geoff . The Complete Guide to the Music of Michael Jackson & The Jackson Family . Omnibus Press . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 1 , 1979 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Off The Wall '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Lewarne , Rory ( July 26 , 2004 ) . `` Pink Grease '' . Music News . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hunter , James ( December 6 , 2001 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Invincible '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Vogel , 2012 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson , Bruce Springsteen & Bono '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheryn , Carl . XXL : Michael Jackson Special Collecters Edition . American Press . p. 95 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson , `` Billie Jean , '' directed by Steve Barron , produced by Simon Fields & Paul Flattery , `` . Blender . October 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Gundersen , Edna ( August 25 , 2005 ) . `` Music videos changing places '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why it took MTV so long to play black music videos '' . Jet . October 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Bryan ( February 23 , 2005 ) . `` Why Are Michael Jackson 's Fans So Devoted ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Ian ( 2006 ) . Performance and Popular Music : History , Place and Time . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 119 , 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4057 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Michael . Thriller Special Edition Audio . Jump up ^ `` Philippine jailhouse rocks to Thriller '' . BBC News Online . July 26 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 6 , 1993 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Who 's Bad ? '' . Time . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ US Michael J. Jackson , Michael L. Bush , Dennis Tompkins : `` Method and means for creating anti-gravity illusion '' , filed June 29 , 1992 , issued October 26 , 1993 5255452 Jump up ^ Campbell , 1993 , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson Dangerous on Film VHS / DVD Jump up ^ Campbell , 1993 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Campbell , 1993 , pp. 313 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Boepple , Leanne ( November 1 , 1995 ) . Scream : Space Odyssey , Jackson - Style. ( video production ; Michael and Janet Jackson video ) . 29 . Theatre Crafts International . p. 52 . ISSN 1063 - 9497 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( June 26 , 1995 ) . `` Michael Jackson Interview Raises Questions , Answers '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . p. 06E . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( 2005 ) . Guinness World Records 2006 . Guinness . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 02 - 4 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson HIStory on Film volume II VHS / DVD Jump up ^ Lewis Jones , 2005 , pp. 125 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( 2003 ) . Guinness World Records 2004 . Guinness . ISBN 1 - 892051 - 20 - 6 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Video Co-Stars : From Eddie Murphy to Marlon Brando '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Award Spotlight Black ' Achievements '' . Jet . Vol. 101 no . 13 . March 18 , 2002 . p. 36 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Smith , Danyel ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Commentary : Michael Jackson , the greatest star '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson '' . Search.bet.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Utley , Tom ( February 7 , 2003 ) . `` Of course Jackson 's odd -- but his genius is what matters '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Bryan ( December 2007 ) . `` Michael Jackson in His Own Words '' . Ebony . Jump up ^ Bartolomeo , Joey ; Tan , Michelle ; Tresniowski , Alex ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Farewell to a King '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Gordy Brings Mourners To Their Feet With Jackson Tribute '' . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tourtellotte , Bob ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson hailed as greatest entertainer , best dad '' ( Press release ) . Reuters UK . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jill ( June 28 , 2009 ) . `` 7 Ways Michael Jackson Changed The World '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 80 Moments That Shaped the World '' ( PDF ) . British Council . 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leach , Ben ( July 9 , 2009 ) . `` Moon crater named after Michael Jackson '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chivers , Tom ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` Google 's Doodles : 10 of the best including UFOs and Googlle '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Cory ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Librarians Prove Michael Jackson Was a Rock Star in Academic Literature '' . Texas Tech University . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo & Weiner 2010 , pp. 14 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Hidalgo & Weiner 2010 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson and Halle Berry Pick Up Bambi Awards in Berlin '' . Hello ! . November 22 , 2002 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Keiser , Tom ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Photos : Michael Jackson induction ceremony '' . The News - Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` R&B Music Hall of Fame sets big weekend to induct sophomore class featuring Michael Jackson , Whitney Houston , Marvin Gaye , Norm N. Nite and more '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collett - White , Mike ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson to add concerts after sellout '' ( Press release ) . Reuters . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GRAMMY Legend Award '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime Achievement Award '' . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ George , 2004 , pp. 37 -- 52 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Anniversary : Most No. 1s By Artist '' . Billboard . August 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Peter ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson remembered 5 years later : How the Daily News covered the tragic story of icon 's death '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Death Among 2009 's Major Moments '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson United Negro College Fund '' . Michaeljackson.com . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Viegas , Jennifer . `` Pop Star Michael Jackson Influenced Academics , Received PhD '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stress killed MJ , says ex-publicist '' . The Times of India . June 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Timothy L ( May 14 , 2006 ) . `` What Happened to the Fortune Michael Jackson Made ? '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deutsch , Linda ( May 4 , 2005 ) . `` Forensic accountant tells court Jackson is in financial straits '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Jump up ^ Pulley , Brett ( November 21 , 2003 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Ups And Downs '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Family : Michael Jackson Had A Will '' . CBS News . June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Estate of Michael J. Jackson , Deceased , John G. Branca , Co-Executor and John McClain , Co-Executor '' . August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` United States Tax Court : Washington , DC 20217 '' . February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Tom ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Forbes magazine : Yves Saint Laurent is highest earning dead celebrity '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ; Pomerantz , Dorothy ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Top - Earning Dead Celebrities '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Top - Earning Dead Celebrities '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` The Top - Earning Dead Musicians of 2012 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Jackson Leads Our List Of The Top - Earning Dead Celebrities '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Jackson Tops Forbes ' List Of Top - Earning Dead Celebrities With $140 Million Haul '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` The 13 Top - Earning Dead Celebrities Of 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Earnings : $825 Million In 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bain , Raymone K. ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Michael To Give Away 200 FREE Tickets To Fans , And Discounted Rates '' . Kingofpop.info . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bain , Raymone K. ( October 31 , 2006 ) . `` Statement from Raymone Bain to all fans and fanclubs '' . Mjtmc.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lara , David ( May 12 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Bad ' Gets a Revamp and More Inflated Sales ! '' . ImpreMedia . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Is First Album to Sell 30 Million Copies '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Adamczyk , Alicia ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' Just Smashed Another Record '' . Time . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Bibliography Campbell , Lisa D ( 1993 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 1957 - X . Campbell , Lisa D ( 1995 ) . Michael Jackson : The King of Pop 's Darkest Hour . Branden . ISBN 0 - 8283 - 2003 - 9 . DeMello , Margo ( 2012 ) . Faces Around the World : A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 618 - 8 . George , Nelson ( 2004 ) . Michael Jackson : The Ultimate Collection ( booklet ) . Sony BMG . Hidalgo , Susan ; Weiner , Robert G. ( 2010 ) . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' : MJ in the Scholarly Literature : A Selected Bibliographic Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Pan African Studies . 3 ( 7 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Jackson , Michael ( 2009 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Moonwalk . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 71698 - 9 . Lewis Jones , Jel D. ( 2005 ) . Michael Jackson , the King of Pop : The Big Picture : the Music ! the Man ! the Legend ! the Interviews : an Anthology . Amber Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749779 - 0 - 4 . Parameswaran , Radhika ( 2011 ) . `` E-Race - ing Color : Gender and Transnational Visual Economies of Beauty in India '' . In Sarma Hegde , Radha . Circuits of Visibility : Gender and Transnational Media Cultures . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9060 - 1 . Taraborrelli , J. Randy ( 2009 ) . Michael Jackson : The Magic , The Madness , The Whole Story , 1958 -- 2009 . Terra Alta , WV : Grand Central Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 56474 - 5 . Vogel , Joseph ( 2012 ) . Man in the Music : The Creative Life and Work of Michael Jackson . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40277 - 938 - 1 . Young , Julie ( Fall 2009 ) . `` A Hoosier Thriller : Gary , Indiana 's Michael Jackson '' . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society . 21 ( 4 ) . External links Find more aboutMichael Jacksonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Michael Jackson at Encyclopædia Britannica Michael Jackson at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Michael Jackson at the FBI 's website Michael Jackson at Find a Grave Michael Jackson on IMDb Articles related to Michael Jackson Michael Jackson Albums Singles Songs Videography Unreleased songs Awards Records and achievements Studio albums Got to Be There Ben Music & Me Forever , Michael Off the Wall Thriller Bad Dangerous HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Invincible Posthumous albums Michael Xscape Remix albums The Original Soul of Michael Jackson The Stripped Mixes The Remix Suite Live albums One Night in Japan Other albums Farewell My Summer Love Looking Back to Yesterday Blood on the Dance Floor : HIStory in the Mix Thriller 25 Bad 25 Soundtracks The Wiz E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Michael Jackson 's This Is It Immortal Compilations A Collection of Michael Jackson 's Oldies The Best of Michael Jackson 18 Greatest Hits One Day in Your Life The Michael Jackson Mix 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Michael Jackson Love Songs Number Ones The Essential Michael Jackson King of Pop The Definitive Collection Icon Scream Box sets Anthology The Ultimate Collection Visionary : The Video Singles Thriller 25 : Limited Japanese Single Collection 50 Best Songs -- The Motown Years : Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 The Collection Hello World : The Motown Solo Collection Concert tours Bad Dangerous World Tour HIStory World Tour This Is It Filmography Michael Jackson 's Thriller Captain EO Moonwalker Michael Jackson 's Ghosts Miss Cast Away and the Island Girls Michael Jackson 's This Is It Michael Jackson : The Life of an Icon Bad 25 Michael Jackson : The Last Photo Shoot Michael Jackson 's Journey from Motown to Off the Wall Video albums Dangerous : The Short Films Video Greatest Hits -- HIStory HIStory on Film , Volume II Number Ones The One Live in Bucharest : The Dangerous Tour Michael Jackson 's Vision Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 Television Man in the Mirror : The Michael Jackson Story Michael Jackson 's Halloween Move Like Michael Jackson `` Stark Raving Dad '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Video games Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Space Channel 5 Ready 2 Rumble Boxing : Round 2 Space Channel 5 : Part 2 Michael Jackson : The Experience Planet Michael Bibliography Moonwalk Dancing the Dream Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever MJ & Friends Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Celebration United We Stand : What More Can I Give Live at the Apollo Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Assets Neverland Ranch Northern Songs Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( formerly ) Influence on society Heal the World Foundation Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour Michael Jackson : One Related The Jackson 5 Moonwalk Health and appearance Personal relationships 1993 child sexual abuse accusations Living with Michael Jackson People v. Jackson Death Trial of personal physician Memorial service Cover versions Thriller jacket HIStory statue Michael Jackson - related games Quincy Jones Kenny Ortega Mesoparapylocheles Bubbles Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award We Are the World Mind Is the Magic : Anthem for the Las Vegas Show Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson Queen Forever Michael Forever -- The Tribute Concert Book Category Portal The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls Concert tours First National Tour Second National Tour Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour Television The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special Related articles Discography Songs Chronology Jackson family Steeltown Records Book Category Portal Jackson family Parents Joseph Walter Jackson : 1928 Katherine Esther Jackson ( neé Scruse ) : 1930 Children Maureen Reillette ( Rebbie ) : 1950 Sigmund Esco ( Jackie ) : 1951 Toriano Adaryll ( Tito ) : 1953 Jermaine La Jaune : 1954 La Toya Yvonne : 1956 Marlon David : 1957 Michael Joseph : 1958 -- 2009 Steven Randall ( Randy ) : 1961 Janet Damita Jo : 1966 Grandchildren T.J. Jackson : 1978 Austin Brown : 1985 Paris Jackson : 1998 Musical groups The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons 3T Television The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty The Jacksons : Next Generation Portal People v. Jackson Key figures Michael Jackson Judge Rodney Melville Prosecution figures Thomas W. Sneddon Jr . Witnesses for the prosecution Debbie Rowe June Chandler Defense figures Benjamin Brafman Mark Geragos Thomas Mesereau Witnesses for the defense Chris Tucker George Lopez Macaulay Culkin Wade Robson Jay Leno Other elements 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson Living with Michael Jackson Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2001 Performers Aerosmith ( Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , Brad Whitford ) Solomon Burke The Flamingos ( Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , Paul Wilson ) Michael Jackson Queen ( John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , Roger Taylor ) Paul Simon Steely Dan ( Walter Becker , Donald Fagen ) Ritchie Valens Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Chris Blackwell Sidemen James Burton Johnnie Johnson NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture 1967 - 1979 Raymond St. Jacques ( 1969 ) Jim Brown ( 1970 ) Donald Sutherland ( 1971 ) Billy Dee Williams ( 1972 ) Bernie Casey ( 1974 ) James Earl Jones ( 1975 ) Bill Cosby ( 1976 ) Billy Dee Williams ( 1977 ) Paul Winfield ( 1978 ) Michael Jackson ( 1979 ) 1980 - 1989 LeVar Burton ( 1980 ) Richard Pryor ( 1981 ) Louis Gossett Jr. ( 1982 ) Eddie Murphy ( 1983 ) Prince ( 1984 ) Adolph Caesar ( 1985 ) Gregory Hines ( 1986 ) Danny Glover ( 1987 ) Denzel Washington ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) 1990 - 1999 Morgan Freeman ( 1990 ) Wesley Snipes ( 1992 ) Denzel Washington ( 1993 ) Denzel Washington ( 1994 ) Denzel Washington ( 1996 ) Denzel Washington ( 1997 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 1998 ) Danny Glover ( 1999 ) 2000 - 2009 Denzel Washington ( 2000 ) Denzel Washington ( 2001 ) Denzel Washington ( 2002 ) Denzel Washington ( 2003 ) Cuba Gooding , Jr. ( 2004 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2005 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 2006 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2007 ) Denzel Washington ( 2008 ) Will Smith ( 2009 ) 2010 - 2019 Morgan Freeman ( 2010 ) Denzel Washington ( 2011 ) Laz Alonso ( 2012 ) Denzel Washington ( 2013 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2014 ) David Oyelowo ( 2015 ) Michael B. Jordan ( 2016 ) Denzel Washington ( 2017 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2018 ) VIAF : 27092134 LCCN : n83133203 ISNI : 0000 0001 1023 081X GND : 118711083 SELIBR : 211389 SUDOC : 027644693 BNF : cb12088047p ( data ) BIBSYS : 90702688 MusicBrainz : f27ec8db - af05 - 4f36 - 916e - 3d57f91ecf5e NLA : 35868345 NDL : 00468849 NKC : jn20000603166 BNE : XX876501 SNAC : w64467gw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Jackson&oldid=828041218 '' Categories : Michael Jackson 1958 births 2009 deaths 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Accidental deaths in California African - American choreographers American choreographers African - American male dancers African - American dancers African - American male singers American male singers African - American singers African - American record producers African - American rock singers African - American songwriters American beatboxers American dance musicians American disco singers American expatriates in Ireland American funk singers American humanitarians American male dancers American male pop singers American pop singers American manslaughter victims American multi-instrumentalists American rhythm and blues singers American rock singers American rock songwriters American male songwriters American soul singers American tenors Boy sopranos Brit Award winners Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park ( Glendale ) Child pop musicians Dancers from California Dancers from Indiana Drug - related deaths in California Epic Records artists Grammy Award winners Grammy Legend Award Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners History of Gary , Indiana Jackson family ( show business ) Motown artists Musicians from Gary , Indiana National Museum of Dance Hall of Fame inductees People acquitted of sex crimes People from Santa Barbara County , California People with lupus People with Vitiligo Post-disco musicians Record producers from California Record producers from Indiana Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Singers from California Singers from Indiana Songwriters from California Songwriters from Indiana Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees The Jackson 5 members World Music Awards winners Writers from Gary , Indiana Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with dead external links from July 2013 CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Biography with signature Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with Curlie links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Akan Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Iñupiak IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did michael jackson write man in the mirror	[ "The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his solo career in 1971 while at Motown Records. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music. His music videos, including those of \"Beat It\", \"Billie Jean\", and \"Thriller\" from his 1982 album Thriller, are credited with breaking racial barriers and transforming the medium into an art form and promotional tool. The popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jackson's 1987 album Bad spawned the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"I Just Can't Stop Loving You\", \"Bad\", \"The Way You Make Me Feel\", \"Man in the Mirror\", and \"Dirty Diana\", becoming the first album to have five number-one singles in the nation. He continued to innovate with videos such as \"Black or White\" and \"Scream\" throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and the moonwalk, to which he gave the name. His distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres." ]	[ "1987" ]
-4689704684705760510	Frye standard	Frye standard - wikipedia Frye standard Jump to : navigation , search The Frye standard , Frye test , or general acceptance test is a test to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence . It provides that expert opinion based on a scientific technique is admissible only where the technique is generally accepted as reliable in the relevant scientific community . In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , 509 U.S. 579 ( 1994 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Federal Rules of Evidence superseded Frye as the standard for admissibility of expert evidence in federal courts . Some states , however , still adhere to the Frye standard . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Definition 3 Commentary 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This standard comes from Frye v. United States , 293 F. 1013 ( D.C. Cir. 1923 ) , a case discussing the admissibility of systolic blood pressure deception test as evidence . The Court in Frye held that expert testimony must be based on scientific methods that are sufficiently established and accepted . The court wrote : Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define . Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force of the principle must be recognized , and while the courts will go a long way in admitting experimental testimony deduced from a well - recognized scientific principle or discovery , the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs . ( Emphasis added . ) In many but not all jurisdictions , the Frye standard has been superseded by the Daubert standard . States still following Frye include : California , Illinois , Maryland , Minnesota , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , and Washington . Florida adheres to the Frye standard to the extent it is procedural in nature . In 2013 , the Florida Legislature passed House Bill 7015 , and Governor Rick Scott signed it into law . Florida Statutes Chapter 107 ( 2013 ) amends Florida 's evidence code to conform to Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence and the principles applicable in federal court under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals , Inc. , 509 U.S. 579 ( 1993 ) , with respect to the admissibility of expert testimony . It was the legislature 's intent to overrule existing Florida Supreme Court precedent that previously rejected Daubert and retained the Frye standard . On February 16 , 2017 , the Florida Supreme Court declined to adopt the Legislature 's `` Daubert Amendment '' to the extent such amendment was procedural , based on `` grave concerns about the constitutionality of the amendment . '' Effective July 1 , 2014 , Kansas adopted Daubert and no longer follows the Frye standard . Definition ( edit ) To meet the Frye standard , scientific evidence presented to the court must be interpreted by the court as `` generally accepted '' by a meaningful segment of the associated scientific community . This applies to procedures , principles or techniques that may be presented in the proceedings of a court case . In practical application of this standard , those who were proponents of a widely disputed scientific issue had to provide a number of experts to speak to the validity of the science behind the issue in question . Novel techniques , placed under the scrutiny of this standard forced courts to examine papers , books and judicial precedents on the subject at hand to make determinations as to the reliability and `` general acceptance . '' Commentary ( edit ) While Daubert has superseded Frye , the standard of Daubert is not substantially different . While the focus of the inquiry has changed , the result rarely does . Accordingly , the Daubert standard has been described as `` Frye in drag . '' Difficulty in the application of this standard has produced questions about whether or not the standard is flexible enough to adapt to truly new and novel scientific issues , where `` general '' or `` widespread '' acceptance may not yet be garnered . On the other hand , whether new and novel allegedly scientific issues are matters of relevance to the court has been questioned . As an alternative to this standard , the courts have generally adopted Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence , as the primary for expert testimony and scientific evidence . See also ( edit ) Daubert standard , a later precedent for the admissibility of expert testimony Objective historian References ( edit ) Works related to Frye v. United States at Wikisource Jump up ^ Arvin Maskin , Konrad Cailteux , `` The Supreme Court Establishes Standard of Review for Daubert Decisions and Reaffirms District Court , '' March 1998 , http://www.weil.com/news/pubdetail.aspx?pub=3467 LINK OUTDATED 10 / 7 / 15 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , E-notes , World of Forensic Science , Frye Standard Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/2017/sc16-181.pdf Jump up ^ See Paul Rice , Evidence : Common Law and Federal Rules of Evidence External links ( edit ) Admissibility of Scientific Evidence Under Daubert ( compares the Daubert and Frye standards , and their usage in different parts of the U.S. ) Frye , Frye , Again : The Past , Present , and Future of the General Acceptance Test Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frye_standard&oldid=818362147 '' Categories : United States expert witness case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 03 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the decision for frye v. united states issued	[ "This standard comes from Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923), a case discussing the admissibility of systolic blood pressure deception test as evidence. The Court in Frye held that expert testimony must be based on scientific methods that are sufficiently established and accepted.[2] The court wrote:" ]	[ "1923" ]
-2759898692227415997	The Lego Movie (franchise)	The Lego Movie ( franchise ) - wikipedia The Lego Movie ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that The Master ( 2016 film ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2017 . The Lego Movie Created by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller Original work The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Owner Warner Bros. Animation The Lego Group Films and television Film ( s ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) The Billion Brick Race ( 2019 ) Short film ( s ) Enter the Ninjago ( 2014 ) The Master ( 2016 ) Batmersive VR Experience ( 2017 ) Dark Hoser ( 2017 ) Batman is Just Not That Into You ( 2017 ) Cooking with Alfred ( 2017 ) Movie Sound Effects : How Do They Do That ? ( 2017 ) Shark E. Shark in `` Which Way To The Ocean ? '' ( 2017 ) Zane 's Stand Up Promo ( 2017 ) Animated series Unikitty ! ( 2017 - present ) Games Video game ( s ) The Lego Movie Videogame ( 2014 ) Lego Dimensions ( 2015 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game ( 2017 ) Audio Soundtrack ( s ) The Lego Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2017 ) Original music `` Everything Is Awesome '' Miscellaneous Theme park attractions The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure ( 2016 ) The Lego Movie franchise is a computer - animated adventure - comedy film series based on Lego construction toys . The franchise started with the 2014 film with the same name , which was directed and written by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The film quickly expanded into a franchise , including two spin - off films , The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie , both with 2017 release dates ; a sequel and a third spin - off , The Billion Brick Race , scheduled for release in 2019 . The Lego Movie and The Lego Batman Movie have received a `` Certified Fresh '' rating of 96 % and 91 % on Rotten Tomatoes respectively , although The Lego Ninjago Movie received a 54 % `` rotten '' rating , making it the first film in the franchise to receive such a rating . Contents ( hide ) 1 Feature films 1.1 The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) 1.2 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) 1.3 The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) 1.4 The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) 1.5 The Billion Brick Race ( 2019 ) 2 Video games 2.1 The Lego Movie Videogame ( 2014 ) 2.2 Lego Dimensions ( 2015 ) 2.3 The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game ( 2017 ) 3 Short films 3.1 Enter the Ninjago ( 2014 ) 3.2 The Master ( 2016 ) 3.3 Batmersive VR Experience ( 2017 ) 3.4 Dark Hoser ( 2017 ) 3.5 Batman is Just Not That Into You ( 2017 ) 3.6 Cooking with Alfred ( 2017 ) 3.7 Movie Sound Effects : How Do They Do That ? ( 2017 ) 3.8 Shark E. Shark in `` Which Way To The Ocean ? '' ( 2017 ) 3.9 Zane 's Stand Up Promo ( 2017 ) 4 Attraction 5 Television series 6 Cast and characters 7 Crew 8 Reception 8.1 Box office performance 8.2 Critical and public response 8.3 Academy Awards 9 References Feature films ( edit ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Movie The film was released theatrically on February 7 , 2014 , through Warner Bros. Pictures and Village Roadshow Pictures to near - unanimous acclaim ; critics praised its visual style , humor , voice cast and heartwarming message . It earned more than $257 million in the U.S. and Canada and $210 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of over $469 million . The film won the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film , the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature , and the Saturn Award for Best Animated Film . It was also nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . The film also received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song for `` Everything Is Awesome '' . The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Batman Movie In October 2014 , Warner Bros. scheduled the release of The Lego Batman Movie , a spin - off starring Batman , for 2017 , moving the release date for The Lego Movie Sequel to 2018 . Will Arnett returned to voice Batman , with Chris McKay , who was earlier attached to the sequel , directing the film , the story written by Seth Grahame - Smith , and the film produced by Roy Lee , Dan Lin , Phil Lord and Chris Miller . On April 20 , 2015 , Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for a February 10 , 2017 release . In July 2015 , Arnett 's Arrested Development co-star Michael Cera was cast to voice Robin . In August 2015 , Zach Galifianakis entered final negotiations to voice the Joker . In October 2015 , Rosario Dawson was cast to voice Barbara Gordon , the daughter of police commissioner James Gordon who later becomes the crime - fighting heroine Batgirl . The following month , Ralph Fiennes was cast as Alfred Pennyworth , Bruce Wayne 's butler . Mariah Carey , although initial reports indicated she was playing Commissioner Gordon , was actually cast as Mayor McCaskill . The first trailer for the film was released on March 24 , 2016 , followed by a second on March 28 the same year . The film was released in the United States on February 10 , 2017 . The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Ninjago Movie Brothers Dan and Kevin Hageman , who wrote Lego Ninjago : Masters of Spinjitzu and co-wrote the story of The Lego Movie , will be penning the film adaptation of Lego Ninjago , which will feature a new take that diverges from the TV series . Charlie Bean , who produced Disney 's Tron : Uprising , will direct the film , produced by The Lego Movie team of Dan Lin , Roy Lee , Phil Lord and Christopher Miller . The spin - off movie was scheduled to be released on September 23 , 2016 . On April 20 , 2015 , the film was delayed to September 22 , 2017 as Storks took over the original release date of the movie . In June 2016 , the cast was announced to include Jackie Chan , Dave Franco , Michael Peña , Abbi Jacobson , Kumail Nanjiani , Zach Woods and Fred Armisen respectively . The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) ( edit ) In February 2014 , before the first film was released , it was reported that Warner Bros. had started working on a sequel , with Jared Stern and Michelle Morgan tasked to write a screenplay . On February 21 , 2014 , the studio scheduled the sequel for a May 26 , 2017 , release . On March 12 , 2014 , Deadline reported that animation co-director Chris McKay would direct the sequel with Lord and Miller as producers . Warner Bros. did not invite co-producer of the first film , Village Roadshow Pictures , to return as a participant in the sequel , due to Warner Bros. having now more confidence in the film and trying to keep as much profit as possible for itself . On April 10 , 2014 , McKay expressed that he would like to introduce more women in the sequel than men . In July 2014 , it was reported that on the internet , Chris Pratt expressed interest in reprising his role as Emmet for the sequel . In October 2014 , Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for 2017 , and The Lego Movie 2 for 2018 . By October 25 , 2014 , Lord and Miller had signed on to write The Lego Movie 2 . The writers have implied that the sequel will take place four years after the events of The Lego Movie . In February 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that the title of the sequel had been changed to The Lego Movie Sequel , and that Rob Schrab , co-writer of Monster House replaced McKay as director since McKay went to direct The Lego Batman Movie . According to an interview at the Santa Barbara Film Festival , the sequel will focus on Emmet and his sister , taking place in `` weird , dystopian version of Bricksburg . '' On April 20 , 2015 , Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Movie Sequel for a May 18 , 2018 release date . On June 17 , 2016 , the film 's release was delayed to February 8 , 2019 . By July 2016 , Raphael Bob - Waksberg had been hired to do rewrites of the script . By February 2017 , Schrab had been replaced by Mike Mitchell , reportedly due to `` creative differences '' . On September 6 , 2017 , it was announced that production of The Lego Movie Sequel would begin in Canada on October 2 , 2017 . It was also announced that Lord and Miller have returned to re-rewrite the script to tackle with gender issues on how a girl plays vs. how a boy plays . The Billion Brick Race ( 2019 ) ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that a third Lego Movie spin - off , titled The Billion Brick Race , was in development . Jason Segel and Drew Pearce were signed on to co-direct and write the film . The film is scheduled to be released sometime in 2019 . On August 2 , 2017 , it was announced that Jorge R. Gutierrez had signed on as director , with Pearce stepping down . However , on February 8 , 2018 , it was announced that Gutierrez had left the project . Video Games ( edit ) The Lego Movie Videogame ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Movie Videogame The Lego Movie Videogame is the first video game in the franchise , and is loosely based on the film . The game was developed by TT Fusion and TT Games and published by WB Games . It features over 100 playable characters . Lego Dimensions ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Lego Dimensions Lego Dimensions is a toys - to - life game by TT Games , and is a crossover game with over 30 franchises , including The Lego Movie and The Lego Batman Movie . The Lego Ninjago Movie video game ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Based on The Lego Ninjago Movie , TT Fusion and WB Games released the game coinciding with the release of the film . Short films ( edit ) Enter the Ninjago ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Enter the Ninjago is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Movie . The president of Hollywood sits down with Emmet and changes up the plot of The Lego Movie to prominently feature Ninjas for marketing purposes . The Master ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Master ( 2016 film ) The short is based on the Lego Ninjago series and features some of the same voice talent that has committed to The Lego Ninjago Movie . It was released theatrically with Storks . Batmersive VR Experience ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Batmersive VR Experience is a virtual reality short film , released on the internet in April 2017 . Batman takes the viewer on a tour of the Batcave and other places of Gotham City to show the ways of being his sidekick . Dark Hoser ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Dark Hoser is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Batman Movie . Batman attends a tryout to apply to be a member of the Justice League of America , but only finds out he might be Canadian . Batman is Just not that into you ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Batman is Just Not That Into You is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Batman Movie . Harley Quinn hosts a talk show and helps The Joker break up with Batman . Cooking with Alfred ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Cooking with Alfred is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Batman Movie . Alfred hosts a Cooking show with Batman and Robin as his guest stars . Movie Sound Effects : how Do They Do that ? ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Movie Sound Effects : How Do They Do That ? is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Batman Movie . Bane , The Riddler , Poison Ivy and Catwoman are brought into a Sound Booth to help record sound effects for The Lego Batman Movie . Shark E. Shark in `` which Way to the Ocean ? '' ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Shark E. Shark in `` Which Way To The Ocean ? '' is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Ninjago Movie . The short follows a baby Shark who tries make its way back the Ocean after getting shot out of Garmadon 's Shark cannon . The short is animated in the style of the artwork seen in Lego instruction booklets . Zane 's Stand up promo ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Zane 's Stand Up Promo is a short film included on the DVD release of The Lego Ninjago Movie . The short itself is a humorous promo for a Stand - up comedy DVD starring Zane . Attraction ( edit ) Main article : The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure On December 16 , 2015 , a promo video for a new 4D film at Legoland Florida based on The Lego Movie called The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure was posted onto Lego 's YouTube channel . The short subject premiered at Legoland Florida on January 29 , 2016 before being rolled out to all other Legoland Parks and Legoland Discovery Centers later that year . It sees many of the original cast returning including Elizabeth Banks as Lucy `` Wyldstyle '' , Nick Offerman as MetalBeard , Alison Brie as Princess Unikitty and Charlie Day as Benny while Emmet is voiced by A.J. Locascio ( due to Chris Pratt being unavailable at the time ) . The film is titled The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure , and introduces a new character called Risky Business ( voiced by Patton Oswalt ) who is Lord Business ' older brother . Television series ( edit ) Main article : Unikitty ! On May 10 , 2017 , Warner Bros. and Lego announced that Unikitty , a character from The Lego Movie , will get a spin - off television series on Cartoon Network . For the show , she is voiced by Tara Strong . The premiere date was January 1 , 2018 and the show is executive produced by Phil Lord , Christopher Miller , Dan Lin , Roy Lee , Jill Wilfert , and Sam Register . Ed Skudder ( creator of Dick Figures and co-creator of Dogsnack ) and Lynn Wang ( co-creator of Dogsnack ) are signed as producers while Aaron Horvath serves as supervising producer . The series aired a Halloween special / sneak peek titled `` Spoooooky Game '' on October 27 , 2017 . The series aired a second sneak peek `` Sparkle Matter Matters '' on November 17 , 2017 and a third and final sneak peek titled `` No Day Like Snow Day '' aired December 1 , 2017 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Lego Movie characters Characters Main films Short films Attraction Spin - off films Television series The Lego Movie The Lego Movie Sequel Enter the Ninjago The Master Batmersive VR Experience Dark Hoser Batman is Just Not That Into You Cooking with Alfred Movie Sound Effects : How Do They Do That ? Shark E. Shark in `` Which Way To The Ocean ? '' Zane 's Stand Up Promo The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie The Billion Brick Race Unikitty ! 2014 2019 2014 2016 2017 2016 2017 2019 2017 -- present Emmet Brickowski Chris Pratt TBA Chris Pratt A.J. Locascio Archive footage Lucy `` Wyldstyle '' Elizabeth Banks Elizabeth Banks Elizabeth Banks Lord Business Will Ferrell Vitruvius Morgan Freeman Morgan Freeman ( archive recording ) Bruce Wayne / Batman Will Arnett Will Arnett Will Arnett Adam West ( archive footage ) Princess Unikitty Alison Brie Alison Brie Silent cameo Tara Strong Ben `` Benny '' Charlie Day Charlie Day MetalBeard Nick Offerman Nick Offerman Bad Cop / Good Cop Liam Neeson The Man Upstairs Will Ferrell Finn Jadon Sand Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman Channing Tatum Silent role Channing Tatum Channing Tatum Hal Jordan / Green Lantern Jonah Hill Jonah Hill Jonah Hill Diana Prince / Wonder Woman Cobie Smulders Silent role The Duplo Aliens Graham Miller Master Wu Jackie Chan Jackie Chan Jackie Chan Alfred Pennyworth Ralph Fiennes Ralph Fiennes Ralph Fiennes The Joker Zach Galifianakis Zach Galifianakis Zach Galifianakis Selina Kyle / Catwoman Zoë Kravitz Silent cameo Zoë Kravitz Zoë Kravitz Edward Nygma / The Riddler Conan O'Brien Conan O'Brien Conan O'Brien Dr. Harleen Quinzel / Harley Quinn Silent role Jenny Slate Jenny Slate Harvey Dent / Two - Face Billy Dee Williams Billy Dee Williams Billy Dee Williams Bane Doug Benson Doug Benson Doug Benson Richard `` Dick '' Grayson / Robin Michael Cera Michael Cera Pamela Isley / Poison Ivy Silent role Riki Lindhome Riki Lindhome Lord Garmadon Justin Theroux ( archive recording ) Justin Theroux Zane Silent role Zach Woods Zach Woods Kai Michael Peña Michael Peña Cole Fred Armisen Fred Armisen Risky Business Patton Oswalt Man of the Audience Rob Schrab Barbara Gordon / Batgirl Rosario Dawson Commissioner James `` Jim '' Gordon Héctor Elizondo Chief O'Hara Lauren White Phyllis Ellie Kemper Mayor McCaskill Mariah Carey Barry Allen / The Flash Silent role Silent role Adam DeVine Lloyd Garmadon Silent cameo N / A Silent role Dave Franco Jay Silent role Kumail Nanjiani Nya Abbi Jacobson Misako `` Koko '' / The Lady Iron Dragon Olivia Munn Meowthra Pearl and Ruby Mr. Liu Jackie Chan Puppycorn Grey Griffin Hawkodile Roger Craig Smith Dr. Fox Kate Micucci Richard `` Rick '' Roger Craig Smith Master Frown Eric Bauza Brock H. Michael Croner Note : Grey cells indicate that the character does not appear in that medium . Crew ( edit ) Film Director ( s ) Producer ( s ) Executive producer ( s ) Co-producer ( s ) Writer ( s ) Composer ( s ) Editor ( s ) Current Status Main series The Lego Movie Phil Lord Christopher Miller Dan Lin Roy Lee Jill Wilfert Matthew Ashton Kathleen Fleming Allison Abbate Zareh Nalbanidan Jon Burton Benjamin Melniker Micheal E. Uslan Seanne Winslow Steven Mnuchin James Packer Matt Skiena Bruce Berman John Powers Middleton Screenplay by : Phil Lord Christopher Miller Story by : Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Phil Lord Christopher Miller Mark Mothersbaugh David Burrows Chris McKay Released The Lego Movie Sequel Mike Mitchell Dan Lin Roy Lee Phil Lord Christopher Miller Jill Wilfert Matthew Ashton Will Allerga John Powers Middleton Chris McKay Kara Lord Jinko Gotoh Ryan Halprin Screenplay by : Phil Lord Christopher Miller Raphael Bob - Waksberg Michelle Morgan Story by : Phil Lord Christopher Miller David Burrows Production Spin - offs The Lego Batman Movie Chris McKay Dan Lin Roy Lee Phil Lord Christopher Miller Jill Wilfert Matthew Ashton Will Allerga Brad Lewis Zareh Nalbandian Steven Mnuchin Amber Naismith Screenplay by : Seth Grahame - Smith Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Jared Stern John Whittington Story by : Seth Grahame - Smith Lorne Balfe David Burrows Matt Villa John Venzon Released The Lego Ninjago Movie Charlie Bean Bob Logan Paul Fisher Dan Lin Roy Lee Maryann Garger Chris McKay Phil Lord Christopher Miller Jill Wilfert Keith Malone Simon Lucas Chris Leary Seth Grahame - Smith Zareh Nalbandian Brett Ratner Ryan Halprin Samantha Nisenboim Will Allegra John Powers Middleton Screenplay by : Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Jared Stern John Whittington Story by : Hilary Winston Bob Logan Paul Fisher William Wheeler Tom Wheeler Dan Hageman Kevin Hageman Mark Mothersbaugh David Burrows Garret Elkins Ryan Folsey Julie Rogers John Venzon The Billion Brick Race N / A N / A Jill Wilfert N / A Drew Pearce Jason Segel N / A N / A Pre-Production Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Budget North America Other territories Worldwide The Lego Movie February 7 , 2014 $257,760,692 $211,400,000 $469,160,692 $60 million The Lego Batman Movie February 10 , 2017 $175,750,384 $136,200,000 $311,950,384 $80 million The Lego Ninjago Movie September 22 , 2017 $59,281,555 $63,800,000 $123,081,555 $70 million Total $492,792,631 $411,400,000 $904,192,631 $210 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Lego Movie 96 % ( 233 reviews ) 83 ( 43 reviews ) The Lego Batman Movie 91 % ( 270 reviews ) 75 ( 48 reviews ) A -- The Lego Ninjago Movie 54 % ( 117 reviews ) 55 ( 33 reviews ) B+ Average 83 % 71 A -- Academy Awards ( edit ) Film Category Result The LEGO Movie Best Original Song Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` WB Announces 10 DC Comics Movies , 3 ' Harry Potter ' Spinoffs and ' Lego ' Sequels '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. DC Comics Movie Slate Fully Revealed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lego Batman ' Spinoff Movie in the Works at Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Borys Kit ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Lego Batman Movie ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Cera to Voice Robin in ' Lego Batman ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lego Batman ' Movie Finds Its Joker ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lego Batman ' Finds Its Batgirl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Lego Batman ' Finds Its Alfred with Ralph Fiennes ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Mariah Carey Playing Commissioner Gordon In ' The Lego Batman Movie ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Borys Kit on Twitter '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` ' Tron : Uprising ' Director to Helm ' Ninjago ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros Dates Lego Spinoff ' Ninjago ' For Fall 2016 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( February 3 , 2014 ) . `` Warner Bros. Already Working on Sequel to ' The Lego Movie ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie Sequel is Officially Set for May 26 , 2017 ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros Builds LEGO Sequel With Chris McKay Directing '' . Deadline . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie ' Backer Village Roadshow Cut Out of Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Movie Sequel Director Regretful Original Film Fails Women and Hollywood '' . Indiewire. April 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pratt : ' I 'd love to return for Lego Movie sequel ' '' . Digital Spy . July 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr . ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lego Movie ' Sequel Gets Phil Lord , Chris Miller Script Commitment '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plumb , Ali ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Lord And Chris Miller On The Upcoming Lego Movies '' . Empire . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO ® Movie Sequel - New director revealed '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. February 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` The LEGO Movie 2 : early details revealed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lego Movie 2 ' Pushed Nine Months to Winter 2019 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lego Movie Sequel ' Getting Rewrite From ' BoJack Horseman ' Creator ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lego Movie ' Sequel Enlists ' Trolls ' Director Mike Mitchell ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://moviehole.net/2017123123lego-movie-2-begins-production-in-october Jump up ^ http://www.brickfanatics.co.uk/production-about-to-begin-on-the-lego-movie-sequel/ Jump up ^ http://screenrant.com/lego-movie-2-lord-miller-writers-themes/ Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ; Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Lego ' Spinoff Movie in the Works From Jason Segel , ' Iron Man 3 ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Film Releases '' . Variety . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Warner Bros. Resets Release Dates for Next Three ' LEGO ' Features '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Book of Life Director Developing LEGO 's Billion Brick Race - ScreenRant Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Jorge Gutierrez Departs as Director of ' LEGO Movie ' Spinoff '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Characters - The LEGO Movie Videogame Wiki Guide - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) . `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie Video Game Announced and Dated '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New Lego Short ' The Master ' to Debut Before ' Storks ' '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Childress , Ahmad ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Lego Batman Movie VR Experience '' . IGN . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie 4D -- A New Adventure '' . YouTube . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' THE LEGO ® MOVIE TM 4D A NEW ADVENTURE ' at LEGOLAND Florida Resort '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Unikitty TV series coming to Cartoon Network '' . Brickset . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lego Movie 's ' Unikitty Gets Animated Series at Cartoon Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccW59pHI7H0&t=29s Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CNschedules/status/921177045937291264 Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Batman Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Find CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Movie '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The LEGO Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive ) . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Batman Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Lego Ninjago Movie reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 87th Academy Awards ( 2015 ) Nominees and Winners '' . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . February 24 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . The Lego Movie Films Main films The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Spin - off films The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Video games The Lego Movie Videogame Lego Dimensions The Lego Ninjago Movie Video Game Miscellaneous Characters `` Everything Is Awesome '' The Lego Movie : 4D - A New Adventure The Master Unikitty ! List of Lego films and TV series Category Lego The Lego Group History Timeline Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc Kirkbi AG v Ritvik Holdings Inc Product ranges Current Architecture City Creator Disney Princess Duplo Elves Friends Ideas Juniors The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie Mindstorms Minecraft Minifigures Modular Buildings Nexo Knights Ninjago Speed Champions Star Wars Super Heroes Technic Trains Discontinued 4 + Agents Adventurers Alpha Team Aqua Raiders Aquazone Atlantis Avatar : The Last Airbender Baby Batman Belville Bionicle Cars Castle Dino Dino Attack Exo - Force Fabuland Fusion Games Harry Potter Hero Factory The Hobbit Homemaker Indiana Jones Jurassic World Legends of Chima The Lego Movie The Lord of the Rings Mars Mission Mickey Mouse Mixels Monster Fighters Ninja Paradisa Pharaoh 's Quest Pirates Pirates of the Caribbean Power Miners Prince of Persia Quatro Racers RoboRiders Rock Raiders Scooby - Doo The Simpsons Slizer / Throwbots Space Spider - Man Speed Racer SpongeBob SquarePants Sports Spybotics Studios Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Time Cruisers Toy Story Ultra Agents Vikings Wild West World Racers Znap Other products Media Films & TV series The Lego Movie The Lego Batman Movie The Lego Ninjago Movie The Lego Movie Sequel Software Design byME Lego Digital Designer Lego Interactive List of video games Lego Universe Lego Club Magazine Board games Serious Play People Ole Kirk Christiansen Godtfred Kirk Christiansen Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen Jørgen Vig Knudstorp Theme parks Legoland Billund California Deutschland Florida Japan Malaysia Windsor Legoland Discovery Centre Boston Chicago Dallas Fort Worth Kansas City Westchester Events BrickCon BrickFair BrickFest Brickfête Brick Fiesta Brickworld FIRST Lego League FIRST Lego League Jr . Robofest In popular culture A Lego Brickumentary `` Brick Like Me '' The Brick Testament Related companies Merlin Entertainments TT Games Traveller 's Tales TT Fusion TT Games Publishing Other topics Brickfilm LDraw MLCAD Lego gun Lego House Lego tire LUGNET Minifigure Category Portal Book Warner Bros. Animation Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies Shorts characters The Bugs Bunny Show The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Tiny Toon Adventures characters Taz - Mania The Plucky Duck Show The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries Space Jam ( 1996 ) Baby Looney Tunes Duck Dodgers characters Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) Loonatics Unleashed characters The Looney Tunes Show episodes New Looney Tunes DC Comics Batman : The Animated Series Superman : The Animated Series The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond Static Shock The Zeta Project Justice League Teen Titans Justice League Unlimited The Batman Krypto the Superdog Legion of Super Heroes Batman : The Brave and the Bold Young Justice Green Lantern : The Animated Series DC Nation Shorts Teen Titans Go ! Beware the Batman Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles Vixen Justice League Action Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine DC Super Hero Girls TV series Scooby - Doo What 's New , Scooby - Doo ? Shaggy & Scooby - Doo Get a Clue ! Scooby - Doo ! Mystery Incorporated Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Animaniacs Animaniacs characters Pinky and the Brain Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain Animaniacs ( reboot ; 2020 ) Tom and Jerry Tom and Jerry Tales The Tom and Jerry Show The Lego Movie The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Unikitty ! The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Theatrical feature - length films The Bugs Bunny / Road Runner Movie ( 1979 ) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie ( 1981 ) Bugs Bunny 's 3rd Movie : 1001 Rabbit Tales ( 1982 ) Daffy Duck 's Fantastic Island ( 1983 ) Daffy Duck 's Quackbusters ( 1988 ) Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) Space Jam ( 1996 ) Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) Looney Tunes : Back in Action ( 2003 ) The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) Storks ( 2016 ) The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) The Lego Ninjago Movie ( 2017 ) Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies ( 2018 ) Smallfoot ( 2018 ) The Lego Movie Sequel ( 2019 ) Other TV series Freakazoid ! Histeria ! Coconut Fred 's Fruit Salad Island Detention Baby Blues Ozzy & Drix ¡ Mucha Lucha ! ( characters ) 3 South Xiaolin Showdown Firehouse Tales Johnny Test characters Road Rovers Mad ThunderCats Waynehead Mike Tyson Mysteries Bunnicula Right Now Kapow Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz Wacky Races Green Eggs and Ham Television specials A Miser Brothers ' Christmas ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! Spooky Games ( 2012 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special ( 2012 Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Holidays ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Spooky Scarecrow ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mecha Mutt Menace ( 2013 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Ghastly Goals ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : Santa 's Little Helpers ( 2014 ) Lego DC Comics : Batman Be-Leaguered ( 2014 ) Elf : Buddy 's Musical Christmas ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Beach Beastie ( 2015 ) Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship ( 2015 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Knight Time Terror ( 2015 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Super Hero High ( 2016 ) Direct - to - video films Tiny Toon Adventures : How I Spent My Vacation ( 1992 ) Batman & Mr. Freeze : SubZero ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo on Zombie Island ( 1998 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost ( 1999 ) Wakko 's Wish ( 1999 ) Tweety 's High - Flying Adventure ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Alien Invaders ( 2000 ) Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase ( 2001 ) Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring ( 2002 ) Baby Looney Tunes ' Eggs - traordinary Adventure ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Legend of the Vampire ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Monster of Mexico ( 2003 ) Batman : Mystery of the Batwoman ( 2003 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Loch Ness Monster ( 2004 ) Kangaroo Jack : G'Day U.S.A. ! ( 2004 ) ¡ Mucha Lucha ! : The Return of El Maléfico ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars ( 2005 ) Aloha , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry ( 2005 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! in Where 's My Mummy ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! Pirates Ahoy ! ( 2005 ) Superman : Brainiac Attacks ( 2006 ) Tom and Jerry : Shiver Me Whiskers ( 2006 ) Teen Titans : Trouble in Tokyo ( 2006 ) Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas ( 2006 ) Chill Out , Scooby - Doo ! ( 2007 ) Superman : Doomsday ( 2007 ) Tom and Jerry : A Nutcracker Tale ( 2007 ) Justice League : The New Frontier ( 2008 ) Batman : Gotham Knight ( 2008 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Goblin King ( 2008 ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Samurai Sword ( 2009 ) Green Lantern : First Flight ( 2009 ) Superman / Batman : Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Scooby - Doo ! Abracadabra - Doo ( 2010 ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths ( 2010 ) Batman : Under the Red Hood ( 2010 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Camp Scare ( 2010 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) All - Star Superman ( 2011 ) Green Lantern : Emerald Knights ( 2011 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Scooby - Doo ! Legend of the Phantosaur ( 2011 ) Batman : Year One ( 2011 ) Justice League : Doom ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Music of the Vampire ( 2012 ) Superman vs. The Elite ( 2012 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 2012 / 2013 ) Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse ( 2012 ) Big Top Scooby - Doo ! ( 2012 ) Scooby - Doo ! Mask of the Blue Falcon ( 2013 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map ( 2013 ) Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox ( 2013 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Scooby - Doo ! Stage Fright ( 2013 ) JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time ( 2014 ) Justice League : War ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! WrestleMania Mystery ( 2014 ) Son of Batman ( 2014 ) Batman : Assault on Arkham ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo ! Frankencreepy ( 2014 ) Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon ( 2014 ) Justice League : Throne of Atlantis ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League vs. Bizarro League ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! Moon Monster Madness ( 2015 ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Batman vs. Robin ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest ( 2015 ) Scooby - Doo ! and Kiss : Rock and Roll Mystery ( 2015 ) Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( 2015 ) Looney Tunes : Rabbits Run ( 2015 ) Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem ( 2015 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Attack of the Legion of Doom ( 2015 ) Batman : Bad Blood ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Cosmic Clash ( 2016 ) Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( 2016 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Haunted Hollywood ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : Justice League -- Gotham City Breakout ( 2016 ) Batman : The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) Scooby - Doo ! and WWE : Curse of the Speed Demon ( 2016 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Hero of the Year ( 2016 ) Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants ( 2016 ) Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) Justice League Dark ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! Shaggy 's Showdown ( 2017 ) The Jetsons & WWE : Robo - WrestleMania ! ( 2017 ) Teen Titans : The Judas Contract ( 2017 ) DC Super Hero Girls : Intergalactic Games ( 2017 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Lego Scooby - Doo ! Blowout Beach Bash ( 2017 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Brain Drain ( 2017 ) Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) Batman vs. Two - Face ( 2017 ) Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( 2018 ) Batman : Gotham by Gaslight ( 2018 ) Lego DC Comics Super Heroes : The Flash ( 2018 ) Suicide Squad : Hell to Pay ( 2018 ) Batman Ninja ( 2018 ) Lego DC Super Hero Girls : Super-Villain High ( 2018 ) Short films The Duxorcist ( 1987 ) The Night of the Living Duck ( 1988 ) Box - Office Bunny ( 1990 ) I 'm Mad ( 1994 ) Chariots of Fur ( 1994 ) Carrotblanca ( 1995 ) Another Froggy Evening ( 1995 ) Superior Duck ( 1996 ) Pullet Surprise ( 1997 ) Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension ( 1997 ) From Hare to Eternity ( 1997 ) Father of the Bird ( 1997 ) Little Go Beep ( 2000 ) Chase Me ( 2003 ) The Karate Guard ( 2005 ) DC Showcase : The Spectre ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Coyote Falls ( 2010 ) Fur of Flying ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Green Arrow ( 2010 ) Superman / Shazam ! : The Return of Black Adam ( 2010 ) Rabid Rider ( 2010 ) DC Showcase : Catwoman ( 2011 ) I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat ( 2011 ) Daffy 's Rhapsody ( 2012 ) The Master ( 2016 ) See also Warner Bros. Cartoons Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Cartoon Network Productions Cartoon Network Studios Williams Street Cartoon Network Studios Europe Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lego_Movie_(franchise)&oldid=828012865 '' Categories : Film series The Lego Movie Warner Bros. franchises Media franchises Lego themes Media franchises introduced in 2014 Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from August 2017 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 01 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the lego movie sequel coming out	[ "The Lego Movie franchise is a computer-animated adventure-comedy film series based on Lego construction toys. The franchise started with the 2014 film with the same name, which was directed and written by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. The film quickly expanded into a franchise, including two spin-off films, The Lego Batman Movie and The Lego Ninjago Movie, both with 2017 release dates; a sequel and a third spin-off, The Billion Brick Race, scheduled for release in 2019." ]	[ "2019" ]
184706174454689037	Mother's Day	Mother 's Day - wikipedia Mother 's Day Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Mother 's Day Observed by 40 + countries Type Worldwide Significance Honors mothers and motherhood Date Varies per country Frequency Annual Related to Children 's Day , Siblings Day , Father 's Day , Parents ' Day , Grandparents Day Mother 's Day is a celebration honouring the mother of the family , as well as motherhood , maternal bonds , and the influence of mothers in society . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March or May . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Father 's Day , Siblings Day , and Grandparents Day . In the United States , celebration of Mother 's Day began in the early 20th century . It is not related to the many celebrations of mothers and motherhood that have occurred throughout the world over thousands of years , such as the Greek cult to Cybele , the Roman festival of Hilaria , or the Christian Mothering Sunday celebration ( originally a commemoration of Mother Church , not motherhood ) . However , in some countries , Mother 's Day has become synonymous with these older traditions . The modern American - derived version of Mother 's Day has been criticized for having become too commercialized , especially by founder Anna Jarvis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Establishment of holiday 2 Spelling 3 Dates around the world 4 International history and tradition 4.1 Religion 4.2 By country ( A -- G ) 4.2. 1 Albania 4.2. 2 Arab world 4.2. 3 Argentina 4.2. 4 Armenia 4.2. 5 Australia 4.2. 6 Belarus 4.2. 7 Bhutan 4.2. 8 Belgium 4.2. 9 Bolivia 4.2. 10 Brazil 4.2. 11 Canada 4.2. 12 China 4.2. 13 Czech Republic 4.2. 14 Egypt 4.2. 15 Ethiopia 4.2. 16 Estonia 4.2. 17 Finland 4.2. 18 France 4.2. 19 Georgia 4.2. 20 Germany 4.3 By country ( H -- M ) 4.3. 1 Hungary 4.3. 2 India 4.3. 3 Indonesia 4.3. 4 Iran 4.3. 5 Israel 4.3. 6 Italy 4.3. 7 Japan 4.3. 8 Kyrgyzstan 4.3. 9 Latvia 4.3. 10 Lithuania 4.3. 11 Maldives 4.3. 12 Malta 4.3. 13 Mexico 4.4 By country ( N -- S ) 4.4. 1 Nepal 4.4. 2 Netherlands 4.4. 3 New Zealand 4.4. 4 Nicaragua 4.4. 5 North Korea 4.4. 6 Norway 4.4. 7 Pakistan 4.4. 8 Panama 4.4. 9 Paraguay 4.4. 10 Philippines 4.4. 11 Portugal 4.4. 12 Romania 4.4. 13 Russia 4.4. 14 Samoa 4.4. 15 Singapore 4.4. 16 Slovakia 4.4. 17 South Africa 4.4. 18 South Sudan 4.4. 19 Spain 4.4. 20 Sri Lanka 4.4. 21 Sweden 4.4. 22 Switzerland 4.5 By country ( T -- Z ) 4.5. 1 Taiwan 4.5. 2 Thailand 4.5. 3 Ukraine 4.5. 4 United Kingdom 4.5. 5 United States 5 See also 6 Notes 6.1 Footnotes 6.2 Citations 7 References 8 External links Establishment of holiday ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) § History The modern holiday of Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1908 , when Anna Jarvis held a memorial for her mother at St Andrew 's Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia . St Andrew 's Methodist Church now holds the International Mother 's Day Shrine . Her campaign to make `` Mother 's Day '' a recognized holiday in the United States began in 1905 , the year her mother , Ann Reeves Jarvis , died . Ann Jarvis had been a peace activist who cared for wounded soldiers on both sides of the American Civil War , and created Mother 's Day Work Clubs to address public health issues . Anna Jarvis wanted to honor her mother by continuing the work she started and to set aside a day to honor all mothers because she believed that they were `` the person who has done more for you than anyone in the world '' . In 1908 , the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother 's Day an official holiday , joking that they would also have to proclaim a `` Mother - in - law 's Day '' . However , owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis , by 1911 all US states observed the holiday , with some of them officially recognizing Mother 's Day as a local holiday , the first being West Virginia , Jarvis ' home state , in 1910 . In 1914 , Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother 's Day , held on the second Sunday in May , as a national holiday to honor mothers . Although Jarvis was successful in founding Mother 's Day , she became resentful of the commercialization of the holiday . By the early 1920s , Hallmark Cards and other companies had started selling Mother 's Day cards . Jarvis believed that the companies had misinterpreted and exploited the idea of Mother 's Day , and that the emphasis of the holiday was on sentiment , not profit . As a result , she organized boycotts of Mother 's Day , and threatened to issue lawsuits against the companies involved . Jarvis argued that people should appreciate and honor their mothers through handwritten letters expressing their love and gratitude , instead of buying gifts and pre-made cards . Jarvis protested at a candy makers ' convention in Philadelphia in 1923 , and at a meeting of American War Mothers in 1925 . By this time , carnations had become associated with Mother 's Day , and the selling of carnations by the American War Mothers to raise money angered Jarvis , who was arrested for disturbing the peace . Spelling ( edit ) In 1912 Anna Jarvis trademarked the phrases `` Second Sunday in May '' and `` Mother 's Day '' , and created the Mother 's Day International Association . She specifically noted that `` Mother 's '' should `` be a singular possessive , for each family to honor its own mother , not a plural possessive commemorating all mothers in the world . '' This is also the spelling used by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in his 1914 presidential proclamation , by the U.S. Congress in relevant bills , and by various U.S. presidents in their proclamations concerning Mother 's Day . Dates around the world ( edit ) While the United States holiday was adopted by some other countries , existing celebrations , held on different dates , honouring motherhood have become described as `` Mother 's Day '' , such as Mothering Sunday in the United Kingdom or , in Greece , the Eastern Orthodox celebration of the presentation of Jesus Christ to the temple ( 2 February of Julian Calendar ) . Both the secular and religious Mother Day are present in Greece . Mothering Sunday is often referred to as `` Mother 's Day '' even though it is an unrelated celebration . In some countries , the date adopted is one significant to the majority religion , such as Virgin Mary Day in Catholic countries . Other countries selected a date with historical significance . For example , Bolivia 's Mother 's Day is the date of a battle in which women participated . See the `` International history and tradition '' section for the complete list . Some ex-communist countries , such as Russia , celebrated International Women 's Day instead of Mother 's Day or simply celebrate both holidays , which is the custom in Ukraine . Kyrgyzstan has recently introduced Mother 's Day , but `` year on year ( International Women 's Day ) is certainly increasing in status '' . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gregorian calendar Occurrence Dates Country Second Sunday of February Feb 14 , 2016 Feb 12 , 2017 Feb 11 , 2018 Norway 3 March Georgia 8 March ( with International Women 's Day ) Afghanistan Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burundi Burkina Faso Kazakhstan Kosovo Laos Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Romania Russia Serbia Slovenia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Fourth Sunday in Lent ( Mothering Sunday ) 6 Mar 2016 26 Mar 2017 11 Mar 2018 Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey Nigeria United Kingdom 21 March ( Spring equinox ) Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Lebanon Mauritania Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen 25 March Slovenia 7 April ( Annunciation day ) Armenia ( Motherhood and Beauty Day ) First Sunday of May May 1 , 2016 May 7 , 2017 May 6 , 2018 Angola Cape Verde Hungary Lithuania Mozambique Portugal Spain 8 May South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) 10 May El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Second Sunday of May May 8 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 May 12 , 2019 Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bonaire Botswana Brazil Brunei Canada Cambodia Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Congo , Dem . Rep . Congo , Rep . Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Curaçao Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Dominica Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland Germany Gabon Gambia Greenland Ghana Greece Grenada Guyana Honduras Hong Kong Iceland India Italy Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Liberia Liechtenstein Macau Malaysia Malta Myanmar Namibia Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia South Africa Sri Lanka Suriname Switzerland Taiwan Tanzania Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Uganda Ukraine United States Uruguay Vietnam Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe 14 May Benin 15 May Paraguay ( same day as Día de la Patria ) 19 May Kyrgyzstan ( Russian : День матери , Kyrgyz : Энэ күнү ) 22 May Israel ( new ) 26 May Poland ( Polish : Dzień Matki ) 27 May Bolivia Last Sunday of May ( sometimes First Sunday of June if the last Sunday of May is Pentecost ) May 29 , 2016 May 28 , 2017 May 27 , 2018 Algeria Cameroon Dominican Republic France ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) French Antilles ( First Sunday of June if Pentecost occurs on this day ) Madagascar Mali Morocco Niger Haiti Mauritius Senegal Sweden Tunisia 30 May Nicaragua 1 June Mongolia ( together with Children 's Day ) Second Sunday of June Jun 12 , 2016 Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 Luxembourg First Monday of July Jul 4 , 2016 Jul 3 , 2017 Jul 2 , 2018 South Sudan 12 August Thailand ( birthday of Queen Sirikit ) 15 August ( Assumption of Mary ) Costa Rica Antwerp ( Belgium ) Second Monday of October Oct 10 , 2016 Oct 9 , 2017 Oct 8 , 2018 Malawi 14 October Belarus ( since 1996 ) Third Sunday of October Oct 16 , 2016 Oct 15 , 2017 Oct 21 , 2018 Argentina ( Día de la Madre ) 3 November Timor Leste 16 November North Korea Last Sunday of November Russia 8 December ( Feast of the Immaculate Conception ) Panama 22 December Indonesia Hebrew calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Shevat 30 Between 30 January and 1 March - Family Day Israel Hindu calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country Baisakh Amavasya ( Mata Tirtha Aunsi ) Between 19 April and 19 May 6 May 2016 26 April 2017 Nepal Islamic calendars Occurrence Equivalent Gregorian dates Country 20 Jumada al - Thani 20 April 2014 10 April 2015 30 March 2016 Iran International History and tradition ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Mother 's Day in the Netherlands in 1925 Northern Pacific Railway postcard for Mother 's Day 1916 . Mother 's Day gift in 2007 Mother and daughter and Mother 's Day card In most countries , Mother 's Day is an observance derived from the holiday as it has evolved in the United States , promoted by companies who saw benefit in making it popular . As adopted by other countries and cultures , the holiday has different meanings , is associated with different events ( religious , historical or legendary ) , and is celebrated on different dates . In some cases , countries already had existing celebrations honoring motherhood , and their celebrations then adopted several external characteristics from the US holiday , such as giving carnations and other presents to one 's mother . The extent of the celebrations varies greatly . In some countries , it is potentially offensive to one 's mother not to mark Mother 's Day . In others , it is a little - known festival celebrated mainly by immigrants , or covered by the media as a taste of foreign culture . Religion ( edit ) In the Roman Catholic Church , the holiday is strongly associated with revering the Virgin Mary . In some Catholic homes , families have a special shrine devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary . In many Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches , a special prayer service is held in honor of the Theotokos Virgin Mary . In Islam there is no concept of Mother 's Day , but mothers hold a very high position in religious matters . According to some Islamic traditions , Heaven is said to be found under a mother 's feet , meaning that one can attain admission into heaven after death if they are a caring and loving child to their mothers . In Hindu tradition , Mother 's Day is called `` Mata Tirtha Aunshi '' or `` Mother Pilgrimage fortnight '' , and is celebrated in countries with a Hindu population , especially in Nepal . The holiday is observed on the new moon day in the month of Baisakh , i.e. , April / May . This celebration is based on Hindu religion and it pre-dates the creation of the US - inspired celebration by at least a few centuries . In Buddhism , the festival of Ullambana is derived from the story of Maudgalyayana and his mother . By country ( a -- g ) ( edit ) Albania ( edit ) Mother 's day is celebrated in 8 March . The origin of the 8th of March holiday dates back to 1908 and is associated with a tragic event . A group of workers at a textile factory in New York strikes against extreme working conditions . On March 8 , the factory was shut down and the workers remained trapped inside . Suddenly a fire broke out , where 129 mothers died . Arab world ( edit ) Mother 's Day in most Arab countries is celebrated on 21 March . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin and was first celebrated in 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . Argentina ( edit ) In Argentina , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of October . The holiday was originally celebrated on 11 October , the old liturgical date for the celebration of the Maternity of the Blessed Virgin Mary but after the Second Vatican Council , which moved the Virgin Mary festivity to 1 January , the Mother 's Day started to be celebrated the third Sunday of October because of popular tradition . Argentina is the only country in the world that celebrates Mother 's Day on this date . Armenia ( edit ) In Armenia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 March , and on 7 April as Maternity and Beauty Day . Australia ( edit ) In Australia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . The tradition of giving gifts to mothers on Mother 's Day in Australia was started by Janet Heyden , a resident of Leichhardt , Sydney , in 1924 . She began the tradition during a visit to a patient at the Newington State Home for Women , where she met many lonely and forgotten mothers . To cheer them up , she rounded up support from local school children and businesses to donate and bring gifts to the women . Every year thereafter , Mrs Heyden raised increasing support for the project from local businesses and even the local Mayor . The day has since become commercialised . Belarus ( edit ) Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day on 14 October . Like other ex-Communist republics , Belarus used to celebrate only the International Women Day on 8 March . Mother 's Day in Belarus was officially established by the Belarus government , and it was celebrated for the first time in 1996 . The celebration of the Virgin Mary ( the holiday of Protection of the Holy Mother of God ) is celebrated in the same day . Bhutan ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Bhutan is celebrated on 8 May . It was introduced in Bhutan by the Tourism Council of Bhutan . Belgium ( edit ) In Belgium , Mother 's Day ( Moederdag or Moederkesdag in Dutch and Fête des Mères in French ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . In the week before this holiday children make little presents at primary school , which they give to their mothers in the early morning of Mother 's Day . Typically , the father will buy croissants and other sweet breads and pastries and bring these to the mother while she is still in bed -- the beginning of a day of pampering for the mother . There are also many people who celebrate Mother 's Day on 15 August instead ; these are mostly people around Antwerp , who consider that day ( Assumption ) the classical Mother 's Day and the observance in May an invention for commercial reasons . It was originally established on that day as the result of a campaign by Frans Van Kuyck , a painter and Alderman from Antwerp . Bolivia ( edit ) In Bolivia , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 27 May . El Día de la Madre Boliviana was passed into law on 8 November 1927 , during the presidency of Hernando Siles Reyes . The date commemorates the Battle of La Coronilla , which took place on 27 May 1812 , during the Bolivian War of Independence , in what is now the city of Cochabamba . In this battle , women fighting for the country 's independence were slaughtered by the Spanish army . It is not a public holiday , but all schools hold activities and festivities throughout the day . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . The first Mother 's Day in Brazil was promoted by Associação Cristã de Moços de Porto Alegre ( Young Men 's Christian Association of Porto Alegre ) on 12 May 1918 . In 1932 , then President Getúlio Vargas made the second Sunday of May the official date for Mother 's Day . In 1947 , Archbishop Jaime de Barros Câmara , Cardinal - Archbishop of Rio de Janeiro , decided that this holiday would also be included in the official calendar of the Catholic Church . Mother 's Day is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , but it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's mother . Because of this , it is considered one of the celebrations most related to consumerism in the country , second only to Christmas Day as the most commercially lucrative holiday . Canada ( edit ) See also Other observances in Canada Mother 's Day cookie cake Mother 's Day in Canada is celebrated on the second Sunday in May ( it is not a public holiday or bank holiday ) , and typically involves small celebrations and gift - giving to one 's mother , grandmother , or other important female figures in one 's family . Celebratory practices are very similar to those of other western nations . A Québécois tradition is for Québécois men to offer roses or other flowers to the women . China ( edit ) Mother 's Day is becoming more popular in China . Carnations are a very popular Mother 's Day gift and the most sold flowers in relation to the day . In 1997 Mother 's Day was set as the day to help poor mothers and to remind people of the poor mothers in rural areas such as China 's western region . In the People 's Daily , the Chinese government 's official newspaper , an article explained that `` despite originating in the United States , people in China accept the holiday without hesitation because it is in line with the country 's traditional ethics -- respect for the elderly and filial piety towards parents . '' In recent years , the Communist Party member Li Hanqiu began to advocate for the official adoption of Mother 's Day in memory of Meng Mu , the mother of Mèng Zǐ . He formed a non-governmental organization called Chinese Mothers ' Festival Promotion Society , with the support of 100 Confucian scholars and lecturers of ethics . Li and the Society want to replace the Western - style gift of carnations with lilies , which , in ancient times , were planted by Chinese mothers when children left home . Mother 's Day remains an unofficial festival , except in a small number of cities . Czech Republic ( edit ) In the Czech Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . It started in former Czechoslovakia in 1923 . The promoter of this celebration was Alice Masaryková . After World War II communists replaced Mother 's Day with International Woman 's Day , celebrated on 8 March . The former Czechoslovakia celebrated Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the split of the country in 1993 , the Czech Republic started celebrating Mother 's Day again . Egypt ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Egypt is celebrated on 21 March , the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere . It was introduced in Egypt by journalist Mustafa Amin in his book Smiling America ( 1943 ) . The idea was overlooked at the time . Later Amin heard the story of a widowed mother who devoted her whole life to raising her son until he became a doctor . The son then married and left without showing any gratitude to his mother . Hearing this , Amin became motivated to promote `` Mother 's Day '' . The idea was first ridiculed by president Gamal Abdel Nasser but he eventually accepted it and Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 21 March 1956 . The practice has since been copied by other Arab countries . When Mustafa Amin was arrested and imprisoned , there were attempts to change the name of the holiday from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Family Day '' as the government wished to prevent the occasion from reminding people of its founder . These attempts were unsuccessful and celebrations continued to be held on that day ; classic songs celebrating mothers remain famous to this day . Ethiopia ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated for three days in Ethiopia , after the end of rainy season . It comes in mid-fall where people enjoy a three - day feast called `` Antrosht '' . For the feast , ingredients will be brought by the children for a traditional hash recipe . The ingredients are divided along genders , with girls bringing spices , vegetables , cheese and butter , while the boys bring a lamb or bull . The mother hands out to the family the hash . A celebration takes place after the meal . The mothers and daughters anoint themselves using butter on their faces and chests . While honoring their family and heroes , men sing songs . Estonia ( edit ) In Estonia , Mother 's Day ( emadepäev in Estonian ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , but is not a public holiday . Finland ( edit ) In Finland , Mother 's Day ( äitienpäivä in Finnish ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is recognized nationally , and is a public holiday . It is usually celebrated at homes where children or grandchildren bring Mother _́ s day cards that they have drawn to their mothers and grandmothers . Usually some food , coffee and cakes are served for guests . Grown up children visit their parents homes and bring traditionally Mother _́ s day roses or other flowers accompanied with a Mother _́ s day card . The president of Finland honors with medals every year some mothers who have done something exceptional and positive during the year . France ( edit ) In France , amidst alarm at the low birth rate , there were attempts in 1896 and 1904 to create a national celebration honoring the mothers of large families . In 1906 ten mothers who had nine children each were given an award recognising `` High Maternal Merit '' ( `` Haut mérite maternel '' ) . American World War I soldiers fighting in France popularized the US Mother 's Day holiday created by Anna Jarvis . They sent so much mail back to their country for Mother 's Day that the Union Franco - Américaine created a postal card for that purpose . In 1918 , also inspired by Jarvis , the town of Lyon wanted to celebrate a `` journée des Mères '' , but instead decided to celebrate a `` Journée Nationale des Mères de familles nombreuses . '' The holiday was more inspired by anti-depopulation efforts than by the US holiday , with medals awarded to the mothers of large families . The French government made the day official in 1920 as a day for mothers of large families . Since then the French government awards the Médaille de la Famille française to mothers of large families . In 1941 , by initiative of Philippe Pétain , the wartime Vichy government used the celebration in support of their policy to encourage larger families , but all mothers were now honored , even mothers with smaller families . In 1950 , after the war , the celebration was reinstated . The law of 24 May 1950 required that the Republic pay official homage to French Mothers on the last Sunday in May as the `` Fête des Mères '' ( except when Pentecost fell on that day , in which case it was moved to the first Sunday in June ) . During the 1950s , the celebration lost all its patriotic and natalist ideologies , and became heavily commercialized . In 1956 , the celebration was given a budget and integrated into the new Code de l'action Sociale et des familles . In 2004 responsibility for the holiday was transferred to the Minister responsible for families . Georgia ( edit ) Georgia celebrates Mother 's Day on 3 March . It was declared by the first President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to replace the International Women Day , and it was officially approved by the Supreme Council in 1991 . Nowadays Georgia celebrates both Mother 's Day on 3 March and International Women 's Day on 8 March . Germany ( edit ) Mother 's Day cake in Germany In the 1920s , Germany had the lowest birthrate in Europe , and the declining trend was continuing . This was attributed to women 's participation in the labor market . At the same time , influential groups in society ( politicians of left and right , churchwomen , and feminists ) believed that mothers should be honored but could not agree on how to do so . However , all groups strongly agreed on the promotion of the values of motherhood . In 1923 , this resulted in the unanimous adoption of Muttertag , the Mother 's Day holiday as imported from America and Norway . The head of the Association of German Florists cited `` the inner conflict of our Volk and the loosening of the family '' as his reason for introducing the holiday . He expected that the holiday would unite the divided country . In 1925 , the Mother 's Day Committee joined the task force for the recovery of the volk , and the holiday stopped depending on commercial interests and began emphasizing the need to increase the population in Germany by promoting motherhood . The holiday was then seen as a means to encourage women to bear more children , which nationalists saw as a way to rejuvenate the nation . The holiday did not celebrate individual women , but an idealized standard of motherhood . The progressive forces resisted the implementation of the holiday because it was backed by so many conservatives , and because they saw it as a way to eliminate the rights of working women . Die Frau , the newspaper of the Federation of German Women 's Associations , refused to recognize the holiday . Many local authorities adopted their own interpretation of the holiday : it would be a day to support economically larger families or single - mother families . The guidelines for the subsidies had eugenics criteria , but there is no indication that social workers ever implemented them in practice , and subsidies were given preferentially to families in economic need rather than to families with more children or `` healthier '' children . With the Nazi party in power during 1933 -- 1945 , the situation changed radically . The promotion of Mother 's Day increased in many European countries , including the UK and France . From the position of the German Nazi government , the role of mothers was to give healthy children to the German nation . The Nazi party 's intention was to create a pure `` Aryan race '' according to nazi eugenics . Among other Mother 's Day ideas , the government promoted the death of a mother 's sons in battle as the highest embodiment of patriotic motherhood . The Nazis quickly declared Mother 's Day an official holiday and put it under the control of the NSV ( National Socialist People 's Welfare Association ) and the NSF ( National Socialist Women Organization ) . This created conflicts with other organizations that resented Nazi control of the holiday , including Catholic and Protestant churches and local women 's organizations . Local authorities resisted the guidelines from the Nazi government and continued assigning resources to families who were in economic need , much to the dismay of the Nazi officials . Mother 's Day in UNRRA camp Germany in 1946 In 1938 , the government began issuing an award called Mother 's Cross ( Mutterkreuz ) , according to categories that depended on the number of children a mother had . The medal was awarded on Mother 's Day and also on other holidays due to the large number of recipients . The Cross was an effort to encourage women to have more children , and recipients were required to have at least four . By country ( H. -- M. ) ( edit ) Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . It was first celebrated in 1925 by the Hungarian Red Cross Youth . India ( edit ) The modern Mother 's Day has been assimilated into Indian culture , and it is celebrated every year on the second Sunday of May . Indians do not celebrate the occasion as a religious event , and it is celebrated primarily in urban centers . Indonesia ( edit ) Indonesian Mother 's Day ( Indonesian : Hari Ibu ) is celebrated nationally on 22 December . The date was made an official holiday by President Soekarno under Presidential Decree ( Indonesian : Dekrit Presiden ) no . 316 in 1953 , on the 25th anniversary of the 1928 Indonesian Women Congress . The day originally sought to celebrate the spirit of Indonesian women and to improve the condition of the nation . Today , the meaning of Mother 's Day has changed , and it is celebrated by expressing love and gratitude to mothers . People present gifts to mothers ( such as flowers ) and hold surprise parties and competitions , which include cooking and kebaya wearing . People also allow mothers a day off from domestic chores . The holiday is celebrated on the anniversary of the opening day of the first Indonesian Women Congress ( Indonesian : Kongres Perempuan Indonesia ) , which was held from 22 to 25 December 1928 . The Congress took place in a building called Dalem Jayadipuran , which now serves as the office of the Center of History and Traditional Values Preservation ( Indonesian : Balai Pelestarian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional ) in Brigjen Katamso Street , Yogyakarta . The Congress was attended by 30 feminist organizations from 12 cities in Java and Sumatra . In Indonesia , feminist organizations have existed since 1912 , inspired by Indonesian heroines of the 19th century , e.g. , Kartini , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Cut Nyak Meutia , Maria Walanda Maramis , Dewi Sartika , Nyai Ahmad Dahlan , Rasuna Said , etc . The Congress intended to improve women 's rights in education and marriage . Indonesia also celebrates the Kartini Day ( Indonesian : Hari Kartini ) on 21 April , in memory of activist Raden Ajeng Kartini . This is a celebration of the emancipation of women . The observance was instituted at the 1938 Indonesian Women Congress . During President Suharto 's New Order ( 1965 -- 1998 ) , government propaganda used Mother 's Day and Kartini Day to inculcate into women the idea that they should be docile and stay at home . Iran ( edit ) A woman writes the name of Fatimah during a ceremony for Mother 's Day in Milad Tower In Iran , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 20 Jumada al - thani . This is the sixth month in the Islamic calendar ( a lunar calendar ) and every year the holiday falls on a different day of the Gregorian calendar . This is the birthday anniversary of Fatimah , Prophet Muhammad 's only daughter according to Shia Islam orthodoxy . Mother 's Day was originally observed on 16 December but the date was changed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . The celebration is both Women 's Day ( replacing International Women 's Day ) and Mother 's Day . In 1960 , the Institute for Women Protection adopted the Western holiday and established it on 25 Azar ( 16 December ) , the date the Institute was founded . The Institute 's action had the support of Queen Farah Pahlavi , the wife of the last Shah of Persia , who promoted the construction of maternity clinics in remote parts of the country to commemorate the day . The government used the holiday to promote its maternalist view of women . The Shah 's government honored and gave awards to women who represented the idealized view of the regime , including mothers who had many healthy children . The Islamic Republic government is accused of using the holiday as a tool to undercut feminist movements and to promote role models for the traditional concept of family . Fatimah is seen by these critics as the chosen model of a woman completely dedicated to certain traditionally sanctioned feminine roles . However , supporters of the choice contend that there is much more to her life story than simply such `` traditional '' roles . Israel ( edit ) The Jewish population of Israel used to celebrate Mother 's Day on Shevat 30 of the Jewish calendar , which falls between 30 January and 1 March . The celebration was set as the same date that Henrietta Szold died ( 13 February 1945 ) . Henrietta had no biological children , but her organization Youth Aliyah rescued many Jewish children from Nazi Germany and provided for them . She also championed children 's rights . Szold is considered the `` mother '' of all those children , and that is why her annual remembrance day ( יום השנה ) was set as Mother 's Day ( יוֹם הָאֵם , yom ha'em ) . The holiday has evolved over time , becoming a celebration of mutual love inside the family , called Family Day ( יוֹם הַמִשְּפָּחָה , yom hamishpacha ) . This holiday is mainly celebrated in preschools with an activity to which parents are invited . Mother 's Day is mainly celebrated by children at kindergartens . There are no longer mutual gifts among members of the family , and there is no longer any commercialization of the celebration . It is not an official holiday . Italy ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Italy was celebrated for the first time on 24 December 1933 as the `` Day of the mother and the child '' ( Giornata della madre e del fanciullo ) . It was instituted by the Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia in order to publicly reward the most prolific Italian women every year . After World War II , Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 12 May 1957 in Assisi , at the initiative of Reverend Otello Migliosi , the parish priest of the Tordibetto church . This celebration was so popular that in the following year Mother 's Day was adopted throughout Italy . On 18 December 1958 , a proposal was presented to the Italian Senate to make the holiday official . Japan ( edit ) In Japan , Mother 's Day ( 母の日 , Haha no Hi ) was initially commemorated during the Shōwa period as the birthday of Empress Kōjun ( mother of Emperor Akihito ) on 6 March . This was established in 1931 when the Imperial Women 's Union was organized . In 1937 , the first meeting of `` Praise Mothers '' was held on 8 May , and in 1949 Japanese society adopted the second Sunday of May as the official date for Mother 's Day in Japan . Today , people typically give their mothers gifts of flowers such as red carnations and roses . Japan is most known for giving carnations on Mother 's Day . Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) In Kyrgyzstan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 19 May every year . The holiday was first celebrated in 2012 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day This article is about a holiday celebrating mothers and motherhood . For other uses , see Mother 's Day ( disambiguation ) . Latvia ( edit ) Mother 's Day in Latvia was celebrated for the first time in 1922 . Since 1934 , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . After the end of the soviet occupation of Baltic states celebration was resumed in 1992 . Mothers are also honored on International Women 's Day . Lithuania ( edit ) In Lithuania , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . Maldives ( edit ) In the Maldives , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 13 May . The day is celebrated in different ways . Children give gifts and spend time with their mothers . Daughters give their mothers cards and handmade gifts and sons give their mothers gifts and flowers . Maldivians love to celebrate Mother 's day , and they have it specially written on their calendar . Malta ( edit ) The first mention of Mother 's Day in Malta occurred during the Radio Children 's Programmes run by Frans H. Said in May 1961 . Within a few years , Mother 's Day became one of the most popular dates in the Maltese calendar . In Malta , this day is commemorated on the second Sunday in May . Mothers are invariably given gifts and invited for lunch , usually at a good quality restaurant . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Public holidays in Mexico § Festivities In Mexico , the government of Álvaro Obregón imported the Mother 's Day holiday from the US in 1922 , and the newspaper Excélsior held a massive promotional campaign for the holiday that year . The conservative government tried to use the holiday to promote a more conservative role for mothers in families , but that perspective was criticized by the socialists as promoting an unrealistic image of a woman who was not good for much more than breeding . In the mid-1930s , the leftist government of Lázaro Cárdenas promoted the holiday as a `` patriotic festival '' . The Cárdenas government tried to use the holiday as a vehicle for various efforts : to stress the importance of families as the basis for national development ; to benefit from the loyalty that Mexicans felt towards their mothers ; to introduce new morals to Mexican women ; and to reduce the influence that the church and the Catholic right exerted over women . The government sponsored the holiday in the schools . However , ignoring the strict guidelines from the government , theatre plays were filled with religious icons and themes . Consequently , the `` national celebrations '' became `` religious fiestas '' despite the efforts of the government . Soledad Orozco García , the wife of President Manuel Ávila Camacho , promoted the holiday during the 1940s , resulting in an important state - sponsored celebration . The 1942 celebration lasted a full week and included an announcement that all women could reclaim their pawned sewing machines from the Monte de Piedad at no cost . Due to Orozco 's promotion , the Catholic National Synarchist Union ( UNS ) took heed of the holiday around 1941 . Shop - owner members of the Party of the Mexican Revolution ( now the Institutional Revolutionary Party ) observed a custom allowing women from humble classes to pick a free Mother 's Day gift from a shop to bring home to their families . The Synarchists worried that this promoted both materialism and the idleness of lower classes , and in turn , reinforced the systemic social problems of the country . Currently this holiday practice is viewed as very conservative , but the 1940s ' UNS saw Mother 's Day as part of the larger debate on the modernization that was happening at the time . This economic modernization was inspired by US models and was sponsored by the state . The fact that the holiday was originally imported from the US was seen as evidence of an attempt at imposing capitalism and materialism in Mexican society . The UNS and the clergy of the city of León interpreted the government 's actions as an effort to secularize the holiday and to promote a more active role for women in society . They concluded that the government 's long - term goal was to cause women to abandon their traditional roles at home in order to spiritually weaken men . They also saw the holiday as an attempt to secularize the cult to the Virgin Mary , inside a larger effort to dechristianize several holidays . The government sought to counter these claims by organizing widespread masses and asking religious women to assist with the state - sponsored events in order to `` depaganize '' them . The clergy preferred to promote 2 July celebration of the Santísima Virgen de la Luz , the patron of León , Guanajuato , in replacement of Mother 's Day . In 1942 , at the same time as Soledad 's greatest celebration of Mother 's Day , the clergy organized the 210th celebration of the Virgin Mary with a large parade in León . There is a consensus among scholars that the Mexican government abandoned its revolutionary initiatives during the 1940s , including its efforts to influence Mother 's Day . Today the `` Día de las Madres '' is an unofficial holiday in Mexico held each year on 10 May , the day on which it was first celebrated in Mexico . In Mexico , to show affection and appreciation to the mother , it is traditional to start the celebration with the famous song `` Las Mañanitas '' , either a cappella , with the help of a mariachi or a contracted trio . Many families usually gather to celebrate this special day trying to spend as much time as possible with mothers to honor them on their day . They are organized to bring some dishes and eat all together or maybe to visit any restaurant . By country ( n -- s ) ( edit ) Nepal ( edit ) In Nepal , there is a festival equivalent to Mother 's Day , called Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) , or Mata Tirtha Puja ( `` Mother Pilgrimage Worship '' ) . It is celebrated according to the lunar calendar . It falls on the last day of the dark fortnight in the month of Baishakh which falls in April -- May ( in 2015 , it will occur on 18 April ) . The dark fortnight lasts for 15 days from the full moon to the new moon . This festival is observed to commemorate and honor mothers , and it is celebrated by giving gifts to mothers and remembering mothers who are no more . To honor mothers who have died , it is the tradition to go on a pilgrimage to the Mata Tirtha ponds , located 6 km to the southwest of downtown Kathmandu . The nearby Mata Tirtha village is named after these ponds . Previously , the tradition was observed primarily by the Newar community and other people living in the Kathmandu Valley . Now this festival is widely celebrated across the country . Many tragic folklore legends have been created , suggesting different reasons why this pond became a pilgrimage site . The most popular version says that , in ancient times , the mother of a shepherd died , and he made offerings to a nearby pond . There he saw the face of his mother in the water , with her hand taking the offerings . Since then , many people visited the pond , hoping to see their deceased mother 's face . Pilgrims believe that they will bring peace to their mother 's souls by visiting the sacred place . There are two ponds . The larger one is for ritual bathing . The smaller one is used to `` look upon mother 's face '' , and it 's fenced by iron bars to prevent people from bathing on it . Traditionally , in the Kathmandu valley the South - Western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the North - Eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi is located in Mata Tirtha in the South - Western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi , the equivalent celebration for deceased fathers , is located in Gokarna , Nepal , in the North - Eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in Kathmandu valley . Mother 's Day is known as Aama ko Mukh Herne Din in Nepali , which literally means `` day to see mother 's face '' . In Nepal Bhasa , the festival is known as Mām yā Khwā Swayegu , which can be translated as `` to look upon mother 's face '' . Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands , Mother 's Day was introduced as early as 1910 by the Dutch branch of the Salvation Army . The Royal Dutch Society for Horticulture and Botany , a group protecting the interest of Dutch florists , worked to promote the holiday ; they hoped to emulate the commercial success achieved by American florists . They were imitating the campaign already underway by florists in Germany and Austria , but they were aware that the traditions had originated in the US . Florists launched a major promotional effort in 1925 . This included the publication of a book of articles written by famous intellectuals , radio broadcasts , newspapers ads , and the collaboration of priests and teachers who wanted to promote the celebration for their own reasons . In 1931 the second Sunday of May was adopted as the official celebration date . In the mid-1930s the slogan Moederdag -- Bloemendag ( Mother 's Day -- Flowers ' Day ) was coined , and the phrase was popular for many years . In the 1930s and 1940 's `` Mother 's Day cakes '' were given as gifts in hospitals and to the Dutch Queen , who is known as the `` mother of the country '' . Other trade groups tried to cash in on the holiday and to give new meaning to the holiday in order to promote their own wares as gifts . Roman Catholic priests complained that the holiday interfered with the honoring of the Virgin Mary , the divine mother , which took place during the whole month of May . In 1926 Mother 's Day was celebrated on 7 July in order to address these complaints . Catholic organizations and priests tried to Christianize the holiday , but those attempts were rendered futile around the 1960s when the church lost influence and the holiday was completely secularized . In later years , the initial resistance disappeared , and even leftist newspapers stopped their criticism and endorsed Mother 's Day . In the 1980s , the American origin of the holiday was still not widely known , so feminist groups who opposed the perpetuation of gender roles sometimes claimed that Mother 's Day was invented by Nazis and celebrated on the birthday of Klara Hitler , Hitler 's mother . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May . Mother 's Day is not a public holiday . The New Zealand tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed . Nicaragua ( edit ) In Nicaragua , the Día de la Madre has been celebrated on 30 May since the early 1940s . The date was chosen by President Anastasio Somoza García because it was the birthday of Casimira Sacasa , his wife 's mother . North Korea ( edit ) Mother 's Day is celebrated on 16 November as a public holiday in North Korea . The date takes its significance from the First National Meeting of Mothers held in 1961 , for which Kim Il - sung , the leader of the country , published a work called The Duty of Mothers in the Education of Children . The date was designated as Mother 's Day in May 2012 by the Presidium of the Supreme People 's Assembly but only became a public holiday and appeared on the North Korean calendar starting in 2015 . Norway ( edit ) Mother 's Day was first celebrated on 9 February 1919 and was initially organized by religious institutions . Later it has become a family day , and the mother is often treated to breakfast in bed , flowers and cake . It has gradually become a major commercial event , with special pastries , flowers and other presents offered by retailers . Day - cares and primary schools often encourage children to make cards and other gifts . Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Media channels celebrate with special shows . Individuals honor their mothers by giving gifts and commemorative articles . Individuals who have lost their mothers pray and pay their respects to their loved ones lost . Schools hold special programs in order to acknowledge the efforts of their mothers . Panama ( edit ) In Panama , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 8 December , the same day as the Feast of the Immaculate Conception . This date was suggested in 1930 by the wife of Panama 's President Florencio Harmodio Arosemena. 8 December was adopted as Mother 's Day under Law 69 , which was passed the same year . According to another account , in 1924 the Rotary Club of Panama asked that Mother 's Day be celebrated on 11 May . Politician Aníbal D. Ríos changed the proposal so that the celebration would be held on 8 December . He then established Mother 's Day as a national holiday on that date . Paraguay ( edit ) In Paraguay , Mother 's Day is celebrated on 15 May , the same day as the Dia de la Patria , which celebrates the independence of Paraguay . This date was chosen to honor the role played by Juana María de Lara in the events of 14 May 1811 that led to Paraguay 's independence . In 2008 , the Paraguayan Minister of Culture , Bruno Barrios , lamented this coincidence because , in Paraguay , Mother 's Day is much more popular than independence day and the independence celebration goes unnoticed . As a result , Barrios asked that the celebration be moved to the end of the month . A group of young people attempted to gather 20,000 signatures to ask the Parliament to move Mother 's Day . In 2008 , the Comisión de festejos ( Celebration Committee ) of the city of Asunción asked that Mother 's Day be moved to the second Sunday of May . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Mother 's Day is officially celebrated on the second Sunday of May , but it is not a public holiday . Although not a traditional Filipino holiday , the occasion owes its popularity to American Colonial Period influence . According to a 2008 article by the Philippine News Agency , in 1921 the Ilocos Norte Federation of Women 's Clubs asked to declare the first Monday of December as Mother 's Day `` to honor these fabulous women who brought forth God 's children into this world . '' In response , Governor - General Charles Yeater issued Circular No. 33 declaring the celebration . In 1937 President Manuel L. Quezon issued Presidential Proclamation No. 213 , changing the name of the occasion from `` Mother 's Day '' to `` Parent 's Day '' to address the complaints that there was n't a `` Father 's Day '' . In 1980 President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Proclamation No. 2037 proclaiming the date as both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day . In 1988 President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation No. 266 , changing Mother 's Day to the second Sunday of May , and Father 's Day to the third Sunday of June , discontinuing the traditional date . In 1998 President Joseph Estrada returned both celebrations to the first Monday of December . Portugal ( edit ) In Portugal , the `` Dia da Mãe '' ( `` Mother 's Day '' ) is an unofficial holiday held each year on the first Sunday of May ( sometimes coinciding with Labour Day ) . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members and this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It used to be celebrated on the 8th December , the same date of the Conception of the Virgin celebration . Romania ( edit ) In Romania , Mother 's Day has been celebrated on the first Sunday of May since 2010 . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official holidays in Romania . The measure was passed thanks to campaign efforts from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) . Previously , Mother 's Day was celebrated on 8 March , as part of International Women 's Day ( a tradition dating back to when Romania was part of the Eastern bloc ) . Today , Mother 's Day and International Women 's Day are two separate holidays , with International Women 's Day being held on its original date of 8 March . Russia ( edit ) Main article : International Women 's Day Traditionally Russia had celebrated International Women 's Day and Mother 's Day on 8 March , an inheritance from the Soviet Union , and a public holiday . Women 's Day was first celebrated on the last Sunday in February in 1913 in Russia . In 1917 , demonstrations marking International Women 's Day in Saint Petersburg on the last Sunday in February ( which fell on 8 March on the Gregorian calendar ) initiated the February Revolution . Following the October Revolution later that year , the Bolshevik Alexandra Kollontai persuaded Vladimir Lenin to make it an official holiday in the Soviet Union , and it was established , but was a working day until 1965 . On 8 May 1965 , by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet , International Women 's Day was declared a non-working day in the Soviet Union `` in commemoration of the outstanding merits of Soviet women in communistic construction , in the defense of their Fatherland during the Great Patriotic War , in their heroism and selflessness at the front and in the rear , and also marking the great contribution of women to strengthening friendship between peoples , and the struggle for peace . But still , women 's day must be celebrated as are other holidays . '' Samoa ( edit ) In Samoa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in May , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . Slovakia ( edit ) Czechoslovakia celebrated only Women 's Day until the Velvet Revolution in 1989 . After the country split in 1993 , Slovakia started celebrating both Women 's Day and Mother 's Day . The politicization of Women 's Day has affected the official status of Mother 's Day . Center - right parties want Mother 's Day to replace Women 's Day , and social - democrats want to make Women 's Day an official holiday . Currently , both days are festive , but they are not `` state holidays '' . In the Slovak Republic , Mother 's Day is celebrated every second Sunday in May . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . It is not recognized as a holiday by the government . The tradition is to give cards and gifts and to serve mothers breakfast in bed or to go out to lunch together as a family . South Sudan ( edit ) In South Sudan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the first Monday in July . The president Salva Kiir Mayardit proclaimed Mother 's Day as the first Monday in July after handing over from Sudan . Children in South Sudan are presenting mothers with gifts and flowers . The first Mother 's Day was held in that country on 2 July 2012 . Spain ( edit ) In Spain , Mother 's Day or Día de la Madre is celebrated on the first Sunday of May . The weeks leading up to this Sunday , school children spend a few hours a day to prepare a gift for their mothers , aided by their school teachers . In general , mothers receive gifts by their family members & this day is meant to be celebrated with the whole family . It is also said to be celebrated in May , as May is the month dedicated to the Virgin Mary ( mother of Jesus ) according to Catholicism . Sri Lanka ( edit ) In Sri Lanka , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Sweden ( edit ) In Sweden , Mother 's Day was first celebrated in 1919 , by initiative of the author Cecilia Bååth - Holmberg . It took several decades for the day to be widely recognized . Swedes born in the early nineteen hundreds typically did not celebrate the day because of the common belief that the holiday was invented strictly for commercial purposes . This was in contrast to Father 's Day , which has been widely celebrated in Sweden since the late 1970s . Mother 's Day in Sweden is celebrated on the last Sunday in May . A later date was chosen to allow everyone to go outside and pick flowers . Switzerland ( edit ) In Switzerland , the `` règle de Pentecôte '' law allows Mother 's Day to be celebrated a week late if the holiday falls on the same day as Pentecost . In 2008 , merchants declined to move the date . By country ( t -- z ) ( edit ) Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , Mother 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of the month of May , coinciding with Buddha 's birthday and the traditional ceremony of `` washing the Buddha '' . In 1999 the Taiwanese government established the second Sunday of May as Buddha 's birthday , so they would be celebrated in the same day . Since 2006 , the Tzu Chi , the largest charity organization in Taiwan , celebrates the Tzu Chi Day , Mother 's Day and Buddha 's birthday all together , as part of a unified celebration and religious observance . Thailand ( edit ) Mother 's day in Thailand is celebrated on the birthday of the Queen of Thailand , Queen Sirikit ( 12 August ) . The holiday was first celebrated around the 1980s as part of the campaign by the Prime Minister of Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's Royal family . Father 's Day is celebrated on the late King Bhumibol Adulyadej 's birthday . Ukraine ( edit ) Ukraine celebrates Mother 's Day ( Ukrainian : День Матері ) on the second Sunday of May . In Ukraine , Mother 's Day officially became a holiday only in 1999 and is celebrated since 2000 . Since then Ukrainian society struggles to transition the main holiday that recognizes woman from the International Women 's Day , a holiday adopted under the Soviet Union that remained as a legacy in Ukraine after its collapse , to Mother 's Day . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Mothering Sunday Balloons outside , in the week before Mothering Sunday 2008 The United Kingdom celebrates Mothering Sunday , which falls on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( 26 March in 2017 ) . This holiday has its roots in the church and was originally unrelated to the American holiday . Most historians believe that Mothering Sunday evolved from the 16th - century Christian practice of visiting one 's mother church annually on Laetare Sunday . As a result of this tradition , most mothers were reunited with their children on this day when young apprentices and young women in service were released by their masters for that weekend . As a result of the influence of the American Mother 's Day , Mothering Sunday transformed into the tradition of showing appreciation to one 's mother . The holiday is still recognized in the original historical sense by many churches , with attention paid to Mary the mother of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Mother Church . The custom was still popular by the start of the 19th century , but with the Industrial Revolution , traditions changed and the Mothering Day customs declined . By 1935 , Mothering Sunday was less celebrated in Europe . Constance Penswick - Smith worked unsuccessfully to revive the festival in the 1910s -- 1920s . However , US World War II soldiers brought the US Mother 's Day celebration to the UK , and the holiday was merged with the Mothering Sunday traditions still celebrated in the Church of England . By the 1950s , the celebration became popular again in the whole of the UK , thanks to the efforts of UK merchants , who saw in the festival a great commercial opportunity . People from UK started celebrating Mother 's Day on the fourth Sunday of Lent , the same day on which Mothering Sunday had been celebrated for centuries . Some Mothering Sunday traditions were revived , such as the tradition of eating cake on that day , although celebrants now eat simnel cake instead of the cakes that were traditionally prepared at that time . The traditions of the two holidays are now mixed together and celebrated on the same day , although many people are not aware that the festivities have quite separate origins . Mothering Sunday can fall at the earliest on 1 March ( in years when Easter Day falls on 22 March ) and at the latest on 4 April ( when Easter Day falls on 25 April ) . United States ( edit ) Main article : Mother 's Day ( United States ) Prince Harry , Michelle Obama and Jill Biden helping children create Mother 's Day cards at the White House , 9 May 2013 Handmade Mother 's Day gifts The United States celebrates Mother 's Day on the second Sunday in May . In 1872 Julia Ward Howe called for women to join in support of disarmament and asked for 2 June 1872 , to be established as a `` Mother 's Day for Peace '' . Her 1870 `` Appeal to womanhood throughout the world '' is sometimes referred to as Mother 's Day Proclamation . But Howe 's day was not for honouring mothers but for organizing pacifist mothers against war . In the 1880s and 1890s there were several further attempts to establish an American `` Mother 's Day '' , but these did not succeed beyond the local level . In the United States , Mother 's Day remains one of the biggest days for sales of flowers , greeting cards , and the like ; Mother 's Day is also the biggest holiday for long - distance telephone calls . Moreover , churchgoing is also popular on Mother 's Day , yielding the highest church attendance after Christmas Eve and Easter . Many worshippers celebrate the day with carnations , coloured if the mother is living and white if she is dead . Mother 's Day continues to be one of the most commercially successful U.S. occasions . It is possible that the holiday would have withered over time without the support and continuous promotion of the florist industries and other commercial industries . Other Protestant holidays from the same time , such as Children 's Day and Temperance Sunday , do not have the same level of popularity . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal International Mother 's Day Shrine International Women 's Day May crowning Father 's Day Notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Since the Islamic Calendar uses the lunar year , which is shorter than the solar year , the day migrates through the seasons . Each year it falls a different day in the Gregorian Calendar , so it is listed separately . Citations ( edit ) Enstam , Elizabeth York . `` The Dallas equal suffrage association , political style , and popular culture : grassroots strategies of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1913 -- 1919 . '' Journal of Southern History 68.4 ( 2002 ) : 817 +. Student Resources in Context . Web . 14 November 2014 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. James Grold ( April 1968 ) , `` Mother 's Day '' , American Journal of Psychiatry , 124 : 1456 -- 1458 , Mother 's Day , conceived by Anna Jarvis to honor unselfish mothers ( ... ) Although there is no direct lineal descent to our modern Mother 's Day custom , secular and religious motherhood have existed for thousands of years before 10 May 1908 : the first church -- St. Andrew 's in Grafton , West Virginia -- responded to her request for a Sunday service honoring mothers . Cybele ( ... ) Jump up ^ Tuleja , Tad ( 1999 ) , Curious Customs : The Stories Behind 296 Popular American Rituals , Galahad Books , p. 167 , ISBN 9781578660704 , Although attempts have been made to link Mother 's Day to ancient cults of the mother goddess , especially the worship of Cybele , the association is more conceptual than historic . Mother 's Day is a modern , American invention . Jump up ^ Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , p. 143 , Our observance of Mother 's Day is little more than half a century old ( this was written in 1972 ) , yet the nature of the holiday makes it seem as if it had its roots in prehistoric times . Many antiquarians , holiday enthusiasts , and students of folklore have claimed to find the source Mother 's Day in the ancient spring festivals dedicated to the mother goddess , particularly the worship of Cybele . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 `` The American origin of the Day , however , was duly acknowledged . ' The idea is imported , . America led the way . ' '' ^ Jump up to : `` Mothering Sunday '' , BBC , retrieved 4 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Independent Staff ( 8 May 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Which countries celebrate it on 8 May -- and why ? '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Mother 's Day 2017 , Telegraph Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Andrea ( 6 April 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . Sage Publications ( CA ) . p. 602 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6629 - 9 . She organized the first official Mother 's Day service at Andrews Methodist Church in Grafton , West Virginia , on the morning of May 10 , 1908 . That same afternoon , 15,000 people attended a Mother 's Day service at the Wanamaker Store Auditorium in Philadelphia , which she also organized . Jarvis chose the second Sunday in May for Mother 's Day to mark the anniversary of her mother 's death and selected her mother 's favorite flower , the white carnation , as the day 's official emblem . Jump up ^ Engaging Families 2015 Special Editions -- Mother 's Day . Jump up ^ Panati , Charles ( 2016 ) . Panati 's Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things . Book Sales . p. 59 . ISBN 9780785834373 . Jump up ^ Antolini , Katharine Lane ( 2010 ) . `` Jarvis , Anna '' . Encyclopedia of Motherhood . SAGE . p. 602 . ISBN 9781412968461 . Jump up ^ Connie Park Rice ; Marie Tedesco ( 15 March 2015 ) . Women of the Mountain South : Identity , Work , and Activism . Ohio University Press . pp. 29 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8214 - 4522 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Lois M. Collins ( 6 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 100 - year history a colorful tale of love , anger and civic unrest '' . DeseretNews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Hallmark celebrates 100th year of Mother 's Day , started by a woman who grew to despise it '' . kansas.com . Jump up ^ Compare footnote 51 in LaRossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . p. 272 . ISBN 9780226469041 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Technically , at least , Mother 's Day was ' owned ' by Jarvis . She managed not only to incorporate the Mother 's Day International Association , but also to register ' Second Sunday in May , Anna Jarvis , Founder , ' as the organization 's trademark . Jump up ^ Louisa Taylor , Canwest News Service ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` Mother 's Day creator likely ' spinning in her grave ' '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ House Vote No. 274 ( 7 May 2008 ) H. Res. 1113 : Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day ( Vote On Passage ) Jump up ^ House Vote No. 275 ( 7 May 2008 ) Table Motion to Reconsider : H RES 1113 Celebrating the role of mothers in the United States and supporting the goals and ideals of Mother 's Day Jump up ^ Presidential proclamations from The American Presidency Project : 71 -- Proclamation 2083 -- Mother 's Day Proclamation , Franklin D. Roosevelt , 3 May 1934 . Proclamation 3535 Mother 's Day , 1963 John F. Kennedy , 26 April 1963 . Proclamation 3583 -- Mother 's Day , 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson , 23 April 1964 Proclamation 4437 -- Mother 's Day , 1976 , Gerald Ford , 5 May 1976 . Proclamation 5801 -- Mother 's Day , 1988 , Ronald Reagan , 26 April 1988 . Proclamation 6133 -- Mother 's Day , 1990 , George Bush , 10 May 1990 Proclamation 6559 -- Mother 's Day , 1993 , Bill Clinton , 7 May 1993 . Proclamation 8253 -- Mother 's Day , 2008 , George W. Bush , 8 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sources for Bolivia : `` 27 de mayo : madres que inspiran valentía '' . Los Tiempos ( in Spanish ) . 27 May 2009 . `` El Día de la Madre se nutre con la Virgen '' , La Razón ( La Paz ) ( in Spanish ) , 27 May 2006 Jump up ^ Robert A. Saunders ; Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 Jump up ^ `` International Women 's Day '' ^ Jump up to : `` Bidzina Ivanishvili Congratulates Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Agency InterPressNews ( IPN ) . 3 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ngo , Dong ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Latest U.S. export to Vietnam : Mother 's Day '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Emily ; Macphail , Cameron ( 6 March 2016 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2016 : Everything you need to know about Mothering Sunday 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sawwan , Ameenah A. ( 23 March 2016 ) . `` A Special Note to Syrian Mothers on Mother 's Day '' . News Deeply . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ John MacIntyre ( 2005 ) , The amazing mom book : real facts , tender tales , and thoughts from the heart about the most important person on Earth , Sourcebooks , p. 7 , ISBN 9781402203558 , Lebanon in the first day of Spring . ^ Jump up to : `` Lamis ' Story -- International Women 's Day 2015 '' . Medical Aid for Palestinians. 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Xinhua from China Daily ( 16 May 2006 ) . `` It 's Mother 's Day '' . SCUEC online . Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Mayo '' . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mixed emotions on Women 's Day in Eastern Europe , euractiv.com , 9 March 2010 , archived from the original on 11 March 2010 Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Kabita Maharana ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Mother 's Day 2014 to be Celebrated in US and other Countries : Best Quotes to Say ' Thank You ' to Mum '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 11 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ministerio de Educación y Cultura de Paraguay , Día de la Madre ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : Sources for Israel : http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4801172,00.html https://www.facebook.com/events/1528903660772737/ Jump up ^ Sources : * `` Haiti : Main Holidays '' . discoverhaiti.com . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . * `` 6310. - Fêtes et Jours Fériés en Haiti '' ( in French ) . Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lic . Pedro Rafael Díaz Figueroa ( 27 May 1999 ) , `` El origen del Día de la Madre '' , El Nuevo Diario ^ Jump up to : The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus ( 14 October 2009 ) , Support for mothers remains the key priority of Belarus ' social policy ^ Jump up to : Padre Fabián Castro ( 3 October 2010 ) . `` El día de la madre en el mundo y en la Argentina '' ( in Spanish ) . padrefabian.com.ar . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . La cuestión tiene que ver con el calendario litúrgico que la Iglesia Católica utilizaba antes de la reforma producto del Concilio Vaticano II . Allí el 11 de octubre era la festividad de la Maternidad de la Virgen María . ( Actualmente se celebra el 1 de enero ) . Con este motivo era costumbre argentina pasar la celebración litúrgica al domingo anterior o siguiente al 11 . Con el lento correr de los años la tradición popular fue fijando como el tercer domingo de octubre la celebración de la Madre y las madres . ^ Jump up to : Lee Sang Yong ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` North Korea 's Official 2015 Calendar Revealed '' . Daily NK . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : editorial ( 8 December 2001 ) , `` Bendita Madre '' , Crítica ( in Spanish ) ^ Jump up to : seenthing ( 21 December 2010 ) , Sejarah Perayaan Nasional Hari Ibu 22 Desembe ^ Jump up to : Zhai , Yun Tan ( 7 May 2016 ) . `` Celebrating Mother 's Day ? Make Sure You Have The Date Right '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mata Tirtha Aunsi today '' . República . Kathmandu : Nepal Republic Media . 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wendy S. DeBano ( 2009 ) , `` Singing against Silence : Celebrating Women and Music and the Fourth Jasmine Festival '' , in Laudan Nooshin , Music and the Play of Power in the Middle East , North Africa and Central Asia , Soas Musicology Series ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , p. 234 ( footnote 18 ) , ISBN 9780754634577 , In 2002 , Fatemeh 's birthday celebration ( observed according to the hejri calendar ) fell on Thursday 29 August ( 20 Jamādi 1423 ) ( ... ) Fatemeh 's birth date is also currently used to mark Mother 's Day in Iran , ritually recollecting , emphasising and reinscribing her role as a loyal mother , wife and daughter . Prior to the revolution , Mother 's Day was used to promote the gender ideologies of the Pahlavi regime . Jump up ^ Cordelia Candelaria ; Peter J. García ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Latino popular culture ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 375 . ISBN 9780313332104 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Jon ; Schroedel , Jenny ; Schroedel , John ( 2011 ) . Jesus and Mary . East Bridgewater , MA : Adams Media . p. 397 . ISBN 9781572157491 . Jump up ^ `` Islams Women -- Status of Mothers in Islam '' . islamswomen.com . Jump up ^ Teiser , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . The Ghost Festival in Medieval China . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02677 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Jehl , Douglas ( 16 April 1997 ) . `` Mustafa Amin , Liberal Editor Jailed by Nasser , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sources for Janet Heyden : `` Near and Far '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2 May 1927 . `` A Gift for Mother '' . The Sun Herald . 9 May 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Belarus celebrates Mother 's Day for 15th time . The President congratulated the Belarusian mothers . '' , Belteleradio , 14 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Bhutan celebrates Mother 's Day for 5th time . '' , Bhutanbroadcastingserviceradio , 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dia das Mães : shoppings têm promoções especiais '' . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Popular in China '' . People 's Daily . 14 May 2001 . Jump up ^ people.com.cn , sina.com.cn ( 17 June 2008 ) . `` Researchers and Experts Propose a Chinese Mother 's Day '' . All - China Women 's Federation . ^ Jump up to : `` Do we need our own Mother 's Day ? '' . China Daily . 16 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mother 's Day Birtukan ! '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mothers Day History ~ The Complete History of Mother 's Day '' . Mothers Day Central . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pühade ja tähtpäevade seadus '' . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www. juhlapyhät.fi/aitienpaiva ^ Jump up to : Histoire de la fête des mères et celle de `` l'Union fraternelle des pères de familles méritants d'Artas '' , Union des Familles en Europe Jump up ^ Artas , berceau de la Fête des mères , mairie d'Artas ^ Jump up to : Luc Capdevila ( CRHISCO -- University of Rennes 2 ) , Fabrice Virgili ( IHTP -- CNRS ) , `` Guerre , femmes et nation en France ( 1939 -- 1945 ) '' , in IRICE . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Mouton ( 2007 ) , `` From Mother 's Day to Forced Sterilization '' , From nurturing the Nation to Purifying the Volk : Weimar and Nazi family policy , 1918 -- 1945 , Publications of the German Historical Institute ( illustrated ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , pp. 107 -- 152 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 86184 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Ann Taylor Allen ( February 1995 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Muttertag und Mutterkreuz : Der Kult um die `` Deutsche Mutter '' im Nationalsozialismus , by Irmgard Weyrather `` , American Historical Review , Frankfurt A.m , 100 ( 1 ) : 186 -- 187 , doi : 10.2307 / 2168063 Jump up ^ TTN ( 13 March 2004 ) . `` Social change in India discussed '' . Times of India . Jump up ^ Charu Amar ( 1 May 2009 ) , `` Kyunki saas bhi toh maa hai ! '' , The Times of India , Mention Mother 's Day and everyone goes on a thinking spree to find the most innovative way to pamper their mommy dearest . Jump up ^ Wardhani , Lynda K. ( 22 December 2010 ) . `` In observance of Mother 's Day '' . The Jakarta Post . ^ Jump up to : Bulbeck , Chilla ( 2009 ) . Sex , love and feminism in the Asia Pacific : a cross-cultural study of young people 's attitudes . ASAA women in Asia . London New York : Routledge . ISBN 9780415470063 . Preview . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Robinson ( 2009 ) , Gender , Islam and Democracy in Indonesia , ASAA women in Asia , Routledge , pp. 3 , 36 , 44 , 72 , ISBN 9781134118830 Jump up ^ `` Ahmadinejad highlights women 's significant role in society '' . Presidency of The Islamic Republic of Iran News Service . 24 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . ( ... ) the occasion of the Mother 's Day marking the birthday anniversary of Hazrat Fatemeh Zahra ( SA ) , the beloved daughter of Prophet Mohammad . The day fell on 23 June ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 1993 ) . `` Obedience versus Autonomy : Women and Fundamentalism in Iran and Pakistan '' . In Martin E. Marty ; R. Scott Appleby ; Helen Hardacre ; Everett Mendelsohn . Fundamentalisms and Society : Reclaiming the Sciences , the Family , and Education . The Fundamentalism Project . 2 ( 2 ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226508801 . The more women try to engage the fundamentalists in their own discourse , negotiating and bargaining over their rights ( Islamic or otherwise ) , the more frequently has the Islamic regime emphasized the ideal , the Fatimah model , the quintessential obedient woman . The fundamentalist regime in iran has yet to resolve its central dilemma regarding the role of women and male - female relationships : should women emulate a Zainab - autonomous and assertive - or a Fatimah - obedient and submissive ? Given the logic of an Islamic marriage and the worldview it implies , the fundamentalist regime has shown a marked preference for the latter . Thus Woman 's Day and Mother 's Day in Iran are celebrated on the occasion of Fatimah 's birth . Jump up ^ Firoozeh Kashani - Sabet ( 2011 ) , Conceiving Citizens : Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 201 -- 206 , ISBN 9780195308860 Jump up ^ Mahdi , Ali Akbar ( 2003 ) . `` Iranian Women : Between Islamization and Globalization '' . Iran Encountering Globalization : Problems and Prospects . Ali Mohammadi . London and New York : Routledge / Curzon . ISBN 0 - 415 - 30827 - 5 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 15 September 2006 . This Shia vision of family is based on a nostalgic and idealistic notion of Imam Ali 's family in which Fatima Zahra ( the Prophet Mohammad 's daughter ) dedicated herself to both her husband and Islamic cause . Other role models for women often cited by the officials and ideologues of the IRI are Khadijah , the prophet Mohammad 's wife , and Zaynab , daughter of the first Shi'i ( sic ) Imam Ali . In fact , the IRI ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) replaced the universal Mother 's Day with Fatima Zahar 's ( sic ) birthday . Jump up ^ Shahla Haeri ( 2009 ) , `` Women , Religion , and Political Agency in Iran '' , in Ali Gheissari , Contemporary Iran : Economy , Society ( illustrated ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 137 , ISBN 9780195378481 , Such ( feminist ) gatherings would not have been so remarkable had they not happened against the backdrop of the regime 's ceaseless effort to discourage , even harass , women activists and their supporters . Within the narrative of Islamization , the state 's argument has been , all along , that such gatherings are representative of the culture of imperialism , and hence are subversive and against the public good and the moral order . Above all , the Islamic state has tried hard to co-opt women by appropriating the terminology and language : `` protecting women , '' `` respect for women , '' `` gender complementarity . '' Accordingly , in order to accommodate , and yet control and channel women 's movements and activitites , the state commemorates the birthday of Fatemeh , the Prophet Muhammad 's daughter , as a national woman 's / mother 's day . Jump up ^ de Ceglia , F.P. ; Dibattista , L. ( 2013 ) . Il bello della scienza . Intersezioni tra storia , scienza e arte ( in Italian ) . Milan : Angeli . p. 102 . ISBN 9788856849530 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 1 April 2010 ) , `` La Festa DeLLa Mamma '' , Italian America ( in Italian ) ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Raul Zaccari -- together with Senators Bellisario , Baldini , Restagno , Piasenti , Benedetti and Zannini . Senato della Repubblica , 78a Seduta Pubblica , 18 dicembre 1958 . `` Istituzione de la festa della Mamma . '' ( Annunzio di presentazione di disegni di legge ) Jump up ^ Светлана Моисеева ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Президент поздравил кыргызстанцев с Днем матери '' . Вечерный Бишкек. 19 мая народ Кыргызстана отмечает День матери . Эта памятная дата установлена только в прошлом году , но сразу стала для кыргызстанцев одной из любимых . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Apollo.lv ( 13 May 2012 ) . `` Šodien sveicam Māmiņas ! '' . Apollo.lv India . Mātes dienu Latvijā sāka svinēt 1922 . gadā , bet ar 1934 . gadu tika noteikts , ka šī diena svinama katra maija otrajā svētdienā līdzīgi kā citās Eiropas valstīs. 1938 . gadā pēc prezidenta Kārļa Ulmaņa ierosinājuma Mātes dienu sāka dēvēt par Ģimenes dienu , uzsverot mātes lielo lomu ģimenes pavarda veidošanā un uzturēšanā . Jump up ^ Latvijā atzīmē Mātes dienu TVNET ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 133 ^ Jump up to : Sherman , page 44 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , pages 133 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , page 134 Jump up ^ Newcomer , 134 -- 135 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 135 -- 136 ^ Jump up to : Newcomer , 136 -- 139 Jump up ^ The History of Mother 's Day from The Legacy Project , a Legacy Center ( Canada ) website Jump up ^ `` When Is Mother 's Day Celebrated In Mexico ? '' . 7 May 2016 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 209 ^ Jump up to : Helsloot 2007 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Helsloot 2007 , p. 211 Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day in Norway '' . 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World marks Mother 's Day with Utmost Love , Respect '' . ARY News . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny de Henríquez ( 9 December 2005 ) , `` Origins . La celebración del Día de la Madre '' , La Prensa ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Session of the Honorable Cámara de Senadores . Señor Senador Diego Abente Brun ( in Spanish ) , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : `` Buscan que se cambie fecha del día de la madre '' , Radio Viva 90.1 FM Paraguay , 14 May 2008 Jump up ^ Municipality of Asuncion ( 27 July 2008 ) , Hoy miércoles 27 de agosto se inician las acciones de la Comisión de Festejos por el Bicentenario , con una retreta en la Plaza de los Héroes ^ Jump up to : `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . 11 December 1998 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Content Manager 03 ( 1 December 2014 ) . `` The First Monday of December is Mother 's Day and Father 's Day '' . Malacañan Palace ( official residence of the President of the Philippines ) . Jump up ^ `` Romania Celebrates Fathers ' Day On Second Sunday Of May '' . Mediafax . Bucharest. 4 May 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Постановление ЦК ВКП ( б ) . ( 8 March 1966 ) . К советским женщинам , обращение ЦК КПСС в связи с Международным днём 8 Марта . ( DjVu ) . Советское искусство ( in Russian ) . p. 4 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About International Women 's Day '' . International Women 's Day . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Балаховская , Л . Г. ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . Международный женский день 8 марта ... In Введенский , Борис . `` Большая советская энциклопедия '' ( БСЭ ) ( in Russian ) . Москва : `` Советская энциклопедия '' . Jump up ^ Fleurop - Interflora ( Suisse ) ( 22 April 2008 ) , La Fête des Mères 2008 ne sera pas reportée ( in French ) Jump up ^ Camaron Kao ( 14 May 2012 ) , `` Thousands of believers mark Buddha 's birthday '' , China Post Jump up ^ Ko Shu - Ling ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Sakyamuni Buddha birthday celebrated '' . Taipei Times . The legislature approved a proposal in 1999 to designate the birthday of Sakyamuni Buddha -- which falls on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar -- a national holiday and to celebrate the special occasion concurrently with International Mother 's Day , which is celebrated on the second Sunday of May . Jump up ^ `` 300,000 Attend Buddha Day Ceremonies in 34 Countries '' . Tzu Chi. 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 4 May 2008 ) , `` Tzu Chi Foundation to stage Mother 's Day event '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ Caroline Hong ( 23 May 2004 ) , `` Cultural center performs ` bathing Buddha ' ceremony '' , Taipei Times Jump up ^ unsigned ( 15 May 2006 ) , `` Taiwan Quick Take : Tzu Chi celebrates birthday '' , Taipei Times , p. 3 Jump up ^ Thai News Agency ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Police chief returns earlier for Mother 's Day '' . MCOT news . ( ... ) an audience with Her Majesty Queen Sirikit on Tuesday on the occasion of her birthday , which is also observed as National Mother 's Day . ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) Jump up ^ `` Украз Президента України . Про День Матері '' ( in Ukrainian ) . zakon2.rada.gov.ua . ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Myers , Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) , Celebrations ; the complete book of American holidays , Doubleday , pp. 144 -- 146 Jump up ^ `` Interfaith holy days by faith '' . Religion & Ethics . BBC . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Mothering Sunday became Mother 's Day '' . Owenspencer-thomas.com . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Hutton ( 2001 ) , The stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in Britain ( illustrated , reprinted ed . ) , Oxford University Press , pp. 174 -- 177 , ISBN 9780192854483 Jump up ^ David Self ( 1993 ) , One hundred readings for assembly , Heinemann Assembly Resources , Heinemann , pp. 27 -- 29 , ISBN 9780435800413 Jump up ^ Bernhard , Virginia ( 2002 ) . `` Mother 's Day '' . In Joseph M. Hawes ; Elizabeth F. Shores . The family in America : an encyclopedia ( 3 , illustrated ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . p. 714 . ISBN 9781576072325 . Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson , `` We love you -- call collect '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2010.03. 08 . Jump up ^ J. Ellsworth Kalas ( 19 October 2009 ) . Preaching the Calendar : Celebrating Holidays and Holy Days . Westminster John Knox Press . Church attendance on this day is likely to be third only to Christmas Eve and Easter . Some worshipers still celebrate with carnations , colored if the mother is living and white if she is deceased . Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Dining Fact Sheet '' . National Restaurant Association . 28 April 2006 . Mother 's Day is the most popular day of the year to dine out , with 38 percent of consumers reporting doing so Jump up ^ Leigh , page 256 General Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Princeton University Press , ed . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . pp. 256 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . University of Chicago Press , ed . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History ( illustrated ed . ) . pp. 90,170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . Helsloot , John ( 2007 ) , `` 10 . Vernacular Authenticity : Negotiating Mother 's Day and Father 's Day in the Netherlands '' , in Margry , Peter Jan ; Roodenburg , Herman , Reframing Dutch Culture : Between Otherness and Authenticity , Progress in European Ethnology ( illustrated ed . ) , Ashgate Publishing , pp. 6 -- 7 , 203 -- 224 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4705 - 8 Newcomer , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Reconciling Modernity : Urban State Formation in 1940s León , Mexico ( illustrated ed . ) . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 132 -- 139 . ISBN 9780803233492 . Sherman , John W. ( 1997 ) . The Mexican Right : The End of Revolutionary Reform , 1929 -- 1940 ( illustrated ed . ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 44 . ISBN 9780275957360 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mother 's Day at Wikimedia Commons Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria January New Year 's Day ( 1 ) Yennayer ( 14 ) February Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) Tafsut ( 28 ) March International Women 's Day ( 8 ) Victory Day ( 19 ) World Water Day ( 22 ) Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) April April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) Knowledge Day ( 16 ) Berber Spring ( 20 ) Earth Day ( 22 ) Election Day ( Thursday ) May International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) June -- July -- August Summer vacation ( varies ) June Children 's Day ( 1 ) Father 's Day ( 21 ) July Independence Day ( 5 ) September International Day of Peace ( 21 ) October International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) Halloween ( 31 ) November Revolution Day ( 1 ) December Christmas Eve ( 24 ) Christmas ( 25 ) New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) Varies ( year round ) Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) Holi ( varies ) Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes Family History Household Nuclear family Extended family Conjugal family Immediate family Matrifocal family Blended family Dysfunctional family Polyfidelitous families First - degree relatives Parent Father Mother Child Daughter Son Sibling Brother Sister Second - degree relatives Grandparent Grandchild Aunt Uncle Nephew and niece Third - degree relatives Great - grandparent Great - grandchild Grand - nephew and grand - niece Cousin Family - in - law Spouse Wife Husband Parents - in - law Siblings - in - law Stepfamily Stepfather Stepmother Stepchild Stepsibling Kinship Adoption Affinity Consanguinity Disownment Divorce Estrangement Fictive kinship Marriage Nurture kinship Lineage Bilateral descent Common ancestor Family name Family tree Genealogy Heirloom Heredity Inheritance Matrilineality Patrilineality Pedigree chart Progenitor Relationships Agape ( parental love ) Eros ( marital love ) Filial piety Philia ( friendly love ) Storge ( familial love ) Holidays Mother 's Day U.S. Father 's Day Siblings Day National Grandparents Day Wedding anniversary Related Sociology of the family Museum of Motherhood GND : 4371191 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother%27s_Day&oldid=802514196 '' Categories : August observances December observances Family member holidays February observances January observances June observances March observances May observances Monday observances Motherhood Movable July observances Movable June observances Movable October observances Moveable holidays Non-Gregorian April observances Non-Gregorian February observances Non-Gregorian January observances Non-Gregorian March observances Non-Gregorian May observances November observances Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Observances set by the Islamic calendar Observances set by the Vikram Samvat calendar October observances Public holidays in the Soviet Union Sunday observances Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2017 Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Kyrgyz - language text Articles containing Polish - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles containing Indonesian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did mother's day become a holiday	[ "In 1908, the US Congress rejected a proposal to make Mother's Day an official holiday, joking that they would also have to proclaim a \"Mother-in-law's Day\".[10] However, owing to the efforts of Anna Jarvis, by 1911 all US states observed the holiday,[11] with some of them officially recognizing Mother's Day as a local holiday,[12] the first being West Virginia, Jarvis' home state, in 1910. In 1914, Woodrow Wilson signed a proclamation designating Mother's Day, held on the second Sunday in May, as a national holiday to honor mothers.[13]" ]	[ "1914" ]
4024590243904668269	Bella Enahoro	Bella Enahoro - wikipedia Bella Enahoro Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bella Enahoro Bella Enahoro Television Pie in the Sky , Murder in Mind , Trial and Retribution , Ruth Rendell Mysteries , Making News Bella Enahoro is a British Nigerian actress who is famous for her co-starring role in Pie in the Sky as WPC / DS Sophia Cambridge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Filmography 3 Other activities 4 References 5 Image links Early life ( edit ) She was born Annabella , the only daughter of the late anti-colonial journalist and later politician , Chief Anthony Enahoro and his wife , Helen ( née Ediae ) . She is of Esan & Bini descent , originating from Edo State , Nigeria . Filmography ( edit ) Her career started in 1987 when she was in the film Aria . In 1990 , Enahoro appeared in one episode of the TV series Making News , in the film Mister Johnson as Bamu and in the Ruth Rendell Mysteries ' episode `` Some Lie and Some Die '' she played Joan Miall . In her first starring role Enahoro played Cambridge in Pie in the Sky from 1994 - 1996 . She did not return to acting until 1998 , when she played a small role in Kings of Chaos . She played Madame Rosa in the 1999 Secret Laughter of Women . In 2000 , Enahoro played Zita Sallinger in Trial & Retribution . Her most recent television role was in a 2002 episode of the anthology series , Murder in Mind , as Dr. Anne Redford in `` Memories '' . Other activities ( edit ) In 2010 Enahoro founded a London - based company specialising in motivational training , self - help and personal growth . References ( edit ) Bella Enahoro on IMDb Image links ( edit ) Bella Enahoro acting Enahoro at Livewell Audio.com Bella Enahoro plays Cambridge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bella_Enahoro&oldid=811769181 '' Categories : Living people British actresses British people of Nigerian descent Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use British English from January 2014 Articles lacking reliable references from March 2011 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from March 2011 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from March 2011 Articles with hCards Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 20 : 56 . About Wikipedia	who played cambridge in pie in the sky	[ "Bella Enahoro is a British Nigerian actress who is famous for her co-starring role in Pie in the Sky as WPC/DS Sophia Cambridge." ]	[ "Bella Enahoro" ]
-2173661349335486316	Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006	Portal : India / today 's selected article / december 2006 - wikipedia Portal : India / today 's selected article / december 2006 < Portal : India ‎ Today 's selected article Today 's selected article for Indian Portal archive 2005 -- 2006 -- 2007 January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December ( Today is Monday , 13 August2018 ; it is now 17 : 02 UTC ) Purge page cache Selected content : Selected articles ← Selected pictures Selected article tools : What is a selected article ? Selected article candidates Selected article removal candidates Portal : India Page SAs < < Today 's selected articles for December 2006 > > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 An archive of Portal : India 's selected articles that appeared on the Portal : India December 1 Mumbai ( formerly known as Bombay ) is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the most populous Indian city . Mumbai is located on an island off the west coast of India . The city , which has a deep natural harbour , is also the largest port in western India , handling over half of India 's passenger traffic . Mumbai is the commercial capital of India , and houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India , the Bombay Stock Exchange and the corporate headquarters of many Indian companies . Owing to the immense business opportunities available in Mumbai and relatively high standard of living , it has attracted migrants from all over India and South Asia , making the city a potpourri of various communities and cultures . Within Mumbai is located Bollywood , the epicentre of the country 's Hindi film and television industry , producing the world 's highest number of films annually . Mumbai is also one of the rare cities to accommodate a National Park within its municipal limits . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Satyajit Ray -- History of Tamil Nadu -- Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 2 The economy of India is the fourth - largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , with a GDP of $3.3 trillion . When measured in USD exchange rates it is the tenth largest in the world , with a GDP of $691.8 billion . However India 's huge population results in a relatively low per capita income ( $3,100 at PPP ) . Services are the major source of economic growth in India today , though two - thirds of Indian workforce earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture . In recent times , India has also capitalised on its large number of highly - educated populace fluent in the English language to become a major exporter of software services , financial services and software engineers . For most of India 's independent history , a socialist inspired approach was adhered to , with strict government control and regulation on private sector participation , foreign trade and foreign direct investment . Since the early 1990s , India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment . The socio - economic problems India faces are the burgeoning population , growing inequality , lack of infrastructure , growing unemployment and growing poverty . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Mumbai -- Satyajit Ray -- History of Tamil Nadu Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 3 The Indian Institutes of Technology ( Hindi : भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान ) , or IITs , are a group of seven autonomous engineering and technology - oriented institutes of higher education established and declared as Institutes of National Importance by the Government of India . These institutes were created to train scientists and engineers to develop a skilled workforce with the aim of bolstering India 's economic and social development after independence in 1947 . The students and alumni of IITs are colloquially referred to as IITians . The first IIT was established at Kharagpur in 1951 , followed by similar establishments at Mumbai , Chennai , Kanpur , Delhi , Guwahati and Roorkee . Although each IIT is an autonomous university , they are linked through a common IIT Council to oversee their administration . They have a common admission process , using the Joint Entrance Examination ( popularly known as IIT - JEE ) to select around 4,000 candidates . About 15,500 undergraduate and 12,000 graduate students study in the seven IITs in addition to research scholars . Many IITians have achieved success in a variety of professions , resulting in the establishment of the widely recognised IIT Brand . The success of the IITs has led to the creation of similar institutes in other fields , such as the National Institutes of Technology , the Indian Institutes of Management and the Indian Institute of Information Technology . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Economy of India -- Mumbai -- Satyajit Ray Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 4 Kolkata is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and was capital of British India until 1912 . The city 's name was officially changed from Calcutta to Kolkata in January 2001 . The urban agglomeration of Kolkata covers several municipal corporations , municipalities , city boards and villages and is the third largest urban agglomeration in India after Mumbai and Delhi . As per the census of 2001 , the urban agglomeration 's population was 13,216,546 while that of the city was 4,580,544 . Kolkata city 's population growth has been pretty low in the last decade . The city is situated on the banks of the Hoogli River ( a distributary of the Ganges ) . Some of the renowned engineering marvels associated with Kolkata include the bridges like , Howrah Bridge , Vivekananda Setu and Vidyasagar Setu . Kolkata is the main business , commercial and financial hub of eastern India . The city 's economic fortunes turned the tide as the early nineties economic liberalization in India reached Kolkata 's shores during late nineties . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Indian Institutes of Technology -- Economy of India -- Mumbai Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 5 The Tamil people are an ethnic group from South Asia with a recorded history going back almost two millennia . The oldest Tamil communities are those of southern India and north - eastern Sri Lanka . Unlike many ethnic groups , the Tamils have at no time been governed by a single political entity ; Tamil̲akam , the traditional name for the Tamil lands , has always been under the rule of more than one kingdom or state . Despite this , the Tamil cultural identity has always been strong . Historically , this identity has been primarily linguistic , with Tamils being those whose first language was Tamil . In recent times , however , the definition has been broadened to also include emigrants of Tamil descent who maintain Tamil traditions , even when they no longer speak the language . Tamils are ethnically , linguistically and culturally related to the other Dravidian peoples of South Asia . There are an estimated 74 million Tamils around the world . Most Indian Tamils live in the state of Tamil Nadu , which includes the major part of the former Madras Presidency . Morover , Tamils are in a clear majority in the union territory of Puducherry , a former French colony which is a subnational enclave situated geographically within Tamil Nadu . ( more ... ) . Recently appeared : Kolkata -- Indian Institutes of Technology -- Economy of India Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 6 Norman Borlaug is an American agricultural scientist , humanitarian , Nobel laureate , and the father of the Green Revolution . During the mid-20th century , Borlaug led the introduction of his grain and modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico , Pakistan , and India . As a result , Mexico became a net exporter of wheat by 1963 . Between 1965 and 1970 , wheat yields nearly doubled in Pakistan and India , greatly improving the food security in those nations . These collective increases in yield have been labeled the Green Revolution , and Borlaug is often credited with saving over a billion people from starvation . He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 in recognition of his contributions to world peace through increasing food supply . More recently , he has helped apply these methods of increasing food production to Asia and Africa . Borlaug has continually advocated the use of his methods and biotechnology to decrease world famine ; although his work has faced environmental and socioeconomic criticisms , he has repudiated most of those accusations . In 1986 , he established the World Food Prize to recognize individuals who have improved the quality , quantity or availability of food around the globe . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Tamil people -- Kolkata -- Indian Institutes of Technology Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 7 Sikkim is a landlocked Indian state nestled in the Himalayas . It is the least populous state in India , and the second smallest . Sikkim was an independent state ruled by the Chogyal monarchy until 1975 , when a referendum to make it India 's twenty - second state succeeded . The thumb - shaped state borders Nepal in the west , Tibet to the north and east , and Bhutan in the south - east . The Indian state of West Bengal borders Sikkim to its south . The official language is Nepali , and the predominant religions are Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism . Gangtok is the capital and largest town . Despite its small size , Sikkim is geographically diverse , owing to its location at the Himalayan foothills . Terrain ranges from tropical in the south to tundra in the north . Kanchenjunga , the world 's third highest peak , is located in Sikkim , straddling its northern border with Nepal . Sikkim has become one of India 's most visited states owing to its reputation for untouched scenic beauty and political stability . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Norman Borlaug -- Tamil people -- Kolkata Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 8 Bengali or Bangla ( বাংলা , Bengali pronunciation : ( ˈbaŋla ) ) is an Indo - Aryan language of East South Asia , evolved from Prakrit , Pāli and Sanskrit . Bengali is native to the region of eastern South Asia known as Bengal , which comprises present day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . With nearly 200 million native speakers , Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world ( it is ranked between fourth and seventh ) . Bengali is the main language spoken in Bangladesh ; in India , Bengali is ranked as either the second or third most spoken language . Along with Assamese , it is geographically the most eastern of the Indo - European languages . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Sikkim -- Norman Borlaug -- Tamil people Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 9 Mahatma Gandhi ( Gujarati : મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી ; Hindi : मोहनदास करमचंद गांधी was the charismatic intellectual and mass - movement leader who brought the cause of independence for British colonial India to world attention . His ideas , especially the satyagraha model of non-violent protest , have influenced both nationalist and internal movements throughout the world . By means of non-violent civil disobedience , Gandhi helped bring about India 's independence from British rule , inspiring other colonial peoples to work for their own independence and ultimately dismantle the British Empire and replace it with the Commonwealth of Nations . Gandhi 's principle of satyagraha ( ' `` truth force '' ) , often roughly translated as `` way of truth '' or `` pursuit of truth , '' has inspired other democratic activists , including Martin Luther King , Jr. and Nelson Mandela . He often stated his values were simple , drawn from traditional Hindu beliefs : truth ( satya ) , and non-violence ( ahimsa ) . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Bengali language -- Sikkim -- Norman Borlaug Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 10 Black pepper is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae , cultivated for its fruit , which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning . Black pepper is native to southern India and is extensively cultivated there and elsewhere in tropical regions . The fruit is a small drupe five millimetres in diameter , dark red when fully mature , containing a single seed . Dried and ground pepper is one of the most common spices in European cuisine and its descendants , having been known and prized since antiquity for both its flavour and its use as a medicine . The spiciness of black pepper is due to the chemical piperine . Ground black peppercorn , usually referred to simply as `` pepper '' , may be found on nearly every dinner table in some parts of the world , often alongside its frequent companion , table salt . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Mahatma Gandhi -- Bengali language -- Sikkim Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 11 Darjeeling is a hill station ( a hill town ) in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is the headquarters of Darjeeling district , situated in the Shiwalik Hills ( or Lower Himalaya ) at an average elevation of 2,134 m above sea level . Once ruled by the Kingdom of Sikkim , the Darjeeling region was converted into a hill station by the British East India Company in the 1800s , and came to be known as the `` Queen of the Hills . '' It remained as a part of the state of West Bengal in independent India . The name Darjeeling is a composition of two Tibetan words -- Dorje ( `` thunderbolt '' ) and ling ( `` place '' ) . Hence , darjeeling translates as `` Land of the Thunderbolt '' . Darjeeling is famous for its tea industry , which produces blends considered among the world 's finest . Once used as a sanitarium for British troops and administrators , the town is now a popular tourist destination . The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway connecting the town with the plains was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999 . Darjeeling is noted for several western - style public schools attracting students from all over India and neighbouring countries . The town was a major centre of Gorkhaland separatism in the 1980s , resulting in a decrease in tourism - related commerce . Darjeeling has continued to grow in the recent years and the region 's fragile ecology is threatened by a rising demand for environmental resources stemming from growing tourist traffic and rapid urbanisation . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Black pepper -- Mahatma Gandhi -- Bengali language Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 12 The political integration of India established a united nation for the first time in thousands of years from a plethora of princely states , colonial provinces and possessions . Despite partition , a new India arose above demographic distinctions to unite peoples of various geographic , economic , ethnic , linguistic and religious backgrounds . India was transformed after independence through political upheaval and ethnic discontent , and continues to evolve as a federal republic natural to its diversity . The process is defined by sensitive religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims , diverse ethnic populations , as well as by geo - political rivalry and military conflicts with Pakistan and China . When the Indian independence movement succeeded in ending British Raj on August 15 , 1947 , India 's leaders faced the prospect of inheriting a nation fragmented between medieval - era kingdoms and provinces organized by colonial powers . Under the leadership of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , one of India 's most respected freedom fighters and the Minister of Home Affairs , the new Government of India employed frank political negotiations backed with the option of military action to weld a nation . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Darjeeling -- Black pepper -- Mahatma Gandhi Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 13 Nathu La Pass is a mountain pass in the Himalayas mountain ranges . It is located on the Indo - China border connecting the Indian state of Sikkim with Yadong County in Tibet Autonomous Region of People 's Republic of China . The pass , at 4,508 m ( 14,790 ft ) above mean sea level , forms part of an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road . The name Nathu literally means `` listening ears '' , and La means `` Pass '' in Tibetan . It can also spelled Ntula , Natu La , Nathula , or Natula . Nathu La is one of the three trading border posts shared between China and India . Closed after the 1962 Sino - Indian War , the pass was re-opened in 2006 following numerous bilateral trade agreements . The opening bolstered the economy of the region and is expected to play key role in the Sino - Indian trade . The pass is used for export of 29 goods from Indian side and 15 goods from Chinese side . The opening of the pass also shortens the travel distance to important Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage sites . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Political integration of India -- Darjeeling -- Black pepper Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 14 The Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , also known as the Second Kashmir War , was the culmination of a series of skirmishes that occurred between April 1965 and September 1965 between India and Pakistan . The war was the second fought between India and Pakistan over the region of Kashmir , the first having been fought in 1947 . The war lasted five weeks , resulted in thousands of casualties on both sides and ended in a United Nations ( UN ) mandated ceasefire . It is generally accepted that the war began following the failure of Pakistan 's `` Operation Gibraltar '' which was designed to infiltrate and invade Jammu and Kashmir . Much of the war was fought by the countries ' land forces in the region of Kashmir and along the International Border ( IB ) between India and Pakistan . The war also involved a limited participation from the countries ' respective air forces . This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir , a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001 - 2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan . Most of the war was fought on land by each country 's infantry and armored units , with substantial backing from their air forces . Many details of this war , like those of most Indo - Pakistani Wars , remain unclear and riddled with media biases . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Nathu La -- Political integration of India -- Darjeeling Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 15 Lage Raho Munna Bhai is a 2006 Bollywood comedy directed by Rajkumar Hirani and produced by Vinod Chopra Productions . It is the second film of the Munna Bhai series , preceded by Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. Apart from having the same main characters , the film bears little relation to the previous edition and does not continue the plot in a sequel format . It stars Sanjay Dutt , Arshad Warsi , Vidya Balan , Boman Irani , Dilip Prabhavalkar , and Dia Mirza . In this movie , Munna Bhai ( a bhai or a Tapori , a leader in the Mumbai underworld ) meets the ghost of Mahatma Gandhi who teaches him the principles of Gandhian philosophy . Inspired by these ideals , he and his sidekick , Circuit are start promoting Gandhism , which Munna Bhai calls `` Gandhigiri '' . This particular use of an underlying moral is a tradmark of Vidhu Vinod Chopra and has distinguished it from other Bollywood films . The movie was a major hit in India and was ranked # 1 on the box office for a period of eight weeks since its release . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 -- Nathu La -- Political integration of India Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 16 West Bengal ( Bengali : পশ্চিমবঙ্গ , Poshchimbôŋgo ) is a state in eastern India . With Bangladesh , which lies on its eastern border , the state forms the ethno - linguistic region of Bengal . To its northeast lie the states of Assam and Sikkim and the country Bhutan , and to its southwest , the state of Orissa . To the west it borders the state of Jharkhand and Bihar , and to the northwest , Nepal . The region that is now West Bengal was a part of a number of empires and kingdoms during the past two millennia . The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757 CE , and the city of Kolkata , then Calcutta , served for many years as the capital of British India . A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century , Bengal was divided in 1947 into two separate entities , West Bengal - a state of India , and East Pakistan belonging to the new nation of Pakistan . Following India 's independence in 1947 , West Bengal 's economic and political theatres were dominated for many decades by intellectual Marxism , Naxalite movements and trade unionism . From late 1990s , economic rejuvenation led to a spurt in the state 's economic and industrial growth . An agriculture - dependent state , West Bengal occupies only 2.7 % of the India 's land area , though it supports over 7.8 % of Indian population , and is the most densely populated state in India . West Bengal has been ruled by the CPI ( M ) - led Left Front for three decades , making it the world 's longest - running democratically - elected communist government . Many notable poets , writers , artists and performers are native to West Bengal . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Lage Raho Munna Bhai -- Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 -- Nathu La Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 17 The Chola dynasty ( Tamil : சோழர் குலம் ) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century CE . The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River . Territories under their domain stretched from the islands of Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the river Ganges in Bengal . The dynasty was at the height of its power during the tenth and the eleventh centuries . Under Rajaraja Chola I ( Rajaraja the Great ) and his son Rajendra Chola , the dynasty rose as a military , economic and cultural power in Asia . The legacy of Chola rule has lasted in the region through modern times . Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples have resulted in some great works of Tamil architecture and poetry . The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship , but also as centres of economic activity , benefiting their entire community . They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : West Bengal -- Lage Raho Munna Bhai -- Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 18 Rabindranath Tagore ( May 7 , 1861 -- August 7 , 1941 ) , also known by the sobriquet Gurudev , was a Bengali poet , Brahmo ( syncretic Hindu monotheist ) philosopher , visual artist , playwright , composer , and novelist whose avant - garde works reshaped Bengali literature and music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . A celebrated cultural icon of Bengal , he became Asia 's first Nobel laureate when he won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature . A Calcuttan Pirali Brahmin by birth , Tagore began writing poems at the age of eight ; he published his first substantial poetry -- using the pseudonym `` Bhānusiṃha '' ( `` Sun Lion '' ) -- in 1877 and wrote his first short stories and dramas at age sixteen . His home schooling , life in Shelidah , and extensive travels made Tagore an iconoclastic pragmatist ; however , growing disillusionment with the British Raj caused the internationalist Tagore to back the Indian Independence Movement and befriend Mahatma Gandhi . Despite the loss of virtually his entire family and his regrets regarding Bengal 's decline , his life 's work -- Visva - Bharati University -- endured . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Chola dynasty -- West Bengal -- Lage Raho Munna Bhai Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 19 Goa is India 's smallest state in terms of area and the second smallest in terms of population after Sikkim . It is located on the west coast of India , in the region known as the Konkan , and is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north , and Karnataka to the east and south . The Arabian Sea makes up the state 's west coast . Panaji is the state 's capital , and Margao the largest town . A former colony of Portugal , Goa was ruled by the Portuguese for almost 450 years until 1961 , when it was forcibly taken , after demands for a merger with India failed . Internationally renowned for its beaches , Goa is visited by thousands of foreign and domestic tourists each year . Besides beaches , Goa is also known for its world heritage architecture including the Bom Jesus Basilica . Goa also has rich flora and fauna , owing to its location on the Western Ghats range , which are classified as a biodiversity hotspot , one of only three among the ecoregions of India . ( more ... ) . Recently appeared : Rabindranath Tagore -- Chola dynasty -- West Bengal Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 20 Tamil is a classical language and one of the major languages belonging to the Dravidian language family . It is predominantly spoken in South India and Sri Lanka , with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries . As of 1996 , it was the 18th most spoken language in the world with over 74 million speakers worldwide . As one of the few living classical languages , Tamil has an unbroken literary tradition of over two millennia . The written language has changed little during this period , with the result that classical literature is as much a part of everyday Tamil as modern literature . Tamil schoolchildren , for example , are still taught the alphabet using the átticúdi , an alphabet rhyme written around the first century CE . The name ' Tamil ' is an anglicised form of the native name தமிழ் ( IPA / tæmɪɻ / ) . The final letter of the name , usually transcribed as the lowercase l or zh , is a retroflex r believed to only exist in Tamil and Malayalam . In phonetic transcriptions , it is usually represented by the retroflex approximant . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Goa -- Rabindranath Tagore -- Chola dynasty Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 21 K.R. Narayanan ( 4 February 1921 -- 9 November 2005 ) was the tenth President of the Republic of India . He is the only Dalit and the only Malayali to have held the Presidency . Born in the southern state of Kerala , and after a brief stint with journalism and studying political science at the London School of Economics with the assistance of a scholarship , Narayanan began his political career in India as a member of the Indian Foreign Service under the Nehru administration . He has served as ambassador to Japan , United Kingdom , Thailand , Turkey , People 's Republic of China and United States of America and was referred by Nehru as `` the best diplomat of the country '' . He entered politics at Indira Gandhi 's request and won three successive general elections to the Lok Sabha and has served as a Minister of state in the Union cabinet under Rajiv Gandhi . Elected as Vice-President in 1992 , Narayanan went on to become the President of India in 1997 . In India , where the office of the President is largely ceremonial without executive powers , Narayanan was regarded as an independent and assertive President who set several precedents and enlarged the scope of the highest constitutional office . He described himself as a `` working President '' who worked `` within the four corners of the Constitution '' ; something midway between an `` executive President '' who has direct power and a `` rubber - stamp President '' who endorses government decisions without question or deliberation . He used his discretionary powers as a President and deviated from conventions and precedents in many a situation including but not limited to -- the appointment of the Prime Minister in a hung Parliament situation , in dismissing a state government and imposition of President 's rule there at the suggestion of the Union Cabinet , and the Kargil conflict . He set a new precent in the country 's general election of 1998 by becoming the first Indian President to vote . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Tamil language -- Goa -- Rabindranath Tagore Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 22 Greco - Buddhism is the cultural syncretism between the culture of Classical Greece and Buddhism , which developed over a period of close to 800 years in Central Asia in the area corresponding to modern - day Afghanistan and Pakistan , between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE . Greco - Buddhism influenced the artistic ( and , possibly , conceptual ) development of Buddhism , and in particular Mahayana Buddhism , before it was adopted by Central and Northeastern Asia from the 1st century CE , ultimately spreading to China , Korea and Japan . Numerous Greco - Buddhist works of art display the intermixing of Greek and Buddhist influences , around such creation centers as Gandhara . The subject matter of Gandharan art was definitely Buddhist , while most motifs were of Western Asiatic or Hellenistic origin . The interaction between Hellenistic Greece and Buddhism started when Alexander the Great conquered Asia Minor and Central Asia in 334 BCE , going as far as the Indus , thus establishing direct contact with India , the birthplace of Buddhism . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : K.R. Narayanan -- Tamil language -- Goa Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 23 The Flag of India , sometimes also known as the Tiranga , which means tricolour in Hindi , was adopted as the national flag of the Republic of India on July 22 , 1947 , during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly just before India 's independence on August 15 1947 . In India , the term `` tricolour '' almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is a horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top , white in the middle and green at the bottom . In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty - four spokes , known as the Ashoka Chakra , taken from the Ashoka pillar at Sarnath . The flag is also the Indian army 's war flag , hoisted daily on military installations . The Indian National Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . Official flag specification requires that the flag be made only of khadi -- a special type of hand - spun yarn . The display and use of the flag are strictly enforced by the Indian Flag Code . A few days before India gained its freedom in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad . The Flag Committee was constituted on 1947 - 06 - 23 and after three weeks they came to a decision on 1947 - 07 - 14 , being that the flag of the Indian National Congress should be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications . The `` Dharma Chakra '' which appears on the abacus of Sarnath was adopted in the place of the `` Charkha '' . ( more ... ) . Recently appeared : Greco - Buddhism -- K.R. Narayanan -- Tamil language Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 24 Rudyard Kipling was a British author and poet , born in India . He is best known for the children 's story The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) , the Indian spy novel Kim ( 1901 ) , the poems `` Gunga Din '' ( 1892 ) and `` If -- '' ( 1895 ) , and his many short stories . He was also an outspoken defender of Western imperialism , and coined the phrase `` The White Man 's Burden . '' The height of his popularity was the first decade of the 20th century ; in 1907 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature . In his own lifetime he was primarily considered a poet , and was even offered a knighthood and the post of British Poet Laureate -- though he turned them both down . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Flag of India -- Greco - Buddhism -- K.R. Narayanan Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 25 Indian Railways is the state - owned railway company of India ; it has a complete monopoly over the country 's rail transport . Indian Railways ( IR ) has one of the largest and busiest rail networks in the world , transporting over 5 billion passengers and over 350 million tonnes of freight annually . IR is also the world 's largest commercial or utility employer , having more than 1.6 million regular employees on its payroll . Railways were first introduced to India in 1853 , and by 1947 , the year of India 's independence , it had grown to forty - two rail systems . In 1951 the systems were nationalised as one unit , to become one of the largest networks in the world . Indian Railways operates both long distance , as well as suburban rail systems . It operates 8,702 passenger trains and transports around five billion annually across twenty - seven states and three union territories ( Delhi , Puducherry and Chandigarh ) . Sikkim is the only state not connected . The Railway Budget deals with the induction and improvement of existing trains and routes , the modernisation and most importantly the tariff for freight and passenger travel . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Rudyard Kipling -- Flag of India -- Greco - Buddhism Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 26 Delhi is a metropolis in northern India . The name Delhi also refers to the National Capital Territory of Delhi ( NCT ) , which is a special union territory jointly administered by the Central government , the NCT elected government and three municipal corporations . The metropolis of Delhi and the National Capital Territory of Delhi are coextensive and for most practical purposes they are considered to be the same entity . New Delhi , an urban area within the metropolis of Delhi , is the seat of the Government of India . Delhi is the sixth most populous metropolis in the world with a population of 15.3 million ( 2005 figure ) . Delhi 's metropolitan area , informally known as the National Capital Region ( NCR ) , comprises the NCT and the neighbouring satellite towns of Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana , and Noida and Ghaziabad in Uttar Pradesh making it the sixth most populous agglomeration in the world , with an estimated population of 19.7 million . Delhi has the most vibrant history among prominent cities or towns of India . Delhi was the capital of several empires in ancient India and has over 60,000 recognized monuments built over several millennia . It is believed to be the site of Indraprastha , founded by the Pandavas of the Mahabharata around 5000 BC . Delhi derives its historic importance from its position in northern India between the Aravalli Hills to the southwest and the Yamuna river on whose western banks it stands . This enabled it to dominate the old trade routes from northwest India to the plains of the Ganges . As a result , it has always been an important cultural and intellectual centre . Due to high migration rate , Delhi registers as one of the fastest growing cities in Asia . As a consequence , it faces key issues like environmental degradation , air and water pollution , traffic congestion and acute power and water shortage . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Indian Railways -- Rudyard Kipling -- Flag of India Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 27 The Ramayana ( Devanagari : रामायण ) is an ancient Sanskrit epic attributed to the poet Valmiki and is an important part of the Hindu canon ( smṛti ) . The name Ramayana is a tatpurusha compound of Rama and ayana `` going , advancing '' , translating to `` the travels of Rama '' . The Ramayana consists of 24,000 verses in seven cantos ( kandas ) and tells the story of a prince , Rama of Ayodhya , whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon ( Rakshasa ) king of Lanka , Ravana . The Ramayana had an important influence on later Sanskrit poetry , primarily through its establishment of the Sloka meter . One of the most important literary works on ancient India , the Ramayana has had a profound impact on art and culture in the Indian subcontinent . Starting from the 8th century , the colonisation of Southeast Asia by Indians began . Because of this , the Ramayana became popular in Southeast Asia and manifested itself in text , temple architecture and performance , particularly in Indonesia ( Java , Sumatra and Borneo ) , Thailand , Cambodia , Malaysia , Vietnam and Laos . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Delhi -- Indian Railways -- Rudyard Kipling Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 28 South India is a region of India that traditionally includes the entire Indian Peninsula , south of the Vindhya ranges . The Narmada and Mahanadi rivers form the northern boundaries of the region , while the Arabian Sea , Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal form the region 's western , southern and eastern boundaries respectively . The southernmost point of the region , and therefore of mainland India , is Kanyakumari . South India as a cultural and linguistic entity , comprises the four southern states of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of Puducherry , whose inhabitants are referred to as South Indians . Ethnically , South Indians are primarily linked by the Dravidian origin of their languages , although some communities such as the Konkani - speaking population of Karnataka retain distinct identities . South India is a geographically diverse region , encompassing two mountain ranges -- the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats and a plateau heartland . The Tungabhadra , Kaveri , Krishna and Godavari rivers are important non-perennial sources of water . Historically , a number of dynasties including the Cholas , Pandyas , Cheras , Hoysalas and Vijayanagara ruled over different parts of South India prior to the British conquest of India . Agriculture is the single largest contributor to the regional net domestic product . Information technology ( IT ) is a rapidly growing industry in South India , whose main cities constitute some of India 's major IT hubs . South India 's diverse culture varies from the cultures of other parts of India . Politically , South India is dominated by regional political parties rather than by the larger national political parties . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Ramayana -- Delhi -- Indian Railways Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 29 Ahmedabad is the largest city of the Indian state of Gujarat and seventh largest of India with a population of 5.2 million . Ahmedabad is located in north - central Gujarat on the banks of River Sabarmati . It once served as the capital of Gujarat and now is the administrative center of Ahmedabad district . Founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah of the Muzaffarid dynasty , Ahmedabad has been under the control of the Mughals , Marathas and then the British . Ahmeadabad was at the forefront of the Independence movement with the famous Dandi March led by Mahatma Gandhi starting from the city . The textile industry is the main industry of Ahmedabad due to which it was once called the Manchester of India . Recently endowed with the official title of `` mega-city '' , Ahmedabad is one of the fastest growing cities of India . The various mosques built in the Indo - Saracenic style are a major attraction of the city . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : South India -- Ramayana -- Delhi Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 30 The Indian cricket team is an international cricket team representing India . It is governed by the Board of Control for Cricket in India , the main cricketing governing body in India . Cricket is the de facto national sport of India , with a huge fan base . The Indian cricket team made its debut in Test cricket , the highest level of international cricket , on June 25 , 1932 at Lord 's , England , becoming the sixth Test team . For nearly fifty years , the India was weaker than most of the other Test cricket teams , such as Australia and England . The team gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as Sunil Gavaskar and Kapil Dev and the Indian spin quartet , and the Indian team has continued to be highly ranked since then in both Test cricket and One - day Internationals . The team won the Cricket World Cup in 1983 and were runners - up in 2003 . The current team contains many of the world 's leading players , including Sachin Tendulkar . As of 9 April 2006 , the team is ranked third in the ICC Test Championship and third in the ICC ODI Championship . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Ahmedabad -- South India -- Ramayana Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history December 31 Kerala is a state on the southwestern tropical Malabar Coast of India . To its east and northeast , Kerala borders Tamil Nadu and Karnataka ; to its west and south lie the Indian Ocean islands of Lakshadweep and the Maldives , respectively . Kerala also envelops Mahé , a coastal exclave of the Union Territory of Puducherry . In prehistory , Kerala 's rainforests and wetlands -- then thick with malaria - bearing mosquitoes and man - eating tigers -- were largely avoided by Neolithic humans . More than a millennium of overseas contact and trade culminated in four centuries of struggle between and among multiple colonial powers and native Keralite states . Kerala was granted statehood on November 1 , 1956 . Radical social reforms begun in the 19th century by the kingdoms of Kochi and Travancore -- and spurred by such leaders as Narayana Guru and Chattampi Swamikal -- were continued by post-Independence governments , making Kerala among the Third World 's longest - lived , healthiest , and most literate regions . Kerala 's 31.8 million people now live under a stable democratic socialist political system and exhibit unusually equitable gender relations . ( more ... ) Recently appeared : Indian cricket team -- Ahmedabad -- South India Archive Nominate an article More selected articles ... view - talk - history Today 's selected article for Indian Portal archive 2005 -- 2006 -- 2007 January - February - March - April - May - June - July - August - September - October - November - December ( Today is Monday , 13 August2018 ; it is now 17 : 02 UTC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:India/Today%27s_selected_article/December_2006&oldid=801067479 '' Talk Portal Talk Contents Featured content About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which indian city's name literally means 'land of the thunderbolt'	[ "Darjeeling is a hill station (a hill town) in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is the headquarters of Darjeeling district, situated in the Shiwalik Hills (or Lower Himalaya) at an average elevation of 2,134 m above sea level. Once ruled by the Kingdom of Sikkim, the Darjeeling region was converted into a hill station by the British East India Company in the 1800s, and came to be known as the \"Queen of the Hills.\" It remained as a part of the state of West Bengal in independent India. The name Darjeeling is a composition of two Tibetan words – Dorje (\"thunderbolt\") and ling (\"place\"). Hence, darjeeling translates as \"Land of the Thunderbolt\".\n" ]	[ "Darjeeling" ]
8052638223174566769	Trigone of urinary bladder	Trigone of urinary bladder - wikipedia Trigone of urinary bladder This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Trigone of urinary bladder Urinary bladder The interior of bladder . Details Identifiers Latin trigonum vesicae urinariae TA A08. 3.01. 024 FMA 15910 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The trigone ( a.k.a. vesical trigone ) is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice . The area is very sensitive to expansion and once stretched to a certain degree , the urinary bladder signals the brain of its need to empty . The signals become stronger as the bladder continues to fill . Embryologically , the trigone of the bladder is derived from the caudal end of mesonephric ducts , which is of mesodermal origin ( the rest of the bladder is endodermal ) . In the female the mesonephric ducts regress , causing the trigone to be less prominent , but still present . Contents 1 Pathology 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Pathology ( edit ) Clinically important because infections ( trigonitis ) tend to persist in this region . See also ( edit ) Trigonitis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Woodburne , Russell T. ( 1965 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Ureter , ureterovesical junction , and vesical trigone '' . The Anatomical Record . 151 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 249 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1091510305 . ISSN 1097 - 0185 . External links ( edit ) Anatomy photo : 44 : 04 - 0203 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` The Male Pelvis : The Urinary Bladder '' Anatomy of the urinary system Kidneys Layers Fascia Capsule Cortex column Medulla sinus pyramids medullary interstitium Lobe Cortical lobule Medullary ray Nephron Circulation Arteries Renal artery segmental interlobar arcuate interlobular afferent Veins Renal vein Peritubular capillaries Vasa recta arcuate interlobar efferent Nephron Renal corpuscle Glomerulus Bowman 's capsule Glomerular basement membrane Podocyte Filtration slits Mesangium Intraglomerular mesangial cell Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Descending Thin ascending Thick ascending Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct system Connecting tubule Papillary duct Tubular fluid Renal papilla Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Juxtaglomerular apparatus Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Mesangium Extraglomerular mesangial cell Ureters Ureteropelvic junction Bladder Apex Uvula Neck Median umbilical ligament Muscular layer Trigone Detrusor Mucosa Submucosa Urethra Urethral sphincters External sphincter male female Internal sphincter Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trigone_of_urinary_bladder&oldid=825196716 '' Categories : Urinary system Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	trigone is a portion of the blank bladder	[ "The trigone (a.k.a. vesical trigone)[1] is a smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice.\n" ]	[ "urinary" ]
-2204065644619755900	Battles of Lexington and Concord	Battles of Lexington and Concord - wikipedia Battles of Lexington and Concord `` Battle of Lexington '' redirects here . For the American Civil War battles , see Battle of Lexington ( disambiguation ) . Battles of Lexington and Concord Part of the American Revolutionary War Romanticized 19th - century depiction of Battle of Lexington Date April 19 , 1775 ; 243 years ago ( 1775 - 04 - 19 ) Location Middlesex County , Massachusetts Lexington : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Coordinates : 42 ° 26 ′ 58.7 '' N 71 ° 13 ′ 51.0 '' W / 42.449639 ° N 71.230833 ° W / 42.449639 ; - 71.230833 ( Lexington ) Concord : 42 ° 28 ′ 08.54 '' N 71 ° 21 ′ 02.08 '' W / 42.4690389 ° N 71.3505778 ° W / 42.4690389 ; - 71.3505778 ( Concord ) Result Strategic American victory British forces succeed in destroying cannon and supplies in Concord Militia successfully drive British back to Boston Start of the American Revolutionary War Belligerents Massachusetts Bay Great Britain Commanders and leaders John Parker James Barrett John Buttrick John Robinson William Heath Joseph Warren Isaac Davis † Francis Smith John Pitcairn ( WIA ) Hugh Percy Strength Lexington : 77 Concord : 400 End of Battle : 3,960 Departing Boston : 700 Lexington : 400 Concord : 100 End of Battle : 1,500 Casualties and losses 49 killed 39 wounded 5 missing 73 killed 174 wounded 53 missing Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War . The battles were fought on April 19 , 1775 in Middlesex County , Province of Massachusetts Bay , within the towns of Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Menotomy ( present - day Arlington ) , and Cambridge . They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America . In late 1774 , Colonial leaders adopted the Suffolk Resolves in resistance to the alterations made to the Massachusetts colonial government by the British parliament following the Boston Tea Party . The colonial assembly responded by forming a Patriot provisional government known as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and calling for local militias to train for possible hostilities . The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British - controlled Boston . In response , the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion . About 700 British Army regulars in Boston , under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith , were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord . Through effective intelligence gathering , Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations . On the night before the battle , warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders , including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott , with information about British plans . The initial mode of the Army 's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate `` one if by land , two if by sea '' . The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington . Eight militiamen were killed , including Ensign Robert Munroe , their third in command . The British suffered only one casualty . The militia were outnumbered and fell back , and the regulars proceeded on to Concord , where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies . At the North Bridge in Concord , approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King 's troops at about 11 : 00 am , resulting in casualties on both sides . The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord . The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies , and more militiamen continued to arrive from neighboring towns . Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston . Upon returning to Lexington , Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy , a future duke of Northumberland styled at this time by the courtesy title Earl Percy . The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown . The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston , starting the Siege of Boston . Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his `` Concord Hymn '' as the `` shot heard round the world '' . Contents 1 Background 1.1 British government preparations 1.2 American preparations 1.3 Militia forces assemble 1.4 British forces advance 2 The Battles 2.1 Lexington 2.1. 1 First shot 2.2 Concord 2.2. 1 The search for militia supplies 2.2. 2 The North Bridge 2.2. 3 After the fight 2.3 Return march 2.3. 1 Concord to Lexington 2.3. 2 Percy 's rescue 2.3. 3 Lexington to Menotomy 2.3. 4 Menotomy to Charlestown 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 Commemorations 5.1 Centennial commemoration 5.2 Sesquicentennial commemoration 5.3 Bicentennial commemoration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background Further information : Boston campaign Thomas Gage The British Army 's infantry was nicknamed `` redcoats '' and sometimes `` devils '' by the colonists . They had occupied Boston since 1768 and had been augmented by naval forces and marines to enforce what the colonists called The Intolerable Acts , which had been passed by the British Parliament to punish the Province of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party and other acts of defiance . General Thomas Gage was the military governor of Massachusetts and commander - in - chief of the roughly 3,000 British military forces garrisoned in Boston . He had no control over Massachusetts outside of Boston , however , where implementation of the Acts had increased tensions between the Patriot Whig majority and the pro-British Tory minority . Gage 's plan was to avoid conflict by removing military supplies from Whig militias using small , secret , and rapid strikes . This struggle for supplies led to one British success and several Patriot successes in a series of nearly bloodless conflicts known as the Powder Alarms . Gage considered himself to be a friend of liberty and attempted to separate his duties as governor of the colony and as general of an occupying force . Edmund Burke described Gage 's conflicted relationship with Massachusetts by saying in Parliament , `` An Englishman is the unfittest person on Earth to argue another Englishman into slavery . '' The colonists had been forming militias since the very beginnings of Colonial settlement for the purpose of defense against Indian attacks . These forces also saw action in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763 when they fought alongside British regulars . Under the laws of each New England colony , all towns were obligated to form militia companies composed of all males 16 years of age and older ( there were exemptions for some categories ) , and to ensure that the members were properly armed . The Massachusetts militias were formally under the jurisdiction of the provincial government , but militia companies throughout New England elected their own officers . Gage effectively dissolved the provincial government under the terms of the Massachusetts Government Act , and these existing connections were employed by the colonists under the Massachusetts Provincial Congress for the purpose of resistance to the military threat from Britain . British government preparations A February 1775 address to King George III , by both houses of Parliament , declared that a state of rebellion existed : We ... find that a part of your Majesty ' s subjects , in the Province of the Massachusetts Bay , have proceeded so far to resist the authority of the supreme Legislature , that a rebellion at this time actually exists within the said Province ; and we see , with the utmost concern , that they have been countenanced and encouraged by unlawful combinations and engagements entered into by your Majesty 's subjects in several of the other Colonies , to the injury and oppression of many of their innocent fellow - subjects , resident within the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the rest of your Majesty ' s Dominions ... We ... shall ... pay attention and regard to any real grievances ... laid before us ; and whenever any of the Colonies shall make a proper application to us , we shall be ready to afford them every just and reasonable indulgence . At the same time we ... beseech your Majesty that you will ... enforce due obedience to the laws and authority of the supreme Legislature ; and ... it is our fixed resolution , at the hazard of our lives and properties , to stand by your Majesty against all rebellious attempts in the maintenance of the just rights of your Majesty , and the two Houses of Parliament . On April 14 , 1775 , Gage received instructions from Secretary of State William Legge , Earl of Dartmouth , to disarm the rebels and to imprison the rebellion 's leaders , but Dartmouth gave Gage considerable discretion in his commands . Gage 's decision to act promptly may have been influenced by information he received on April 15 , from a spy within the Provincial Congress , telling him that although the Congress was still divided on the need for armed resistance , delegates were being sent to the other New England colonies to see if they would cooperate in raising a New England army of 18,000 colonial soldiers . Francis Smith , commander of the military expedition , in a 1763 portrait On the morning of April 18 , Gage ordered a mounted patrol of about 20 men under the command of Major Mitchell of the 5th Regiment of Foot into the surrounding country to intercept messengers who might be out on horseback . This patrol behaved differently from patrols sent out from Boston in the past , staying out after dark and asking travelers about the location of Samuel Adams and John Hancock . This had the unintended effect of alarming many residents and increasing their preparedness . The Lexington militia in particular began to muster early that evening , hours before receiving any word from Boston . A well - known story alleges that after nightfall one farmer , Josiah Nelson , mistook the British patrol for the colonists and asked them , `` Have you heard anything about when the regulars are coming out ? '' upon which he was slashed on his scalp with a sword . However , the story of this incident was not published until over a century later , which suggests that it may be little more than a family myth . Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith received orders from Gage on the afternoon of April 18 with instructions that he was not to read them until his troops were underway . He was to proceed from Boston `` with utmost expedition and secrecy to Concord , where you will seize and destroy ... all Military stores ... But you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants or hurt private property . '' Gage used his discretion and did not issue written orders for the arrest of rebel leaders , as he feared doing so might spark an uprising . American preparations Margaret Kemble Gage may have given military intelligence to the rebels . On March 30 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress issued the following resolution : Whenever the army under command of General Gage , or any part thereof to the number of five hundred , shall march out of the town of Boston , with artillery and baggage , it ought to be deemed a design to carry into execution by force the late acts of Parliament , the attempting of which , by the resolve of the late honourable Continental Congress , ought to be opposed ; and therefore the military force of the Province ought to be assembled , and an army of observation immediately formed , to act solely on the defensive so long as it can be justified on the principles of reason and self - preservation . The rebellion 's leaders -- with the exception of Paul Revere and Joseph Warren -- had all left Boston by April 8 . They had received word of Dartmouth 's secret instructions to General Gage from sources in London well before they reached Gage himself . Adams and Hancock had fled Boston to the home of one of Hancock 's relatives in Lexington , where they thought they would be safe from the immediate threat of arrest . The Massachusetts militias had indeed been gathering a stock of weapons , powder , and supplies at Concord and much further west in Worcester . An expedition from Boston to Concord was widely anticipated . After a large contingent of regulars alarmed the countryside by an expedition from Boston to Watertown on March 30 , The Pennsylvania Journal , a newspaper in Philadelphia , reported , `` It was supposed they were going to Concord , where the Provincial Congress is now sitting . A quantity of provisions and warlike stores are lodged there ... It is ... said they are intending to go out again soon . '' On April 18 , Paul Revere began the `` midnight ride '' to Concord to warn the inhabitants that the British appeared to be planning an expedition . The ride was finished by Samuel Prescott . Upon hearing Prescott 's news , the townspeople decided to remove the stores and distribute them among other towns nearby . The colonists were also aware that April 19 would be the date of the expedition , despite Gage 's efforts to keep the details hidden from all the British rank and file and even from the officers who would command the mission . There is reasonable speculation that the confidential source of this intelligence was Margaret Gage , General Gage 's New Jersey - born wife , who had sympathies with the Colonial cause and a friendly relationship with Warren . Between 9 and 10 pm on the night of April 18 , 1775 , Joseph Warren told Revere and William Dawes that the British troops were about to embark in boats from Boston bound for Cambridge and the road to Lexington and Concord . Warren 's intelligence suggested that the most likely objectives of the regulars ' movements later that night would be the capture of Adams and Hancock . They did not worry about the possibility of regulars marching to Concord , since the supplies at Concord were safe , but they did think their leaders in Lexington were unaware of the potential danger that night . Revere and Dawes were sent out to warn them and to alert colonial militias in nearby towns . Militia forces assemble Further information : Minutemen Dawes covered the southern land route by horseback across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge to Lexington . Revere first gave instructions to send a signal to Charlestown using lanterns hung in the steeple of Boston 's Old North Church . He then traveled the northern water route , crossing the mouth of the Charles River by rowboat , slipping past the British warship HMS Somerset at anchor . Crossings were banned at that hour , but Revere safely landed in Charlestown and rode west to Lexington , warning almost every house along the route . Additional riders were sent north from Charlestown . Silversmith Paul Revere and several other messengers on horseback sounded the alarm that the regulars were leaving Boston . After they arrived in Lexington , Revere , Dawes , Hancock , and Adams discussed the situation with the militia assembling there . They believed that the forces leaving the city were too large for the sole task of arresting two men and that Concord was the main target . The Lexington men dispatched riders to the surrounding towns , and Revere and Dawes continued along the road to Concord accompanied by Samuel Prescott . In Lincoln , they ran into the British patrol led by Major Mitchell . Revere was captured , Dawes was thrown from his horse , and only Prescott escaped to reach Concord . Additional riders were sent out from Concord . The ride of Revere , Dawes , and Prescott triggered a flexible system of `` alarm and muster '' that had been carefully developed months before , in reaction to the colonists ' impotent response to the Powder Alarm . This system was an improved version of an old notification network for use in times of emergency . The colonists had periodically used it during the early years of Indian wars in the colony , before it fell into disuse in the French and Indian War . In addition to other express riders delivering messages , bells , drums , alarm guns , bonfires and a trumpet were used for rapid communication from town to town , notifying the rebels in dozens of eastern Massachusetts villages that they should muster their militias because over 500 regulars were leaving Boston . This system was so effective that people in towns 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Boston were aware of the army 's movements while they were still unloading boats in Cambridge . These early warnings played a crucial role in assembling a sufficient number of colonial militia to inflict heavy damage on the British regulars later in the day . Adams and Hancock were eventually moved to safety , first to what is now Burlington and later to Billerica . A National Park Service map showing the routes of the initial Patriot messengers and of the British expedition British forces advance Around dusk , General Gage called a meeting of his senior officers at the Province House . He informed them that instructions from Lord Dartmouth had arrived , ordering him to take action against the colonials . He also told them that the senior colonel of his regiments , Lieutenant Colonel Smith , would command , with Major John Pitcairn as his executive officer . The meeting adjourned around 8 : 30 pm , after which Earl Percy mingled with town folk on Boston Common . According to one account , the discussion among people there turned to the unusual movement of the British soldiers in the town . When Percy questioned one man further , the man replied , `` Well , the regulars will miss their aim . '' `` What aim ? '' asked Percy . `` Why , the cannon at Concord '' was the reply . Upon hearing this , Percy quickly returned to Province House and relayed this information to General Gage . Stunned , Gage issued orders to prevent messengers from getting out of Boston , but these were too late to prevent Dawes and Revere from leaving . 1775 map of the battles and of the Siege of Boston The British regulars , around 700 infantry , were drawn from 11 of Gage 's 13 occupying infantry regiments . Major Pitcairn commanded ten elite light infantry companies , and Lieutenant Colonel Benjamin Bernard commanded 11 grenadier companies , under the overall command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith . Of the troops assigned to the expedition , 350 were from grenadier companies drawn from the 4th ( King 's Own ) , 5th , 10th , 18th ( Royal Irish ) , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd and 59th Regiments of Foot , and the 1st Battalion of His Majesty 's Marine Forces . Protecting the grenadier companies were about 320 light infantry from the 4th , 5th , 10th , 23rd , 38th , 43rd , 47th , 52nd , and 59th Regiments , and the 1st Battalion of the Marines . Each company had its own lieutenant , but the majority of the captains commanding them were volunteers attached to them at the last minute , drawn from all the regiments stationed in Boston . This lack of familiarity between commander and company would cause problems during the battle . The British began to awaken their troops at 9 pm on the night of April 18 and assembled them on the water 's edge on the western end of Boston Common by 10 pm . Colonel Smith was late in arriving , and there was no organized boat - loading operation , resulting in confusion at the staging area . The boats used were naval barges that were packed so tightly that there was no room to sit down . When they disembarked near Phipps Farm in Cambridge , it was into waist - deep water at midnight . After a lengthy halt to unload their gear , the regulars began their 17 miles ( 27 km ) march to Concord at about 2 am . During the wait they were provided with extra ammunition , cold salt pork , and hard sea biscuits . They did not carry knapsacks , since they would not be encamped . They carried their haversacks ( food bags ) , canteens , muskets , and accoutrements , and marched off in wet , muddy shoes and soggy uniforms . As they marched through Menotomy , sounds of the colonial alarms throughout the countryside caused the few officers who were aware of their mission to realize they had lost the element of surprise . At about 3 am , Colonel Smith sent Major Pitcairn ahead with six companies of light infantry under orders to quick march to Concord . At about 4 am Smith made the wise but belated decision to send a messenger back to Boston asking for reinforcements . The Battles Lexington BEP engraved vignette Battle of Lexington which appeared on the $20 National Bank Note Battle of Lexington , April 19 , 1775 , New York Public Library Though often styled a battle , in reality the engagement at Lexington was a minor brush or skirmish . As the regulars ' advance guard under Pitcairn entered Lexington at sunrise on April 19 , 1775 , about 80 Lexington militiamen emerged from Buckman Tavern and stood in ranks on the village common watching them , and between 40 and 100 spectators watched from along the side of the road . Their leader was Captain John Parker , a veteran of the French and Indian War , who was suffering from tuberculosis and was at times difficult to hear . Of the militiamen who lined up , nine had the surname Harrington , seven Munroe ( including the company 's orderly sergeant , William Munroe ) , four Parker , three Tidd , three Locke , and three Reed ; fully one quarter of them were related to Captain Parker in some way . This group of militiamen was part of Lexington 's `` training band '' , a way of organizing local militias dating back to the Puritans , and not what was styled a minuteman company . After having waited most of the night with no sign of any British troops ( and wondering if Paul Revere 's warning was true ) , at about 4 : 15 a.m. , Parker got his confirmation . Thaddeus Bowman , the last scout that Parker had sent out , rode up at a gallop and told him that they were not only coming , but coming in force and they were close . Captain Parker was clearly aware that he was outmatched in the confrontation and was not prepared to sacrifice his men for no purpose . He knew that most of the colonists ' powder and military supplies at Concord had already been hidden . No war had been declared . ( The Declaration of Independence was a year in the future . ) He also knew the British had gone on such expeditions before in Massachusetts , found nothing , and marched back to Boston . Parker had every reason to expect that to occur again . The Regulars would march to Concord , find nothing , and return to Boston , tired but empty - handed . He positioned his company carefully . He placed them in parade - ground formation , on Lexington Common . They were in plain sight ( not hiding behind walls ) , but not blocking the road to Concord . They made a show of political and military determination , but no effort to prevent the march of the Regulars . Many years later , one of the participants recalled Parker 's words as being what is now engraved in stone at the site of the battle : `` Stand your ground ; do n't fire unless fired upon , but if they mean to have a war , let it begin here . '' According to Parker 's sworn deposition taken after the battle : I ... ordered our Militia to meet on the Common in said Lexington to consult what to do , and concluded not to be discovered , nor meddle or make with said Regular Troops ( if they should approach ) unless they should insult or molest us ; and , upon their sudden Approach , I immediately ordered our Militia to disperse , and not to fire : -- Immediately said Troops made their appearance and rushed furiously , fired upon , and killed eight of our Party without receiving any Provocation therefor from us . -- John Parker Rather than turn left towards Concord , Marine Lieutenant Jesse Adair , at the head of the advance guard , decided on his own to protect the flank of the British column by first turning right and then leading the companies onto the Common itself , in a confused effort to surround and disarm the militia . Major Pitcairn arrived from the rear of the advance force and led his three companies to the left and halted them . The remaining companies under Colonel Smith lay further down the road toward Boston . First shot A British officer ( probably Pitcairn , but accounts are uncertain , as it may also have been Lieutenant William Sutherland ) then rode forward , waving his sword , and called out for the assembled militia to disperse , and may also have ordered them to `` lay down your arms , you damned rebels ! '' Captain Parker told his men instead to disperse and go home , but , because of the confusion , the yelling all around , and due to the raspiness of Parker 's tubercular voice , some did not hear him , some left very slowly , and none laid down their arms . Both Parker and Pitcairn ordered their men to hold fire , but a shot was fired from an unknown source . The first of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 . Doolittle visited the battle sites and interviewed soldiers and witnesses . Contains controversial elements , possibly inaccuracies . Fire from the militia may have occurred but is not depicted . ( A ) t 5 o'clock we arrived ( in Lexington ) , and saw a number of people , I believe between 200 and 300 , formed in a common in the middle of town ; we still continued advancing , keeping prepared against an attack though without intending to attack them ; but on our coming near them they fired on us two shots , upon which our men without any orders , rushed upon them , fired and put them to flight ; several of them were killed , we could not tell how many , because they were behind walls and into the woods . We had a man of the 10th light Infantry wounded , nobody else was hurt . We then formed on the Common , but with some difficulty , the men were so wild they could hear no orders ; we waited a considerable time there , and at length proceeded our way to Concord . -- Lieutenant John Barker , 4th Regiment of Foot According to one member of Parker 's militia , none of the Americans had discharged their muskets as they faced the oncoming British troops . The British did suffer one casualty , a slight wound , the particulars of which were corroborated by a deposition made by Corporal John Munroe . Munroe stated that : After the first fire of the regulars , I thought , and so stated to Ebenezer Munroe ... who stood next to me on the left , that they had fired nothing but powder ; but on the second firing , Munroe stated they had fired something more than powder , for he had received a wound in his arm ; and now , said he , to use his own words , ' I 'll give them the guts of my gun . ' We then both took aim at the main body of British troops the smoke preventing our seeing anything but the heads of some of their horses and discharged our pieces . Some witnesses among the regulars reported the first shot was fired by a colonial onlooker from behind a hedge or around the corner of a tavern . Some observers reported a mounted British officer firing first . Both sides generally agreed that the initial shot did not come from the men on the ground immediately facing each other . Speculation arose later in Lexington that a man named Solomon Brown fired the first shot from inside the tavern or from behind a wall , but this has been discredited . Some witnesses ( on each side ) claimed that someone on the other side fired first ; however , many more witnesses claimed to not know . Yet another theory is that the first shot was one fired by the British , that killed Asahel Porter , their prisoner who was running away ( he had been told to walk away and he would be let go , though he panicked and began to run ) . Historian David Hackett Fischer has proposed that there may actually have been multiple near - simultaneous shots . Historian Mark Urban claims the British surged forward with bayonets ready in an undisciplined way , provoking a few scattered shots from the militia . In response the British troops , without orders , fired a devastating volley . This lack of discipline among the British troops had a key role in the escalation of violence . Witnesses at the scene described several intermittent shots fired from both sides before the lines of regulars began to fire volleys without receiving orders to do so . A few of the militiamen believed at first that the regulars were only firing powder with no ball , but when they realized the truth , few if any of the militia managed to load and return fire . The rest ran for their lives . We Nathaniel Mulliken , Philip Russell , ( and 32 other men ... ) do testify and declare , that on the nineteenth in the morning , being informed that ... a body of regulars were marching from Boston towards Concord ... About five o'clock in the morning , hearing our drum beat , we proceeded towards the parade , and soon found that a large body of troops were marching towards us , some of our company were coming to the parade , and others had reached it , at which time , the company began to disperse , whilst our backs were turned on the troops , we were fired on by them , and a number of our men were instantly killed and wounded , not a gun was fired by any person in our company on the regulars to our knowledge before they fired on us , and continued firing until we had all made our escape . The regulars then charged forward with bayonets . Captain Parker 's cousin Jonas was run through . Eight Lexington men were killed , and ten were wounded . The only British casualty was a soldier who was wounded in the thigh . The eight colonists killed were John Brown , Samuel Hadley , Caleb Harrington , Jonathon Harrington , Robert Munroe , Isaac Muzzey , Asahel Porter , and Jonas Parker . Jonathon Harrington , fatally wounded by a British musket ball , managed to crawl back to his home , and died on his own doorstep . One wounded man , Prince Estabrook , was a black slave who was serving in the militia . The companies under Pitcairn 's command got beyond their officers ' control in part because they were unaware of the actual purpose of the day 's mission . They fired in different directions and prepared to enter private homes . Colonel Smith , who was just arriving with the remainder of the regulars , heard the musket fire and rode forward from the grenadier column to see the action . He quickly found a drummer and ordered him to beat assembly . The grenadiers arrived shortly thereafter , and once order was restored among the soldiers , the light infantry were permitted to fire a victory volley , after which the column was reformed and marched on toward Concord . Concord The second of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the British entering Concord In response to the raised alarm , the militiamen of Concord and Lincoln had mustered in Concord . They received reports of firing at Lexington , and were not sure whether to wait until they could be reinforced by troops from towns nearby , or to stay and defend the town , or to move east and greet the British Army from superior terrain . A column of militia marched down the road toward Lexington to meet the British , traveling about 1.5 miles ( 2 km ) until they met the approaching column of regulars . As the regulars numbered about 700 and the militia at this time only numbered about 250 , the militia column turned around and marched back into Concord , preceding the regulars by a distance of about 500 yards ( 457 m ) . The militia retreated to a ridge overlooking the town , and their officers discussed what to do next . Caution prevailed , and Colonel James Barrett withdrew from the town of Concord and led the men across the North Bridge to a hill about a mile north of town , where they could continue to watch the troop movements of the British and the activities in the center of town . This step proved fortuitous , as the ranks of the militia continued to grow as minuteman companies arriving from the western towns joined them there . The search for militia supplies When the British troops arrived in the village of Concord , Lt. Col. Smith divided them to carry out Gage 's orders . The 10th Regiment 's company of grenadiers secured South Bridge under Captain Mundy Pole , while seven companies of light infantry under Captain Parsons , numbering about 100 , secured the North Bridge , where they were visible across the cleared fields to the assembling militia companies . Captain Parsons took four companies from the 5th , 23rd , 38th and 52nd Regiments up the road 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) beyond the North Bridge to search Barrett 's Farm , where intelligence indicated supplies would be found . Two companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments were stationed to guard their return route , and one company from the 43rd remained guarding the bridge itself . These companies , which were under the relatively inexperienced command of Captain Walter Laurie , were aware that they were significantly outnumbered by the 400 - plus militiamen . The concerned Captain Laurie sent a messenger to Lt. Col. Smith requesting reinforcements . Using detailed information provided by Loyalist spies , the grenadier companies searched the small town for military supplies . When they arrived at Ephraim Jones 's tavern , by the jail on the South Bridge road , they found the door barred shut , and Jones refused them entry . According to reports provided by local Loyalists , Pitcairn knew cannon had been buried on the property . Jones was ordered at gunpoint to show where the guns were buried . These turned out to be three massive pieces , firing 24 - pound shot , that were much too heavy to use defensively , but very effective against fortifications , with sufficient range to bombard the city of Boston from other parts of nearby mainland . The grenadiers smashed the trunnions of these three guns so they could not be mounted . They also burned some gun carriages found in the village meetinghouse , and when the fire spread to the meetinghouse itself , local resident Martha Moulton persuaded the soldiers to help in a bucket brigade to save the building . Nearly a hundred barrels of flour and salted food were thrown into the millpond , as were 550 pounds of musket balls . Of the damage done , only that done to the cannon was significant . All of the shot and much of the food was recovered after the British left . During the search , the regulars were generally scrupulous in their treatment of the locals , including paying for food and drink consumed . This excessive politeness was used to advantage by the locals , who were able to misdirect searches from several smaller caches of militia supplies . Barrett 's Farm had been an arsenal weeks before , but few weapons remained now , and according to family legend , these were quickly buried in furrows to look like a crop had been planted . The troops sent there did not find any supplies of consequence . The North bridge The reconstructed North Bridge in Minute Man National Historical Park , Concord Colonel Barrett 's troops , upon seeing smoke rising from the village square as the British burned cannon carriages , and seeing only a few light infantry companies directly below them , decided to march back toward the town from their vantage point on Punkatasset Hill to a lower , closer flat hilltop about 300 yards ( 274 m ) from the North Bridge . As the militia advanced , the two British companies from the 4th and 10th Regiments that held the position near the road retreated to the bridge and yielded the hill to Barrett 's men . Five full companies of Minutemen and five more of militia from Acton , Concord , Bedford and Lincoln occupied this hill as more groups of men streamed in , totaling at least 400 against Captain Laurie 's light infantry companies , a force totaling 90 -- 95 men . Barrett ordered the Massachusetts men to form one long line two abreast on the highway leading down to the bridge , and then he called for another consultation . While overlooking North Bridge from the top of the hill , Barrett , Lt. Col. John Robinson of Westford and the other Captains discussed possible courses of action . Captain Isaac Davis of Acton , whose troops had arrived late , declared his willingness to defend a town not their own by saying , `` I 'm not afraid to go , and I have n't a man that 's afraid to go . '' Barrett told the men to load their weapons but not to fire unless fired upon , and then ordered them to advance . Laurie ordered the British companies guarding the bridge to retreat across it . One officer then tried to pull up the loose planks of the bridge to impede the colonial advance , but Major Buttrick began to yell at the regulars to stop harming the bridge . The Minutemen and militia from Concord , Acton and a handful of Westford Minutemen , advanced in column formation , two by two , led by Major Buttrick , Lt. Col. Robinson , then Capt . Davis , on the light infantry , keeping to the road , since it was surrounded by the spring floodwaters of the Concord River . The third of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , depicting the engagement at the North Bridge Captain Laurie then made a poor tactical decision . Since his summons for help had not produced any results , he ordered his men to form positions for `` street firing '' behind the bridge in a column running perpendicular to the river . This formation was appropriate for sending a large volume of fire into a narrow alley between the buildings of a city , but not for an open path behind a bridge . Confusion reigned as regulars retreating over the bridge tried to form up in the street - firing position of the other troops . Lieutenant Sutherland , who was in the rear of the formation , saw Laurie 's mistake and ordered flankers to be sent out . But as he was from a company different from the men under his command , only three soldiers obeyed him . The remainder tried as best they could in the confusion to follow the orders of the superior officer . A shot rang out . It was likely a warning shot fired by a panicked , exhausted British soldier from the 43rd , according to Captain Laurie 's report to his commander after the fight . Two other regulars then fired immediately after that , shots splashing in the river , and then the narrow group up front , possibly thinking the order to fire had been given , fired a ragged volley before Laurie could stop them . Two of the Acton Minutemen , Private Abner Hosmer and Captain Isaac Davis , who were at the head of the line marching to the bridge , were hit and killed instantly . Rev. Dr. Ripley recalled : The Americans commenced their march in double file ... In a minute or two , the Americans being in quick motion and within ten or fifteen rods of the bridge , a single gun was fired by a British soldier , which marked the way , passing under Col. Robinson 's arm and slightly wounding the side of Luther Blanchard , a fifer , in the Acton Company . Four more men were wounded . Major Buttrick then yelled to the militia , `` Fire , for God 's sake , fellow soldiers , fire ! '' At this point the lines were separated by the Concord River and the bridge , and were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) apart . The few front rows of colonists , bound by the road and blocked from forming a line of fire , managed to fire over each other 's heads and shoulders at the regulars massed across the bridge . Four of the eight British officers and sergeants , who were leading from the front of their troops , were wounded by the volley of musket fire . At least three privates ( Thomas Smith , Patrick Gray , and James Hall , all from the 4th ) were killed or mortally wounded , and nine were wounded . In 1824 , Reverend and Minuteman Joseph Thaxter wrote : I was an eyewitness to the following facts . The people of Westford and Acton , some few of Concord , were the first who faced the British at Concord bridge . The British had placed about ninety men as a guard at the North Bridge ; we had then no certain information that any had been killed at Lexington , we saw the British making destruction in the town of Concord ; it was proposed to advance to the bridge ; on this Colonel Robinson , of Westford , together with Major Buttrick , took the lead ; strict orders were given not to fire , unless the British fired first ; when they advanced about halfway on the causeway the British fired one gun , a second , a third , and then the whole body ; they killed Colonel Davis , of Acton , and a Mr. Hosmer . Our people then fired over one another 's heads , being in a long column , two and two ; they killed two and wounded eleven . Lieutenant Hawkstone , said to be the greatest beauty of the British army , had his cheeks so badly wounded that it disfigured him much , of which he bitterly complained . On this , the British fled , and assembled on the hill , the north side of Concord , and dressed their wounded , and then began their retreat . As they descended the hill near the road that comes out from Bedford they were pursued ; Colonel Bridge , with a few men from Bedford and Chelmsford , came up , and killed several men . The regulars found themselves trapped in a situation where they were both outnumbered and outmaneuvered . Lacking effective leadership and terrified at the superior numbers of the enemy , with their spirit broken , and likely not having experienced combat before , they abandoned their wounded , and fled to the safety of the approaching grenadier companies coming from the town center , isolating Captain Parsons and the companies searching for arms at Barrett 's Farm . After the fight Statue memorializing the battle at the North Bridge , inscribed with verse from Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' The colonists were stunned by their success . No one had actually believed either side would shoot to kill the other . Some advanced ; many more retreated ; and some went home to see to the safety of their homes and families . Colonel Barrett eventually began to recover control . He moved some of the militia back to the hilltop 300 yards ( 274 m ) away and sent Major Buttrick with others across the bridge to a defensive position on a hill behind a stone wall . Lieutenant Colonel Smith heard the exchange of fire from his position in the town moments after he received the request for reinforcements from Laurie . He quickly assembled two companies of grenadiers to lead toward the North Bridge himself . As these troops marched , they met the shattered remnants of the three light infantry companies running towards them . Smith was concerned about the four companies that had been at Barrett 's , since their route to town was now unprotected . When he saw the Minutemen in the distance behind their wall , he halted his two companies and moved forward with only his officers to take a closer look . One of the Minutemen behind that wall observed , `` If we had fired , I believe we could have killed almost every officer there was in the front , but we had no orders to fire and there was n't a gun fired . '' During a tense standoff lasting about 10 minutes , a mentally ill local man named Elias Brown wandered through both sides selling hard cider . At this point , the detachment of regulars sent to Barrett 's farm marched back from their fruitless search of that area . They passed through the now mostly - deserted battlefield , and saw dead and wounded comrades lying on the bridge . There was one who looked to them as if he had been scalped , which angered and shocked the British soldiers . They crossed the bridge and returned to the town by 11 : 30 a.m. , under the watchful eyes of the colonists , who continued to maintain defensive positions . The regulars continued to search for and destroy colonial military supplies in the town , ate lunch , reassembled for marching , and left Concord after noon . This delay in departure gave colonial militiamen from outlying towns additional time to reach the road back to Boston . Return march Concord to Lexington A National Park Service map showing the retreat from Concord and Percy 's rescue Lieutenant Colonel Smith , concerned about the safety of his men , sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord . This ridge ended near Meriam 's Corner , a crossroads about a mile ( 2 km ) outside the village of Concord , where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream . To cross the narrow bridge , the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast . Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point , and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars . The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night : the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston . As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge , the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen , who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range . The colonists returned fire , this time with deadly effect . Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded , with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge . On Brooks Hill ( also known as Hardy 's Hill ) about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) past Meriam 's Corner , nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road , awaiting opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below . Smith 's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off , but the colonists did not withdraw , inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill , and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln , at Brooks Tavern , where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road . This statue known as The Lexington Minuteman is commonly believed to depict Captain John Parker . It is by Henry Hudson Kitson and stands at the town green of Lexington , Massachusetts . The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the `` Bloody Angle '' where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly - wooded area . At this place , the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky , lightly - wooded field . Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam 's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road , catching the British in a crossfire , while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack . Some 500 yards ( 460 m ) further along , the road took another sharp curve , this time to the right , and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides . In passing through these two sharp curves , the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded , and four colonial militia were also killed , including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford , Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica , Lt. John Bacon of Natick , and Daniel Thompson of Woburn . The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot , a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain . Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear . As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive , the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men . The road now straightened to the east , with cleared fields and orchards along the sides . Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again , who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties . British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long - range fire from the militiamen , and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition . When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington , it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road , set by Captain John Parker 's Lexington militiamen , including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day . At this point , Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse . Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces . The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east -- `` The Bluff '' and `` Fiske Hill '' -- and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle . In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers , Major Pitcairn 's horse bolted in fright , throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm . Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed , and their men were tired , thirsty , and exhausting their ammunition . A few surrendered or were captured ; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington . In the words of one British officer , `` we began to run rather than retreat in order ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep , but to no purpose , the confusion increased rather than lessened ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets , and told the men if they advanced they should die . Upon this , they began to form up under heavy fire . '' Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approach Lexington Center . He understood the column 's perilous situation : `` There were very few men had any ammunition left , and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out , so that we must soon have laid down our arms , or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure -- nearer to -- and we were not able to keep them off . '' He then heard cheering further ahead . A full brigade , about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy , had arrived to rescue them . It was about 2 : 30 p.m. , and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning . Westford Minuteman , Rev. Joseph Thaxter , wrote of his account : We pursued them and killed some ; when they got to Lexington , they were so close pursued and fatigued , that they must have soon surrendered , had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field - pieces . They fired them , but the balls went high over our heads . But no cannon ever did more execution , such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops , that from this time more wont back than pursed . We pursued to Charlestown Common , and then retired to Cambridge . When the army collected at Cambridge , Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men , and John Robinson , his Lieutenant Colonel , were prompt at being at their post . In their accounts afterward , British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls , rather than confronting them in large , linear formations in the style of European warfare . This image of the individual colonial farmer , musket in hand and fighting under his own command , has also been fostered in American myth : `` Chasing the red - coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road , / And only pausing to fire and load . '' To the contrary , beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat , the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies , even when dispersed to take advantage of cover . Reflecting on the British experience that day , Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics : During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance & resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself much mistaken . They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about , having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians , & this country being much covered with wood , and hilly , is very advantageous for their method of fighting . Percy 's rescue The fourth of four engravings by Amos Doolittle from 1775 , showing Percy 's rescue in Lexington General Gage had anticipated that Lt. Col. Smith 's expedition might require reinforcement , so Gage drafted orders for reinforcing units to assemble in Boston at 4 a.m. But in his obsession for secrecy , Gage had sent only one copy of the orders to the adjutant of the 1st Brigade , whose servant then left the envelope on a table . Also at about 4 a.m. , the British column was within three miles of Lexington , and Lt. Col. Smith now had clear indication that all element of surprise had been lost and that alarm was spreading throughout the countryside . So he sent a rider back to Boston with a request for reinforcements . At about 5 a.m. , the rider reached Boston , and the 1st Brigade was ordered to assemble : the line infantry companies of the 4th , 23rd , and 47th Regiments , and a battalion of Royal Marines , under the command of Earl Percy . Unfortunately for the British , once again only one copy of the orders were sent to each commander , and the order for the Royal Marines was delivered to the desk of Major John Pitcairn , who was already on the Lexington Common with Smith 's column at that hour . After these delays , Percy 's brigade , about 1,000 strong , left Boston at about 8 : 45 a.m. , headed toward Lexington . Along the way , the story is told , they marched to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle '' to taunt the inhabitants of the area . By the Battle of Bunker Hill less than two months later , the song would become a popular anthem for the colonial forces . Percy took the land route across Boston Neck and over the Great Bridge , which some quick - thinking colonists had stripped of its planking to delay the British . His men then came upon an absent - minded tutor at Harvard College and asked him which road would take them to Lexington . The Harvard man , apparently oblivious to the reality of what was happening around him , showed him the proper road without thinking . ( He was later compelled to leave the country for inadvertently supporting the enemy . ) Percy 's troops arrived in Lexington at about 2 : 00 p.m. They could hear gunfire in the distance as they set up their cannon and deployed lines of regulars on high ground with commanding views of the town . Colonel Smith 's men approached like a fleeing mob with the full complement of colonial militia in close formation pursuing them . Percy ordered his artillery to open fire at extreme range , dispersing the colonial militiamen. Smith 's men collapsed with exhaustion once they reached the safety of Percy 's lines . Against the advice of his Master of Ordnance , Percy had left Boston without spare ammunition for his men or for the two artillery pieces they brought with them , thinking the extra wagons would slow him down . Each man in Percy 's brigade had only 36 rounds , and each artillery piece was supplied with only a few rounds carried in side - boxes . After Percy had left the city , Gage directed two ammunition wagons guarded by one officer and thirteen men to follow . This convoy was intercepted by a small party of older , veteran militiamen still on the `` alarm list , '' who could not join their militia companies because they were well over 60 years of age . These men rose up in ambush and demanded the surrender of the wagons , but the regulars ignored them and drove their horses on . The old men opened fire , shot the lead horses , killed two sergeants , and wounded the officer . The British survivors ran , and six of them threw their weapons into a pond before they surrendered . Lexington to Menotomy Percy 's return to Charlestown ( detail from 1775 map of the battle ) Percy assumed control of the combined forces of about 1,700 men and let them rest , eat , drink , and have their wounds tended at field headquarters ( Munroe Tavern ) before resuming the march . They set out from Lexington at about 3 : 30 p.m. , in a formation that emphasized defense along the sides and rear of the column . Wounded regulars rode on the cannon and were forced to hop off when they were fired at by gatherings of militia . Percy 's men were often surrounded , but they had the tactical advantage of interior lines . Percy could shift his units more easily to where they were needed , while the colonial militia were required to move around the outside of his formation . Percy placed Smith 's men in the middle of the column , while the 23rd Regiment 's line companies made up the column 's rear guard . Because of information provided by Smith and Pitcairn about how the Americans were attacking , Percy ordered the rear guard to be rotated every mile or so , to allow some of his troops to rest briefly . Flanking companies were sent to both sides of the road , and a powerful force of Marines acted as the vanguard to clear the road ahead . During the respite at Lexington , Brigadier General William Heath arrived and took command of the militia . Earlier in the day , he had traveled first to Watertown to discuss tactics with Joseph Warren , who had left Boston that morning , and other members of the Massachusetts Committee of Safety . Heath and Warren reacted to Percy 's artillery and flankers by ordering the militiamen to avoid close formations that would attract cannon fire . Instead , they surrounded Percy 's marching square with a moving ring of skirmishers at a distance to inflict maximum casualties at minimum risk . A few mounted militiamen on the road would dismount , fire muskets at the approaching regulars , then remount and gallop ahead to repeat the tactic . Unmounted militia would often fire from long range , in the hope of hitting somebody in the main column of soldiers on the road and surviving , since both British and colonials used muskets with an effective combat range of about 50 yards ( 46 m ) . Infantry units would apply pressure to the sides of the British column . When it moved out of range , those units would move around and forward to re-engage the column further down the road . Heath sent messengers out to intercept arriving militia units , directing them to appropriate places along the road to engage the regulars . Some towns sent supply wagons to assist in feeding and rearming the militia . Heath and Warren did lead skirmishers in small actions into battle themselves , but it was the presence of effective leadership that probably had the greatest impact on the success of these tactics . Percy wrote of the colonial tactics , `` The rebels attacked us in a very scattered , irregular manner , but with perseverance and resolution , nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body . Indeed , they knew too well what was proper , to do so . Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob , will find himself very much mistaken . '' The Jason Russell House in Arlington The fighting grew more intense as Percy 's forces crossed from Lexington into Menotomy . Fresh militia poured gunfire into the British ranks from a distance , and individual homeowners began to fight from their own property . Some homes were also used as sniper positions , turning the situation into a soldier 's nightmare : house - to - house fighting . Jason Russell pleaded for his friends to fight alongside him to defend his house by saying , `` An Englishman 's home is his castle . '' He stayed and was killed in his doorway . His friends , depending on which account is to be believed , either hid in the cellar , or died in the house from bullets and bayonets after shooting at the soldiers who followed them in . The Jason Russell House still stands and contains bullet holes from this fight . A militia unit that attempted an ambush from Russell 's orchard was caught by flankers , and eleven men were killed , some allegedly after they had surrendered . Percy lost control of his men , and British soldiers began to commit atrocities to repay for the supposed scalping at the North Bridge and for their own casualties at the hands of a distant , often unseen enemy . Based on the word of Pitcairn and other wounded officers from Smith 's command , Percy had learned that the Minutemen were using stone walls , trees and buildings in these more thickly settled towns closer to Boston to hide behind and shoot at the column . He ordered the flank companies to clear the colonial militiamen out of such places . Many of the junior officers in the flank parties had difficulty stopping their exhausted , enraged men from killing everyone they found inside these buildings . For example , two innocent drunks who refused to hide in the basement of a tavern in Menotomy were killed only because they were suspected of being involved with the day 's events . Although many of the accounts of ransacking and burnings were exaggerated later by the colonists for propaganda value ( and to get financial compensation from the colonial government ) , it is certainly true that taverns along the road were ransacked and the liquor stolen by the troops , who in some cases became drunk themselves . One church 's communion silver was stolen but was later recovered after it was sold in Boston . Aged Menotomy resident Samuel Whittemore killed three regulars before he was attacked by a British contingent and left for dead . ( He recovered from his wounds and later died in 1793 at age 98 . ) All told , far more blood was shed in Menotomy and Cambridge than elsewhere that day . The colonists lost 25 men killed and nine wounded there , and the British lost 40 killed and 80 wounded , with the 47th Foot and the Marines suffering the highest casualties . Each was about half the day 's fatalities . Menotomy to Charlestown The British troops crossed the Menotomy River ( today known as Alewife Brook ) into Cambridge , and the fight grew more intense . Fresh militia arrived in close array instead of in a scattered formation , and Percy used his two artillery pieces and flankers at a crossroads called Watson 's Corner to inflict heavy damage on them . Earlier in the day , Heath had ordered the Great Bridge to be dismantled . Percy 's brigade was about to approach the broken - down bridge and a riverbank filled with militia when Percy directed his troops down a narrow track ( now Beech Street , near present - day Porter Square ) and onto the road to Charlestown . The militia ( now numbering about 4,000 ) were unprepared for this movement , and the circle of fire was broken . An American force moved to occupy Prospect Hill ( in modern - day Somerville ) , which dominated the road , but Percy moved his cannon to the front and dispersed them with his last rounds of ammunition . A large militia force arrived from Salem and Marblehead . They might have cut off Percy 's route to Charlestown , but these men halted on nearby Winter Hill and allowed the British to escape . Some accused the commander of this force , Colonel Timothy Pickering , of permitting the troops to pass because he still hoped to avoid war by preventing a total defeat of the regulars . Pickering later claimed that he had stopped on Heath 's orders , but Heath denied this . It was nearly dark when Pitcairn 's Marines defended a final attack on Percy 's rear as they entered Charlestown . The regulars took up strong positions on the hills of Charlestown . Some of them had been without sleep for two days and had marched 40 miles ( 64 km ) in 21 hours , eight hours of which had been spent under fire . But now they held high ground protected by heavy guns from HMS Somerset . Gage quickly sent over line companies of two fresh regiments -- the 10th and 64th -- to occupy the high ground in Charlestown and build fortifications . Although they were begun , the fortifications were never completed and would later be a starting point for the militia works built two months later in June before the Battle of Bunker Hill . General Heath studied the position of the British Army and decided to withdraw the militia to Cambridge . Aftermath The Siege of Boston 1775 -- 1776 In the morning , Boston was surrounded by a huge militia army , numbering over 15,000 , which had marched from throughout New England . Unlike the Powder Alarm , the rumors of spilled blood were true , and the Revolutionary War had begun . Now under the leadership of General Artemas Ward , who arrived on the 20th and replaced Brigadier General William Heath , they formed a siege line extending from Chelsea , around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown , to Roxbury , effectively surrounding Boston on three sides . In the days immediately following , the size of the colonial forces grew , as militias from New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut arrived on the scene . The Second Continental Congress adopted these men into the beginnings of the Continental Army . Even now , after open warfare had started , Gage still refused to impose martial law in Boston . He persuaded the town 's selectmen to surrender all private weapons in return for promising that any inhabitant could leave town . The battle was not a major one in terms of tactics or casualties . However , in terms of supporting the British political strategy behind the Intolerable Acts and the military strategy behind the Powder Alarms , the battle was a significant failure because the expedition contributed to the fighting it was intended to prevent , and because few weapons were actually seized . The battle was followed by a war for British political opinion . Within four days of the battle , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress had collected scores of sworn testimonies from militiamen and from British prisoners . When word leaked out a week after the battle that Gage was sending his official description of events to London , the Provincial Congress sent a packet of these detailed depositions , signed by over 100 participants in the events , on a faster ship . The documents were presented to a sympathetic official and printed by the London newspapers two weeks before Gage 's report arrived . Gage 's official report was too vague on particulars to influence anyone 's opinion . George Germain , no friend of the colonists , wrote , `` the Bostonians are in the right to make the King 's troops the aggressors and claim a victory . '' Politicians in London tended to blame Gage for the conflict instead of their own policies and instructions . The British troops in Boston variously blamed General Gage and Colonel Smith for the failures at Lexington and Concord . The day after the battle , John Adams left his home in Braintree to ride along the battlefields . He became convinced that `` the Die was cast , the Rubicon crossed . '' Thomas Paine in Philadelphia had previously thought of the argument between the colonies and the Home Country as `` a kind of law - suit '' , but after news of the battle reached him , he `` rejected the hardened , sullen - tempered Pharaoh of England forever . '' George Washington received the news at Mount Vernon and wrote to a friend , `` the once - happy and peaceful plains of America are either to be drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves . Sad alternative ! But can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice ? '' A group of hunters on the frontier named their campsite Lexington when they heard news of the battle in June . It eventually became the city of Lexington , Kentucky . Legacy Gravemarkers along Battle Road in Lexington are maintained with Britain 's 1775 version of the Union Flag . It was important to the early American government that an image of British fault and American innocence be maintained for this first battle of the war . The history of Patriot preparations , intelligence , warning signals , and uncertainty about the first shot was rarely discussed in the public sphere for decades . The story of the wounded British soldier at the North Bridge , hors de combat , struck down on the head by a Minuteman using a hatchet , the purported `` scalping '' , was strongly suppressed . Depositions mentioning some of these activities were not published and were returned to the participants ( this notably happened to Paul Revere ) . Paintings portrayed the Lexington fight as an unjustified slaughter . The issue of which side was to blame grew during the early nineteenth century . For example , older participants ' testimony in later life about Lexington and Concord differed greatly from their depositions taken under oath in 1775 . All now said the British fired first at Lexington , whereas fifty or so years before , they were n't sure . All now said they fired back , but in 1775 , they said few were able to . The `` Battle '' took on an almost mythical quality in the American consciousness . Legend became more important than truth . A complete shift occurred , and the Patriots were portrayed as actively fighting for their cause , rather than as suffering innocents . Paintings of the Lexington skirmish began to portray the militia standing and fighting back in defiance . Ralph Waldo Emerson immortalized the events at the North Bridge in his 1837 `` Concord Hymn '' . The `` Concord Hymn '' became important because it commemorated the beginning of the American Revolution , and that for much of the 19th century it was a means by which Americans learned about the Revolution , helping to forge the identity of the nation . After 1860 , several generations of schoolchildren memorized Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 's poem `` Paul Revere 's Ride '' . Historically it is inaccurate ( for example , Paul Revere never made it to Concord ) , but it captures the idea that an individual can change the course of history . By the rude bridge that arched the flood Their flag to April 's breeze unfurled Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world . -- First verse of Emerson 's `` Concord Hymn '' In the 20th century , popular and historical opinion varied about the events of the historic day , often reflecting the political mood of the time . Isolationist anti-war sentiments before the World Wars bred skepticism about the nature of Paul Revere 's contribution ( if any ) to the efforts to rouse the militia . Anglophilia in the United States after the turn of the twentieth century led to more balanced approaches to the history of the battle . During World War I , a film about Paul Revere 's ride was seized under the Espionage Act of 1917 for promoting discord between the United States and Britain . During the Cold War , Revere was used not only as a patriotic symbol , but also as a capitalist one . In 1961 , novelist Howard Fast published April Morning , an account of the battle from a fictional 15 - year - old 's perspective , and reading of the book has been frequently assigned in American secondary schools . A film version was produced for television in 1987 , starring Chad Lowe and Tommy Lee Jones . In the 1990s , parallels were drawn between American tactics in the Vietnam War and those of the British Army at Lexington and Concord . The site of the battle in Lexington is now known as the Lexington Battle Green , has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and is a National Historic Landmark . Several memorials commemorating the battle have been established there . The lands surrounding the North Bridge in Concord , as well as approximately 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) of the road along with surrounding lands and period buildings between Meriam 's Corner and western Lexington are part of Minuteman National Historical Park . There are walking trails with interpretive displays along routes that the colonists might have used that skirted the road , and the Park Service often has personnel ( usually dressed in period dress ) offering descriptions of the area and explanations of the events of the day . A bronze bas relief of Major Buttrick , designed by Daniel Chester French and executed by Edmond Thomas Quinn in 1915 , is in the park , along with French 's Minute Man statue . The American Battlefield Trust and its partners have saved one acre of the battlefield at the site of Parker 's Revenge . Four current units of the Massachusetts National Guard units ( 181st Infantry , 182nd Infantry , 101st Engineer Battalion , and 125th Quartermaster Company ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battles of Lexington and Concord . There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots . Several ships of the United States Navy , including two World War II aircraft carriers , were named in honor of the Battle of Lexington . Commemorations Daniel Chester French 's Minute Man Patriots ' Day is celebrated annually in honor of the battle in Massachusetts , Maine , and by the Wisconsin public schools , on the third Monday in April . Re-enactments of Paul Revere 's ride are staged , as are the battle on the Lexington Green , and ceremonies and firings are held at the North Bridge . Centennial commemoration On April 19 , 1875 , President Ulysses S. Grant and members of his cabinet joined 50,000 people to mark the 100th anniversary of the battles . The sculpture by Daniel Chester French , The Minute Man , located at the North Bridge , was unveiled on that day . A formal ball took place in the evening at the Agricultural Hall in Concord . Sesquicentennial commemoration In April 1925 the United States Post Office issued three stamps commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Battles at Lexington and Concord . The Lexington -- Concord commemorative stamps were the first of many commemoratives issued to honor the 150th anniversaries of events that surrounded America 's War of Independence . The three stamps were first placed on sale in Washington , D.C. and in five Massachusetts cities and towns that played major roles in the Lexington and Concord story : Lexington , Concord , Boston , Cambridge , and Concord Junction ( as West Concord was then known ) . This is not to say that other locations were not involved in the battles . Washington at Cambridge Shot heard round the World Birth of Liberty , by Henry Sandham The Minute Man by Daniel Chester French Issues of 1925 Bicentennial commemoration 1970 Franklin Mint medallion commemorating Lexington and Concord 1775 The Town of Concord invited 700 prominent U.S. citizens and leaders from the worlds of government , the military , the diplomatic corps , the arts , sciences , and humanities to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the battles . On April 19 , 1975 , as a crowd estimated at 110,000 gathered to view a parade and celebrate the Bicentennial in Concord , President Gerald Ford delivered a major speech near the North Bridge , which was televised to the nation . Freedom was nourished in American soil because the principles of the Declaration of Independence flourished in our land . These principles , when enunciated 200 years ago , were a dream , not a reality . Today , they are real . Equality has matured in America . Our inalienable rights have become even more sacred . There is no government in our land without consent of the governed . Many other lands have freely accepted the principles of liberty and freedom in the Declaration of Independence and fashioned their own independent republics . It is these principles , freely taken and freely shared , that have revolutionized the world . The volley fired here at Concord two centuries ago , ' the shot heard round the world ' , still echoes today on this anniversary . -- President Gerald R. Ford President Ford laid a wreath at the base of The Minute Man statue and then respectfully observed as Sir Peter Ramsbotham , the British Ambassador to the United States , laid a wreath at the grave of British soldiers killed in the battle . A citizen of Acton and Members of the Acton Fife and Drum Corps march to Concord on the Isaac Davis Trail during the 2016 annual Patriots ' Day celebration . See also American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Notes ^ Jump up to : The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate . Coburn , p. 165 -- 67 , identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter , but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress . Fischer , pp. 400 , 183 , cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia , but notes that Sylvanus Wood , in an account taken 50 years later , recalled only counting 38 militia . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 29 , estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge . Coburn , pp. 80 -- 81 , counts about 300 specifically , plus several uncounted companies . Jump up ^ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain . Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown , but some also dropped out and returned home . Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day , listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all . But there are no tallies for six of these companies , and some units known to be present during the day ( such as the Lincoln militia company ) are not included at all . Jump up ^ Chidsey , p. 6 . This is the total size of Smith 's force . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 64 . This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 77 and other sources indicate `` three companies '' . Chidsey , p. 28 gives a company size `` nominally of 28 '' . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 114 gives the size of Percy 's force at 1,000 . This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength , less casualties . ^ Jump up to : Chidsey , p. 47 , cites all casualty figures except missing - in - action . Coburn , pp. 156 -- 59 , cites by town and name the American losses , and by company the British losses , including missing - in - action ( from Gage 's report ) . Chidsey , Coburn , and Fischer disagree on some American counts : Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded , Coburn says 42 . Fischer , pp. 320 -- 21 , also records 50 American killed - in - action , in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn 's 49 . Jump up ^ French , pp. 2 , 272 - 273 . A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10 , 1774 in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War , and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such . However , few historians subscribe to this interpretation , even in West Virginia. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Captain Parker 's Company of Militia '' . The Lexington Minute Men . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Emerson 's Concord Hymn Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 30 Jump up ^ Fred Anderson , A People 's Army , and John Shy , `` A New Look at Colonial Militias , '' pp. 29 -- 41 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 51 Jump up ^ Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 , February 6 , 1775 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 75 -- 76 Jump up ^ French , pp. 23 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 89 Jump up ^ Hafner discusses this incident in detail , noting how the story can be reconciled with other established facts . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 85 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 51 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 71 -- 72 ( colonists have intelligence in late March ) & p. 87 ( Gage receives instructions April 16 ) Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 70 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 80 -- 85 Jump up ^ Moore , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 96 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 , and Paul Revere , Deposition , April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 97 Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Letter to Jeremy Belknap , January , 1798 . Jump up ^ Paul Revere , Deposition of April , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 138 -- 145 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 60 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 58 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 105 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 70 , 121 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 109 -- 115 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 127 -- 128 Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army ( 1994 ) p. 122 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 400 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 158 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 153 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Tourtellot , A pp. 116 - 126 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 43 , 75 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Galvin , pp. 120 - 124 . Jump up ^ Coburn , p. 63 ^ Jump up to : Isaiah Thomas deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 123 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 189 -- 190 Jump up ^ Deposition of Elijah Sanderson , April 25 , 1775 : `` I heard one of the Regulars , whom I took to be an officer , say ' damn them , we will have them ; ' and immediately the Regulars shouted aloud , run , and fired on the Lexington Company , which did not fire a gun before the Regulars discharged on them . '' Deposition of Thomas Price Willard , April 23 , 1775 : `` Directly after this an officer rode before the Regulars to the other side of the body , and hallooed after the militia of said Lexington , and said ' Lay down your arms , damn you ; why do n't you lay down your arms ? ' '' Deposition of John Robbins , April 25 , 1775 : `` ... I being in the front rank , there suddenly appeared a number of the King 's troops ... at a distance of about sixty or seventy yards from us , huzzaing and on a quick pace toward us , with three officers in their front on horseback , and on full gallop towards us ; the foremost of which cried , ' Throw down you arms , ye villains , ye rebels ; ' upon which said ( Lexington ) Company dispersing , the foremost of the three officers ordered their men , saying ' Fire , by God , fire ; ' at which moment we received a very heavy and close fire from them ; '' Journals of the Continental Congress , May 11 , 1775 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 190 -- 191 Jump up ^ John Barker 's Diary , p. 32 Jump up ^ Chronology06 . Motherbedford.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 193 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 402 Jump up ^ Fischer discusses the shot on pp. 193 -- 194 , with detailed footnotes on pp. 399 -- 403 , in which he discusses some of the testimony in detail . Jump up ^ Urban , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 194 -- 195 Jump up ^ Benjamin Quarles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 198 -- 200 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 152 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 154 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 67 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fischer p. 207 Jump up ^ Martha Moulton deposition Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 155 -- 158 . In his orders to Lt. Col. Smith for the expedition , General Gage had explicitly instructed that `` you will take care that the soldiers do not plunder the inhabitants , or hurt private property . '' Jump up ^ French , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 208 Jump up ^ Robinson arrived earlier with several Westford Minutemen after he was alerted by rider at his home in Westford - David Hackett Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , Oxford , page 146 . George E. Downey , A History of the First Parish of Westford , Town of Westford , 1975 , page 27 . Allen French , Historic Concord , Cambria , 1942 , pages 66 and 68 . Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 209 Jump up ^ A. Doolittle print of the Battle indicates this after interviews with eyewtiness accounts one month after the Battle Jump up ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264. , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ( Letter by Minuteman at the Battle ) , Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 -- 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 209 -- 212 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 212 Jump up ^ French , General Gage 's Informers , p. 97 . Laurie reported , `` I imagine myself that a man of my Company ( afterwards killed ) did first fire his piece , tho ' Mr. ( Lt . ) Sutherland has since assured me that the Country people fired first . '' Jump up ^ Concord resident and Witness of the battle Rev. Dr. Ripley in his published account of 1827 , Hodgman , Rev. Edwin . History of the Town of Westford , 1659 -- 1883 . Lowell : Morning Mail Co. , 1883 , French , Allen . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , pp. 165 -- 166 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette , Vol 1 , page 264 ( Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge , April 19 , 1775 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 214 -- 215 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 216 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 166 -- 168 Jump up ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn , pp. 7 - 35 . However , as Coburn notes , these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present , because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives . Jump up ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth - bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80 - 100 yards ( 75 - 90 m ) , although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance , if it happened by chance to hit a person . There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer - range , more accurate rifles . Dr. Benjamin Church , a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety , informed General Gage in March , 1775 , that the colonial militiamen `` from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods . '' Even if Church meant yards rather than rods ( 600 feet versus 3300 feet ) , it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket , was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage ( as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy ) , or was ridiculing the American militiamen . See Philbrick , p. 92 , and French , p. 57 - 58 . On whether Church was a spy , see French , Chapter V . Jump up ^ French , p. 219 , and Lister , Concord Fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 408 -- 409 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point , and the number of militiamen . Jump up ^ Fischer notes on p. 409 , `` This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle , an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic . It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service . '' The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission , submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park , asserted that : `` Fittingly , this curving section of the road was soon to be named ' The Bloody Angle . ' '' ( p. 47 ; emphasis added ) . However , there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19 , 1775 , nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century . See Boston National Historic Sites Commission , The Lexington - Concord Battle Road : Interim Report , June 16 , 1958 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 226 -- 227 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . According to one British officer , ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of `` too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war . Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action , and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing . This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence , as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much ( firing ) , they suffered but little from it . '' Lt. Frederick Mackenzie , 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers , Diary of Frederick Mackenzie , in Allen French , editor , A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston , Cambridge , 1926 . Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 410 -- 411 . Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush -- now sometimes referred to as `` Parker 's Revenge '' -- took place , whether within Lincoln or Lexington . Jump up ^ Coburn , pp. 106 - 107 Jump up ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere , `` Report to General Gage on April 19 , 1775 , '' quoted in Fischer , pp. 231 - 232 Jump up ^ Lt. John Barker , The King 's Own Regiment , `` Diary of a British Soldier , '' Atlantic Monthly , April 1877 , vol. 39 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 232 . Jump up ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith 's report to General Gage , dated April 22 , 1775 , is typical : `` Notwithstanding the enemy 's numbers , they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action , though our men were so very fatigued , but ( instead ) kept under cover . '' Henry S. Commager , editor . Documents of American History , New York , 1948 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , ' ' Paul Revere 's Ride , ' ' 1861 . Jump up ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey , April 20 , 1775 , in Charles Knowles Bolton , editor , Letters of Hugh Earl Percy , Boston , 1902 . p. 52 . Jump up ^ French , p. 228 Jump up ^ Frothingham , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , pp. 184 -- 185 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 185 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 243 -- 244 Jump up ^ There are several versions of this story . See French , p. 230 , and Samuel Abbot Smith , pp. 27 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 245 -- 246 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 250 -- 251 ^ Jump up to : Tourtellot , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 256 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 258 Jump up ^ Tourtellot , p. 197 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 257 Jump up ^ Hurd , p. 181 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 258 -- 260 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brooks , p. 96 Jump up ^ McCullough , p. 35 Jump up ^ Frothingham , pp. 100 -- 101 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 265 Jump up ^ Brooks , pp. 96 -- 97 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress , pp. 26 - 44 . Images of the original depositions can be found at http://www.fold3.com/image/474129/ Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 275 -- 276 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 263 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 279 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , p. 280 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Fischer , pp. 327 - 328 Jump up ^ Fischer , p. 329 Jump up ^ Napierkowski Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 331 -- 333 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 336 -- 338 Jump up ^ Fischer , pp. 340 -- 342 Jump up ^ Minuteman National Historical Park Things To Do Jump up ^ `` John Buttrick Memorial '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 357 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company Archived 2012 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Massachusetts Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Maine Legal Holidays Jump up ^ Wisconsin School Observance Days Jump up ^ Concord Centennial Celebration Report Jump up ^ Scott 's United States Stamp Catalog : First Day Covers Jump up ^ Time Magazine , April 25 , 1974 Jump up ^ New York Times on Ford 's appearance Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . References Anderson , Fred ( 1984 ) . A People 's Army : Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4576 - 9 . Bradford , Charles H ( 1996 ) . The Battle Road : Expedition to Lexington and Concord . Eastern National . ISBN 1 - 888213 - 01 - 9 . Burke , Edmund ( 1775 ) . Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies , March 22 , 1775 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 . Chidsey , Donald Barr ( 1966 ) . The Siege of Boston : An on - the - scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution . New York : Crown . OCLC 890813 . Coburn , Frank Warren ( 1922 ) . The Battle of April 19 , 1775 : In Lexington , Concord , Lincoln , Arlington , Cambridge , Somerville , and Charlestown , Massachusetts : Second Edition Revised and with Additions . The Lexington historical society . OCLC 2494350 . Dana , Elizabeth Ellery ( 1924 ) . The British in Boston : Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King 's Own Regiment from November 15 , 1774 to May 31 , 1776 . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . OCLC 3235993 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 2009 ) . America 's Hidden History . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 111819 - 2 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ( 1837 ) . `` Emerson 's Concord Hymn '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 02 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo ; Curtis , George William ( 1875 ) . Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight , April 19 , 1875 . Town of Concord . OCLC 4363293 . Evelyn , W. Glanville ( 1879 ) . Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn . Oxford : James Parker and Co . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508847 - 6 . This book is extensively footnoted , and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events . Ford , Gerald R. ( April 19 , 1975 ) . `` Remarks at the Old North Bridge , Concord , Massachusetts '' . The American Presidency Project . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 22 . French , Allen ( 1926 ) . A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston . Harvard University Press . French , Allen ( 1925 ) . The Day of Concord and Lexington . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . French , Allen ( 1932 ) . General Gage 's Informers . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Frothingham , Jr , Richard ( 1903 ) . History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington , Concord , and Bunker Hill . Little and Brown . OCLC 221368703 . Galvin , Gen. John R . The Minute Men : The First Fight : Myths & Realities of the American Revolution , Pergamon - Brassey 's , Washington , D.C. , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 036733 - X . This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders . Hafner , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . `` The First Blood Shed in the Revolution '' . Boston College . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 31 . Hurd , Duane Hamilton ( 1890 ) . History of Middlesex County , Massachusetts , Volume 1 : With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men . J.W. Lewis & co . OCLC 2155461 . Journals of the Continental Congress , Vol. II , May 10 - September 20 , 1775 . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office . 1905 . Journals of the House of Commons , Volume 35 . 1775 . Kifner , John ( 20 April 1975 ) . `` 160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles ; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford '' . The New York Times . Lister , Jeremy ( 1931 ) . Concord fight , being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April , 1775 , and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . Massachusetts Provincial Congress ( 1775 ) . A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King 's Troops . Worcester : Isaiah Thomas . Moore , Frank ( 1876 ) . The Diary of the Revolution : A Centennial Volume . Hartford , CT : J.B. Burr Publishing . Morrissey , Brendan ( 1995 ) . Boston 1775 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 362 - 1 . Moulton , Martha . `` Martha Moulton 's testimony and reward , 4 Feb 1776 '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 21 . Napierkowski , Marie Rose ; Ruby , Mary K ( 1998 ) . Poetry for Students : Presenting Analysis , Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry . Gale Research . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2724 - 9 . Philbrick , Nathaniel ( 2013 ) . Bunker Hill . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02544 - 2 . Quarles , Benjamin ( 1996 ) . The Negro in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4603 - 1 . Raphael , Ray and Marie Raphael ( 2015 ) . The Spirit of ' 74 : How the American Revolution Began . New York : New Press . Revere , Paul ( 1798 ) . Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January , 1798 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere , Paul ( 1775 ) . Deposition of April 1775 . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . Shy , John ( 1990 ) . A People Numerous & Armed . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06431 - 1 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . Smith , Samuel Abbot ( 1874 ) . West Cambridge 1775 . Arlington , MA : Arlington Historical Society . Tourtellot , Arthur B ( 1959 ) . Lexington and Concord . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00194 - 6 . Urban , Mark ( 2007 ) . Fusiliers : Eight Years with the Red Coats in America . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22486 - 9 . OCLC 153556036 . `` Maine Legal Holidays '' . Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual . Maine Bureau of Human Resources . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Massachusetts Legal Holidays '' . Citizen Information Service . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . `` Minute Man NHP Things To Do '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . `` NPS Museum Collections `` American Revolutionary War '' : Riflemen `` . Valley Forge National Historical Park . National Park Service Museum Collections . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 . `` Time Magazine , April 25 , 1975 '' . Time Magazine . 1975 - 04 - 25 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 04 . `` Wisconsin Public School Observance Days '' . Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction . Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Further reading Greenwalt , Phillip S. , and Robert Orrison . A Single Blow : The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Beginning of the American Revolution , April 19 , 1775 . Emerging Revolutionary War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2018 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 379 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battles of Lexington and Concord . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Lexington and Concord . National Park Service site for Minute Man National Historical Park Buckman Tavern -- Lexington Historical Society Why We Remember Lexington and Concord and the 19th of April Rescued cannon returns to Concord Battles of Lexington and Concord Articles about the Concord Fight in Concord Magazine Animated History of the Battles of Lexington and Concord Concord Massachusetts Merriam 's Corner `` Colonial towns , by the numbers '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Facts and figures on Acton , Bedford , Concord and Lexington of the period , including the rosters of the towns ' Minute Men and Militia Statements of American combatants at Lexington and Concord contained in supplement `` Official Papers Concerning the Skirmishes at Lexington and Concord '' to The Military Journals of Private Soldiers , 1758 -- 1775 , by Abraham Tomlinson for the Poughkeepsie , NY museum , 1855 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord&oldid=851371977 '' Categories : 1775 in the Thirteen Colonies Conflicts in 1775 Battles of the American Revolutionary War Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Massachusetts in the American Revolution Concord , Massachusetts Lexington , Massachusetts Arlington , Massachusetts Lincoln , Massachusetts Cambridge , Massachusetts 1775 in Massachusetts Military history of New England Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 20 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the battle of lexington and concord fought	[ "The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.[9] The battles were fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in America.\n" ]	[ "in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge" ]

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