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5330597352416082056	Dante Alighieri	Dante Alighieri - wikipedia Dante Alighieri Italian poet `` Dante '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dante ( disambiguation ) . Dante Alighieri Profile portrait in tempera by Sandro Botticelli , 1495 c. 1265 Florence , Republic of Florence September 13 / 14 , 1321 ( aged c. 56 ) Ravenna , Papal States Occupation Statesman , poet , language theorist , political theorist Nationality Italian Period Late Middle Ages Literary movement Dolce Stil Novo Notable works Divine Comedy Durante degli Alighieri ( Italian : ( duˈrante deʎʎ aliˈɡjɛːri ) ) , commonly known by his short name Dante Alighieri or simply as Dante ( Italian : ( ˈdante ) ; English : / ˈdɑːnteɪ / , UK also / ˈdænti , - teɪ / ; c. 1265 -- 1321 ) , was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages . His Divine Comedy , originally called Comedìa ( modern Italian : Commedia ) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio , is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language . In the late Middle Ages , most poetry was written in Latin , accessible only to the most educated readers . In De vulgari eloquentia ( On Eloquence in the Vernacular ) , however , Dante defended the use of the vernacular in literature . He would even write in the Tuscan dialect for works such as The New Life ( 1295 ) and the Divine Comedy ; this highly unorthodox choice set a precedent that important later Italian writers such as Petrarch and Boccaccio would follow . Dante was instrumental in establishing the literature of Italy , and his depictions of Hell , Purgatory and Heaven provided inspiration for the larger body of Western art . He is cited as an influence on John Milton , Geoffrey Chaucer and Alfred Tennyson , among many others . In addition , the first use of the interlocking three - line rhyme scheme , or the terza rima , is attributed to him . In Italy , he is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta ( `` the Supreme Poet '' ) and il Poeta ; he , Petrarch , and Boccaccio are also called `` the three fountains '' or `` the three crowns '' . Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Education and poetry 1.3 Florence and politics 1.4 Exile and death 2 Legacy 3 Works 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Dante was born in Florence , Republic of Florence , present - day Italy . The exact date of his birth is unknown , although it is generally believed to be around 1265 . This can be deduced from autobiographic allusions in the Divine Comedy . Its first section , the Inferno , begins , `` Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita '' ( `` Midway upon the journey of our life '' ) , implying that Dante was around 35 years old , since the average lifespan according to the Bible ( Psalm 89 : 10 , Vulgate ) is 70 years ; and since his imaginary travel to the netherworld took place in 1300 , he was most probably born around 1265 . Some verses of the Paradiso section of the Divine Comedy also provide a possible clue that he was born under the sign of Gemini : `` As I revolved with the eternal twins , I saw revealed , from hills to river outlets , the threshing - floor that makes us so ferocious '' ( XXII 151 -- 154 ) . In 1265 , the sun was in Gemini between approximately May 11 and June 11 ( Julian calendar ) . Giovanni Boccaccio described Dante 's appearance and demeanor as follows : `` the poet was of middle height , and in his later years he walked somewhat bent over , with a grave and gentle gait . He was clad always in most seemly attire , such as befitted his ripe years . His face was long , his nose aquiline , and his eyes big rather than small . His jaws were large , and his lower lip protruded . He had a brown complexion , his hair and beard were thick , black , and curly , and his countenance was always melancholy and thoughtful . '' Portrait of Dante , from a fresco in the Palazzo dei Giudici , Florence Dante claimed that his family descended from the ancient Romans ( Inferno , XV , 76 ) , but the earliest relative he could mention by name was Cacciaguida degli Elisei ( Paradiso , XV , 135 ) , born no earlier than about 1100 . Dante 's father , Alighiero or Alighiero di Bellincione , was a White Guelph who suffered no reprisals after the Ghibellines won the Battle of Montaperti in the middle of the 13th century . This suggests that Alighiero or his family may have enjoyed some protective prestige and status , although some suggest that the politically inactive Alighiero was of such low standing that he was not considered worth exiling . Dante 's family was loyal to the Guelphs , a political alliance that supported the Papacy and which was involved in complex opposition to the Ghibellines , who were backed by the Holy Roman Emperor . The poet 's mother was Bella , likely a member of the Abati family . She died when Dante was not yet ten years old , and Alighiero soon married again , to Lapa di Chiarissimo Cialuffi . It is uncertain whether he really married her , since widowers were socially limited in such matters , but this woman definitely bore him two children , Dante 's half - brother Francesco and half - sister Tana ( Gaetana ) . When Dante was 12 , he was promised in marriage to Gemma di Manetto Donati , daughter of Manetto Donati , member of the powerful Donati family . Contracting marriages at this early age was quite common and involved a formal ceremony , including contracts signed before a notary . But by this time Dante had fallen in love with another , Beatrice Portinari ( known also as Bice ) , whom he first met when he was only nine . Years after his marriage to Gemma he claims to have met Beatrice again ; he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice but never mentioned Gemma in any of his poems . The exact date of his marriage is not known : the only certain information is that , before his exile in 1301 , he had three children ( Pietro , Jacopo and Antonia ) . Dante in Verona , by Antonio Cotti Dante fought with the Guelph cavalry at the Battle of Campaldino ( June 11 , 1289 ) . This victory brought about a reformation of the Florentine constitution . To take any part in public life , one had to enroll in one of the city 's many commercial or artisan guilds , so Dante entered the Physicians ' and Apothecaries ' Guild . In the following years , his name is occasionally recorded as speaking or voting in the various councils of the republic . A substantial portion of minutes from such meetings in the years 1298 -- 1300 was lost , however , so the true extent of Dante 's participation in the city 's councils is uncertain . Gemma bore Dante several children . Although several others subsequently claimed to be his offspring , it is likely that only Jacopo , Pietro , Giovanni , and Antonia were his actual children . Antonia later became a nun , taking the name Sister Beatrice . Education and poetry ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Not much is known about Dante 's education ; he presumably studied at home or in a chapter school attached to a church or monastery in Florence . It is known that he studied Tuscan poetry and that he admired the compositions of the Bolognese poet Guido Guinizelli -- whom in Purgatorio XXVI he characterized as his `` father '' -- at a time when the Sicilian school ( Scuola poetica Siciliana ) , a cultural group from Sicily , was becoming known in Tuscany . His interests brought him to discover the Provençal poetry of the troubadours , such as Arnaut Daniel , and the Latin writers of classical antiquity , including Cicero , Ovid and especially Virgil . Statue of Dante at the Uffizi , Florence Dante said he first met Beatrice Portinari , daughter of Folco Portinari , at age nine , and claimed to have fallen in love with her `` at first sight '' , apparently without even talking with her . He saw her frequently after age 18 , often exchanging greetings in the street , but never knew her well . In effect , he set an example of so - called courtly love , a phenomenon developed in French and Provençal poetry of prior centuries . Dante 's experience of such love was typical , but his expression of it was unique . It was in the name of this love that Dante left his imprint on the dolce stil novo ( sweet new style , a term which Dante himself coined ) , and he would join other contemporary poets and writers in exploring never - before - emphasized aspects of love ( Amore ) . Love for Beatrice ( as Petrarch would show for Laura somewhat differently ) would be his reason for poetry and for living , together with political passions . In many of his poems , she is depicted as semi-divine , watching over him constantly and providing spiritual instruction , sometimes harshly . When Beatrice died in 1290 , Dante sought refuge in Latin literature . The Convivio chronicles his having read Boethius 's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero 's De Amicitia . He then dedicated himself to philosophical studies at religious schools like the Dominican one in Santa Maria Novella . He took part in the disputes that the two principal mendicant orders ( Franciscan and Dominican ) publicly or indirectly held in Florence , the former explaining the doctrines of the mystics and of St. Bonaventure , the latter expounding on the theories of St. Thomas Aquinas . At 18 , Dante met Guido Cavalcanti , Lapo Gianni , Cino da Pistoia and soon after Brunetto Latini ; together they became the leaders of the dolce stil novo . Brunetto later received special mention in the Divine Comedy ( Inferno , XV , 28 ) for what he had taught Dante : Nor speaking less on that account I go With Ser Brunetto , and I ask who are his most known and most eminent companions . Some fifty poetical commentaries by Dante are known ( the so - called Rime , rhymes ) , others being included in the later Vita Nuova and Convivio . Other studies are reported , or deduced from Vita Nuova or the Comedy , regarding painting and music . Illustration for Purgatory ( Purgatorio ) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré Illustration for Paradiso ( of The Divine Comedy ) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré Illustration for Paradiso ( of The Divine Comedy ) by Paul Gustave Louis Christophe Doré Florence and politics ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Guelphs and Ghibellines Dante , like most Florentines of his day , was embroiled in the Guelph -- Ghibelline conflict . He fought in the Battle of Campaldino ( June 11 , 1289 ) , with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines ; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou ( grandson of Charles I of Anjou ) while he was in Florence . To further his political career , he became a pharmacist . He did not intend to practice as one , but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the Corporazioni delle Arti e dei Mestieri , so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries ' Guild . This profession was not inappropriate since at that time books were sold from apothecaries ' shops . As a politician , he accomplished little but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest . Dante Alighieri , detail from Luca Signorelli 's fresco , Chapel of San Brizio , Orvieto Cathedral After defeating the Ghibellines , the Guelphs divided into two factions : the White Guelphs ( Guelfi Bianchi ) -- Dante 's party , led by Vieri dei Cerchi -- and the Black Guelphs ( Guelfi Neri ) , led by Corso Donati . Although the split was along family lines at first , ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs , with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome . The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks . In response , Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence . In 1301 , Charles of Valois , brother of King Philip IV of France , was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany . But the city 's government had treated the Pope 's ambassadors badly a few weeks before , seeking independence from papal influence . It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions , so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope 's intentions . Dante was one of the delegates . Exile and death ( edit ) Pope Boniface quickly dismissed the other delegates and asked Dante alone to remain in Rome . At the same time ( November 1 , 1301 ) , Charles of Valois entered Florence with the Black Guelphs , who in the next six days destroyed much of the city and killed many of their enemies . A new Black Guelph government was installed , and Cante dei Gabrielli da Gubbio was appointed podestà of the city . In March 1302 , Dante , a White Guelph by affiliation , along with the Gherardini family , was condemned to exile for two years and ordered to pay a large fine . Dante was accused of corruption and financial wrongdoing by the Black Guelphs for the time that Dante was serving as city prior ( Florence 's highest position ) for two months in 1300 . The poet was still in Rome in 1302 where the Pope , who had backed the Black Guelphs , had `` suggested '' that Dante stay . Florence under the Black Guelphs therefore considered Dante an absconder . Dante did not pay the fine , in part because he believed he was not guilty and in part because all his assets in Florence had been seized by the Black Guelphs . He was condemned to perpetual exile ; if he returned to Florence without paying the fine , he could have been burned at the stake . ( In June 2008 , nearly seven centuries after his death , the city council of Florence passed a motion rescinding Dante 's sentence . ) A recreated death mask of Dante Alighieri in Palazzo Vecchio , Florence Dante 's tomb exterior and interior in Ravenna , built in 1780 He took part in several attempts by the White Guelphs to regain power , but these failed due to treachery . Dante , bitter at the treatment he received from his enemies , also grew disgusted with the infighting and ineffectiveness of his erstwhile allies and vowed to become a party of one . He went to Verona as a guest of Bartolomeo I della Scala , then moved to Sarzana in Liguria . Later he is supposed to have lived in Lucca with a woman called Gentucca , who made his stay comfortable ( and was later gratefully mentioned in Purgatorio , XXIV , 37 ) . Some speculative sources claim he visited Paris between 1308 and 1310 , and other sources even less trustworthy took him to Oxford : these claims , first occurring in Boccaccio 's book on Dante several decades after his death , seem inspired by readers who were impressed with the poet 's wide learning and erudition . Evidently , Dante 's command of philosophy and his literary interests deepened in exile and when he was no longer busy with the day - to - day business of Florentine domestic politics , and this is evidenced in his prose writings in this period , but there is no real evidence that he ever left Italy . Dante 's Immensa Dei dilectione testante to Henry VII of Luxembourg confirms his residence `` beneath the springs of Arno , near Tuscany '' in March 1311 . In 1310 , Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII of Luxembourg marched into Italy at the head of 5,000 troops . Dante saw in him a new Charlemagne who would restore the office of the Holy Roman Emperor to its former glory and also retake Florence from the Black Guelphs . He wrote to Henry and several Italian princes , demanding that they destroy the Black Guelphs . Mixing religion and private concerns in his writings , he invoked the worst anger of God against his city and suggested several particular targets that were also his personal enemies . It was during this time that he wrote De Monarchia , proposing a universal monarchy under Henry VII . Statue of Dante in the Piazza Santa Croce in Florence , Enrico Pazzi , 1865 At some point during his exile , he conceived of the Comedy , but the date is uncertain . The work is much more assured and on a larger scale than anything he had produced in Florence ; it is likely he would have undertaken such a work only after he realized his political ambitions , which had been central to him up to his banishment , had been halted for some time , possibly forever . It is also noticeable that Beatrice has returned to his imagination with renewed force and with a wider meaning than in the Vita Nuova ; in Convivio ( written c. 1304 -- 07 ) he had declared that the memory of this youthful romance belonged to the past . An early outside indication that the poem was underway is a notice by Francesco da Barberino , tucked into his Documenti d'Amore ( Lessons of Love ) , written probably in 1314 or early 1315 . Speaking of Virgil , Francesco notes in appreciative words that Dante followed the Roman classic in a poem called `` Comedy '' and that the setting of this poem ( or part of it ) was the underworld ; i.e. , hell . The brief note gives no incontestable indication that he himself had seen or read even the Inferno or that this part had been published at the time , but it indicates composition was well underway and that the sketching of the poem might have begun some years before . ( It has been suggested that a knowledge of Dante 's work also underlies some of the illuminations in Francesco da Barberino 's earlier Officiolum ( c. 1305 -- 08 ) , a manuscript that came to light only in 2003 . ) We know that the Inferno had been published by 1317 ; this is established by quoted lines interspersed in the margins of contemporary dated records from Bologna , but there is no certainty as to whether the three parts of the poem were each published in full or , rather , a few cantos at a time . Paradiso seems to have been published posthumously . In Florence , Baldo d'Aguglione pardoned most of the White Guelphs in exile and allowed them to return . However , Dante had gone too far in his violent letters to Arrigo ( Henry VII ) and his sentence was not revoked . In 1312 Henry assaulted Florence and defeated the Black Guelphs , but there is no evidence that Dante was involved . Some say he refused to participate in the assault on his city by a foreigner ; others suggest that he had become unpopular with the White Guelphs , too , and that any trace of his passage had carefully been removed . Henry VII died ( from a fever ) in 1313 , and with him any hope for Dante to see Florence again . He returned to Verona , where Cangrande I della Scala allowed him to live in certain security and , presumably , in a fair degree of prosperity . Cangrande was admitted to Dante 's Paradise ( Paradiso , XVII , 76 ) . During the period of his exile Dante corresponded with Dominican theologian Fr. Nicholas Brunacci OP ( 1240 -- 1322 ) who had been a student of Thomas Aquinas at the Santa Sabina studium in Rome , and later at Paris . and of Albert the Great at the Cologne studium . Brunacci became lector at the Santa Sabina studium , forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas , and later served in the papal curia . In 1315 , Florence was forced by Uguccione della Faggiuola ( the military officer controlling the town ) to grant an amnesty to those in exile , including Dante . But for this , Florence required public penance in addition to a heavy fine . Dante refused , preferring to remain in exile . When Uguccione defeated Florence , Dante 's death sentence was commuted to house arrest on condition that he go to Florence to swear he would never enter the town again . He refused to go , and his death sentence was confirmed and extended to his sons . He still hoped late in life that he might be invited back to Florence on honorable terms . For Dante , exile was nearly a form of death , stripping him of much of his identity and his heritage . He addressed the pain of exile in Paradiso , XVII ( 55 -- 60 ) , where Cacciaguida , his great - great - grandfather , warns him what to expect : Mural of Dante in the Uffizi Gallery , by Andrea del Castagno , c. 1450 ... Tu lascerai ogne cosa diletta più caramente ; e questo è quello strale che l'arco de lo essilio pria saetta . Tu proverai sì come sa di sale lo pane altrui , e come è duro calle lo scendere e ' l salir per l'altrui scale ... ... You shall leave everything you love most : this is the arrow that the bow of exile shoots first . You are to know the bitter taste of others ' bread , how salty it is , and know how hard a path it is for one who goes ascending and descending others ' stairs ... As for the hope of returning to Florence , he describes it as if he had already accepted its impossibility ( in Paradiso , XXV , 1 -- 9 ) : Se mai continga che ' l poema sacro al quale ha posto mano e cielo e terra , sì che m'ha fatto per molti anni macro , vinca la crudeltà che fuor mi serra del bello ovile ov'io dormi ' agnello , nimico ai lupi che li danno guerra ; con altra voce omai , con altro vello ritornerò poeta , e in sul fonte del mio battesmo prenderò ' l cappello ... If it ever comes to pass that the sacred poem to which both heaven and earth have set their hand so as to have made me lean for many years should overcome the cruelty that bars me from the fair sheepfold where I slept as a lamb , an enemy to the wolves that make war on it , with another voice now and other fleece I shall return a poet and at the font of my baptism take the laurel crown ... Alighieri accepted Prince Guido Novello da Polenta 's invitation to Ravenna in 1318 . He finished Paradiso and died in 1321 ( aged 56 ) while returning to Ravenna from a diplomatic mission to Venice , possibly of malaria contracted there . He was buried in Ravenna at the Church of San Pier Maggiore ( later called San Francesco ) . Bernardo Bembo , praetor of Venice , erected a tomb for him in 1483 . Cenotaph in Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence On the grave , some verses of Bernardo Canaccio , a friend of Dante , dedicated to Florence : parvi Florentia mater amoris Florence , mother of little love Legacy ( edit ) See also : Tomb of Dante The first formal biography of Dante was the Vita di Dante ( also known as Trattatello in laude di Dante ) , written after 1348 by Giovanni Boccaccio . Although several statements and episodes of it have been deemed unreliable on the basis of modern research , an earlier account of Dante 's life and works had been included in the Nuova Cronica of the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani . Florence eventually came to regret Dante 's exile , and the city made repeated requests for the return of his remains . The custodians of the body in Ravenna refused , at one point going so far as to conceal the bones in a false wall of the monastery . Nonetheless , a tomb was built for him in Florence in 1829 , in the Basilica of Santa Croce . That tomb has been empty ever since , with Dante 's body remaining in Ravenna , far from the land he had loved so dearly . The front of his tomb in Florence reads Onorate l'altissimo poeta -- which roughly translates as `` Honor the most exalted poet '' . The phrase is a quote from the fourth canto of the Inferno , depicting Virgil 's welcome as he returns among the great ancient poets spending eternity in limbo . The ensuing line , L'ombra sua torna , ch'era dipartita ( `` his spirit , which had left us , returns '' ) , is poignantly absent from the empty tomb . Italy 's first dreadnought battleship was completed in 1913 and named Dante Alighieri in honor of him . On April 30 , 1921 , in honor of the 600th anniversary of Dante 's death , Pope Benedict XV promulgated an encyclical named In praeclara summorum , calling him one `` of the many celebrated geniuses of whom the Catholic faith can boast '' and the `` pride and glory of humanity '' . In 2007 , a reconstruction of Dante 's face was undertaken in a collaborative project . Artists from Pisa University and engineers at the University of Bologna at Forlì constructed the model , portraying Dante 's features as somewhat different from what was once thought . In 2008 , the Municipality of Florence officially apologized for expelling Dante 700 years earlier . A celebration was held in 2015 for the 750th anniversary of his birth . Works ( edit ) See also : Category : Works by Dante Alighieri Divina Commedia ( 1472 ) The Divine Comedy describes Dante 's journey through Hell ( Inferno ) , Purgatory ( Purgatorio ) , and Paradise ( Paradiso ) ; he is first guided by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice , the subject of his love ( and of another of his works , La Vita Nuova ) . While the vision of Hell , the Inferno , is vivid for most modern readers , the theological niceties presented in the other books require a certain amount of patience and knowledge to appreciate . Purgatorio is arguably the most lyrical of the three , referencing more contemporary poets and artists than Inferno ; Paradiso is the most heavily theological , and the one in which , many scholars have argued , the Divine Comedy 's most beautiful and mystic passages appear ( e.g. , when Dante looks into the face of God : `` all'alta fantasia qui mancò possa '' -- `` at this high moment , ability failed my capacity to describe , '' Paradiso , XXXIII , 142 ) . Dante , poised between the mountain of purgatory and the city of Florence , displays the incipit Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita in a detail of Domenico di Michelino 's painting , Florence , 1465 . With its seriousness of purpose , its literary stature and the range -- both stylistic and thematic -- of its content , the Comedy soon became a cornerstone in the evolution of Italian as an established literary language . Dante was more aware than most early Italian writers of the variety of Italian dialects and of the need to create a literature and a unified literary language beyond the limits of Latin writing at the time ; in that sense , he is a forerunner of the Renaissance , with its effort to create vernacular literature in competition with earlier classical writers . Dante 's in - depth knowledge ( within the limits of his time ) of Roman antiquity , and his evident admiration for some aspects of pagan Rome , also point forward to the 15th century . Ironically , while he was widely honored in the centuries after his death , the Comedy slipped out of fashion among men of letters : too medieval , too rough and tragic , and not stylistically refined in the respects that the high and late Renaissance came to demand of literature . He wrote the Comedy in a language he called `` Italian '' , in some sense an amalgamated literary language mostly based on the regional dialect of Tuscany , but with some elements of Latin and other regional dialects . He deliberately aimed to reach a readership throughout Italy including laymen , clergymen and other poets . By creating a poem of epic structure and philosophic purpose , he established that the Italian language was suitable for the highest sort of expression . In French , Italian is sometimes nicknamed la langue de Dante . Publishing in the vernacular language marked Dante as one of the first in Roman Catholic Western Europe ( among others such as Geoffrey Chaucer and Giovanni Boccaccio ) to break free from standards of publishing in only Latin ( the language of liturgy , history and scholarship in general , but often also of lyric poetry ) . This break set a precedent and allowed more literature to be published for a wider audience , setting the stage for greater levels of literacy in the future . However , unlike Boccaccio , Milton or Ariosto , Dante did not really become an author read all over Europe until the Romantic era . To the Romantics , Dante , like Homer and Shakespeare , was a prime example of the `` original genius '' who sets his own rules , creates persons of overpowering stature and depth , and goes far beyond any imitation of the patterns of earlier masters ; and who , in turn , can not truly be imitated . Throughout the 19th century , Dante 's reputation grew and solidified ; and by 1865 , the 600th anniversary of his birth , he had become established as one of the greatest literary icons of the Western world . Dante Alighieri , attributed to Giotto , in the chapel of the Bargello palace in Florence . This oldest picture of Dante was painted just prior to his exile and has since been heavily restored . New readers often wonder how such a serious work may be called a `` comedy '' . In the classical sense the word comedy refers to works which reflect belief in an ordered universe , in which events tend toward not only a happy or amusing ending but one influenced by a Providential will that orders all things to an ultimate good . By this meaning of the word , as Dante himself wrote in a letter to Cangrande I della Scala , the progression of the pilgrimage from Hell to Paradise is the paradigmatic expression of comedy , since the work begins with the pilgrim 's moral confusion and ends with the vision of God . Statue of Dante Alighieri in Verona Dante 's other works include Convivio ( `` The Banquet '' ) , a collection of his longest poems with an ( unfinished ) allegorical commentary ; De Monarchia , a summary treatise of political philosophy in Latin which was condemned and burned after Dante 's death by the Papal Legate Bertrando del Poggetto , which argues for the necessity of a universal or global monarchy in order to establish universal peace in this life , and this monarchy 's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church as guide to eternal peace ; De vulgari eloquentia ( `` On the Eloquence of Vernacular '' ) , on vernacular literature , partly inspired by the Razos de trobar of Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun ; and La Vita Nuova ( `` The New Life '' ) , the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari , who also served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in the Comedy . The Vita Nuova contains many of Dante 's love poems in Tuscan , which was not unprecedented ; the vernacular had been regularly used for lyric works before , during all the thirteenth century . However , Dante 's commentary on his own work is also in the vernacular -- both in the Vita Nuova and in the Convivio -- instead of the Latin that was almost universally used . References to Divina Commedia are in the format ( book , canto , verse ) , e.g. , ( Inferno , XV , 76 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 1994 ) . The Western Canon . Jump up ^ Shaw , Prue ( 2014 ) . Reading Dante : From Here to Eternity . New York : Liveright Publishign Corporation . pp. Introduction . ISBN 9780871407429 . Jump up ^ Haller , Elizabeth K. ( 2012 ) . `` Dante Alighieri '' . In Matheson , Lister M. Icons of the Middle Ages : Rulers , Writers , Rebels , and Saints. 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : Greenwood . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34080 - 2 . Jump up ^ A. , Murray , Charles ( 2003 ) . Human accomplishment : the pursuit of excellence in the arts and sciences , 800 B.C. to 1950 ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060192471 . OCLC 52047270 . Jump up ^ His birth date is listed as `` probably in the end of May '' by Robert Hollander in `` Dante '' in Dictionary of the Middle Ages , volume 4 . According to Boccaccio , the poet himself said he was born in May . See `` Alighieri , Dante '' in the Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Richard . `` Portraits of Dante from Giotto to Raffael : a critical study , with a concise iconography '' . 1911 . London : P.L. Warner ; Boston , New York , Houghton Mifflin company . Page 16 . ^ Jump up to : Chimenz , S.A. Alighieri , Dante . Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani ( in Italian ) . Enciclopedia Italiana . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santagata , Marco ( 2012 ) . Dante : Il romanzo della sua vita . Milan : Mondadori . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 8804620266 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , John ( 2005 ) . Dante : Poet , Author , and Proud Florentine . Infobase Publishing . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0415 - 7 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alighieri , Dante ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Dante Alighieri '' . Dante Alighieri . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri ( 2013 ) . Delphi Complete Works of Dante Alighieri. 6 ( Illustrated ed . ) . Delphi Classics . ISBN 9781909496194 . Jump up ^ Alleen Pace Nilsen , Don L.F. Nilsen ( 2007 ) . Names and Naming in Young Adult Literature. 27 . Scarecrow Press . p. 133 . ISBN 9780810866850 . Jump up ^ Dante Alighieri ( 1904 ) . Philip Henry Wicksteed , Herman Oelsner , ed . The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri ( fifth ed . ) . J.M. Dent and Company . p. 129 . Jump up ^ Jay Ruud ( 2008 ) . Critical Companion to Dante . Infobase Publishing . p. 138 . ISBN 9781438108414 . Jump up ^ `` Guelphs and Ghibellines '' . Dante Alighieri Society of Massachusetts . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dino Compagni , Cronica delle cose occorrenti ne ' tempi suoi Jump up ^ Robert Harrison , `` Dante on Trial '' , NY Review of Books , February 19 , 2015 , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Harrison , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore `` Dante 's infernal crimes forgiven '' , The Daily Telegraph , June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See Bookrags.com and Tigerstedt , E.N. 1967 , Dante ; Tiden Mannen Verket ( Dante ; The Age , the Man , the Work ) , Bonniers , Stockholm , 1967 . Jump up ^ Fabio M. Bertolo ( 2003 ) . `` L ′ Officiolum ritrovato di Francesco da Barberino '' . Spolia -- Journal of Medieval Studies . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aquinatis : Vida de Santo Tomás de Aquino '' . Aquinatis.blogspot.com. 22 May 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le famiglie Brunacci '' . Brunacci.it . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eugenio Garin ( 2008 ) . History of Italian Philosophy : VIBS . Books.google.com . p. 85 . ISBN 9789042023215 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Frater Nicolaus Brunatii ( † 1322 ) sacerdos et predicator gratiosus , fuit lector castellanus , arectinus , perusinus , urbevetanus et romanus apud Sanctam Sabinam tempore quo papa erat in Urbe , viterbiensis et florentinus in studio generali legens ibidem annis tribus ( Cr Pg 37v ) . Cuius sollicita procuratione conventus perusinus meruit habere gratiam a summo pontifice papa Benedicto XI ecclesiam scilicet et parrochiam Sancti Stephani tempore quo ( maggio 13041 ipse prior actu in Perusio erat ( Cr Pg 38r ) '' . E-theca.net . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dante Alighieri '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vauchez , André ; Dobson , Richard Barrie ; Lapidge , Michael ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers . p. 1517 . ; Caesar , Michael ( 1989 ) . Dante , the Critical Heritage , 1314 ( ? ) -- 1870 . London : Routledge . p. xi . Jump up ^ `` In praeclara summorum : Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante '' . The Holy See . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pullella , Philip ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dante gets posthumous nose job -- 700 years on '' . Statesman . Reuters . Retrieved November 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Benazzi , S ( 2009 ) . `` The Face of the Poet Dante Alighieri , Reconstructed by Virtual Modeling and Forensic Anthropology Techniques '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 36 ( 2 ) : 278 -- 283 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2008.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Florence sorry for banishing Dante Jump up ^ Israely , Jeff ( 2008 - 07 - 31 ) . `` A City 's Infernal Dante Dispute '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Duff , Mark ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Florence ' to revoke Dante exile ' '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Firenze riabilita Dante Alighieri : L'iniziativa a 700 anni dall'esilio '' . La Repubblica. 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Messaggio del Santo Padre al Presidente del Pontificio Consiglio della Cultura in occasione della celebrazione del 750 ° anniversario della nascita di Dante Alighieri '' . Press.vatican.va . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Translator '' . Microsofttranslator.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dante at Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ `` Banquet '' . Dante online . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Monarchia '' . Dante online . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony K. Cassell The Monarchia Controversy . The Monarchia stayed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum from its inception until 1881 . Jump up ^ Giuseppe Cappelli , La divina commedia di Dante Alighieri , in Italian . Jump up ^ `` De vulgari Eloquentia '' . Dante online . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Life '' . Dante online . Retrieved September 2 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Allitt , John Stewart ( 2011 ) . Dante , il Pellegrino ( in Italian ) ( Edizioni Villadiseriane ed . ) . Villa di Serio ( BG ) . Teodolinda Barolini ( ed . ) . Dante 's Lyric Poetry : Poems of Youth and of the ' Vita Nuova ' . University of Toronto Press , 2014 . Gardner , Edmund Garratt ( 1921 ) . Dante . London : Oxford University Press . OCLC 690699123 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Hede , Jesper ( 2007 ) . Reading Dante : The Pursuit of Meaning . Lanham : Lexington Books . ISBN 9780739121962 . Miles , Thomas ( 2008 ) . `` Dante : Tours of Hell : Mapping the Landscape of Sin and Despair '' . In Stewart , Jon . Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions . Ashgate . pp. 223 -- 236 . ISBN 9780754663911 . Raffa , Guy P. ( 2009 ) . The Complete Danteworlds : A Reader 's Guide to the Divine Comedy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226702704 . Scartazzini , Giovanni Andrea ( 1874 -- 1890 ) . La Divina Commedia riveduta e commentata ( 4 volumes ) . OCLC 558999245 . Scartazzini , Giovanni Andrea ( 1896 -- 1898 ) . Enciclopedia dantesca : dizionario critico e ragionato di quanto concerne la vita e le opere di Dante Alighieri ( 2 volumes ) . OCLC 12202483 . Scott , John A. ( 1996 ) . Dante 's Political Purgatory . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 9780585127248 . Seung , T.K. ( 1962 ) . The Fragile Leaves of the Sibyl : Dante 's Master Plan . Westminster , MD : Newman Press . OCLC 1426455 . Toynbee , Paget ( 1898 ) . A Dictionary of the Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante . London : The Clarendon Press . OCLC 343895 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Whiting , Mary Bradford ( 1922 ) . Dante the Man and the Poet . Cambridge : W. Heffer & Sons . OCLC 224789 . Guénon , René ( 1925 ) . The Esoterism of Dante , trans . by C.B. Berhill , in the Perennial Wisdom Series . Ghent , N.Y. : Sophia Perennis et Universalis , 1996 . viii , 72 p . N.B. : Originally published in French , entitled L'Esoterisme de Danté , in 1925 . ISBN 0 - 900588 - 02 - 0 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutDante Alighieriat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Dante at Encyclopædia Britannica Dante Alighieri at Curlie Works by Dante Alighieri at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Dante Alighieri at Internet Archive Works by Dante Alighieri at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Dante Alighieri at The Virtual Library ( Works in English , Italian , Latin , Arabic , German , French and Spanish ) Wetherbee , Winthrop . `` Dante Alighieri '' . In Zalta , Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the most celebrated literary work of the middle ages	[ "Durante degli Alighieri (Italian: [duˈrante deʎʎ aliˈɡjɛːri]), commonly known by his short name Dante Alighieri or simply as Dante (Italian: [ˈdante]; English: /ˈdɑːnteɪ/, UK also /ˈdænti, -teɪ/; c. 1265 – 1321), was a major Italian poet of the Late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Comedìa (modern Italian: Commedia) and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio, is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.[1][2]\n" ]	[ "Divine Comedy" ]
-5467650481161195948	Battle of Long Island	Battle of Long Island - wikipedia Battle of Long Island `` Battle of Brooklyn '' redirects here . For the college basketball rivalry , see Battle of Brooklyn ( college rivalry ) . Battle of Long Island Part of the American Revolutionary War Painting depicting the Delaware Regiment at the Battle of Long Island Date August 27 , 1776 Location Kings County , Long Island , New York 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Coordinates : 40 ° 39 ′ 58 '' N 73 ° 57 ′ 58 '' W / 40.666 ° N 73.966 ° W / 40.666 ; - 73.966 Result British victory The British forces capture New York City and Long Island from the Continental Army Belligerents United States Great Britain Hesse - Kassel Commanders and leaders George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander Thomas Mifflin Henry Knox John Sullivan ( POW ) William Howe Charles Cornwallis Henry Clinton William Erskine James Grant Charles Mawhood Strength 10,000 20,000 Casualties and losses Total : 2,000 300 killed 800 wounded 1,079 captured Total : 388 64 killed 293 wounded 31 missing Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey 1776 -- 1777 Long Island The Turtle Staten Island Peace Conference Kip 's Bay Harlem Heights Pell 's Point White Plains Fort Washington Fort Lee Geary Ambush Iron Works Hill Delaware crossing Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Forage War Millstone The Battle of Long Island is also known as the Battle of Brooklyn and the Battle of Brooklyn Heights . The victory over the Americans gave the British control of the strategically important city of New York . It was fought on August 27 , 1776 , and was the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War to take place after the United States declared its independence on July 4 , 1776 . In troop deployment and combat , it was the largest battle of the entire war . After defeating the British in the Siege of Boston on March 17 , 1776 , commander - in - chief General George Washington brought the Continental Army to defend the port city of New York , located at the southern end of Manhattan Island . Washington understood that the city 's harbor would provide an excellent base for the Royal Navy , so he established defenses there and waited for the British to attack . In July , the British under the command of General William Howe landed a few miles across the harbor from Manhattan on the sparsely - populated Staten Island , where they were reinforced by ships in Lower New York Bay during the next month and a half , bringing their total force to 32,000 troops . Washington knew the difficulty in holding the city with the British fleet in control of the entrance to the harbor at the Narrows , and he moved the bulk of his forces to Manhattan , believing that it would be the first target . On August 22 , the British landed on the shores of Gravesend Bay in southwest Kings County , across the Narrows from Staten Island and more than a dozen miles south from the established East River crossings to Manhattan . After five days of waiting , the British attacked U.S. defenses on the Guan Heights . Unknown to the Americans , however , Howe had brought his main army around their rear and attacked their flank soon after . The Americans panicked , resulting in twenty percent losses through casualties and capture , although a stand by 400 Maryland troops prevented a more substantial portion of the army from being lost . The remainder of the army retreated to the main defenses on Brooklyn Heights . The British dug in for a siege but , on the night of August 29 -- 30 , Washington evacuated the entire army to Manhattan without the loss of supplies or a single life . Washington and the Continental Army were driven out of New York entirely after several more defeats and forced to retreat through New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Contents 1 Prelude to battle 1.1 Strategy 1.2 British arrival 1.3 Invasion of Long Island 2 Battle 2.1 Night march 2.2 Grant 's diversionary attack 2.3 Battle Pass 2.4 Vechte - Cortelyou House 2.4. 1 Maryland 400 2.5 Disengagement 3 Aftermath 3.1 Retreat to Manhattan 3.2 Conclusion of the campaign 3.3 Casualties 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Prelude to Battle ( edit ) In the first stage of the war , the British Army was trapped in the peninsular city of Boston and they abandoned it on March 17 , sailing to Halifax , Nova Scotia to await reinforcements . Washington then began to transfer regiments to New York City which he believed the British would next attack because of its strategic importance . Washington left Boston on April 4 , arrived at New York on April 13 , and established headquarters at the former home of Archibald Kennedy on Broadway facing Bowling Green . Washington had sent his second in command Charles Lee ahead to New York the previous February to establish the city 's defenses . Lee remained in New York City until March , when the Continental Congress sent him to South Carolina ; the defenses ' construction was left to General William Alexander ( Lord Stirling ) . Troops were in limited supply , so Washington found the defenses incomplete , but Lee had concluded that it would be impossible to hold the city with the British commanding the sea . He reasoned that the defenses should be located with the ability to inflict heavy casualties upon the British if any move was made to take and hold ground . Barricades and redoubts were established in and around the city , and the bastion of Fort Stirling across the East River in Brooklyn Heights , facing the city . Lee also saw that the immediate area was cleared of Loyalists . Strategy ( edit ) American strategy called for the first line of defense to be based on the Heights of Guan , a series of hills which stretched northeast across King 's County . The main defensive works were a series of forts and entrenchments located in the northwest of the county , in and around Brooklyn . The `` Road to Narrows '' is the Gowanus Road . No. 5 is the `` Old Stone House '' . Map by Bernard Ratzer based on his 1766 - 1767 survey . Washington began moving troops to Brooklyn in early May , and there were several thousand of them there in a short time . Three more forts were under construction on the eastern side of the East River to support Fort Stirling , which stood to the west of the hamlet of Brooklyn Heights . These new fortifications were Fort Putnam , Fort Greene , and Fort Box ( named for Major Daniel Box ) . They lay from north to south , with Fort Putnam farthest to the north , Greene slightly to the southwest , and Box slightly farther southwest . Each of these defensive structures was surrounded by a large ditch , all connected by a line of entrenchments and a total of 36 cannons . Fort Defiance was also being constructed at this time , located farther southwest , past Fort Box , near present - day Red Hook . In addition to these new forts , a mounted battery was established on Governors Island , cannons were placed at Fort George facing Bowling Green , and more cannons placed at the Whitehall Dock , which sat on the East River . Hulks were sunk at strategic locations to deter the British from entering the East River and other waterways . Washington had been authorized by Congress to recruit an army of up to 28,501 troops , but he had only 19,000 when he reached New York . Military discipline was inadequate ; routine orders were not carried out , muskets were fired in camp , flints were ruined , bayonets were used as knives to cut food , and firearm readiness was lax . Petty internal conflict was common under the strain of a large number of people from different environments and temperaments in relative closeness . Commander of the artillery Henry Knox persuaded Washington to transfer 400 to 500 soldiers , who lacked muskets or guns , to crew the artillery . In early June , Knox and Greene inspected the land at the north end of Manhattan and decided to establish Fort Washington . Fort Constitution , later renamed Fort Lee , was planned opposite Fort Washington on the Hudson River . The forts were hoped to discourage the British ships from sailing up the Hudson River . British arrival ( edit ) Opposing commanders General William Howe General George Washington Further information : Order of battle of the Battle of Long Island The British fleet in the lower bay ( Harpers Magazine , 1876 ) depicts the British fleet amassing off the shores of Staten Island in the summer of 1776 On June 28 , Washington learned that the British fleet had set sail from Halifax on June 9 and were heading toward New York . On June 29 , signals were sent from men stationed on Staten Island , indicating that the British fleet had appeared . Within a few hours , 45 British ships dropped anchor in Lower New York Bay . Less than a week later , there were 130 ships off Staten Island under the command of Richard Howe , the brother of General Howe . The population of New York went into panic at the sight of the British ships ; alarms went off and troops immediately rushed to their posts . On July 2 , British troops began to land on Staten Island . The continental regulars on the island took a few shots at them before fleeing , and the citizens ' militia switched over to the British side . On July 6 , news reached New York that Congress had voted for independence four days earlier . On Tuesday , July 9 , at 18 : 00 , Washington had several brigades march onto the commons of the city to hear the Declaration of Independence read . After the end of the reading , a mob ran down to Bowling Green with ropes and bars , where they tore down the gilded lead equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain . In their fury , the crowd cut off the statue 's head , severed the nose , and mounted what remained of the head on a spike outside a tavern , and the rest of the statue was dragged to Connecticut and melted down into musket balls . On July 12 , the British ships Phoenix and Rose sailed up the harbor toward the mouth of the Hudson . The American batteries opened fire at Fort George , Red Hook , and Governors Island , and the British returned fire into the city . The ships sailed along the New Jersey shore and continued up the Hudson , sailing past Fort Washington and arriving by nightfall at Tarrytown , the widest part of the Hudson . The goals of the British ships were to cut off American supplies and to encourage Loyalist support . The only casualties of the day were six Americans who were killed when their own cannon blew up . British troops in the type of flat - bottomed boat used for the invasion of Long Island . Hessians in their blue uniforms are in the two boats that are only partly visible . The next day , July 13 , Howe attempted to open negotiations with the Americans . He sent a letter to Washington delivered by Lieutenant Philip Brown , who arrived under a flag of truce . The letter was addressed `` George Washington , Esq . '' Brown was met by Joseph Reed , who had hurried to the waterfront on Washington 's orders , accompanied by Henry Knox and Samuel Webb . Washington asked his officers whether it should be received or not , as it did not recognize his rank as general , and they unanimously said no . Reed told Brown that there was no one in the army with that address . On July 16 , Howe tried again , this time with the address `` George Washington , Esq. , etc. , etc . '' , but it was again declined . The next day , Howe sent Captain Nisbet Balfour to ask if Washington would meet with Howe 's adjutant face to face , and a meeting was scheduled for July 20 . Howe 's adjutant was Colonel James Patterson . Patterson told Washington that Howe had come with powers to grant pardons , but Washington said , `` Those who have committed no fault want no pardon . '' Patterson departed soon after . Washington 's performance during the meeting was praised in parts of the colonies . Meanwhile , British ships continued to arrive . On August 1 , 45 ships arrived with generals Henry Clinton and Charles Cornwallis , along with 3,000 troops . By August 12 , 3,000 more British troops and another 8,000 Hessians had arrived . At this point , the British fleet numbered over 400 ships , including 73 war ships , and 32,000 troops were camped on Staten Island . Faced with this large force , Washington was unsure as to where the British would attack . Both Greene and Reed thought that the British would attack Long Island , but Washington felt that a British attack on Long Island might be a diversion for the main attack on Manhattan . He broke his army in half , stationing half of it on Manhattan , and the other half on Long Island ; the army on Long Island was commanded by Greene . On August 20 , Greene became ill and was forced to move to a house in Manhattan where he rested to recover . John Sullivan was placed in command until Greene was well enough to resume command . Denyse 's Ferry , the first place at which the Hessians and British landed on Long Island August 22 , 1776 by A. Brown . This high point overlooking the Narrows was an American artillery position and was bombarded by the British before the invasion , but the actual landing took place farther east at Gravesend Bay ( around to the left from the perspective of this illustration ) where the conditions were more favorable for the small British boats carrying the troops . Invasion of Long Island ( edit ) At 05 : 10 on August 22 , an advance guard of 4,000 British troops left Staten Island under the command of Clinton and Cornwallis to land on Long Island . At 08 : 00 , all 4,000 troops landed unopposed on the shore of Gravesend Bay . Colonel Edward Hand 's Pennsylvanian riflemen had been stationed on the shore , but they did not oppose the landings and fell back , killing cattle and burning farmhouses on the way . By noon , 15,000 troops had landed on shore along with 40 pieces of artillery , as hundreds of Loyalists came to greet the British troops . Cornwallis pushed on with the advance guard , advancing six miles onto the island and establishing a camp at the village of Flatbush . He was given orders to advance no further . British military map from 1776 showing the marching routes and battle sites during the Battle of Long Island Washington received word of the landings the same day , but was informed that the number was 8,000 to 9,000 troops . This convinced him that it was the feint which he had predicted and therefore he only sent 1,500 more troops to Brooklyn , bringing the total number of troops on Long Island to 6,000 . On August 24 , Washington replaced Sullivan with Israel Putnam who commanded the troops on Long Island . Putnam arrived on Long Island the next day along with six battalions . Also that day , the British troops on Long Island received 5,000 Hessian reinforcements , bringing their total to 20,000 . There was little fighting on the days immediately after the landing , although some small skirmishes did take place with American marksmen armed with rifles picking off British troops from time to time . The American plan was that Putnam would direct the defenses from Brooklyn Heights , while Sullivan and Stirling and their troops would be stationed on the Guan Heights . The Guan ( hills ) were up to 150 feet high and blocked the most direct route to Brooklyn Heights . Washington believed that , by stationing men on the heights , heavy casualties could be inflicted on the British before the troops fell back to the main defenses at Brooklyn Heights . There were three main passes through the heights ; the Gowanus Road farthest to the west , the Flatbush Road slightly farther to the east , in the center of the American line where it was expected that the British would attack , and the Bedford Road farthest to the east . Stirling was responsible for defending the Gowanus Road with 500 men , and Sullivan was to defend the Flatbush and Bedford roads where there were 1,000 and 800 men respectively . Six - thousand troops were to remain behind at Brooklyn Heights . There was one lesser - known pass through the heights farther to the east called the Jamaica Pass , which was defended by just five militia officers on horses . On the British side , General Clinton learned of the almost undefended Jamaica Pass from local Loyalists . He drew up a plan and gave it to William Erskine to propose to Howe . Clinton 's plan had the main army making a night march and going through the Jamaica Pass to turn the American flank , while other troops would keep the Americans busy in front . On August 26 , Clinton received word from Howe that the plan would be used , and that Clinton was to command the advance guard of the main army of 10,000 men on the march through the Jamaica Pass . While they made the night march , General James Grant 's British troops along with some Hessians , a total of 4,000 men , were to attack the Americans in front to distract them from the main army coming on their flank . Howe told Clinton to be ready to move out that night , August 26 . Battle ( edit ) Night March ( edit ) Howard 's Tavern as it appeared in 1776 ; it was demolished in 1880 . The tavern was located near the present - day intersection of Fulton Street and Jamaica Avenue . At 21 : 00 , the British moved out . No one except the commanders knew of the plan . Clinton led a crack brigade of light infantry with fixed bayonets in front , followed by Cornwallis who had eight battalions and 14 artillery pieces . Cornwallis was followed by Howe and Hugh Percy with six battalions , more artillery , and baggage . The column consisted of 10,000 men who stretched out over two miles . Three Loyalist farmers led the column toward the Jamaica Pass . The British had left their campfires burning to deceive the Americans into thinking that nothing was happening . The column headed northeast until it reached what later became the village of New Lots , when it headed directly north toward the heights . The column had yet to run into any American troops when they reached Howard 's Tavern ( also known as Howard 's Half - Way House ) , just a few hundred yards from the Jamaica Pass . Tavern keeper William Howard and his son William Jr. were forced to act as guides to show the British the way to the Rockaway Foot Path , an old Indian trail that skirted the Jamaica Pass to the west ( located today in the Cemetery of the Evergreens ) . Five minutes after leaving the tavern , the five American militia officers stationed at the pass were captured without a shot fired , as they thought that the British were Americans . Clinton interrogated the men and they informed him that they were the only troops guarding the pass . By dawn , the British were through the pass and stopped so that the troops could rest . At 09 : 00 , they fired two heavy cannons to signal the Hessian troops below Battle Pass to begin their frontal assault against Sullivan 's men deployed on the two hills flanking the pass , while Clinton 's troops simultaneously flanked the American positions from the east . William Howard Jr. describes meeting Howe : It was about two in the morning of August 27 that I was awakened by seeing a soldier at the side of my bed . I got up and dressed and went down to the barroom , where I saw my father standing in one corner with three British soldiers before him with muskets and bayonets fixed . The army was then lying in the field in front of the house ... General Howe and another officer were in the barroom . General Howe wore a camlet cloak over his regimentals . After asking for a glass of liquor from the bar , which was given him , he entered into familiar conversation with my father , and among other things said , `` I must have some one of you to show me over the Rockaway Path around the pass . '' My father replied , `` We belong to the other side , General , and ca n't serve you against our duty . '' General Howe replied , `` That is alright ; stick to your country , or stick to your principles , but Howard , you are my prisoner and must guide my men over the hill . '' My father made some further objection , but was silenced by the general , who said , `` You have no alternative . If you refuse I shall shoot you through the head . A view from Battle Hill - the highest point in King 's County - looking west toward Upper New York Harbor and New Jersey beyond ... Here on Lord Stirling 's left flank about 300 Americans under Colonel Atlee and General Parsons repulsed successive attacks by the British after taking the hill , and inflicted the highest casualties against the British during the Battle of Long Island . Grant 's diversionary attack ( edit ) At about 23 : 00 on August 26 , the first shots were fired in the Battle of Long Island , near the Red Lion Inn ( near present - day 39th Street and 4th Avenue ) . American pickets from Samuel John Atlee 's Pennsylvania regiment fired upon two British soldiers who were foraging in a watermelon patch near the inn . Around 01 : 00 on August 27 , the British approached the vicinity of the Red Lion with 200 -- 300 troops . The American troops fired upon the British ; after approximately two fusillades , they fled up the Gowanus Road toward the Vechte - Cortelyou House . Major Edward Burd had been in command , but he was captured along with a lieutenant and 15 privates . This first engagement was fought in the vicinity of 38th and 39th streets between 2nd and 3rd avenues near a swamp located adjacent to the Gowanus Road . Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons and Colonel Atlee were stationed farther north on the Gowanus Road . Parsons was a lawyer from Connecticut who had recently secured a commission in the Continental Army ; Atlee was a veteran of the French and Indian War in command of the First Regiment of Pennsylvania Musketry . Putnam had been awakened by a guard at 03 : 00 and told that the British were attacking through the Gowanus Pass . He lit signals to Washington , who was on Manhattan , and then rode south to warn Stirling of the attack . Stirling led two units of Colonel John Haslet 's 1st Delaware Regiment under the immediate command of Major Thomas Macdonough , and Colonel William Smallwood 's 1st Maryland Infantry under the immediate command of Major Mordecai Gist ; both Haslet and Smallwood were on courts - martial duty in Manhattan . Following close behind was Parson 's Connecticut regiment with 251 men . Stirling led this combined force to reinforce Parsons and Atlee and stop the British advance . Stirling had a total of 1,600 troops at his command . Stirling placed Atlee 's men in an apple orchard owned by Wynant Bennett on the south side of the Gowanus Road near present - day 3rd Avenue and 18th Street . Upon the approach of the British , the Americans : took possession of a hill about two miles from camp , and detached Colonel Atlee to meet them further on the road ; in about sixty rods he drew up and received the enemy 's fire and gave them a well - directed fire from his regiment , which did great execution , and then retreated to the hill . - General Parsons Stirling took up positions with the Delaware and Maryland regiments just to the north of Atlee 's men on the slopes of a rise of land between 18th and 20th streets . Some of the Maryland troops were positioned on a small hill near 23rd Street , which the local Dutch called `` Blokje Berg '' ( Dutch for cube or block hill ) . At the base of this hill , the Gowanus Road crossed a small bridge over a ditch which drained a marshy area . When the British advanced up the Gowanus Road , the American troops fired upon them from positions on the north side of the ditch . To the left was Colonel Peter Kachline 's Pennsylvania regiment . Just to the southeast of Blokje Berg were a few hills ; amongst them was a hill which is the highest point in King 's County at 220 feet which came to be known as `` Battle Hill , '' in what is today Greenwood Cemetery by the cemetery 's boundary of 23rd Street and 7th Avenue . The British attempted to outflank the American positions by taking this hill . The Americans tried to prevent the British move , sending troops under Parsons and Atlee to take the hill . The British got there first but the Americans were able to dislodge them in fierce fighting . Battle Hill was the site of especially brutal fighting , with the Americans inflicting the highest number of casualties against the British troops during the entire Battle of Long Island . Among those killed was British Colonel James Grant , which led the Americans to believe that they had killed General James Grant . He was alleged to have been shot by a Pennsylvanian rifleman who had been sniping at the British from up in a tree . Among the American dead was Pennsylvania Colonel Caleb Parry , who was killed while rallying his troops . The Americans were still unaware that this was not the main British attack , in part due to the ferocity of the fighting and the number of British troops engaged . Battle Pass ( edit ) Battle Pass - also known as `` Flatbush Pass '' - is located in modern - day Prospect Park . Here General Sullivan and his troops were outflanked by the British who attacked from the rear while the Hessians attacked up Battle Pass . ( Lithograph c. 1866 The Hessians , in the center under the command of General von Heister , began to bombard the American lines stationed at Battle Pass under the command of General John Sullivan . The Hessian brigades did not attack , as they were waiting for the pre-arranged signal from the British , who were in the process of outflanking the American lines at that time . The Americans were still under the assumption that Grant 's attack up the Gowanus Road was the main thrust , and Sullivan sent four - hundred of his men to reinforce Stirling . Howe fired his signal guns at 09 : 00 and the Hessians began to attack up Battle Pass , while the main army came at Sullivan from the rear . Sullivan left his advance guard to hold off the Hessians while he turned the rest of his force around to fight the British . Heavy casualties mounted between the Americans and the British , and men on both sides fled out of fear . Sullivan attempted to calm his men and tried to lead a retreat . By this point , the Hessians had overrun the advance guard on the heights and the American left had completely collapsed . Hand - to - hand fighting followed , with the Americans swinging their muskets and rifles like clubs to save their own lives . It was later claimed , Americans who surrendered were bayoneted by the Hessians . Sullivan , despite the chaos , managed to evacuate most of his men to Brooklyn Heights though he himself was captured . Vechte - Cortelyou House ( edit ) The front of the original Vechte - Cortelyou House , where the Maryland troops commanded by Lord Stirling and Mordecai Gist made two attacks against over two thousand British troops in a rear - guard action that allowed a majority of Stirling 's 1,600 - strong command to escape . Gunpowder smoke from cannons and muskets mark where Stirling and the Maryland troops attack the British , while the rest of the American troops in the foreground escape across Brouwer 's mill pond . The building pictured is the mill . ( Battle of Long Island , 1858 Alonzo Chappel ) At 09 : 00 , Washington arrived from Manhattan . He realized that he had been wrong about a feint on Long Island and he ordered more troops to Brooklyn from Manhattan . His location on the battlefield is not known because accounts differ , but most likely he was at Brooklyn Heights where he could view the battle . Stirling still held the line against Grant on the American right , to the west . He held on for four hours , still unaware of the British flanking maneuver , and some of his own troops thought that they were winning the day because the British had been unable to take their position . However , Grant was reinforced by 2,000 marines , and he hit Stirling 's center by 11 : 00 , and Stirling was attacked on his left by the Hessians . Stirling pulled back , but British troops were coming at him from the rear , south down the Gowanus Road . The only escape route left was across a Brouwer 's millpond on the Gowanus Creek which was 80 yards wide , on the other side of Brooklyn Heights . Maryland 400 ( edit ) Stirling ordered all of his troops to cross the creek , except a contingent of Maryland troops under the command of Gist . This group became known to history as the `` Maryland 400 '' , although they numbered about 260 -- 270 men . Stirling and Gist led the troops in a rear - guard action against the overwhelming numbers of British troops , which surpassed 2,000 supported by two cannons . Stirling and Gist led the Marylanders in two attacks against the British , who were in fixed positions in and in front of the Vechte - Cortelyou House ( known today as the Old Stone House ) . After the last assault , the remaining troops retreated across the Gowanus Creek . Some of the men who tried to cross the marsh were bogged down in the mud and under musket fire , and others who could not swim were captured . Stirling was surrounded and , unwilling to surrender , broke through the British lines to von Heister 's Hessians and surrendered to them . Two hundred fifty six Maryland troops were killed in the assaults in front of the Old Stone House , and fewer than a dozen made it back to the American lines . Washington watched from a redoubt on nearby Cobble Hill ( intersection of today 's Court Street and Atlantic Avenue ) and reportedly said , `` Good God , what brave fellows I must this day lose . '' Disengagement ( edit ) The American troops who were not killed or captured escaped behind the fortified American positions centered on Brooklyn Heights . Howe then ordered all of his troops to halt the attack , in a move considered controversial to this day , despite the protests of many officers in his command who believed that they should push on to Brooklyn Heights . Howe had decided against a direct frontal assault against the entrenched American positions , choosing instead to begin a siege and setting up lines of circumvallation around the American positions . He believed the Americans to be essentially trapped , with his troops blocking escape by land and the Royal Navy in control of the East River , which they would have to cross to reach Manhattan Island . Howe 's failure to press the attack and the reasons for it have been disputed . He may have wished to avoid the casualties that his army suffered when attacking the continentals under similar circumstances at the Battle of Bunker Hill . He may also have been giving Washington an opportunity to conclude that his position was hopeless and surrender , in the European gentleman - officer tradition . Howe told Parliament in 1779 that his essential duty was to avoid excessive British casualties for insufficient purpose , and capturing Brooklyn Heights would likely not have meant capturing the entire American army . `` The most essential duty I had to observe was , not wantonly to commit his majesty 's troops , where the object was inadequate . I knew well that any considerable loss sustained by the army could not speedily , nor easily , be repaired ... The loss of 1,000 , or perhaps 1,500 British troops , in carrying those lines , would have been but ill repaid by double that number of the enemy , could it have been supposed they would have suffered in that proportion . '' Aftermath ( edit ) U.S. Army - Artillery Retreat from Long Island 1776 ( 1899 ) Washington evacuating Army 175th Anniversary Issue of 1951 . Accurate depiction of Fulton Ferry House at right . Flat - bottomed ferry boats in the East River are depicted in the background . Retreat to Manhattan ( edit ) The Foot of Wall Street And Ferry House - 1746 . The Manhattan side of the East River crossing , known then as the Brooklyn Ferry , as it looked in the mid-1700s . Washington and the army were surrounded on Brooklyn Heights with the East River to their backs . As the day went on , the British began to dig trenches , slowly coming closer to the American defenses . By doing this , the British would not have to cross over open ground to assault the American defenses as they did in Boston the year before . Despite this perilous situation , Washington ordered 1,200 more men from Manhattan to Brooklyn on August 28 . The men that came over were two Pennsylvania regiments and Colonel John Glover 's regiment from Marblehead , Massachusetts . In command of the Pennsylvanian troops was Thomas Mifflin who , after arriving , volunteered to inspect the outer defenses and report back to Washington . In these outer defenses , small skirmishes were still taking place . On the afternoon of August 28 , it began to rain and Washington had his cannons bombard the British well into the night . As the rain continued , George Washington sent a letter instructing General William Heath , who was at Kings Bridge between Manhattan and what is now the Bronx , to send every flat - bottomed boat and sloop without delay , in case battalions of infantry from New Jersey came to reinforce their position . At 16 : 00 , on August 29 , Washington held a meeting with his generals . Mifflin advised Washington to retreat to Manhattan while Mifflin and his Pennsylvania regiments made up the rear guard , holding the line until the rest of the army had withdrawn . The generals agreed unanimously with Mifflin that retreat was the best option and Washington had orders go out by the evening . The troops were told that they were to gather up all their ammunition and baggage and prepare for a night attack . By 21 : 00 , the sick and wounded began to move to the Brooklyn Ferry in preparation for evacuation . At 23 : 00 , Glover and his Massachusetts men , who were sailors and fishermen , began to evacuate the troops . As more troops were evacuated , more were ordered to withdraw from the lines and march to the ferry landing . Wagon wheels were muffled , and men were forbidden to talk . Mifflin 's rear guard was tending campfires to deceive the British . At 04 : 00 , on August 30 , Mifflin was informed that it was his unit 's turn to evacuate . Mifflin told the man who had been sent to order him to leave , Major Alexander Scammell , that he must be mistaken , but Scammell insisted that he was not and Mifflin ordered his troops to move out . When Mifflin 's troops were within a half mile of the ferry landing , Washington rode up and demanded to know why they were not at their defenses . Edward Hand , who was leading the troops , tried to explain what had happened , but Mifflin arrived shortly . Washington exclaimed `` Good God . General Mifflin , I am afraid you have ruined us . '' Mifflin explained that he had been told that it was his turn to evacuate by Scammell ; Washington told him it had been a mistake . Mifflin then led his troops back to the outer defenses . Artillery , supplies , and troops were all being evacuated across the river at this time but it was not going as fast as Washington had anticipated and daybreak soon came . A fog settled in and concealed the evacuation from the British . British patrols noticed that there did not seem to be any American pickets and thus began to search the area . While they were doing this , Washington , the last man left , stepped onto the last boat . At 07 : 00 , the last American troops landed in Manhattan . All 9,000 troops had been evacuated with no loss of life . Conclusion of the Campaign ( edit ) The British fleet in New York Harbor just after the battle The British were stunned to find that Washington and the army had escaped . Later in the day , August 30 , the British troops occupied the American fortifications . When news of the battle reached London , it caused many festivities to take place . Bells were rung across the city , candles were lit in windows and King George III gave Howe the Order of the Bath . Washington 's defeat revealed his deficiencies as a strategist who split his forces , his inexperienced generals who misunderstood the situation , and his raw troops that fled in disorder at the first shots . However , his daring nighttime retreat has been seen by some historians as one of his greatest military feats . Other historians concentrate on the failure of British naval forces to prevent the withdrawal . Howe remained inactive for the next half month , not attacking until September 15 when he landed a force at Kip 's Bay . The British quickly occupied the city . On September 21 , a fire of uncertain origin destroyed a quarter of New York City . In the immediate aftermath of the fire Nathan Hale was executed for spying . Although American troops delivered an unexpected check to the British at Harlem Heights in mid-September , Howe defeated Washington in battle again at White Plains and then again at Fort Washington . Because of these defeats , Washington and the army retreated across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania . Casualties ( edit ) The Middle Dutch Church is where some of the enlisted men captured at the Battle of Long Island were imprisoned . The Sugar House also became a prison as the British captured more of Washington 's soldiers during the retreat from New York . The site today is the location of the Chase Manhattan Bank . At the time , it was by far the largest battle ever fought in North America . If the Royal Navy is included , over 40,000 men took part in the battle . Howe reported his losses as 59 killed , 268 wounded and 31 missing . The Hessian casualties were 5 killed and 26 wounded . The Americans suffered much heavier losses . About 300 had been killed and over 1,000 captured . As few as half of the prisoners survived . Kept on prison ships , then transferred to locations such as the Middle Dutch Church , they were starved and denied medical attention . In their weakened condition , many succumbed to smallpox . Historians believe that as many as 256 soldiers of the First Maryland Regiment under Colonel William Smallwood fell in the battle , about two - thirds of the regiment . It is known that they were buried in a mass - grave , but the grave 's exact location has been a mystery for 240 years . In 2012 Brooklyn historian and president of the Brooklyn Preservation Council , Robert Furman , stated that he had a strong suspicion of the location of the gravesite , believing it to be in an empty lot in the Gowanus section of Brooklyn . In 2017 , in advance of the construction of a school on the Gowanus empty lot where Furman believes the mass grave is located , Furman and American Legion Michael A. Rawley Post 1636 urged archeologist to dig up the lot in search of the mass grave . Legacy ( edit ) Dongan Oak memorial in Prospect Park The most significant legacy of the Battle of Long Island was that it showed there would be no easy victory , and that the war would be long and bloody . Commemorations of the battle include : The Altar to Liberty : Minerva monument : The battle is commemorated with a monument , which includes a bronze statue of Minerva near the top of Battle Hill , the highest point of Brooklyn , in Green - Wood Cemetery . The statue was sculpted by Frederick Ruckstull and unveiled in 1920 . The statue stands in the northwest corner of the cemetery and gazes directly at the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor . In 2006 , the Minerva statue was invoked in a successful defense to prevent a building from blocking the line of sight from the cemetery to the Statue of Liberty in the harbor . The annual Battle of Long Island commemoration begins inside the main Gothic arch entrance to Green - Wood Cemetery and marches up Battle Hill to ceremonies at the monument . The Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument : A freestanding Doric column in Fort Greene memorializing all those who died while kept prisoner on the British ships just off the shore of Brooklyn , in Wallabout Bay . Soldiers ' Monument - Milford , Connecticut . Memorializes the 200 seriously ill prisoners of the Battle of Long Island who were dumped on the beach at Milford the night of January 3 , 1777 . The Old Stone House : A re-constructed farmhouse ( c. 1699 ) that was at the center of the Marylanders ' delaying actions serves as a museum of the battle . It is located in J.J. Byrne Park , at Third Street and Fifth Avenue , Brooklyn , and features models and maps . Prospect Park , Brooklyn , Battle Pass : along the eastern side of Center Drive in Prospect Park , Brooklyn , is a large granite boulder with a brass plaque affixed , and another marker lies near the road for the Dongan Oak , a very large and old tree felled to block the pass from the British advance . In addition , in the park resides the Line of Defense marker erected by the Sons of the American Revolution and , near the eastern edge of Long Meadow , the Maryland Monument& Maryland Memorial corinthian column . There are only thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial and revolutionary eras . Five Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 125th MP Co , 175th Inf , 181st Inf and 198th Sig Bn ) and one Regular Army Field Artillery battalion ( 1 - 5th FA ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Long Island . See also ( edit ) Book : New York and New Jersey campaign American Revolutionary War portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Dr. John Hart , Regimental Surgeon of Col Prescott 's Regiment who was stationed at Governor 's Island Long Island order of battle New York and New Jersey campaign References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The 256 dead troops of the Maryland 400 were buried by the British in a mass grave on a hillock on farmer Adrian Van Brunt 's land on the outskirts of the marsh . It was from this battle that Maryland gained its nickname the `` Old Line State '' . This mass grave is believed to be around the southwest corner of what is today Third Avenue , between Seventh and Eighth streets . Citations Jump up ^ David Syrett ( June 15 , 2005 ) . Admiral Lord Howe . Naval Institute Press . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 006 - 1 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 140 - Figure indicates how many troops were on Long Island total . Only 3,000 troops were on the Guana Heights , where the British attacked . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 179 Jump up ^ according to Lord Howe report 31 ( 1 officer and 30 Grenadiers of the Marines ) were captured Diary of the Revolution p. 304 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Putnam '' . Jump up ^ `` Fort Greene '' . Jump up ^ `` Box Fort - The New York State Military Museum '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Field 1869 , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ellis 2005 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 133 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 97 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , p. 152 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ `` The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn '' . Long island historical society . January 1 , 1878 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Stiles , Henry ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` A History of the City of Brooklyn '' . Applewood Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ John J. Gallagher : Battle Of Brooklyn 1776 p. 33 Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , pp. 161 - 164 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , pp. 169 - 171 . Jump up ^ Johnston 1878 , pp. 169 - 172 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Henry P. Johnston : Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn ( 1878 ) Long Island Historical Society - Reprint Di Capo Press ( 1971 ) LCCN 74 -- 15782 ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Lengel 2005 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Fischer 2006 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ `` The narrative of Lieutenant General William Howe '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . p 5 . Jump up ^ `` Foot Of Wall Street And Ferry - House , 1746 '' . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Lengel 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 185 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams , `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 - 670 in JSTOR Jump up ^ David McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 4 Jump up ^ William L. Calderhead , `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 - 338 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 244 Jump up ^ McCullough 2006 , p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Charles H. ( 2009 ) . Cut Off : Colonel Jedediah Huntington 's 17th Continental ( Conn . ) Regiment at the Battle of Long Island August 27 , 1776 . Westminster , MD : Heritage Books . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 4924 - 6 . Jump up ^ Burke , Justin ( 25 August 2012 ) . `` Seeking Brooklyn 's Lost Mass Grave '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vacant Brooklyn lot could be site of mass grave for Revolutionary War soldiers , historian says '' . New York 's PIX11 / WPIX - TV . 2017 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Hays ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Developer says plan respects Minerva statue 's point of view '' . New York : NY Daily News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fort Greene Park Conservancy . `` Prison Ship Martyrs ' Monument '' . Fort Greene Park Conservancy . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Old Stone House '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Find A Grave : Maryland Monument '' . Jump up ^ NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . `` Prospect Park '' . NYC Department of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ `` Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 175th Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1982 , pp. 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 355 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 198th Signal Battalion . Jump up ^ `` 1st Battalion , 5th Field Artillery Regiment '' . Bibliography Adams , Charles Francis . `` The Battle of Long Island , '' American Historical Review Vol. 1 , No. 4 ( Jul. 1896 ) , pp. 650 -- 670 in JSTOR Calderhead , William L. `` British Naval Failure at Long Island : A Lost Opportunity in the American Revolution , '' New York History , July 1976 , Vol. 57 Issue 3 , pp 321 -- 338 Field , Thomas Warren ( 1869 ) , The Battle of Long Island , Brooklyn : The Long Island Historical Society , p. 600 Fischer , David Hackett ( 2006 ) , Washington 's Crossing , New York : Oxford University Press US , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518159 - 3 Gallagher , John J. ; Gallagher , John J ( 1995 ) , The Battle of Brooklyn 1776 , Brooklyn : Castle Books , p. 226 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7858 - 1663 - 8 Johnston , Henry Phelps ( 1878 ) , The Campaign of 1776 Around New York and Brooklyn , Long Island Historical Society , p. 556 , ISBN 0 - 548 - 34227 - X Lengel , Edward ( 2005 ) , General George Washington , New York : Random House Paperbacks , p. 522 , ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6950 - 2 McCullough , David ( 2006 ) , 1776 , New York : Simon and Schuster Paperback , p. 12 , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2672 - 0 Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) , Infantry Regiments of the US Army , Virginia : Wyvern Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Long Island . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battle of Long Island . Whittimore , Henry `` The Heroes of the American Revolution and their Descendants ; The Battle of Long Island '' 1897 The Battle of Long Island The Wild Geese Today Honoring Those who saved Washington 's Army Website on Battle of Long Island `` The Old Stone House '' museum Animated History Map of the Battle of Long Island Howe 's defense of his actions to Parliament in spring 1779 New York Guard 1 / 9th Battalion New York in the American Revolution 1765 Sons of Liberty First Liberty Poles erected Stamp Act Congress 1770 Battle of Golden Hill 1775 Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Invasion of Canada 1776 New York and New Jersey campaign Battle of Long Island New York Prison Ships Begin Submarine attack in New York Harbor Staten Island Peace Conference Landing at Kip 's Bay Battle of Harlem Heights Great Fire of New York Execution of Nathan Hale Battle of Valcour Island Battle of Pell 's Point Battle of White Plains Battle of Fort Washington 1777 Meigs Raid Saratoga campaign Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Battle of Fort Anne Siege of Fort Stanwix Battle of Oriskany Battle of Bennington Battle of Setauket Battle of Staten Island Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( 1st Saratoga ) Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery Battle of Bemis Heights ( 2nd Saratoga ) 1778 Setauket Spy Ring Launched Battle of Cobleskill West Point established Attack on German Flatts Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga Carleton 's Raid Cherry Valley massacre 1779 Battle of Stony Point Battle of Minisink Sullivan Expedition Battle of Newtown Boyd and Parker ambush 1780 Battle of Young 's House First Purple Heart Arnold -- André conspiracy exposed Battle of Klock 's Field Battle of Fort St. George 1781 HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York Battle of Fort Slongo Battle of Johnstown 1782 Washington 's Headquarters at Newburgh Newburgh letter 1783 Newburgh Conspiracy British Evacuate New York Washington 's Farewell to His Officers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Long_Island&oldid=865178774 '' Categories : 1776 in the United States Conflicts in 1776 Battles of the New York Campaign Battles involving Great Britain Battles involving the United States Battles involving Hesse - Kassel Military history of New York City New York ( state ) in the American Revolution History of Brooklyn 1776 in New York ( state ) South Brooklyn Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2013 Use mdy dates from March 2014 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2018 , at 08 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who won the battle of long island in 1776	[ "Battle of Long IslandPart of the American Revolutionary WarPainting depicting the Delaware Regiment at the Battle of Long IslandDateAugust 27, 1776LocationKings County, Long Island, New York40°39′58″N 73°57′58″W / 40.666°N 73.966°W / 40.666; -73.966Coordinates: 40°39′58″N 73°57′58″W / 40.666°N 73.966°W / 40.666; -73.966Result\nBritish victory[1]\n\nThe British forces capture New York City and Long Island from the Continental ArmyBelligerents\n United States\n Great Britain\n\n Hesse-KasselCommanders and leaders\n George Washington Israel Putnam William Alexander Thomas Mifflin Henry Knox John Sullivan (POW)\n William Howe Charles Cornwallis Henry Clinton William Erskine James Grant Charles MawhoodStrength\n10,000[2]\n20,000[3]Casualties and losses\nTotal: 2,000 300 killed800 wounded1,079 captured[4]\nTotal: 388 64 killed293 wounded31 missing[5][6]" ]	[ "The British" ]
4613643006926701695	2018 FIFA World Cup	2018 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup `` 2018 World Cup '' redirects here . For other competitions of that name , see 2018 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . `` FIFA 2018 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 18 . 2018 FIFA World Cup Чемпионат мира по футболу FIFA 2018 Chempionat mira po futbolu FIFA 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Russia Dates 14 June -- 15 July Teams 32 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 11 host cities ) Final positions Champions France ( 2nd title ) Runners - up Croatia Third place Belgium Fourth place England Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 169 ( 2.64 per match ) Attendance 3,031,768 ( 47,371 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Best player Luka Modrić Best young player Kylian Mbappé Best goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois Fair play award Spain ← 2014 2022 → The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup , an international football tournament contested by the men 's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years . It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe , and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion , it was the most expensive World Cup . It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee ( VAR ) system . The finals involved 32 teams , of which 31 came through qualifying competitions , while the host nation qualified automatically . Of the 32 teams , 20 had also appeared in the previous tournament in 2014 , while both Iceland and Panama made their first appearances at a FIFA World Cup . A total of 64 matches were played in 12 venues across 11 cities . The final took place on 15 July at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , between France and Croatia . France won the match 4 -- 2 to claim their second World Cup title , marking the fourth consecutive title won by a European team . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Criticism 2 Teams 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Draw 2.3 Squads 3 Officiating 3.1 Video assistant referees 4 Venues 4.1 Stadiums 4.2 Team base camps 5 Preparation and costs 5.1 Budget 5.2 Infrastructure spending 5.3 Volunteers 5.4 Transport 6 Schedule 7 Opening ceremony 8 Group stage 8.1 Tiebreakers 8.2 Group A 8.3 Group B 8.4 Group C 8.5 Group D 8.6 Group E 8.7 Group F 8.8 Group G 8.9 Group H 9 Knockout stage 9.1 Bracket 9.2 Round of 16 9.3 Quarter - finals 9.4 Semi-finals 9.5 Third place play - off 9.6 Final 10 Statistics 10.1 Goalscorers 10.2 Discipline 10.3 Awards 10.3. 1 Dream Team 10.3. 2 Prize money 11 Marketing 11.1 Branding 11.2 Mascot 11.3 Ticketing 11.4 Match ball 11.5 Merchandise 11.6 Official song 12 Controversies 12.1 Host selection 12.2 Response to Skripal poisoning 13 Critical reception 14 Broadcasting rights 15 Sponsorship 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Host selection Main article : Russia 2018 FIFA World Cup bid Russian bid personnel celebrate the awarding of the 2018 World Cup to Russia on 2 December 2010 . President Vladimir Putin holding the FIFA World Cup Trophy at a pre-tournament ceremony in Moscow on 9 September 2017 The 100 - ruble commemorative banknote celebrates the 2018 FIFA World Cup . It features an image of Soviet goalkeeper Lev Yashin . The bidding procedure to host the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup tournaments began in January 2009 , and national associations had until 2 February 2009 to register their interest . Initially , nine countries placed bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , but Mexico later withdrew from proceedings , and Indonesia 's bid was rejected by FIFA in February 2010 after the Indonesian government failed to submit a letter to support the bid . During the bidding process , the three remaining non-UEFA nations ( Australia , Japan , and the United States ) gradually withdrew from the 2018 bids , and the UEFA nations were thus ruled out of the 2022 bid . As such , there were eventually four bids for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , two of which were joint bids : England , Russia , Netherlands / Belgium , and Portugal / Spain . The 22 - member FIFA Executive Committee convened in Zürich on 2 December 2010 to vote to select the hosts of both tournaments . Russia won the right to be the 2018 host in the second round of voting . The Portugal / Spain bid came second , and that from Belgium / Netherlands third . England , which was bidding to host its second tournament , was eliminated in the first round . The voting results were as follows : 2018 FIFA bidding ( majority 12 votes ) Bidders Votes Round 1 Round 2 Russia 9 13 Portugal / Spain 7 7 Belgium / Netherlands England Eliminated Criticism The English Football Association and others raised concerns of bribery on the part of the Russian team and corruption from FIFA members . They claimed that four members of the executive committee had requested bribes to vote for England , and Sepp Blatter had said that it had already been arranged before the vote that Russia would win . The 2014 Garcia Report , an internal investigation led by Michael J. Garcia , was withheld from public release by Hans - Joachim Eckert , FIFA 's head of adjudication on ethical matters . Eckert instead released a shorter revised summary , and his ( and therefore FIFA 's ) reluctance to publish the full report caused Garcia to resign in protest . Because of the controversy , the FA refused to accept Eckert 's absolving of Russia from blame , with Greg Dyke calling for a re-examination of the affair and David Bernstein calling for a boycott of the World Cup . Teams Qualification Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time in the history of the FIFA World Cup , all eligible nations -- the 209 FIFA member associations minus automatically qualified hosts Russia -- applied to enter the qualifying process . Zimbabwe and Indonesia were later disqualified before playing their first matches , while Gibraltar and Kosovo , who joined FIFA on 13 May 2016 after the qualifying draw but before European qualifying had begun , also entered the competition . Places in the tournament were allocated to continental confederations , with the allocation unchanged from the 2014 World Cup . The first qualification game , between Timor - Leste and Mongolia , began in Dili on 12 March 2015 as part of the AFC 's qualification , and the main qualifying draw took place at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna , Saint Petersburg , on 25 July 2015 . Of the 32 nations qualified to play at the 2018 FIFA World Cup , 20 countries competed at the previous tournament in 2014 . Both Iceland and Panama qualified for the first time , with the former becoming the smallest country in terms of population to reach the World Cup . Other teams returning after absences of at least three tournaments include : Egypt , returning to the finals after their last appearance in 1990 ; Morocco , who last competed in 1998 ; Peru , returning after 1982 ; and Senegal , competing for the second time after reaching the quarter - finals in 2002 . It is the first time three Nordic countries ( Denmark , Iceland and Sweden ) and four Arab nations ( Egypt , Morocco , Saudi Arabia and Tunisia ) have qualified for the World Cup . Notable countries that failed to qualify include four - time champions Italy ( for the first time since 1958 ) , three - time runners - up and third placed in 2014 the Netherlands ( for the first time since 2002 ) , and four reigning continental champions : 2017 Africa Cup of Nations winners Cameroon , two - time Copa América champions and 2017 Confederations Cup runners - up Chile , 2016 OFC Nations Cup winners New Zealand , and 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup champions United States ( for the first time since 1986 ) . The other notable qualifying streaks broken were for Ghana and Ivory Coast , who had both made the previous three tournaments . Note : Numbers in parentheses indicate positions in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the tournament . AFC ( 5 ) Australia ( 36 ) Iran ( 37 ) Japan ( 61 ) Saudi Arabia ( 67 ) South Korea ( 57 ) CAF ( 5 ) Egypt ( 45 ) Morocco ( 41 ) Nigeria ( 48 ) Senegal ( 27 ) Tunisia ( 21 ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Costa Rica ( 23 ) Mexico ( 15 ) Panama ( 55 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 5 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Colombia ( 16 ) Peru ( 11 ) Uruguay ( 14 ) OFC ( 0 ) None qualified UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium ( 3 ) Croatia ( 20 ) Denmark ( 12 ) England ( 12 ) France ( 7 ) Germany ( 1 ) Iceland ( 22 ) Poland ( 8 ) Portugal ( 4 ) Russia ( 70 ) ( host ) Serbia ( 34 ) Spain ( 10 ) Sweden ( 24 ) Switzerland ( 6 ) Qualified Did not qualify Disqualified Not a FIFA member Draw Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup seeding The draw was held on 1 December 2017 at 18 : 00 MSK at the State Kremlin Palace in Moscow . The 32 teams were drawn into 8 groups of 4 , by selecting one team from each of the 4 ranked pots . For the draw , the teams were allocated to four pots based on the FIFA World Rankings of October 2017 . Pot 1 contained the hosts Russia ( who were automatically assigned to position A1 ) and the best seven teams , pot 2 contained the next best eight teams , and so on for pots 3 and 4 . This was different from previous draws , when only pot 1 was based on FIFA rankings while the remaining pots were based on geographical considerations . However , teams from the same confederation still were not drawn against each other for the group stage , except that two UEFA teams could be in each group . Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Russia ( 65 ) ( hosts ) Germany ( 1 ) Brazil ( 2 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Argentina ( 4 ) Belgium ( 5 ) Poland ( 6 ) France ( 7 ) Spain ( 8 ) Peru ( 10 ) Switzerland ( 11 ) England ( 12 ) Colombia ( 13 ) Mexico ( 16 ) Uruguay ( 17 ) Croatia ( 18 ) Denmark ( 19 ) Iceland ( 21 ) Costa Rica ( 22 ) Sweden ( 25 ) Tunisia ( 28 ) Egypt ( 30 ) Senegal ( 32 ) Iran ( 34 ) Serbia ( 38 ) Nigeria ( 41 ) Australia ( 43 ) Japan ( 44 ) Morocco ( 48 ) Panama ( 49 ) South Korea ( 62 ) Saudi Arabia ( 63 ) Squads Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Croatia players after the 2018 World Cup Final against France Initially , each team had to name a preliminary squad of 30 players but , in February 2018 , this was increased to 35 . From the preliminary squad , the team had to name a final squad of 23 players ( three of whom must be goalkeepers ) by 4 June . Players in the final squad may be replaced for serious injury up to 24 hours prior to kickoff of the team 's first match and such replacements do not need to have been named in the preliminary squad . For players named in the 35 - player preliminary squad , there was a mandatory rest period between 21 and 27 May 2018 , except for those involved in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final played on 26 May . Officiating Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup officials On 29 March 2018 , FIFA released the list of 36 referees and 63 assistant referees selected to oversee matches . On 30 April 2018 , FIFA released the list of 13 video assistant referees , who solely acted in this capacity in the tournament . Referee Fahad Al - Mirdasi of Saudi Arabia was removed in 30 May 2018 over a match - fixing attempt , along with his two assistant referees , compatriots Mohammed Al - Abakry and Abdulah Al - Shalwai . A new referee was not appointed , but two assistant referees , Hasan Al Mahri of the United Arab Emirates and Hiroshi Yamauchi of Japan , were added to the list . Assistant referee Marwa Range of Kenya also withdrew after the BBC released an investigation conducted by a Ghanaian journalist which implicated Marwa in a bribery scandal . show List of officials Confederation Referee Assistant referees Video assistant referees AFC Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Reza Sokhandan ( Iran ) Mohammadreza Mansouri ( Iran ) Abdulrahman Al - Jassim ( Qatar ) Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Abdukhamidullo Rasulov ( Uzbekistan ) Jakhongir Saidov ( Uzbekistan ) Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) Mohamed Al Hammadi ( United Arab Emirates ) Hasan Al Mahri ( United Arab Emirates ) Ryuji Sato ( Japan ) Toru Sagara ( Japan ) Hiroshi Yamauchi ( Japan ) Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Yaser Tulefat ( Bahrain ) Taleb Al Maari ( Qatar ) CAF Mehdi Abid Charef ( Algeria ) Anouar Hmila ( Tunisia ) Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) Djibril Camara ( Senegal ) El Hadji Samba ( Senegal ) Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) Jean Claude Birumushahu ( Burundi ) Abdelhak Etchiali ( Algeria ) Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) Redouane Achik ( Morocco ) Waleed Ahmed ( Sudan ) Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) Jerson Dos Santos ( Angola ) Zakhele Siwela ( South Africa ) Bamlak Tessema Weyesa ( Ethiopia ) CONCACAF Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) Juan Zumba ( El Salvador ) Juan Carlos Mora ( Costa Rica ) Mark Geiger ( United States ) Frank Anderson ( United States ) Joe Fletcher ( Canada ) Jair Marrufo ( United States ) Corey Rockwell ( United States ) Ricardo Montero ( Costa Rica ) John Pitti ( Panama ) Gabriel Victoria ( Panama ) César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) Marvin Torrentera ( Mexico ) Miguel Hernández ( Mexico ) CONMEBOL Julio Bascuñán ( Chile ) Carlos Astroza ( Chile ) Christian Schiemann ( Chile ) Wilton Sampaio ( Brazil ) Gery Vargas ( Bolivia ) Mauro Vigliano ( Argentina ) Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) Eduardo Cardozo ( Paraguay ) Juan Zorrilla ( Paraguay ) Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) Nicolás Tarán ( Uruguay ) Mauricio Espinosa ( Uruguay ) Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Hernán Maidana ( Argentina ) Juan Pablo Belatti ( Argentina ) Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Emerson de Carvalho ( Brazil ) Marcelo Van Gasse ( Brazil ) Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Alexander Guzmán ( Colombia ) Cristian de la Cruz ( Colombia ) OFC Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) Simon Lount ( New Zealand ) Tevita Makasini ( Tonga ) Norbert Hauata ( Tahiti ) Bertrand Brial ( New Caledonia ) UEFA Felix Brych ( Germany ) Mark Borsch ( Germany ) Stefan Lupp ( Germany ) Bastian Dankert ( Germany ) Artur Soares Dias ( Portugal ) Paweł Gil ( Poland ) Massimiliano Irrati ( Italy ) Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) Paolo Valeri ( Italy ) Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Bahattin Duran ( Turkey ) Tarık Ongun ( Turkey ) Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Anton Averianov ( Russia ) Tikhon Kalugin ( Russia ) Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Sander van Roekel ( Netherlands ) Erwin Zeinstra ( Netherlands ) Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Paweł Sokolnicki ( Poland ) Tomasz Listkiewicz ( Poland ) Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Pau Cebrián Devís ( Spain ) Roberto Díaz Pérez ( Spain ) Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) Elenito Di Liberatore ( Italy ) Mauro Tonolini ( Italy ) Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Jure Praprotnik ( Slovenia ) Robert Vukan ( Slovenia ) Clément Turpin ( France ) Cyril Gringore ( France ) Nicolas Danos ( France ) Video assistant referees VAR in use in during the Group D match between Nigeria and Iceland , at Volgograd . Shortly after the International Football Association Board 's decision to incorporate video assistant referees ( VARs ) into the Laws of the Game , on 16 March 2018 , the FIFA Council took the much - anticipated step of approving the use of VAR for the first time in a FIFA World Cup tournament . VAR operations for all games are operating from a single headquarters in Moscow , which receives live video of the games and are in radio contact with the on - field referees . Systems are in place for communicating VAR - related information to broadcasters and visuals on stadiums ' large screens are used for the fans in attendance . VAR had a significant impact in several games . On 15 June 2018 , Diego Costa 's goal against Portugal became the first World Cup goal based on a VAR decision ; the first penalty as a result of a VAR decision was awarded to France in their match against Australia on 16 June and resulted in a goal by Antoine Griezmann . A record number of penalties were awarded in the tournament , with this phenomenon being partially attributed to VAR . Overall , the new technology has been both praised and criticised by commentators . FIFA declared the implementation of VAR a success after the first week of competition . Venues Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup venues Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stadiums of FIFA World Cup 2018 . Russia proposed the following host cities : Kaliningrad , Kazan , Krasnodar , Moscow , Nizhny Novgorod , Rostov - on - Don , Saint Petersburg , Samara , Saransk , Sochi , Volgograd , Yaroslavl , and Yekaterinburg . Most cities are in European Russia , while Sochi and Yekaterinburg are very close to the Europe - Asia border , to reduce travel time for the teams in the huge country . The bid evaluation report stated : `` The Russian bid proposes 13 host cities and 16 stadiums , thus exceeding FIFA 's minimum requirement . Three of the 16 stadiums would be renovated , and 13 would be newly constructed . '' In October 2011 , Russia decreased the number of stadiums from 16 to 14 . Construction of the proposed Podolsk stadium in the Moscow region was cancelled by the regional government , and also in the capital , Otkrytiye Arena was competing with Dynamo Stadium over which would be constructed first . The final choice of host cities was announced on 29 September 2012 . The number of cities was further reduced to 11 and number of stadiums to 12 as Krasnodar and Yaroslavl were dropped from the final list . Of the 12 stadiums used for the tournament , 3 ( Luzhniki , Yekaterinburg and Sochi ) have been extensively renovated and the other 9 stadiums to be used are brand new ; $11.8 billion has been spent on hosting the tournament . Sepp Blatter stated in July 2014 that , given the concerns over the completion of venues in Russia , the number of venues for the tournament may be reduced from 12 to 10 . He also said , `` We are not going to be in a situation , as is the case of one , two or even three stadiums in South Africa , where it is a problem of what you do with these stadiums '' . Reconstruction of the Yekaterinburg Central Stadium in January 2017 In October 2014 , on their first official visit to Russia , FIFA 's inspection committee and its head Chris Unger visited St Petersburg , Sochi , Kazan and both Moscow venues . They were satisfied with the progress . On 8 October 2015 , FIFA and the Local Organising Committee agreed on the official names of the stadiums used during the tournament . Of the twelve venues used , the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow and the Saint Petersburg Stadium -- the two largest stadiums in Russia -- were used most , both hosting seven matches . Sochi , Kazan , Nizhny Novgorod and Samara all hosted six matches , including one quarter - final match each , while the Otkrytiye Stadium in Moscow and Rostov - on - Don hosted five matches , including one round - of - 16 match each . Volgograd , Kaliningrad , Yekaterinburg and Saransk all hosted four matches , but did not host any knockout stage games . Stadiums Exterior of Otkrytie Arena in Moscow A total of twelve stadiums in eleven Russian cities were built and renovated for the FIFA World Cup . Kaliningrad : Kaliningrad Stadium . The first piles were driven into the ground in September 2015 . On 11 April 2018 the new stadium hosted its first match . Kazan : Kazan Arena . The stadium was built for the 2013 Summer Universiade . It has since hosted the 2015 World Aquatics Championship and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup . The stadium serves as a home arena to FC Rubin Kazan . Moscow : Luzhniki Stadium . The largest stadium in the country was closed for renovation in 2013 . The stadium was commissioned in November 2017 . Moscow : Spartak Stadium . The stadium is a home arena to its namesake FC Spartak Moscow . In accordance with the FIFA requirements , during the 2018 World Cup it is called Spartak Stadium instead of its usual name Otkritie Arena . The stadium hosted its first match on 5 September 2014 . Nizhny Novgorod : Nizhny Novgorod Stadium . The construction of the Nizhny Novgorod Stadium commenced in 2015 . The project was completed in December 2017 . Rostov - on - Don : Rostov Arena . The stadium is located on the left bank of the Don River . The stadium construction was completed on 22 December 2017 . Saint Petersburg : Saint Petersburg Stadium . The construction of the stadium commenced in 2007 . The project was officially completed on 29 December 2016 . The stadium has hosted games of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and will serve as a venue for UEFA Euro 2020 . Samara : Samara Arena . The construction officially started on 21 July 2014 . The project was completed on 21 April 2018 . Saransk : Mordovia Arena . The stadium in Saransk was scheduled to be commissioned in 2012 in time for the opening of the all - Russian Spartakiad , but the plan was revised . The opening was rescheduled to 2017 . The arena hosted its first match on 21 April 2018 . Sochi : Fisht Stadium . The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics . Afterwards , it was renovated in preparation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 World Cup . Volgograd : Volgograd Arena . The main arena of Volgograd was built on the demolished Central Stadium site , at the foot of the Mamayev Kurgan memorial complex . The stadium was commissioned on 3 April 2018 . Yekaterinburg : Ekaterinburg Arena . The Central Stadium of Yekaterinburg has been renovated for the FIFA World Cup . The arena 's stands have a capacity of 35,000 spectators . The renovation project was completed in December 2017 . Moscow Saint Petersburg Sochi Luzhniki Stadium Otkritie Arena ( Spartak Stadium ) Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg Stadium ) Fisht Olympic Stadium ( Fisht Stadium ) Capacity : 78,011 Capacity : 44,190 Capacity : 64,468 Capacity : 44,287 Volgograd Moscow Saint Petersburg Kaliningrad Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Samara Volgograd Saransk Sochi Rostov - on - Don Yekaterinburg Rostov - on - Don Volgograd Arena Rostov Arena Capacity : 43,713 Capacity : 43,472 Nizhny Novgorod Kazan Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Kazan Arena Capacity : 43,319 Capacity : 42,873 Samara Saransk Kaliningrad Yekaterinburg Samara Arena Mordovia Arena Kaliningrad Stadium Central Stadium ( Ekaterinburg Arena ) Capacity : 41,970 Capacity : 41,685 Capacity : 33,973 Capacity : 33,061 Team base camps Base camps were used by the 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . On 9 February 2018 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Argentina : Bronnitsy , Moscow Oblast Australia : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Belgium : Krasnogorsky , Moscow Oblast Brazil : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Colombia : Verkhneuslonsky , Republic of Tatarstan Costa Rica : Saint Petersburg Croatia : Roshchino , Leningrad Oblast Denmark : Anapa , Krasnodar Krai Egypt : Grozny , Chechen Republic England : Repino , Saint Petersburg France : Istra , Moscow Oblast Germany : Vatutinki , Moscow Iceland : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Iran : Bakovka , Moscow Oblast Japan : Kazan , Republic of Tatarstan Mexico : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Morocco : Voronezh , Voronezh Oblast Nigeria : Yessentuki , Stavropol Krai Panama : Saransk , Republic of Mordovia Peru : Moscow Poland : Sochi , Krasnodar Krai Portugal : Ramenskoye , Moscow Oblast Russia : Khimki , Moscow Oblast Saudi Arabia : Saint Petersburg Senegal : Kaluga , Kaluga Oblast Serbia : Svetlogorsk , Kaliningrad Oblast South Korea : Saint Petersburg Spain : Krasnodar , Krasnodar Krai Sweden : Gelendzhik , Krasnodar Krai Switzerland : Togliatti , Samara Oblast Tunisia : Pervomayskoye , Moscow Oblast Uruguay : Bor , Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Preparation and costs Budget Scale model of the Volgograd Arena . Construction began in 2015 . At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion as of June 2018 , it is the most expensive World Cup in history , surpassing the cost of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . The Russian government had originally earmarked a budget of around $20 billion which was later slashed to $10 billion for the preparations of the World Cup , of which half is spent on transport infrastructure . As part of the program for preparation to the 2018 FIFA World Cup , a federal sub-program `` Construction and Renovation of Transport Infrastructure '' was implemented with a total budget of 352.5 billion rubles , with 170.3 billion coming from the federal budget , 35.1 billion from regional budgets , and 147.1 billion from investors . The biggest item of federal spending was the aviation infrastructure ( 117.8 billion rubles ) . Construction of new hotels was a crucial area of infrastructure development in the World Cup host cities . Costs continued to balloon as preparations were underway . Infrastructure spending Platov International Airport in Rostov - on - Don was upgraded with automated air traffic control systems , modern surveillance , navigation , communication , control , and meteorological support systems . Koltsovo Airport in Yekaterinburg was upgraded with radio - engineering tools for flight operation and received its second runway strip . Saransk Airport received a new navigation system ; the city also got two new hotels , Mercure Saransk Centre ( Accor Hotels ) and Four Points by Sheraton Saransk ( Starwood Hotels ) as well as few other smaller accommodation facilities . In Samara , new tram lines were laid . Khrabrovo Airport in Kaliningrad was upgraded with radio navigation and weather equipment . Renovation and upgrade of radio - engineering tools for flight operation was completed in the airports of Moscow , Saint Petersburg , Volgograd , Samara , Yekaterinburg , Kazan and Sochi . On 27 March , the Ministry of Construction Industry , Housing and Utilities Sector of Russia reported that all communications within its area of responsibility have been commissioned . The last facility commissioned was a waste treatment station in Volgograd . In Yekaterinburg , where four matches are hosted , hosting costs increased to over 7.4 billion rubles , over-running the 5.6 billion rubles originally allocated from the state and regional budget . Volunteers Volunteer flag bearers on the field prior to Belgium 's ( flag depicted ) group stage match against Tunisia Volunteer applications to the Russia 2018 Local Organising Committee opened on 1 June 2016 . The 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Volunteer Program received about 177,000 applications , and engaged a total of 35,000 volunteers . They received training at 15 Volunteer Centres of the Local Organising Committee based in 15 universities , and in Volunteer Centres in the host cities . Preference , especially in the key areas , was given to those with knowledge of foreign languages and volunteering experience , but not necessarily to Russian nationals . Transport Free public transport services were offered for ticketholders during the World Cup , including additional trains linking between host cities , as well as services such as bus service within them . Schedule Launching of a 1,000 days countdown in Moscow The full schedule was announced by FIFA on 24 July 2015 ( without kick - off times , which were confirmed later ) . On 1 December 2017 , following the final draw , six kick - off times were adjusted by FIFA . Russia was placed in position A1 in the group stage and played in the opening match at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow on 14 June against Saudi Arabia , the two lowest - ranked teams of the tournament at the time of the final draw . The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the second semi-final on 11 July and the final on 15 July . The Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg hosted the first semi-final on 10 July and the third place play - off on 14 July . Opening ceremony Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Soprano Aida Garifullina and pop singer Robbie Williams singing `` Angels '' at the opening ceremony The opening ceremony took place on Thursday , 14 June 2018 , at the Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow , preceding the opening match of the tournament between hosts Russia and Saudi Arabia . Former Brazilian World Cup - winning striker Ronaldo walked out with a child wearing a Russia 2018 shirt . English pop singer Robbie Williams then performed two songs before he and Russian soprano Aida Garifullina performed a duet while other performers emerged , dressed in the flags of all 32 teams and carrying a sign bearing the name of each nation . Dancers were also present . Ronaldo returned with the official match ball of the 2018 World Cup which was sent into space with the International Space Station crew in March and came back to Earth in early June . Group stage Competing countries were divided into eight groups of four teams ( groups A to H ) . Teams in each group played one another in a round - robin basis , with the top two teams of each group advancing to the knockout stage . Ten European teams and four South American teams progressed to the knockout stage , together with Japan and Mexico . For the first time since 1938 , Germany ( reigning champions ) did not advance past the first round . For the first time since 1982 , no African team progressed to the second round . For the first time , the fair play criteria came into use , when Japan qualified over Senegal due to having received fewer yellow cards . Only one match , France v Denmark , was goalless . Until then there were a record 36 straight games in which at least one goal was scored . All times listed below are local time . Tiebreakers The ranking of teams in the group stage was determined as follows : Points obtained in all group matches ; Goal difference in all group matches ; Number of goals scored in all group matches ; Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question ; Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; Fair play points in all group matches ( only one deduction could be applied to a player in a single match ) : Yellow card : -- 1 points ; Indirect red card ( second yellow card ) : -- 3 points ; Direct red card : -- 4 points ; Yellow card and direct red card : -- 5 points ; Drawing of lots . Group A Pre-match ceremony prior to the opening game , Russia v Saudi Arabia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 9 Advance to knockout stage Russia ( H ) 0 8 + 4 6 Saudi Arabia 0 7 − 5 Egypt 0 0 6 − 4 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers ( H ) Host . 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Gazinsky 12 ' Cheryshev 43 ' , 90 + 1 ' Dzyuba 71 ' Golovin 90 + 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Egypt 0 -- 1 Uruguay Report Giménez 89 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 27,015 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 3 -- 1 Egypt Fathy 47 ' ( o.g. ) Cheryshev 59 ' Dzyuba 62 ' Report Salah 73 ' ( pen . ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Suárez 23 ' Report Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 42,678 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Uruguay 3 -- 0 Russia Suárez 10 ' Cheryshev 23 ' ( o.g. ) Cavani 90 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Saudi Arabia 2 -- 1 Egypt Al - Faraj 45 + 6 ' ( pen . ) Al - Dawsari 90 + 5 ' Report Salah 22 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 36,823 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) Group B The first match of the group , Iran 's squad against Morocco in St. Petersburg Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 6 5 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 5 + 1 5 Iran 0 Morocco 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Morocco 0 -- 1 Iran Report Bouhaddouz 90 + 5 ' ( o.g. ) Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 62,548 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 3 -- 3 Spain Ronaldo 4 ' ( pen . ) , 44 ' , 88 ' Report Costa 24 ' , 55 ' Nacho 58 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,866 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Portugal 1 -- 0 Morocco Ronaldo 4 ' Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 0 -- 1 Spain Report Costa 54 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,718 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal Ansarifard 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Quaresma 45 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 41,685 Referee : Enrique Cáceres ( Paraguay ) 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Spain 2 -- 2 Morocco Isco 19 ' Aspas 90 + 1 ' Report Boutaïb 14 ' En - Nesyri 81 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) Group C Australia v Peru Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification France 0 + 2 7 Advance to knockout stage Denmark 0 + 1 5 Peru 0 0 Australia 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 13 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 2 -- 1 Australia Griezmann 58 ' ( pen . ) Behich 81 ' ( o.g. ) Report Jedinak 62 ' ( pen . ) Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,279 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 19 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Peru 0 -- 1 Denmark Report Poulsen 59 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,502 Referee : Bakary Gassama ( Gambia ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Denmark 1 -- 1 Australia Eriksen 7 ' Report Jedinak 38 ' ( pen . ) Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 40,727 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) France 1 -- 0 Peru Mbappé 34 ' Report Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,789 Referee : Mohammed Abdulla Hassan Mohamed ( United Arab Emirates ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Denmark 0 -- 0 France Report Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Australia 0 -- 2 Peru Report Carrillo 18 ' Guerrero 50 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,073 Referee : Sergei Karasev ( Russia ) Group D Iceland v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Croatia 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage Argentina 5 − 2 Nigeria 0 − 1 Iceland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 16 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 1 -- 1 Iceland Agüero 19 ' Report Finnbogason 23 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 16 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 16 ) 21 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Croatia 2 -- 0 Nigeria Etebo 32 ' ( o.g. ) Modrić 71 ' ( pen . ) Report Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 31,136 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Argentina 0 -- 3 Croatia Report Rebić 53 ' Modrić 80 ' Rakitić 90 + 1 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 2 -- 0 Iceland Musa 49 ' , 75 ' Report Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 40,904 Referee : Matthew Conger ( New Zealand ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Nigeria 1 -- 2 Argentina Moses 51 ' ( pen . ) Report Messi 14 ' Rojo 86 ' Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Iceland 1 -- 2 Croatia G. Sigurðsson 76 ' ( pen . ) Report Badelj 53 ' Perišić 90 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Group E Brazil v Costa Rica Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Switzerland 0 5 + 1 5 Serbia 0 − 2 Costa Rica 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 16 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Costa Rica 0 -- 1 Serbia Report Kolarov 56 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,432 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 1 Switzerland Coutinho 20 ' Report Zuber 50 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,109 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Costa Rica Coutinho 90 + 1 ' Neymar 90 + 7 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,468 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) Serbia 1 -- 2 Switzerland Mitrović 5 ' Report Xhaka 52 ' Shaqiri 90 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,167 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Serbia 0 -- 2 Brazil Report Paulinho 36 ' Thiago Silva 68 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Switzerland 2 -- 2 Costa Rica Džemaili 31 ' Drmić 88 ' Report Waston 56 ' Sommer 90 + 3 ' ( o.g. ) Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Group F Germany v Mexico Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Sweden 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Mexico 0 − 1 6 South Korea 0 0 Germany 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 17 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 0 -- 1 Mexico Report Lozano 35 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 South Korea Granqvist 65 ' ( pen . ) Report Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 42,300 Referee : Joel Aguilar ( El Salvador ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 1 -- 2 Mexico Son Heung - min 90 + 3 ' Report Vela 26 ' ( pen . ) Hernández 66 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 43,472 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Germany 2 -- 1 Sweden Reus 48 ' Kroos 90 + 5 ' Report Toivonen 32 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) South Korea 2 -- 0 Germany Kim Young - gwon 90 + 3 ' Son Heung - min 90 + 6 ' Report Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 41,835 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 19 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Mexico 0 -- 3 Sweden Report Augustinsson 50 ' Granqvist 62 ' ( pen . ) Álvarez 74 ' ( o.g. ) Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 33,061 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Group G Belgium v Tunisia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Belgium 0 0 9 + 7 9 Advance to knockout stage England 0 8 + 5 6 Tunisia 0 5 8 − 3 Panama 0 0 11 − 9 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 0 Panama Mertens 47 ' Lukaku 69 ' , 75 ' Report Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 43,257 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Tunisia 1 -- 2 England Sassi 35 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 11 ' , 90 + 1 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 41,064 Referee : Wilmar Roldán ( Colombia ) 23 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 23 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia E. Hazard 6 ' ( pen . ) , 51 ' Lukaku 16 ' , 45 + 3 ' Batshuayi 90 ' Report Bronn 18 ' Khazri 90 + 3 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Jair Marrufo ( United States ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) England 6 -- 1 Panama Stones 8 ' , 40 ' Kane 22 ' ( pen . ) , 45 + 1 ' ( pen . ) , 62 ' Lingard 36 ' Report Baloy 78 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Gehad Grisha ( Egypt ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 20 : 00 KALT ( UTC + 2 ) England 0 -- 1 Belgium Report Januzaj 51 ' Kaliningrad Stadium , Kaliningrad Attendance : 33,973 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Panama 1 -- 2 Tunisia Meriah 33 ' ( o.g. ) Report F. Ben Youssef 51 ' Khazri 66 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 37,168 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) Group H Japan v Poland Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Colombia 0 5 + 3 6 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 Senegal 0 Poland 0 5 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Group stage tiebreakers Notes : ^ Jump up to : Fair play points : Japan − 4 , Senegal − 6 . 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 15 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 2 Japan Quintero 39 ' Report Kagawa 6 ' ( pen . ) Osako 73 ' Mordovia Arena , Saransk Attendance : 40,842 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 1 -- 2 Senegal Krychowiak 86 ' Report Cionek 37 ' ( o.g. ) Niang 60 ' Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Nawaf Shukralla ( Bahrain ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 20 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Japan 2 -- 2 Senegal Inui 34 ' Honda 78 ' Report Mané 11 ' Wagué 71 ' Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Attendance : 32,572 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 24 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Poland 0 -- 3 Colombia Report Mina 40 ' Falcao 70 ' Ju . Cuadrado 75 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Japan 0 -- 1 Poland Report Bednarek 59 ' Volgograd Arena , Volgograd Attendance : 42,189 Referee : Janny Sikazwe ( Zambia ) 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Senegal 0 -- 1 Colombia Report Mina 74 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Knockout stage Russia v Croatia Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup knockout stage In the knockout stages , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) and followed , if necessary , by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . If a match went into extra time , each team was allowed to make a fourth substitution , the first time this had been allowed in a FIFA World Cup tournament . Bracket Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 30 June -- Sochi Uruguay 6 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Portugal Uruguay 0 30 June -- Kazan France France 10 July -- Saint Petersburg Argentina France 2 July -- Samara Belgium 0 Brazil 6 July -- Kazan Mexico 0 Brazil 2 July -- Rostov - on - Don Belgium Belgium 15 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Japan France 1 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Croatia Spain 1 ( 3 ) 7 July -- Sochi Russia ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Russia 2 ( 3 ) 1 July -- Nizhny Novgorod Croatia ( p ) 2 ( 4 ) Croatia ( p ) 1 ( 3 ) 11 July -- Moscow ( Luzhniki ) Denmark 1 ( 2 ) Croatia ( a.e.t. ) 3 July -- Saint Petersburg England Third place play - off Sweden 7 July -- Samara 14 July -- Saint Petersburg Switzerland 0 Sweden 0 Belgium 3 July -- Moscow ( Otkritie ) England England 0 Colombia 1 ( 3 ) England ( p ) 1 ( 4 ) Round of 16 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 3 Argentina Griezmann 13 ' ( pen . ) Pavard 57 ' Mbappé 64 ' , 68 ' Report Di María 41 ' Mercado 48 ' Agüero 90 + 3 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) 30 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 30 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal Cavani 7 ' , 62 ' Report Pepe 55 ' Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : César Arturo Ramos ( Mexico ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Russia Ignashevich 12 ' ( o.g. ) Report Dzyuba 41 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Iniesta Piqué Koke Ramos Aspas 3 -- 4 Smolov Ignashevich Golovin Cheryshev Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Denmark Mandžukić 4 ' Report M. Jørgensen 1 ' Penalties Badelj Kramarić Modrić Pivarić Rakitić 3 -- 2 Eriksen Kjær Krohn - Dehli Schöne N. Jørgensen Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 40,851 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Mexico Neymar 51 ' Firmino 88 ' Report Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 41,970 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 3 -- 2 Japan Vertonghen 69 ' Fellaini 74 ' Chadli 90 + 4 ' Report Haraguchi 48 ' Inui 52 ' Rostov Arena , Rostov - on - Don Attendance : 41,466 Referee : Malang Diedhiou ( Senegal ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Sweden 1 -- 0 Switzerland Forsberg 66 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,042 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Colombia 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Mina 90 + 3 ' Report Kane 57 ' ( pen . ) Penalties Falcao Ju . Cuadrado Muriel Uribe Bacca 3 -- 4 Kane Rashford Henderson Trippier Dier Otkritie Arena , Moscow Attendance : 44,190 Referee : Mark Geiger ( United States ) Quarter - finals 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Uruguay 0 -- 2 France Report Varane 40 ' Griezmann 61 ' Nizhny Novgorod Stadium , Nizhny Novgorod Attendance : 43,319 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 2 Belgium Renato Augusto 76 ' Report Fernandinho 13 ' ( o.g. ) De Bruyne 31 ' Kazan Arena , Kazan Attendance : 42,873 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Sweden 0 -- 2 England Report Maguire 30 ' Alli 59 ' Cosmos Arena , Samara Attendance : 39,991 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 7 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Russia 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Croatia Cheryshev 31 ' Fernandes 115 ' Report Kramarić 39 ' Vida 101 ' Penalties Smolov Dzagoev Fernandes Ignashevich Kuzyayev 3 -- 4 Brozović Kovačić Modrić Vida Rakitić Fisht Olympic Stadium , Sochi Attendance : 44,287 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) Semi-finals 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 1 -- 0 Belgium Umtiti 51 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,286 Referee : Andrés Cunha ( Uruguay ) 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 21 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Croatia 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) England Perišić 68 ' Mandžukić 109 ' Report Trippier 5 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Third place play - off 14 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) 17 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Belgium 2 -- 0 England Meunier 4 ' E. Hazard 82 ' Report Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg Attendance : 64,406 Referee : Alireza Faghani ( Iran ) Final Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Final 15 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) France 4 -- 2 Croatia Mandžukić 18 ' ( o.g. ) Griezmann 38 ' ( pen . ) Pogba 59 ' Mbappé 65 ' Report Perišić 28 ' Mandžukić 69 ' Luzhniki Stadium , Moscow Attendance : 78,011 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) Statistics Further information : 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Discipline Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record In total , only four players were sent off in the entire tournament , the fewest since 1978 . International Football Association Board technical director David Elleray stated a belief that this was due to the introduction of VAR , since players would know that they would not be able to get away with anything under the new system . A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences : Receiving a red card ( red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences ) Receiving two yellow cards in two matches ; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter - finals ( yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches ) The following suspensions were served during the tournament : Player Offence ( s ) Suspension ( s ) Carlos Sánchez in Group H vs Japan ( matchday 1 ; 19 June ) Group H vs Poland ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Yussuf Poulsen in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 1 ; 16 June ) in Group C vs Australia ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) Group C vs France ( matchday 3 ; 26 June ) Jérôme Boateng in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) Group F vs South Korea ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Armando Cooper in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Michael Amir Murillo in Group G vs Belgium ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Group G vs England ( matchday 2 ; 24 June ) Group G vs Tunisia ( matchday 3 ; 28 June ) Igor Smolnikov in Group A vs Uruguay ( matchday 3 ; 25 June ) Round of 16 vs Spain ( 1 July ) Sebastian Larsson in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 2 ; 23 June ) in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Héctor Moreno in Group F vs Germany ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group F vs Sweden ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Brazil ( 2 July ) Stephan Lichtsteiner in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Fabian Schär in Group E vs Brazil ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Group E vs Costa Rica ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Blaise Matuidi in Group C vs Peru ( matchday 2 ; 21 June ) in Round of 16 vs Argentina ( 30 June ) Quarter - finals vs Uruguay ( 6 July ) Casemiro in Group E vs Switzerland ( matchday 1 ; 17 June ) in Round of 16 vs Mexico ( 2 July ) Quarter - finals vs Belgium ( 6 July ) Mikael Lustig in Group F vs Mexico ( matchday 3 ; 27 June ) in Round of 16 vs Switzerland ( 3 July ) Quarter - finals vs England ( 7 July ) Michael Lang in Round of 16 vs Sweden ( 3 July ) Suspension served outside tournament Thomas Meunier in Group G vs Panama ( matchday 1 ; 18 June ) in Quarter - finals vs Brazil ( 6 July ) Semi-finals vs France ( 10 July ) Awards Luka Modrić accepting the Golden Ball award from Vladimir Putin Kylian Mbappé receiving the World Cup best young player award from Emmanuel Macron France lifting the World Cup trophy The following awards were given at the conclusion of the tournament . The Golden Boot ( top scorer ) , Golden Ball ( best overall player ) and Golden Glove ( best goalkeeper ) awards were all sponsored by Adidas . Golden Ball Silver Ball Bronze Ball Luka Modrić Eden Hazard Antoine Griezmann Golden Boot Silver Boot Bronze Boot Harry Kane ( 6 goals , 0 assists ) Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) Romelu Lukaku ( 4 goals , 1 assist ) Golden Glove Thibaut Courtois Best Young Player Kylian Mbappé FIFA Fair Play Award Spain Additionally , FIFA.com shortlisted 18 goals for users to vote on as the tournaments ' best . The poll closed on 23 July . The award was sponsored by Hyundai . Goal of the Tournament Goalscorer Opponent Score Round Benjamin Pavard Argentina 2 -- 2 Round of 16 Dream team As was the case during the 2010 and 2014 editions , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead invited users of FIFA.com to elect their Fan Dream Team . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Marcelo Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Diego Godín Kevin De Bruyne Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo FIFA also published an alternate team of the tournament based on player performances evaluated through statistical data . Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Thibaut Courtois Andreas Granqvist Thiago Silva Raphaël Varane Yerry Mina Denis Cheryshev Philippe Coutinho Luka Modrić Harry Kane Antoine Griezmann Eden Hazard Prize money Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017 . Position Amount ( million USD ) Per team Total Champions 38 38 Runner - up 28 28 Third place 24 24 Fourth place 22 22 5th -- 8th place ( quarter - finals ) 16 64 9th -- 16th place ( round of 16 ) 12 96 17th -- 32nd place ( group stage ) 8 128 Total 400 Marketing The typeface `` Dusha '' used for branding Branding The tournament logo was unveiled on 28 October 2014 by cosmonauts at the International Space Station and then projected onto Moscow 's Bolshoi Theatre during an evening television programme . Russian Sports Minister Vitaly Mutko said that the logo was inspired by `` Russia 's rich artistic tradition and its history of bold achievement and innovation '' , and FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that it reflected the `` heart and soul '' of the country . For the branding , Portuguese design agency Brandia Central created materials in 2014 , with a typeface called Dusha ( from душа , Russian for soul ) designed by Brandia Central and edited by Adotbelow of DSType Foundry in Portugal . Mascot Main article : Zabivaka Tournament mascot , wolf Zabivaka The official mascot for the tournament was unveiled 21 October 2016 , and selected through a design competition among university students . A public vote was used to select from three finalists -- a cat , a tiger , and a wolf . The winner , with 53 % of approximately 1 million votes , was Zabivaka -- an anthropomorphic wolf dressed in the colours of the Russian national team . Zabivaka 's name is a portmanteau of the Russian words забияка ( `` hothead '' ) and забивать ( `` to score '' ) , and his official backstory states that he is an aspiring football player who is `` charming , confident and social '' . Ticketing The first phase of ticket sales started on 14 September 2017 , 12 : 00 Moscow Time , and lasted until 12 October 2017 . The general visa policy of Russia did not apply to participants and spectators , who were able to visit Russia without a visa right before and during the competition regardless of their citizenship . Spectators were nonetheless required to register for a `` Fan - ID '' , a special photo identification pass . A Fan - ID was required to enter the country visa - free , while a ticket , Fan - ID and a valid passport were required to enter stadiums for matches . Fan - IDs also granted World Cup attendees free access to public transport services , including buses , and train service between host cities . Fan - ID was administered by the Ministry of Digital Development , Communications and Mass Media , who could revoke these accreditations at any time to `` ensure the defence capability or security of the state or public order '' . Match ball Main article : Adidas Telstar 18 Match ball `` Telstar 18 '' Match ball for the knockout stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' . The official match ball of the 2018 World Cup group stage was `` Telstar 18 '' , based on the name and design of the first Adidas World Cup ball from 1970 . It was introduced on 9 November 2017 . After the group stage , `` Telstar Mechta '' was used for the knockout stage . The word mechta ( Russian : мечта ) means dream or ambition . The difference between Telstar 18 and Mechta is the red details on the design . Merchandise See also : FIFA World Cup video games On 30 April 2018 , EA announced a free expansion for FIFA 18 based on the 2018 FIFA World Cup , featuring all 32 participating teams and all 12 stadiums used at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Official song Main article : Live It Up ( Nicky Jam song ) The official song of the tournament was `` Live It Up '' , with vocals from Will Smith , Nicky Jam and Era Istrefi , released on 25 May 2018 . Its music video was released on 8 June 2018 . Controversies Main article : List of 2018 FIFA World Cup controversies Thirty - three footballers who are alleged to be part of the steroid program are listed in the McLaren Report . On 22 December 2017 , it was reported that FIFA fired a doctor who had been investigating doping in Russian football . On 22 May 2018 FIFA confirmed that the investigations concerning all Russian players named for the provisional squad of the FIFA World Cup in Russia had been completed , with the result that insufficient evidence was found to assert an anti-doping rule violation . FIFA 's medical committee also decided that Russian personnel would not be involved in performing drug testing procedures at the tournament ; the action was taken to reassure teams that the samples would remain untampered . Host selection The choice of Russia as host has been challenged . Controversial issues have included the level of racism in Russian football , and discrimination against LGBT people in wider Russian society . Russia 's involvement in the ongoing conflict in Ukraine has also caused calls for the tournament to be moved , particularly following the annexation of Crimea . In 2014 , FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that `` the World Cup has been given and voted to Russia and we are going forward with our work '' . Allegations of corruption in the bidding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups caused threats from England 's FA to boycott the tournament . FIFA appointed Michael J. Garcia , a US attorney , to investigate and produce a report on the corruption allegations . Although the report was never published , FIFA released a 42 - page summary of its findings as determined by German judge Hans - Joachim Eckert . Eckert 's summary cleared Russia and Qatar of any wrongdoing , but was denounced by critics as a whitewash . Garcia criticised the summary as being `` materially incomplete '' with `` erroneous representations of the facts and conclusions '' , and appealed to FIFA 's Appeal Committee . The committee declined to hear his appeal , so Garcia resigned in protest of FIFA 's conduct , citing a `` lack of leadership '' and lack of confidence in the independence of Eckert . On 3 June 2015 , the FBI confirmed that the federal authorities were investigating the bidding and awarding processes for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups . In an interview published on 7 June 2015 , Domenico Scala , the head of FIFA 's Audit And Compliance Committee , stated that `` should there be evidence that the awards to Qatar and Russia came only because of bought votes , then the awards could be cancelled '' . Prince William , Duke of Cambridge and former British Prime Minister David Cameron attended a meeting with FIFA vice-president Chung Mong - joon in which a vote - trading deal for the right to host the 2018 World Cup in England was discussed . Response to Skripal poisoning In response to the March 2018 poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal , British Prime Minister Theresa May announced that no British ministers or members of the royal family would attend the World Cup , and issued a warning to any travelling England fans . Iceland diplomatically boycotted the World Cup . Russia responded to the comments from the UK Parliament claiming that `` the west are trying to deny Russia the World Cup '' . The Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Boris Johnson 's statements that compared the event to the 1936 Olympics held in Nazi Germany as `` poisoned with venom of hate , unprofessionalism and boorishness '' and `` unacceptable and unworthy '' parallel towards Russia , a `` nation that lost millions of lives in fighting Nazism '' . The British Foreign Office and MPs had repeatedly warned English football fans and `` people of Asian or Afro - Caribbean descent '' travelling to Russia of `` racist or homophobic intimidation , hooligan violence and anti-British hostility '' . English football fans who have travelled have said they have received a warm welcome from ordinary citizens after arriving in Russia . Critical reception Russia received widespread praise as World Cup hosts . Facilities -- such as the refurbished Luzhniki Stadium ( pictured ) -- were one aspect of Russia 's success . At the close of the World Cup Russia was widely praised for its success in hosting the tournament , with Steve Rosenberg of the BBC deeming it `` a resounding public relations success '' for Putin , adding , `` The stunning new stadiums , free train travel to venues and the absence of crowd violence has impressed visiting supporters . Russia has come across as friendly and hospitable : a stark contrast with the country 's authoritarian image . All the foreign fans I have spoken to are pleasantly surprised . '' FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated , `` Everyone discovered a beautiful country , a welcoming country , that is keen to show the world that everything that has been said before might not be true . A lot of preconceived ideas have been changed because people have seen the true nature of Russia . '' Infantino has proclaimed Russia 2018 to be `` the best World Cup ever '' , as 98 % of the stadiums were sold out , there were three billion viewers on TV all around the world and 7 million fans visited the fan fests . Broadcasting rights Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to various local broadcasters . In the United States , the 2018 World Cup was the first men 's World Cup whose English rights were held by Fox Sports , and Spanish rights held by Telemundo . The elimination of the US national team in qualifying led to concerns that US interest and viewership of this World Cup would be reduced ( especially among `` casual '' viewers interested in the US team ) , especially noting how much Fox paid for the rights , and that US games at the 2014 World Cup peaked at 16.5 million viewers . During a launch event prior to the elimination , Fox stated that it had planned to place a secondary focus on the Mexican team in its coverage to take advantage of their popularity among US viewers ( factoring Hispanic and Latino Americans ) . Fox stated that it was still committed to broadcasting a significant amount of coverage for the tournament . In February 2018 , Ukrainian rightsholder UA : PBC stated that it would not broadcast the World Cup . This came in the wake of growing boycotts of the tournament among the Football Federation of Ukraine and sports minister Ihor Zhdanov . Additionally , the Football Federation of Ukraine refused to accredit journalists for the World Cup and waived their quota of tickets . However , the Ukrainian state TV still broadcast the World Cup , and more than 4 million Ukrainians watched the opening match . Broadcast rights to the tournament in the Middle East were hampered by an ongoing diplomatic crisis in Qatar over alleged support of extremist groups . Qatar is the home country of the region 's rightsholder , beIN Sports . Bahrain , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , and the United Arab Emirates cut diplomatic ties with Qatar over the matter . On 2 June 2018 , beIN pulled its channels from Du and Etisalat , but with service to the latter restored later that day . Etisalat subsequently announced that it would air the World Cup in the UAE , and continue to offer beIN normally and without interruptions . In Saudi Arabia , beIN 's channels have been widely and illegally repackaged by a broadcaster identifying itself as beoutQ ; while FIFA attempted to indirectly negotiate the sale of a package consisting of Saudi matches , as well as the opening and final games , they were unable to do so . On 12 July 2018 , FIFA stated that it `` has engaged counsel to take legal action in Saudi Arabia and is working alongside other sports rights owners that have also been affected to protect its interests . '' Sponsorship FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors African supporters Asian supporters European supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Gazprom Hyundai -- Kia Qatar Airways Visa Wanda Group Anheuser - Busch InBev Hisense McDonald 's Mengniu Dairy Vivo Egypt -- Experience & Invest Diking Luci Yadea Alfa - Bank Alrosa Rostelecom Russian Railways See also Association football portal Russia portal 2010s portal FIFA World Cup hosts 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup Notes Jump up ^ France will qualify for this tournament as World Cup winners if it takes place . However FIFA has discussed abolishing the competition . References ^ Jump up to : `` Golden consolation for magical Modric '' . FIFA. 15 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 16 July 2018 . 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 FIFA World Cup . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for World Cup 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the fifa world cup 2018 end	[ "The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, an international football tournament contested by the men's national teams of the member associations of FIFA once every four years. It took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018.[2] It was the first World Cup to be held in Eastern Europe,[3] and the 11th time that it had been held in Europe. At an estimated cost of over $14.2 billion, it was the most expensive World Cup.[4] It was also the first World Cup to use the video assistant referee (VAR) system.[5][6]\n" ]	[ "15 July 2018" ]
3979810589383726679	List of Only Fools and Horses characters	List of only Fools and Horses characters - wikipedia List of only Fools and Horses characters Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of characters from the BBC situation comedy Only Fools and Horses and its prequel , Rock and Chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regular characters 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Major 2.2 Minor 2.2. 1 Jevon 2.2. 2 Nerys 2.2. 3 Alan Parry 2.2. 4 Roy Slater 2.2. 5 PC Terry Hoskins 2.2. 6 June Snell 2.2. 7 Barmaids 3 Trotter relatives 3.1 Joan Trotter 3.2 Reg Trotter 3.3 Violet Trotter 3.4 Freddie Robdal 4 Guest and spin - off characters 4.1 Abdul Khan 4.2 Arnie 4.3 Solly Atwell 4.4 The Driscoll Brothers 4.5 Doctor Meadows 4.6 Jumbo Mills 4.7 Don Vincenzo Occhetti 4.8 Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly 4.9 Reenie Turpin 4.10 Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales 4.11 Janice 5 Unseen characters 5.1 Albie Littlewood 5.2 Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron 6 References Regular characters ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Del Boy David Jason ( James Buckley in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Rodney Nicholas Lyndhurst `` Big Brother '' 2014 Sport Relief special 1981 - 2003 , 2014 64 Grandad Lennard Pearce ( Phil Daniels in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Licensed to Drill '' 1981 -- 1984 22 Uncle Albert Buster Merryfield `` Strained Relations '' `` The Comic Relief Special '' 1985 -- 1997 37 Cassandra Gwyneth Strong `` Yuppy Love '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1989 -- 2003 21 Raquel Tessa Peake - Jones `` Dates '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1988 - 2003 20 Recurring characters ( edit ) Major ( edit ) For more details , see individual character articles Character Actor First appearance Last appearance Duration Episodes Trigger Roger Lloyd - Pack ( Lewis Osbourne in Rock & Chips ) `` Big Brother '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 - 2003 39 Boycie John Challis ( Stephen Lloyd in Rock & Chips ) `` Go West Young Man '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1981 -- 2009 33 Denzil Paul Barber ( Ashley Gerlach in Rock & Chips ) `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 18 Slater Jim Broadbent ( Callum McNab in Rock & Chips ) `` May The Force Be With You '' `` The Class of ' 62 '' 1983 , 1985 , 1991 Marlene Boyce Sue Holderness `` Sleeping Dogs Lie '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1985 -- 2009 20 Mike Kenneth MacDonald `` Who 's a Pretty Boy ? '' `` Time On Our Hands '' 1983 -- 1996 30 Mickey Pearce Patrick Murray `` Healthy Competition '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1983 -- 2003 20 Sid Roy Heather `` The Long Legs of the Law '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1982 , 1985 -- 2003 13 Damien Various `` Three Men , a Woman and a Baby '' `` Sleepless in Peckham '' 1991 -- 2003 10 Minor ( edit ) Jevon ( edit ) Jevon ( Steven Woodcock ) is a friend of Rodney and Mickey Pearce , first seen in Dates . Unlike Mickey , Jevon is successful with the ladies , though to his chagrin Cassandra Parry rebuffed him when he asked her to dance . He was even more surprised when she agreed to dance with Rodney . Jevon set up a trading partnership with Mickey Pearce , which lasted throughout the sixth series . They apparently gave up on the trading business at the end of that series though , following a run - in with the Driscoll brothers which left them both in plaster . Jevon made one further appearance in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , after which Woodcock left the series to take the role of Clyde Tavernier in EastEnders and the character was not seen again . He appeared in The Jolly Boys ' Outing , Little Problems , Sickness & Wealth , Yuppy Love and Dates . Nerys ( edit ) `` Nervous '' Nerys ( Andrée Bernard ) was the Nag 's Head barmaid who appeared in two episodes , Dates and Sickness and Wealth . She briefly dated Rodney , although she was left terrified when a gang of yobs began chasing them in the van . The Trotter 's also scared her again , with their fake seance . Alan Parry ( edit ) Alan Parry ( Denis Lill ) was a regular cast member during series six and seven . He is Cassandra 's father and subsequently , Rodney 's father - in - law . He is the owner of a successful printing firm , which employs Rodney for a time from 1989 to 1991 , and later becomes a friend of Del Boy . Despite being a successful businessman by the time he met Del , Alan was still a Cockney wideboy at heart , often ending up drunk or getting sick after eating too many jellied eels whilst under Del 's influence , much to the chagrin of his more overtly middle - class wife , Pam ( Wanda Ventham ) . Roy Slater ( edit ) Main article : DCI Roy Slater Detective Chief Inspector Roy Slater ( Jim Broadbent in Only Fools and Horses and Calum MacNab in Rock & Chips ) appeared in three episodes - May The Force Be With You , To Hull and Back , and The Class of ' 62 . A much - reviled ex-schoolmate of Del 's , Slater was a corrupt policeman and ( as revealed in The Class of ' 62 ) the ex-husband of Raquel Turner . He was sent to prison for diamond smuggling after the events of To Hull and Back . Slater also appears in the prequel Rock & Chips , where he is barely tolerated by Del and the others as a member of their gang , as his friendship with them is at this point obviously falling apart . In Five Gold Rings , he leaves school to become a police cadet , and arrests Del and Jumbo for selling illegal American records ( although he is snubbed by his sergeant , who goes on to keep the records for himself and lets Del and Jumbo go with a warning ) . This is the last time Slater is seen , as he does not appear in The Frog and the Pussycat . In the entire series , Slater is the only character portrayed by an Academy Award - winning actor . Pc Terry Hoskins ( edit ) Police Constable Terence `` Terry '' Hoskins ( Christopher Mitchell ) appeared in two episodes - May The Force Be With You and To Hull and Back . He works alongside Roy Slater , but does n't like him . Slater often makes him miss lunch and watch suspects whilst Slater is away . He has a conversation with Del Boy , in which it is revealed Del Boy sold Terry 's mother a gas fire . Terry advises Del Boy to tell Slater and make it easier on himself . In To Hull and Back , Terry turns against Slater and hands him into the police force . June Snell ( edit ) June Snell ( Diane Langton ) was an ex-girlfriend of Del Boy 's from many years previously . They met up again when Rodney dated June 's daughter Debbie in Happy Returns , which Del scuppered in the mistaken belief that Debbie was his daughter . Del and June fell out when June revealed that Debbie 's real father was in fact Del 's best friend Albie Littlewood , and Del in turn admitted that he had been cheating on her with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . They were later reconciled again , however , as Del invited June to the opera in A Royal Flush with Rodney and his date Lady Victoria . He and June ruined the evening and embarrassed Rodney by noisily eating snacks and arguing with other audience members . The evening then comes to an end after June becomes ill from eating too much and is sick ( off screen ) over an audience member sitting in front of her . Aside from Debbie , June has another child , a son named Jason . Barmaids ( edit ) Throughout the run of Only Fools and Horses , there were various barmaids employed at The Nag 's Head . Aside from Nerys , they only filled relatively minor roles , speaking only the occasional one - liner or flirting with Del . Joyce ( Peta Bernard ) appeared in two episodes of the first series . Julie ( Julie La Rousse ) appeared in five episodes between the second and third series ; however , La Rousse was credited for only her second appearance . Karen ( Michele Winstanley ) appeared in four episodes of the fourth series . In all her appearances , she was credited as Michèle Winstanley . Vicky ( Kim Clifford ) appeared in the Christmas special To Hull and Back . Maureen ( Nula Conwell ) appeared in five episodes between the fourth and fifth series . Trotter relatives ( edit ) Joan Trotter ( edit ) Joan Trotter Rock & Chips character Portrayed by Kellie Bright Duration 2010 - 11 First appearance Rock & Chips ( 2010 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cinema ice - cream girl Part - time Filing Clerk Tealady Home Nelson Mandela House , Peckham ( show ) Family Sisters Rose Husband Reg Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II Other relatives Edward Trotter ( father - in - law ) Violet Trotter ( mother - in - law ) Cassandra Trotter ( daughter - in - law ) Joan Mavis Trotter is Del and Rodney 's late mother , and wife of Reg . Though she is never seen in the series , she is often mentioned by Del , especially in his attempts to emotionally blackmail Rodney , who had few memories of her . Del loved his mother deeply , and still mourns her death . Over the series , it became clear to Rodney and the viewers ( but not always to Del ) that Joan had had a series of affairs with numerous men during her loveless marriage to Del 's selfish , work - shy father , Reg . One such affair was with local `` gentleman thief '' Freddie Robdal , and resulted in the birth of Rodney . She died on 12 March 1964 ( according to The Yellow Peril ) of an unknown illness while Rodney was still very young . Her tombstone , a flamboyant fibreglass monument , is also seen occasionally . In `` The Yellow Peril '' , Del paints it yellow , not realising that the paint is luminous . In Danger UXD , they dress up the blow up dolls in Joan 's old clothes in order to get them out of the flat without being noticed . After the Trotters became millionaires , Del returns to their now deserted flat and remembers his mother telling him he could n't have the day off school with a hangover because he was taking his 11 - plus ( Joan is heard saying this in a voiceover provided by an uncredited actress ) . When Cassandra and Rodney have their baby in Sleepless in Peckham , they name her Joan . The character makes her first screen appearance in Rock & Chips . Portrayed as a hard - working woman in her late 30s , struggling to maintain a home , which included her workshy husband Reg , ageing father - in - law Ted and her teenage son Del Boy . She begins an affair with Freddie Robdal , a friend of Reg 's recently released from prison , and soon discovers she is pregnant . Joan and Freddie 's affair is n't one of lust ; they seem to love each other genuinely and Joan loves both her boys deeply . She is willing to leave Reg altogether and run away with Freddie to Bournemouth to raise Rodney with him , but would only do so once she was sure Del was financially secure . She tries her best to help Del 's relationship and hopeful eventual marriage to a rich man 's daughter , but the relationship does not work , and Joan ultimately chooses to remain in Peckham for Del 's sake . Joan is a huge fan of Hollywood films and actresses , given her job in the Ritz cinema , to the point that she changed her hairstyle multiple times during Rock & Chips to resemble actresses such as Marilyn Monroe , Elizabeth Taylor , Jane Fonda and Audrey Hepburn . Reg Trotter ( edit ) Reg Trotter Only Fools and Horses character Portrayed by Peter Woodthorpe ( 1983 ) Shaun Dingwall ( 2010 - 11 ) Duration 1983 , 2010 - 11 First appearance Thicker than Water ( 1983 ) Last appearance The Frog and the Pussycat ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Unemployed Home Newcastle ( show ) Family Father Edward Trotter ( deceased ) Mother Violet Trotter ( deceased ) Wife Joan Trotter Sons Derek Trotter Stepsons Rodney Trotter Grandsons Damien Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II ( step - granddaughter ) Uncles Albert Trotter George Trotter Jack Trotter First cousins Stan Trotter Reginald `` Reg '' Trotter is the estranged father of Del Boy , stepfather of Rodney , and son of Grandad . Reg abandons his family shortly after the death of his wife Joan , upon which he steals Del 's sixteenth birthday cake and Rodney 's piggy bank . Eighteen years later he returns , in the episode Thicker than Water , claiming to have a hereditary blood disorder . When the results reveal Del and Rodney to have different blood groups , he attempts to split the family by questioning Del 's paternity . He quickly leaves once it becomes known that he has forged the test results himself , and is never heard from again . As with their mother , he is often mentioned by Del in other episodes . It was revealed in the final episode Sleepless in Peckham that Rodney is not in fact Reg 's biological son , but Freddie Robdal 's . It is also shown in Rock & Chips he is an abusive husband to Joan , earning him the hatred of Del and Freddie Robdal , and has an affair with the Nag 's Head barmaid called Val . Violet Trotter ( edit ) Violet Trotter Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Paula Wilcox Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance Rock and Chips Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Cleaner Home Peckham ( show ) Family Husband Ted Trotter Sons Reg Trotter Grandsons Del Boy Rodney Trotter ( step - grandson ) Other relatives Damien Trotter ( great - grandson ) Joan Trotter II ( step - great - granddaughter ) Violet `` Vi '' Trotter was the estranged , sharp - tongued wife of Ted Trotter , mother of Reg and the paternal grandmother of Del Boy . She appeared in the second and third episodes of the prequel Rock & Chips , Five Gold Rings and The Frog and the Pussycat , where she baby - sat the infant Rodney - much to the fury of her husband , who resented her for throwing him out after she had discovered his affair with Alice Ball , Trigger 's grandmother . Despite her contempt for her husband , Vi maintained a friendly relationship with her son , grandson and daughter - in - law , and doted on Rodney . Vi mentioned she worked as the charlady for an art dealer , as Del mentioned in Yesterday Never Comes ; however she did not mention that she had stolen a valuable artwork from her employer . Freddie Robdal ( edit ) Freddie Robdal Only Fools And Horses character Portrayed by Nicholas Lyndhurst Duration 2010 - 2011 First appearance `` Rock & Chips '' ( 2010 ) Last appearance `` The Frog and the Pussycat '' ( 2011 ) Created by John Sullivan Profile Occupation Frogman Gangster Criminal Unemployed Home Rotherhithe ( show ) Family Sons Rodney Trotter Granddaughters Joan Trotter II First cousins Norman Frederick `` Freddie '' Robdal , also known by his nickname Freddie the Frog , was an unseen character in the original series . He is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later revealed to be Rodney 's biological father . Robdal was a career thief who had been a frogman in the Royal Navy ( hence the nickname ) , and had an extramarital affair with Joan Trotter . Robdal died shortly afterwards , when he accidentally sat on his own detonator during a bank robbery . The Trotters ' search for his hidden gold legacy was the focal point of the episode The Frog 's Legacy . When an old photograph of Robdal surfaced in the episode Sleepless in Peckham , his striking resemblance to Rodney finally settled the issue of the latter 's paternity after years of speculation . Robdal is one of the main characters in the Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips , where he is accompanied by explosive expert Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly and has a habit of calling people `` cocker '' , among them Del Boy and Boycie . The first episode of Rock & Chips fully reveals the details surrounding Robdal 's affair with Joan which resulted in Rodney 's birth , and establishes the beginning of his uncle - nephew - like relationship with Del , who he accompanies ( along with Reg , Granddad , and Del 's gang ) on their first Jolly Boys ' Outing to Margate , although the trip is merely a ruse so that Robdal and Kelly can rob a nearby jewellery store . It is revealed in the second episode , Five Gold Rings , that Robdal did in fact love Joan deeply and wanted to see his son grow up , but it was difficult because of Joan 's marriage to Reg and his situations with Del Boy and the police . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are again arrested on suspicion of murdering the sole eyewitness to the Margate robbery , although Robdal discovers it was a fraud by the police . However , Robdal is incarcerated when it is revealed one of the stolen jewels was pawned by Joan , who is `` working '' as Robdal 's charlady ( in order to fund Del 's film ) . While in prison , Robdal implores Joan to leave London with him to his seaside home with Rodney . Joan accepts but only once she is certain of Del 's financial state . However , Del 's planned film does not work out well , and Joan is forced to stay in Peckham . It is implied that Robdal remains in Peckham as well . Guest and spin - off characters ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( edit ) Abdul Khan ( Tony Anholt ) only appeared in one episode ; To Hull and Back , where he and Boycie arranged a deal with Del , in order to smuggle diamonds from Amsterdam . Although , this was the only episode in which he appeared , Abdul was also mentioned in Diamonds Are for Heather , when Del tells Heather where he got the engagement ring ; Video Nasty , when Del had struck a deal with Abdul 's cousin 's girlfriend 's brother 's friend , and in the second Rock & Chips episode Five Gold Rings when Del tells his friends that he got four glass diamond rings from Abdul 's father , who owns the Bermondsey Wholesale Jewellery Emporium . Arnie ( edit ) Arnie ( Philip McGough ) appeared in the episode Chain Gang . A conman , Arnie sold Del Boy , Boycie , Mike , Trigger , Uncle Albert and Rodney a batch of 24 carat gold chains for £ 12,500 , only to later double cross them by faking a heart attack in a restaurant and making off with both the chains and the money in an ambulance driven by his sons . The group eventually tracked him down while he was performing the same scam on Denzil and drove Arnie away in an ambulance of their own . Solly Atwell ( edit ) Solly Atwell ( Colin Jeavons ) appeared in the episode Hole in One . The Trotter family solicitor , believed to have represented Del on other , unspecified , occasions . Solly represented Uncle Albert in his case against the brewery when he fell down the Nag 's Head cellar . Solly was described by Rodney as being `` more bent than the villains '' , or according to Del : `` an expert '' . He faced being `` defrocked '' when it was revealed that Albert had been lying to obtain compensation . The Driscoll brothers ( edit ) Danny and Tony Driscoll ( Roy Marsden and Christopher Ryan ) , usually known as the Driscoll brothers , only appeared in one episode - Little Problems - but were mentioned in numerous others . The Driscoll brothers were the local gangsters with a fearsome reputation for violence ( although in order to avoid serious problems with the police , they followed a strict rule in never harming the victim 's head ) . They beat up Del Boy after he failed to repay money owed to them , and in the same episode left Mickey Pearce and Jevon with broken bones for a similar reason . In a similar joke to the different - looking Del and Rodney being brothers , the Driscoll brothers also differ in height , but by a good 18 inches ( 460 mm ) , though in their case the taller brother has the brains . The pair appear to have a love - hate relationship , as they often argue but continually work together to get what they want . In the spin - off series The Green Green Grass , it is revealed that the Driscoll brothers have finally been found guilty and sent to prison , thanks to Boycie grassing them to the police , but have been paroled and are now after his blood . The role of Danny Driscoll was originally written for series fan Anthony Hopkins but he was unable to appear due to the filming of The Silence of the Lambs . The role ultimately went to Roy Marsden , on Hopkins ' own advice , since Hopkins and Marsden are friends . Doctor Meadows ( edit ) Doctor Robert `` Robbie '' Meadows ( Ewan Stewart ) appears once in the episode Sickness and Wealth as Del 's one - time GP . When Del goes to visit him with stomach cramps , he discovers that Robbie has since left his practice and gone to the local hospital . Del tells his new GP a completely opposite story about his lifestyle , that he is a celibate , teetotal , non-smoking , vegetarian health freak . The GP , unable to ascertain why Del is experiencing such difficulties , sends him to hospital . While Del is worrying about what is wrong with him ( he fears he has Aids ) , Robbie finally comes to see him , stating he is now in charge of Del 's case , being as he is a former patient . Robbie warns Del that lying to his GP has meant that diagnosing Del 's condition ( IBS ) has taken far longer than it should , and that only because Robbie knows Del ( and begrudgingly admires him ) has Del 's condition been successfully identified . Jumbo Mills ( edit ) Jumbo Mills ( Nick Stringer in Who Wants to Be a Millionaire and Lee Long in Rock & Chips ) was Del 's old school friend and business partner ( they ran a jellied eels stall together ) who emigrated to Australia during the 1960s . Jumbo returned to Peckham in the episode Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , and offered Del the chance to restore their old partnership by helping him run his new used car business back in Australia , only for Del to refuse the offer due to Rodney being unable to go because of his drug conviction . Stringer also appeared in an earlier episode , Go West Young Man , playing an Australian man who bought a car with no brakes from Del Boy , which he later accidentally crashed into the back of an E-type Jaguar , which at the time was being driven by Del , who was looking after it for Boycie as a present to his `` bit on the side '' . Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( edit ) Don Vincenzo Occhetti ( David Jason ) appeared as the main antagonist in the two - part episode Miami Twice . Ochetti was a Mafia don and an exact doppelgänger for Del Boy . As the episode unfolded it emerged that Ochetti was under FBI surveillance and facing trial for murder , kidnapping and drug - running . After seeing Del 's resemblance to his father , Occhetti 's son Rico launched a series of unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Del , hoping that the authorities would believe Occhetti himself was dead and thus spare him the prison sentence . Every attempt failed , and Del and Rodney eventually uncovered the Mafia plan , providing the FBI with crucial evidence to send Occhetti to prison for life . Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( edit ) Gerald `` Jelly '' Kelly ( Paul Putner ) is first mentioned in The Frog 's Legacy and later introduced in Rock & Chips , as Freddie Robdal 's partner - in - crime and best friend . He accompanies Robdal to Peckham following Robdal 's release from prison , but as they are almost out of money , they plan a jewellery robbery while in Margate on a Jolly Boys Outing with Del Boy and his family and friends , and pull it off while the others are elsewhere . Kelly , however , does not approve of Robdal 's relationship with Joan Trotter , whom he refers to as `` that slag from the cinema '' , as both Robdal and Kelly display dislike for the abusive , work - shy Reg . In Five Gold Rings , it is shown that Robdal and Kelly were arrested and imprisoned again for the jewellery robbery , but while they both make bail , Kelly only appears in the episode 's opening scene . In The Frog and the Pussycat , Robdal and Kelly are temporarily exonerated but later suspected again following the disappearance of their robbery 's sole eyewitness , although Robdal exposes the police 's fraud . Though Robdal eventually goes to prison on an alternate charge ( to protect Joan , who pawned the ring Robdal gave her in order to buy a lambretta for Del ) , Kelly does not , and shares a drink with Robdal once he is freed . In the final scene , he and Robdal rob an art gallery together . Several years later , Freddie and Kelly break into a post office in Plumstead . Unfortunately , while Kelly sets the explosives and is holding the nitroglycerine , Freddie sits on the detonator and the two men are both killed in the ensuing explosion . In The Frog 's Legacy , Rodney sarcastically quips that had Kelly survived , he `` would n't be any good in a Mexican Wave . '' Reenie Turpin ( edit ) Reenie Turpin ( Joan Sims in The Frog 's Legacy and Emma Cooke in Rock & Chips ) only appeared in the episode , The Frog 's Legacy but mentioned in Chain Gang . She is Trigger 's aunt and Joan Trotter 's best friend . She informs Del of the gold legacy that Freddie the Frog left to his mother . She also sparks a debate over who Rodney 's real father was after stating that `` Joanie was never 100 % sure about him '' . In Rock & Chips , Reenie works alongside her best friend , Joan , as an usherette at the local film house . Like Joan and Del , Reenie loathes Reg Trotter and is unafraid to stand up to him , threatening to reveal that Reg is often violent toward his wife . However , the prequel makes no mention of her relationship with Trigger , and she appears to be a mere family friend . She helps Joan determine her pregnancy in an anonymous clinic following her affair with Freddie Robdal and even submits her name for Joan to use while visiting Freddie in prison . Lady Victoria Marsham - Hales ( edit ) Lady Victoria `` Vicky '' Marsham - Hales ( Sarah Duncan ) is a one - off girlfriend of Rodney 's in the 1986 Christmas Special , A Royal Flush . The only daughter of a wealthy and prominent duke , Rodney meets her in the market one day whilst she is ( unsuccessfully ) trying to sell her artwork . They become close friends and eventually start dating . Del Boy is immediately interested in Vicky 's wealth and breeding and sees Rodney 's relationship as a way of making them both millionaires , and despite Rodney 's firm protests , repeatedly meddles in the relationship with disastrous results . He finally destroys all chances of Rodney and Vicky being together after inviting himself to dinner at the home of Vicky 's father , and getting drunk and obscene , insulting the guests and humiliating Rodney . The furious duke throws the Trotters out of his home , and Rodney and Vicky sadly realise that it would be better not to see each other any more . Unknown to Rodney , Del earlier had told the duke to bribe Rodney with £ 1,000 to get out of Vicky 's life , but a pained Rodney turns it down , angering Del . Janice ( edit ) Janice ( Gaynor Ward ) appears in the episode A Slow Bus To Chingford , and is one of Rodney 's girlfriends . Whilst Rodney is discussing art , Janice tells him her brother paints for the council . They then get intimate , but Del Boy enters and ruins it . Her last appearance is shortly after this , when Del Boy plays on snide joke on Rodney by telling him his whip and other implements have been washed by Grandad . Astonished and worried , she quietly sneaks out , not giving Rodney enough time tell her that Del is joking , causing Rodney to shout `` You rotten git , Del ! '' for ruining his evening . Del later reveals that he is taking Janice out , but for Rodney 's sake in order to keep Rodney from getting mad at him . Janice has a Corgi called Nero , which Del gets Rodney to help him patrol the bus garage as a Nocturnal Security Officer , telling Rodney that Nero is an ex-police dog , the morning after Rodney tells Del that he was up all night taking Nero for walks and that Nero ran away scared when he saw a cat . Unseen characters ( edit ) Albie Littlewood ( edit ) Albie Littlewood is an unseen character , mentioned in Happy Returns . He was Del 's best friend but had an affair with Del 's then - fiancee June Snell , something Del only found out years later . However at the same time Del was having an affair with Albie 's girlfriend Deidre . Albie is the father of June 's daughter Debbie , whom Rodney had dated . While en - route to see June one night , Albie took a shortcut across a railway line and was killed when he fell onto the live rail ( the railways in Peckham are electrified using third rails rather than overhead wires ) . Albie also appears in the 2010 prequel drama Rock & Chips , played by Jonathan Readwin . In the prequel , he is shown to be ( in secret ) taking drugs to lighten his mood at certain times , and notably , Albie and Jumbo Mills trick Roy Slater into taking one and later dancing in a bar until he falls from exhaustion . Monkey Harris , Paddy the Greek & Sunglasses Ron ( edit ) Kenneth `` Monkey '' Harris , Paddy the Greek and Sunglasses Ron are Del Boy 's friends who are in the same `` business '' as him . Although they are mentioned regularly , they are never seen on screen . They are often involved in Del 's trading deals ( although separately ) , usually sourcing Del 's hooky gear , and are often described and mentioned in discussions between other characters in The Nag 's Head . Writer John Sullivan ( known for his attention to detail ) gives even the unseen characters a well - rounded back story . For instance , it is known that Monkey Harris lives in a bungalow , as mentioned in the episode No Greater Love . As such , the characters often play a minor role in plot development , usually as a device of comic resolution . According to The Class of ' 62 , Monkey Harris was also a schoolfriend of Del , Boycie , Denzil , Trigger and Roy Slater . It is suspected that Sunglasses Ron is the man sat at the back of the bus in The Jolly Boys ' Outing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0961250/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t17 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0935533/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t18 Only Fools and Horses List of episodes Characters Derek Trotter Rodney Trotter Grandad Uncle Albert Trigger Boycie Marlene Mike Raquel Cassandra Damien Denzil Mickey Pearce Roy Slater Merchandise Home video DVD Collection See also Awards The Green Green Grass Rock & Chips Rock & Chips Regular characters Del Boy Grandad Trigger Boycie Denzil List of episodes Pilot Five Gold Rings The Frog and the Pussycat See also Only Fools and Horses The Green Green Grass John Sullivan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Only_Fools_and_Horses_characters&oldid=802161199 '' Categories : BBC - related lists Fictional characters introduced in 1981 Lists of British sitcom television characters Only Fools and Horses characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Articles lacking sources from September 2011 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 10 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played julie in only fools and horses	[ "Julie (Julie La Rousse) appeared in five episodes between the second and third series; however, La Rousse was credited for only her second appearance[1]." ]	[ "Julie La Rousse" ]
9056554848757874337	Tommy (1975 film)	Tommy ( 1975 film ) - wikipedia Tommy ( 1975 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the Broadway musical based on the film , see Tommy ( musical ) . Tommy Theatrical release poster Directed by Ken Russell Produced by Ken Russell Robert Stigwood Screenplay by Ken Russell Based on Tommy by The Who Starring Ann - Margret Oliver Reed Roger Daltrey Elton John Eric Clapton John Entwistle Keith Moon Paul Nicholas Jack Nicholson Robert Powell Arthur Brown Pete Townshend Tina Turner The Who Music by The Who Cinematography Dick Bush Ronnie Taylor Edited by Stuart Baird Production company RSO Records Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date 19 March 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 19 ) ( United States ) 26 March 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 26 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 108 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $5 million Box office $34.3 million Tommy is a 1975 British musical fantasy drama film based upon The Who 's 1969 rock opera album Tommy about a seemingly disabled boy who becomes a religious pinball champion . Directed by Ken Russell , the film featured a star - studded ensemble cast , including the band members themselves ( most notably , lead singer Roger Daltrey , who plays the title role ) , Ann - Margret , Oliver Reed , Eric Clapton , Tina Turner , Elton John , Arthur Brown , and Jack Nicholson . Tommy was released by Columbia Pictures in US on March 26 , 1975 while in the UK it was released on March 19 , 1975 . Ann - Margret received a Golden Globe Award for her performance and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . Pete Townshend was also nominated for an Oscar for his work in scoring and adapting the music for the film . The film was shown at the 1975 Cannes Film Festival , but was not entered into the main competition . In 1975 , the film won the award for Rock Movie of the Year in the First Annual Rock Music Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Awards and nominations 5 Quintaphonic Sound 6 Changes from the album 6.1 Differences between 1969 and 1975 versions 7 Soundtrack 7.1 Sales chart performance 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) `` Prologue 1945 '' . A montage displays the honeymoon of Captain Walker ( Robert Powell ) and his wife , Nora ( Ann - Margret ) . After his leave ends , Walker goes off to fight in World War II as a bomber pilot , but is shot down in the middle of a battle . `` Captain Walker '' is listed as missing in action and is presumed dead , although -- unknown to his family -- the badly burned Walker is in fact alive . Back in England , Nora goes into labor and gives birth to a son , Tommy , on V-E Day . Five years later , Nora has begun a new relationship with Frank ( Oliver Reed ) , a worker she and Tommy meet at Bernie 's Holiday Camp . Tommy looks up to his `` Uncle '' Frank and expresses his desires to run his own camp some day . In the 1950s , Nora and Frank dream of their future , but , late that evening , encounter the returning Captain Walker . He surprises Frank and Nora in bed , leading to a struggle and the Captain 's subsequent murder by lamp . Tommy , having followed his father into the room , has witnessed everything . Nora and Frank nervously yell at Tommy , which , along with the trauma of watching his father 's murder , puts Tommy into a psychedelia - like `` Amazing Journey '' , in which , outwardly , he can not seem to see , hear or speak . As time passes , Nora and Frank make several fruitless attempts to bring Tommy out of his state , including a Preacher ( Eric Clapton ) and his Marilyn Monroe worshipping cult ( `` Eyesight to the Blind '' ) and a sleazy LSD serving cocotte and self - proclaimed `` Acid Queen '' , ( Tina Turner ) while also putting him with babysitters such as Tommy 's bullying `` Cousin Kevin '' ( Paul Nicholas ) , and his perverted `` Uncle '' Ernie ( Keith Moon ) ( `` Fiddle About '' ) both of whom abuse him but Tommy refuses to react . Nora and Frank begin to become more and more lethargic and leave Tommy standing at the mirror one night , allowing him to wander off . He follows a vision of himself out of the house and to a junkyard pinball machine . Tommy is recognized by Nora , Frank , and the media as a pinball prodigy , which is made even more impressive with his catatonic state . During a championship game , Tommy faces the `` Pinball Wizard '' ( Elton John ) with the Who as the champion 's backing band . Nora watches her son 's televised victory and celebrates his ( and her ) success ( `` Champagne '' ) , but soon has a nervous breakdown upon thinking about the real extremes of Tommy 's condition . Later , Frank finds a Specialist ( Jack Nicholson ) for Tommy . The Specialist , upon testing the boy , concludes that his state is emotional , rather than physically triggered and the only hope is for him to continue to `` Go to the Mirror '' . During the tests , Nora and the Specialist flirt , much to Frank 's jealousy . Nora 's growing frustration prompts her to `` Smash the Mirror '' by throwing Tommy through it . This incidentally resurges Tommy from his state and he runs loose ( `` I 'm Free '' ) . Nora finds Tommy and explains what has happened during the time he has missed , while Tommy reveals that his experiences have transformed him and that he wishes to transform the world ( `` Mother and Son '' ) Tommy , a self - proclaimed `` Sensation '' , goes on lecture tours which resemble glam rock / gospel shows and spreads a message of enlightenment by hang glider , gaining friends and followers everywhere he goes ( `` Sally Simpson '' ) . Tommy and a more enlightened and elated Nora and Frank `` Welcome '' converts to their house , which quickly becomes too crowded to accommodate everyone . Tommy opens an extension for his religious campus ( `` Tommy 's Holiday Camp '' ) . The converts , confused about Tommy 's odd practices and others ' commercial exploitation of the compound , wrathfully demand Tommy teach them something useful . Tommy does so , deliberately deafening , muting , and blinding everyone , only to inadvertently invoke a riot . The followers kill Nora and Frank in the riot and destroy the camp in a fire ( We 're Not Gonna Take It ) . Tommy finds his parents in the debris and mourns before escaping into the mountains from the beginning of the film . He ascends the same peak where his parents celebrated their honeymoon , celebrating the rising sun ( Listening to You ) . Cast ( edit ) Ann - Margret as Nora Walker Oliver Reed as `` Uncle '' Frank Hobbs Roger Daltrey as Tommy Walker Barry Winch as young Tommy Alison Dowling as young Tommy 's singing voice Elton John as The Pinball Wizard Tina Turner as The Acid Queen Eric Clapton as The Preacher John Entwistle as Himself Keith Moon as Uncle Ernie / Himself Paul Nicholas as Cousin Kevin Jack Nicholson as The Specialist Robert Powell as Group Captain Walker Arthur Brown as The Priest Pete Townshend as The Narrator / Himself Victoria Russell as Sally Simpson Ben Aris as Rev. A. Simpson V.C. Mary Holland as Mrs. Simpson Ken Russell as Cripple Production ( edit ) In his commentary for the 2004 DVD release of the film , Ken Russell stated that the opening and closing outdoor scenes were shot in the Borrowdale valley of the English Lake District , near his own home , the same area that he had used to double for Bavaria in his earlier film Mahler , in which Robert Powell had starred . Much of the film was shot on locations around Portsmouth , including the scene near the end of the film featuring the giant ' pinballs ' , which were , in fact , obsolete buoys found in a British Navy yard , which were simply sprayed silver and filmed in situ . The Bernie 's Holiday Camp ballroom sequence was shot inside the Gaiety Theatre on South Parade Pier . Exterior shots were filmed at Hilsea Lido . The Sally Simpson interior sequence was filmed in the Wesley Hall in Fratton Road , Portsmouth . The exterior intro sequence to the scene , however , shows Sally Simpson buying a badge and entering South Parade Pier . On 11 June 1974 , the pier caught fire and was badly damaged while the production was filming there ; according to Russell , the fire started during the filming of the scene of Ann - Margret and Oliver Reed dancing together during the `` Bernie 's Holiday Camp '' sequence , and smoke from the fire can , in fact , be seen drifting in front of the camera in several shots ; Russell also used a brief exterior shot of the building fully ablaze during the scenes of the destruction of Tommy 's Holiday Camp by his disillusioned followers . The Pinball Wizard sequence was shot at the Kings Theatre in Southsea , and the two pinball machines used were a 1965 Kings & Queens by Gottlieb -- used by Roger Daltrey -- and a Gottlieb Buckaroo also from 1965 , used by Elton John . The machines ' scoring displays were modified from their originals for the scene , in order to accommodate for large scores . Others on Portsdown Hill , which overlooks Portsmouth and local churches were used . All Saints in Commercial Road was used for the Sally Simpson wedding scene , whilst the meeting in the same sequence was filmed at the Wesley Hall in Fratton Road . The Eyesight to the Blind sequence was filmed at St Andrews Church in Henderson Road in Southsea . The other church featured was Warblington Church near Havant in Hampshire . The famous scene in which Ann - Margret 's character hallucinates that she is cavorting in detergent foam , baked beans , and chocolate reportedly took three days to shoot . According to Russell , the detergent and baked bean sequences were `` revenge '' parodies of real - life TV advertisements he had directed early in his career , although the baked bean sequence also references one of the cover photos and a parody radio ad from The Who 's 1967 album The Who Sell Out . Russell also recalled that Ann - Margret 's husband , Roger Smith , strongly objected to the scene in which she slithers around in melted chocolate . During the filming , Ann - Margret accidentally struck her hand on the broken glass of the TV screen , causing a severe laceration , and Russell had to take her to hospital to have the wound stitched , although she was back on set the next day . The film also includes a scene in which Mrs. Walker watches a parodic TV advertisement for the fictional product `` Rex Baked Beans '' ; the costumes in this segment were originally made for the lavish masked ball sequence in Richard Lester 's version of The Three Musketeers , and the dress worn by the Queen in the Rex ad is that worn by Geraldine Chaplin in the earlier film . Elton John initially turned down the role of the Pinball Wizard and among those considered to replace him was David Essex , who recorded a test audio version of the `` Pinball Wizard '' song . However , producer Robert Stigwood held out until John agreed to take the part , reportedly on condition that he could keep the gigantic Dr. Martens boots he wore in the scene . Russell also recalled that Townshend initially balked at Russell 's wish to have The Who performing behind Elton in the sequence ( they did not perform the audio here ) , and also objected to wearing the pound - note suits , which were in fact stitched together from novelty pound - note tea - towels . On The Who 's involvement with the film , members Daltrey played the title character ; Moon played , in essence , a dual role as both Uncle Ernie and as himself along with Entwistle and Townshend lip - synching on their respective instruments in the `` Eyesight to the Blind '' and `` Pinball Wizard '' segments . About his role as the Specialist , Jack Nicholson stated : `` In my whole career there was only one time when a director said to me , ' OK , come right down the pike and just look beautiful , Jack . ' That was Ken Russell on Tommy . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film currently holds a 76 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 25 reviews , of which 19 are positive . Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four , and praised Ann - Margret as being `` simply great as Tommy 's mother '' . He called the pinball tournament sequence `` the movie 's best single scene : a pulsating , orgiastic turn - on edited with the precision of a machine gun burst . '' `` Tommy was a great film , '' said Ol ' Dirty Bastard . `` A blind , deaf kid who could play pinball . What a very great idea . '' Perry Seibert of allmovie praised the film for its visuals and gave the film his higher star rating . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Academy Awards Best Actress Ann - Margret Nominated Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score Pete Townshend Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Tommy Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Ann - Margret Won Most Promising Newcomer Roger Daltrey Nominated Quintaphonic sound ( edit ) The original release of Tommy used a sound system devised by sound engineer John Mosely called `` Quintaphonic Sound '' . At the time that the film was in production various `` Quadraphonic '' ( four speaker ) sound systems were being marketed to the domestic HiFi market . Some of these were so - called `` matrix '' systems which combined the four original channels into two which could be recorded on or transmitted by , existing two - channel stereo systems such as LP records or FM radio . John Mosely used one of these systems ( QS Regular Matrix from Sansui ) to record front left , front right , back left and back right channels on the left and right tracks of a four - track magnetic striped print of the Cinemascope type . A discrete center channel was also recorded on the center track of the print . The fourth ( surround ) track on the striped print was left unused . In addition , John Mosely used dbx noise reduction on the magnetic tracks . Unlike the usual multiple small surround speakers used in cinemas , the Quintaphonic system specified just two rear speakers , but of the same type as those used at the front . One problem that arose was that by the 1970s the four - track magnetic sound system was largely moribund . Only a few theatres were equipped with the necessary magnetic playback heads and other equipment ; of those that did in many cases , it was not in working order . Thus , in addition to installing the extra electronics and rear speakers , John Mosely and his team had to repair and align the basic magnetic playback equipment . Each theatre that showed Tommy using the Quintaphonic system accordingly had to be specially prepared to take the film . In this respect there is a similarity between Tommy and Walt Disney 's Fantasia , for which a special sound system ( Fantasound ) had been devised and required each theatre that showed it in the original release to be specially prepared . Also , like Fantasound , Quintaphonic Sound was never used again ( five - channel stereo , in the form of 5.1 surround sound , would eventually make a comeback ) . Tommy was later released with mono , conventional four - track magnetic and Dolby Stereo soundtracks . Changes from the album ( edit ) Unlike other filmed rock operas ( such as that of Pink Floyd 's The Wall ) , the album is never dubbed over the film ; the different actors -- including Nicholson and Reed , neither of whom was known for his singing ability ( Reed 's character 's songs were cut from Oliver ! , and Nicholson 's in On a Clear Day You Can See Forever appeared only in the now - lost roadshow version ) -- perform the songs in character instead of The Who , with the exception of Daltrey as Tommy and where Townshend sings narration in place of recitative . Because of this , all the songs are rerecorded and the song order is shuffled around considerably ; this and the addition of several new songs and links creates a more balanced structure of alternating short and long sequences . A large number of songs have new lyrics and instrumentation , and another notable feature is that many of the songs and pieces used on the film soundtrack are alternate versions or mixes from the versions on the soundtrack album . Differences between 1969 and 1975 versions ( edit ) The film opens with a new instrumental , `` Prologue -- 1945 '' ( partly based on the 1969 `` Overture '' ) , which accompanies the opening sequences of Captain Walker 's romance and disappearance . `` It 's A Boy '' is separated from `` Overture '' and becomes the medley `` Captain Walker / It 's A Boy '' ; in the film this medley narrates the aftermath of Walker 's disappearance , the end of the war and the birth of Tommy . A new song , `` Bernie 's Holiday Camp '' , which follows `` Captain Walker / It 's A Boy '' , portrays Tommy 's childhood and his mother 's romance with Hobbs ( Oliver Reed ) . The song also features the melody from , and even foreshadows , `` Tommy 's Holiday Camp '' . The story 's setting is updated so that the action goes through modern times ( modern as of the 1970s ) . From this , the track `` 1921 '' from the album is changed to `` 1951 '' and is made a medley , being titled `` What About the Boy ? '' on the soundtrack , in which Capt . Walker dies instead of the lover ( Frank , in this context ) . `` The Amazing Journey '' ( shortened to three minutes ) has almost completely different lyrics , and the `` guide '' from the album is depicted as Tommy 's dead father , rather than the `` tall stranger '' in a `` sparked , glittering gown '' from the album . A new introduction is also added in lieu of the `` Deaf , dumb , and blind boy ; he 's in a quiet vibration land ... '' from the album . The movie version also ends with different fantastic lyrics , going `` His eyes are the eyes that transmit all he knows , The truth burns so bright it can melt winter snows . A towering shadow , so black and so high , A white sun burning the earth and the sky . '' . The running order of `` Christmas '' and `` Eyesight to the Blind '' is reversed ; references to pinball are removed from `` Christmas '' and the character of The Hawker becomes The Preacher ( Clapton ) , leader of the Marilyn Monroe cult . Arthur Brown is cast as the character The Priest in the film , and sings a verse in the song but is not featured on the soundtrack . According to Russell 's DVD audio commentary , the concept of people literally worshipping celebrities ( in this case Marilyn Monroe ) and several other elements in the film were adapted from his pre-existing treatment for a film about false religions , which he had developed prior to Tommy but for which he had never been able to secure financial backing . The running order of `` The Acid Queen '' and `` Cousin Kevin '' is reversed . `` Underture '' is removed but parts from it have been re-arranged as `` Sparks '' . `` The Acid Queen '' , `` Cousin Kevin '' , `` Fiddle About '' , and `` Sparks '' , linked by three renditions of `` Do You Think It 's Alright ? '' , form an extended sequence depicting Tommy 's inner journey and his trials . A three - minute version of the `` Sparks '' theme ( with , then new , synthesizer orchestration ) precedes `` Extra , Extra , Extra '' and `` Pinball Wizard '' . In the film , it is used behind the sequence of the dazed Tommy wandering into a junkyard and discovering a pinball machine . The music on the film soundtrack ( for this and many other songs ) is heavily edited , however , and is a noticeably different mix from the version on the soundtrack album . A new linking theme , `` Extra , Extra , Extra '' , narrates Tommy 's rise to fame and introduces the battle with the pinball champ . It is set to the tune of `` Miracle Cure '' and precedes `` Pinball Wizard '' . `` Pinball Wizard '' has extra lyrics and movements . It features guitar and keyboard solos ( the guitars are only readily discernible on the soundtrack album ) , and an outro with a riff reminiscent of the Who 's first single , `` I Ca n't Explain '' . A new song , `` Champagne '' , which follows `` Pinball Wizard '' , covers the sequence of Tommy 's stardom and wealth and his parents ' greed . Like many other songs , it features Tommy singing `` See Me , Feel Me '' interludes : this is the first song with Daltrey singing for Tommy . In the film ( but not on the soundtrack ) , the song is introduced by a mock TV commercial -- reminiscent of the Who 's early years when they made jingles . `` Go to the Mirror '' is shortened , not featuring the elements of `` Listening To You '' , nor the phrase `` Go to the mirror , boy . '' `` I 'm Free '' is moved earlier , and now follows `` Smash The Mirror ! '' ( as was done on the 1971 symphonic album ) ; it covers the lavish psychedelic sequence depicting Tommy 's reawakening . `` I 'm Free '' is followed by a new song , `` Mother and Son '' , which depicts Tommy 's rejection of materialism and his vision for a new faith based around pinball . `` Sensation '' , featuring extra lyrics , is moved forward and covers the spread of Tommy 's new religion . In the film it occurs between `` Sally Simpson '' and `` Welcome '' . ( On the soundtrack album , it occurs between `` Mother and Son '' and `` Miracle Cure '' -- with the extra ( narration ) lyrics and guitar solo included on the cassette and CD versions , but not the LP version . ) `` Sally Simpson '' is re-arranged with a Bo Diddley beat and in the film is preceded by `` Miracle Cure '' -- which features an extra verse . In `` Sally Simpson '' , the album version mentions her father 's Rolls - Royce as blue , but the film changes the lyrics to black ( the Rolls - Royce in the film is also black ) . In `` Sally Simpson '' , the album version describes Tommy giving a lesson . In the film , Tommy gives a lesson , and the lyrics are changed to the words of the lesson . In the album version of `` Sally Simpson '' , the title character jumps on the stage and brushes Tommy 's cheek , but in the movie she is kicked off the stage before she can get close to Tommy . A new linking piece , `` T.V. Studio '' , is used between `` Welcome '' and `` Tommy 's Holiday Camp '' . The 1969 album 's closing track `` We 're Not Going To take It '' is split into two pieces , `` We 're Not Gonna take It '' and medley `` See Me Feel Me / Listening To You '' ; this covers the climactic film sequences of Tommy 's fall from grace and his final redemption . The CD reissue of the soundtrack album opens with a newer , previously unreleased version of `` Overture From Tommy '' , which was not included either in the film or on the original soundtrack LP . Although the track is listed in the CD 's song credits as being performed by The Who , it is actually a Pete Townshend solo number with him playing all the instruments ( as with `` Prologue -- 1945 '' and other tracks ) -- neither John Entwistle or Keith Moon appears on it , as they do on all other selections on the soundtrack credited to `` The Who , '' regardless of whether Roger Daltrey performs as vocalist . Soundtrack ( edit ) Pinball Wizard Elton John 's `` Pinball Wizard '' from Tommy Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : Tommy ( soundtrack ) Sales chart performance ( edit ) Year Chart Position Billboard Pop Albums UK Chart Albums 21 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tommy ( 1975 ) -- Release dates Jump up ^ `` Tommy ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 6 November 1974 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tommy ( 1975 ) -- Box office / business Jump up ^ `` Tommy , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Who Official Band Website -- Roger Daltrey , Pete Townshend , John Entwistle , and Keith Moon Movies '' . Thewho.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Tommy '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 -- First Annual Rock Music Awards '' . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Note : `` See Me , Feel Me / Listening To You '' is the name given in the song book for the soundtrack album ; the soundtrack album itself , counter-intuitively , calls it `` Listening To You / See Me , Feel Me '' . Jump up ^ `` Sparkling blue water of Hilsea Lido at its best '' . The News . 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Russell commentary from Tommy DVD . Umbrella Entertainment . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Southsea South Parade Pier '' . Theheritagetrail.co.uk. 11 June 1974 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Owen , Chris ( 15 September 2010 ) . `` Steve brings life to Who rocker 's pinball '' . The News ( Portsmouth ) . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` IMDb -- Tommy ( 1975 ) -- Trivia '' . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' I do this because I love it ' '' , Theguardian.com , 3 February 2008 , retrieved 5 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tommy Movie Review & Film Summary '' . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Roy ( July 1997 ) . `` One of these men is God '' . Select : 58 . Jump up ^ Mosely , John ( Jan 1977 ) . `` Quintaphonic Sound '' . Journal of the SMPTE . l86 . External links ( edit ) Tommy on IMDb Tommy at Box Office Mojo Tommy at Rotten Tomatoes Keith Moon capture the Rock Music Award for Best Rock Movie of the Year 1975 on YouTube The Who Roger Daltrey Pete Townshend Former members John Entwistle Keith Moon Doug Sandom Kenney Jones Touring members Zak Starkey Pino Palladino Simon Townshend Loren Gold Frank Simes John Corey Studio albums My Generation A Quick One The Who Sell Out Tommy Who 's Next Quadrophenia The Who by Numbers Who Are You Face Dances It 's Hard Endless Wire Extended plays Ready Steady Who Wo n't Get Fooled Again Wire & Glass Live albums Live at Leeds Who 's Last Join Together Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 BBC Sessions Blues to the Bush Live at the Royal Albert Hall Live from Toronto View from a Backstage Pass Greatest Hits Live Live at Hull 1970 Quadrophenia Live in London Compilations Magic Bus : The Who on Tour Direct Hits Meaty Beaty Big and Bouncy Odds & Sods The Story of The Who Phases Hooligans Who 's Greatest Hits Rarities Volume I & Volume II The Singles The Who Collection Who 's Missing Two 's Missing Who 's Better , Who 's Best Thirty Years of Maximum R&B My Generation : The Very Best of The Who Encore Series The Ultimate Collection Then and Now The 1st Singles Box Greatest Hits The Who Hits 50 ! Soundtracks Tommy The Kids Are Alright Quadrophenia Amazing Journey : The Story of The Who Filmography Tommy The Kids Are Alright Quadrophenia Who 's Better , Who 's Best Thirty Years of Maximum R&B Live Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 The Who & Special Guests : Live at the Royal Albert Hall The Who Special Edition EP Live in Boston Tommy and Quadrophenia Live The Vegas Job Amazing Journey : The Story of The Who The Who at Kilburn : 1977 Quadrophenia Live in London Lambert & Stamp Discographies The Who discography Roger Daltrey discography Pete Townshend discography John Entwistle discography Keith Moon discography Performances 1962 -- 1963 performances 1964 performances 1965 tour 1966 tour 1967 tour 1968 tour 1969 tour 1970 tour 1971 tour 1972 tour 1973 tour 1974 tour 1975 tour 1976 tour 1977 -- 1978 performances 1979 tour 1980 tour 1981 tour 1982 tour 1985 and 1988 reunions 1989 tour 1996 -- 1997 tour 1999 performances 2000 tour 2001 The Concert for New York City appearance 2002 tour 2003 The 46664 Concert appearance 2004 tour The Who 2005 performances 2006 -- 2007 tour 2008 -- 2009 tour 2010 performances 2011 performances Quadrophenia and More The Who Hits 50 ! Back to the Who Tour 51 ! 2017 Tommy & More The Who Tour 2017 Members Doug Sandom Mitch Mitchell Dave Golding Julian Covey Chris Townson Scot Halpin John `` Rabbit '' Bundrick Tim Gorman Steve `` Boltz '' Bolton Simon Phillips Jon Carin Damon Minchella Steve White Brian Kehew J.J. Blair Danny Thompson Jon Button Loren Gold Frank Simes J. Greg Miller Reggie Grisham Morgan Nicholls Chris Stainton Scott Devours Associated places Ashdown House , Oxfordshire Chapel House , Twickenham Holmshurst Manor Quarwood Ramport Studios Shepperton Studios Tara , Chertsey The Wick Related articles The Boy Who Heard Music Lifehouse The Who 's Tommy Rock Is Dead -- Long Live Rock ! The Who 's Tommy Pinball Wizard Who Covers Who ? `` A Tale of Two Springfields '' Awards and nominations Musical equipment Double O The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus No Plan B Kit Lambert Kim McLagan Richard Barnes Dougal Butler Chris Charlesworth Bob Pridden Songs Tommy Songs Side one `` Overture '' `` It 's a Boy '' `` 1921 '' `` Amazing Journey '' `` Sparks '' `` Eyesight to the Blind ( The Hawker ) '' Side two `` Christmas '' `` Cousin Kevin '' `` The Acid Queen '' `` Underture '' Side three `` Do You Think It 's Alright ? '' `` Fiddle About '' `` Pinball Wizard '' `` There 's a Doctor '' `` Go to the Mirror ! '' `` Tommy Can You Hear Me ? '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Sensation '' Side four `` Miracle Cure '' `` Sally Simpson '' `` I 'm Free '' `` Welcome '' `` Tommy 's Holiday Camp '' `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' `` See Me , Feel Me '' Adaptations Tommy ( 1975 film ) The Who 's Tommy ( 1992 musical ) Live albums w / majority of Tommy Tommy and Quadrophenia Live Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 Live at Leeds Tours supporting Tommy The Who Tour 1969 The Who Tour 1970 1989 reunion tour Tribute albums The Smithereens Play Tommy Other The Who 's Tommy Pinball Wizard Two 's Missing Tommy ( 1975 soundtrack ) Tommy The Roots of Tommy My Generation A Quick One The Who Sell Out Tommy Who 's Next Quadrophenia The Who by Numbers Who Are You Face Dances It 's Hard Endless Wire Works directed by Ken Russell Films French Dressing ( 1964 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Women in Love ( 1969 ) The Music Lovers ( 1970 ) The Devils ( 1971 ) The Boy Friend ( 1971 ) Savage Messiah ( 1972 ) Mahler ( 1974 ) Tommy ( 1975 ) Lisztomania ( 1975 ) Valentino ( 1977 ) Altered States ( 1980 ) Crimes of Passion ( 1984 ) Gothic ( 1986 ) Salome 's Last Dance ( 1988 ) The Lair of the White Worm ( 1988 ) The Rainbow ( 1989 ) Whore ( 1991 ) The Insatiable Mrs. Kirsch ( 1993 ) The Fall of the Louse of Usher ( 2002 ) Trapped Ashes ( 2006 ) A Kitten for Hitler ( short , 2007 ) TV Elgar ( 1962 ) Isadora Duncan , the Biggest Dancer in the World ( 1966 ) Dante 's Inferno ( 1967 ) Song of Summer ( 1968 ) Prisoner of Honor ( 1991 ) Lady Chatterley ( mini-series , 1993 ) Operas Faust ( 1985 ) Segment `` Nessun Dorma '' in Aria ( 1987 ) Méphistophélès ( 1989 ) VIAF : 189384452 GND : 7680414 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_(1975_film)&oldid=808559462 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films Tommy ( rock opera ) 1970s fantasy films 1970s musical films British films British fantasy films British musical films Films about blind people Films based on albums Films directed by Ken Russell Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the 1940s Films set in the 1950s Films shot in Cumbria Musical fantasy films Pete Townshend Rock music films Sung - through musical films The Who soundtracks Columbia Pictures films Films produced by Robert Stigwood Films about deaf people Films about disability World War II films Films shot in England Films set in England Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research EngvarB from November 2011 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 16 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the preacher in the movie tommy	[ "As time passes, Nora and Frank make several fruitless attempts to bring Tommy out of his state, including a Preacher (Eric Clapton) and his Marilyn Monroe worshipping cult (\"Eyesight to the Blind\") and a sleazy LSD serving cocotte and self-proclaimed \"Acid Queen\", (Tina Turner) while also putting him with babysitters such as Tommy's bullying \"Cousin Kevin\" (Paul Nicholas), and his perverted \"Uncle\" Ernie (Keith Moon) (\"Fiddle About\") both of whom abuse him but Tommy refuses to react. Nora and Frank begin to become more and more lethargic and leave Tommy standing at the mirror one night, allowing him to wander off. He follows a vision of himself out of the house and to a junkyard pinball machine. Tommy is recognized by Nora, Frank, and the media as a pinball prodigy, which is made even more impressive with his catatonic state. During a championship game, Tommy faces the \"Pinball Wizard\" (Elton John) with the Who as the champion's backing band. Nora watches her son's televised victory and celebrates his (and her) success (\"Champagne\"), but soon has a nervous breakdown upon thinking about the real extremes of Tommy's condition." ]	[ "Eric Clapton" ]
-2639660647813019469	Denver Broncos	Denver Broncos - wikipedia Denver Broncos Jump to : navigation , search Denver Broncos Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen trust Chairman Joe Ellis CEO Joe Ellis President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2001 -- present ) The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust . The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since 2001 , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) with the New England Patriots . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe , Terrell Davis and most recently elected member , John Lynch who played with Denver from 2004 - 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.3. 1 1997 - 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2. 3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.4 Ring of Fame 7.5 Super Bowl MVPs 7.6 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Denver Broncos . Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . 1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . 1997 - 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 -- 10 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 -- 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 -- 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . 2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler ( who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns ) to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries ( edit ) Divisional ( edit ) See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 61 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 -- 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs . Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical ( edit ) Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 -- 89 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times , more than any other NFL team , with the Broncos owning a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers . Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 -- 69 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 -- 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys . The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 -- 15 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 -- 96 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added . From 1969 -- 1971 , and again from 1978 -- 79 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange . When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 -- 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 -- 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 -- 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result . When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 -- 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 -- 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 . The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season . Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) Super Bowl Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 -- 2000 For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 -- 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Chad Kelly 12 Paxton Lynch 13 Trevor Siemian Running backs 22 C.J. Anderson 23 Devontae Booker 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 11 Carlos Henderson 84 Isaiah McKenzie 10 Emmanuel Sanders 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 80 Jake Butt 82 Jeff Heuerman 83 Matt LaCosse 86 Austin Traylor Offensive linemen 72 Garett Bolles T 64 J.J. Dielman C 76 Max Garcia G 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T 65 Ronald Leary G 60 Connor McGovern G 75 Menelik Watson T Defensive linemen 99 Adam Gotsis DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 94 Domata Peko NT 95 Derek Wolfe DE Linebackers 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 56 Shane Ray OLB 57 DeMarcus Walker OLB Defensive backs 20 Jamal Carter SS 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB 39 Michael Hunter CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 34 Will Parks FS 38 Marcus Rios CB 29 Bradley Roby CB 31 Justin Simmons FS 26 Darian Stewart SS 21 Aqib Talib CB 35 Dymonte Thomas S Special teams 9 Riley Dixon P 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists -- Kenny Bell WR ( Future ) 91 Paul Boyette DE ( Future ) 15 River Cracraft WR ( Future ) -- Andreas Knappe OT ( Future ) 19 Jordan Leslie WR ( Future ) 59 Stansly Maponga OLB ( Future ) 30 Jordan Moore SS ( Future ) 89 Brian Parker TE ( Future ) 81 Tim Patrick WR ( Future ) 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G ( Future ) 49 Marcus Rush OLB ( Future ) 69 Jhaustin Thomas DE ( Future ) -- DeShawn Williams DE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 73 Allen Barbre G 28 Jamaal Charles RB 93 Jared Crick DE 51 Todd Davis ILB 85 Virgil Green TE 14 Cody Latimer WR 52 Corey Nelson ILB 17 Brock Osweiler QB 71 Donald Stephenson OT 77 Billy Turner G 97 Billy Winn DE Restricted FAs 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB 16 Bennie Fowler III WR 61 Matt Paradis C Exclusive - Rights FAs 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 96 Shelby Harris DE 43 Joseph Jones ILB 42 Casey Kreiter LS 90 Kyle Peko NT 87 Jordan Taylor WR 68 Elijah Wilkinson OT Rookies in italics Roster updated January 17 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 44 Active , 13 Inactive , 22 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame ( edit ) The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K , RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- The Pat Bowlen Trust President / Chairman / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Team Administration - Mark Thewes Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J. Durso Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Assistant to Head Coach -- Rob Grosso Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave Quarterbacks -- Mike Sullivan Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line ( Guards / Centers ) -- Sean Kugler Offensive Line ( Tackles ) -- Chris Strausser Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Marcus Robertson Defensive Backs ( Cornerbacks ) -- Greg Williams Defensive Assistant / Defensive Line -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Loren Landow Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Eubanks Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Daniel ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` What do you think about the Denver Broncos `` color rush '' uniforms ? `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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Eagles Superior RoughRiders Inline hockey PIHA Colorado Springs Thunder Colorado Stallions Fort Collins Catz Mile High Miners Parker Prowlers Westminster Blizzard Lacrosse MLL Denver Outlaws NLL Colorado Mammoth Roller derby WFTDA Ark Valley High Rollers Boulder County Bombers Castle Rock ' n ' Rollers Denver Roller Derby FoCo Girls Gone Derby Pikes Peak Derby Dames Pueblo Derby Devil Dollz Rocky Mountain Rollergirls Slaughterhouse Derby Girls Rugby union MLR Glendale Raptors PRP Denver Barbarians Glendale Merlins Soccer MLS Colorado Rapids USL Colorado Springs Switchbacks College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Air Force Colorado Colorado College ( men 's ice hockey and women 's soccer only ) Colorado State Denver Northern Colorado City and County of Denver The Mile High City About Commerce Demographics Economy Education Fire History Timeline Geography Landmarks Music Neighborhoods Notable Denverites Police Public schools Public transportation Street system Radio Television Government Mayor Michael Hancock Former mayors City Council Landmarks , museums and culture 16th Street Mall Avenue Theater Brown Palace Hotel Cathedral Basilica of the Immaculate Conception City Park Civic Center Clyfford Still Museum Colorado Convention Center Colorado State Capitol Confluence Park Coors Field D&F Tower Denver 's Downtown Aquarium Denver Art Museum Denver Botanic Gardens Denver Firefighters Museum Denver Mint Denver Museum of Miniatures , Dolls and Toys Denver Museum of Nature and Science Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver Public Library Denver Zoo Elitch Gardens Theme Park Ellie Caulkins Opera House Forney Transportation Museum History Colorado Center Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art Molly Brown House Museo de las Americas Museum of Contemporary Art Denver Pepsi Center Red Rocks Sakura Square Sports Authority Field at Mile High Tattered Cover Union Station Wells Fargo Center Wings Over the Rockies Museum Colleges and universities University of Colorado Denver Metropolitan State University of Denver Community College of Denver University of Denver Regis University Sports franchises Denver Broncos Colorado Rockies Colorado Avalanche Denver Nuggets Colorado Rapids Colorado Mammoth Denver Outlaws Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Denver_Broncos&oldid=826118621 '' Categories : Denver Broncos American Football League teams National Football League teams American football teams in Denver Companies based in Arapahoe County , Colorado Sports clubs established in 1960 Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ລາວ Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 08 : 41 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the broncos last win the superbowl	[ "\n\nDenver Broncos\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished August 14, 1959; 58 years ago (August 14, 1959)[1]\nFirst season: 1960\nPlay in Sports Authority Field at Mile High\nDenver, Colorado\nHeadquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley, Colorado[2]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Football League (1960–1969)\n\nWestern Division (1960–1969)\n\nNational Football League (1970–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1970–present)\n\nAFC West (1970–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nOrange, Navy Blue, White[3][4]\n \n\n\nMascot\nThunder II (live horse)\nMiles (costume suit)\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nPat Bowlen trust[5][6]\n\n\nChairman\nJoe Ellis[5][6]\n\n\nCEO\nJoe Ellis\n\n\nPresident\nJoe Ellis\n\n\nGeneral manager\nJohn Elway\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nDenver Broncos (1960–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nOrange Crush (1977–1979; 2015–2016)\nNo Fly Zone (2015–2016)\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\n\nLeague championships (3)\n\nSuper Bowl championships (3)\n1997 (XXXII), 1998 (XXXIII), 2015 (50)\n\n\n\n\n\nConference championships (8)\n\nAFC: 1977, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1997, 1998, 2013, 2015\n\n\n\n\n\nDivision championships (15)\n\nAFC West: 1977, 1978, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1998, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (22)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nDU Stadium (1960)\nMile High Stadium (1960–2000)\nSports Authority Field at Mile High (2001–present)\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "2015" ]
2791879666445416324	SEC Championship Game	SEC Championship game - wikipedia SEC Championship game Jump to : navigation , search `` SEC Championship '' redirects here . For other uses , see SEC Championships . SEC Football Championship Game Conference Football Championship SEC Logo Sport Football Conference Southeastern Conference Current stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Current location Atlanta , Georgia Played 1992 -- present Last contest 2017 Current champion Georgia Most championships Alabama ( 7 ) Florida ( 7 ) TV partner ( s ) CBS Official website SECSports.com - Football Sponsors Dr Pepper ( 1992 -- present ) Host stadiums Legion Field ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Georgia Dome ( 1994 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Host locations Birmingham , Alabama ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Atlanta , Georgia ( 1994 -- present ) The SEC Championship Game ( officially SEC Championship on CBS presented by Dr Pepper for broadcast and sponsorship purposes ) is an annual American football game that has determined the Southeastern Conference 's season champion since 1992 . The championship game pits the SEC Western Division regular season champion against the Eastern Division regular season champion . It is typically played on the first Saturday of December . Ten of the fourteen current SEC members have played in the SEC Championship Game . Kentucky and Vanderbilt have yet to reach the game from the East , while Ole Miss and Texas A&M have yet to reach the game from the West . The overall series is led by the Western Division , 14 -- 12 . While ten SEC members have played in the game , only six have won : Florida , Georgia , and Tennessee of the Eastern Division , and Alabama , Auburn , and LSU of the Western Division . Each of these teams has won the championship multiple times . Georgia is the reigning SEC champion . The SEC Championship Game has been aired on CBS since 2001 ; the current broadcast team is Brad Nessler as the play - by - play announcer , Gary Danielson as the color analyst , and Allie LaForce as the sideline reporter . Since 2007 , the game is held the first Saturday of December at 4 : 00 PM Eastern . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Results 2.1 Results by team 2.2 Home / away designation 2.3 Rematches 2.4 Common matchups 3 Selection criteria 3.1 Two - team tie - breaker procedure 3.2 Three or more - team procedure 4 Winner 's bowl performance 5 Runner up 's bowl performance 6 Footnotes 7 See also History ( edit ) The SEC was the first NCAA conference in any division to hold a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular - season contests . Such a game was made possible by two separate developments . The first came in 1987 , when the NCAA membership approved a proposal sponsored by the Division II Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association that allowed any conference with 12 football members to split into divisions and stage a championship game between the divisional winners . The SEC took advantage of this rule by adding the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina in 1992 , bringing the conference membership to 12 , and splitting into two football divisions . The format has since been adopted by other conferences to decide their football champion ( the first being the Big 12 in 1996 ) . If two SEC teams split a season series 1 - 1 but one team wins the SEC championship the winnings team victory makes the season series 1.5 to 1 The first two SEC Championship Games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham , Alabama . From 1994 until 2016 , the game has been played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta . With the Georgia Dome scheduled to be demolished after the 2016 season , the SEC chose to keep the title game in Atlanta at the Georgia Dome 's replacement , Mercedes - Benz Stadium . The game will be played at the new stadium through 2027 . Alabama Arkansas Auburn Florida Georgia Kentucky LSU Missouri Ole Miss Mississippi State South Carolina Tennessee Texas A&M Vanderbilt -- Eastern division -- Western division -- Championship Game site In 2016 , Alabama and Florida met in the SEC Championship Game for the ninth time in the twenty - five year history of the game , the record for the most times any two teams have faced each other in the championship game . And at least one of those two teams has qualified for the game in 14 of 25 seasons . The only other matchup in the SEC Championship played more than twice is Georgia and LSU , which has been played three times . Alabama has faced Florida in nine of their eleven SEC Championship Game appearances . In addition , the 2009 game marked the second consecutive year that the No. 1 ( Florida ) and No. 2 ( Alabama ) ranked teams in the AP Poll met in the SEC Championship game . 2009 was the first time any conference championship game had featured two undefeated teams . Alabama won 32 -- 13 and earned a berth in the 2010 BCS National Championship Game , which it went on to win as well . Auburn and Missouri met in the 2013 SEC Championship Game ( in Missouri 's 2nd year in the SEC ) . Auburn won the game 59 -- 42 , breaking the previous record of 56 points for most points scored by a single team in the SEC Championship Game ( previously set by Auburn in 2010 ) . In recent years , the game has been nicknamed the `` national semifinal '' for college football . The 2008 , 2009 , and 2012 games were essentially national semifinal games , as both participating teams were virtually guaranteed a berth in the BCS national championship game with a win . The 2013 game was not thought of as such at the time of the game , but results of other games later that day meant that it effectively was such a semifinal . Between 2006 and 2013 the winner of the SEC Championship Game went on to play in the BCS National Championship Game eight straight years , posting a 6 - 2 record in the game . Since 2014 , the SEC Championship Game winner has gone on to appear in the College Football Playoff every season . Results ( edit ) Results from all SEC Championship games that have been played . Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to matchup . Year Eastern Division Western Division Site Attendance TV Rating MVP 1992 12 Florida Gators 21 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 28 Legion Field Birmingham , AL 83,091 9.8 CB Antonio Langham , Alabama 1993 9 Florida Gators 28 16 Alabama Crimson Tide 13 76,345 QB Terry Dean , Florida 1994 6 Florida Gators 24 3 Alabama Crimson Tide 23 Georgia Dome Atlanta , GA 74,751 10.5 DT Ellis Johnson , Florida 1995 2 Florida Gators 34 23 Arkansas Razorbacks 71,325 7.2 QB Danny Wuerffel , Florida 4 Florida Gators 45 11 Alabama Crimson Tide 30 74,132 7.0 QB Danny Wuerffel , Florida 1997 3 Tennessee Volunteers 30 11 Auburn Tigers 29 74,896 QB Peyton Manning , Tennessee 1998 1 Tennessee Volunteers 24 23 Mississippi State Bulldogs 14 74,795 WR Peerless Price , Tennessee 1999 5 Florida Gators 7 7 Alabama Crimson Tide 34 71,500 WR Freddie Milons , Alabama 2000 7 Florida Gators 28 18 Auburn Tigers 6 73,427 QB Rex Grossman , Florida 2001 2 Tennessee Volunteers 20 21 LSU Tigers 31 74,843 7.0 QB Matt Mauck , LSU 2002 4 Georgia Bulldogs 30 22 Arkansas Razorbacks 75,835 3.2 QB David Greene , Georgia 2003 5 Georgia Bulldogs 13 3 LSU Tigers 34 74,913 4.1 RB Justin Vincent , LSU 15 Tennessee Volunteers 28 3 Auburn Tigers 38 74,892 4.8 QB Jason Campbell , Auburn 2005 13 Georgia Bulldogs 34 3 LSU Tigers 14 73,717 3.9 QB D.J. Shockley , Georgia 2006 4 Florida Gators 38 8 Arkansas Razorbacks 28 73,374 4.7 WR Percy Harvin , Florida 2007 15 Tennessee Volunteers 14 5 LSU Tigers 21 73,832 6.0 QB Ryan Perrilloux , LSU 2008 2 Florida Gators 31 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 20 75,892 10.4 QB Tim Tebow , Florida 2009 1 Florida Gators 13 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 32 75,514 11.8 QB Greg McElroy , Alabama 19 South Carolina Gamecocks 17 1 Auburn Tigers 56 75,802 6.3 QB Cam Newton , Auburn 2011 12 Georgia Bulldogs 10 1 LSU Tigers 42 74,515 7.4 CB Tyrann Mathieu , LSU 2012 3 Georgia Bulldogs 28 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 32 75,624 10.0 RB Eddie Lacy , Alabama 2013 5 Missouri Tigers 42 3 Auburn Tigers 59 75,632 8.7 RB Tre Mason , Auburn 2014 14 Missouri Tigers 13 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 42 73,526 7.7 QB Blake Sims , Alabama 2015 18 Florida Gators 15 2 Alabama Crimson Tide 29 75,320 8.3 RB Derrick Henry , Alabama 2016 15 Florida Gators 16 1 Alabama Crimson Tide 54 74,632 7.0 LB Reuben Foster , Alabama 2017 6 Georgia Bulldogs 28 4 Auburn Tigers 7 Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , GA 76,532 8.4 LB Roquan Smith , Georgia Results by team ( edit ) Appearances School Wins Losses Win % Year ( s ) Won 12 Florida 7 5 . 583 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2006 , 2008 11 Alabama 7 . 636 1992 , 1999 , 2009 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 6 Auburn . 500 2004 , 2010 , 2013 6 Georgia . 500 2002 , 2005 , 2017 5 LSU . 800 2001 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 5 Tennessee . 400 1997 , 1998 Arkansas 0 . 000 Missouri 0 . 000 Mississippi State 0 . 000 South Carolina 0 . 000 Kentucky , Ole Miss , Texas A&M , and Vanderbilt have yet to make an appearance in an SEC Championship Game . Home / away designation ( edit ) The team designated as the `` home '' team alternates between division champions . The designation goes to the Eastern champion in even - numbered years and the Western champion in odd - numbered years . After the 2017 contest , the designated `` home '' team is 15 -- 11 overall in SEC championship games . In 2009 , the Western division champion , Alabama , was the home team , ending a streak where the SEC Western team had worn white jerseys in nine consecutive SEC Championship Games ( 2000 -- 2008 ) . This was because LSU had represented the Western division in the previous four seasons that the Western division champion was the `` home '' team , and LSU traditionally chooses to wear white jerseys for home games . Additionally , for the next three years ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , the Eastern representative wore their home jerseys because in 2011 , LSU again represented the Western division . Rematches ( edit ) The SEC Championship game has featured a rematch of a regular season game a total of seven times ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2017 ) . The team which won the regular season game is 5 -- 2 in the rematches , the exceptions being 2001 and 2017 . Common matchups ( edit ) Matchups that have occurred more than once : # of Times East Division West Division Record Years Played 9 Florida Alabama Alabama 5 -- 4 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2016 Georgia LSU LSU 2 -- 1 2003 , 2005 , 2011 Florida Arkansas Florida 2 -- 0 1995 , 2006 Tennessee Auburn Tied 1 -- 1 1997 , 2004 Tennessee LSU LSU 2 -- 0 2001 , 2007 Selection criteria ( edit ) Division standings are based on each team 's overall conference record . The SEC Commissioner 's Regulations requires each football team play all eight conference games in a season in order to be eligible to compete for a divisional title and play in the SEC Championship Game . Often , two or more teams tie for the best record in their division and each team is recognized as a divisional co-champion . However , tiebreakers are used to determine who will represent the division in the championship game . Two - team tie - breaker procedure ( edit ) Head - to - head competition between the two tied teams . Records of the tied teams within the division . Records against the team within the division with the best overall ( divisional and non-divisional ) conference record and proceeding through the division . Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last . Complete record vs. all non-divisional opponents . Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams if there be any . Record vs. common non-divisional opponent ( if there be any ) with the best overall conference ( divisional and non-divisional ) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division . Best cumulative conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents Coin flip of the tied teams NOTE : Although all division rivals meet during the season and NCAA overtime is played in case of a tie game , the SEC has provisions in case a game ends in a tie under NCAA Rule 3 - 3 - 3 ( c ) and ( d ) , Suspending the Game , or if the two tied teams did not play an official game because of weather . As such , SEC rules still contain the remaining procedures if those circumstances were to happen . Three or more - team procedure ( edit ) ( Once the tie has been reduced to two teams , go to the two - team tie - breaker format . ) Combined head - to - head record among the tied teams . Record of the tied teams within the division . Records against the team within the division with the best overall ( divisional and non-divisional ) Conference record and proceeding through the division . Multiple ties within the division will be broken from first to last . Complete record vs. non-division teams . Complete record vs. all common non-divisional teams . Record vs. common non-divisional team with the best overall Conference ( divisional and non-divisional ) record and proceeding through other common non-divisional teams based on their order of finish within their division . Best cumulative Conference winning percentage of non-divisional opponents ( Note : If two teams ' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record , then the two - team tiebreaker procedures apply . If four teams are tied , and three teams ' non-divisional opponents have the same cumulative record , the three - team tiebreaker procedures will be used beginning with # 1 Coin flip of the tied teams with the team with the odd result being the representative ( Example : If there are two teams with tails and one team with heads , the team with heads is the representative ) Winner 's Bowl performance ( edit ) Currently the SEC champion plays in the Sugar Bowl unless they have been selected to play in a College Football Playoff semi-final bowl . In the SEC Championship Game era , ten winners of the game have gone on to win the national title ( outright or shared ) , with eleven SEC teams winning national titles overall , including seven consecutive titles from the 2006 -- 2012 seasons . In 2011 LSU won the SEC Championship Game and advanced to the BCS National Championship Game which they lost 21 -- 0 to fellow SEC member Alabama . Rankings are from the AP Poll at the time the game was played . Season SEC Champ Result Opponent Opp . Conference Bowl Game National Champion 1992 # 2 Alabama W 34 -- 13 # 1 Miami Big East 1993 Sugar Bowl Alabama 1993 # 8 Florida W 41 -- 7 # 3 West Virginia Big East 1994 Sugar Bowl Florida State 1994 # 5 Florida L 17 -- 23 # 7 Florida State ACC 1995 Sugar Bowl Nebraska 1995 # 2 Florida L 24 -- 62 # 1 Nebraska Big 8 1996 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska # 3 Florida W 52 -- 20 # 1 Florida State ACC 1997 Sugar Bowl Florida 1997 # 3 Tennessee L 17 -- 42 # 2 Nebraska Big 12 1998 Orange Bowl Nebraska , Michigan 1998 # 1 Tennessee W 23 -- 16 # 2 Florida State ACC 1999 Fiesta Bowl Tennessee 1999 # 5 Alabama L 34 -- 35 # 8 Michigan Big Ten 2000 Orange Bowl Florida State 2000 # 7 Florida L 20 -- 37 # 2 Miami Big East 2001 Sugar Bowl Oklahoma 2001 # 12 LSU W 47 -- 34 # 7 Illinois Big Ten 2002 Sugar Bowl Miami 2002 # 4 Georgia W 26 -- 13 # 16 Florida State ACC 2003 Sugar Bowl Ohio State 2003 # 3 LSU W 21 -- 14 # 2 Oklahoma Big 12 2004 Sugar Bowl LSU , USC # 3 Auburn W 16 -- 13 # 9 Virginia Tech ACC 2005 Sugar Bowl USC 2005 # 8 Georgia L 35 -- 38 # 13 West Virginia Big East 2006 Sugar Bowl Texas 2006 # 2 Florida W 41 -- 14 # 1 Ohio State Big Ten 2007 BCS Champ . Game Florida 2007 # 2 LSU W 38 -- 24 # 1 Ohio State Big Ten 2008 BCS Champ . Game LSU 2008 # 2 Florida W 24 -- 14 # 1 Oklahoma Big 12 2009 BCS Champ . Game Florida 2009 # 1 Alabama W 37 -- 21 # 2 Texas Big 12 2010 BCS Champ . Game Alabama # 1 Auburn W 22 -- 19 # 2 Oregon Pac - 10 2011 BCS Champ . Game Auburn 2011 # 1 LSU L 0 -- 21 # 2 Alabama SEC 2012 BCS Champ . Game Alabama 2012 # 2 Alabama W 42 -- 14 # 1 Notre Dame Independent 2013 BCS Champ . Game Alabama 2013 # 2 Auburn L 31 -- 34 # 1 Florida State ACC 2014 BCS Champ . Game Florida State 2014 # 1 Alabama L 35 -- 42 # 4 Ohio State Big Ten 2015 Sugar Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Ohio State 2015 # 2 Alabama W 38 -- 0 # 3 Michigan State Big Ten 2015 Cotton Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Alabama W 45 -- 40 # 1 Clemson ACC 2016 CFP National Championship 2016 # 1 Alabama W 24 - 7 # 4 Washington Pac - 12 2016 Peach Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Clemson L 31 -- 35 # 2 Clemson ACC 2017 CFP National Championship 2017 # 3 Georgia W 54 - 48 # 2 Oklahoma Big 12 2018 Rose Bowl ( CFP Semifinal ) Alabama L 23 - 26 # 4 Alabama SEC 2018 CFP National Championship Runner up 's Bowl performance ( edit ) Rankings are from the AP Poll at the time the game was played . Season SEC Runner Up Result Opponent Opp . Conference Bowl Game 1992 # 14 Florida W 27 -- 10 # 12 NC State ACC 1992 Gator Bowl 1993 # 18 Alabama W 24 -- 10 # 12 North Carolina ACC 1993 Gator Bowl 1994 # 6 Alabama W 24 -- 17 # 13 Ohio State Big Ten 1995 Citrus Bowl 1995 # 24 Arkansas L 10 -- 20 North Carolina ACC 1995 Carquest Bowl # 16 Alabama W 17 -- 14 # 15 Michigan Big Ten 1997 Outback Bowl 1997 # 13 Auburn W 21 -- 17 Clemson ACC 1998 Peach Bowl 1998 # 25 Mississippi State L 11 -- 38 # 20 Texas Big 12 1999 Cotton Bowl 1999 # 10 Florida L 34 -- 37 # 9 Michigan State Big Ten 2000 Citrus Bowl 2000 # 20 Auburn L 28 -- 31 # 17 Michigan Big Ten 2001 Citrus Bowl 2001 # 8 Tennessee W 45 -- 17 # 17 Michigan Big Ten 2002 Citrus Bowl 2002 # 25 Arkansas L 14 -- 29 Minnesota Big Ten 2002 Music City Bowl 2003 # 11 Georgia W 34 -- 27 # 12 Purdue Big Ten 2004 Capital One Bowl # 15 Tennessee W 38 -- 7 # 22 Texas A&M Big 12 2005 Cotton Bowl 2005 # 10 LSU W 40 -- 3 # 9 Miami ACC 2005 Peach Bowl 2006 # 12 Arkansas L 14 -- 17 # 6 Wisconsin Big Ten 2007 Capital One Bowl 2007 # 16 Tennessee W 21 -- 17 # 18 Wisconsin Big Ten 2008 Outback Bowl 2008 # 4 Alabama L 17 -- 31 # 6 Utah Mountain West 2009 Sugar Bowl 2009 # 5 Florida W 51 -- 24 # 4 Cincinnati Big East 2010 Sugar Bowl # 19 South Carolina L 17 -- 26 # 23 Florida State ACC 2010 Chick - Fil - A Bowl 2011 # 18 Georgia L 30 -- 33 # 12 Michigan State Big Ten 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 # 7 Georgia W 45 -- 31 # 16 Nebraska Big Ten 2013 Capital One Bowl 2013 # 9 Missouri W 41 -- 31 # 13 Oklahoma State Big 12 2014 Cotton Bowl Classic 2014 # 16 Missouri W 33 -- 17 # 25 Minnesota Big Ten 2015 Citrus Bowl 2015 # 19 Florida L 7 -- 41 # 14 Michigan Big Ten 2016 Citrus Bowl 2016 # 20 Florida W 30 -- 3 # 21 Iowa Big Ten 2017 Outback Bowl 2017 # 7 Auburn L 27 - 34 # 10 UCF American 2018 Peach Bowl Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staples , Andy ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Should NCAA alter title game requirements ? Look at the rule 's origin '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southeastern Conference '' . www.secsports.com . Jump up ^ `` SEC Championship Game to remain in Atlanta until 2027 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southeastern Conference '' . secsports.com . Jump up ^ `` CFB Week 14 Overnights : SEC Championship Top Game of Season - Sports Media Watch '' . 6 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southeastern Conference '' . www.secdigitalnetwork.com . Jump up ^ `` nokiasugarbowl.com '' . www.nokiasugarbowl.com . ^ Jump up to : Bowl Coalition ( 1992 - 1994 ) or Bowl Alliance ( 1995 - 1997 ) Championship Game Jump up ^ Nebraska shared the 1997 NCAA title with Michigan ^ Jump up to : BCS National Championship Game Jump up ^ Alabama took the spot of ACC champion Florida State in the Orange Bowl , as the Seminoles were selected to play in the BCS national championship game in the Sugar Bowl . Jump up ^ `` Maisel : Power to the people '' . ESPN.com. 14 July 2004 . Jump up ^ http://media.www.mtsusidelines.com/media/storage/paper202/news/2004/01/14/Sports/Lsu-Usc.Split.National.Championship-580477.shtml Jump up ^ Southern California won the BCS Championship but the title was vacated following an investigation into improper payments to various players . USC retained its AP National Championship . See also ( edit ) List of Southeastern Conference champions List of NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games SEC Championship Game Years 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Venues Legion Field ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Georgia Dome ( 1994 -- 2016 ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( 2017 -- present ) Southeastern Conference football Eastern Division Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats Missouri Tigers South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores Western Division Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Mississippi State Bulldogs Ole Miss Rebels Texas A&M Aggies Championships & awards SEC Championship Game All - time standings Southeastern Conference football individual awards SEC Football Legends Seasons 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 NCAA Division I FBS conference championship games Current American Athletic Championship Game ( 2015 -- present ) ACC Championship Game ( 2005 -- present ) Big Ten Championship Game ( 2011 -- present ) Big 12 Championship Game ( 1996 -- 2010 ; 2017 -- present ) C - USA Championship Game ( 2005 -- present ) MAC Championship Game ( 1997 -- present ) MW Championship Game ( 2013 -- present ) Pac - 12 Championship Game ( 2011 -- present ) SEC Championship Game ( 1992 -- present ) Future Sun Belt Championship Game ( 2018 ) Former WAC Championship Game ( 1996 -- 1998 ) College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SEC_Championship_Game&oldid=820159216 '' Categories : SEC Championship Game Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 10 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the last time georgia won sec championship	[ "\n\nAppearances\nSchool\nWins\nLosses\nWin %\nYear(s) Won\n\n\n12\nFlorida\n7\n5\n.583\n1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2006, 2008\n\n\n11\nAlabama\n7\n4\n.636\n1992, 1999, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\n\n6\nAuburn\n3\n3\n.500\n2004, 2010, 2013\n\n\n6\nGeorgia\n3\n3\n.500\n2002, 2005, 2017\n\n\n5\nLSU\n4\n1\n.800\n2001, 2003, 2007, 2011\n\n\n5\nTennessee\n2\n3\n.400\n1997, 1998\n\n\n3\nArkansas\n0\n3\n.000\n\n\n\n2\nMissouri\n0\n2\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nMississippi State\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n\n1\nSouth Carolina\n0\n1\n.000\n\n\n" ]	[ "2017" ]
-2763458965857482833	State of Origin series	State of Origin series - wikipedia State of Origin series State of Origin Current season or competition : : 2018 State of Origin series Sport Rugby league Instituted 1982 Inaugural season 1980 Number of teams Country Australia ( ARLC ) Shield Holders Queensland Maroons ( 2017 ) Website Official State of Origin website Broadcast partner Nine Network Related competitions City vs Country Origin Super League Tri-series The State of Origin series is the annual best - of - three rugby league football match series between two Australian state representative sides , the New South Wales Blues and the Queensland Maroons . Referred to as Australian sport 's greatest rivalry , the State of Origin series is one of Australia 's premier sporting events , attracting huge television audiences and usually selling out the stadiums in which the games are played . It is regularly described as being the pinnacle of rugby league , even in comparison with international competitions . Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game , hence the name ' state of origin ' . Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time . In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental `` State of Origin '' match . From 1982 onwards a best - of - three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield . During the early years , the results were extraordinarily even . However , since 2006 , Queensland has won every series except in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 History 2.1 Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 2.2 Conception of State of Origin football 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Adoption 2.5 1987 : American controversy 2.6 1990s 2.7 2000s 2.8 2010s 3 Venues 3.1 Queensland 3.2 New South Wales 3.3 Interstate & International 4 Popularity 5 Broadcasting 6 Selection rules 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Anomalies 7 Results 7.1 Year by year 8 Wally Lewis Medal 9 Records 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 9.2. 1 Playing 9.3 Coaching 10 Under 20s 11 Women 's State of Origin 11.1 All - Team Records 12 See also 13 References 13.1 History 13.2 General records and statistics 13.3 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match 13.4 Player lists 14 Further reading 15 External links Teams ( edit ) Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia , the sport 's two major states , New South Wales and Queensland , have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s . The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons , reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys . These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold . The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League . The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '' , due to names given to them by Barry Muir and Johnny Raper respectively . It was reinforced by a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such . Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams , they have not competed in State of Origin . History ( edit ) Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 ( edit ) The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia . In 1900 a journalist known as ' The Cynic ' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland , Stephen Spragg , should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales . Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908 , an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time . Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state . No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves . The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908 , before Queensland had even commenced its club competition . New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory . The local media were unimpressed . There can be no doubt the NSW men are improving a good deal ... They can not be blamed for the farce , for it was nothing else . If the Australian team depends on Queenslanders to strengthen it , one is afraid it will be found wanting . They are quite the weakest lot of footballers I have even seen come down from Queensland . The play needs no detailed description as it was simply a practice match for NSW , and certainly did not advantageously advertise the new game . - The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 July 1908 The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales , apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s . From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches . At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain . Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders , the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition , and that there would be no Australian tour . The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain , the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars . The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales . This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs . From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition , becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection . Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that `` every time Queensland produces a good footballer , he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine . '' Prior to 1956 , NSW had won 75 % and Qld only 25 % of series played . From 1956 -- 1981 , NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8 % with only 1 series win , in 1959 . Conception of State of Origin football ( edit ) By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded . Matches were played mid-week , so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition , and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds . Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League ( NSWRFL ) declined to host the Queensland team , and both interstate games were played in Queensland . Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon , who had later become a journalist , was the first to suggest that Sydney - based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state . Brisbane Courier - Mail reporter Hugh Lunn , Barry Maranta ( the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos ) and Maranta 's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league . Lunn told McAullife that `` you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland , Ron , but you ca n't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander . '' McAuliffe was initially sceptical . `` What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play , and we are beaten . Where would we go from there ? '' Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one - off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial . New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions : If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial , and also , that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted . ( From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott , a Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks official . ) Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan : St. George Dragons , South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters . As these clubs were refusing to release players , Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial , which would make release mandatory . The clubs backed down . Experimentation ( edit ) See also : 1980 State of Origin game and 1981 State of Origin game After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7 , the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane . The New South Wales media gave both the event , and Queensland 's chance of winning it , little credence , calling the game a `` three day wonder '' . Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century '' . Ron MacAullife however , was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match . Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned . Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ) , few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans , delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever . Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10 . I was strongly against such a match , but last night 's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program . -- Alan Clarkson , journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald , 6 October 1980 In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules . As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series , state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match . Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15 -- 0 lead in the game , Queensland rallied to win 22 -- 15 . Adoption ( edit ) The first State of Origin shield , depicting Queensland 's Wally Lewis and New South Wales ' Brett Kenny . The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year . The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive . -- Frank Hyde ( 2 June 1982 ) Despite the Maroons ' success so far in the State of Origin experiments , the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues ' long - held dominance in series wins . Queensland however , under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis , was inspired by this , and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1 . However , in 1985 , under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer , New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground , claiming the series for the first time . The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash , taking the series 3 -- 0 . 1987 : American controversy ( edit ) After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2 -- 1 , a fourth game was played at Long Beach , California to showcase rugby league to the American public . In Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 ( 2003 ) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story : There was one additional Origin contest played in 1987 . The Queenslanders had climbed the mountain and at no point did they take the project seriously in any competitive sense . The State of Origin trophy was safely stowed in the Queensland Rugby League board room at Lang Park , and for the Maroons the visit to the United States was their end - of - season outing , the game an exhibition ... Such was the Blues ' disappointment at the loss of the State of Origin series that they would go to any length to restore some vestige of their lost pride . The New South Wales Rugby League hierarchy told their men to prepare for the contest as though it was a deciding test match . The match was played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Long Beach , California in front of 12,349 fans . The Blues won the game 30 -- 18 . In 1987 the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) , New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players ' individual statistics . On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League ( whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League ) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match , and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead . ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said : `` There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture ... in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game 's governing body at the time . In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987 , Ken Arthurson , the ARL 's chief executive in 1987 , was quoted as saying ' It 's an exciting experiment but the match is n't and wo n't be billed as an exhibition match ' . '' 1990s ( edit ) After the controversy of the match played in the United States , the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3 -- 0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989 . The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series . It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew , the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series . As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game , the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience . The 1992 , 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins , Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line . It was n't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series . A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos , its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons . Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3 -- 0 in a shocking white - wash . The 1996 series saw the off - field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed , regardless of contract , state of origin selection . Having the majority of the Queenslanders back did n't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white - wash with a 3 -- 0 series win of their own . The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions , one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited - owned Super League , and an interstate series was played in each . Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition . The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format . The teams were selected using origin rules , and New South Wales and Queensland met twice . These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record . As with the premiership , players were spread between two representative tournaments as well . The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League , and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home , setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2 -- 1 . The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw . Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours . 2000s ( edit ) The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance , causing some critics ( who ? ) to question the future of State of Origin . However , this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series , which is seen as the starting point of Queensland 's unprecedented dynasty . Queensland followed by winning the 2007 series , as well as the 2008 series , which made Queensland 's streak three series in a row . New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008 , however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008 , and Game 3 on 2 July 2008 . Queensland continued to follow this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row . 2010s ( edit ) Queensland won its historic , record breaking , fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23 -- 18 win in the third and final match of the State of Origin , 2010 . This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years . Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010 . The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB - T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB - T and PAL . In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16 -- 12 . In the second game of the 2011 series New South Wales defeated Queensland 18 -- 8 . Queensland won the series 34 -- 24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer 's 36th and final game . Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series . In 2012 , then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under - 20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning . Queensland went on to win an historic 7th series win in 2012 , winning the final game by 1 point . In 2013 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2 , while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time . The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system . In 2014 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 12 - 8 in the first game of the series , and 6 - 4 in the second . In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32 - 8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute , with Queensland leading 6 - 2 in the first half . This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years . In 2015 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 - 10 in game 1 played in Sydney , New South Wales defeated Queensland 26 - 18 in game 2 played in Melbourne , Queensland defeated New South Wales 52 - 6 in game 3 played in Brisbane , winning the series 2 - 1 . In 2016 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 6 - 4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26 - 16 win in the second match . New South Wales closed off the series with a 18 - 14 win over Queensland . In 2017 , New South Wales won Game 1 , 28 - 4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty . Queensland won Game 2 , 18 - 16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston , who kicked the winning goal for Queensland . Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match , essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match . Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction , ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year . In Game 3 , New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games , the first to do so since 1996 . Queensland dominated the Blues , winning 22 - 6 , with Queensland Winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series . It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith , before being chaired off the ground by his teammates , ending Thurston 's representative career on a high note . Venues ( edit ) Queensland ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Lang Park ( Brisbane Stadium / Suncorp Stadium ) Brisbane 52 52,540 16,559 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( QE2 Stadium ) Brisbane 49,441 47,989 New South Wales ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Stadium Australia ( Telstra Stadium / ANZ Stadium ) Sydney 25 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium ( Allianz Stadium ) Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) Sydney 6 42,048 20,242 Interstate & International ( edit ) Venue City State Country No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 91,513 25,105 Docklands Stadium ( Telstra Dome / Etihad Stadium ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 56,021 50,967 Olympic Park Stadium Melbourne Victoria Australia 25,800 -- Veterans Memorial Stadium Long Beach California United States 12,439 -- Popularity ( edit ) In 2013 , each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event . In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland , with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds for rugby league and local television ratings comparable to those of some Victorian AFL matches . Internationally , the series is televised in 91 countries , and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea , occasionally sparking riots , violence and deaths . It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand . Broadcasting ( edit ) Within Australia , Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series , with replays airing on Fox Sports . The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand . Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia . In the United States , Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011 , with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013 . Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK . Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG 's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J . This broadcast was presented by the characters `` Rampaging '' Roy Slaven and HG Nelson ( played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver ) , who commentated the game with a unique comedic style . Roy and HG 's broadcasts began in the late 1980s , and continued until 2008 . Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009 , at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary . Selection rules ( edit ) Sydney Brisbane Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior ( or registered ) rugby league . In 2012 , the NSWRL , CRL , QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility , to encompass other factors , such as place of birth . Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level . Controversy ( edit ) From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy . Since 1980 , Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth , while for New South Wales the total is only 6 . However , place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012 . An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling , Ken Nagas , James McManus , Israel Folau and Greg Inglis . Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland . Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales , Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba , Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga , Newcastle & Sydney , all in New South Wales , while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory , but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series . The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed . The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis ' first senior football , making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time . However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle , New South Wales , in the Arrive Alive Cup ; considered to be a senior competition . Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said `` there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team . He played for us at 16 , he 's a Blue '' . The controversy led to the creation of the `` That 's In Queensland '' viral video . Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States . Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland . Previously father and son combinations , such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states . This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales . Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby league for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast Foreign born players have also represented each state . New Zealand has had several players , such as Brad Thorn , Ben Te'o , Craig Smith , Willie Mason , Tonie Carroll , James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin . Tamou 's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis , lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations . Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin . Other players , such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible , creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League . Apart from representing Queensland , Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international , having played international rugby league for Australia , and international rugby union for the All Blacks . Papua New Guinea - born Adrian Lam and Fijian - born Lote Tuqiri , Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin . Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW . Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW . The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international , Ben Te'o , by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season . A report into eligibility based on a player 's birth state showed ; `` Of the 18 series that QLD has won , it had the greater percentage of non-State ( born ) players in its side on 14 of those occasions -- revealing a 77.8 % dependency . Of the 13 series that NSW has won , on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State ( born ) players across the series -- revealing a 38.5 % dependency . '' Anomalies ( edit ) In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection . This included most of Queensland 's usual team , who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos . The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years , allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea . The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon 's swept aside NSW , who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players , 3 - 0 . During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule . The players affected were David Barnhill ( NSW ) , Kevin Campion ( Qld ) , Tonie Carroll ( Qld ) , Graham Mackay ( NSW ) , Willie Mason ( NSW ) , Luke Ricketson ( NSW ) , Lote Tuqiri ( Qld ) and Adrian Vowles ( Qld ) , Results ( edit ) For full results and statistics , see State of Origin results and statistics Year by year ( edit ) Of the 36 full series played , Queensland have won 21 , New South Wales 13 , with 2 series drawn ( Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year 's winner ) . With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980 , 1981 and 1987 , the total number of games played is 108 . Queensland have won 58 , New South Wales have won 48 , with 2 matches being drawn . The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series , as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series , with the final game concluding in a draw . At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock , and by the same set of rules , Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders , but did not win the series . Due to controversy around the second drawn series , and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland , the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series . Equal points at the close of full - time are now resolved with the golden point method . State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series . Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series , irrespective of state . The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series . Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times . Recipients Year Player State Position Club Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Lock Sydney Roosters 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Fullback Sydney Roosters 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland Five - eighth Brisbane Broncos 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland Halfback , Five - eighth North Queensland Cowboys 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Centre Melbourne Storm Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2012 Nate Myles Queensland Second - row Gold Coast Titans 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales Lock , Prop Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 2015 Corey Parker Queensland Lock Brisbane Broncos 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Wing Newcastle Knights The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis ' retirement in 1992 until 2003 , where the best player of the series could win the award , regardless of their state . The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most points scored in a game : 72 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Most points scored by a team : 56 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Largest winning margin : 46 , Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales ( Game III , 2015 ) Most consecutive games won : 8 , Queensland ( Game II , 1987 - Game III , 1989 ) Most consecutive series won : 8 , Queensland ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Most series clean sweeps : 4 , Queensland ( 1988 -- 1989 , 1995 , 2010 ) Individual ( edit ) Oldest player : 36 years 74 days , Petero Civoniceva ( 2012 ) ( Queensland ) Youngest player : 18 years and 83 days , Ben Ikin ( 1995 ) ( Queensland ) Playing ( edit ) Most games : 42 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most consecutive games : 36 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most games as captain : 30 Wally Lewis ( 1981 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 24 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 11 Cameron Smith ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- present ) ( Queensland ) & Johnathan Thurston ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most Man of the Match Awards won : 8 Wally Lewis ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most points : 224 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most tries : 18 Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most goals : 101 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most field goals : 4 Andrew Johns ( 1995 -- 2005 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one game : 32 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one series : 52 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most tries in one game : 3 ( Anderson , Boustead , Girdler , Tuqiri , Sing , King , Gagai , Holmes ) Most tries in one series : 5 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) , Lote Tuqiri ( 2002 ) ( Queensland ) Most goals in one game : 10 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most goals in one series : 16 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one game : 2 Ben Elias ( Game III , 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one series : 2 Ben Elias ( 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) , Andrew Johns ( 2003 ) ( New South Wales ) 1. ^ Smith and Thurston competed in at least one game associated with each series wins . Coaching ( edit ) Most games : 30 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 19 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 9 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) These records that are about to be shown are mainly about the stadium 's and players of the game . All this info can be found at http://afltables.com/rl/soo/records.html . Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 ) Leading Try Scorers Try Scorer State Games Tries ( Ave . ) Greg Inglis QLD 30 18 ( 0.60 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 ( 0.65 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 ( 0.46 ) Billy Slater QLD 29 12 ( 0.44 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 ( 0.58 ) Allan Langer QLD 34 10 ( 0.29 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 ( 0.25 ) Jarryd Hayne NSW 23 11 ( 0.45 ) Timana Tahu NSW 12 8 ( 0.67 ) Anthony Minichiello NSW 11 8 ( 0.73 ) Brad Fittler NSW 31 8 ( 0.26 ) Leading Point Scores Point Scorers State Games Tries Goals Field Goals Points ( Ave . ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 5 101 234 ( 5.94 ) Mal Meninga QLD 32 6 69 0 161 ( 5.03 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 42 129 ( 6.79 ) Andrew Johns NSW 23 38 96 ( 4.17 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 22 82 ( 2.28 ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 7 27 0 82 ( 10.25 ) Greg Inglis QLD 30 18 0 0 72 ( 2.40 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 0 0 68 ( 2.62 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 9 0 66 ( 2.54 ) Rod Wishart NSW 22 5 22 0 64 ( 2.91 ) Cameron Smith QLD 42 5 19 0 64 ( 1.33 ) Venue Stats Venue State Games Total Attendance Average Lang Park QLD 52 2,049,574 39,414 S.C.G NSW 6 192,773 32,128 Long Beach Neutral 12,439 12,439 S.F.S NSW 14 521,836 37,274 Olympic Neutral 25,800 25,800 M.C.G Neutral 256,773 64,193 Stadium_Australia NSW 25 1,862,616 74,504 QEII QLD 97,430 48,715 Docklands Neutral 161,821 53,940 Appearance Stats Players State Games Years Cameron Smith QLD 42 2003 - 2017 Darren Lockyer QLD 36 1998 - 2011 Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 2005 - 2017 Allan Langer QLD 34 1987 - 2002 Petero Civoniceva QLD 33 2001 - 2012 Mal Meninga QLD 32 1980 - 1994 Wally Lewis QLD 31 1980 - 1991 Nate Myles QLD 32 2006 - 2017 Brad Fittler NSW 31 1990 - 2004 Greg Inglis QLD 30 2006 - 2016 Steven Price QLD 28 1998 - 2009 Leading Goal Kickers Players State Games Goals / Attempts ( % ) Jamie Soward NSW 9 / 11 ( 81.82 % ) Mat Rogers QLD 5 12 / 15 ( 80.00 % ) James Maloney NSW 9 15 / 18 ( 80.00 % ) Jamie Lyon NSW 10 8 / 10 ( 80.00 % ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 36 96 / 121 ( 79.34 % ) Trent Hodkinson NSW 6 12 / 16 ( 75.00 % ) Tim Brasher NSW 21 9 / 12 ( 75.00 % ) Craig Fitzgibbon NSW 11 20 / 27 ( 74.07 % ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 22 / 30 ( 73.33 % ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 27 / 37 ( 72.97 % ) Cameron Smith QLD 39 16 / 22 ( 72.73 % ) Most Points Scored In A Games Players State Tries Goals Field Goals Points Game Ryan Girdler NSW 10 0 32 Game 3 , 2000 Lote Tuqiri QLD 0 18 Game 2 , 2002 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 9 0 18 Game 3 , 2015 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 18 Game 1 , 1985 Mal Meninga QLD 0 16 Game 1 , 1989 Darren Lockyer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 2001 Dale Shearer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 1989 Mal Meninga QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 1 , 1980 Darren Lockyer QLD 5 0 14 Game 1 , 2001 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 2 , 2008 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 14 Game 4 , 1987 Series List Year Winners Games Crowd Average 1982 Queensland 22,334 Queensland 25,705 1984 Queensland 26,426 1985 New South Wales 30,301 1986 New South Wales 31,623 Queensland 36,020 1988 Queensland 25,056 1989 Queensland 35,452 1990 New South Wales 32,817 1991 Queensland 35,715 1992 New South Wales 37,806 1993 New South Wales 35,465 1994 New South Wales 56,340 1995 Queensland 44,122 Under 20s ( edit ) The Under 20s State of Origin has only had six seasons so far ( 2012 to 2017 ) with only one game a year , instead of three . New South Wales has won all of them . They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 2012 New South Wales 0 0 2013 New South Wales 0 0 2014 New South Wales 0 0 2015 New South Wales 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 Women 's State of Origin ( edit ) The Women 's State of Origin is the Women 's rugby league version of the game , and has been running since 1999 . The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup . Furthermore , the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland , who won every series from 1999 - 2014 , a better straight record than their male counterparts . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1999 Queensland 0 0 2000 Queensland 0 0 2001 Queensland 0 0 2002 Queensland 0 0 2003 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2005 Queensland 0 0 2006 Queensland 0 0 2007 Queensland 0 0 2008 Queensland 0 0 2009 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2011 Queensland 0 0 2012 Queensland 0 0 2013 Queensland 0 0 2014 Queensland 0 0 2015 Draw 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 All - Team Records ( edit ) Points Queensland : 1808 Points New South Wales : 1842 Points See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal National Rugby League State of Origin Rugby league in Australia Affiliated States Championship Australian regional rivals -- NSW vs. QLD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melissa Jane Johnson Morgan & Jane Summers ( 2005 ) . Sports Marketing . Thomson Learning Nelson . p. 8 . ISBN 9780170128599 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown is on to sport 's greatest rivalry ! '' . melbournestorm.com. 9 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Norman ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : twenty - five years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Caringbah , New South Wales : Playright Publishing . ISBN 0949853933 . Jump up ^ `` Rep season officially launched '' . sportsaustralia.com. 5 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the storm '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State of O - It 's not our Game ! '' . Craccum Magazine ( 14 ) . 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Susie Ashworth , Paul Smitz , Carolyn Bain and Neal Bedford ( 2004 ) . Australia . Lonely Planet . p. 132 . ISBN 9781740594479 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harms , John ( 2005 ) . The Pearl : Steve Renouf 's Story . Australia : University of Queensland Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9780702235368 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 2004 ) . `` A few drinks with Ray Warren '' . Inside Sport . Australia : insidesport.com.au . Archived from the original on 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Battersby ; Paul Smitz ; Barry Blake ( 2007 ) . Australian language & culture . Lonely Planet . p. 83 . ISBN 9781740590990 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Jamie ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` State of Origin in league of its own '' . The Southland Times . Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Middleton , David ( 2008 ) . League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . p. 27 . ISBN 9781876944643 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Template : Webarchive url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042307/http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/attachments/league of legends / rugby league a work in progress / files / 22453 / F RL work in progress. pdf Jump up ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's greatest contest 1980 -- 2002 . Australia : University of Queensland Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9780702233838 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Alan ( 10 July 1980 ) . `` Football lessons by Maroons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 48 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Frank ( 2 June 1982 ) . `` Time to combine the old and new '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 30 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` State of Origin breaks audience records '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roar , The . `` 2014 State of Origin 1 full time result '' . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` The X Factor a winner in the ratings , as Ten slumps '' . The Age . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers say ' game on ' with State of Origin series set to kick off in Melbourne '' . Premier of Victoria . Victorian Government . 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ritson , Mark ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Channel Nine the State of Origin 's real winner '' . BRW . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ARLC Media ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Origin set to reach its biggest market yet '' . New South Wales Rugby League . New South Wales Rugby League . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercest origin passions erupt in PNG '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Security boosted in PNG for State of Origin 2 after first round violence '' . Australia Network News . 10 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big NZ Television Audience for State of Origin Opener '' . throng.co.nz. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Origin broadcast by America 's FOX Sports '' . NRL . May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX SOCCER PLUS ACQUIRES AUSTRALIA 'S NRL TELSTRA PREMIERSHIP AND RUGBY LEAGUE STATE OF ORIGIN SERIES '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports Media Group . 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stead , Chris ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate State of Origin Lineup Comparison '' . Finder . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis sticks to colours Brisbane Times , 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ Fed - up Meninga says NSW should stop bleating over Inglis Canberra Times , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ Why ' State of Birth ' does n't work BigPond Sport , 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Greg Inglis ' Dad defends son 's decision to be a Maroon '' . The Sunday Mail . Brisbane , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blues lose Korbin Sims to Queensland Newcastle Herald , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Kiwis cranky about stopping NZ stars playing Origin Courier Mail , 29 June 2012 Jump up ^ Dark day when Kiwis choose maroon or blue stuff.co.nz , 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Song mocks Ben Te'o defection Jump up ^ Rugby League Tables Jump up ^ New South Wales smash Queensland in under - 20 's State of Origin clash Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . History ( edit ) ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rugby Rebellion . RL1908 . ISBN 0 - 9757563 - 0 - 3 . `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 `` NSW v Queensland : 1908 -- 1980 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The First State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin History 1981 -- 2004 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The Origin of State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Brisbane Broncos : The Team To Beat . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0702233420 . ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3383 - 8 . ^ McGregor , Adrian ( 2004 ) . Wally Lewis : Forever the King . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3434 - 6 . ^ `` Overseas Players and State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 12 April 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` The Origins of State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 23 May 2005 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` We Still Want Hunt '' National Rugby League , 21 March 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` How it all began '' stateoforigin.com.au , no date , retrieved 8 May 2007 General records and statistics ( edit ) `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) `` State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2005 '' RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History : State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2003 '' by the Australian Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History '' by The Roar , Retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ `` State of Origin Records '' by the Queensland Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin Statistics '' by World of Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Official State of Origin website http://www.stateoforigin.com.au , Retrieved 15 November 2006 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match ( edit ) ^ Colman , Mike ( 26 November 2005 ) `` Assigning History by asterisks '' The Courier - Mail ( page 61 ) ^ Dick , Barry ( 16 July 2003 ) `` Origin Battle Rages On and Off the Field '' The Courier - Mail ( page 1 ) Player lists ( edit ) ^ State of Origin website Further reading ( edit ) Maxwell Leo Howell ; Peter Hastie ; Reet Howell ( 1992 ) . State of Origin , the first twelve years . Herron . ISBN 9780947163969 . Norman Tasker ; Australian Rugby Football League ; John Macdonald ; Mike Colman ; Andrew Webster ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : 25 years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Playright Publishing . ISBN 9780949853936 . Helen Elward , Graeme Langlands ( 2003 ) . State of origin : gods of the grounds . Best Legenz . ISBN 9780958043311 . Harris , Bret ( 1992 ) . Winfield State of Origin 1980 -- 1991 . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780725106973 . External links ( edit ) State of Origin news section State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Rugby league in Australia National Federation Australian Rugby League Commission National teams Kangaroos Jillaroos Prime Minister 's XIII Indigenous Junior Kangaroos Schoolboys State Federations New South Wales NSW Country Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Other Federations University Masters Police Women Events All Stars Auckland Nines City vs Country State of Origin World Club Challenge Competitions National Rugby League National Youth Competition State Championship Affiliated States Championship Schoolboy Cup NRL Women 's ( starting 2018 ) Honours Clive Churchill Medal Dally M Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Big League Rugby League Week The Footy Show Fox League Friday Night Football NRL video games Lists Clubs Stadiums Premiers Wooden spooners Rugby league in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Rugby league in Oceania Main articles Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Major federations Asia - Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&oldid=846373162 '' Categories : 1982 establishments in Australia State of Origin series Rugby league competitions in Australia Rugby league rivalries Rugby league in Queensland Rugby league in New South Wales Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1908 Nine 's Wide World of Sport Sports rivalries in Australia Winter events in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 10 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many series has qld won in a row	[ "\nMost points scored in a game: 72, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland (Game III, 2000)\nMost points scored by a team: 56, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland (Game III, 2000)\nLargest winning margin: 46, Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales (Game III, 2015)\nMost consecutive games won: 8, Queensland (Game II, 1987 - Game III, 1989)\nMost consecutive series won: 8, Queensland (2006–2013)\nMost series clean sweeps: 4, Queensland (1988–1989, 1995, 2010)\n" ]	[ "8" ]
5591252111302188230	George Reeves	George Reeves - wikipedia George Reeves Jump to : navigation , search For the Texas politician , see George R. Reeves . George Reeves Reeves in The Sainted Sisters ( 1948 ) George Keefer Brewer ( 1914 - 01 - 05 ) January 5 , 1914 Woolstock , Iowa , U.S. June 16 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 16 ) ( aged 45 ) Benedict Canyon , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Gunshot Resting place Mountain View Cemetery Pasadena Mausoleum , Sunrise Corridor Altadena , California , U.S. 34 ° 11 ′ 02 '' N 118 ° 08 ′ 59 '' W / 34.1840 ° N 118.1497 ° W / 34.1840 ; - 118.1497 Nationality American Other names George Bessolo Education Polytechnic School ( 1929 ) , Pasadena , California Alma mater Pasadena Junior College Occupation Actor Years active 1933 -- 1959 Known for Portraying Superman in Adventures of Superman Height 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Ellanora Needles ( m . 1940 ; div. 1950 ) George Reeves ( January 5 , 1914 -- June 16 , 1959 ) was an American actor . He is best known for his role as Superman in the 1950s television program Adventures of Superman . His death at age 45 from a gunshot remains a polarizing topic ; the official finding was suicide , but some believe that he was murdered or the victim of an accidental shooting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting career 2.1 Superman 3 Death 3.1 Controversy 4 Partial filmography 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Reeves was born George Keefer Brewer on January 5 , 1914 , in Woolstock , Iowa , the son of Donald Carl Brewer and Helen Lescher . Reeves was born five months into their marriage and the couple separated soon after Reeves ' birth . At this time , Reeves and his mother moved from Iowa to her home of Galesburg , Illinois . Later , Reeves ' mother , who was of German descent , moved to California to stay with her sister . There she met and married Frank Joseph Bessolo while Reeves ' father married Helen Schultz in 1925 . Reeves reportedly never saw his father again . In 1927 , Frank Bessolo adopted George as his own son , and the boy took on his stepfather 's last name , becoming George Bessolo . The Bessolo marriage lasted 15 years , ending in divorce , with the couple separating while Reeves was away visiting relatives . When he returned , his mother told him his stepfather had committed suicide . According to biographer Jim Beaver , Reeves did not know for several years that Bessolo was still alive . Reeves began acting and singing in high school and continued performing on stage as a student at Pasadena Junior College . Acting career ( edit ) While studying acting at the Pasadena Playhouse , Reeves met his future wife , Ellanora Needles . They married on September 22 , 1940 , in San Gabriel , California , at the Church of Our Savior . They had no children and divorced 10 years later . Reeves ' film career began in 1939 when he was cast as Stuart Tarleton ( incorrectly listed in the film 's credits as Brent Tarleton ) , one of Scarlett O'Hara 's suitors in Gone with the Wind . It was a minor role , but he and Fred Crane were in the film 's opening scene . ( Reeves and Crane both dyed their hair red to portray the Tarleton twins . ) Reeves was contracted to Warner Brothers soon after being cast . Warner changed his professional name to `` George Reeves '' . His Gone with the Wind screen credit reflects the change . Between the start of Gone With the Wind production and its release 12 months later , several films on his Warner contract were made and released , making Gone With the Wind his first film role , but his fifth film release . He starred in a number of two - reel short subjects and appeared in several B - pictures , including two with Ronald Reagan and three with James Cagney ( Torrid Zone , The Fighting 69th , and The Strawberry Blonde ) . Warner loaned him to producer Alexander Korda to co-star with Merle Oberon in Lydia , a box - office failure . Released from his Warner contract , he signed a contract at Twentieth Century - Fox , but was released after only a handful of films , one of which was the Charlie Chan movie Dead Men Tell . He freelanced , appearing in five Hopalong Cassidy westerns before director Mark Sandrich cast Reeves as Lieutenant John Summers opposite Claudette Colbert in So Proudly We Hail ! ( 1942 ) , a war drama for Paramount Pictures . Reeves was drafted into the U.S. Army in early 1943 . He was assigned to the U.S. Army Air Forces and performed in the USAAF 's Broadway show Winged Victory . The long Broadway run was followed by a national tour and a movie version . Reeves was then transferred to the Army Air Forces ' First Motion Picture Unit , where he made training films . Discharged at the war 's end , Reeves returned to Hollywood . However , many studios were slowing down their production schedules , and some production units had shut down completely . He appeared in a pair of outdoor thrillers with Ralph Byrd and in a Sam Katzman - produced serial , The Adventures of Sir Galahad . Reeves fit the rugged requirements of the roles and , with his retentive memory for dialogue , he did well under rushed production conditions . He was able to play against type and starred as a villainous gold hunter in a Johnny Weissmuller Jungle Jim film . Separated from his wife ( their divorce became final in 1950 ) , Reeves moved to New York City in 1949 . He performed on live television anthology programs , as well as on radio , and then returned to Hollywood in 1951 for a role in a Fritz Lang film , Rancho Notorious . In 1953 , Reeves played a minor character , Sergeant Maylon Stark , in the motion picture From Here To Eternity . The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture , and gave Reeves the distinction of appearing in two `` Best Picture '' films . Superman ( edit ) In June 1951 , Reeves was offered the role of Superman in a new television series titled Adventures of Superman . He was initially reluctant to take the role because , like many actors of his time , he considered television unimportant and believed few would see his work . The half - hour films were shot on tight schedules ; at least two shows were made every six days . According to commentaries on the Adventures of Superman DVD sets , multiple scripts would be filmed simultaneously to take advantage of the standing sets so that , for example , all the `` Perry White 's office '' scenes for three or four episodes would be shot the same day and the various `` apartment '' scenes would be done consecutively . Reeves ' career as Superman had begun with Superman and the Mole Men , a film intended both as a B - picture and as the pilot for the TV series . Immediately after completing it , Reeves and the crew began production of the first season 's episodes , all shot over 13 weeks in the summer of 1951 . The series went on the air the following year , and Reeves was amazed at becoming a national celebrity . In 1952 , the struggling ABC Network purchased the show for national broadcast , which gave him greater visibility . The Superman cast members had restrictive contracts which prevented them from taking other work that might interfere with the series . Except for the second season , the Superman schedule was brief ( 13 shows shot two per week , a total of seven weeks out of a year ) , but all had a `` 30 - day clause '' , which meant that the producers could demand their exclusive services for a new season on four weeks ' notice . This prevented long - term work on major films with long schedules , stage plays which might lead to a lengthy run , or any other series work . Reeves , however , had earnings from personal appearances beyond his meager salary , and his affection for his young fans was genuine . Reeves took his role model status seriously , avoiding cigarettes where children could see him and eventually quitting smoking . He kept his private life discreet . Nevertheless , he had a romantic relationship with a married ex-showgirl eight years his senior , Toni Mannix , wife of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer general manager Eddie Mannix . In the documentary Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman , Jack Larson described how when he first met Reeves he told him that he enjoyed his performance in So Proudly We Hail ! According to Larson , Reeves said that if Mark Sandrich had not died , he would not be there in `` this monkey suit '' . Larson said it was the only time he heard Reeves say anything negative about being Superman . Between the first and second seasons of Superman , Reeves got sporadic acting assignments in one - shot TV anthology programs and in two feature films , Forever Female ( 1953 ) and Fritz Lang 's The Blue Gardenia ( 1953 ) , but by the time the series was airing nationwide , Reeves found himself so associated with Superman and Clark Kent that it was difficult for him to find other roles . Reeves worked tirelessly with Toni Mannix to raise money to fight myasthenia gravis . He served as national chairman for the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation in 1955 . During the second season , Reeves appeared in a short film for the Treasury Department entitled Stamp Day for Superman , in which he caught the villains and told children why they should invest in government savings stamps . Screen capture of Reeves as Superman in the U.S. government film Stamp Day for Superman After two seasons , Reeves was dissatisfied with the one - dimensional role and low salary . He was 40 years old and wished to quit and move on with his career . The producers looked elsewhere for a new star , allegedly contacting Kirk Alyn , the actor who had first portrayed Superman in the original movie serials and who had initially refused to play the role on television . Reeves established his own production company and conceived a TV adventure series called Port of Entry which would be shot on location in Hawaii and Mexico , writing the pilot script himself . However , Superman producers offered him a salary increase and he returned to the series . He was reportedly making $5,000 per week , but only while the show was in production ( about eight weeks each year ) . As for Port of Entry , Reeves was never able to gain financing for the project , and the show was never made . In 1957 , the producers considered a theatrical film Superman and the Secret Planet . A script was commissioned from David Chantler , who had written many of the TV scripts . In 1959 , however , negotiations began for a renewal of the series , with 26 episodes scheduled to go into production . ( John Hamilton , who had played Perry White , died in 1958 , so the former film - serial Perry White Pierre Watkin was to replace him . ) By mid 1959 , contracts were signed , costumes refitted , and new teleplay writers assigned . Noel Neill was quoted as saying that the cast of Superman was ready to do a new series of the still - popular show . Attempting to showcase his versatility , Reeves sang on the Tony Bennett show in August 1956 . He appeared as Superman on I Love Lucy ( Episode # 165 , Lucy Meets Superman `` ) in 1956 . Character actor Ben Welden had acted with Reeves in the Warner Bros. days and frequently guest - starred on Superman . He said , `` After the I Love Lucy show , Superman was no longer a challenge to him ... I know he enjoyed the role , but he used to say , ' Here I am , wasting my life . ' '' His good friend Bill Walsh , a producer at Disney Studios , gave Reeves a prominent role in Westward Ho the Wagons ! ( 1956 ) , in which Reeves wore a beard and mustache . It was to be his final feature film appearance . Reeves , Noel Neill , Natividad Vacío , Gene LeBell , and a trio of musicians toured with a public appearance show from 1957 onward . The first half of the show was a Superman sketch in which Reeves and Neill performed with LeBell as a villain called `` Mr. Kryptonite '' who captured Lois Lane . Kent then rushed offstage to return as Superman , who came to the rescue and fought with the bad guy . The second half of the show was Reeves out of costume and as himself , singing and accompanying himself on the guitar . Vacio and Neill accompanied him in duets . Reeves and Toni Mannix split in 1958 , and Reeves announced his engagement to society playgirl Leonore Lemmon . Reeves was apparently scheduled to marry Lemmon on June 19 and then spend their honeymoon in Tijuana . He complained to friends , columnists , and his mother of his financial problems . The planned revival of Superman was apparently a small lifeline . Reeves had also hoped to direct a low - budget science - fiction film written by a friend from his Pasadena Playhouse days , and he had discussed the project with his first Lois Lane , Phyllis Coates , the previous year . However , Reeves and his partner failed to find financing , and the film was never made . Another Superman stage show was scheduled for July with a planned stage tour of Australia . Reeves had options for making a living , but those options apparently all involved playing Superman again -- a role that he was not eager to reprise at age 45 . Jack Larson and Noel Neill both remembered Reeves as a noble Southern gentleman ( even though he was from Iowa ) with a sign on his dressing room door that said `` Honest George , the people 's friend '' . Reeves had been made a `` Kentucky Colonel '' during a publicity trip in the South , and the sign on his dressing room door was replaced with a new one that read `` Honest George , also known as Col. Reeves '' , created by the show 's prop department . A photo of a smiling Reeves and the sign appears in Gary Grossman 's book about the show . Death ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reeves died of a gunshot wound to the head in the upstairs bedroom of his home in Benedict Canyon between 1 : 30 and 2 : 00 a.m. on June 16 , 1959 , according to the Los Angeles Police Department report . The police arrived within the hour . Present in the house at the time of the incident were Leonore Lemmon ( Reeves ' fiancée ) , William Bliss , writer Robert Condon , and Carol Van Ronkel , who lived a few blocks away with her husband , screenwriter Rip Van Ronkel . According to these witnesses , Lemmon and Reeves had been dining and drinking earlier in the evening in the company of writer Condon , who was ghostwriting an autobiography of prizefighter Archie Moore . Reeves and Lemmon had an argument at the restaurant in front of Condon , and the three of them returned home . However , Lemmon stated in interviews with Reeves ' biographer Jim Beaver that she and Reeves had not accompanied friends to the restaurant but rather to wrestling matches . Contemporaneous news items indicate that Reeves ' friend Gene LeBell was wrestling that night -- yet LeBell 's own recollections are that he did not see Reeves after a workout session earlier in the day . Sometime near midnight , after Reeves had gone to bed , an impromptu party began when Bliss and Carol Van Ronkel arrived at the Reeves home . Reeves angrily came downstairs and complained about the noise . After blowing off steam , he stayed with the guests for a while , had a drink , and then retired upstairs again in a bad mood . The guests later heard a single gunshot from upstairs . Bliss ran upstairs into Reeves ' bedroom and found him lying across the bed dead , his naked body facing upward and his feet on the floor . It is believed that this corroborated Reeves ' sitting position on the edge of the bed when he allegedly shot himself , after which his body fell back on the bed and the . 30 caliber ( 7.65 × 21mm ) Luger pistol fell between his feet . Statements made by the witnesses to the police and to the press essentially agree . Neither Leonore Lemmon nor other guests who were at the scene made any apology for their delay in calling the police after hearing the fatal gunshot that killed Reeves ; the shock of the death , the lateness of the hour , and their state of intoxication were given as reasons for the delay . Police said that all of the witnesses present were extremely inebriated and that coherent stories were very difficult to obtain from them . In contemporary news articles , Lemmon attributed Reeves ' alleged suicide to depression caused by his `` failed career '' and inability to find more work . The report made by the Los Angeles Police states , `` ( Reeves was ) ... depressed because he could n't get the sort of parts he wanted . '' Newspapers and wire - service reports quoted LAPD Sergeant V.A. Peterson as saying : `` Miss Lemmon blurted , ' He 's probably going to go shoot himself . ' A noise was heard upstairs . She continued , ' He 's opening a drawer to get the gun . ' A shot was heard . ' See there -- I told you so ! ' '' ' The official story given by Lemmon to the police placed her in the living room with party guests at the time of the shooting , but hearsay statements from Reeves ' friend and colleague from Gone With The Wind Fred Crane put Leonore Lemmon either inside or in direct proximity to Reeves ' bedroom . According to Crane ( who was not present ) , Bill Bliss had told Millicent Trent after the shot rang out , while Bliss was having a drink , that Leonore Lemmon came downstairs and said , `` Tell them I was down here , tell them I was down here ! '' A number of questionable physical findings were reported by investigators and others : No fingerprints were recovered from the gun . No gunpowder residue was found on Reeves ' hands . ( Some sources contend that it may not have been looked for , as gunshot residue testing was not routinely performed in 1959 . ) The bullet that killed Reeves was recovered from the bedroom ceiling , and the spent shell casing was found under his body . Two additional bullets were discovered embedded in the bedroom floor . All three bullets had been fired from the weapon found at Reeves ' feet , though all witnesses agreed they heard only one gunshot , and there was no sign of forced entry or other physical evidence that a second person was in the room . Despite the unanswered questions , Reeves ' death was officially ruled a suicide , based on witness statements , physical evidence at the scene , and the autopsy report . Reeves 's mother thought the ruling premature and peremptory , and retained attorney Jerry Giesler to petition for a reinvestigation of the case as a possible homicide . The findings of a second autopsy , conducted at Giesler 's request , were the same as the first , except for a series of bruises of unknown origin about the head and body . A month later , having uncovered no evidence contradicting the official finding , Giesler announced that he was satisfied that the gunshot wound had been self - inflicted , and withdrew . Reeves is interred at Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum in Altadena , California . In 1960 , Reeves was awarded a star on Hollywood 's Walk of Fame on Hollywood Boulevard for his contributions to the TV industry . In 1985 , he was posthumously named one of the honorees by DC Comics in the company 's 50th anniversary publication Fifty Who Made DC Great . Controversy ( edit ) Actors Alan Ladd and Gig Young were reportedly skeptical of the official determination . Reeves ' friend Rory Calhoun told a reporter , `` No one in Hollywood believed the suicide story . '' In their book Hollywood Kryptonite , Sam Kashner and Nancy Schoenberger make a case for the involvement of Toni Mannix , the wife of MGM vice president and fixer Eddie Mannix , with whom Reeves had been having an affair . Others suggested that Eddie Mannix -- rumored to have mafia ties -- ordered Reeves killed . Ben Affleck as George Reeves in Hollywoodland The 2006 film Hollywoodland , starring Ben Affleck as Reeves and Adrien Brody as a fictional investigator loosely based on actual detective Milo Speriglio , dramatizes the investigation of Reeves ' death . The film suggests three possible scenarios : accidental shooting by Lemmon , murder by an unnamed hitman under orders from Eddie Mannix , and suicide . Toni Mannix suffered from Alzheimer 's disease for years and died in 1983 . In 1999 , Los Angeles publicist Edward Lozzi claimed that Toni Mannix had confessed to a Catholic priest in Lozzi 's presence that she was responsible for having Reeves killed . ( This was following the resurrection of the Reeves case by TV shows Unsolved Mysteries and Mysteries and Scandals . ) Lozzi made the claim on TV tabloid shows , including Extra , Inside Edition , and Court TV . In the wake of Hollywoodland 's publicity in 2006 , Mr. Lozzi repeated his story to the tabloid The Globe and to the LA Times , where the statement was disputed by Jack Larson . Larson stated that facts which he knew from his close friendship with Toni Mannix precluded Lozzi 's story from being true . According to Lozzi , he lived with and then visited the elderly Mannix from 1979 to 1982 and on at least a half - dozen occasions he called a priest when Mrs. Mannix feared death and wanted to confess her sins . Mannix suffered from Alzheimer 's disease and senile dementia , but Lozzi insists that her `` confession '' was made during a period of lucidity in Mannix 's home before she was moved from her house to a hospital . Mannix lived in a hospital suite for the last several years of her life , having donated a large portion of her estate to the hospital in exchange for perpetual care . Lozzi also told of Tuesday night prayer sessions that Toni Mannix conducted with him and others at an altar shrine to Reeves that she had built in her home . Lozzi stated , `` During these prayer sessions she prayed loudly and trance - like to Reeves and God , and without confessing yet , asked them for forgiveness . '' Lozzi 's claim , however , is unsupported by independent evidence . Partial filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1939 Espionage Agent Warrington 's secretary Uncredited 1939 On Dress Parade Southern soldier in trench Uncredited 1939 Gone with the Wind Stuart Tarleton -- Scarlett 's beau Credited erroneously onscreen as playing Brent Tarleton ( see above ) 1940 Fighting 69th , The The Fighting 69th Jack O'Keefe Uncredited 1940 Father Is a Prince Gary Lee 1940 Virginia City Major Drewery 's telegrapher Uncredited 1940 Tear Gas Squad Joe McCabe 1940 Calling All Husbands Dan Williams 1940 Always a Bride Mike Stevens 1940 Til We Meet Again ' Til We Meet Again Jimmy Coburn 1940 Torrid Zone Sancho , Rosario 's Henchman 1940 Gambling on the High Seas Newspaper Reporter Not for the Daily Planet 1940 Knute Rockne , All American Distraught Player ( Uncredited ) Alternative title : A Modern Hero 1941 Strawberry Blonde , The The Strawberry Blonde Harold 1941 Blood and Sand Captain Pierre Lauren 1941 Lydia Bob Willard Alternative title : Illusions 1941 Man at Large Bob Grayson 1941 Dead Men Tell Bill Lydig 1942 Border Patrol Don Enrique Perez 1942 Sex Hygiene Pool player # 1 U.S. Army documentary 1943 Bar 20 Lin Bradley 1943 So Proudly We Hail ! Lt. John Summers 1943 The Kansan Jesse James Uncredited 1944 Winged Victory Lt. Thompson Credited as Sgt . George Reeves 1945 Airborne Lifeboat Pilot 1947 Champagne for Two Jerry Malone Alt . title : Musical Parade : Champagne for Two 1947 Variety Girl Himself Uncredited 1948 Jungle Goddess Mike Patton 1948 Thunder in the Pines Jeff Collins Released in sepiatone 1948 The Sainted Sisters Sam Stoakes 1948 Jungle Jim Bruce Edwards 1949 Great Lover , The The Great Lover Williams 1949 Samson and Delilah Wounded messenger 1949 Adventures of Sir Galahad Sir Galahad 15 - chapter serial 1950 Good Humor Man , The The Good Humor Man Stuart Nagle 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Superman / Clark Kent Alt . title : Superman and the Strange People 1952 Rancho Notorious Wilson 1953 Blue Gardenia , The The Blue Gardenia Police Capt . Sam Haynes 1953 From Here to Eternity Sgt . Maylon Stark Uncredited 1954 Stamp Day for Superman Superman / Clark Kent 1956 Westward Ho the Wagons ! James Stephen Television Year Title Role Episode ( s ) 1949 The Clock 2 episodes 1949 Actors Studio `` The Midway '' 1949 -- 1950 The Silver Theatre Frank Telford 2 episodes 1949 -- 1950 Suspense Various roles 4 episodes 1949 -- 1952 Kraft Television Theatre Various roles 7 episodes 1950 Believe It or Not `` Journey Through the Darkness '' 1950 The Trap `` Sentence of Death '' 1950 Starlight Theatre 2 episodes 1950 The Web 2 episodes 1950 Hands of Murder `` Blood Money '' 1950 The Adventures of Ellery Queen `` The Star of India '' 1950 -- 1951 Lights Out 2 episodes 1951 -- 1958 Adventures of Superman Superman / Clark Kent 104 episodes 1952 Fireside Theater John Carter `` Hurry Hurry '' 1952 Ford Theatre James Lindsey -- Father `` Heart of Gold '' 1955 Funny Boners Superman March 15 , 1955 1957 I Love Lucy Superman `` Lucy and Superman '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` George Reeves '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Kehr , Dave ( January 2 , 2007 ) . `` Luc Moullet and George Reeves '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Who killed Superman ? '' . The Guardian . 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` The ( Tinsel ) Town That Ate Superman '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Death of George Reeves -- The Original Superman '' . Franksreelreviews.com. 2010 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jan Alan , Speeding Bullet , M. Bifulco , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 9619596 - 4 - 9 Jump up ^ Clarion County , Iowa birth certificate Jump up ^ Reeves ' Mausoleum plaque erroneously lists his birth date as `` 1 / 6 / 1914 , '' or January 6 , 1914 . However , a variety of sources state that his actual birth date was January 5 , 1914 , such as his Clarion County , Iowa , birth certificate . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ California death certificate Jump up ^ Fox , Alma Archer . `` My Cousin Superman '' , Galesburg Register - Mail , June 15 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Tom Wilson ( September 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Superman ' absent in Mom 's time of need '' . Galesburg Register Mail . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helen Roberta Lescher Brewer Bessolo ( 1894 - 1964 ) was the daughter of George Christian Lescher and Eliza Jane McKenzie , she died in a Pasadena hospital on June 18 , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superman Homepage '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Helen later was married for a third time to Harvey Maurice Overgaard . Jump up ^ Pasadena Junior College Courier , 1934 Jump up ^ U.S. World War II Army Enlistment Records 1938 -- 1946 , dated 24 March 1943 Jump up ^ `` George Reeves Returns '' , HOLLYWOOD REPORTER , April 11 , 1951 , p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Reeves Now Superman '' , HOLLYWOOD REPORTER , June 25 , 1951 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Variety , September 27 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Variety , October 27 , 1954 . Jump up ^ DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes , no page cited . Jump up ^ Grossman , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Grossman , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Grossman , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Grossman , p. 58 . Jump up ^ New York Post , June 17 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman . Jump up ^ `` Actor Commits Suicide '' . Sarasota Journal . June 17 , 1959 . p. 14 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Speeding Bullet , 2nd Ed , by Jan Alan Henderson , page 151 Jump up ^ `` Glass House Presents '' . Glass House Presents . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Was Superman star George Reeves a suicide -- or murder victim ? '' , StraightDope.com ; accessed October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Who Killed Superman ? The Telegraph ( March 13 , 2016 ) , retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Police Department Death Report , June 26 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Mirror - News , June 24 , 1959 Jump up ^ Marx , Barry , Cavalieri , Joey and Hill , Thomas ( w ) , Petruccio , Steven ( a ) , Marx , Barry ( ed ) . `` George Reeves America Loves Superman '' Fifty Who Made DC Great : 25 ( 1985 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Death of Superman may not have been a suicide . Augusta Chronicle ( December 3 , 2000 ) , retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Daniels , Les & Kahn , Jenette , DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes , Bulfinch , 1995 ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2076 - 4 Grossman , Gary Superman : Serial to Cereal , Popular Library , 1977 ISBN 0 - 445 - 04054 - 8 Henderson , Jan Alan , Speeding Bullet , M. Bifulco , 1999 ISBN 0 - 9619596 - 4 - 9 Henderson , Jan Alan & Randisi , Steve , Behind the Crimson Cape , M. Bifulco , 2005 ISBN 0 - 9619596 - 6 - 5 Kashner , Sam & Schoenberger , Nancy Hollywood Kryptonite , St. Martin 's Mass Market Paper , 1996 ISBN 0 - 312 - 96402 - 1 Neill , Noel & Ward , Larry , Truth , Justice and the American Way , Nicholas Lawrence Books , 2003 ISBN 0 - 9729466 - 0 - 8 External links ( edit ) Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Reeves . George Reeves on IMDb George Reeves at the Internet Broadway Database George Reeves at the TCM Movie Database `` George Reeves '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . VIAF : 54348066 LCCN : n85151826 ISNI : 0000 0000 7141 0542 GND : 119504820 BNF : cb140419813 ( data ) SNAC : w67v0mhs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Reeves&oldid=826000850 '' Categories : 1914 births 1959 deaths 20th - century American male actors Male actors from Iowa American male actors who committed suicide American adoptees American male film actors American military personnel of World War II American male stage actors American male television actors American television directors Death conspiracy theories First Motion Picture Unit personnel People from Wright County , Iowa Suicides by firearm in California United States Army Air Forces soldiers Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with IBDb links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played superman on tv in the 50s	[ "George Reeves (January 5, 1914 – June 16, 1959) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Superman in the 1950s television program Adventures of Superman.[1][2]" ]	[ "George Reeves" ]
576680403842266342	Peñate	Peñate - wikipedia Peñate Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peñate Pronunciation Spanish pronunciation : ( peˈɲa. te ) Gender Unisex Language ( s ) Spanish Origin Language ( s ) Spanish and Basque Derivation Pineda , Pinto , Puente , Peinado , Pantoja , Pinedo , Pont , Ponte , Pando , Pujante , Penedo , Pejenaute , Pañeda , Punti , Pinta , Pantiga , Pintea , Peñato , Pandiella , Panait , Ponti , Pomeda , Puñet , Pujantell , Penido , Penide , Pomata , Pantea , Pontaque , Pantojo Peñate Spanish pronunciation : ( peˈɲa. te ) is a surname of Spanish origin . It appears to have originated in the town of Aguilar de Campo in the Province of Palencia , Castile and León . The name comes from `` peña '' , the Spanish word for `` cliff , '' and the Basque `` ate '' , meaning `` gate '' or `` ravine . '' Statistics ( edit ) Today in Spain there are 2,019 people with the last name Peñate . These people live in 52 provinces , though the majority live in Las Palmas . There is also a relatively high concentration on Peñates in Santa Cruz de Tenerife , Huelva , Sevilla , Madrid , and Barcelona . People ( edit ) Jack Peñate ( 1984 - ) , English musician and singer - songwriter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Peñate&oldid = 737151962 '' Categories : Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2011 All articles lacking sources Orphaned articles from August 2009 All orphaned articles Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2016 , at 01 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the last name peinado come from	[ "\n\nPeñate\n\n\nPronunciation\nSpanish pronunciation: [peˈɲa.te]\n\n\nGender\nUnisex\n\n\nLanguage(s)\nSpanish\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLanguage(s)\nSpanish and Basque\n\n\nDerivation\nPineda, Pinto, Puente, Peinado, Pantoja, Pinedo, Pont, Ponte, Pando, Pujante, Penedo, Pejenaute, Pañeda, Punti, Pinta, Pantiga, Pintea, Peñato, Pandiella, Panait, Ponti, Pomeda, Puñet, Pujantell, Penido, Penide, Pomata, Pantea, Pontaque, Pantojo\n\n", "\n\nPeñate\n\n\nPronunciation\nSpanish pronunciation: [peˈɲa.te]\n\n\nGender\nUnisex\n\n\nLanguage(s)\nSpanish\n\n\nOrigin\n\n\nLanguage(s)\nSpanish and Basque\n\n\nDerivation\nPineda, Pinto, Puente, Peinado, Pantoja, Pinedo, Pont, Ponte, Pando, Pujante, Penedo, Pejenaute, Pañeda, Punti, Pinta, Pantiga, Pintea, Peñato, Pandiella, Panait, Ponti, Pomeda, Puñet, Pujantell, Penido, Penide, Pomata, Pantea, Pontaque, Pantojo\n\n" ]	[ "Spanish", "Basque" ]
-5189940229704189320	Gretna Green	Gretna Green - wikipedia Gretna Green Jump to : navigation , search Gretna Green Gretna Green Gretna Green shown within Dumfries and Galloway OS grid reference NY318680 Council area Dumfries and Galloway Lieutenancy area Dumfries Country Scotland Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town GRETNA Postcode district DG16 Dialling code 01461 Police Scottish Fire Scottish Ambulance Scottish EU Parliament Scotland UK Parliament Dumfriesshire , Clydesdale and Tweeddale Scottish Parliament Dumfriesshire List of places UK Scotland 55 ° 00 ′ 07 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 58 '' W / 55.002 ° N 3.066 ° W / 55.002 ; - 3.066 Coordinates : 55 ° 00 ′ 07 '' N 3 ° 03 ′ 58 '' W / 55.002 ° N 3.066 ° W / 55.002 ; - 3.066 Gretna Green is a village in the south of Scotland famous for runaway weddings . It is in Dumfries and Galloway , near the mouth of the River Esk and was historically the first village in Scotland , following the old coaching route from London to Edinburgh . Gretna Green railway station serves both Gretna Green and Gretna . The Quintinshill rail crash , the worst rail crash in British history ( 226 recorded deaths ) , occurred near Gretna Green in 1915 . Gretna Green sits alongside the main town of Gretna . Both are accessed from the A74 ( M ) motorway and are near the border of Scotland with England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marriage 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Marriage ( edit ) The old blacksmith 's shop at Gretna Green Gretna Green is one of the world 's most popular wedding destinations , due to its romantic wedding traditions dating back over centuries , which originated from cross-border elopements stemming from differences between Scottish marriage laws and those in neighbouring countries . Historic view of Gretna Green It has usually been assumed that Gretna 's famous `` runaway marriages '' began in 1754 when Lord Hardwicke 's Marriage Act came into force in England . Under the Act , if a parent of a minor ( i.e. , a person under the age of 21 ) objected to the minor 's marriage , the parent could legally veto the union . The Act tightened the requirements for marrying in England and Wales but did not apply in Scotland , where it was possible for boys to marry at 14 and girls at 12 with or without parental consent ( see Marriage in Scotland ) . It was , however , only in the 1770s , with the construction of a toll road passing through the hitherto obscure village of Graitney , that Gretna Green became the first easily reachable village over the Scottish border . Scottish law allowed for `` irregular marriages '' , meaning that if a declaration was made before two witnesses , almost anybody had the authority to conduct the marriage ceremony . The blacksmiths in Gretna became known as `` anvil priests '' , culminating with Richard Rennison , who performed 5,147 ceremonies . The local blacksmith and his anvil became lasting symbols of Gretna Green weddings . Two in particular , The Old Blacksmith 's Shop , built around 1712 , and Gretna Hall Blacksmith 's Shop ( 1710 ) became , in popular folklore at least , the focal tourist points for the marriage trade . The Old Blacksmith 's Shop opened to the public as a visitor attraction as early as 1887 . One of the keenest chroniclers of the Victorian era , Robert Smith Surtees , described Gretna Green at length in his 1848 , New Monthly Magazine serial , The Richest Commoner in England : `` Few of our readers -- none we should think of our fair ones -- but at some period or other of their lives , have figured to themselves the features of Gretna Green . Few we should think but have pictured to themselves the chaise stained ' with the variations of each soil , ' the galloping bustle of the hurrying postboys , urging their foaming steeds for the last stage that bears them from Carlisle to the border . It is a place whose very name is typical of brightening prospects . The poet sings of the greenest spot on memory 's waste , and surely Gretna Green was the particular spot he had under consideration . Gretna Green ! The mind pictures a pretty straggling , half Scotch , half English village , with clean white rails , upon a spacious green , and happy rustics in muffin caps , and high cheek bones , looking out for happier couples to congratulate . Then the legend of the blacksmith who forged the links of love , added interest to the place , and invested the whole with fairy feature . How much better , brighter , more promising , in short , a Gretna Green marriage sounds than a Coldstream or Lamberton toll - bar one ! and yet they are equally efficacious . Gretna Green indeed , is as superior in reality as it is in name . It looks as if it were the capital of the God of Love , while the others exhibit the bustling , trading , money - making pursuits of matter - of - fact life . Though we dare say Gretna Green is as unlike what most people fancy , still we question that any have gone away disappointed . It is a pretty south country - looking village , much such as used to exist in the old days of posting and coaching . A hall house converted into an hotel , and the dependents located in the neighbouring cottages . Gretna Hall stands a little apart from the village on the rise of what an Englishman would call a gentle eminence , and a Scotchman a dead flat , and is approached by an avenue of stately trees , while others are plentifully dotted about , one on the east side , bearing a board with the name of the house , the host and high - priest , ' Mr. Linton . ' There is an air of quiet retirement about it that eminently qualifies it for its holy and hospitable purpose . '' Since 1929 , both parties in Scotland have had to be at least 16 years old , but they still may marry without parental consent . In England and Wales , the age for marriage is now 16 with parental consent and 18 without . Of the three forms of `` irregular marriage '' that had existed under Scottish law , the last was abolished by the Marriage ( Scotland ) Act 1939 , which came in force from 1 July 1940 . Prior to this act , any citizen was able to witness a public promise . Gretna 's two blacksmiths ' shops and countless inns and smallholding became the backdrops for tens of thousands of weddings . Today there are several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green , from former churches to purpose - built chapels . The services at all the venues are always performed over an iconic blacksmith 's anvil . Gretna Green endures as one of the world 's most popular wedding venues , and thousands of couples from around the world come to be married ' over the anvil ' in Gretna Green . In common law , a `` Gretna Green marriage '' came to mean , in general , a marriage transacted in a jurisdiction that was not the residence of the parties being married , to avoid restrictions or procedures imposed by the parties ' home jurisdiction . A notable `` Gretna '' marriage was the second marriage in 1826 of Edward Gibbon Wakefield to the young heiress Ellen Turner , called the Shrigley abduction ( his first marriage was also to an heiress , but the parents wanted to avoid a public scandal ) . Other towns in which quick , often surreptitious marriages could be obtained came to be known as `` Gretna Greens '' . In the United States , these have included Elkton , Maryland , Reno and , later , Las Vegas . In 1856 Scottish law was changed to require 21 days ' residence for marriage , and a further law change was made in 1940 . The residential requirement was lifted in 1977 . Other Scottish border villages used for such marriages were Coldstream Bridge , Lamberton , Mordington and Paxton Toll . In popular culture ( edit ) An anvil was installed in Gretna , Manitoba , Canada , to symbolise the blacksmith and the source of the town 's name . In an episode of the BBC series You Rang , M'Lord ? , two of the characters elope to Gretna Green . This then prompts two other characters to elope in a similar manner . However , they are stopped before they reach their destination . In Love and Freindship ( sic ) by Jane Austen , the main characters convince an impressionable girl to elope with an acquaintance to Gretna Green . In Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen , When Lydia Bennet elopes with George Wickham she leaves behind a note stating that their intended destination is Gretna Green , though later they are found in London In The Richest Commoner in England by Robert Smith Surtees , Tom Rocket proposes a `` Gretna Green match '' to Maria `` Moley '' Dooey , to `` escape the persecution of the lawyers , and the parsons , and the toast - givers , and the devil knows what . '' Surtees tells his readers that `` Moley was dumb - founded at the proposition , or perhaps she thought it pretty to be so , for it was not the first , nor the second , nor the third time , that she had had a similar offer . Habit familiarises ladies ' ears to the sound just as Lord Byron said men 's ears became used to the cock of the pistol . '' In Nemesis by Agatha Christie , Miss Marple references Gretna Green in passing , noting : `` There was no need for them to fly off to Gretna Green , they were of sufficiently mature age to marry . '' In the novel A Poisoned Season by Tasha Alexander , the main character Lady Emily Ashton discusses with her suitor whether he loves her enough to consider eloping to Gretna Green . At the end of the novel , secondary characters Lord Pembroke and Isabelle Eliot elope there . Some scenes of Les grandes vacances ( 1967 ) with Louis de Funès were set there . In the BBC drama Waterloo Road , Francesca Montoya ( a teacher ) and Jonah Kirby ( a pupil ) flee to Gretna Green to be married . In the BBC soap opera EastEnders , Sam Mitchell and Ricky Butcher flee to Gretna Green , as they are both teenagers , in 1991 . Two couples elope to Gretna Green in Lisa Kleypas 's Wallflower book series . In Lynsay Sands ' romance novel The Heiress the main characters ' goal is to marry at Gretna Green . In the second series of Downton Abbey , Lady Sybil Crawley and the chauffeur Tom Branson set off for Gretna Green with plans to elope , before being caught by her sisters . In the soap opera Coronation Street Sophie Webster and Sian Powers nearly run off to Gretna Green to elope . In 1998 Nick Tilsley married Leanne Battersby at Gretna Green . Season 3 Episode 7 of the BBC series May to December , Zoe surprised Alec with a trip to Gretna Green to be married . In the Japanese manga series Embalming - The Another Tale of Frankenstein - , Azalea and Phillip are on their way to Gretna Green to elope . In the book The Meaning of Liff by Douglas Adams , Gretna Green is defined as `` A shade of green which makes you wish you 'd painted whatever it was a different colour . '' Gretna Green , a lost 1915 silent film about lovers headed to Gretna Green starring Marguerite Clark , based on the then popular novel by Grace Livingston Furniss . In `` Sylvester '' or `` The Wicked Uncle '' by Georgette Heyer , in which Phoebe Marlow is thought to have eloped with Tom Orde to Gretna Green . In the 1949 Hitchcock movie Under Capricorn , Sam Flusky and Lady Henrietta were a runaway couple married at Gretna Green . The song Bonny Away of Skinny Lister 's album Down on Deptford Broadway is telling the story of two young English lovers who want to meet the anvil priests to get married . Gretna is the focus of Moonlighting , a 1975 song by Leo Sayer . In the Amazon Series Doctor Thorne The character Frank makes a joke about him and Mary running off to marry in Gretna Green . In Susan Enoch 's `` Rogue with a Brogue '' , a Romeo and Juliet type story , the principal characters flee to elope in Gretna Green . In the comedy Mind Your Language the Londoner Miss Courtney mentions that as a young girl she and her then boyfriend tried to elope to Gretna Green but only got as far as Golder 's Green . In the movie We 're Not Married , Fred Allen marries Ginger Rogers in Gretna Green . See also ( edit ) Gretna Green is the name of an elementary school in the Canadian province of New Brunswick . See also ( edit ) Ower Bogie Las Vegas weddings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 1 : 50,000 OS map 85 Jump up ^ Probert , R. ( 2009 ) Marriage Law and Practice in the Long Eighteenth Century : A Reassessment ( Cambridge : CUP ) ch. 7 Jump up ^ Black , Law Dictionary . Jump up ^ E.g. , State v. Clay , 182 Md. 639 , 642 , 35 A. 2d 821 , 822 -- 23 ( 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Greenwald v. State , 221 Md. 235 , 238 , 155 A. 2d 894 , 896 ( 1959 ) . Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Day influx at Gretna '' . News . UK : The BBC . 2006 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Runaway Marriages at the toll house , Coldstream Bridge '' , Original indexes , UK : Demon , archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Austen , Jane . `` Pride and Prejudice '' . Project Gutenberg . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Further reading ( edit ) Survey Landranger Map ( 85 ) , UK : Ordnance , ISBN 0 - 319 - 22685 - 9 -- 1 : 50,000 scale ( 1.25 inches to 1 mile ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gretna Green . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gretna . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Gretna Green . ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Equal marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day VIAF : 130314943 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gretna_Green&oldid=795568917 '' Categories : Villages in Dumfries and Galloway Marriage , unions and partnerships in Scotland Anglo - Scottish border Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Русский Scots Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you get married in gretna green	[ "Gretna's two blacksmiths' shops and countless inns and smallholding became the backdrops for tens of thousands of weddings. Today there are several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green, from former churches to purpose-built chapels. The services at all the venues are always performed over an iconic blacksmith's anvil. Gretna Green endures as one of the world's most popular wedding venues[citation needed], and thousands of couples from around the world come to be married 'over the anvil' in Gretna Green." ]	[ "several wedding venues in and around Gretna Green, from former churches to purpose-built chapels" ]
1347234120078807588	Apollo 11	Apollo 11 - Wikipedia Apollo 11 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1969 manned lunar mission . For other uses , see Apollo 11 ( disambiguation ) . Apollo 11 Buzz Aldrin salutes the deployed United States flag during the EVA on the lunar surface . Mission type Manned lunar landing Operator NASA COSPAR ID CSM : 1969 - 059A LM : 1969 - 059C SATCAT no . CSM : 4039 LM : 4041 Mission duration 8 days , 3 hours , 18 minutes , 35 seconds Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM - 107 Apollo LM - 5 Manufacturer CSM : North American Rockwell LM : Grumman Launch mass 100,756 pounds ( 45,702 kg ) Landing mass 10,873 pounds ( 4,932 kg ) Crew Crew size Members Neil A. Armstrong Michael Collins Edwin E. `` Buzz '' Aldrin , Jr . Callsign CSM : Columbia LM : Eagle On surface : Tranquility Base Start of mission Launch date July 16 , 1969 , 13 : 32 : 00 ( 1969 - 07 - 16UTC13 : 32Z ) UTC Rocket Saturn V SA - 506 Launch site Kennedy Space Center LC - 39A End of mission Recovered by USS Hornet Landing date July 24 , 1969 , 16 : 50 : 35 ( 1969 - 07 - 24UTC16 : 50 : 36Z ) UTC Landing site North Pacific Ocean 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W / 13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W / 13.317 ; - 169.150 ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Periselene 100.9 kilometers ( 54.5 nmi ) Aposelene 122.4 kilometers ( 66.1 nmi ) Inclination 1.25 degrees Period 2 hours Epoch July 19 , 1969 , 21 : 44 UTC Lunar orbiter Spacecraft component Command / Service Module Orbital insertion July 19 , 1969 , 17 : 21 : 50 UTC Orbital departure July 22 , 1969 , 04 : 55 : 42 UTC Orbits 30 Lunar lander Spacecraft component Lunar Module Landing date July 20 , 1969 , 20 : 18 : 04 UTC Return launch July 21 , 1969 , 17 : 54 UTC Landing site Mare Tranquillitatis 0 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 23 ° 28 ′ 23 '' E / 0.67408 ° N 23.47297 ° E / 0.67408 ; 23.47297 Sample mass 21.55 kilograms ( 47.51 lb ) Surface EVAs EVA duration 2 hours , 31 minutes 40 seconds Docking with LM Docking date July 16 , 1969 , 16 : 56 : 03 UTC Undocking date July 20 , 1969 , 17 : 44 : 00 UTC Docking with LM ascent stage Docking date July 21 , 1969 , 21 : 35 : 00 UTC Undocking date July 21 , 1969 , 23 : 41 : 31 UTC Left to right : Neil Armstrong , Michael Collins , Buzz Aldrin Apollo program ← Apollo 10 Apollo 12 → Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon . Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin , both American , landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20 , 1969 , at 20 : 18 UTC . Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC ; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later . They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft , and collected 47.5 pounds ( 21.5 kg ) of lunar material to bring back to Earth . Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon 's surface . Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit . Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island , Florida , on July 16 at 9 : 32 am EDT ( 13 : 32 UTC ) and was the fifth manned mission of NASA 's Apollo program . The Apollo spacecraft had three parts : a command module ( CM ) with a cabin for the three astronauts , and the only part that returned to Earth ; a service module ( SM ) , which supported the command module with propulsion , electrical power , oxygen , and water ; and a lunar module ( LM ) that had two stages -- a descent stage for landing on the Moon , and an ascent stage to place the astronauts back into lunar orbit . After being sent to the Moon by the Saturn V 's third stage , the astronauts separated the spacecraft from it and traveled for three days until they entered into lunar orbit . Armstrong and Aldrin then moved into the lunar module Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquility . They stayed a total of about 21.5 hours on the lunar surface . The astronauts used Eagle 's upper stage to lift off from the lunar surface and rejoin Collins in the command module . They jettisoned Eagle before they performed the maneuvers that blasted them out of lunar orbit on a trajectory back to Earth . They returned to Earth and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24 after more than eight days in space . The landing was broadcast on live TV to a worldwide audience . Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface and described the event as `` one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Apollo 11 effectively ended the Space Race and fulfilled a national goal proposed in 1961 by U.S. President John F. Kennedy : `` before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Framework 1.1 Crew 1.2 Backup crew 1.3 Support crew 1.4 Flight directors 1.5 Call signs 1.6 Insignia 1.7 Mementos 2 Mission highlights 2.1 Launch and flight to lunar orbit 2.2 Lunar descent 2.3 Landing 2.4 Lunar surface operations 2.5 Lunar ascent and return 2.6 Splashdown and quarantine 2.7 Celebration 2.8 Moon race 3 Legacy 3.1 Spacecraft location 3.2 40th anniversary events 4 Gallery 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 8.1 For young readers 9 External links 9.1 NASA reports 9.2 Multimedia Framework Crew Position Astronaut Commander Neil A. Armstrong Second spaceflight Command Module Pilot Michael Collins Second spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot Edwin `` Buzz '' E. Aldrin , Jr . Second spaceflight The crew assignment of Neil Armstrong as Commander , Jim Lovell as Command Module Pilot ( CMP ) and Buzz Aldrin as Lunar Module Pilot ( LMP ) was officially announced on November 20 , 1967 . Apollo 11 was the second all - veteran multi-person crew on an American mission , the first being that of Apollo 10 ) . An all - veteran crew would not be flown again until STS - 26 in 1988 . Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12 . The crew was initially assigned as the backup for Apollo 9 . Due to design and manufacturing delays in the Lunar Module ( LM ) , Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews , and Armstrong 's crew became the backup for Apollo 8 . Based on the normal crew rotation scheme , Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11 . There would be one change . Mike Collins on the Apollo 8 crew began experiencing trouble with his legs . Doctors diagnosed the problem as a bony growth between his fifth and sixth vertebrae , requiring surgery . Lovell took his place on the Apollo 8 crew , and , when he recovered , Collins joined Armstrong 's crew as CMP . In the meantime , Fred Haise filled in as backup LMP , and Aldrin as backup CMP for Apollo 8 . Backup crew Position Astronaut Commander James A. Lovell , Jr . Command Module Pilot William A. Anders Lunar Module Pilot Fred W. Haise , Jr . The backup crew consisted of Lovell as Commander ) , William Anders as CMP , and Haise as LMP . Anders had flown with Lovell on Apollo 8 . In early 1969 , he accepted a job with the National Space Council effective August 1969 and announced that he would retire as an astronaut on that date . At that point Ken Mattingly was moved from the support crew into parallel training with Anders as backup CMP in case Apollo 11 was delayed past its intended July launch , at which point Anders would be unavailable . Lovell , Haise , and Mattingly would ultimately be assigned as the prime crew of Apollo 13 . Support crew Charlie Duke , Capsule Communicator ( CAPCOM ) Ronald Evans ( CAPCOM ) Owen K. Garriott ( CAPCOM ) Don L. Lind ( CAPCOM ) Ken Mattingly ( CAPCOM ) Bruce McCandless II ( CAPCOM ) Harrison Schmitt ( CAPCOM ) Bill Pogue Jack Swigert William Carpentier ( SURGEON ) Flight directors Clifford E. Charlesworth ( Green Team ) , launch and EVA Gerald D. Griffin ( Gold Team ) Gene Kranz ( White Team ) , lunar landing Glynn Lunney ( Black Team ) , lunar ascent Call signs Apollo 11 Command / Service Module Columbia in lunar orbit , photographed from the Lunar Module Eagle After the crew of Apollo 10 named their spacecraft Charlie Brown and Snoopy , assistant manager for public affairs Julian Scheer wrote to Manned Spacecraft Center director George M. Low to suggest the Apollo 11 crew be less flippant in naming their craft . During early mission planning , the names Snowcone and Haystack were used and put in the news release . The Command Module was named Columbia after the Columbiad , the giant cannon shell `` spacecraft '' fired by a giant cannon ( also from Florida ) in Jules Verne 's 1865 novel From the Earth to the Moon . It also referenced Columbia , a personification of the United States . The Lunar Module was named Eagle for the national bird of the United States , the bald eagle , which was featured prominently on the mission insignia . Insignia Apollo 11 space - flown silver Robbins medallion The Apollo 11 mission insignia was designed by Collins , who wanted a symbol for `` peaceful lunar landing by the United States '' . At Lovell 's suggestion , he chose an eagle as the symbol , put an olive branch in its beak , and drew a lunar background with the Earth in the distance . The sunlight in the image was coming from the wrong direction ; the shadow should have been in the lower part of the Earth instead of the left . NASA officials felt that the talons of the eagle looked too `` warlike '' and after some discussion , the olive branch was moved to the claws . Armstrong was concerned that `` eleven '' would not be understood by non-English speakers , so they went with `` Apollo 11 '' ; they decided not to put their names on the patch , so it would `` be representative of everyone who had worked toward a lunar landing '' . All colors are natural , with blue and gold borders around the patch . When the Eisenhower dollar coin was released in 1971 , the patch design provided the eagle for its reverse side . The design was also used for the smaller Susan B. Anthony dollar unveiled in 1979 , ten years after the Apollo 11 mission . Mementos Neil Armstrong 's personal preference kit carried a piece of wood from the Wright brothers ' 1903 airplane 's left propeller and a piece of fabric from its wing , along with a diamond - studded astronaut pin originally given to Deke Slayton by the widows of the Apollo 1 crew . This pin had been intended to be flown on Apollo 1 and given to Slayton after the mission but following the disastrous launch pad fire and subsequent funerals , the widows gave the pin to Slayton and Armstrong took it on Apollo 11 . Mission highlights Launch and flight to lunar orbit Saturn V carrying Apollo 11 rises past the launch tower camera Earth seen from Apollo 11 just after leaving Earth orbit ( translunar injection ) Play media Taping at 500 fps of the engine ignition at launch In addition to many people crowding highways and beaches near the launch site , millions watched the event on television , with NASA Chief of Public Information Jack King providing commentary . President Richard M. Nixon viewed the proceedings from the Oval Office of the White House . A Saturn V launched Apollo 11 from Launch Pad 39A , part of the Launch Complex 39 site at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16 , 1969 , at 13 : 32 : 00 UTC ( 9 : 32 : 00 a.m. EDT local time ) . It entered Earth orbit , at an altitude of 100.4 nautical miles ( 185.9 km ) by 98.9 nautical miles ( 183.2 km ) , twelve minutes later . After one and a half orbits , the S - IVB third - stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon with the trans - lunar injection ( TLI ) burn at 16 : 22 : 13 UTC . About 30 minutes later , the transposition , docking , and extraction maneuver was performed : this involved separating the Apollo Command / Service Module ( CSM ) from the spent rocket stage , turning around , and docking with the Lunar Module still attached to the stage . After the Lunar Module was extracted , the combined spacecraft headed for the Moon , while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past the Moon and into orbit around the Sun . On July 19 at 17 : 21 : 50 UTC , Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit . In the thirty orbits that followed , the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquility ( Mare Tranquillitatis ) about 12 miles ( 19 km ) southwest of the crater Sabine D ( 0.67408 N , 23.47297 E ) . The landing site was selected in part because it had been characterized as relatively flat and smooth by the automated Ranger 8 and Surveyor 5 landers along with the Lunar Orbiter mapping spacecraft and unlikely to present major landing or extravehicular activity ( EVA ) challenges . Lunar descent The Eagle in lunar orbit after separating from Columbia CAPCOM Charles Duke , with backup pilots James Lovell and Fred Haise listening in during Apollo 11 's descent On July 20 , 1969 , the Lunar Module Eagle separated from the Command Module Columbia . Collins , alone aboard Columbia , inspected Eagle as it pirouetted before him to ensure the craft was not damaged . As the descent began , Armstrong and Aldrin found that they were passing landmarks on the surface four seconds early and reported that they were `` long '' ; they would land miles west of their target point . Five minutes into the descent burn , and 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) above the surface of the Moon , the LM navigation and guidance computer distracted the crew with the first of several unexpected `` 1202 '' and `` 1201 '' program alarms . Inside Mission Control Center in Houston , Texas , computer engineer Jack Garman told guidance officer Steve Bales it was safe to continue the descent , and this was relayed to the crew . The program alarms indicated `` executive overflows '' , meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them . Due to an error in the checklist manual , the rendezvous radar switch was placed in the wrong position . This caused it to send erroneous signals to the computer . The result was that the computer was being asked to perform all of its normal functions for landing while receiving an extra load of spurious data which used up 15 % of its time . The computer ( or rather the software in it ) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing . It then sent out an alarm , which meant to the astronaut , I 'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I 'm going to keep only the more important tasks ; i.e. , the ones needed for landing ... Actually , the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions . A complete set of recovery programs was incorporated into the software . The software 's action , in this case , was to eliminate lower priority tasks and re-establish the more important ones ... If the computer had n't recognized this problem and taken recovery action , I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was . -- Letter from Margaret H. Hamilton , Director of Apollo Flight Computer Programming MIT Draper Laboratory , Cambridge , Massachusetts , titled `` Computer Got Loaded '' , published in Datamation , March 1 , 1971 Landing Play media Landing on the Moon , July 20 , 1969 Landing site of Apollo 11 at Sea of Tranquility Play media The Apollo 11 landing site visualized in three dimensions using photography and a stereo digital elevation model from the LRO camera . When Armstrong again looked outside , he saw that the computer 's landing target was in a boulder - strewn area just north and east of a 300 - meter ( 980 ft ) diameter crater ( later determined to be West crater , named for its location in the western part of the originally planned landing ellipse ) . Armstrong took semi-automatic control and , with Aldrin calling out altitude and velocity data , landed at 20 : 17 : 40 UTC on Sunday July 20 with about 25 seconds of fuel left . Apollo 11 landed with less fuel than other missions , and the astronauts encountered a premature low fuel warning . This was later found to be the result of greater propellant ' slosh ' than expected , uncovering a fuel sensor . On subsequent missions , extra anti-slosh baffles were added to the tanks to prevent this . Throughout the descent , Aldrin had called out navigation data to Armstrong , who was busy piloting the LM . A few moments before the landing , a light informed Aldrin that at least one of the 67 - inch ( 170 cm ) probes hanging from Eagle 's footpads had touched the surface , and he said : `` Contact light ! '' Three seconds later , Eagle landed and Armstrong said `` Shutdown . '' Aldrin immediately said `` Okay , engine stop . ACA -- out of detent . '' Armstrong acknowledged `` Out of detent . Auto '' and Aldrin continued `` Mode control -- both auto . Descent engine command override off . Engine arm -- off . 413 is in . '' Charles Duke , CAPCOM during the landing phase , acknowledged their landing by saying `` We copy you down , Eagle . '' Armstrong acknowledged Aldrin 's completion of the post landing checklist with `` Engine arm is off '' , before responding to Duke with the words , `` Houston , Tranquility Base here . The Eagle has landed . '' Armstrong 's unrehearsed change of call sign from `` Eagle '' to `` Tranquility Base '' emphasized to listeners that landing was complete and successful . Duke mispronounced his reply as he expressed the relief at Mission Control : `` Roger , Twan -- Tranquility , we copy you on the ground . You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue . We 're breathing again . Thanks a lot . '' Two and a half hours after landing , before preparations began for the EVA , Aldrin radioed to Earth : This is the LM pilot . I 'd like to take this opportunity to ask every person listening in , whoever and wherever they may be , to pause for a moment and contemplate the events of the past few hours and to give thanks in his or her own way . He then took communion privately . At this time NASA was still fighting a lawsuit brought by atheist Madalyn Murray O'Hair ( who had objected to the Apollo 8 crew reading from the Book of Genesis ) demanding that their astronauts refrain from broadcasting religious activities while in space . As such , Aldrin chose to refrain from directly mentioning taking communion on the Moon . Aldrin was an elder at the Webster Presbyterian Church , and his communion kit was prepared by the pastor of the church , the Rev. Dean Woodruff . Aldrin described communion on the Moon and the involvement of his church and pastor in the October 1970 edition of Guideposts magazine and in his book Return to Earth . Webster Presbyterian possesses the chalice used on the Moon and commemorates the event each year on the Sunday closest to July 20 . The schedule for the mission called for the astronauts to follow the landing with a five - hour sleep period as they had been awake since early morning . However , they elected to forgo the sleep period and begin the preparations for the EVA early , thinking that they would be unable to sleep . Lunar surface operations See also : First Moon walk A mounted slowscan TV camera showing Armstrong as he climbs down the ladder to surface A photograph of Armstrong near the LM , taken by Aldrin on the lunar surface . This is one of the only photographs of Armstrong on the lunar surface ; most of the time he had the camera . The astronauts planned placement of the Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package ( EASEP ) and the U.S. flag by studying their landing site through Eagle 's twin triangular windows , which gave them a 60 ° field of view . Preparation required longer than the two hours scheduled . Armstrong initially had some difficulties squeezing through the hatch with his Portable Life Support System ( PLSS ) . According to veteran Moon - walker John Young , a redesign of the LM to incorporate a smaller hatch had not been followed by a redesign of the PLSS backpack , so some of the highest heart rates recorded from Apollo astronauts occurred during LM egress and ingress . Several books indicate early mission timelines had Buzz Aldrin rather than Neil Armstrong as the first man on the Moon . At 02 : 39 UTC on Monday July 21 , 1969 , Armstrong opened the hatch , and at 02 : 51 UTC began his descent to the lunar surface . The Remote Control Unit controls on his chest kept him from seeing his feet . Climbing down the nine - rung ladder , Armstrong pulled a D - ring to deploy the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly ( MESA ) folded against Eagle 's side and activate the TV camera , and at 02 : 56 : 15 UTC he set his left foot on the surface . The first landing used slow - scan television incompatible with commercial TV , so it was displayed on a special monitor and a conventional TV camera viewed this monitor , significantly reducing the quality of the picture . The signal was received at Goldstone in the United States but with better fidelity by Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station in Australia . Minutes later the feed was switched to the more sensitive Parkes radio telescope in Australia . Despite some technical and weather difficulties , ghostly black and white images of the first lunar EVA were received and broadcast to at least 600 million people on Earth . Although copies of this video in broadcast format were saved and are widely available , recordings of the original slow scan source transmission from the lunar surface were accidentally destroyed during routine magnetic tape re-use at NASA . The plaque left on the ladder of Eagle While still on the ladder , Armstrong uncovered a plaque mounted on the LM descent stage bearing two drawings of Earth ( of the Western and Eastern Hemispheres ) , an inscription , and signatures of the astronauts and President Nixon . The inscription read : Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon , July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind . After describing the surface dust as `` very fine - grained '' and `` almost like a powder , '' six and a half hours after landing , Armstrong stepped off Eagle 's footpad and declared , `` That 's one small step for ( a ) man , one giant leap for mankind . '' Armstrong intended to say `` That 's one small step for a man '' , but the word `` a '' is not audible in the transmission , and thus was not initially reported by most observers of the live broadcast . When later asked about his quote , Armstrong said he believed he said `` for a man '' , and subsequent printed versions of the quote included the `` a '' in square brackets . One explanation for the absence may be that his accent caused him to slur the words `` for a '' together ; another is the intermittent nature of the audio and video links to Earth , partly because of storms near Parkes Observatory . More recent digital analysis of the tape claims to reveal the `` a '' may have been spoken but obscured by static . That 's one small step ... Problems playing this file ? See media help . About seven minutes after stepping onto the Moon 's surface , Armstrong collected a contingency soil sample using a sample bag on a stick . He then folded the bag and tucked it into a pocket on his right thigh . This was to guarantee there would be some lunar soil brought back in case an emergency required the astronauts to abandon the EVA and return to the LM . Twelve minutes after the contingency sample was collected , Aldrin joined Armstrong on the surface , and described the view with the simple phrase , `` Magnificent desolation . '' Buzz Aldrin poses on the Moon , allowing Neil Armstrong to photograph both of them using the visor 's reflection In addition to fulfilling President Kennedy 's mandate to land a man on the Moon before the end of the 1960s , Apollo 11 was an engineering test of the Apollo system ; therefore , Armstrong snapped photos of the LM so engineers would be able to judge its post-landing condition . He removed the TV camera from the MESA and made a panoramic sweep , then mounted it on a tripod 68 feet ( 21 m ) from the LM . The TV camera cable remained partly coiled and presented a tripping hazard throughout the EVA . Armstrong said that moving in the lunar gravity , one - sixth of Earth 's , was `` even perhaps easier than the simulations ... It 's absolutely no trouble to walk around . '' Aldrin joined him on the surface and tested methods for moving around , including two - footed kangaroo hops . The PLSS backpack created a tendency to tip backward , but neither astronaut had serious problems maintaining balance . Loping became the preferred method of movement . The astronauts reported that they needed to plan their movements six or seven steps ahead . The fine soil was quite slippery . Aldrin remarked that moving from sunlight into Eagle 's shadow produced no temperature change inside the suit , though the helmet was warmer in sunlight , so he felt cooler in shadow . The astronauts planted a specially designed U.S. flag on the lunar surface , in clear view of the TV camera . Sometime later , President Richard Nixon spoke to them through a telephone - radio transmission which Nixon called `` the most historic phone call ever made from the White House . '' Nixon originally had a long speech prepared to read during the phone call , but Frank Borman , who was at the White House as a NASA liaison during Apollo 11 , convinced Nixon to keep his words brief , to respect the lunar landing as Kennedy 's legacy . Armstrong thanked the President , and gave a brief reflection on the significance of the moment : President Nixon speaks to Armstrong and Aldrin on the Moon Nixon : Hello , Neil and Buzz . I 'm talking to you by telephone from the Oval Room at the White House . And this certainly has to be the most historic telephone call ever made . I just ca n't tell you how proud we all are of what you 've done . For every American , this has to be the proudest day of our lives . And for people all over the world , I am sure they too join with Americans in recognizing what an immense feat this is . Because of what you have done , the heavens have become a part of man 's world . And as you talk to us from the Sea of Tranquility , it inspires us to redouble our efforts to bring peace and tranquility to Earth . For one priceless moment in the whole history of man , all the people on this Earth are truly one : one in their pride in what you have done , and one in our prayers that you will return safely to Earth . Armstrong : Thank you , Mr. President . It 's a great honor and privilege for us to be here , representing not only the United States , but men of peace of all nations , and with interest and curiosity , and men with a vision for the future . It 's an honor for us to be able to participate here today . Aldrin bootprint ; part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith The MESA failed to provide a stable work platform and was in shadow , slowing work somewhat . As they worked , the moonwalkers kicked up gray dust which soiled the outer part of their suits , the integrated thermal meteoroid garment . They deployed the EASEP , which included a passive seismograph and a Lunar Ranging Retroreflector ( LRRR ) . Then Armstrong walked 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM to snap photos at the rim of Little West Crater while Aldrin collected two core tubes . He used the geological hammer to pound in the tubes -- the only time the hammer was used on Apollo 11 . The astronauts then collected rock samples using scoops and tongs on extension handles . Many of the surface activities took longer than expected , so they had to stop documenting sample collection halfway through the allotted 34 minutes . Map showing landing site and photos taken Three new minerals were discovered in the rock samples collected by the astronauts : armalcolite , tranquillityite , and pyroxferroite . Armalcolite was named after Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins . During this period , Mission Control used a coded phrase to warn Armstrong that his metabolic rates were high and that he should slow down . He was moving rapidly from task to task as time ran out . However , as metabolic rates remained generally lower than expected for both astronauts throughout the walk , Mission Control granted the astronauts a 15 - minute extension . In a 2010 interview , Armstrong , who had walked a maximum of 196 feet ( 60 m ) from the LM , explained that NASA limited the first moonwalk 's time and distance because there was no empirical proof of how much cooling water the astronauts ' PLSS backpacks would consume to handle their body heat generation while working on the Moon . Lunar ascent and return Aldrin next to the Passive Seismic Experiment Package with Eagle in the background Aldrin entered Eagle first . With some difficulty the astronauts lifted film and two sample boxes containing 21.55 kilograms ( 47.5 lb ) of lunar surface material to the LM hatch using a flat cable pulley device called the Lunar Equipment Conveyor . Armstrong reminded Aldrin of a bag of memorial items in his suit pocket sleeve , and Aldrin tossed the bag down ; Armstrong then jumped to the ladder 's third rung and climbed into the LM . After transferring to LM life support , the explorers lightened the ascent stage for the return to lunar orbit by tossing out their PLSS backpacks , lunar overshoes , one Hasselblad camera , and other equipment . They then pressurized the LM and settled down to sleep . Wikisource has original text related to this article : In Event of Moon Disaster President Nixon 's speech writer William Safire had prepared In Event of Moon Disaster for the President to read on television in the event the Apollo 11 astronauts were stranded on the Moon . The contingency plan originated in a memo from Safire to Nixon 's White House Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman , in which Safire suggested a protocol the administration might follow in reaction to such a disaster . According to the plan , Mission Control would `` close down communications '' with the LM , and a clergyman would `` commend their souls to the deepest of the deep '' in a public ritual likened to burial at sea . The last line of the prepared text contained an allusion to Rupert Brooke 's First World War poem , `` The Soldier '' . The plan included presidential telephone calls to the astronauts ' wives . While moving inside the cabin , Aldrin accidentally damaged the circuit breaker that would arm the main engine for lift off from the Moon . There was a concern this would prevent firing the engine , stranding them on the Moon . Fortunately , a felt - tip pen was sufficient to activate the switch . Had this not worked , the Lunar Module circuitry could have been reconfigured to allow firing the ascent engine . After about seven hours of rest , the crew was awakened by Houston to prepare for the return flight . Two and a half hours later , at 17 : 54 UTC , they lifted off in Eagle 's ascent stage to rejoin Collins aboard Columbia in lunar orbit . After more than 211⁄2 total hours on the lunar surface , they had left behind scientific instruments that included a retroreflector array used for the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment and a Passive Seismic Experiment Package used to measure moonquakes . They also left an Apollo 1 mission patch , and a memorial bag containing a gold replica of an olive branch as a traditional symbol of peace and a silicon message disk . The disk carries the goodwill statements by Presidents Eisenhower , Kennedy , Johnson , and Nixon and messages from leaders of 73 countries around the world . The disc also carries a listing of the leadership of the US Congress , a listing of members of the four committees of the House and Senate responsible for the NASA legislation , and the names of NASA 's past and present top management . ( In his 1989 book , Men from Earth , Aldrin says that the items included Soviet medals commemorating Cosmonauts Vladimir Komarov and Yuri Gagarin . ) Also , according to Deke Slayton 's book Moonshot , Armstrong carried with him a special diamond - studded astronaut pin from Slayton . Eagle 's ascent stage approaching Columbia Film taken from the LM Ascent Stage upon liftoff from the Moon reveals the American flag , planted some 25 feet ( 8 m ) from the descent stage , whipping violently in the exhaust of the ascent stage engine . Aldrin looked up in time to witness the flag topple : `` The ascent stage of the LM separated ... I was concentrating on the computers , and Neil was studying the attitude indicator , but I looked up long enough to see the flag fall over . '' Subsequent Apollo missions usually planted the American flags at least 100 feet ( 30 m ) from the LM to prevent them being blown over by the ascent engine exhaust . After rendezvous with Columbia , Eagle 's ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit on July 21 , 1969 , at 23 : 41 UTC . Just before the Apollo 12 flight , it was noted that Eagle was still likely to be orbiting the Moon . Later NASA reports mentioned that Eagle 's orbit had decayed , resulting in it impacting in an `` uncertain location '' on the lunar surface . The location is uncertain because the Eagle ascent stage was not tracked after it was jettisoned , and the lunar gravity field is sufficiently non-uniform to make the orbit of the spacecraft unpredictable after a short time . NASA estimated that the orbit had decayed within months and would have impacted on the Moon . On July 23 , the last night before splashdown , the three astronauts made a television broadcast in which Collins commented : ... The Saturn V rocket which put us in orbit is an incredibly complicated piece of machinery , every piece of which worked flawlessly ... We have always had confidence that this equipment will work properly . All this is possible only through the blood , sweat , and tears of a number of a people ... All you see is the three of us , but beneath the surface are thousands and thousands of others , and to all of those , I would like to say , `` Thank you very much . '' Aldrin added : This has been far more than three men on a mission to the Moon ; more , still , than the efforts of a government and industry team ; more , even , than the efforts of one nation . We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity of all mankind to explore the unknown ... Personally , in reflecting on the events of the past several days , a verse from Psalms comes to mind . `` When I consider the heavens , the work of Thy fingers , the Moon and the stars , which Thou hast ordained ; What is man that Thou art mindful of him ? '' Armstrong concluded : The responsibility for this flight lies first with history and with the giants of science who have preceded this effort ; next with the American people , who have , through their will , indicated their desire ; next with four administrations and their Congresses , for implementing that will ; and then , with the agency and industry teams that built our spacecraft , the Saturn , the Columbia , the Eagle , and the little EMU , the spacesuit and backpack that was our small spacecraft out on the lunar surface . We would like to give special thanks to all those Americans who built the spacecraft ; who did the construction , design , the tests , and put their hearts and all their abilities into those craft . To those people tonight , we give a special thank you , and to all the other people that are listening and watching tonight , God bless you . Good night from Apollo 11 . On the return to Earth , a bearing at the Guam tracking station failed , potentially preventing communication on the last segment of the Earth return . A regular repair was not possible in the available time but the station director , Charles Force , had his ten - year - old son Greg use his small hands to reach into the housing and pack it with grease . Greg later was thanked by Armstrong . Splashdown and quarantine Columbia floats on the ocean as Navy divers assist in retrieving the astronauts The astronauts in their Biological Isolation Garments aboard the USS Hornet On July 24 , the astronauts returned home aboard the Command Module Columbia just before dawn local time ( 16 : 51 UTC ) at 13 ° 19 ′ N 169 ° 9 ′ W / 13.317 ° N 169.150 ° W / 13.317 ; - 169.150 ( Apollo 11 splashdown ) , in the Pacific Ocean 2,660 km ( 1,440 nmi ) east of Wake Island , 380 km ( 210 nmi ) south of Johnston Atoll , and 24 km ( 13 nmi ) from the recovery ship , USS Hornet . This is near the village of Vatia in American Samoa . The American Samoa - flag which was brought to the moon by Apollo 11 is on display at the Jean P. Haydon Museum in Pago Pago , the territorial capital of American Samoa . At 16 : 44 UTC the drogue parachutes had been deployed and seven minutes later the Command Module struck the water forcefully . During splashdown , the Command Module landed upside down but was righted within 10 minutes by flotation bags triggered by the astronauts . `` Everything 's okay . Our checklist is complete . Awaiting swimmers '' , was Armstrong 's last official transmission from Columbia . A diver from the Navy helicopter hovering above attached a sea anchor to the Command Module to prevent it from drifting . Additional divers attached flotation collars to stabilize the module and position rafts for astronaut extraction . Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was considered remote , it was considered a possibility and NASA took great precautions at the recovery site . Divers provided the astronauts with Biological Isolation Garments ( BIGs ) which were worn until they reached isolation facilities on board the Hornet . Additionally , astronauts were rubbed down with a sodium hypochlorite solution and the Command Module wiped with Betadine to remove any lunar dust that might be present . The raft containing decontamination materials was then intentionally sunk . A second Sea King helicopter - `` Helicopter 66 '' - hoisted the astronauts aboard one by one , where a NASA flight surgeon gave each a brief physical check during the 0.5 nautical miles ( 930 m ) trip back to the Hornet . The crew of Apollo 11 in quarantine after returning to Earth , visited by Richard Nixon After touchdown on the Hornet , the astronauts exited the helicopter , leaving the flight surgeon and three crewmen . The helicopter was then lowered into hangar bay # 2 where the astronauts walked the 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) to the Mobile Quarantine Facility ( MQF ) where they would begin the earth - based portion of their 21 days of quarantine . This practice would continue for two more Apollo missions , Apollo 12 and Apollo 14 , before the Moon was proven to be barren of life and the quarantine process dropped . President Richard Nixon was aboard Hornet to personally welcome the astronauts back to Earth . He told the astronauts , `` As a result of what you 've done , the world has never been closer together before . '' After Nixon departed , the Hornet was brought alongside the five - ton Command Module where it was placed aboard by the ship 's crane , placed on a dolly and moved next to the MQF . The Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor where Columbia and the MQF were airlifted to the Manned Spacecraft Center . In accordance with the Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law , a set of regulations promulgated by NASA on July 16 to codify its quarantine protocol , the astronauts continued in quarantine out of concern that the Moon might contain undiscovered pathogens and that the astronauts might have been exposed to them during their Moon walks . However , after three weeks in confinement ( first in the Apollo spacecraft , then in their trailer on the Hornet , and finally in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the Manned Spacecraft Center ) , the astronauts were given a clean bill of health . On August 10 , 1969 , the Interagency Committee on Back Contamination met in Atlanta and lifted the quarantine on the astronauts , on those who had joined them in quarantine ( NASA physician William Carpentier and MQF project engineer John Hirasaki ) , and on Columbia itself . Loose equipment from the spacecraft would remain in isolation until the lunar samples were released for study . Celebration Parade in New York City On August 13 , they rode in parades in their honor in New York , Chicago , and Los Angeles . On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official State Dinner to celebrate the flight , attended by members of Congress , 44 governors , the Chief Justice of the United States , and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel . President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew honored each astronaut with a presentation of the Presidential Medal of Freedom . This celebration was the beginning of a 45 - day `` Giant Leap '' tour that brought the astronauts to 25 foreign countries and included visits with prominent leaders such as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . Many nations honored the first manned Moon landing with special features in magazines or by issuing Apollo 11 commemorative postage stamps or coins . On September 16 , 1969 , the three astronauts spoke before a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill . They presented two US flags , one to the House of Representatives and the other to the Senate , that had been carried to the surface of the Moon with them . Moon Race Artist 's impression of Luna 15 The Soviet Union had been competing with the US in landing a man on the Moon but had been hampered by repeated failures in development of a launcher comparable to the Saturn V. Meanwhile , they tried to beat the US to return lunar material to the Earth by means of unmanned probes . On July 13 , three days before Apollo 11 's launch , they launched Luna 15 , which reached lunar orbit before Apollo 11 . During descent , a malfunction caused Luna 15 to crash in Mare Crisium about two hours before Armstrong and Aldrin took off from the Moon 's surface to begin their voyage home . The Jodrell Bank Observatory radio telescope in England was later discovered to have recorded transmissions from Luna 15 during its descent , and this was published in July 2009 on the 40th anniversary of Apollo 11 . Legacy Spacecraft location Command Module Columbia at the National Air and Space Museum Lunar Module landing site photographed by the LRO in 2012 The Command Module Columbia was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum ( NASM ) , Washington , D.C. It was in the central Milestones of Flight exhibition hall in front of the Jefferson Drive entrance , sharing the main hall with other pioneering flight vehicles such as the Wright Flyer , the Spirit of St. Louis , the Bell X-1 , the North American X-15 , Mercury spacecraft Friendship 7 , and Gemini 4 . Armstrong 's and Aldrin 's space suits are displayed in the museum 's Apollo to the Moon exhibit . The quarantine trailer , the flotation collar , and the righting spheres are displayed at the Smithsonian 's Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center annex near Washington Dulles International Airport in Chantilly , Virginia . In 2009 , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) imaged the various Apollo landing sites on the surface of the Moon , for the first time with sufficient resolution to see the descent stages of the lunar modules , scientific instruments , and foot trails made by the astronauts . In March 2012 a team of specialists financed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos located the F - 1 engines that launched Apollo 11 into space . The engines were found below the Atlantic Ocean 's surface through the use of advanced sonar scanning . His team brought parts of two of the five engines to the surface . In July 2013 , a conservator discovered a serial number under the rust on one of the engines raised from the Atlantic , which NASA confirmed was from the Apollo 11 launch . Command Module Columbia at the Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar Columbia was moved in 2017 to the NASM Mary Baker Engen Restoration Hangar at the Steven F. Udvar - Hazy Center in Chantilly , Virginia , to be readied for a four - city tour titled Destination Moon : The Apollo 11 Mission . This will include Space Center Houston ( October 14 , 2017 to March 18 , 2018 ) , the Saint Louis Science Center ( April 14 to September 3 , 2018 ) , the Senator John Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh ( September 29 , 2018 to February 18 , 2019 ) , and the Seattle Museum of Flight ( March 16 to September 2 , 2019 ) . 40th anniversary events Mike Simons , director of the National Electronics Museum , assembles an Apollo TV camera for display at the Newseum On July 15 , 2009 , Life.com released a photo gallery of previously unpublished photos of the astronauts taken by Life photographer Ralph Morse prior to the Apollo 11 launch . From July 16 -- 24 , 2009 , NASA streamed the original mission audio on its website in real time 40 years to the minute after the events occurred . In addition , it is in the process of restoring the video footage and has released a preview of key moments . In July 2010 , air - to - ground voice recordings and film footage shot in Mission Control during the Apollo 11 powered descent and landing was re-synchronised and released for the first time . The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum set up a Flash website that rebroadcasts the transmissions of Apollo 11 from launch to landing on the Moon . On July 20 , 2009 , the crew of Armstrong , Aldrin , and Collins met with U.S. President Barack Obama at the White House . `` We expect that there is , as we speak , another generation of kids out there who are looking up at the sky and are going to be the next Armstrong , Collins , and Aldrin '' , Obama said . `` We want to make sure that NASA is going to be there for them when they want to take their journey . '' On August 7 , 2009 , an act of Congress awarded the three astronauts a Congressional Gold Medal , the highest civilian award in the United States . The bill was sponsored by Florida Sen. Bill Nelson and Florida Rep. Alan Grayson . A group of British scientists interviewed as part of the anniversary events reflected on the significance of the Moon landing : It was carried out in a technically brilliant way with risks taken ... that would be inconceivable in the risk - averse world of today ... The Apollo programme is arguably the greatest technical achievement of mankind to date ... nothing since Apollo has come close ( to ) the excitement that was generated by those astronauts -- Armstrong , Aldrin and the 10 others who followed them . Gallery Roll - out of Saturn V AS - 505 from the Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad The Earth as seen from Apollo 11 on the third day out Play media Neil Armstrong describes the Moon 's surface before setting foot on it The Washington Post on Monday , July 21 , 1969 : `` ' The Eagle Has Landed ' -- Two Men Walk on the Moon '' Notes Jump up ^ During the mission , the cause was diagnosed as the rendezvous radar switch being in the wrong position , causing the computer to process data from both the rendezvous and landing radars at the same time , as stated in the letter . However , software engineer Don Eyles concluded in a 2005 Guidance and Control Conference paper that the problem was actually due to a hardware design bug previously seen during testing of the first unmanned LM for Apollo 5 . Having the rendezvous radar on ( so that it was warmed up in case of an emergency landing abort ) should have been irrelevant to the computer , but an electrical phasing mismatch between two parts of the rendezvous radar system could cause the stationary antenna to appear to the computer as dithering back and forth between two positions , depending upon how the hardware randomly powered up . The extra spurious cycle stealing , as the rendezvous radar updated an involuntary counter , caused the computer alarms . The Apollo onboard flight software for both the CM and LM was developed using an asynchronous executive so that higher priority jobs could interrupt lower priority jobs . The sequence that occurred in the Apollo 11 landing was successful because of its global error detection and recovery system . This included the restart capability to `` kill and start over again '' and recompute and the display interface routines ( `` priority displays '' ) providing the ability , in the case of an emergency , to interrupt nominal displays with higher priority alarm displays . Steps previously taken to create solutions that took advantage of this multiprogramming environment suggested solutions for multiprocessing . Although only one process is actively executing at a given time in a multiprogramming environment , other processes in the same system ― sleeping or waiting ― exist in parallel with the executing process . With this as a backdrop , the priority display mechanisms were created , essentially changing the man - machine interface between the astronauts and the onboard flight software from synchronous to asynchronous displays so that a mission could be reconfigured in real time should it become necessary to do so . Jump up ^ A NASA transcript explains that the `` a '' article was intended , whether or not it was said ; the intention was to contrast a man ( an individual 's action ) and mankind ( as a species ) . References ^ Jump up to : Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . November 1969 . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 11 Mission Summary '' . The Apollo Program . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff 2000 , pp. 102 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` The First Lunar Landing '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` Apollo Landing Site Coordinates '' . US National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stenger , Richard ( May 25 , 2001 ) . `` Man on the Moon : Kennedy speech ignited the dream '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brooks et al. 2009 , p. 374 . ^ Jump up to : Orloff 2000 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Orloff 2000 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Cunningham 2010 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Information Summary , Apollo - 11 ( AS - 506 ) Apollo Saturn V Space Vehicle '' ( PDF ) . George C. Marshall Space Flight Center . Huntsvill , AL : NASA . June 25 , 1969 . p. 8 . Document ID : 19700011707 ; Accession Number : 70N21012 ; Report Number : NASA - TM - X-62812 ; S&E - ASTR - S - 101 - 69 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 334 -- 335 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , pp. 332 -- 334 . Jump up ^ Collins 2001 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 78 Dollar Eisenhower '' . CoinSite . ROKO Design Group , Inc. 1994 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Susan B. Anthony Dollar -- 1979 -- 1999 '' . United States Mint . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hansen 2005 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994 , pp. 191 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo - 11 ( 27 ) '' . Historical Archive for Manned Missions . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Lunar Landing Mission '' ( PDF ) ( Press kit ) . Washington , D.C. : NASA . July 6 , 1969 . Release No : 69 - 83K . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Michael ; Aldrin , Edwin E. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` A Yellow Caution Light '' . In Cortright , Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 1623434 . NASA SP - 350 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Chapter 11.4 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Margaret H. ( March 1 , 1971 ) . `` Computer Got Loaded '' . Datamation ( Letter ) . Cahners Publishing Company . ISSN 0011 - 6963 . Jump up ^ Martin , Fred H. ( July 1994 ) . `` Apollo 11 : 25 Years Later '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eyles , Don ( February 6 , 2004 ) . `` Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer '' . 27th annual Guidance and Control Conference . Breckenridge , Colorado : American Astronautical Society . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Margaret H. ; Hackler , William R. ( December 2008 ) . `` Universal Systems Language : Lessons Learned from Apollo '' . Computer . Washington , D.C. : IEEE Computer Society . 41 ( 12 ) : 34 -- 43 . doi : 10.1109 / MC. 2008.541 . ISSN 0018 - 9162 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rayl , A.J.S. ( 2008 ) . `` NASA Engineers and Scientists - Transforming Dreams Into Reality '' . 50th Magazine . NASA . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mindell , David A. ( 2008 ) . Digital Apollo : Human and Machine in Spaceflight . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . pp. 195 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13497 - 2 . LCCN 2007032255 . Jump up ^ Failure is Not an Option ( TV production ) . The History Channel . August 24 , 2003 . OCLC 54435670 . Jump up ^ `` James May speaks to Charles Duke '' . BBC Archives . Perivale. 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Post-landing Activities '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 204 , 623 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Experiment : Early Apollo Scientific Experiment Package '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. ; Glover , Ken , eds. ( 1995 ) . `` First Steps '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Waligora , J.M. ; Horrigan , D.J. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaikin , Andrew ( 1998 ) . A Man on the Moon . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Armstrong , first man to step on the Moon , dies at 82 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` One Small Step '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macey , Richard ( August 5 , 2006 ) . `` One giant blunder for mankind : how NASA lost Moon pictures '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarkissian , John M. ( 2001 ) . `` On Eagle 's Wings : The Parkes Observatory 's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . Collingwood , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing for the Astronomical Society of Australia . 18 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 310 . Bibcode : 2001PASA ... 18 ... 287S . doi : 10.1071 / AS01038 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . October 2000 website version , part 10 of 12 : `` The Television Broadcasts . '' Original version available from CSIRO Parkes Observatory ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sarkissian , John M. ( 2001 ) . `` On Eagle 's Wings : The Parkes Observatory 's Support of the Apollo 11 Mission '' ( PDF ) . Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia . Collingwood , Victoria : CSIRO Publishing for the Astronomical Society of Australia . 18 ( 3 ) : 287 -- 310 . Bibcode : 2001PASA ... 18 ... 287S . doi : 10.1071 / AS01038 . Retrieved September 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Canright , Shelley , ed . ( July 15 , 2004 ) ( updated December 9 , 2007 ) . `` Apollo Moon Landing -- 35th Anniversary '' . NASA Education . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Includes the `` a '' article as intended . Jump up ^ `` Armstrong ' got Moon quote right ' '' . BBC News . London . October 2 , 2006 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . News story on reanalysis which suggests the line was said correctly ( with the `` a '' article ) . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Armstrong 's ' poetic ' slip on Moon '' . BBC News . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . News story on later reanalysis which suggests the line was said incorrectly . Jump up ^ Carreau , Mark ( September 30 , 2006 ) . `` Hear what Neil Armstrong really said on the moon '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil . `` Did astronaut Neil Armstrong muff his historic `` one small step '' line ? `` . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara & David P. `` One Small Step '' at Snopes.com : Urban Legends Reference Pages . Jump up ^ Meyer , Charles ( 2009 ) . `` Lunar Sample Compendium : Contingency Soil ( 10010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Astromaterials Research & Exploration Science . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Events of 1969 : Apollo 11 '' . UPI.com . United Press International . 1969 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibit : Apollo 11 and Nixon '' . American Originals . Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . March 1996 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ This was related by Frank Borman during the 2008 documentary When We Left Earth : The NASA Missions , part 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` EASEP Deployment and Closeout '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Armstrong Explains His Famous Apollo 11 Moonwalk '' . space.com . New York : TechMediaNetwork , Inc . December 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric M. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Trying to Rest '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . The Smoking Gun . New York . August 8 , 2005 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Scanned copy of the `` In Event of Moon Disaster '' memo . Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( July 7 , 1999 ) . `` The Story of a Tragedy That Was Not to Be '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Essay ; Disaster Never Came '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : NASA . July 13 , 1969 . Release No : 69 - 83F . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. `` Apollo Tables '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Rachel ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` The 10 - year - old who helped Apollo 11 , 40 years later '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vatia and Pola Tai '' . AFAR Media . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jean P. Haydon Museum '' . www.fodors.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fish , Bob ( 2009 ) . Hornet Plus Three : The Story of the Apollo 11 Recovery . Foreword by Richard Gordon ( 1st ed . ) . Reno , Nevada : Creative Minds Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9749610 - 7 - 1 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Sam . C. ( July 8 , 1969 ) . `` Apollo 11 Prelaunch Mission Operation Report , no . M - 932 - 69 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . NASA . p. 49 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . The crew will be quarantined for approximately 21 days after liftoff from the lunar surface . Jump up ^ `` After Splashdown '' . Apollo to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : National Air and Space Museum . July 1999 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Frank ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` 24 July 1969 : Home From The Moon '' . The New Nixon . Richard Nixon Foundation . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Extra-Terrestrial Exposure , 34 Fed . Reg. 11975 ( July 16 , 1969 ) , codified at 14 C.F.R. pt. 1200 Jump up ^ `` A Front Row Seat For History '' . NASAexplores . NASA . July 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2006 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781591141105 . ^ Jump up to : Ertel , Ivan D. ; Newkirk , Roland W. ; Brooks , Courtney G. ( 1978 ) . `` The Apollo Spacecraft - A Chronology . Vol. IV . Part 3 ( 1969 3rd quarter ) '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . p. 312 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Year Men Walked on the Moon '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Nixon : Remarks at a Dinner in Los Angeles Honoring the Apollo 11 Astronauts '' . The American Presidency Project . August 13 , 1969 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( July 23 , 1969 ) . `` Families Wait for Moon Men '' . The Australian Women 's Weekly . Sydney . 37 ( 8 ) : 2 -- 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Missions : Apollo 11 '' . Lunar Hall of Fame . 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Apollo 11 Crew Members Appear Before a Joint Meeting of Congress '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lindroos , Marcus . `` The Soviet Manned Lunar Program '' ( PDF ) . MIT OpenCourseWare . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Recording tracks Russia 's Moon gatecrash attempt '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon boss Jeff Bezos ' finds Apollo 11 Moon engines ' '' . BBC News . London . March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kolawole , Emi ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Bezos Expeditions retrieves and identifies Apollo 11 engine # 5 , NASA confirms identity '' . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Bezos , Jeff ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` F - 1 Engine Recovery - Updates '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Command Module Columbia '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Moonship To Go On Tour '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LIFE : Up Close With Apollo 11 '' . Life . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Onboard Audio '' . Apollo 40th Anniversary . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley , Christopher ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Sound restored to mission control film shot during Apollo 11 moon landing '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` We Choose the Moon '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Crew Meets With President Obama '' . Image of the Day Gallery . NASA . July 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Hails Apollo Crew From a Lens of Childhood '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Text of S. 951 as Engrossed in Senate : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2245 as Enrolled Bill : New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal Act -- U.S. Congress -- OpenCongress '' . OpenCongress.org . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moon landings : British scientists salute space heroes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Bibliography Brooks , Courtney G. ; Grimwood , James M. ; Swenson , Loyd S. , Jr. ( 1979 ) . Chariots for Apollo : A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : Scientific and Technical Information Branch , NASA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 46756 - 6 . LCCN 79001042 . OCLC 4664449 . NASA SP - 4205 . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Carmichael , Scott W. ( 2010 ) . Moon Men Return : USS Hornet and the Recovery of the Apollo 11 Astronauts . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 110 - 5 . OCLC 562772897 . Chaikin , Andrew ( 1994 ) . A Man on the Moon : The Triumphant Story Of The Apollo Space Program . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027201 - 1 . OCLC 890357362 . Collins , Michael ; Aldrin , Edwin E. , Jr. ( 1975 ) . `` A Yellow Caution Light '' . In Cortright , Edgar M. Apollo Expeditions to the Moon . Washington , D.C. : NASA . OCLC 1623434 . NASA SP - 350 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Collins , Michael ( 2001 ) ( 1974 ) . Carrying the Fire : An Astronaut 's Journeys . Foreword by Charles Lindberg . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1028 - X . LCCN 2001017080 . OCLC 45755963 . Cunningham , Walter ( 2010 ) ( 1977 ) . The All - American Boys . ipicturebooks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 87696 - 324 - 8 . OCLC 713908039 . Hansen , James R. ( 2005 ) . First Man : The Life of Neil A. Armstrong . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5631 - 5 . LCCN 2005049992 . OCLC 937302502 . Manned Spacecraft Center ( November 1969 ) . Apollo 11 Mission Report ( PDF ) . Manned Spacecraft Center , Mission Evaluation Team . Houston , Texas : NASA . OCLC 10970862 . MSC - 00171 . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Mindell , David A. ( 2008 ) . Digital Apollo : Human and Machine in Spaceflight . Cambridge , Massachusetts : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 13497 - 2 . LCCN 2007032255 . OCLC 751829782 . Orloff , Richard W. ( 2000 ) . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . OCLC 829406439 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Slayton , Donald K. `` Deke '' ; Cassutt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Deke ! U.S. Manned Space : From Mercury to the Shuttle . New York : Forge . ISBN 0 - 312 - 85503 - 6 . LCCN 94002463 . OCLC 29845663 . Waligora , J.M. ; Horrigan , D.J. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter 4 : Metabolism and Heat Dissipation During Apollo EVA Periods '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Further reading Cappellari , J.O. Jr . ( May -- June 1972 ) . Where on the Moon ? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem . Bell System Technical Journal . 51 . New York : American Telephone and Telegraph Company . pp. 955 -- 1127 . OCLC 17779623 . Barbour , John Andrews ( 1969 ) . Footprints on the Moon . Writers and editors of the Associated Press . Manuscript by John Barbour . New York . Associated Press . OCLC 26341 . French , Francis ; Burgess , Colin ( 2007 ) . In the Shadow of the Moon : A Challenging Journey to Tranquility , 1965 -- 1969 . Outward Odyssey : A People 's History of Spaceflight . Foreword by Walter Cunningham . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 1128 - 5 . Mailer , Norman ( 1970 ) . Of a Fire on the Moon . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 54411 - 6 . OCLC 101602 . Rahman , Tahir ( 2008 ) . We Came in Peace for All Mankind : The Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc ( 1st ed . ) . Overland Park , Kansas : Leathers Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58597 - 441 - 2 . For Young Readers Aldrin , Buzz ( 2005 ) . Reaching for the Moon . Paintings by Wendell Minor ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperCollins. 40 pages . ISBN 0 - 06 - 055446 - 0 . Floca , Brian ( 2009 ) . Moonshot : The Flight of Apollo 11 . New York : Atheneum Books for Young Readers . 48 pages . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4169 - 5046 - 2 . Thimmesh , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Team Moon : How 400,000 People Landed Apollo 11 on the Moon . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . 80 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 50757 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 11 . `` Apollo 11 transcripts '' at Spacelog `` Magnificent Desolation : The Apollo 11 Moonwalk Pictures '' by Apollo Lunar Surface Journal contributor Joseph O'Dea . Complete gallery of Apollo 11 EVA pictures . `` Apollo 11 '' Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center `` Apollo 11 '' Photographer Blaise Thirard 's presentation of Apollo 11 photographs Sylvester , Rachel ; Coates , Sam . `` Men on the Moon '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Original reports from The Times ( London ) `` Apollo 40th Anniversary '' . NASA . July 2009 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . NASA website honoring the mission `` The untold story : how one small silicon disc delivered a giant message to the Moon '' at collectSPACE.com `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing ' Inspired World ' '' National Geographic News , July 16 , 2004 -- 35th anniversary of Apollo 11 ; Steven Dick , NASA 's chief historian : `` ... a thousand years from now , that step may be considered the crowning achievement of the 20th century . '' `` Ten Things You Did n't Know About the Apollo 11 Moon Landing '' by Craig Nelson , Popular Mechanics , July 13 , 2009 `` Coverage of the Flight of Apollo 11 -- ( 1969 ) '' provided by Todd Kosovich for RadioTapes.com . Radio station recordings ( airchecks ) covering the flight of Apollo 11 . `` Space Missions '' at Buzz Aldrin 's official website NASA reports `` Apollo Program Summary Report '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . April 1975 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- 200 + pages Ertel , Ivan ( 1969 -- 1978 ) . The Apollo Spacecraft : A Chronology . I -- IV . Morse , M.L. ; Bays , J.K. ; Brooks , C.G. ; Newkirk , R.W. Washington , D.C. : NASA . LCCN 69060008 . OCLC 23818 . NASA SP - 4009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . `` Apollo 11 Mission Report '' ( PDF ) . NASA . 1971 . -- 230 pages `` EP - 72 Log of Apollo 11 '' . NASA History Program Office . NASA . Retrieved January 16 , 2006 . -- Timeline of the mission , from `` One Giant Leap for Mandkind , '' 2004 . Multimedia `` ' To the Moon and Back ' : LIFE Covers the Apollo 11 Mission '' . Time . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . -- Life magazine Special Edition , August 11 , 1969 `` Apollo 11 : Scenes From the Moon '' . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- slideshow by Life magazine Garner , Robert ( ed . ) . `` Apollo 11 Partial Restoration HD Videos ( Downloads ) '' . NASA . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . -- Remastered videos of the original landing . Jones , Eric M. Jones , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Transcripts and audio clips of important parts of the mission Jones , Eric M. ; Glover , Ken , eds. ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Apollo 11 Image Library '' . Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal . NASA . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Hundreds of high - resolution images of the mission , including assembled panoramas . `` Apollo Mission Traverse Maps '' . USGS . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2006 . Retrieved September 23 , 2006 . -- Several maps showing routes of moonwalks Google Moon -- with lunar landing sites tagged Apollo Lunar Surface VR Panoramas at moonpans.com Apollo Image Archive at Arizona State University Apollo launch and mission videos at ApolloTV.net Real - time audiovisual recreation of the lunar module landing with audio feeds from the crew of Apollo 11 and Ground Control The short film Moonwalk One is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film The Eagle Has Landed : The Flight of Apollo 11 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Apollo 11 Restored EVA Part 1 ( 1h of restored footage ) Missions and tests of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6 Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions Spacecraft missions to the Moon Programs American Apollo Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( CLEP ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Zond Lunokhod Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Longjiang - 2 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail ICE Longjiang - 1 Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO TESS Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned EM - 1 ( 2019 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2019 ) Luna 26 ( 2021 ) Luna 27 ( 2022 ) Luna 28 ( 2025 ) Luna 29 Others Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2023 + ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R SpaceIL Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SpaceX lunar tourism mission Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Lunar rover Moon landing Conspiracy theories Crewed missions in italics . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who went to the moon for the first time	[ "Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit.", "Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon. Mission commander Neil Armstrong and pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Armstrong became the first human to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Michael Collins piloted the command module Columbia alone in lunar orbit while they were on the Moon's surface. Armstrong and Aldrin spent just under a day on the lunar surface before rejoining Columbia in lunar orbit." ]	[ "Mission commander Neil Armstrong", "pilot Buzz Aldrin" ]
1531132687100884505	The Sound of Music (film)	The Sound of Music ( film ) - wikipedia The Sound of Music ( film ) The Sound of Music Theatrical release poster by Howard Terpning Directed by Robert Wise Produced by Robert Wise Screenplay by Ernest Lehman Story by Maria von Trapp ( uncredited ) Based on The Sound of Music by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse Starring Julie Andrews Christopher Plummer Music by Richard Rodgers Oscar Hammerstein II Irwin Kostal ( score ) Cinematography Ted D. McCord Edited by William H. Reynolds Production company 20th Century Fox Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 2 , 1965 ( 1965 - 03 - 02 ) ( US ) Running time 174 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8.2 million Box office $286.2 million The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise , and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker . The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name , composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II . The film 's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman , adapted from the stage musical 's book by Lindsay and Crouse . Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp , the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg , Austria in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children . After bringing and teaching love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience , she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith . The film was released on March 2 , 1965 in the United States , initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release . Although critical response to the film was widely mixed , the film was a major commercial success , becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks , and the highest - grossing film of 1965 . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time -- surpassing Gone with the Wind -- and held that distinction for five years . The film was just as popular throughout the world , breaking previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries . Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years , and two successful re-releases , the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000 . The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . The film also received two Golden Globe Awards , for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress , the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . In 1998 , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty - fifth greatest American movie of all time , and the fourth greatest movie musical . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 4.1 Screenplay and pre-production 4.2 Casting and rehearsals 4.3 Filming and post-production 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Box office 6 Historical accuracy 7 Soundtrack 8 Accolades 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 AFI recognition 8.3 Legacy 9 Television and home media 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 , Maria is a free - spirited young Austrian woman studying to become a nun at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg . Her love of music and the mountains , her youthful enthusiasm and imagination , and her lack of discipline cause some concern among the nuns . The Mother Abbess , believing Maria would be happier outside the abbey , sends her to the villa of retired naval officer Captain Georg von Trapp to be governess to his seven children -- Liesl , Friedrich , Louisa , Kurt , Brigitta , Marta , and Gretl . The Captain has been raising his children using strict military discipline following the death of his wife . Although the children misbehave at first , Maria responds with kindness and patience , and soon the children come to trust and respect her . Liesl , the oldest , is won over after Maria protects her from discovery when she is nearly caught sneaking back into the house after meeting with Rolfe , a telegram carrier she is in love with . While the Captain is away in Vienna , Maria makes play clothes for the children and takes them around Salzburg and the surrounding mountains , and teaches them how to sing . When the Captain returns to the villa with Baroness Elsa Schraeder , a wealthy socialite , and their mutual friend , Max Detweiler , they are greeted by Maria and the children returning from a boat ride on the lake that concludes when their boat overturns . Displeased by his children 's clothes and activities , and Maria 's impassioned appeal that he get closer to his children , the Captain orders her to return to the abbey . Just then he hears singing coming from inside the house and is astonished to see his children singing for the Baroness . Filled with emotion , the Captain joins his children , singing for the first time in years . Afterwards , he apologizes to Maria and asks her to stay . Impressed by the children 's singing , Max proposes he enter them in the upcoming Salzburg Festival but the suggestion is immediately rejected by the Captain as he is opposed to his children singing in public . He does agree , however , to organize a grand party at the villa . The night of the party , while guests in formal attire waltz in the ballroom , Maria and the children look on from the garden terrace . When the Captain notices Maria teaching Kurt the traditional Ländler folk dance , he cuts in and dances with Maria in a graceful performance , culminating in a close embrace . Confused about her feelings , Maria blushes and breaks away . Later , the Baroness , who noticed the Captain 's attraction to Maria , hides her jealousy while convincing Maria that she must return to the abbey . Back at the abbey , when Mother Abbess learns that Maria has stayed in seclusion to avoid her feelings for the Captain , she encourages her to return to the villa to look for her life . After Maria returns to the villa , she learns about the Captain 's engagement to the Baroness and agrees to stay until they find a replacement governess . The Captain 's feelings for Maria , however , have not changed , and after breaking off his engagement the Captain marries Maria . While the Captain and Maria are on their honeymoon , Max enters the children in the Salzburg Festival against their father 's wishes . When they learn that Austria has been annexed by the Third Reich in the Anschluss , the couple return to their home , where a telegram awaits informing the Captain that he must report to the German Naval base at Bremerhaven to accept a commission in the German Navy . Strongly opposed to the Nazis and the Anschluss , the Captain tells his family they must leave Austria immediately . Many of the Von Trapp 's friends are prepared to accept the new regime , including Rolfe , who Liesl is devastated to see has joined the Hitler Youth . That night , as the von Trapp family attempt to leave , they are stopped by a group of Brownshirts waiting outside the villa . When questioned by Gauleiter Hans Zeller , the Captain maintains they are headed to the Salzburg Festival to perform . Zeller insists on escorting them to the festival , after which his men will accompany the Captain to Bremerhaven . Later that night at the festival , during their final number , the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey , where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt . Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey , and the family is discovered by Rolfe . Upon seeing Liesl , he hesitates raising the alarm long enough to allow the family time to flee , and the family is able to escape using the caretaker 's car . When the soldiers attempt to pursue , they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines . The next morning , after driving to the Swiss border , the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom . Cast ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Maria von Trapp Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp Bill Lee as Captain von Trapp 's singing voice Eleanor Parker as Baroness Elsa von Schraeder Richard Haydn as Max Detweiler Peggy Wood as the Mother Abbess Charmian Carr as Liesl von Trapp Nicholas Hammond as Friedrich von Trapp Heather Menzies as Louisa von Trapp Duane Chase as Kurt von Trapp Angela Cartwright as Brigitta von Trapp Debbie Turner as Marta von Trapp Kym Karath as Gretl von Trapp Anna Lee as Sister Margaretta Portia Nelson as Sister Berthe Ben Wright as Herr Zeller Daniel Truhitte as Rolfe Norma Varden as Frau Schmidt Gil Stuart as Franz Marni Nixon as Sister Sophia Ada Beth Lee as Sister Catherine Doreen Tryden as Sister Agatha Evadne Baker as Sister Bernice Doris Lloyd as Baroness Ebberfeld Background ( edit ) Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II The Sound of Music story is based on Maria von Trapp 's memoir , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers , published in 1949 to help promote her family 's singing group following the death of her husband Georg in 1947 . Hollywood producers expressed interest in purchasing the title only , but Maria refused , wanting her entire story to be told . In 1956 , German producer Wolfgang Liebeneiner purchased the film rights for $9,000 ( equivalent to $81,000 in 2017 ) , hired George Hurdalek and Herbert Reinecker to write the screenplay , and Franz Grothe to supervise the soundtrack , which consisted of traditional Austrian folk songs . The Trapp Family was released in West Germany on October 9 , 1956 and became a major success . Two years later , Liebeneiner directed a sequel , The Trapp Family in America , and the two pictures became the most successful films in West Germany during the post-war years . Their popularity extended throughout Europe and South America . In 1956 , Paramount Pictures purchased the United States film rights , intending to produce an English - language version with Audrey Hepburn as Maria . The studio eventually dropped its option , but one of its directors , Vincent J. Donehue , proposed the story as a stage musical for Mary Martin . Producers Richard Halliday and Leland Heyward secured the rights and hired playwrights Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse , who had won the Pulitzer Prize for State of the Union . They approached Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II to compose one song for the musical , but the composers felt the two styles -- traditional Austrian folk songs and their composition -- would not work together . They offered to write a complete new score for the entire production if the producers were willing to wait while they completed work on Flower Drum Song . The producers quickly responded that they would wait as long as necessary . The Sound of Music stage musical opened on November 16 , 1959 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in New York City and ran on Broadway for 1,443 performances , winning six Tony Awards , including Best Musical . In June 1960 , Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film adaptation rights to the stage musical for $1.25 million ( equivalent to $10,300,000 in 2017 ) against ten percent of the gross . Production ( edit ) For the film , Richard Rodgers added two new songs , `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' , for which he wrote the lyrics as well as the music ( Hammerstein having died in August 1960 ) , while three of the original stage songs were omitted , `` How Can Love Survive '' , `` No Way To Stop It '' and `` An Ordinary Couple '' . Arranger and conductor Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming , and later adapted instrumental underscore passages based on the songs . Choreographers Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out all new choreography sequences that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . The Sound of Music was filmed from March 26 through September 1 , 1964 , with external scenes shot on location in Salzburg , Austria , and the surrounding region , and interior scenes filmed at the 20th Century Fox studios in California . The movie was photographed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing and six - track sound recording . Screenplay and pre-production ( edit ) Robert Wise , 1990 In December 1962 , 20th Century Fox president Richard D. Zanuck hired Ernest Lehman to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of the stage musical . Lehman reviewed the original script for the stage musical , rearranged the sequence of songs , and began transforming a work designed for the stage into a film that could use the camera to emphasize action and mood , and open the story up to the beautiful locations of Salzburg and the Austrian Alps . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' sequence in the play , for example , was originally a stagnant number ; Lehman transformed it into a lively montage showing some of the beautiful sites of Salzburg , as well as showing Maria and the children growing closer over time . Lehman also eliminated two songs , `` How Can Love Survive ? '' and `` No Way to Stop It '' , sung by the characters of Elsa and Max . In January 1963 , he saw the Fox English - dubbed version of the two German films , was not especially impressed , and decided to use the stage musical and Maria 's memoir for most of his source material . While Lehman was developing the screenplay , he and Zanuck began looking for a director . Their first choice was Robert Wise , with whom Lehman had worked on the film adaptation of West Side Story , but Wise was busy preparing work for another film , The Sand Pebbles . Other directors were approached and turned down the offer , including Stanley Donen , Vincent J. Donehue , George Roy Hill , and Gene Kelly . In January 1963 , Lehman invited one of his favorite directors , William Wyler , to travel to New York City with him to see the Broadway musical . After seeing the show , Wyler said he hated it , but after two weeks of Lehman 's persuasion , Wyler reluctantly agreed to direct and produce the film . After hiring musical supervisor Roger Edens , Wyler , Lehman , and Edens traveled to Salzburg to scout filming locations . In two weeks they managed to see approximately seventy - five locations -- an experience that helped Lehman conceptualize several important sequences . During that trip , Lehman began to have reservations about Wyler 's commitment to the project , and communicated this to Zanuck , who instructed the writer to finalize the first draft of the screenplay as quickly as possible . Lehman completed the first draft on September 10 , 1963 and sent it to Wyler , who had no suggestions or changes . At that time , Lehman also secretly gave a copy of the script to the agent of Robert Wise , whom Lehman still wanted as the director . Later that month , Wyler 's agent approached Zanuck asking that production on the film be delayed so Wyler could direct The Collector . Zanuck told him to tell Wyler to make the other film , and that they would move ahead on schedule with another director , ending Wyler 's participation . Meanwhile , Wise , whose film The Sand Pebbles had been postponed , read Lehman 's first draft , was impressed by what he read , and agreed to direct the film . Wise joined the picture in October 1963 , and flew to Salzburg with associate producer Saul Chaplin and members of his production team to scout filming locations , including many that Wyler had identified . When he returned , Wise began working on the script . Wise shared Lehman 's vision of the film being centered on the music , and the changes he made were consistent with the writer 's approach -- mainly reducing the amount of sweetness and sentimentality found in the stage musical . He had reservations about Lehman 's opening aerial sequence because they 'd used a similar opening in West Side Story , but decided to keep it . Other changes included replacing `` An Ordinary Couple '' with a more romantic number , and a new song for Maria 's departure from the abbey -- Rodgers provided `` Something Good '' and `` I Have Confidence '' especially for the film . Lehman completed the second draft on December 20 , 1963 , but additional changes would be made based on input from Maria von Trapp and Christopher Plummer about the character of the Captain . Plummer especially helped transform a character lacking substance into a stronger , more forceful complex figure with a wry sense of humor and a darker edge . Lehman completed his final draft on March 20 , 1964 . Casting and rehearsals ( edit ) Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews on location in Salzburg , 1964 Lehman 's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews . When Wise joined the project , he made a list of his choices for the role , which included Andrews as his first choice , Grace Kelly , and Shirley Jones . Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins , which was not yet released . A few minutes into the film , Wise told Lehman , `` Let 's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her ! '' Andrews had some reservations -- mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version -- but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was , she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 ( equivalent to $1,780,000 in 2017 ) . Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain . A number of actors were considered for the part , including Bing Crosby , Yul Brynner , Sean Connery , and Richard Burton . Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role , but the stage actor turned down the offer several times . Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film ; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character ; Plummer later described himself as having become quite arrogant at the time , `` spoiled by too many great theater roles '' . Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary characters . For the role of Max Detweiler , Wise initially considered Victor Borge , Noël Coward , and Hal Holbrook among others before deciding on Richard Haydn . For the character of Baroness Elsa Schraeder , Wise looked for a `` name '' actress -- Andrews and Plummer were not yet widely known to film audiences -- and decided on Eleanor Parker . The casting of the children characters began in November 1963 and involved over two hundred interviews and auditions throughout the United States and England . Some of the child - actors interviewed or tested , who were not selected , included Mia Farrow , Patty Duke , Lesley Ann Warren , Geraldine Chaplin , Shelley Fabares , Teri Garr , Kurt Russell , and The Osmonds . Most of the actors selected had some acting , singing , or dancing experience . Charmian Carr , however , was a model who worked part - time in a doctor 's office and had no ambition to pursue a career as an actress . After a friend sent her photo to Wise 's office , she was asked to interview . Wise later recalled , `` She was so pretty and had such poise and charm that we liked her immediately . '' The last person to be cast was Daniel Truhitte in the role of Rolfe . Rehearsals for the singing and dance sequences began on February 10 , 1964 . The husband - and - wife team of Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out the choreography with Saul Chaplin on piano -- the arrangements could not be altered under Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contract . The stage choreography was not used because it was too restrictive . Breaux and Wood worked out all new choreography better suited for film that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . They even choreographed the newly added puppet dance sequence for `` The Lonely Goatherd '' . The choreography for the Ländler strictly followed the traditional Austrian folk dance . The musical arranger Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming . In her book , The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie , Julia Antopol Hirsch says that Kostal used seven children and five adults to record the children 's voices ; the only scene where the child - actors actually sing is when they sing `` The Sound of Music '' on their own after Maria leaves . Charmian Carr refuted the claim that the voices of the child actors were dubbed in the film and on the soundtrack . Carr contended that all of the children who are in the film sing on the track , but four other children were added to most of the songs to give them a fuller sound , they did not replace them as singers . The voices of some of the adult actors had voice doubles , including Peggy Wood and Christopher Plummer . Filming and post-production ( edit ) Schloss Leopoldskron , where scenes representing the lakefront terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa were filmed Principal photography began on March 26 , 1964 at 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles , where scenes from Maria 's bedroom and the abbey cloister and graveyard were filmed . The company then flew to Salzburg where filming resumed on April 23 at Mondsee Abbey for the wedding scenes . From April 25 through May 22 , scenes were filmed at the Felsenreitschule , Nonnberg Abbey , Mirabell Palace Gardens , Residence Fountain , and various street locations throughout the Altstadt ( Old Town ) area of the city . Wise faced opposition from city leaders who opposed him staging scenes with swastika banners . They relented after he threatened instead to include actual newsreel footage of crowds cheering Hitler during a visit to the town . On days when it rained -- a constant challenge for the company -- Wise arranged for scenes to be shot at St. Margarethen Chapel and Dürer Studios ( Reverend Mother 's office ) . From May 23 to June 7 , the company worked at Schloss Leopoldskron and an adjacent property called Bertelsmann for scenes representing the lakeside terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa . From June 9 to 19 , scenes were shot at Frohnburg Palace which represented the front and back façades of the villa . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' picnic scene in the mountains was filmed above the town of Werfen in the Salzach River valley on June 25 and 27 . The opening sequence of Maria on her mountain was filmed from June 28 to July 2 at Mehlweg mountain near the town of Marktschellenberg in Bavaria . The final scene of the von Trapp family escaping over the mountains was filmed on the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps . The Sound of Music gazebo at Hellbrunn Palace in Salzburg was moved here from its original location at Schloss Leopoldskron . The cast and crew flew back to Los Angeles and resumed filming at Fox studios on July 6 for all remaining scenes , including those in the villa dining room , ballroom , terrace , living room , and gazebo . Following the last two scenes shot in the gazebo -- for the songs `` Something Good '' and `` You Are Sixteen '' -- principal photography concluded on September 1 , 1964 . A total of eighty - three scenes were filmed in just over five months . Post-production work began on August 25 with three weeks of dialogue dubbing to correct lines that were ruined by various street noises and rain . In October , Christopher Plummer 's singing voice was dubbed by veteran Disney playback singer Bill Lee . The film was then edited by Wise and film editor William Reynolds . Once the film was edited , Irwin Kostal , who orchestrated the musical numbers , underscored the film with background music consisting of variations on Rodgers and Hammerstein 's original songs to amplify or add nuances to the visual images . When dubbing , editing , and scoring were complete , Wise arranged for two sneak - preview showings -- the first one held in Minneapolis on Friday January 15 , 1965 at the Mann Theater , and the second one held the following night in Tulsa . Despite the `` sensational '' responses from the preview audiences , Wise made a few final editing changes before completing the film . According to the original print information for the film , the running time for the theatrical release version was 174 minutes . The film was eventually given a G rating by the Motion Picture Association of America . The Sound of Music was filmed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing . Aerial footage was photographed with an MCS - 70 camera . The sound was recorded on 70 mm six - track using a Westrex recording system . The sets used for the film were based on the storyboards of sketch artist Maurice Zuberano , who accompanied Wise to Austria to scout filming locations in November 1963 . Wise met with the artist over a ten - week period and explained his objective for each scene -- the feeling he wanted to convey and the visual images he wanted to use . When Zuberano was finished , he provided Wise with a complete set of storyboards that illustrated each scene and set -- storyboards the director used as guidance during filming . Zuberano 's storyboards and location photos were also used by art director Boris Leven to design and construct all of the original interior sets at Fox studios , as well as some external sets in Salzburg . The von Trapp villa , for example , was actually filmed in several locations : the front and back façades of the villa were filmed at Frohnburg Palace , the lakeside terrace and gardens were a set constructed on a property adjacent to Schloss Leopoldskron called Bertelsmann , and the interior was a constructed set at Fox studios . The gazebo scenes for `` Something Good '' and `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' were filmed on a larger reconstructed set at Fox studios , while some shots of the original gazebo were filmed on the grounds at Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Robert Wise hired Mike Kaplan to direct the publicity campaign for the film . After reading the script , Kaplan decided on the ad line `` The Happiest Sound in All the World '' , which would appear on promotional material and artwork . Kaplan also brought in outside agencies to work with the studio 's advertising department to develop the promotional artwork , eventually selecting a painting by Howard Terpning of Andrews on an alpine meadow with her carpetbag and guitar case in hand with the children and Plummer in the background . In February 1964 , Kaplan began placing ads in the trade papers Daily Variety , Weekly Variety , and The Hollywood Reporter to attract future exhibitor interest in the project . The studio intended the film to have an initial roadshow theatrical release in select large cities in theaters that could accommodate the 70 - mm screenings and six - track stereophonic sound . The roadshow concept involved two showings a day with reserved seating and an intermission similar to Broadway musicals . Kaplan identified forty key cities that would likely be included in the roadshow release and developed a promotional strategy targeting the major newspapers of those cities . During the Salzburg production phase , 20th Century Fox organized press junkets for America journalists to interview Wise and his team and the cast members . Critical response ( edit ) `` No one is comfortable with an excess of hearts and flowers , but there is no valid reason for hiding honest emotion . This has always been a major element in the theatre , and it 's my conviction that anyone who ca n't , on occasion , be sentimental about children , home or nature is sadly maladjusted . '' Richard Rodgers The film had its opening premiere on March 2 , 1965 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City . Initial reviews were mixed . Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , criticized the film 's `` romantic nonsense and sentiment '' , the children 's `` artificial roles '' , and Robert Wise 's `` cosy - cum - corny '' direction . Judith Crist , in a biting review in the New York Herald Tribune , dismissed the movie as `` icky sticky '' and designed for `` the five to seven set and their mommies '' . In her review for McCall 's magazine , Pauline Kael called the film `` the sugar - coated lie people seem to want to eat '' , and that audiences have `` turned into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves humming the sickly , goody - goody songs '' . Wise later recalled , `` The East Coast , intellectual papers and magazines destroyed us , but the local papers and the trades gave us great reviews '' . Indeed , reviewers such as Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` three hours of visual and vocal brilliance '' , and Variety called it `` a warmly - pulsating , captivating drama set to the most imaginative use of the lilting R-H tunes , magnificently mounted and with a brilliant cast '' . The `` wildly mixed film reviews '' reflected the critical response to the stage musical , according to The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . After its Los Angeles premiere on March 10 , The Sound of Music opened in 131 theaters in the United States , including a limited number of roadshow events . After four weeks , the film became the number one box office movie in the country , and held that position for thirty out of the next forty - three weeks in 1965 . The original theatrical release of the film in America lasted four and a half years . A few months after its United States release , The Sound of Music opened in 261 theaters overseas -- the first American movie to be completely dubbed in a foreign language , both dialogue and music . The German , French , Italian , and Spanish versions were completely dubbed , the Japanese version had Japanese dialogue with English songs , and other versions were released with foreign subtitles . The film was a popular success in every country it opened , except the two countries where the story originated , Austria and Germany . In these countries , the film had to compete with the much - loved Die Trapp - Familie ( 1956 ) , which provided the original inspiration for the Broadway musical , and its sequel Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika ( 1958 ) -- both films still widely popular in German - speaking Europe and considered the authoritative von Trapp story . Austrians took exception to the liberties taken by the filmmakers with regard to the costumes , which did not reflect traditional style , and the replacement of traditional Austrian folk songs with Broadway show tunes . The film 's Nazi theme was especially unpopular in Germany , where the Munich branch manager for 20th Century Fox approved the unauthorized cutting of the entire third act of the film following the wedding sequence -- the scenes showing Salzburg following the Anschluss . Robert Wise and the studio intervened , the original film was restored , and the branch manager was fired . Box office ( edit ) The Sound of Music is one of the most commercially successful films of all time . Four weeks after its theatrical release , it became the number one box office movie in the United States , from revenue generated by twenty - five theaters , each screening only ten roadshow performances per week . It held the number one position for thirty of the next forty - three weeks , and ended up the highest - grossing film of 1965 . One contributing factor in the film 's early commercial success was the repeat business of many filmgoers . In some cities in the United States , the number of tickets sold exceeded the total population . By January 1966 , the film had earned $20 million in distributor rentals from just 140 roadshow engagements in the United States and Canada . Overseas , The Sound of Music broke previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries , including the United Kingdom , where the film earned £ 4 million in rentals and grossed £ 6 million -- more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in . It was also a major success in Holland , Hong Kong and Tokyo , where it played for as long as two years at some theaters . It was not a universal success , however , with the film only enjoying modest success in France and it was a flop in Germany . It also initially performed poorly in Italy , but a re-release after the Oscars brought better results . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time , surpassing Gone with the Wind , which held that distinction for twenty - four years . In November 1969 , The Sound of Music completed its initial four - and - a-half year theatrical release run in the United States , having earned $68,313,000 in North American ( United States and Canada ) rentals and $44,168,000 in foreign rentals , for a worldwide total of $112,481,000 in gross returns . It was the first film to gross over $100 million . The film was re-released in 1973 , and increased its North American rentals to $78.4 million . By the end of the 1970s , it was ranked seventh in all time North American rentals , having earned $79 million . The film 's re-release in 1990 increased the total North American admissions to 142,415,400 -- the third highest number of tickets sold behind Gone with the Wind and Star Wars -- and about 283.3 million admissions worldwide . The Sound of Music eventually earned a total domestic gross of $163,214,076 , and a total worldwide gross of $286,214,076 . Adjusted for inflation , the film earned about $2.366 billion at 2014 prices -- the fifth highest - grossing film of all time . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Maria and Georg Ludwig von Trapp The Sound of Music film , like the stage musical , presents a history of the von Trapp family that is not completely accurate . The filmmakers used artistic license to convey the essence and meaning of their story . Georg Ludwig von Trapp was indeed an anti-Nazi opposed to the Anschluss , and lived with his family in a villa in a district of Salzburg called Aigen . Their lifestyle depicted in the film , however , greatly exaggerated their standard of living . The actual family villa , located at Traunstraße 34 , Aigen 5026 , was large and comfortable but not nearly as grand as the mansion depicted in the film . The house was also not their ancestral home , as depicted in the film . The family had previously lived in homes in Zell Am See and Klosterneuburg after being forced to abandon their actual ancestral home in Pola following World War I. Georg moved the family to the Salzburg villa shortly after the death of his first wife in 1922 . In the film , Georg is referred to as `` Baron '' , but his actual family title was `` Ritter '' ( German for `` knight '' ) , a hereditary knighthood the equivalent of which in the United Kingdom is a baronetcy . Austrian nobility , moreover , was legally abolished in 1919 and the nobiliary particle von was proscribed after World War I , so he was legally `` Georg Trapp '' . Both the title and the prepositional nobiliary particle von , however , continued to be widely used unofficially as a matter of courtesy . Georg was offered a position in the Kriegsmarine , but this occurred before the Anschluss . He was heavily recruited by the Nazis because he had extensive experience with submarines , and Germany was looking to expand its fleet of U-boats . With his family in desperate financial straits , and having no other marketable skills other than his training as a naval officer , he seriously considered the offer before deciding he could not serve a Nazi regime . Rather than threaten arrest , the Nazis actually continued to woo him . In the film , Georg is depicted initially as a humorless , emotionally distant father . In reality , third child Maria von Trapp ( called `` Louisa '' in the film ) described her father as a doting parent who made handmade gifts for the children in his woodshop and who would often lead family musicales on his violin . She has a different recollection of her stepmother , whom she described as moody and prone to outbursts of rage . In a 2003 interview , Maria remembered , `` ( She ) had a terrible temper ... and from one moment to the next , you did n't know what hit her . We were not used to this . But we took it like a thunderstorm that would pass , because the next minute she could be very nice . '' Maria Augusta Kutschera had indeed been a novice at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg and had been hired by the von Trapp family . However , she was hired only to be a tutor to young Maria Franziska ( `` Louisa '' in the movie ) , who had come down with scarlet fever and needed her lessons at home , not to be a governess for all of the children . Maria and Georg married for practical reasons , rather than love and affection for each other . Georg needed a mother for his children , and Maria needed the security of a husband and family once she decided to leave the abbey . `` I really and truly was not in love , '' Maria wrote in her memoir , `` I liked him but did n't love him . However , I loved the children , so in a way I really married the children . I learned to love him more than I have ever loved before or after . '' They were married in 1927 , not in 1938 as depicted in the film , and the couple had been married for over a decade by the time of the Anschluss and had two of their three children together by that time . Maria later acknowledged that she grew to love Georg over time and enjoyed a happy marriage . The von Trapp family lost most of its wealth during the worldwide depression of the early 1930s , when the Austrian national bank folded . In order to survive , the family dismissed the servants and began taking in boarders . They also started singing onstage to earn money -- a fact that caused the proud Georg much embarrassment . In the film , the von Trapp family hike over the Alps from Austria to Switzerland to escape the Nazis , which would not have been possible ; Salzburg is over two hundred miles from Switzerland . The von Trapp villa , however , was only a few kilometers from the Austria -- Germany border , and the final scene shows the family hiking on the Obersalzberg near the German town of Berchtesgaden , within sight of Adolf Hitler 's Kehlsteinhaus Eagle 's Nest retreat . In reality , the family simply walked to the local train station and boarded a train to Italy . Although Georg was an ethnic German - Austrian , he was also an Italian citizen , having been born in the Dalmatian city of Zadar , which at that time was part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , and later fell into Italian territory after World War I. From Italy , they traveled to London and ultimately the United States . The character Max Detweiler , the scheming family music director , is fictional . The von Trapps ' family priest , the Reverend Franz Wasner , was their musical director for over twenty years and accompanied them when they left Austria . The character of Friedrich ( the second oldest child in the film version ) was based on Rupert , the oldest of the real von Trapp children . Liesl ( the oldest child in the film ) was based on Agathe von Trapp , the second oldest in the real family . The names and ages of the children were changed , in part because the third child ( who would be portrayed as `` Louisa '' ) was also named Maria , and producers thought that it would be confusing to have two characters called Maria in the film . The von Trapp family had no control over how they were depicted in the film and stage musical , having given up the rights to their story to a German producer in the 1950s who then sold the rights to American producers . Robert Wise met with Maria von Trapp and made it clear , according to a memo to Richard Zanuck , that he was not making a `` documentary or realistic movie '' about her family , and that he would make the film with `` complete dramatic freedom '' in order to produce a `` fine and moving film '' -- one they could all be proud of . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to The Sound of Music was written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II , and arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal , who also adapted the instrumental underscore passages . The soundtrack album was released by RCA Victor in 1965 and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history , having sold over 20 million copies worldwide . The album reached the number one position on the Billboard 200 that year in the United States . It remained in the top ten for 109 weeks , from May 1 , 1965 to July 16 , 1966 , and remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 238 weeks . The album was the best - selling album in the United Kingdom in 1965 , 1966 and 1968 and the second best - selling of the entire decade , spending a total of 70 weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart . It also stayed 73 weeks on the Norwegian charts , becoming the seventh best - charting album of all time in that country . In 2015 , Billboard named the album the second greatest album of all time . The album has been reissued several times , including anniversary editions with additional tracks in 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 and 2015 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards Best Picture Robert Wise Won Best Director Robert Wise Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Julie Andrews Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Peggy Wood Nominated Best Music ( Scoring of Music -- Adaptation or Treatment ) Irwin Kostal Won Best Cinematography ( Color ) Ted D. McCord Nominated Best Art Direction ( Color ) Boris Leven ( art direction ) ; Walter M. Scott and Ruby R. Levitt ( set decoration ) Nominated Best Costume Design ( Color ) Dorothy Jeakins Nominated Best Sound Recording James Corcoran and Fred Hynes Won Best Film Editing William H. Reynolds Won BAFTA Awards Best British Actress Julie Andrews Nominated Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Wise Won Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Robert Wise Won Best Director -- Motion Picture Robert Wise Nominated Best Motion Picture Actress -- Musical or Comedy Julie Andrews Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Peggy Wood Nominated Laurel Awards General Entertainment The Sound of Music Won Musical Performance -- Female Julie Andrews Won National Board of Review Top Ten Films of 1965 The Sound of Music Won New York Film Critics Circle Best Actress Julie Andrews 2nd place Writers Guild of America Best Written American Musical Ernest Lehman Won AFI recognition ( edit ) The Sound of Music has been included in numerous top film lists from the American Film Institute . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 55 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 40 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 41 AFI 's 100 Years of Musicals -- No. 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 27 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` The Sound of Music '' -- No. 10 `` My Favorite Things '' -- No. 64 `` Do - Re-Mi '' -- No. 88 Legacy ( edit ) In 1966 , American Express created the first Sound of Music guided tour in Salzburg . Since 1972 , Panorama Tours has been the leading Sound of Music bus tour company in the city , taking approximately 50,000 tourists a year to various film locations in Salzburg and the surrounding region . Sing - along Sound of Music revival screenings began in London in 1999 , leading to a successful run at the Prince Charles Cinema which is ongoing as of 2016 . During the screenings , audience members are often dressed as nuns and von Trapp children and are encouraged to sing along to lyrics superimposed on the screen . In July 2000 , Sing - along Sound of Music shows opened in Boston and Austin , Texas . Some audience members dressed up as cast members and interacted with the action shown on the screen . The film began a successful run at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City in September 2000 , with the opening attended by cast members Charmian Carr ( Liesl ) , Daniel Truhitte ( Rolfe ) , and Kym Karath ( Gretl ) . Sing - along Sound of Music screenings have since become an international phenomenon . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved The Sound of Music in 2003 . Television and home Media ( edit ) The first American television transmission of The Sound of Music was on February 29 , 1976 on ABC , which paid $15 million for a one - time only broadcast that became one of the top - rated films ever shown on television to that point . The movie was not shown again until NBC acquired the broadcast rights and telecast the film on February 11 , 1979 . NBC continued to air the film annually for twenty years . During most of its run on NBC , the film was heavily edited to fit a three - hour time slot -- approximately 140 minutes without commercials . The thirty minutes edited out of the original film included portions of the `` Morning Hymn and Alleluia '' sung by the nuns , part of the dialogue between Mother Abbess and Maria in the abbey , part of Liesl and Rolfe 's dialogue preceding `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , Liesl 's verse of `` Edelweiss '' sung with the Captain , the Captain and Baroness waltzing at the party , and minor dialogue cuts within existing scenes . The film aired in its uncut form ( minus the entr'acte ) on April 9 , 1995 , on NBC . Julie Andrews hosted the four - hour telecast which presented the musical numbers in a letterbox format . As the film 's home video availability cut into its television ratings , NBC let their contract lapse in 2001 . That year , the film was broadcast one time on the Fox network , in its heavily edited 140 - minute version . Since 2002 , the film has aired on ABC , generally during Christmas week , and has been broadcast on its sister cable network , Freeform , periodically around Easter and other holidays . Most of its more recent runs have been the full version in a four - hour time slot , complete with the entr'acte . ABC first broadcast a high definition version on December 28 , 2008 . On December 22 , 2013 , the annual broadcast had its highest ratings since 2007 ; the increase in ratings were credited to NBC 's broadcast of The Sound of Music Live ! -- a live television adaptation of the original musical which aired earlier that month . In the United Kingdom , the film was first aired on BBC One on 25 December 1978 and , as of December 2016 , fifteen times since , mostly around Christmas time . As the BBC channels in Britain are not funded by advertising there was no need to cut scenes to fit within a timeslot and the film was screened in the full 174 - minute version without breaks . The film has been released on VHS , LaserDisc , and DVD numerous times . The first DVD version was released on August 29 , 2000 to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the film 's release . The film is often included in box sets with other Rodgers & Hammerstein film adaptations . A 40th anniversary DVD , with `` making of '' documentaries and special features , was released on November 15 , 2005 . The film made its debut issue on Blu - ray Disc on November 2 , 2010 , for its 45th anniversary . For the Blu - ray release , the original 70 mm negatives were rescanned at 8K resolution , then restored and remastered at 4K resolution for the transfer to Blu - ray , giving the most detailed copy of the film seen thus far . On March 10 , 2015 , Fox Home Entertainment released The Sound of Music 50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition -- a five - disc set featuring thirteen hours of bonus features , including a new documentary , The Sound of a City : Julie Andrews Returns to Salzburg . A March 2015 episode of ABC 's 20 / 20 entitled The Untold Story of the Sound of Music featured a preview of the documentary and interviews by Diane Sawyer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Twentieth Century Fox also purchased the rights to the two German films for distribution in the United States . Fox combined the two films , Die Trapp - Familie and Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika , dubbed them in English , and released them as a single 106 - minute film titled The Trapp Family , which was released on April 19 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Maria 's morning run back to Nonnberg Abbey would have been about 11 miles ( 18 km ) . Jump up ^ At the conclusion of filming at Schloss Leopoldskron , 20th Century Fox left behind the original gazebo as a gift to the city . The film 's later popularity , however , led many fans to trespass onto the private and secluded lakefront property . To provide fans easier access to the famous structure , the city moved it to its present location at Hellbrunn Palace Park . Jump up ^ Terpning also created the poster artwork for Lawrence of Arabia , Doctor Zhivago , The Sand Pebbles , The Guns of Navarone , and the 1967 theatrical re-release of Gone with the Wind . He is also known for his numerous magazine covers and his paintings of the American West and the Plains Indians . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael 's review for McCall 's generated a significant negative response from readers and contributed to her dismissal from the magazine . Jump up ^ In Salt Lake City , Utah ( population 199,300 ) , for example , 309,000 tickets were sold in forty weeks . In Albany , New York ( population 156,000 ) , 176,536 tickets were sold in twenty - seven weeks . In Orlando , Florida ( population 88,135 ) , 105,181 tickets were sold in thirty - five weeks . Jump up ^ The Sound of Music remained the highest - grossing film of all time for five years until 1971 , when Gone with the Wind recaptured the crown following its successful 1967 widescreen rerelease . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) : Original Print Information '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music '' . The Numbers . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon 1989 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Yoffe ; , Emily ( August 8 , 1993 ) . `` Hollywood 's Widower Fantasy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Sound of Music '' Songlist : All Songs : Visit Salzburg `` . www.visit-salzburg.net . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Baer 2008 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 75 , 78 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 51 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 53 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro , Tom . `` Julie Andrews nearly decapitated by a helicopter and Christopher Plummer hooked on schnapps : The secret story of The Sound Of Musi '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 54 -- 55 . 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Jump up ^ Santopietro 2015 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 162 -- 163 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music Physical Properties '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 75 , 77 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 79 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 155 -- 157 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 188 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Boehm , Mike ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Howard Terpning 's paintings keep Old West alive '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Rodgers 1975 , p. 300 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Everyone Hated ' The Sound of Music ' '' . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( March 3 , 1965 ) . `` The Sound of Music Opens at Rivoli '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Ken . `` A Gift for Effrontery '' . Salon . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purdum , Todd ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` The Sound of Music : 40 years of unstoppable success '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2005 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hischak ( 2008 ) , p. 697 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 181 . 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January 9 , 1974 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Block and Wilson 2010 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ `` ' Exorcist ' No. 3 '' . Deseret News . September 22 , 1976 . p . A19 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , George ( January 21 , 1980 ) . `` Buffs Give Damn About ' Wind ' Change '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 23 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Glenday 2015 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music : Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . BoxOffice Media . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted For Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gearin , Joan ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Movie vs. Reality : The Real Story of the von Trapp Family '' . National Archives . 37 ( 4 ) . 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American Film Institute . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Musicals '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Sawyer , Diane ( March 2015 ) . `` The Untold Story of The Sound of Music '' . ABC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baer , William ( 2008 ) . Classic American Films : Conversations with the Screenwriters . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34898 - 3 . Bawden , Liz - Anne ( 1976 ) . The Oxford Companion to Film . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 11541 - 6 . Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 061 - 77889 - 6 . Carr , Charmian ( 2000 ) . Forever Liesl . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029840 - 6 . Flinn , Carlyn ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music ( BFI Film Classics ) . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 844 - 57474 - 2 . Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2015 ) . Guinness World Records 2015 . New York : Bantam . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 88380 - 8 . Herman , Jan ( 1995 ) . A Talent for Trouble . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14012 - 9 . Hirsch , Julia Antopol ( 1993 ) . The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie . Chicago : Contemporary Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 23837 - 8 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 33533 - 0 . Maslon , Laurence ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Companion . New York : Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 789 - 32935 - 6 . Rodgers , Richard ( 1975 ) . Musical Stages : An Autobiography . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 47596 - 7 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Story . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 06446 - 2 . Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 84244 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sound of Music ( film ) The Sound of Music on IMDb The Sound of Music at the TCM Movie Database The Sound of Music at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Wise The Curse of the Cat People ( 1944 ) Mademoiselle Fifi ( 1944 ) The Body Snatcher ( 1945 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Criminal Court ( 1946 ) Born to Kill ( 1947 ) Mystery in Mexico ( 1948 ) Blood on the Moon ( 1948 ) The Set - Up ( 1949 ) Two Flags West ( 1950 ) Three Secrets ( 1950 ) The House on Telegraph Hill ( 1951 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) The Captive City ( 1952 ) Something for the Birds ( 1952 ) Destination Gobi ( 1953 ) The Desert Rats ( 1953 ) So Big ( 1953 ) Executive Suite ( 1954 ) Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) Tribute to a Bad Man ( 1956 ) Somebody Up There Likes Me ( 1956 ) This Could Be the Night ( 1957 ) Until They Sail ( 1957 ) Run Silent , Run Deep ( 1958 ) I Want to Live ! ( 1958 ) Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Two for the Seesaw ( 1962 ) The Haunting ( 1963 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Sand Pebbles ( 1966 ) Star ! ( 1968 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 1971 ) Two People ( 1973 ) The Hindenburg ( 1975 ) Audrey Rose ( 1977 ) Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) Rooftops ( 1989 ) A Storm in Summer ( 2000 , TV film ) Rodgers and Hammerstein Stage musicals Oklahoma ! Carousel Allegro South Pacific The King and I Me and Juliet Pipe Dream Flower Drum Song The Sound of Music A Grand Night for Singing State Fair Cinderella Productions I Remember Mama Annie Get Your Gun Happy Birthday John Loves Mary Show Boat The Happy Time Burning Bright Films State Fair ( 1945 ) Oklahoma ! Carousel The King and I South Pacific Flower Drum Song State Fair ( 1962 ) The Sound of Music Cinderella Television Cinderella The Sound of Music Live ! Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Awards for The Sound of Music Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) GND : 4416694 - 1 LCCN : n93063312 VIAF : 230602756 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Music_(film)&oldid=856280714 '' Categories : 1965 films English - language films The Sound of Music 1960s biographical films 1960s drama films 1960s musical comedy films 20th Century Fox films American biographical films American films American musical drama films American romantic musical films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about Catholic nuns Films about Christianity Films about music and musicians Films about widowhood Films based on biographies Films based on musicals Films directed by Robert Wise Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring puppetry Films set in the Alps Films set in Austria Films set in country houses Films set in the 1930s Films set in Salzburg Films shot in Austria Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Musical films based on actual events Nuns in fiction Salzburg Trapp family United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 03 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sound of music what year was it made	[ "The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise, and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer, with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker. The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name, composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II. The film's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, adapted from the stage musical's book by Lindsay and Crouse. Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp, the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg, Austria in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children.[4] After bringing and teaching love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience, she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith.\n" ]	[ "1965" ]
8207290967976965075	Look What You Made Me Do	Look What You Made Me Do - wikipedia Look What You Made Me Do Jump to : navigation , search `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Single by Taylor Swift from the album Reputation Released August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) Format CD single digital download Genre Dance - pop electroclash electropop Length 3 : 31 Label Big Machine Songwriter ( s ) Taylor Swift Jack Antonoff Fred Fairbrass Richard Fairbrass Rob Manzoli Producer ( s ) Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift singles chronology `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( 2016 ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( 2017 ) `` ... Ready for It ? '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Look What You Made Me Do '' on YouTube `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift from her sixth studio album Reputation ( 2017 ) . It was first released on August 24 , 2017 as the lead single from the album . Swift wrote it with producer Jack Antonoff . It samples the melody of the 1991 song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' by the band Right Said Fred ; therefore , Fred Fairbrass , Richard Fairbrass , and Rob Manzoli of the band are credited as songwriters . The song received a mixed response from music critics , with division over Swift 's stylistic change . The music video was directed by Joseph Kahn and became the most - watched music video within 24 hours . The song broke a string of records , including the record for the most plays in a single day on Spotify . Commercially , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Ireland , Israel , Lebanon , Malaysia , the Netherlands , the Philippines , Slovakia , Spain , the United Kingdom , and the United States . It has received a Double Platinum certification in Canada and Platinum certifications in the United States and Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and promotion 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Production and release 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Analysis 6 Usage in media 7 Track listings 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Release and promotion ( edit ) On August 23 , 2017 , Swift announced that the first single of her upcoming sixth album , titled Reputation , would come out the following night . The song was released to streaming services on August 24 , and earned over eight million streams within twenty - four hours of its Spotify release , breaking the record for the highest first - day streaming for a single track . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was then released the next day onto iTunes for digital download through Big Machine Records and onto Italian contemporary hit radio before a United Kingdom radio release on August 26 , 2017 . It impacted American contemporary hit radio three days afterwards . A CD single release followed in Germany , Austria and Switzerland on October 27 , 2017 . A lyric video heavily based on the Saul Bass imagery used in the film Vertigo was released through Swift 's official Vevo account on August 25 , 2017 . The video was produced by Swift and Joseph Kahn . It gained more than 19 million views during its first 24 hours on YouTube , surpassing `` Something Just like This '' by The Chainsmokers and Coldplay as the most viewed lyric video within that time period . As of October 2017 , the lyric video on YouTube has amassed over 85 million views . Composition ( edit ) Jack Antonoff ( pictured in 2012 ) produced and co-wrote `` Look What You Made Me Do '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' runs for 3 minutes and 31 seconds . Music critics have described the track as a hybrid of electroclash and pop , as well as a dance - pop and an electro - pop song . It emphasizes the blame that is placed on an enemy , in particular the line `` I 've got a list of names and yours is in red , underlined '' . The middle eight of the song features Swift saying , `` I 'm sorry , the old Taylor ca n't come to the phone right now / Why ? / Oh , ' cause she 's dead ! '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' is performed in the key of A minor with a tempo of 128 beats per minute . Swift 's vocals span from G to F . Critic Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone noted a `` nightmarish aesthetic '' present in the song , and believed it to be a continuation of the `` antagonistic persona '' from `` Bad Blood '' . Richard Fairbrass , Fred Fairbrass and Rob Manzoli , the members of the British dance - pop group Right Said Fred , are credited as songwriters because the song interpolates the melody of their song `` I 'm Too Sexy '' . According to Fred Fairbrass , he and his brother were contacted one week before the release of `` Look What You Made Me Do '' and were asked whether a `` big , contemporary female artist who has n't released anything for a while '' -- whose identity they were not told -- would be able to use a portion of their song for her latest single . Although the brothers agreed to a deal , they did not officially find out that the artist in question was Swift until the morning after the song was released , but had deduced that it was her based on the description they were given . Both of the Fairbrass brothers said that they enjoyed `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ; Fred Fairbrass told Rolling Stone , `` I like the cynical aspect of the lyric , because ' I 'm Too Sexy ' is a cynical song , and I think she channeled that quite well . '' A representative for Swift confirmed that the song interpolated the melody from `` I 'm Too Sexy '' , but did not include sampled audio from the earlier song . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Look What You Made Me Do '' received polarized reviews from critics . USA Today said that the polarizing reaction to the song illustrated Swift 's position as a `` ubiquitous cultural force '' . The Telegraph Randy Lewis praised the song , deeming Swift and Antonoff 's work as `` blow ( ing ) past the production clichés of clap tracks and hiccuped syllabic hooks that have proliferated across Top 40 fare in recent years with boldly inventive textures and fresh melodic , rhythmic and sonic accents '' . He also added how the track musically and sonically shifted alongside the lyrics . Sarah Carson of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review of the song , saying : `` The reverberating crescendo builds and ever more delicious is the wickedness of Swift 's menacing protagonist '' , praising Swift for her successful embrace of the villain character the media has portrayed her as previous to the song 's release . Variety 's Chris Willman also praised Swift 's embrace of a darker - styled pop music and the stylistic conflict between the song 's pre-chorus and chorus . Mark Harris , in New York magazine 's pop culture blog , thought of Swift 's song as a pop art anthem for the Trump era in how she reappropriates her public feuds as empowering badges of honor without acknowledging her own responsibility or blame . However , Maura Johnston of The Guardian wrote a negative review of the song , faulting the `` sloppy '' lyrics and blaming Swift for not giving a clear context in the lyrics . Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone believed that the song marked a continuation of the feud between Swift and rapper Kanye West ; the latter had previously name - dropped Swift in his song `` Famous '' by using the line , `` I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? / I made that bitch famous '' . The single was noted as being a darker , angrier work than what Swift had done before . Hugh McIntye of Forbes was critical of the change in style , saying that it `` did n't sound like ( Swift ) '' and that it `` may have some kinks to work out '' . Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork referred to it in a review as `` a hardcore self - own '' track . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number seventy - seven on the Billboard Hot 100 , powered by its first three days of airplay . It also sold slightly under 200,000 digital copies within its first day of sales in the country , where it became the fastest selling download since Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' . One week later , the song ascended from 77 to one on the Hot 100 after its first full week of tracking , becoming the fifth largest rise to the top position and Swift 's fifth number - one single in the United States . It also topped the nation 's Streaming Songs chart with 84.4 million streams , becoming its most streamed song within a week by a female artist and second overall behind the 103 million that Baauer 's `` Harlem Shake '' gained in 2013 . The track also had more weekly streams in the US than any other song in 2017 . With 353,000 copies sold in its first week , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened atop the US Digital Songs chart and had the country 's biggest sales opening since Justin Timberlake 's `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' in 2016 as well as the best weekly sales for a song by a female artist since Adele 's `` Hello '' in 2015 . The track also became the country 's first number - one song with a female artist since Halsey was featured on `` Closer '' by The Chainsmokers and the first song with a female lead artist since Sia 's `` Cheap Thrills '' with Sean Paul ( both in 2016 ) . It additionally was the first solo song by a female to top the US charts since Adele 's `` Hello '' . It remained atop the Hot 100 and Streaming Songs charts for a second week with 114,000 copies sold and 61.2 million streams , though descended to number two on the Digital Songs chart when another Reputation track titled `` ... Ready for It ? '' debuted at number one with 135,000 digital copies sold and opened at number four on the Hot 100 . As a result , Swift became the first artist to have two tracks sell over 100,000 digital copies in the nation within a week since Sheeran with `` Shape of You '' and `` Castle on the Hill '' . It also became the first time a female had two songs within the top five of the Hot 100 since 2015 when Swift 's previous tracks `` Shake It Off '' and `` Blank Space '' respectively were at numbers four and five on the chart . The single also topped the Mainstream Top 40 chart , becoming Swift 's eighth single to do so . In the United Kingdom , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' sold 20,000 copies and was streamed 2.4 million times in less than a week . The song debuted at the top the UK Singles Chart on September 1 , 2017 - for the week ending date September 7 , 2017 - with opening sales of 30,000 copies and 5.3 million streams within the week and becoming Swift 's first chart - topping song in Britain . After two weeks at the top spot , it was displaced by Sam Smith 's `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' also debuted at number one in the Republic of Ireland on September 1 , 2017 and became Swift 's first song to top the Irish Singles Chart . In doing so , it surpassed the number three peaks of her singles `` Love Story '' ( in 2009 ) and `` Shake It Off '' ( in 2014 ) . `` Look What You Made Me Do '' opened at number one in Australia on September 2 , 2017 , becoming her fifth track to top the ARIA Charts . It spent another week at the nation 's summit before `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' took the top position there as well . The song has been certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70,000 units . After debuting at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' was also certified Platinum by Music Canada for shipments of 80,000 units on September 14 , 2017 . In New Zealand , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' entered at the number one spot on September 1 , 2017 , becoming Swift 's fourth chart - topping single there . In the Philippines , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' debuted at number 7 spot on the BillboardPH Hot 100 on its first week . A week later , it soared to the number 1 spot , ending the 10 - week reign of `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber . It descended to the runner - up position the following week , as the latter song reclaimed the top spot for an 11th week . Music video ( edit ) Production and release ( edit ) The official music video premiered on August 27 , 2017 at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards . The song 's music video broke the record for most - watched video within 24 hours by achieving 43.2 million views on YouTube in its first day . It topped the 27.7 million Vevo views Adele 's `` Hello '' attracted in that timeframe , as well as the 36 million YouTube views of Psy 's `` Gentleman '' video . It was viewed at an average 30,000 times per minute in its first 24 hours , with views reaching over 3 million views per hour . Preparation for the music video began in January , while the shooting took place in May . The dance was choreographed by Tyce Diorio , who had worked with Swift on `` Shake It Off '' before . Swift 's make - up as a zombie was done by Bill Corso . Post-production of the video lasted until the morning of its release . A 20 - second music video teaser was released on Good Morning America on August 25 . The teaser , upon release , was criticized on Twitter due to similarities to Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' video . Kahn turned to Twitter to dismiss the claims , stated that he had `` worked with Beyoncé a few times '' , and that the music video is not in the way of her `` art space '' . Kahn also remarked that the video is derived from `` ( an ) obscene K Pop video made in ( a ) North Korean prison in 2006 '' . It was also revealed that the diamonds used in a scene were authentic . The diamonds , loaned from celebrity jeweler Neil Lane , were said to be worth over $10 million , hence triggering tight security measures . As of November 1 , 2017 , the video has over 654 million views and broke the record for the fastest video to reach 200 , 300 and 400 million views on YouTube . It is the 20th most liked video on YouTube with over 6.35 million likes . Synopsis ( edit ) The bathtub scene in the music video , where the diamonds were authentic and worth over $10 million . The video begins with a zombie Swift crawling out of a grave , where the headstone reads `` Here Lies Taylor Swift 's reputation '' , and digging another grave for her Met Gala 2014 self . The next scene shows Swift in a bathtub filled with diamonds . She is then seen seated on a throne while snakes surround her and serve tea . Swift later crashes her car on a post and sings the song 's chorus holding a Grammy as the paparazzi take photos . She is also seen swinging inside a cage , robbing a streaming company in a cat mask , and leading a motorcycle gang . Afterwards , she gathers a group of women at `` Squad U '' and dances with a group of men in another room . At the end of the video , various iterations of Swift 's public image bicker with one another , describing each other as `` so fake '' and `` playing the victim '' , ending with one saying `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative '' after which the other iterations yell at her to `` shut up ! '' in unison , while the version of Swift in the background watches in silence . Analysis ( edit ) The video contains numerous hidden meanings and references . In the opening scene , there is a subtle `` Nils Sjöberg '' tombstone shown when Swift is digging up a grave , referencing the pseudonym she used for a songwriting credit on Calvin Harris ' 2016 single `` This Is What You Came For '' . Similarly , Swift -- masked as a cadaveric version of herself in the `` Out of the Woods '' music video -- was shown digging a grave for herself in a 2014 Met Gala gown , an event that characterized her first public appearance with short hair . A single dollar bill in the bathtub full of diamonds that she bathes in was also speculated to symbolize the dollar she was awarded for winning a sexual assault trial earlier in 2017 . Interpretations for the bathtub scene were contrasting . Some believe that it is a response to media statement teasing that she `` cries in a marble bathtub surrounded by pearls '' , while others viewed it as a mockery to Kim Kardashian 's 2016 gunpoint robbery . In a separate scene , Swift is shown sitting atop a golden throne , where a carving of a phrase `` Et tu , Brute ? '' could be seen on the armrest , a reference to Shakespeare 's drama Julius Caesar . Swift 's infamous title as a `` snake '' during her hiatus was also represented when a snake slithers onto the throne to serve Swift some tea . When Swift 's car crashes , some speculated that it may be a jab at Katy Perry as Swift 's hairdo is similar to Perry 's in the scene . The sports car is also reminiscent of a car in Perry 's `` Waking Up in Vegas '' video . She is also holding a Grammy Award in the scene , a possible reference to the fact that Perry has never won any Grammys despite multiple nominations . Swift 's withdrawal of her entire music catalog from streaming services were hinted when Swift and her crew walked out of a streaming company in the video . Swift gathering at `` Squad U '' was also said to be a reply to the media dubbing her close friends as a `` squad '' . During the second chorus , Swift can be seen with eight men , each of which revealed an `` I Heart TS '' crop top after unbuttoning a jacket . This scene is an apparent tribute to her ex-boyfriend Tom Hiddleston , who was seen wearing an `` I Heart TS '' tank top when they were a couple . The eight backup dancers may also have been a possible reference to the idea that Swift has had eight ex-boyfriends during her career . Swift was also seen standing on a pile of her other iterations , reiterating the idea that she is leaving her past self behind . The shirt that an iteration of Swift wore in the `` You Belong with Me '' video was also different , with her close friends ' names scribbled on it this time . In June 2016 , discussing the relationship between her and Kanye West after West 's song `` Famous '' , Swift wrote on Instagram , `` I would very much like to be excluded from this narrative . '' The same line is spoken by one of Swift 's iterations at the end of the video . She is wearing the same outfit Swift had worn during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards , when West interrupted her award - winning speech for Best Female Video . Usage in media ( edit ) ABC used the song in a promotional video for its Shonda Rhimes ' Thursday line - up an hour after its release . Sister network ESPN used it in its college football telecast advertisements for the season opening game between Alabama and Florida State , which was aired on ABC on September 2 . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 CD single `` Look What You Made Me Do '' -- 3 : 31 `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Music Video ) -- 4 : 16 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 39 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 33 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 10 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 10 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 7 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 Malaysia ( RIM ) Mexico Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 46 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) South Korea International Chart ( Gaon ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Venezuela Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 5 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide August 24 , 2017 Streaming Big Machine August 25 , 2017 Digital download Italy Contemporary hit radio Universal Music United Kingdom August 26 , 2017 Virgin EMI United States August 29 , 2017 Big Machine Germany October 27 , 2017 CD single Universal Music See also ( edit ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one digital tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of number - one streaming tracks of 2017 ( Australia ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( Canada ) List of number - one singles of 2017 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of Scottish number - one singles of 2017 List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2017 List of number - one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017 List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number - one songs of 2017 List of number - one songs of 2017 ( Malaysia ) List of most liked YouTube videos List of most disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed music videos in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Battan , Carrie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's Radical Transformation in Her New Song , `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2017/08/29/taylor-swifts-look-what-you-made-me-do-video-has-shattered-youtube-records/#6fe223e112a6 Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Reveals New Album ' Reputation ' Coming In Nov. , First Single Out Thursday '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aswad , Jem ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's New Single , ' Look What You Made Me Do , ' Arrives ( Listen ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift breaks Spotify , YouTube records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Look What You Made Me Do -- Single by Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . United States : iTunes Store . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' -- Taylor Swift '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay . 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USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Holterman ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Director Defends Taylor Swift , Accuses Public of ' Double Standards ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift goes full psycho pop in new song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift drops ' Look What You Made Me Do ' and it 's aggressive '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carson , Sarah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Look What You Made Me Do , review : ' Swift has painted herself as a villain , and triumphed ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Song Review : Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ White , Jack ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Smith scoops his sixth UK Number 1 single with Too Good at Goodbyes '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift Scores Fifth # 1 Single '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift holds # 1 for second week '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Callea Beats The National For # 1 Album On This Week 's ARIA Chart '' . Themusic.com.au . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Music : Top 100 Songs Chart '' . Billboard . September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Matthew ; Minsker , Evan ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Video `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Smashes YouTube 's 24 - Hour Record , Crushing Psy '' . Variety . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Randy ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' video bashes another YouTube record '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video Hit 100 Million Views In Less Than Four Days '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cirisano , Tatiana ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Tops PSY 's 24 - Hour YouTube Record With ' Look What You Made Me Do ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Todrick Hall Reveals Secrets From Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Desiree ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's ' Look What You Made Me Do ' Video : Everything We Know About the Snakes , Diamonds , Dancing & More '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maureen Lee Lenker ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Snake slithers up Taylor Swift 's throne in dark , glamorous music video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lavache , Carina ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` A Lot of People Think Taylor Swift 's New Video Looks Like Beyoncé 's `` Formation '' `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . 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Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Taylor Swift vs. Taylor Swift in `` Look What You Made Me Do '' video `` . ABC . August 28 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schonfeld , Zach ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' Music Video Is Finally Here `` . Newsweek . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Sally ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` All the Old Taylors in Taylor Swift 's `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` . Elle . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Is Already Using Taylor Swift 's New Song ' Look What You Made Me Do ' to Promote TGIT '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Andrew ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN using Taylor Swift 's song for college football ads '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 9 al 15 de Octubre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 9 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Taylor Swift . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . 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Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Greece Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Taylor Swift -- Look What You Made Me Do '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Taylor Swift . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas -- September 11 , 2017 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard -- Luxemburg Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 35 ( 25 / 8 / 2017 - 31 / 8 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo del 28 de Agosto al 2 de October , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 37 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . 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External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Look What You Made Me Do '' ( Lyric video ) on YouTube ( hide ) Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' Collaborations `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Other songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Long Live '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Ronan '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` You 'll Always Find Your Way Back Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do&oldid=808185177 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Big Machine Records singles Dance - pop songs Music videos directed by Joseph Kahn Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Taylor Swift Taylor Swift songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Philippine Hot 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs about betrayal Electroclash songs Electropop songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote look what you made me do	[ "\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nTaylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Taylor Swift\nJack Antonoff\nFred Fairbrass\nRichard Fairbrass\nRob Manzoli" ]
437107323803897433	Statue of Liberty	Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location within New York City Location within New York ( state ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's July Revolution , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does stride over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 200,000 pounds ( 91,000 kg ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 128,000 pounds ( 58,000 kg ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled : I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,000 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to about $2,250,000 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $675,000 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - karat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 - acre ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2.5 m ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 : Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Statue of Unity 240 m ( incl. 58 m base ) 2 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 3 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 4 . The Motherland Calls 87 m ( incl. 2 m pedestal ) 5 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . 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Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . 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Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page The Statue of Liberty , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Robert Gildea , Kathleen Burk & John Keane ( In Our Time , Feb. 14 , 2008 ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia Phrygian cap General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park National personifications Albania Mother Albania Argentina Effigies of Argentina Armenia Mother Armenia Australia Boxing kangaroo Little Boy from Manly Bangladesh Bangamata Belgium Leo Belgicus Brazil Efígie da República Cambodia Preah Thong and Neang Neak Canada Johnny Canuck China Jade Emperor Czech Republic Čechie Czech Vašek Švejk Denmark Holger Danske Europe Europa Europa regina Finland Finnish Maiden France Marianne Georgia Kartvlis Deda Germany Deutscher Michel Germania Greece Hellas Haiti Ezili Dantor Catherine Flon Hungary Lady of Hungaria Iceland Lady of the Mountain India Bharat Mata Indonesia Ibu Pertiwi Ireland Ériu Hibernia Kathleen Ni Houlihan Israel Srulik Italy Italia turrita Japan Amaterasu Kenya Wanjiku Korea Dangun Ungnyeo Lebanon Abu Abed Malta Melita Netherlands Dutch Maiden New Zealand Southern man Zealandia Norway Ola Nordmann Palestine Handala Philippines Juan dela Cruz Maria Clara Poland Polonia Polandball Portugal Efígie da República Zé Povinho Russia Mother Russia Russian Bear Serbia Kosovo Maiden Mother Serbia Singapore Merlion Spain Hispania Sweden Mother Svea Switzerland Helvetia Ukraine Cossack Mamay United Kingdom Britannia John Bull Dame Wales Welsh Dragon The Lion and the Unicorn United States Brother Jonathan Columbia Lady Liberty Uncle Sam Billy Yank Northern states Johnny Reb Southern states Other symbols of Liberty Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. 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Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. 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Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . 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MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Park Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category List National Register of Historic Places Portal Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. 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Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Gov. Malcolm Wilson Tappan Zee Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Holland Tunnel Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Lincoln Tunnel Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazzano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=866147014 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Gustave Eiffel 's designs 1886 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 15 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who gave the statue of liberty to the usa	[ "The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n" ]	[ "the people of France" ]
-1291047241000266885	The Campaign for North Africa	The Campaign for North Africa - wikipedia The Campaign for North Africa This article is about a board game . For the historical campaign , see North African Campaign . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is written like a personal reflection , personal essay , or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( December 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Campaign for North Africa Designer ( s ) Richard Berg Publisher ( s ) Simulation Publications , Inc . Publication date 1978 Genre ( s ) Military simulation Players 2 - 10 Playing time Up to ~ 1,500 hours Synonym ( s ) CNA The Campaign for North Africa ( generally referred to as CNA by wargamers ) , is an unprecedentedly detailed military simulation game of the North African Campaign of World War II . It was designed by Richard Berg and published by Simulations Publications , Inc. in 1978 . Contents 1 Complexity 2 Legacy 3 Re-release 4 Latest developments 5 References 6 External links Complexity ( edit ) Though some fans of war simulation games appreciate detail , The Campaign for North Africa offered more detail than any board wargame before or since , leading to the ambivalent reaction with which the game is regarded . Even gamers who were initially fascinated with the idea of an extremely detailed war game might have been chagrined when they opened the box to discover 1,800 counters , maps large enough to cover several tables , and a three - volume rulebook of considerable weight and density . The rules cover logistics in extreme detail , far more so than the combat simulation . It is recommended that each side be played by a five - person team , including a Commander - In - Chief and four subordinate commanders , making a total of ten players needed for a game , although it can be played with the usual two . According to SPI , a complete game can run over 1,500 hours . However , the logistics of keeping a ten - person group together for fifteen hundred hours of gaming was a feat beyond even most hardcore wargamers , and completed full games of The Campaign for North Africa are rare . Legacy ( edit ) Although The Campaign for North Africa is playable only with great difficulty in terms of time , the game is prized by collectors and has been praised by some players , who consider it something of the `` ultimate paper war game '' . A commonly cited example of its level of detail ( and one noted in SPI 's advertising ) noted is the fact that the game 's Italian troops required additional water supplies so that they could prepare pasta . The game represents a brief evolutionary step between the relative simplicity of most paper war games of its time , and the dawn of the era of computer war games , where complexity and depth need not come at the expense of playability . Re-release ( edit ) Due to the game 's collectability and legendary status , it has long been considered a candidate for possible reissue . Decision Games expressed a desire to do so , promising `` the unplayable monster made playable '' , which suggests that the game would be considerably revamped instead of simply reprinted . The December 2007 flyer allows a prospective purchaser to commit to buying the game if and when it is published . Latest developments ( edit ) The original game has received an extensive rules review , which nevertheless retains the unique and detailed game systems . Apart from a variety of minor fixes , a series of deeper changes have been made to `` fix '' the oft - criticised air game rules . An extensive spreadsheet system , backed by custom programming has been developed in association with the update . This `` playable '' version is hosted at the CNA Play Group . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winkie , Luke ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` The Notorious Board Game That Takes 1,500 Hours To Complete '' . Kotaku . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Campaign for North Africa at BoardGameGeek CNA Play Group at ProBoards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Campaign_for_North_Africa&oldid=858275472 '' Categories : Board games introduced in 1978 World War II board wargames Simulations Publications games Richard Berg games Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with style issues from December 2017 All articles with style issues Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from February 2018 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2018 , at 01 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	board game that takes 1500 hours to complete	[ "Though some fans of war simulation games appreciate detail, The Campaign for North Africa offered more detail than any board wargame before or since, leading to the ambivalent reaction with which the game is regarded. Even gamers who were initially fascinated with the idea of an extremely detailed war game might have been chagrined when they opened the box to discover 1,800 counters, maps large enough to cover several tables, and a three-volume rulebook of considerable weight and density. The rules cover logistics in extreme detail, far more so than the combat simulation. It is recommended that each side be played by a five-person team, including a Commander-In-Chief and four subordinate commanders, making a total of ten players needed for a game, although it can be played with the usual two. According to SPI, a complete game can run over 1,500 hours. However, the logistics of keeping a ten-person group together for fifteen hundred hours of gaming was a feat beyond even most hardcore wargamers, and completed full games of The Campaign for North Africa are rare.\n" ]	[ "The Campaign for North Africa" ]
-1103737619502622940	Scarecrow (Oz)	Scarecrow ( Oz ) - wikipedia Scarecrow ( Oz ) Jump to : navigation , search The Scarecrow Oz character Illustration by W.W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz First appearance The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) Created by L. Frank Baum Portrayed by Ray Bolger Voiced by Paul Scheer ( Once Upon a Time ) Information Aliases Socrates Strawman Chang Wang Woe Fiyero Tigelaar Species Scarecrow Gender Male Occupation Ruler of Oz Tin Woodman 's treasurer Corn farmer Title His Majesty the Scarecrow Royal Treasurer Emperor of the Silver Islands Spouse ( s ) Tsing Tsing ( in his former incarnation ) Children 3 sons 15 grandsons ( from his former incarnation ) The Scarecrow is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum and illustrator W.W. Denslow . In his first appearance , the Scarecrow reveals that he lacks a brain and desires above all else to have one . In reality , he is only two days old and merely ignorant . Throughout the course of the novel , he demonstrates that he already has the brains he seeks and is later recognized as `` the wisest man in all of Oz , '' although he continues to credit the Wizard for them . He is , however , wise enough to know his own limitations and all too happy to hand the rulership of Oz , passed to him by the Wizard , to Princess Ozma , to become one of her trusted advisors , though he typically spends more time playing games than advising . = = 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the living scarecrow encounters Dorothy Gale in a field in the Munchkin Country while she is on her way to the Emerald City . He tells her about his creation and of how he at first scared away the crows , before an older one realised he was a straw man , causing the other crows to start eating the corn . The old crow then told the Scarecrow of the importance of brains . The `` mindless '' Scarecrow joins Dorothy in the hope that The Wizard will give him a brain . They are later joined by the Tin Woodman and the Cowardly Lion . When the group goes to the West , he kills the Witch 's crows by twisting their necks . He is taken apart by the Flying Monkeys and his clothes thrown up a tree , but when his clothes are filled with straw he is back again . After Dorothy and her friends have completed their mission to kill the Wicked Witch of the West , the Wizard gives the Scarecrow brains ( made out of bran , pins and needles -- in reality a placebo , as he has been the most intelligent of the travelers all along ) . Before he leaves Oz in a balloon , the Wizard appoints the Scarecrow to rule the Emerald City in his stead . He accompanies Dorothy and the others to the palace of the Good Witch of the South Glinda , and she uses the Golden Cap to summon the Winged Monkeys , who take the Scarecrow back to the Emerald City . His desire for a brain notably contrasts with the Tin Woodman 's desire for a heart , reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions . Indeed , both believe they have neither . This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior ; neither convinces the other , and Dorothy , listening , is unable to decide which one is right . Symbolically , because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest , she is provided with both and need not select . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Wicked Musical 2 In the Novel `` Wicked '' by Gregory Maguire 3 In the Novel `` Son of a Witch '' by Gregory Maguire 4 Scholarly interpretations 5 Later Oz books 6 Film portrayals 6.1 Early films 6.2 The Wizard of Oz 6.3 The Oz Kids 6.4 Oz the Great and Powerful 6.5 Other adaptations 7 Modern works 8 References In Wicked musical ( edit ) In the musical of Gregory Maguire 's interpretation of the Oz franchise , this version of the Scarecrow was Fiyero Tigelaar , the love interest of Elphaba Thropp . Fiyero attends school with Elphaba and Glinda the Good , while they were all still young . Fiyero takes a special interest in Elphaba . However , he is highly sought after by Elphaba 's roommate , Glinda . Fiyero and Elphaba share a secret romance , and when she leaves for the Emerald City , he gives her a long and meaningful goodbye . Many years later , after Elphaba goes into hiding , we are shown that Glinda and Fiyero are to be wed . However this is not because of love , at least not on Fiyero 's part , for he still loves Elphaba . Once she reappears in the Emerald City , they escape together , much to Glinda 's discontent . Elphaba then goes to the site of her sister 's death ( Dorothy 's arrival into Oz ) . Here she is ambushed by guards , and about to be taken away , when Fiyero saves her , but he is merely sacrificing himself to save her . Elphaba in a fit of rage and heartbreak reads a spell to keep Fiyero safe , with the words of the spell including pleas to let him feel no pain and never die however they try to destroy him . Although Elphaba abandons the spell as she believes it is not working , it is not until the end of the production that we are shown that Fiyero is still alive , and has been transformed into the Scarecrow from `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' . In the novel `` Wicked '' by Gregory Maguire ( edit ) In Gregory Maguire 's novel `` Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West '' The Scarecrow is a companion of Dorothy . When the quartet of Dorothy , The Scarecrow , Tin Woodman , and Lion approach Elphaba 's home in Fiyero 's castle , she thinks for a moment that maybe Fiyero is the Scarecrow , having not died earlier in the novel . She sends minions after him to tear him apart to see if Fiyero is inside , but he is not . In the novel he is NOT Fiyero , but this is probably where they got the idea for the stage version . In the novel `` son of a Witch '' by Gregory Maguire ( edit ) The Scarecrow appears briefly in this novel , first giving Liir advice . When he appears at Glinda 's induction Liir notes that it is an obvious impostor and not the same Scarecrow that he once knew . Scholarly interpretations ( edit ) Main article : Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Denslow 's drawing of scarecrow hung up on pole and helpless , from first edition of book , 1900 July 1896 Puck cartoon shows farmer hung up on pole and helpless ; was this Denslow 's inspiration ? The hat says `` silverite '' ; the locomotive is gold Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s . The Scarecrow , like other characters and elements in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , was a common theme found in editorial cartoons of the previous decade . Baum and Denslow , like most writers , used the materials at hand that they knew best . They built a story around them , added Dorothy , and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need ( such as brains , a heart and courage ) if only they had self - confidence . Although it was a children 's book , of course , Baum noted in the preface that it was a `` modernized '' fairy tale as well . Those who interpret The Wonderful Wizard of Oz as a political allegory often see the Scarecrow , a central figure , as a reflection of the popular image of the American farmer -- although he has been persuaded that he is only a dumb hick , he possesses a strong common sense , remarkable insight and quick - wittedness that needs only to be reinforced by self - confidence . The blackface minstrel star , Fred Stone , was the first to play the Scarecrow on stage , and he brought his minstrel style of performance to the role of the Scarecrow . Baum was delighted with Stone 's performance , and he wrote subsequent Oz books with Stone 's minstrel - style in mind . Later Oz books ( edit ) Cover of The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) by L. Frank Baum ; illustration by John R. Neill The Scarecrow also appears in other Oz books , sharing further adventures with Dorothy and her friends . His reign as king of the Emerald City ends in The Marvelous Land of Oz when General Jinjur and her Army of Revolt oust him in a coup . He manages to escape the palace and joins Tip and his companions in seeking the aid of Glinda the Good . He spars with H.M. Woggle - Bug T.E. on the value of education . Although he claims to be educated himself and to value education , he finds the Woggle - Bug 's learning rote and without wisdom . Although he can not eat , he tells Billina that she might be better cooked and generally seems to favor the use of animals as food , sometimes making snide remarks to that effect to his animal companions , although he himself only gathers nuts and fruit for his traveling companions , such as Dorothy and Tip , to eat . By The Road to Oz he is acknowledged , at least by the Tin Woodman , to be `` probably the wisest man in all Oz , '' and this is the caption of an illustration , suggesting that the reader take his comment at face value . Dorothy herself , in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz , praises the Scarecrow 's wisdom and says the Scarecrow seemed just as wise before the Wizard gave him brains as after . In The Emerald City of Oz , the Scarecrow lives in a house shaped like an ear of corn in Winkie Country . In The Scarecrow of Oz , the Scarecrow travels to Jinxland , where he helps Cap'n Bill , Trot and Button - Bright overthrow the villainous King Krewl . In Glinda of Oz the Scarecrow serves as Regent to Ozma of Oz , demonstrating that he is Ozma 's third in command . Mostly all he does is play croquet until Ozma 's advisers , including himself , band together for a rescue operation . In The Royal Book of Oz by Ruth Plumly Thompson , Baum 's authorized successor as `` Royal Historian of Oz '' , Professor Woggle - Bug accused the Scarecrow of having no ancestry , so he returns to the pole at the cornfield where he was once hung . Sliding down it and descending underground , he first encounters the Midlings and then the Silver Islands , whose people believe themselves to be the ancestors of the Chinese . Apparently , when Emperor Chang Wang Woe defeated the king of the Golden Islands in battle , the king hired a sorcerer to sneak into the palace and transform the Emperor into a crocus , which later sprouted into a bean pole , preceding a prophecy that the first being to touch the bean pole would become possessed by the spirit of the Emperor . As it turned out , the first thing to touch the pole was the straw - stuffed human , which would become the Scarecrow . This account is not consistent with the Scarecrow 's story in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of becoming aware of each sense as the relevant organs were painted on his head . Film portrayals ( edit ) Early films ( edit ) The Scarecrow has appeared in nearly every early Oz film , portrayed by different actors each time . The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) : Frank Burns The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) : Robert Z . Leonard The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) : Herbert Glennon His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) : Frank Moore Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) : Larry Semon ( just a man in disguise ) The Land of Oz ( 1932 ) : Donald Henderson The Wizard of Oz ( edit ) In the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz , the Scarecrow was played by Ray Bolger in what is arguably the actor 's most famous role . He was originally cast as the Tin Woodsman , but Bolger had always wanted to play the Scarecrow , so he was upset about it since he wanted to switch roles with Buddy Ebsen , who was originally going to play the Scarecrow . Ebsen did n't mind the swap , so Bolger and Ebsen swapped roles . While Ray was pleased with his role as the Scarecrow , the aluminum dust from Ebsen 's Tin Man make - up nearly choked him to the edge of death ( causing Ebsen to have to give up that role ) . Ebsen was replaced by Jack Haley for his role of the Tin Man . Bolger 's costume consisted of a straw - stuffed suit and a light face mask of rubber designed to simulate burlap . The mask was fragile , and usually had to be completely replaced at the start of each new day of filming . Bolger 's Scarecrow costume , minus the mask , is part of the collections of the National Museum of American History at the Smithsonian Institution . Bolger was a talented dancer , so The Scarecrow was given an extended dance sequence in the movie . However , to shorten the movie , much of this sequence was edited out since it would slow down the film . While Bolger admitted in a 1939 radio broadcast that he was too young to have seen Fred Stone play the Scarecrow in the 1902 musical extravaganza , he told Stone on the broadcast that the first play he was allowed to see was The Red Mill featuring Stone , and that his performance in that play was an inspiration . During the scene where the Wizard gives him his brains , the Scarecrow makes a mistake in his first educated pronouncement . He recites the Pythagorean theorem stating that it applies to an isosceles triangle , which is incorrect , as it applies to a right triangle ; he also refers to square roots , not to squares . This probably reflects ignorance by the scriptwriters , not the Scarecrow . Bolger also portrayed the Scarecrow 's Kansas counterpart , Hunk ( one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry 's farmworkers ) , newly created for the film by screenwriter Noel Langley . A scene which was written in the script , but dropped before filming commenced , ended the movie by sending Hunk off to agricultural college , with Dorothy promising to write . The scene implied the potential for a romance between the two characters . He helps Zeke ( Cowardly Lion 's alter ego ) and Hickory ( Tin Man 's alter ego ) repair a wagon . Unlike Zeke , Hickory and Hunk lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches their farm . He closes and locks the cellar with Zeke when Dorothy arrives at the farmhouse . Hunk reunites with Dorothy when she awakens from being unconscious . He is seen with Aunt Em , Uncle Henry , Zeke , Hickory , and Professor Marvel ( The Wizard 's alter ego ) . The Oz Kids ( edit ) In 1996 , they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids . He has a son named Scarecrow , Jr . His son is smart and knows everything just like him . Scarecrow , Sr. is voiced by Andy Milder . Oz the Great and Powerful ( edit ) In the 2013 film Oz the Great and Powerful , the Scarecrow 's origins are explained ; being fabricated by the townspeople of Oz as a diversionary tactic during the retaliatory attack on the Emerald City . Other adaptations ( edit ) In the 1925 film , Wizard of Oz , the Scarecrow and the Tin Man were actually human farmhands , who were blown to Oz by the tornado along with Dorothy . Dorothy , in another major departure from the novel , turns out to be the rightful ruler of Oz , having been exiled to Kansas as a baby . Hinton Battle originated the role of the Scarecrow in the 1975 Broadway musical The Wiz , and Michael Jackson played the Scarecrow in the 1978 film adaptation . This version of the Scarecrow was a more tragic character before Dorothy rescues him ; while hung on his pole , the crows he is unable to scare , who force him to humiliate himself and entertain them , torment him day and night . They force him to sing the song , `` You Ca n't Win '' , meaning that he can not escape the crows ' rule and his bad luck . While Stan Winston created Jackson 's makeup , it was applied to Jackson 's face by Michael R. Thomas who portrayed the Scarecrow in Barry Mahon 's The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) , as well as doing the makeup for that film . Elijah Kelley portrayed the Scarecrow in the TV special The Wiz Live ! , as well as the farmhand Sticks . In the animated film Journey Back to Oz ( produced in 1964 but not released until the 1970s ) , the Scarecrow was voiced by Mickey Rooney . In an episode of The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Aquaman temporarily became the Scarecrow after a tornado took him , Superman and Wonder Woman to Mister Mxyzptlk 's planet of Oz . In a 1981 episode of Scooby - Doo and Scrappy - Doo , Shaggy is dressed as the Scarecrow after a tornado took him , Scooby , and Scrappy to `` Ahz '' , a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation . Justin Case , an English bicycle acrobat , appeared briefly as the Scarecrow in the 1985 film Return to Oz . American voice actor Michael Gough voices the Scarecrow in 2011 's direct - to - DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz . The Scarecrow appeared in Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( which is based on Dorothy of Oz ) voiced by Dan Aykroyd . The Scarecrow appeared in the Once Upon a Time episode `` Our Decay '' voiced by Paul Scheer . Many years ago , Zelena the Wicked Witch of the West targeted him for his brain as part of her attempt to create a time - travel spell . Before she can remove Scarecrow 's brain , Dorothy and Toto arrived where they managed to get away from Zelena . With help from Hades who enchanted a bicycle that was found at the remains of Dorothy 's house , Zelena was able to locate where Dorothy and Scarecrow are hiding . After magically freezing Dorothy , Zelena successfully removed Scarecrow 's brain and was about to show it to Hades only to find that he is not there . Modern works ( edit ) The Scarecrow is also a minor character in author Gregory Maguire 's revisionist novel Wicked : The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West and is made a more prominent character in its Broadway musical adaptation Wicked . In the musical , the Scarecrow is revealed to be the remnants of Fiyero after he was captured by the Wizard 's officials , but made impervious to injury by Elphaba 's incomplete spell . The Fiyero - Scarecrow executes a plan to save Elphaba through using the rumor that water will melt her ; thus she stays alive and the two move out of Oz . This has no basis in the book other than that in the final scenes Elphaba hopes that the Scarecrow is really her beloved Fiyero in disguise , which is proven to be a false hope when he is attacked and she sees that he is nothing but straw . The Scarecrow is featured more prominently in Son of a Witch , Maguire 's sequel to Wicked . In that novel , the Scarecrow helps the Witch 's son Liir avoid political turmoil in the Emerald City after the Wizard 's departure . Later , various powerful interests place a different Scarecrow on the throne of Oz to serve as a puppet ruler ; the suggestion is that most residents of Oz are unable to distinguish one Scarecrow from another . In the musical , the Fiyero - Scarecrow 's appearance and style of walking are based on Bolger 's portrayal of the Scarecrow in the 1939 film . In the Dorothy Must Die series by Danielle Paige , the Scarecrow and Dorothy 's other companions have been corrupted by their gifts and Dorothy 's use of magic . The Scarecrow has become a twisted ' mad scientist ' , performing various experiments on the animals to turn them into spies or warriors for Dorothy 's army , as well as extracting their brains to increase his own . He is ' killed ' in the second novel in the series , The Wicked Will Rise , when the Wizard takes his brains as part of a plan to bring Oz and Kansas together . Jackson Browne performed this character in the 1995 television special The Wizard of Oz in Concert : Dreams Come True . The Kansas farmworker Hunk does not appear in this production . Browne sang a folk music tempo of If I Only Had a Brain and the bridge verses sung by the Scarecrow in Nathan Lane 's longer version of If I Only Had the Nerve . In the 2005 ABC television movie The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz , Kermit the Frog plays the role of the Scarecrow . Kermit 's other role was himself . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , he organizes a talent scout for a star for a new show . After Dorothy 's return , he hires her . In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's , the Scarecrow and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Mr. Lunt the Gourd . In the 2007 Sci Fi television miniseries Tin Man , the Scarecrow is re-imagined as the character named `` Glitch '' ( played by Alan Cumming ) . Formerly a chief adviser to the queen of the Outer Zone ( O.Z. ) named Ambrose , he resists her usurper ( and daughter ) , the evil sorceress Azkadellia and has his brain removed by the physician as a reeducation measure . In the series , he wanders the O.Z. searching for his brain and becomes a companion of the protagonist , a girl named DG . The Scarecrow appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Ari Zigaris . He appears on Earth in the form of a man named Allen Denslow who works as the illustrator of Dorothy Gale 's books . A commercial for GE smart - grid technology , which first aired during the Super Bowl XLIII , featured a computerized Scarecrow dancing clumsily on a radio tower singing `` If I Only Had a Brain '' . A character inspired by the Scarecrow appears in Alan Moore 's Lost Girls . In the work , a young farmboy becomes Dorothy Gale 's first sex partner . However , she soon grows bored of him because of his lack of intelligence and imagination , comparing it to having sex with something you use to scare the crows . The `` scarecrow '' tries to prove to Dorothy that he does have a brain and writes her a poem . The Scarecrow ( along with his other friends from OZ ) are playable in the Nintendo 3DS game Code Name : S.T.E.A.M. In Emerald City , a more modern retelling of the series , the Scarecrow equivalent in the series is `` Lucas '' ( portrayed by Oliver Jackson - Cohen ) and is an amnesic man who is rescued by Dorothy when she finds him being crucified at the start of her journey . In the course of the film it is revealed that he is actually Rowan , the husband of Glinda , with his amnesia the result of a spell Glinda casts so that he could n't betray her secrets if he was captured , but the restoration of his memory puts him and Dorothy at odds , as his devotion to Glinda leaves him incapable of recognizing Dorothy 's real objections to Glinda 's extreme methods to train younger witches . Psychologically torn between his memories as Rowan and his new relationships as Lucas , he eventually forces Dorothy to stab him to stop himself strangling her , culminating in Dorothy leaving him strung up like a scarecrow to symbolically reflect his desire to have never met her . Despite this , he appears in Kansas in the season finale , accompanied by Toto , to ask Dorothy to return with him to Oz . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ L. Frank Baum , Michael Patrick Hearn , The Annotated Wizard of Oz , p 141 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 50086 - 8 Jump up ^ Robin Bernstein , Racial Innocence : Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights , ( New York : New York University Press , 2011 ) , 159 - 168 . Jump up ^ `` Scarecrow from `` The Wizard of Oz '' `` . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Treasures of American History : The Wizard of Oz '' . National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=73897 Jump up ^ Allport , Lee ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Oz the Great and Powerful : A Prequel at Its Best '' . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . There are other interesting `` that explains it '' moments as well . We get up close and personal with The Cowardly Lion and find out what spooked him into being afraid of his own shadow . We get to know the Tin Man 's father and the creators of the Scarecrow and learn more about Munchkinland . Culver , Stuart ( 1988 ) . `` What Manikins Want : The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors '' . Representations. 21 : 97 -- 116 . doi : 10.1525 / rep. 1988.21. 1.99 p02045 . Dighe , Ranjit S. , ed. ( 2002 ) . The historian 's Wizard of Oz : reading L. Frank Baum 's classic as a political and Monetary Allegory . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97418 - 9 . Green , David L. and Dick Martin . ( 1977 ) The Oz Scrapbook . Random House . Hearn , Michael Patrick , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Annotated Wizard of Oz . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04992 - 2 . Riley , Michael O. ( 1997 ) . Oz and Beyond : The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum . University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0832 - X . Ritter , Gretchen ( August 1997 ) . `` Silver slippers and a golden cap : L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics '' . Journal of American Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 203 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021875897005628 . JSTOR 27556260 . Rockoff , Hugh ( August 1990 ) . `` The ' Wizard of Oz ' as a Monetary Allegory '' . Journal of Political Economy. 98 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 261704 . JSTOR 2937766 . Sunshine , Linda . All Things Oz ( 2003 ) Swartz , Mark Evan ( 2000 ) . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's `` The Wonderful Wizard of Oz '' on Stage and Screen to 1939 . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6477 - 1 . Velde , Francois R. `` Following the Yellow Brick Road : How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard '' Economic Perspectives . Volume : 26 . Issue : 2 . 2002 . also online here Ziaukas , Tim . `` 100 Years of Oz : Baum 's ' Wizard of Oz ' as Gilded Age Public Relations '' in Public Relations Quarterly , Fall 1998 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scarecrow ( Oz ) . Preceded by The Wizard of Oz Monarch of Oz Succeeded by Jinjur The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarecrow_(Oz)&oldid=815780522 '' Categories : Oz ( franchise ) characters Fictional scarecrows Fictional characters introduced in 1900 Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the scarecrow in the original wizard of oz	[ "\n\nThe Scarecrow\n\n\nOz character\n\n\n\nIllustration by W. W. Denslow from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900)\n\n\nCreated by\nL. Frank Baum\n\n\nPortrayed by\nRay Bolger\n\n\nVoiced by\nPaul Scheer (Once Upon a Time)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nAliases\nSocrates Strawman\nChang Wang Woe\nFiyero Tigelaar\n\n\nSpecies\nScarecrow\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nOccupation\nRuler of Oz\nTin Woodman's treasurer\nCorn farmer\n\n\nTitle\nHis Majesty the Scarecrow\nRoyal Treasurer\nEmperor of the Silver Islands\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nTsing Tsing (in his former incarnation)\n\n\nChildren\n3 sons\n15 grandsons (from his former incarnation)\n\n" ]	[ "Ray Bolger" ]
7231482889254792182	What a Diff'rence a Day Made	What a Diff'rence a Day Made - wikipedia What a Diff'rence a Day Made Jump to : navigation , search For the Dinah Washington album , see What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! For the Cory Lee album , see What a Difference a Day Makes ( album ) . For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see What a Difference a Day Makes ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' Single by Dinah Washington from the album What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! B - side `` Come On Home '' Released 1959 Recorded 1959 Genre Pop , vocal jazz Length 2 : 31 Label Mercury Records Songwriter ( s ) María Grever , Stanley Adams ( English lyrics ) Dinah Washington singles chronology `` Make Me a Present of You '' ( 1958 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' ( 1959 ) `` Unforgettable '' ( 1959 ) `` Make Me a Present of You '' ( 1958 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' ( 1959 ) `` Unforgettable '' ( 1959 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' , also recorded as `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' , is a popular song originally written in Spanish by María Grever , a Mexican songwriter , in 1934 with the title `` Cuando vuelva a tu lado '' ( `` When I Return to Your Side '' ) . The song is also known in English as `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' , as popularized by Dinah Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 English adaptation 2 Dinah Washington version 2.1 Charts 3 Esther Phillips version 3.1 Charts 4 Other versions 5 In popular culture 6 References English adaptation ( edit ) The English lyrics were written by Stanley Adams , and was played by Harry Roy & his Orchestra . It was published in late 1934 . The most successful early recording , in 1934 , was by the Dorsey Brothers , although it was first recorded in English by Cleveland crooner Jimmie Ague . Dinah Washington version ( edit ) Dinah Washington won a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Rhythm and Blues Performance with this song . Her version was also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998 . It also earned her first top ten pop hit , reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1959 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot R&B Sides Esther Phillips version ( edit ) In 1975 , Esther Phillips recorded her version of the song . Her comeback record had a disco feel to it . The Esther Phillips version reached number two on the disco charts . Her version also did well on the US soul and Top 40 charts . Phillips performed the song on Saturday Night Live , during its first season . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position US Hot 100 20 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 10 U.S. Billboard Dance Club Songs U.S. Billboard Easy Listening Chart 33 Other versions ( edit ) Andy Russell , a Mexican - American singer , recorded a bilingual version of the song in 1944 ( Capitol # 167 , paired with `` Do n't You Notice Anything New ? '' ) , which reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Alfredo Antonini and his orchestra collaborated with Victoria Cordova and John Serry Sr. to record the song for Muzak in 1949 . Vaughn Monroe 's 1955 version reached number 60 in the US Music Vendor survey . Bobby Darin 's version of the song is on his album Winners , released in 1964 , although he recorded it in 1960 . Dean Martin covered it in his album Dino Latino in 1962 . Little Anthony and the Imperials on their album Goin ' Out Of My Head ( 1964 ) . Ben E. King covered the song on his album Ben E. King Sings for Soulful Lovers in 1962 . Lonnie Johnson covered the song on his album Losing Game . Australian group The Black Sorrows released a version as their debut single in 1984 . It was included on their debut studio album , Sonola . It was recorded by Diana Ross in 1972 , but not released until thirty - four years later when her Blue album was discovered in the Motown vaults and released in 2006 . An instrumental version featuring keyboardist Clare Fischer on piano with strings arranged by Jorge Calandrelli was recorded by Etore Stratta and The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra on their 1993 album Symphonic Boleros . Natalie Cole recorded the song on her 1996 album Stardust , and later in 2013 a Spanish - English version was included as an iTunes bonus track of her album Natalie Cole en Español . Barry Manilow recorded the song on his 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Fifties . In 2007 R&B / Dance singer Deborah Cox recorded the song for her album Destination Moon . Also in 2007 , former Kiss drummer , Peter Criss , covered the song on his album One for All . China Moses covered the song with Raphael Lemonnier in 2009 in their album This One 's for Dinah in 2009 . Deana Martin recorded `` What a Difference a Day Made '' on her 2009 album Volare . Rod Stewart - Fly Me to the Moon ... The Great American Songbook - Volume V ( 2010 ) Julie Dawn and Roy Marsh and His Swingtette released a version of the track paired with `` I am Going to Love That Guy '' ( this track bringing together Julie Dawn and Frank Deniz and His Spirits of Rhythm ) . The exact release date unknown at the moment ( Decca 8034 Matrix numbers I 1320 and I 1322 ) . Other artists who covered the song include Sarah Vaughan , Renee Olstead , Aretha Franklin on her 1964 album , Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington , Eydie Gorme on her 1964 album , Freddy Fender recorded a version for his 1976 LP If You 're Ever in Texas , Eydie Gormé canta en Español con Los Panchos , Bobby Lewis ( released on the single `` Ace of Hearts 7622 '' in 1977 ) , Cher performs the song in The Cher Show , Luis Miguel on his 1991 album Romance , Laura Fygi on The Latin Touch ( 2000 ) , Jamie Cullum on his 2003 album , Twentysomething , and Gloria Estefan on her 2013 album , The Standards . In popular culture ( edit ) The song , as performed by Dinah Washington , is used in the soundtrack of the following films : Going in Style , directed by Zach Braff ( 2017 ) Niagara Motel , directed by Gary Yates ( 2005 ) The Best of Youth , directed by Marco Tullio Giordana ( 2003 ) Run Lola Run , directed by Tom Tykwer ( 1998 ) Faithful , directed by Paul Mazursky ( 1996 ) Casino , directed by Martin Scorsese ( 1995 ) Chungking Express , directed by Wong Kar - wai ( 1994 ) Corrina , Corrina , directed by Jessie Nelson ( 1994 ) The song , performed by Tony Bennett , is in the film One Fine Day ( 1996 ) , starring George Clooney . The song , performed by Esther Phillips , is used at the end of the 1996 film The Sunchaser , directed by Michael Cimino , starring Woody Harrelson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ascap entry for song ASCAP , accessed January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 17 - The Soul Reformation : More on the evolution of rhythm and blues . ( Part 3 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' , Songs With Earlier Histories , August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 611 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Made '' . BobbyDarin.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Victoria Cordova & Alfredo Antonini Orchestra perform `` What a Difference a Day Made '' for Muzak in The Library of Congress Online Catalog at catalog.loc.gov Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Made '' . BobbyDarin.com. 1960 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony And The Imperials * -- Goin ' Out Of My Head '' at Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Artist : China Moses & Raphael Lemonnier '' . Second Hand Songs . 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Dinah Washington Studio albums Blazing Ballads After Hours with Miss `` D '' For Those in Love Dinah ! In the Land of Hi - Fi The Swingin ' Miss `` D '' Dinah Washington Sings Fats Waller Music for a First Love Dinah Sings Bessie Smith What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! September in the Rain Unforgettable Drinking Again Back to the Blues This Is My Story Live albums Dinah Jams Newport ' 58 Associated albums Jam Session Tribute albums Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington Singles `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' `` It 's Too Soon to Know '' `` Baby Get Lost '' `` I Wanna Be Loved '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` My Heart Cries for You '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Trouble in Mind '' `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' `` Dream '' `` Teach Me Tonight '' `` I Concentrate on You '' `` That 's All I Want from You '' `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' `` Unforgettable '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` This Bitter Earth '' `` Love Walked In '' `` It Could Happen to You '' `` September in the Rain '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' Associated acts Lionel Hampton Clifford Brown Brook Benton Associated people Eddie Chamblee Dick Lane Related topics Discography Dinah Washington Park Book : Dinah Washington The Black Sorrows Discography Joe Camilleri Studio albums Sonola ( 1984 ) Rockin ' Zydeco ( 1985 ) A Place in the World ( 1985 ) Dear Children ( 1987 ) Hold On to Me ( 1988 ) Harley and Rose ( 1990 ) Better Times ( 1992 ) Lucky Charm ( 1994 ) Beat Club ( 1998 ) One Mo ' Time ( 2004 ) Roarin ' Town ( 2006 ) 4 Days in Sing Sing ( 2009 ) Crooked Little Thoughts ( 2012 ) Certified Blue ( 2014 ) Endless Sleep Chapter 46 ( 2015 ) Endless Sleep Chapter 47 ( 2015 ) Faithful Satellite ( 2016 ) Live albums Radio Waves ( 1996 ) Compilations The Chosen Ones -- Greatest Hits ( 1993 ) The Very Best of The Black Sorrows ( 1997 ) The Essential Black Sorrows ( 2007 ) Singles `` Brown Eyed Girl '' / `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Hold On to Me '' `` The Chosen Ones '' `` Chained to the Wheel '' `` The Crack Up '' `` Harley + Rose '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Ai n't Love the Strangest Thing '' `` Stir It Up '' `` Snake Skin Shoes '' `` Last One Standing for You '' Related articles Vika and Linda John McAll Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons The Revelators ARIA Award for Best Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Diff%27rence_a_Day_Made&oldid=832171153 '' Categories : 1934 songs 1959 singles Dinah Washington songs The Black Sorrows songs Songs written by Stanley Adams ( singer ) Boleros Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 08 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who sang the original what a difference a day makes	[ "\"What a Diff'rence a Day Made\", also recorded as \"What a Diff'rence a Day Makes\", is a popular song originally written in Spanish by María Grever, a Mexican songwriter, in 1934 with the title \"Cuando vuelva a tu lado\" (\"When I Return to Your Side\"). The song is also known in English as “What a Diff'rence a Day Makes”, as popularized by Dinah Washington.[2]" ]	[ "María Grever" ]
-2876281900822477871	Hebrew calendar	Hebrew calendar - wikipedia Hebrew calendar This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jewish calendar , showing Adar II between 1927 and 1948 Today Wednesday 29 August 2018 CE 18 Elul AM 5778 ( refresh ) The Hebrew or Jewish calendar ( הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי ‬ , Ha - Luah ha - Ivri ) is a lunisolar calendar used today predominantly for Jewish religious observances . It determines the dates for Jewish holidays and the appropriate public reading of Torah portions , yahrzeits ( dates to commemorate the death of a relative ) , and daily Psalm readings , among many ceremonial uses . In Israel , it is used for religious purposes , provides a time frame for agriculture and is an official calendar for civil purposes , although the latter usage has been steadily declining in favor of the Gregorian calendar . The present Hebrew calendar is the product of evolution , including a Babylonian influence . Until the Tannaitic period ( approximately 10 -- 220 CE ) , the calendar employed a new crescent moon , with an additional month normally added every two or three years to correct for the difference between twelve lunar months and the solar year . The year in which it was added was based on observation of natural agriculture - related events in Israel . Through the Amoraic period ( 200 -- 500 CE ) and into the Geonic period , this system was gradually displaced by the mathematical rules used today . The principles and rules were fully codified by Maimonides in the Mishneh Torah in the 12th century . Maimonides ' work also replaced counting `` years since the destruction of the Temple '' with the modern creation - era Anno Mundi . The Hebrew lunar year is about eleven days shorter than the solar year and uses the 19 - year Metonic cycle to bring it into line with the solar year , with the addition of an intercalary month every two or three years , for a total of seven times per 19 years . Even with this intercalation , the average Hebrew calendar year is longer by about 6 minutes and 40 seconds than the current mean tropical year , so that every 216 years the Hebrew calendar will fall a day behind the current mean tropical year ; and about every 231 years it will fall a day behind the mean Gregorian calendar year . The era used since the Middle Ages is the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world '' ; Hebrew : לבריאת העולם ‬ , `` from the creation of the world '' ) . As with Anno Domini ( A.D. or AD ) , the words or abbreviation for Anno Mundi ( A.M. or AM ) for the era should properly precede the date rather than follow it . AM 5778 began at sunset on 20 September 2017 and will end at sunset on 9 September 2018 . Contents 1 Components 1.1 Day and hours 1.2 Weeks 1.2. 1 Names of weekdays 1.2. 2 Days of week of holidays 1.3 Months 1.3. 1 Importance of lunar months 1.3. 2 Names of months 1.3. 3 Leap months 1.3. 4 Constellations 1.4 Years 1.4. 1 Anno Mundi 1.4. 2 Previous systems 1.4. 3 New year 1.4. 4 Leap years 1.4. 5 Rosh Hashanah postponement rules 1.4. 6 Deficient , regular , and complete years 1.4. 7 Four gates 1.4. 8 Holidays 2 History 2.1 Mishnaic period 2.2 Modern calendar 2.3 Usage in contemporary Israel 3 Other practices 3.1 Karaite calendar 3.2 Samaritan calendar 3.3 The Qumran calendar 3.4 Persian civil calendar 4 Astronomical calculations 4.1 Synodic month -- the molad interval 4.2 Seasonal drift 4.3 Implications for Jewish ritual 4.4 Worked example 5 Rectifying the Hebrew calendar 6 Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links 10.1 Date converters Components Day and hours Further information : Zmanim The Jewish day is of no fixed length . The Jewish day is modeled on the reference to `` ... there was evening and there was morning ... '' in the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis . Based on the classic rabbinic interpretation of this text , a day in the rabbinic Hebrew calendar runs from sunset ( start of `` the evening '' ) to the next sunset . Halachically , a day ends and a new one starts when three stars are visible in the sky . The time between true sunset and the time when the three stars are visible ( known as ' tzait ha'kochavim ' ) is known as ' bein hashmashot ' , and there are differences of opinion as to which day it falls into for some uses . This may be relevant , for example , in determining the date of birth of a child born during that gap . There is no clock in the Jewish scheme , so that the local civil clock is used . Though the civil clock , including the one in use in Israel , incorporates local adoptions of various conventions such as time zones , standard times and daylight saving , these have no place in the Jewish scheme . The civil clock is used only as a reference point -- in expressions such as : `` Shabbat starts at ... '' . The steady progression of sunset around the world and seasonal changes results in gradual civil time changes from one day to the next based on observable astronomical phenomena ( the sunset ) and not on man - made laws and conventions . In Judaism , an hour is defined as 1 / 12 of the time from sunrise to sunset , so , during the winter , an hour can be much less than 60 minutes , and during the summer , it can be much more than 60 minutes . This proportional hour is known as a sha'ah z'manit ( lit . a timely hour ) . A Jewish hour is divided into 1080 halakim ( singular : helek ) or parts . A part is 31⁄3 seconds or / minute . The ultimate ancestor of the helek was a small Babylonian time period called a barleycorn , itself equal to / of a Babylonian time degree ( 1 ° of celestial rotation ) . These measures are not generally used for everyday purposes . Instead of the international date line convention , there are varying opinions as to where the day changes . One opinion uses the antimeridian of Jerusalem . ( Jerusalem is 35 ° 13 ' east of the prime meridian , so the antimeridian is at 144 ° 47 ' W , passing through eastern Alaska . ) Other opinions exist as well . ( See International date line in Judaism . ) The weekdays start with Sunday ( day 1 , or Yom Rishon ) and proceed to Saturday ( day 7 ) , Shabbat . Since some calculations use division , a remainder of 0 signifies Saturday . While calculations of days , months and years are based on fixed hours equal to / of a day , the beginning of each halachic day is based on the local time of sunset . The end of the Shabbat and other Jewish holidays is based on nightfall ( Tzeth haKochabim ) which occurs some amount of time , typically 42 to 72 minutes , after sunset . According to Maimonides , nightfall occurs when three medium - sized stars become visible after sunset . By the 17th century , this had become three - second - magnitude stars . The modern definition is when the center of the sun is 7 ° below the geometric ( airless ) horizon , somewhat later than civil twilight at 6 ° . The beginning of the daytime portion of each day is determined both by dawn and sunrise . Most halachic times are based on some combination of these four times and vary from day to day throughout the year and also vary significantly depending on location . The daytime hours are often divided into Sha'oth Zemaniyoth or `` Halachic hours '' by taking the time between sunrise and sunset or between dawn and nightfall and dividing it into 12 equal hours . The nighttime hours are similarly divided into 12 equal portions , albeit a different amount of time than the `` hours '' of the daytime . The earliest and latest times for Jewish services , the latest time to eat chametz on the day before Passover and many other rules are based on Sha'oth Zemaniyoth . For convenience , the modern day using Sha'oth Zemaniyoth is often discussed as if sunset were at 6 : 00 pm , sunrise at 6 : 00 am and each hour were equal to a fixed hour . For example , halachic noon may be after 1 : 00 pm in some areas during daylight saving time . Within the Mishnah , however , the numbering of the hours starts with the `` first '' hour after the start of the day . Weeks Shavua ( שבוע ) is a weekly cycle of seven days , mirroring the seven - day period of the Book of Genesis in which the world is created . The names for the days of the week , like those in the creation account , are simply the day number within the week , with Shabbat being the seventh day . Each day of the week runs from sunset to the following sunset and is figured locally . Names of weekdays A bronze Shabbat candlestick holder made in British Mandate Palestine in the 1940s . The Hebrew calendar follows a seven - day weekly cycle , which runs concurrently with but independently of the monthly and annual cycles . The names for the days of the week are simply the day number within the week . In Hebrew , these names may be abbreviated using the numerical value of the Hebrew letters , for example יום א ׳ ‬ ( Day 1 , or Yom Rishon ( יום ראשון ‬ ) ) : Yom Rishon -- יום ראשון ‬ ( abbreviated יום א ׳ ‬ ) , meaning `` first day '' ( corresponds to Sunday ) ( starting at preceding sunset of Saturday ) Yom Sheni -- יום שני ‬ ( abbr . יום ב ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` second day '' ( corresponds to Monday ) Yom Shlishi -- יום שלישי ‬ ( abbr . יום ג ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` third day '' ( corresponds to Tuesday ) Yom Reviʻi -- יום רביעי ‬ ( abbr . יום ד ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` fourth day '' ( corresponds to Wednesday ) Yom Chamishi -- יום חמישי ‬ ( abbr . יום ה ׳ ‬ ) = `` fifth day '' ( corresponds to Thursday ) Yom Shishi -- יום ששי ‬ ( abbr . יום ו ׳ ‬ ) meaning `` sixth day '' ( corresponds to Friday ) Yom Shabbat -- יום שבת ‬ ( abbr . יום ש ׳ ‬ ) , or more usually , simply Shabbat -- שבת ‬ meaning `` rest day '' ( corresponds to Saturday ) Yom Shabbat ( יום שבת ‬ ) is also known as Yom Shabbat Kodesh -- יום שבת קודש ‬ meaning `` holy rest day . '' The names of the days of the week are modeled on the seven days mentioned in the creation story . For example , Genesis 1 : 5 `` ... And there was evening and there was morning , one day '' . One day ( יוֹם אֶחָד ‬ ) in Genesis 1 : 5 is translated in JPS as first day , and in some other contexts ( including KJV ) as day one . In subsequent verses , the Hebrew refers to the days using ordinal numbers , e.g. , ' second day ' , ' third day ' , and so forth , but with the sixth and seventh days the Hebrew includes the definite article ( `` the '' ) . The rest day , Shabbat , has a special role in the Jewish weekly cycle as being a special and set apart day , where no work is done . There are many special rules that relate to Shabbat , discussed more fully in the Talmudic tractate Shabbat . In ( Talmudic ) Hebrew , the word Shabbat ( שַׁבָּת ‬ ) can also mean `` week '' , so that in ritual liturgy a phrase like `` Yom Reviʻi bəShabbat '' means `` the fourth day in the week '' . Days of week of holidays Main article : Days of week on Hebrew calendar The period from 1 Adar ( or Adar II , in leap years ) to 29 Marcheshvan contains all of the festivals specified in the Bible -- Purim ( 14 Adar ) , Pesach ( 15 Nisan ) , Shavuot ( 6 Sivan ) , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) , Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) , Sukkot ( 15 Tishrei ) , and Shemini Atzeret ( 22 Tishrei ) . This period is fixed , during which no adjustments are made . Purim Passover ( first day ) Shavuot ( first day ) 17 Tammuz / Tisha B'Av Rosh Hashanah / Sukkot / Shmini Atzeret / ( first day ) Yom Kippur Chanukah ( first day ) 10 Tevet Tu Bishvat Thu Sat Sun Sun * Mon Wed Sun or Mon Sun or Tue Sat or Mon Fri Sun Mon Sun Tue Thu Mon Tue Mon Sun Tue Wed Tue Thu Sat Wed or Thu Wed , Thu , or Fri Tue , Wed , or Thu Tue Thu Fri Thu Sat Mon Fri or Sat Fri or Sun Thu or Sat * Postponed from Shabbat There are additional rules in the Hebrew calendar to prevent certain holidays from falling on certain days of the week . ( See Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , below . ) These rules are implemented by adding an extra day to Marcheshvan ( making it 30 days long ) or by removing one day from Kislev ( making it 29 days long ) . Accordingly , a common Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 353 , 354 or 355 days , while a leap Hebrew calendar year can have a length of 383 , 384 or 385 days . Months The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar , meaning that months are based on lunar months , but years are based on solar years . The calendar year features twelve lunar months of twenty - nine or thirty days , with an intercalary lunar month added periodically to synchronize the twelve lunar cycles with the longer solar year . ( These extra months are added seven times every nineteen years . See Leap months , below . ) The beginning of each Jewish lunar month is based on the appearance of the new moon . Although originally the new lunar crescent had to be observed and certified by witnesses , the moment of the true new moon is now approximated arithmetically as the molad , which is the mean new moon to a precision of one part . The mean period of the lunar month ( precisely , the synodic month ) is very close to 29.5 days . Accordingly , the basic Hebrew calendar year is one of twelve lunar months alternating between 29 and 30 days : Month Number * Hebrew month Length Ecclesiastical / Biblical Civil 7 Nisan 30 8 Iyar 29 9 Sivan 30 10 Tammuz 29 5 11 Av 30 6 12 Elul 29 7 Tishrei 30 8 Marcheshvan ( or Cheshvan ) 29 / 30 9 Kislev 30 / 29 10 Tevet 29 11 5 Shevat 30 12 6 Adar 29 Total 353 , 354 or 355 * -- For the distinction between numbering systems , see § New year below . In leap years ( such as 5779 ) an additional month , Adar I ( 30 days ) is added after Shevat , while the regular Adar is referred to as `` Adar II . '' The insertion of the leap month mentioned above is based on the requirement that Passover -- the festival celebrating the Exodus from Egypt , which took place in the spring -- always occurs in the ( northern hemisphere 's ) spring season . Since the adoption of a fixed calendar , intercalations in the Hebrew calendar have been assigned to fixed points in a 19 - year cycle . Prior to this , the intercalation was determined empirically : The year may be intercalated on three grounds : ' aviv ( i.e. the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . Importance of lunar months From very early times , the Mesopotamian lunisolar calendar was in wide use by the countries of the western Asia region . The structure , which was also used by the Israelites , was based on lunar months with the intercalation of an additional month to bring the cycle closer to the solar cycle , although there is no evidence of a thirteenth month mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible . Num 10 : 10 stresses the importance in Israelite religious observance of the new month ( Hebrew : ראש חודש ‬ , Rosh Chodesh , `` beginning of the month '' ) : `` ... in your new moons , ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt - offerings ... '' Similarly in Num 28 : 11 . `` The beginning of the month '' meant the appearance of a new moon , and in Exod 12 : 2 . `` This month is to you '' . According to the Mishnah and Tosefta , in the Maccabean , Herodian , and Mishnaic periods , new months were determined by the sighting of a new crescent , with two eyewitnesses required to testify to the Sanhedrin to having seen the new lunar crescent at sunset . The practice in the time of Gamaliel II ( c. 100 CE ) was for witnesses to select the appearance of the moon from a collection of drawings that depicted the crescent in a variety of orientations , only a few of which could be valid in any given month . These observations were compared against calculations . At first the beginning of each Jewish month was signaled to the communities of Israel and beyond by fires lit on mountaintops , but after the Samaritans began to light false fires , messengers were sent . The inability of the messengers to reach communities outside Israel before mid-month High Holy Days ( Succot and Passover ) led outlying communities to celebrate scriptural festivals for two days rather than one , observing the second feast - day of the Jewish diaspora because of uncertainty of whether the previous month ended after 29 or 30 days . In his work Mishneh Torah ( 1178 ) , Maimonides included a chapter `` Sanctification of the New Moon '' , in which he discusses the calendrical rules and their scriptural basis . He notes , `` By how much does the solar year exceed the lunar year ? By approximately 11 days . Therefore , whenever this excess accumulates to about 30 days , or a little more or less , one month is added and the particular year is made to consist of 13 months , and this is the so - called embolismic ( intercalated ) year . For the year could not consist of twelve months plus so - and - so many days , since it is said : throughout the months of the year ( Num 28 : 14 ) , which implies that we should count the year by months and not by days . '' Names of months Both the Syrian calendar , currently used in the Arabic - speaking countries of the Fertile crescent , and the modern Assyrian calendar share many of the names for months with the Hebrew calendar , such as Nisan , Iyyar , Tammuz , Ab , Elul , Tishri and Adar , indicating a common origin . The origin is thought to be the Babylonian calendar . The modern Turkish calendar includes the names Şubat ( February ) , Nisan ( April ) , Temmuz ( July ) and Eylul ( September ) . The former name for October was Tesrin . Babylonian exile The Jewish people left Babylon and return to live in Judea , around 586 BCE . At this time they adopted the Babylonian names for the months . The Babylonian calendar descended directly from the Sumerian calendar . Biblical references to the pre-exilic calendar include ten months identified by number rather than by name . In parts of the Torah portion Noach ( `` Noah '' ) ( specifically , Gen 7 : 11 , 8 : 3 -- 4 , 8 : 13 -- 14 ) it is implied that the months are thirty days long . There is also an indication that there were twelve months in the annual cycle ( 1 Kings 4 : 7 , 1 Chronicles 27 : 1 -- 15 ) . Prior to the Babylonian exile , the names of only four months are referred to in the Tanakh : Aviv -- first month -- literally `` spring '' ( Exodus 12 : 2 , 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) ; Ziv -- second month -- literally `` light '' ( 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 ) ; Ethanim -- seventh month -- literally `` strong '' in plural , perhaps referring to strong rains ( 1 Kings 8 : 2 ) ; and Bul -- eighth month ( 1 Kings 6 : 38 ) . All of these are believed to be Canaanite names . These names are only mentioned in connection with the building of the First Temple . Håkan Ulfgard suggests that the use of what are rarely used Canaanite ( or in the case of Ethanim perhaps Northwest - semitic ) names indicates that `` the author is consciously utilizing an archaizing terminology , thus giving the impression of an ancient story ... '' . In a regular ( kesidran ) year , Marcheshvan has 29 days and Kislev has 30 days . However , because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( see below ) Kislev may lose a day to have 29 days , and the year is called a short ( chaser ) year , or Marcheshvan may acquire an additional day to have 30 days , and the year is called a full ( maleh ) year . The calendar rules have been designed to ensure that Rosh Hashanah does not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday or Friday . This is to ensure that Yom Kippur does not directly precede or follow Shabbat , which would create practical difficulties , and that Hoshana Rabbah is not on a Shabbat , in which case certain ceremonies would be lost for a year . Hebrew names of the months with their Babylonian analogs # Hebrew Tiberian Academy Common / Other Length Babylonian analog Holidays / Notable days Notes נִיסָן ‬ Nīsān Nisan Nissan 30 days Nisanu Passover Called Abib ( Exodus 13 : 4 , 23 : 15 , 34 : 18 , Deut. 16 : 1 ) and Nisan ( Esther 3 : 7 ) in the Tanakh . אִיָּר / אייר ‬ ʼIyyār Iyyar Iyar 29 days Ayaru Pesach Sheni Lag B'Omer Called Ziv in 1 Kings 6 : 1 , 6 : 37 . סִיוָן / סיוון ‬ Sīwān Sivan Siwan 30 days Simanu Shavuot תַּמּוּז ‬ Tammūz Tammuz Tamuz 29 days Dumuzu Seventeenth of Tammuz Named for the Babylonian god Dumuzi 5 אָב ‬ ʼĀḇ Av Ab 30 days Abu Tisha B'Av Tu B'Av 6 אֱלוּל ‬ ʼĔlūl Elul 29 days Ululu 7 תִּשׁרִי ‬ Tišrī Tishri Tishrei 30 days Tashritu Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur Sukkot Shemini Atzeret Simchat Torah Called Ethanim in 1 Kings 8 : 2 . First month of civil year . 8 מַרְחֶשְׁוָן / מרחשוון ‬ Marḥešwān Marẖeshvan Marcheshvan Cheshvan Marẖeshwan 29 or 30 days Arakhsamna Called Bul in 1 Kings 6 : 38 . 9 כִּסְלֵו / כסליו ‬ Kislēw Kislev Kislev Chisleu Chislev 29 or 30 days Kislimu Hanukkah 10 טֵבֵת ‬ Ṭēḇēṯ Tevet Tebeth 29 days Tebetu Tenth of Tevet 11 שְׁבָט ‬ Šəḇāṭ Shvat Shevat Shebat Sebat 30 days Shabatu Tu Bishvat 12L אֲדָר א ׳ ‬ Adar I 30 days Only in Leap years . 12 אֲדָר / אֲדָר ב ׳ * ‬ ʼĂḏār Adar / Adar II 29 days Adaru Purim Leap months The solar year is about eleven days longer than twelve lunar months . The Bible does not directly mention the addition of `` embolismic '' or intercalary months . However , without the insertion of embolismic months , Jewish festivals would gradually shift outside of the seasons required by the Torah . This has been ruled as implying a requirement for the insertion of embolismic months to reconcile the lunar cycles to the seasons , which are integral to solar yearly cycles . When the observational form of the calendar was in use , whether or not an embolismic month was announced after the `` last month '' ( Adar ) depended on ' aviv ( i.e. , the ripeness of barley ) , fruits of trees , and the equinox . On two of these grounds it should be intercalated , but not on one of them alone . It may be noted that in the Bible the name of the first month , Aviv , literally means `` spring '' . Thus , if Adar was over and spring had not yet arrived , an additional month was observed . Traditionally , for the Babylonian and Hebrew lunisolar calendars , the years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are the long ( 13 - month ) years of the Metonic cycle . This cycle forms the basis of the Christian ecclesiastical calendar and the Hebrew calendar and is used for the computation of the date of Easter each year During leap years Adar I ( or Adar Aleph -- `` first Adar '' ) is added before the regular Adar . Adar I is actually considered to be the extra month , and has 30 days . Adar II ( or Adar Bet -- `` second Adar '' ) is the `` real '' Adar , and has the usual 29 days . For this reason , holidays such as Purim are observed in Adar II , not Adar I . Constellations Main articles : Hebrew astronomy and Jewish views on astrology Chronology was a chief consideration in the study of astronomy among the Jews ; sacred time was based upon the cycles of the Sun and the Moon . The Talmud identified the twelve constellations of the zodiac with the twelve months of the Hebrew calendar . The correspondence of the constellations with their names in Hebrew and the months is as follows : Aries -- Taleh -- Nisan Taurus -- Shor -- Iyar Gemini -- Teomim -- Sivan Cancer -- Sartan -- Tammuz Leo -- Arye -- Av Virgo -- Betulah -- Elul Libra -- Moznayim -- Tishrei Scorpio -- ' Akrab -- Marcheshvan Sagittarius -- Keshet -- Kislev Capricorn -- Gdi -- Tevet Aquarius -- Dli -- Shevat Pisces -- Dagim -- Adar Some scholars identified the 12 signs of the zodiac with the 12 sons of Jacob / twelve tribes of Israel . It should be noted that the 12 lunar months of the Hebrew calendar are the normal months from new moon to new moon : the year normally contains twelve months averaging 29.52 days each . The discrepancy compared to the mean synodic month of 29.53 days is due to Adar I in a leap year always having thirty days . This means that the calendar year normally contains 354 days . Year 5778 since the creation of the world , according to the traditional count . This year has 354 days , making it a regular ( כסדרה ) year . In 5778 , Rosh Hashanah is on Thursday , while Passover is on Saturday . According to the Machzor Katan , the 19 - year ( Metonic ) cycle used to keep the Hebrew calendar aligned with the solar year : This year is the 2nd year of the 305th cycle . It is not a leap year . According to the Machzor Gadol , a 28 - year solar cycle used to calculate the date to recite Birkat Hachama , a blessing on the sun : This year is the 10th year of the 207th cycle . According to the current reckoning of sabbatical ( shmita ) years : This year is the 3rd year of the cycle . It is a maaser ani year . Years The Hebrew calendar year conventionally begins on Rosh Hashanah . However , other dates serve as the beginning of the year for different religious purposes . There are three qualities that distinguish one year from another : whether it is a leap year or a common year , on which of four permissible days of the week the year begins , and whether it is a deficient , regular , or complete year . Mathematically , there are 24 ( 2 × 4 × 3 ) possible combinations , but only 14 of them are valid . Each of these patterns is called a keviyah ( Hebrew קביעה for `` a setting '' or `` an established thing '' ) , and is encoded as a series of two or three Hebrew letters . See Four gates . In Hebrew there are two common ways of writing the year number : with the thousands , called לפרט גדול ‬ ( `` major era '' ) , and without the thousands , called לפרט קטן ‬ ( `` minor era '' ) . Thus , the current year is written as ה'תשע `` ח ‎ ( 5778 ) using the `` major era '' and תשע `` ח ‎ ( 778 ) using the `` minor era '' . Anno Mundi Further information : Anno Mundi The Jewish calendar 's reference point is traditionally held to be about one year before the Creation of the world . In 1178 CE , Maimonides wrote in the Mishneh Torah , Sanctification of the Moon ( 11.16 ) , that he had chosen the epoch from which calculations of all dates should be as `` the third day of Nisan in this present year ... which is the year 4938 of the creation of the world '' ( March 22 , 1178 ) . He included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , and beginning formal usage of the anno mundi era . From the eleventh century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' calendrical code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Since the codification by Maimonides in 1178 , the Jewish calendar has used the Anno Mundi epoch ( Latin for `` in the year of the world , '' abbreviated AM or A.M. , Hebrew לבריאת העולם ‬ ) , sometimes referred to as the `` Hebrew era '' , to distinguish it from other systems based on some computation of creation , such as the Byzantine calendar . There is also reference in the Talmud to years since the creation based on the calculation in the Seder Olam Rabbah of Rabbi Jose ben Halafta in about 160 CE . By his calculation , based on the Masoretic Text , Adam was created in 3760 BCE , later confirmed by the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni as 3448 years before the Seleucid era . An example is the c. 8th century Baraita of Samuel . According to rabbinic reckoning , the beginning of `` year 1 '' is not Creation , but about one year before Creation , with the new moon of its first month ( Tishrei ) to be called molad tohu ( the mean new moon of chaos or nothing ) . The Jewish calendar 's epoch ( reference date ) , 1 Tishrei AM 1 , is equivalent to Monday , 7 October 3761 BC / BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar , the equivalent tabular date ( same daylight period ) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1 , based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah . Thus , adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number starting from 1 CE ( AD 1 ) will yield the Hebrew year . For earlier years there may be a discrepancy ( see : Missing years ( Jewish calendar ) ) . The Seder Olam Rabbah also recognized the importance of the Jubilee and Sabbatical cycles as a long - term calendrical system , and attempted at various places to fit the Sabbatical and Jubilee years into its chronological scheme . Occasionally , Anno Mundi is styled as Anno Hebraico ( AH ) , though this is subject to confusion with notation for the Islamic Hijri year . Previous systems Before the adoption of the current AM year numbering system , other systems were in use . In early times , the years were counted from some significant historic event . ( e.g. , 1 Kings 6 : 1 ) During the period of the monarchy , it was the widespread practice in western Asia to use era year numbers according to the accession year of the monarch of the country involved . This practice was also followed by the united kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 1 Kings 14 : 25 ) , kingdom of Judah ( e.g. , 2 Kings 18 : 13 ) , kingdom of Israel ( e.g. , 2 Kings 17 : 6 ) , Persia ( e.g. , Nehemiah 2 : 1 ) and others . Besides , the author of Kings coordinated dates in the two kingdoms by giving the accession year of a monarch in terms of the year of the monarch of the other kingdom , ( e.g. , 2 Kings 8 : 16 ) though some commentators note that these dates do not always synchronise . Other era dating systems have been used at other times . For example , Jewish communities in the Babylonian diaspora counted the years from the first deportation from Israel , that of Jehoiachin in 597 BCE , ( e.g. , Ezekiel 1 : 1 -- 2 ) . The era year was then called `` year of the captivity of Jehoiachin '' . ( e.g. , 2 Kings 25 : 27 ) During the Hellenistic Maccabean period , Seleucid era counting was used , at least in the Greek - influenced area of Israel . The Books of the Maccabees used Seleucid era dating exclusively ( e.g. , 1 Maccabees 1 : 54 , 6 : 20 , 7 : 1 , 9 : 3 , 10 : 1 ) . Josephus writing in the Roman period also used Seleucid era dating exclusively . During the Talmudic era , from the 1st to the 10th century , the center of world Judaism was in the Middle East , primarily in the Talmudic Academies of Iraq and Palestine . Jews in these regions used Seleucid era dating ( also known as the `` Era of Contracts '' ) . The Avodah Zarah states : Rav Aha b . Jacob then put this question : How do we know that our Era ( of Documents ) is connected with the Kingdom of Greece at all ? Why not say that it is reckoned from the Exodus from Egypt , omitting the first thousand years and giving the years of the next thousand ? In that case , the document is really post-dated ! Said Rav Nahman : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . He ( the questioner ) thought that Rav Nahman wanted to dispose of him anyhow , but when he went and studied it thoroughly he found that it is indeed taught ( in a Baraita ) : In the Diaspora the Greek Era alone is used . The use of the era of documents ( i.e. , Seleucid era ) continued till the 16th century in the East , and was employed even in the 19th century among the Jews of Yemen . Occasionally in Talmudic writings , reference was made to other starting points for eras , such as destruction era dating , being the number of years since the 70 CE destruction of the Second Temple . In the 8th and 9th centuries , as the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe , counting using the Seleucid era `` became meaningless '' . There is indication that Jews of the Rhineland in the early Middle Ages used the `` years after the destruction of the Temple '' ( e.g. , Mainz Anonymous ) . New year A shofar made from a ram 's horn is traditionally blown in observance of Rosh Hashanah , the beginning of the Jewish civic year . Exodus 12 : 2 and Deut 16 : 1 set Aviv ( now Nisan ) as `` the first of months '' : this month shall be unto you the beginning of months ; it shall be the first month of the year to you . Nisan 1 is referred to as the ecclesiastical new year . In ancient Israel , the start of the ecclesiastical new year for the counting of months and festivals ( i.e. , Nisan ) was determined by reference to Passover . Passover is on 15 Nisan , ( Leviticus 23 : 4 -- 6 ) which corresponds to the full moon of Nisan . As Passover is a spring festival , it should fall on a full moon day around , and normally just after , the vernal ( northward ) equinox . If the twelfth full moon after the previous Passover is too early compared to the equinox , a leap month is inserted near the end of the previous year before the new year is set to begin . According to normative Judaism , the verses in Exodus 12 : 1 -- 2 require that the months be determined by a proper court with the necessary authority to sanctify the months . Hence the court , not the astronomy , has the final decision . According to some Christian and Karaite sources , the tradition in ancient Israel was that 1 Nisan would not start until the barley is ripe , being the test for the onset of spring . If the barley was not ripe , an intercalary month would be added before Nisan . The day most commonly referred to as the `` New Year '' is 1 Tishrei , which actually begins in the seventh month of the ecclesiastical year . On that day the formal New Year for the counting of years ( such as Shmita and Yovel ) , Rosh Hashanah ( `` head of the year '' ) is observed . ( see Ezekiel 40 : 1 , which uses the phrase `` beginning of the year '' . ) This is the civil new year , and the date on which the year number advances . Certain agricultural practices are also marked from this date . In the 1st century , Josephus stated that while -- Moses ... appointed Nisan ... as the first month for the festivals ... the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship , but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the ancient order ( i.e. the year beginning with Tishrei ) . '' Edwin Thiele has concluded that the ancient northern Kingdom of Israel counted years using the ecclesiastical new year starting on 1 Aviv ( Nisan ) , while the southern Kingdom of Judah counted years using the civil new year starting on 1 Tishrei . The practice of the Kingdom of Israel was also that of Babylon , as well as other countries of the region . The practice of Judah is still followed . In fact the Jewish calendar has a multiplicity of new years for different purposes . The use of these dates has been in use for a long time . The use of multiple starting dates for a year is comparable to different starting dates for civil `` calendar years '' , `` tax or fiscal years '' , `` academic years '' , `` religious cycles '' , etc . By the time of the redaction of the Mishnah , Rosh Hashanah 1 : 1 ( c. 200 CE ) , jurists had identified four new - year dates : The 1st of Nisan is the new year for kings and feasts ; the 1st of Elul is the new year for the tithe of cattle ... the 1st of Tishri is the new year for years , of the years of release and jubilee years , for the planting and for vegetables ; and the 1st of Shevat is the new year for trees -- so the school of Shammai ; and the school of Hillel say : On the 15th thereof . The month of Elul is the new year for counting animal tithes ( ma'aser behemah ) . Tu Bishvat ( `` the 15th of Shevat '' ) marks the new year for trees ( and agricultural tithes ) . For the dates of the Jewish New Year see Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 or calculate using the section `` Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars '' . Leap years The Jewish calendar is based on the Metonic cycle of 19 years , of which 12 are common ( non-leap ) years of 12 months and 7 are leap years of 13 months . To determine whether a Jewish year is a leap year , one must find its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . This position is calculated by dividing the Jewish year number by 19 and finding the remainder . For example , the Jewish year 5778 divided by 19 results in a remainder of 2 , indicating that it is year 2 of the Metonic cycle . Since there is no year 0 , a remainder of 0 indicates that the year is year 19 of the cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 of the Metonic cycle are leap years . To assist in remembering this sequence , some people use the mnemonic Hebrew word GUCHADZaT `` גוחאדז '' ט `` ‬ , where the Hebrew letters gimel - vav - het aleph - dalet - zayin - tet are used as Hebrew numerals equivalent to 3 , 6 , 8 , 1 , 4 , 7 , 9 . The keviyah records whether the year is leap or common : פ for peshuta ( פשוטה ) , meaning simple and indicating a common year , and מ indicating a leap year ( me'uberet , מעוברת ) . Another memory aid notes that intervals of the major scale follow the same pattern as do Jewish leap years , with do corresponding to year 19 ( or 0 ) : a whole step in the scale corresponds to two common years between consecutive leap years , and a half step to one common year between two leap years . This connection with the major scale is more plain in the context of 19 equal temperament : counting the tonic as 0 , the notes of the major scale in 19 equal temperament are numbers 0 ( or 19 ) , 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , the same numbers as the leap years in the Hebrew calendar . A simple rule for determining whether a year is a leap year has been given above . However , there is another rule which not only tells whether the year is leap but also gives the fraction of a month by which the calendar is behind the seasons , useful for agricultural purposes . To determine whether year n of the calendar is a leap year , find the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × n ) + 1 ) by 19 . If the remainder is 6 or less it is a leap year ; if it is 7 or more it is not . For example , the remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5778 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 15 , so the year 5778 is not a leap year . The remainder on dividing ( ( 7 × 5779 ) + 1 ) by 19 is 3 , so the year 5779 is a leap year . This works because as there are seven leap years in nineteen years the difference between the solar and lunar years increases by 7 / 19 - month per year . When the difference goes above 18 / 19 - month this signifies a leap year , and the difference is reduced by one month . Rosh Hashanah postponement rules Day of week Number of days Monday 353 355 383 385 Tuesday 354 384 Thursday 354 355 383 385 Saturday 353 355 383 385 To calculate the day on which Rosh Hashanah of a given year will fall , it is necessary first to calculate the expected molad ( moment of lunar conjunction or new moon ) of Tishrei in that year , and then to apply a set of rules to determine whether the first day of the year must be postponed . The molad can be calculated by multiplying the number of months that will have elapsed since some ( preceding ) molad whose weekday is known by the mean length of a ( synodic ) lunar month , which is 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 parts ( there are 1080 `` parts '' in an hour , so that one part is equal to 3 ⁄ seconds ) . The very first molad , the molad tohu , fell on Sunday evening at 11.11 ⁄ , or in Jewish terms Day 2 , 5 hours , and 204 parts . In calculating the number of months that will have passed since the known molad that one uses as the starting point , one must remember to include any leap months that falls within the elapsed interval , according to the cycle of leap years . A 19 - year cycle of 235 synodic months has 991 weeks 2 days 16 hours 595 parts , a common year of 12 synodic months has 50 weeks 4 days 8 hours 876 parts , while a leap year of 13 synodic months has 54 weeks 5 days 21 hours 589 parts . The two months whose numbers of days may be adjusted , Marcheshvan and Kislev , are the eighth and ninth months of the Hebrew year , whereas Tishrei is the seventh month ( in the traditional counting of the months , even though it is the first month of a new calendar year ) . Any adjustments needed to postpone Rosh Hashanah must be made to the adjustable months in the year that precedes the year of which the Rosh Hashanah will be the first day . Just four potential conditions are considered to determine whether the date of Rosh Hashanah must be postponed . These are called the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , or deḥiyyot : If the molad occurs at or later than noon , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . This is called deḥiyyah molad zaken ( literally , `` old birth '' , i.e. , late new moon ) . If the molad occurs on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , Rosh Hashanah is postponed a day . If the application of deḥiyyah molad zaken would place Rosh Hashanah on one of these days , then it must be postponed a second day . This is called deḥiyyah lo ADU , an acronym that means `` not ( weekday ) one , four , or six . '' The first of these rules ( deḥiyyah molad zaken ) is referred to in the Talmud . Nowadays , molad zaken is used as a device to prevent the molad falling on the second day of the month . The second rule , ( deḥiyyah lo ADU ) , is applied for religious reasons . Another two rules are applied much less frequently and serve to prevent impermissible year lengths . Their names are Hebrew acronyms that refer to the ways they are calculated : If the molad in a common year falls on a Tuesday after 9 hours and 204 parts , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Thursday . This is deḥiyyah GaTaRaD , where the acronym stands for `` 3 ( Tuesday ) , 9 , 204 . '' If the molad following a leap year falls on a Monday , more than 15 hours and 589 parts after the Hebrew day began ( for calculation purposes , this is taken to be 6 pm Sunday ) , Rosh Hashanah is postponed to Tuesday . This is deḥiyyah BeTUTeKaPoT , where the acronym stands for `` 2 ( Monday ) , 15 , 589 . '' At the innovation of the sages , the calendar was arranged to ensure that Yom Kippur would not fall on a Friday or Sunday , and Hoshana Rabbah would not fall on Shabbat . These rules have been instituted because Shabbat restrictions also apply to Yom Kippur , so that if Yom Kippur were to fall on Friday , it would not be possible to make necessary preparations for Shabbat ( such as candle lighting ) . Similarly , if Yom Kippur fell on a Sunday , it would not be possible to make preparations for Yom Kippur because the preceding day is Shabbat . Additionally , the laws of Shabbat override those of Hoshana Rabbah , so that if Hoshana Rabbah were to fall on Shabbat certain rituals that are a part of the Hoshana Rabbah service ( such as carrying willows , which is a form of work ) could not be performed . To prevent Yom Kippur ( 10 Tishrei ) from falling on a Friday or Sunday , Rosh Hashanah ( 1 Tishrei ) can not fall on Wednesday or Friday . Likewise , to prevent Hoshana Rabbah ( 21 Tishrei ) from falling on a Saturday , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday . This leaves only four days on which Rosh Hashanah can fall : Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday , which are referred to as the `` four gates '' . Each day is associated with a number ( its order in the week , beginning with Sunday as day 1 ) . Numbers in Hebrew have been traditionally denominated by Hebrew letters . Thus the keviyah uses the letters ה , ג , ב and ז ( representing 2 , 3 , 5 , and 7 , for Monday , Tuesday , Thursday , and Saturday ) to denote the starting day of the year . Deficient , regular , and complete years The postponement of the year is compensated for by adding a day to the second month or removing one from the third month . A Jewish common year can only have 353 , 354 , or 355 days . A leap year is always 30 days longer , and so can have 383 , 384 , or 385 days . A chaserah year ( Hebrew for `` deficient '' or `` incomplete '' ) is 353 or 383 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 29 days . The Hebrew letter ח `` het '' is used in the keviyah . A kesidrah year ( `` regular '' or `` in - order '' ) is 354 or 384 days long . Cheshvan has 29 days while Kislev has 30 days . The Hebrew letter כ `` kaf '' is used in the keviyah . A shlemah year ( `` complete '' or `` perfect '' , also `` abundant '' ) is 355 or 385 days long . Both Cheshvan and Kislev have 30 days . The Hebrew letter ש `` shin '' is used in the keviyah . Whether a year is deficient , regular , or complete is determined by the time between two adjacent Rosh Hashanah observances and the leap year . While the keviyah is sufficient to describe a year , a variant specifies the day of the week for the first day of Pesach ( Passover ) in lieu of the year length . A Metonic cycle equates to 235 lunar months in each 19 - year cycle . This gives an average of 6939 days , 16 hours , and 595 parts for each cycle . But due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules ( preceding section ) a cycle of 19 Jewish years can be either 6939 , 6940 , 6941 , or 6942 days in duration . Since none of these values is evenly divisible by seven , the Jewish calendar repeats exactly only following 36,288 Metonic cycles , or 689,472 Jewish years . There is a near - repetition every 247 years , except for an excess of about 50 minutes ( 905 parts ) . Four gates The annual calendar of a numbered Hebrew year , displayed as 12 or 13 months partitioned into weeks , can be determined by consulting the table of Four gates , whose inputs are the year 's position in the 19 - year cycle and its molad Tishrei . The resulting type ( keviyah ) of the desired year in the body of the table is a triple consisting of two numbers and a letter ( written left - to - right in English ) . The left number of each triple is the day of the week of 1 Tishrei , Rosh Hashanah ( 2 3 5 7 ) ; the letter indicates whether that year is deficient ( D ) , regular ( R ) , or complete ( C ) , the number of days in Chesvan and Kislev ; while the right number of each triple is the day of the week of 15 Nisan , the first day of Passover or Pesach ( 1 3 5 7 ) , within the same Hebrew year ( next Julian / Gregorian year ) . The keviyah in Hebrew letters are written right - to - left , so their days of the week are reversed , the right number for 1 Tishrei and the left for 15 Nisan . The year within the 19 - year cycle alone determines whether that year has one or two Adars . This table numbers the days of the week and hours for the limits of molad Tishrei in the Hebrew manner for calendrical calculations , that is , both begin at 6 pm , thus 7d 18h 0p is noon Saturday . The years of a 19 - year cycle are organized into four groups : common years after a leap year but before a common year ( 1 4 9 12 15 ) ; common years between two leap years ( 7 18 ) ; common years after a common year but before a leap year ( 2 5 10 13 16 ) ; and leap years ( 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 ) , all between common years . The oldest surviving table of Four gates was written by Saadia Gaon ( 892 -- 942 ) . It is so named because it identifies the four allowable days of the week on which 1 Tishrei can occur . Comparing the days of the week of molad Tishrei with those in the keviyah shows that during 39 % of years 1 Tishrei is not postponed beyond the day of the week of its molad Tishrei , 47 % are postponed one day , and 14 % are postponed two days . This table also identifies the seven types of common years and seven types of leap years . Most are represented in any 19 - year cycle , except one or two may be in neighboring cycles . The most likely type of year is 5R7 in 18.1 % of years , whereas the least likely is 5C1 in 3.3 % of years . The day of the week of 15 Nisan is later than that of 1 Tishrei by one , two or three days for common years and three , four or five days for leap years in deficient , regular or complete years , respectively . Four gates molad Tishrei ≥ Year of 19 - year cycle 1 4 9 12 15 7 18 2 5 10 13 16 3 6 8 11 14 17 19 7d 18h 0p 2D3 בחג 2D5 בחה 1d 9h 204p 1d 20h 491p 2C5 בשה 2C7 בשז 2d 15h 589p 2d 18h 0p 3R5 גכה 3R7 גכז 3d 9h 204p 5R7 הכז 3d 18h 0p 5D1 החא 4d 11h 695p 5d 9h 204p 5C1 השא 5C3 השג 5d 18h 0p 6d 0h 408p 7D1 זחא 7D3 זחג 6d 9h 204p 6d 20h 491p 7C3 זשג 7C5 זשה Holidays See Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 History Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period ( 530 BCE -- 70 CE ) Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages ( 70 -- 1517 ) Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Kingdom of Jerusalem Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history ( 1517 -- 1948 ) Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Independence Timeline Years Arab -- Israeli conflict Start - up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portal Mishnaic period The Trumpeting Place inscription , a stone ( 2.43 × 1 m ) with Hebrew inscription `` To the Trumpeting Place '' is believed to be a part of the Second Temple . The Tanakh contains several commandments related to the keeping of the calendar and the lunar cycle , and records changes that have taken place to the Hebrew calendar . It has been noted that the procedures described in the Mishnah and Tosefta are all plausible procedures for regulating an empirical lunar calendar . Fire - signals , for example , or smoke - signals , are known from the pre-exilic Lachish ostraca . Furthermore , the Mishnah contains laws that reflect the uncertainties of an empirical calendar . Mishnah Sanhedrin , for example , holds that when one witness holds that an event took place on a certain day of the month , and another that the same event took place on the following day , their testimony can be held to agree , since the length of the preceding month was uncertain . Another Mishnah takes it for granted that it can not be known in advance whether a year 's lease is for twelve or thirteen months . Hence it is a reasonable conclusion that the Mishnaic calendar was actually used in the Mishnaic period . The accuracy of the Mishnah 's claim that the Mishnaic calendar was also used in the late Second Temple period is less certain . One scholar has noted that there are no laws from Second Temple period sources that indicate any doubts about the length of a month or of a year . This led him to propose that the priests must have had some form of computed calendar or calendrical rules that allowed them to know in advance whether a month would have 30 or 29 days , and whether a year would have 12 or 13 months . Modern calendar The Arch of Titus depicting the objects from the Temple being carried through Rome . Between 70 and 1178 CE , the observation - based calendar was gradually replaced by a mathematically calculated one . Except for the epoch year number , the calendar rules reached their current form by the beginning of the 9th century , as described by the Persian Muslim astronomer al - Khwarizmi ( c. 780 -- 850 CE ) in 823 . One notable difference between the calendar of that era and the modern form was the date of the epoch ( the fixed reference point at the beginning of year 1 ) , which at that time was one year later than the epoch of the modern calendar . Most of the present rules of the calendar were in place by 823 , according to a treatise by al - Khwarizmi . Al - Khwarizmi 's study of the Jewish calendar , Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al - yahūd `` Extraction of the Jewish Era '' describes the 19 - year intercalation cycle , the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month Tishrī shall fall , the interval between the Jewish era ( creation of Adam ) and the Seleucid era , and the rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Jewish calendar . Not all the rules were in place by 835 . In 921 , Aaron ben Meïr proposed changes to the calendar . Though the proposals were rejected , they indicate that all of the rules of the modern calendar ( except for the epoch ) were in place before that date . In 1000 , the Muslim chronologist al - Biruni described all of the modern rules of the Hebrew calendar , except that he specified three different epochs used by various Jewish communities being one , two , or three years later than the modern epoch . There is a tradition , first mentioned by Hai Gaon ( died 1038 CE ) , that Hillel b . R. Yehuda `` in the year 670 of the Seleucid era '' ( i.e. , 358 -- 359 CE ) was responsible for the new calculated calendar with a fixed intercalation cycle . Later writers , such as Nachmanides , explained Hai Gaon 's words to mean that the entire computed calendar was due to Hillel b . Yehuda in response to persecution of Jews . Maimonides , in the 12th century , stated that the Mishnaic calendar was used `` until the days of Abaye and Rava '' , who flourished c. 320 -- 350 CE , and that the change came when `` the land of Israel was destroyed , and no permanent court was left . '' Taken together , these two traditions suggest that Hillel b . Yehuda ( whom they identify with the mid-4th - century Jewish patriarch Ioulos , attested in a letter of the Emperor Julian , and the Jewish patriarch Ellel , mentioned by Epiphanius ) instituted the computed Hebrew calendar because of persecution . H. Graetz linked the introduction of the computed calendar to a sharp repression following a failed Jewish insurrection that occurred during the rule of the Christian emperor Constantius and Gallus . A later writer , S. Lieberman , argued instead that the introduction of the fixed calendar was due to measures taken by Christian Roman authorities to prevent the Jewish patriarch from sending calendrical messengers . Both the tradition that Hillel b . Yehuda instituted the complete computed calendar , and the theory that the computed calendar was introduced due to repression or persecution , have been questioned . Furthermore , two Jewish dates during post-Talmudic times ( specifically in 506 and 776 ) are impossible under the rules of the modern calendar , indicating that its arithmetic rules were developed in Babylonia during the times of the Geonim ( 7th to 8th centuries ) . The Babylonian rules required the delay of the first day of Tishrei when the new moon occurred after noon . The Talmuds do , however , indicate at least the beginnings of a transition from a purely empirical to a computed calendar . According to a statement attributed to Yose , an Amora who lived during the second half of the 3rd century , the feast of Purim , 14 Adar , could not fall on a Sabbath nor a Monday , lest 10 Tishrei ( Yom Kippur ) fall on a Friday or a Sunday . This indicates that , by the time of the redaction of the Jerusalem Talmud ( c. 400 CE ) , there were a fixed number of days in all months from Adar to Elul , also implying that the extra month was already a second Adar added before the regular Adar . In another passage , a sage is reported to have counseled `` those who make the computations '' not to set the first day of Tishrei or the Day of the Willow on the sabbath . This indicates that there was a group who `` made computations '' and were in a position to control , to some extent , the day of the week on which Rosh Hashanah would fall . Usage in contemporary Israel Early Zionist pioneers were impressed by the fact that the calendar preserved by Jews over many centuries in far - flung diasporas , as a matter of religious ritual , was geared to the climate of their original country : the Jewish New Year marks the transition from the dry season to the rainy one , and major Jewish holidays such as Sukkot , Passover , and Shavuot correspond to major points of the country 's agricultural year such as planting and harvest . Accordingly , in the early 20th century the Hebrew calendar was re-interpreted as an agricultural rather than religious calendar . After the creation of the State of Israel , the Hebrew calendar became one of the official calendars of Israel , along with the Gregorian calendar . Holidays and commemorations not derived from previous Jewish tradition were to be fixed according to the Hebrew calendar date . For example , the Israeli Independence Day falls on 5 Iyar , Jerusalem Reunification Day on 28 Iyar , Yom HaAliyah on 10 Nisan , and the Holocaust Commemoration Day on 27 Nisan . Nevertheless , since the 1950s usage of the Hebrew calendar has steadily declined , in favor of the Gregorian calendar . At present , Israelis -- except for the religiously observant -- conduct their private and public life according to the Gregorian calendar , although the Hebrew calendar is still widely acknowledged , appearing in public venues such as banks ( where it is legal for use on cheques and other documents , though only rarely do people make use of this option ) and on the mastheads of newspapers . The Jewish New Year ( Rosh Hashanah ) is a two - day public holiday in Israel . However , since the 1980s an increasing number of secular Israelis celebrate the Gregorian New Year ( usually known as `` Silvester Night '' -- `` ליל סילבסטר '' ) on the night between 31 December and 1 January . Prominent rabbis have on several occasions sharply denounced this practice , but with no noticeable effect on the secularist celebrants . Wall calendars commonly used in Israel are hybrids . Most are organised according to Gregorian rather than Jewish months , but begin in September , when the Jewish New Year usually falls , and provide the Jewish date in small characters . Other practices Outside of Rabbinic Judaism , evidence shows a diversity of practice . Karaite calendar Karaites use the lunar month and the solar year , but the Karaite calendar differs from the current Rabbinic calendar in a number of ways . The Karaite calendar is identical to the Rabbinic calendar used before the Sanhedrin changed the Rabbinic calendar from the lunar , observation based , calendar to the current , mathematically based , calendar used in Rabbinic Judaism today . In the lunar Karaite calendar , the beginning of each month , the Rosh Chodesh , can be calculated , but is confirmed by the observation in Israel of the first sightings of the new moon . This may result in an occasional variation of a maximum of one day , depending on the inability to observe the new moon . The day is usually `` picked up '' in the next month . The addition of the leap month ( Adar II ) is determined by observing in Israel the ripening of barley at a specific stage ( defined by Karaite tradition ) ( called aviv ) , rather than using the calculated and fixed calendar of rabbinic Judaism . Occasionally this results in Karaites being one month ahead of other Jews using the calculated rabbinic calendar . The `` lost '' month would be `` picked up '' in the next cycle when Karaites would observe a leap month while other Jews would not . Furthermore , the seasonal drift of the rabbinic calendar is avoided , resulting in the years affected by the drift starting one month earlier in the Karaite calendar . Also , the four rules of postponement of the rabbinic calendar are not applied , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . In the Middle Ages many Karaite Jews outside Israel followed the calculated rabbinic calendar , because it was not possible to retrieve accurate aviv barley data from the land of Israel . However , since the establishment of the State of Israel , and especially since the Six - Day War , the Karaite Jews that have made aliyah can now again use the observational calendar . Samaritan calendar The Samaritan community 's calendar also relies on lunar months and solar years . Calculation of the Samaritan calendar has historically been a secret reserved to the priestly family alone , and was based on observations of the new crescent moon . More recently , a 20th - century Samaritan High Priest transferred the calculation to a computer algorithm . The current High Priest confirms the results twice a year , and then distributes calendars to the community . The epoch of the Samaritan calendar is year of the entry of the Children of Israel into the Land of Israel with Joshua . The month of Passover is the first month in the Samaritan calendar , but the year number increments in the sixth month . Like in the Rabbinic calendar , there are seven leap years within each 19 - year cycle . However , the Rabbinic and Samaritan calendars ' cycles are not synchronized , so Samaritan festivals -- notionally the same as the Rabbinic festivals of Torah origin -- are frequently one month off from the date according to the Rabbinic calendar . Additionally , as in the Karaite calendar , the Samaritan calendar does not apply the four rules of postponement , since they are not mentioned in the Tanakh . This can affect the dates observed for all the Jewish holidays in a particular year by one or two days . The Qumran calendar See also : Enoch calendar and Qumran calendrical texts Many of the Dead Sea ( Qumran ) Scrolls have references to a unique calendar , used by the people there , who are often assumed to be Essenes . The year of this calendar used the ideal Mesopotamian calendar of twelve 30 - day months , to which were added 4 days at the equinoxes and solstices ( cardinal points ) , making a total of 364 days . There was some ambiguity as to whether the cardinal days were at the beginning of the months or at the end , but the clearest calendar attestations give a year of four seasons , each having three months of 30 , 30 , and 31 days with the cardinal day the extra day at the end , for a total of 91 days , or exactly 13 weeks . Each season started on the 4th day of the week ( Wednesday ) , every year . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 16 -- 17 ) With only 364 days , it is clear that the calendar would after a few years be very noticeably different from the actual seasons , but there is nothing to indicate what was done about this problem . Various suggestions have been made by scholars . One is that nothing was done and the calendar was allowed to change with respect to the seasons . Another suggestion is that changes were made irregularly , only when the seasonal anomaly was too great to be ignored any longer . ( Ben - Dov , Head of All Years , pp. 19 -- 20 ) The writings often discuss the moon , but the calendar was not based on the movement of the moon any more than indications of the phases of the moon on a modern western calendar indicate that that is a lunar calendar . Recent analysis of one of the last scrolls remaining to be deciphered has revealed it relates to this calendar and that the sect used the word tekufah to identify each of the four special days marking the transitions between the seasons . Persian civil calendar Calendrical evidence for the postexilic Persian period is found in papyri from the Jewish colony at Elephantine , in Egypt . These documents show that the Jewish community of Elephantine used the Egyptian and Babylonian calendars . The Sardica paschal table shows that the Jewish community of some eastern city , possibly Antioch , used a calendrical scheme that kept Nisan 14 within the limits of the Julian month of March . Some of the dates in the document are clearly corrupt , but they can be emended to make the sixteen years in the table consistent with a regular intercalation scheme . Peter , the bishop of Alexandria ( early 4th century CE ) , mentions that the Jews of his city `` hold their Passover according to the course of the moon in the month of Phamenoth , or according to the intercalary month every third year in the month of Pharmuthi '' , suggesting a fairly consistent intercalation scheme that kept Nisan 14 approximately between Phamenoth 10 ( March 6 in the 4th century CE ) and Pharmuthi 10 ( April 5 ) . Jewish funerary inscriptions from Zoar , south of the Dead Sea , dated from the 3rd to the 5th century , indicate that when years were intercalated , the intercalary month was at least sometimes a repeated month of Adar . The inscriptions , however , reveal no clear pattern of regular intercalations , nor do they indicate any consistent rule for determining the start of the lunar month . In 1178 , Maimonides included all the rules for the calculated calendar and their scriptural basis , including the modern epochal year in his work , Mishneh Torah . Today , the rules detailed in Maimonides ' code are those generally used by Jewish communities throughout the world . Astronomical calculations Synodic month -- the molad interval A `` new moon '' ( astronomically called a lunar conjunction and , in Hebrew , a molad ) is the moment at which the sun and moon are aligned horizontally with respect to a north - south line ( technically , they have the same ecliptical longitude ) . The period between two new moons is a synodic month . The actual length of a synodic month varies from about 29 days 6 hours and 30 minutes ( 29.27 days ) to about 29 days and 20 hours ( 29.83 days ) , a variation range of about 13 hours and 30 minutes . Accordingly , for convenience , a long - term average length , identical to the mean synodic month of ancient times ( also called the molad interval ) is used . The molad interval is 765433 25920 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 765433 ) ( 25920 ) ) ) days , or 29 days , 12 hours , and 793 `` parts '' ( 1 `` part '' = / minute ; 3 `` parts '' = 10 seconds ) ( i.e. , 29.530594 days ) , and is the same value determined by the Babylonians in their System B about 300 BCE and was adopted by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 2nd century BCE and by the Alexandrian astronomer Ptolemy in the Almagest four centuries later ( who cited Hipparchus as his source ) . Its remarkable accuracy ( less than one second from the true value ) is thought to have been achieved using records of lunar eclipses from the 8th to 5th centuries BCE . This value is as close to the correct value of 29.530589 days as it is possible for a value to come that is rounded off to whole `` parts '' . The discrepancy makes the molad interval about 0.6 seconds too long . Put another way , if the molad is taken as the time of mean conjunction at some reference meridian , then this reference meridian is drifting slowly eastward . If this drift of the reference meridian is traced back to the mid-4th century , the traditional date of the introduction of the fixed calendar , then it is found to correspond to a longitude midway between the Nile and the end of the Euphrates . The modern molad moments match the mean solar times of the lunar conjunction moments near the meridian of Kandahar , Afghanistan , more than 30 ° east of Jerusalem . Furthermore , the discrepancy between the molad interval and the mean synodic month is accumulating at an accelerating rate , since the mean synodic month is progressively shortening due to gravitational tidal effects . Measured on a strictly uniform time scale , such as that provided by an atomic clock , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually longer , but since the tides slow Earth 's rotation rate even more , the mean synodic month is becoming gradually shorter in terms of mean solar time . Seasonal drift The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar is 365 days 5 hours 55 minutes and 25 + / seconds ( 365.2468 days ) -- computed as the molad / monthly interval of 29.530594 days × 235 months in a 19 - year metonic cycle ÷ 19 years per cycle . In relation to the Gregorian calendar , the mean Gregorian calendar year is 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes and 12 seconds ( 365.2425 days ) , and the drift of the Hebrew calendar in relation to it is about a day every 231 years . Implications for Jewish ritual This figure , in a detail of a medieval Hebrew calendar , reminded Jews of the palm branch ( Lulav ) , the myrtle twigs , the willow branches , and the citron ( Etrog ) to be held in the hand and to be brought to the synagogue during the holiday of Sukkot , which occurs in autumn . Although the molad of Tishrei is the only molad moment that is not ritually announced , it is actually the only one that is relevant to the Hebrew calendar , for it determines the provisional date of Rosh Hashanah , subject to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules . The other monthly molad moments are announced for mystical reasons . With the moladot on average almost 100 minutes late , this means that the molad of Tishrei lands one day later than it ought to in ( 100 minutes ) ÷ ( 1440 minutes per day ) = 5 of 72 years or nearly 7 % of years . Therefore , the seemingly small drift of the moladot is already significant enough to affect the date of Rosh Hashanah , which then cascades to many other dates in the calendar year and sometimes , due to the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules , also interacts with the dates of the prior or next year . The molad drift could be corrected by using a progressively shorter molad interval that corresponds to the actual mean lunar conjunction interval at the original molad reference meridian . Furthermore , the molad interval determines the calendar mean year , so using a progressively shorter molad interval would help correct the excessive length of the Hebrew calendar mean year , as well as helping it to `` hold onto '' the northward equinox for the maximum duration . When the 19 - year intercalary cycle was finalised in the 4th century , the earliest Passover ( in year 16 of the cycle ) coincided with the northward equinox , which means that Passover fell near the first full moon after the northward equinox , or that the northward equinox landed within one lunation before 16 days after the molad of Nisan . This is still the case in about 80 % of years ; but , in about 20 % of years , Passover is a month late by these criteria ( as it was in AM 5765 and 5768 , the 8th and 11th years of the 19 - year cycle = Gregorian 2005 and 2008 CE ) . Presently , this occurs after the `` premature '' insertion of a leap month in years 8 , 11 , and 19 of each 19 - year cycle , which causes the northward equinox to land on exceptionally early Hebrew dates in such years . This problem will get worse over time , and so beginning in AM 5817 ( 2057 CE ) , year 3 of each 19 - year cycle will also be a month late . If the calendar is not amended , then Passover will start to land on or after the summer solstice around AM 16652 ( 12892 CE ) . ( The exact year when this will begin to occur depends on uncertainties in the future tidal slowing of the Earth rotation rate , and on the accuracy of predictions of precession and Earth axial tilt . ) The seriousness of the spring equinox drift is widely discounted on the grounds that Passover will remain in the spring season for many millennia , and the text of the Torah is generally not interpreted as having specified tight calendrical limits . The Hebrew calendar also drifts with respect to the autumn equinox , and at least part of the harvest festival of Sukkot is already more than a month after the equinox in years 1 , 9 , and 12 of each 19 - year cycle ; beginning in AM 5818 ( 2057 CE ) , this will also be the case in year 4 . ( These are the same year numbers as were mentioned for the spring season in the previous paragraph , except that they get incremented at Rosh Hashanah . ) This progressively increases the probability that Sukkot will be cold and wet , making it uncomfortable or impractical to dwell in the traditional succah during Sukkot . The first winter seasonal prayer for rain is not recited until Shemini Atzeret , after the end of Sukkot , yet it is becoming increasingly likely that the rainy season in Israel will start before the end of Sukkot . No equinox or solstice will ever be more than a day or so away from its mean date according to the solar calendar , while nineteen Jewish years average 6939d 16h 33m 03 ⁄ s compared to the 6939d 14h 26m 15s of nineteen mean tropical years . This discrepancy has mounted up to six days , which is why the earliest Passover currently falls on 26 March ( as in AM 5773 / 2013 CE ) . Worked example Given the length of the year , the length of each month is fixed as described above , so the real problem in determining the calendar for a year is determining the number of days in the year . In the modern calendar , this is determined in the following manner . The day of Rosh Hashanah and the length of the year are determined by the time and the day of the week of the Tishrei molad , that is , the moment of the average conjunction . Given the Tishrei molad of a certain year , the length of the year is determined as follows : First , one must determine whether each year is an ordinary or leap year by its position in the 19 - year Metonic cycle . Years 3 , 6 , 8 , 11 , 14 , 17 , and 19 are leap years . Secondly , one must determine the number of days between the starting Tishrei molad ( TM1 ) and the Tishrei molad of the next year ( TM2 ) . For calendar descriptions in general the day begins at 6 p.m. , but for the purpose of determining Rosh Hashanah , a molad occurring on or after noon is treated as belonging to the next day ( the first deḥiyyah ) . All months are calculated as 29d , 12h , 44m , 3 ⁄ s long ( MonLen ) . Therefore , in an ordinary year TM2 occurs 12 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 354 calendar days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon , it will be 355 days . Similarly , in a leap year , TM2 occurs 13 × MonLen days after TM1 . This is usually 384 days after TM1 , but if TM1 is on or after noon and before 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. , TM2 will be only 383 days after TM1 . In the same way , from TM2 one calculates TM3 . Thus the four natural year lengths are 354 , 355 , 383 , and 384 days . However , because of the holiday rules , Rosh Hashanah can not fall on a Sunday , Wednesday , or Friday , so if TM2 is one of those days , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 is postponed by adding one day to year 1 ( the second deḥiyyah ) . To compensate , one day is subtracted from year 2 . It is to allow for these adjustments that the system allows 385 - day years ( long leap ) and 353 - day years ( short ordinary ) besides the four natural year lengths . But how can year 1 be lengthened if it is already a long ordinary year of 355 days or year 2 be shortened if it is a short leap year of 383 days ? That is why the third and fourth deḥiyyahs are needed . If year 1 is already a long ordinary year of 355 days , there will be a problem if TM1 is on a Tuesday , as that means TM2 falls on a Sunday and will have to be postponed , creating a 356 - day year . In this case , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed from Tuesday ( the third deḥiyyah ) . As it can not be postponed to Wednesday , it is postponed to Thursday , and year 1 ends up with 354 days . On the other hand , if year 2 is already a short year of 383 days , there will be a problem if TM2 is on a Wednesday . because Rosh Hashanah in year 2 will have to be postponed from Wednesday to Thursday and this will cause year 2 to be only 382 days long . In this case , year 2 is extended by one day by postponing Rosh Hashanah in year 3 from Monday to Tuesday ( the fourth deḥiyyah ) , and year 2 will have 383 days . Rectifying the Hebrew calendar The attribution of the fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar solely to Hillel II has , however , been questioned by a few authors , such as Sasha Stern , who claim that the calendar rules developed gradually over several centuries . Given the importance in Jewish ritual of establishing the accurate timing of monthly and annual times , some futurist writers and researchers have considered whether a `` corrected '' system of establishing the Hebrew date is required . The mean year of the current mathematically based Hebrew calendar has `` drifted '' an average of 7 -- 8 days late relative to the equinox relationship that it originally had . It is not possible , however , for any individual Hebrew date to be a week or more `` late '' , because Hebrew months always begin within a day or two of the molad moment . What happens instead is that the traditional Hebrew calendar `` prematurely '' inserts a leap month one year before it `` should have been '' inserted , where `` prematurely '' means that the insertion causes the spring equinox to land more than 30 days before the latest acceptable moment , thus causing the calendar to run `` one month late '' until the time when the leap month `` should have been '' inserted prior to the following spring . This presently happens in 4 years out of every 19 - year cycle ( years 3 , 8 , 11 , and 19 ) , implying that the Hebrew calendar currently runs `` one month late '' more than 21 % of the time . Dr. Irv Bromberg has proposed a 353 - year cycle of 4366 months , which would include 130 leap months , along with use of a progressively shorter molad interval , which would keep an amended fixed arithmetic Hebrew calendar from drifting for more than seven millennia . It takes about 3 ⁄ centuries for the spring equinox to drift an average of ⁄ th of a molad interval earlier in the Hebrew calendar . That is a very important time unit , because it can be cancelled by simply truncating a 19 - year cycle to 11 years , omitting 8 years including three leap years from the sequence . That is the essential feature of the 353 - year leap cycle ( ( 9 × 19 ) + 11 + ( 9 × 19 ) = 353 years ) . Religious questions abound about how such a system might be implemented and administered throughout the diverse aspects of the world Jewish community . Conversion between Jewish and civil calendars The list below gives a time which can be used to determine the day the Jewish ecclesiastical ( spring ) year starts over a period of nineteen years : 20 : 18 15 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 31 March 2014 05 : 07 9 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 21 March 2015 02 : 40 4 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 4 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 8 April 2016 11 : 28 16 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 16 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 28 March 2017 20 : 17 10 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 10 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 17 March 2018 17 : 50 5 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 5 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 5 April 2019 02 : 38 17 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 17 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 25 March 2020 11 : 27 11 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 11 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 14 March 2021 09 : 00 6 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 6 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Saturday , 2 April 2022 17 : 49 Wednesday , 22 March 2023 15 : 21 13 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 13 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Tuesday , 9 April 2024 00 : 10 7 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 7 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 30 March 2025 08 : 59 1 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 1 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Thursday , 19 March 2026 06 : 31 14 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 14 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 7 April 2027 15 : 20 8 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 8 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Sunday , 26 March 2028 00 : 09 2 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 2 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 16 March 2029 21 : 41 15 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 15 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Wednesday , 3 April 2030 06 : 30 9 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Monday , 24 March 2031 15 : 19 3 18 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 18 ) ) ) Friday , 12 March 2032 Every nineteen years this time is 2 days , 16 hours , 33 1 / 18 minutes later in the week . That is either the same or the previous day in the civil calendar , depending on whether the difference in the day of the week is three or two days . If 29 February is included fewer than five times in the nineteen -- year period the date will be later by the number of days which corresponds to the difference between the actual number of insertions and five . If the year is due to start on Sunday , it actually begins on the following Tuesday if the following year is due to start on Friday morning . If due to start on Monday , Wednesday or Friday it actually begins on the following day . If due to start on Saturday , it actually begins on the following day if the previous year was due to begin on Monday morning . The table below lists , for a Jewish year commencing on 23 March , the civil date of the first day of each month . If the year does not begin on 23 March , each month 's first day will differ from the date shown by the number of days that the start of the year differs from 23 March . The correct column is the one which shows the correct starting date for the following year in the last row . If 29 February falls within a Jewish month the first day of later months will be a day earlier than shown . Civil date of first day of Jewish months Length of year : 353 days 354 days 355 days 383 days 384 days 385 days First month 23 March Second month 22 April Third month 21 May Fourth month 20 June Fifth month 19 July Sixth month 18 August Seventh month 16 September Eighth month 16 October Ninth month 14 November 15 November 14 November 15 November Tenth month 13 December 14 December 15 December 13 December 14 December 15 December Eleventh month 11 January 12 January 13 January 11 January 12 January 13 January Added month N / A 10 February 11 February 12 February Twelfth month 10 February 11 February 12 February 12 March 13 March 14 March First month 11 March 12 March 13 March 10 April 11 April 12 April For long period calculations , dates should be reduced to the Julian calendar and converted back to the civil calendar at the end of the calculation . The civil calendar used here ( Exigian ) is correct to one day in 44,000 years and omits the leap day in centennial years which do not give remainder 200 or 700 when divided by 900 . It is identical to the Gregorian calendar between 15 October 1582 CE and 28 February 2400 CE ( both dates inclusive ) . To find how many days the civil calendar is ahead of the Julian in any year from 301 BCE ( the calendar is proleptic ( assumed ) up to 1582 CE ) add 300 to the year , multiply the hundreds by 7 , divide by 9 and subtract 4 . Ignore any fraction of a day . When the difference between the calendars changes the calculated value applies on and from March 1 ( civil date ) for conversions to Julian . For earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . For conversions to the civil date the calculated value applies on and from February 29 ( Julian date ) . Again , for earlier dates reduce the calculated value by one . The difference is applied to the calendar one is converting into . A negative value indicates that the Julian date is ahead of the civil date . In this case it is important to remember that when calculating the civil equivalent of February 29 ( Julian ) , February 29 is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the civil equivalent of this date is February 24 . Before 1 CE use astronomical years rather than years BCE . The astronomical year is ( year BCE ) -- 1 . Up to the 4th century CE , these tables give the day of the Jewish month to within a day or so and the number of the month to within a month or so . From the 4th century , the number of the month is given exactly and from the 9th century the day of the month is given exactly as well . In the Julian calendar , every 76 years the Jewish year is due to start 5h 47 14 / 18m earlier , and 3d 18h 12 4 / 18m later in the week . Example calculation On what civil date does the eighth month begin in CE 20874 - 5 ? 20874 = 2026 + ( 248x76 ) . In ( 248x76 ) Julian years the Jewish year is due to start ( 248x3d 18h 12 4 / 18m ) later in the week , which is 932d 2h 31 2 / 18m or 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later after removing complete weeks . Allowing for the current difference of thirteen days between the civil and Julian calendars , the Julian date is 13 + ( 248x0d 5h 47 4 / 18m ) earlier , which is 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m earlier . Convert back to the civil calendar by applying the formula . 20874 + 300 = 21174 211x7 = 1477 1477 / 9 = 164 remainder 1 164 - 4 = 160 . 160d - 72d 21h 28 16 / 18m = 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m . So , in 20874 CE , the Jewish year is due to begin 87d 2h 31 2 / 18m later than in 2026 CE and 1d 2h 31 2 / 18m later in the week . In 20874 CE , therefore , the Jewish year is due to begin at 11.30 3 / 18 A.M. on Friday , 14 June . Because of the displacements , it actually begins on Saturday , 15 June . Odd months have 30 days and even months 29 , so the starting dates are 2 , 15 July ; 3 , 13 August ; 4 , 12 September ; 5 , 11 October ; 6 , 10 November ; 7 , 9 December , and 8 , 8 January . The rules are based on the theory that Maimonides explains in his book `` Rabbinical Astronomy '' -- no allowance is made for the secular ( centennial ) decrease of 1⁄2 second in the length of the mean tropical year and the increase of about four yards in the distance between the earth and the moon resulting from tidal friction because astronomy was not sufficiently developed in the 12th century ( when Maimonides wrote his book ) to detect this . See also Judaism portal Assyrian calendar Babylonian calendar Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement Chol HaMoed , the intermediate days during Passover and Sukkot . Chronology of the Bible Counting of the Omer Islamic calendar Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Lag BaOmer , 33rd day of counting the Omer . References Jump up ^ Specifically , the ripening of the barley crop ; the age of the kids , lambs , and doves ; the ripeness of the fruit trees ; and the relation of the date to the tekufah ( seasons ) . See the Talmud , Sanhedrin 11b Jump up ^ `` Tishrei , 5777 '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gen 1 : 5 , Gen 1 : 8 , Gen 1 : 13 , Gen 1 : 19 , Gen 1 : 23 , Gen 1 : 31 and Gen 2.2 . Jump up ^ Kurzweil , Arthur ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` The Torah For Dummies '' . John Wiley & Sons -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/134527/jewish/Zmanim-Briefly-Defined-and-Explained.htm Jump up ^ Otto Neugebauer , `` The astronomy of Maimonides and its sources '' , Hebrew Union College Annual 23 ( 1949 ) 322 -- 363 . Jump up ^ See Willie Roth 's essay The International Date Line and Halacha . Jump up ^ `` Appendix II : Baal HaMaor 's Interpretation of 20b and its Relevance to the Dateline '' in Talmud Bavli , Schottenstein Edition , Tractate Rosh HaShanah , Mesorah Publications Ltd . ( `` ArtScroll '' ) 1999 , where `` 20b '' refers to the 20th page 2nd folio of the tractate . Jump up ^ See , for example , Berachot chapter 1 , Mishnah 2 . Jump up ^ See Genesis 1 : 8 , 1 : 13 , 1 : 19 , 1 : 23 , 1 : 31 and 2.2 . Jump up ^ For example , according to Morfix מילון מורפיקס , Morfix Dictionary , which is based upon Prof. Yaakov Choeka 's Rav Milim dictionary . But the word meaning a non-Talmudic week is שָׁבוּע ( shavuʻa ) , according to the same `` מילון מורפיקס '' . Jump up ^ For example , when referring to the daily psalm recited in the morning prayer ( Shacharit ) . Jump up ^ In contrast , the Gregorian calendar is a pure solar calendar , while the Islamic calendar is a pure lunar calendar . Jump up ^ Under the fixed , calculated calendar , this is only loosely true . Because the calculations are based on mean lunar months , not observed ones -- and because of the Rosh Hashanah postponement rules -- a given month may not begin on the same day as its astronomical conjunction . See Bromberg , Dr. Irv ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Moon and the Molad of the Hebrew Calendar '' . utoronto.ca . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ This practice continues to be used in Karaite Judaism as well as in the Islamic calendar . ^ Jump up to : Tosefta Sanhedrin 2.2 , Herbert Danby , Trans. , Tractate Sanhedrin Mishnah and Tosefta , Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge , London and New York , 1919 , p. 31 . Also quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions ( 1961 ) by Roland De Vaux , John McHugh , Publisher : McGraw -- Hill , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4278 - 7 , p. 179 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1.7 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.6 -- 8 ^ Jump up to : b . Rosh Hashanah 20b : `` This is what Abba the father of R. Simlai meant : ' We calculate the new moon 's birth . If it is born before midday , then certainly it will have been seen shortly before sunset . If it was not born before midday , certainly it will not have been seen shortly before sunset . ' What is the practical value of this remark ? R. Ashi said : Confuting the witnesses . '' I. Epstein , Ed. , The Babylonian Talmud Seder Mo'ed , Soncino Press , London , 1938 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 2.2 Jump up ^ b . Betzah 4b Jump up ^ Sanctification of the New Moon . Archived 2010 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Translated from the Hebrew by Solomon Gandz ; supplemented , introduced , and edited by Julian Obermann ; with an astronomical commentary by Otto Neugebauer . Yale Judaica Series , Volume 11 , New Haven : Yale University Press , 1956 Jump up ^ http://www.ehebrew.org/articles/hebrew-calendar.php Jump up ^ Gen 7 : 11 says `` ... on the seventeenth day of the second month -- on that day all the springs of the great deep burst forth ... '' and 8 : 3 -- 4 says `` ... At the end of the hundred and fifty days the water had gone down , ( 4 ) and on the seventeenth day of the seventh month the ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat ... '' There is an interval of 5 months and 150 days , making each month 30 days long . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 2013 ) . Ancient Synagogues -- Archaeology and Art : New Discoveries and Current Research . Brill . p. 342 . ISBN 978 - 9004257733 . Jump up ^ Ulfgard , Håkan ( 1998 ) . The Story of Sukkot : the Setting , Shaping and Sequel of the Biblical Feast of Tabernacles . Mohr Siebeck . p. 99 . ISBN 3 - 16 - 147017 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 12 Signs , 12 Sons : Astrology in the Bible , David Womack , Harper & Row , San Francisco 1978 , pg 43 ) Jump up ^ Solomon , Gandz ( 1947 -- 1948 ) . `` Date of the Composition of Maimonides ' Code '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research , Vol. 17 , pp. 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 3622160 . JSTOR 3622160 . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chronology of the Old Testament , Dr. Floyd Nolen Jones `` When the center of Jewish life moved from Babylonia to Europe during the 8th and 9th centuries CE , calculations from the Seleucid era became meaningless . Over those centuries , it was replaced by that of the anno mundi era of the Seder Olam . From the 11th century , anno mundi dating became dominant throughout most of the world 's Jewish communities . '' Jump up ^ Alden A. Mosshammer . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Jump up ^ p. 107 , Kantor ^ Jump up to : See The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries . Jump up ^ A minority opinion places Creation on 25 Adar AM 1 , six months earlier , or six months after the modern epoch . Jump up ^ Fisher Saller , Carol ; Harper , Russell David , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` 9.34 : Eras '' . The Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed . ) . Chicago : Univiversity of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 10420 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Edwin Thiele , The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings , ( 1st ed. ; New York : Macmillan , 1951 ; 2d ed. ; Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1965 ; 3rd ed. ; Grand Rapids : Zondervan / Kregel , 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 8254 - 3825 - X , 9780825438257 Jump up ^ Adsole , Atenebris . `` Babylonian Talmud : ' Abodah Zarah 10 '' . www.come-and-hear.com . ^ Jump up to : Avodah Zarah , tractate 9 Footnote : `` The Eras in use among Jews in Talmudic Times are : ( a ) ERA OF CONTRACTS ( H ) dating from the year 380 before the Destruction of the Second Temple ( 312 -- 1 BCE ) when , at the Battle of Gaza , Seleucus Nicator , one of the followers of Alexander the Great , gained dominion over Palestine . It is also termed Seleucid or Greek Era ( H ) . Its designation as Alexandrian Era connecting it with Alexander the Great ( Maim . Yad , Gerushin 1 , 27 ) is an anachronism , since Alexander died in 323 BCE -- eleven years before this Era began ( v. E. Mahler , Handbuch der judischen Chronologie , p. 145 ) . This Era , which is first mentioned in Mac . I , 10 , and was used by notaries or scribes for dating all civil contracts , was generally in vogue in eastern countries till the 16th cent , and was employed even in the 19th cent , among the Jews of Yemen , in South Arabia ( Eben Saphir , Lyck , 1866 , p. 62b ) . ( b ) THE ERA OF THE DESTRUCTION ( of the Second Temple ) ( H ) the year 1 of which corresponds to 381 of the Seleucid Era , and 69 -- 70 of the Christian Era . This Era was mainly employed by the Rabbis and was in use in Palestine for several centuries , and even in the later Middle Ages documents were dated by it . One of the recently discovered Genizah documents bears the date 13 Tammuz 987 after the Destruction of the Temple -- i.e. , 917 C.E. ( Op . cit . p. 152 , also Marmorstein ZDMG , Vol . VI , p. 640 ) . The difference between the two Eras as far as the tens and units are concerned is thus 20 . If therefore a Tanna , say in the year 156 Era of Dest. ( 225 CE ) , while remembering , naturally , the century , is uncertain about the tens and units , he should ask the notary what year it is according to his -- Seleucid -- era . He will get the answer 536 ( 156 + 380 ) , on adding 20 to which he would get 556 , the last two figures giving him the year ( 1 ) 56 of the Era of Destruction . '' Jump up ^ Scherman , Nosson ( 2005 ) . Artscroll Chumash . Jump up ^ The barley had to be `` eared out '' ( ripe ) in order to have a wave - sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law . Jones , Stephen ( 1996 ) . Secrets of Time . Jump up ^ See Maaser Rishon , Maaser Sheni , Maaser Ani . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities 1.81 , Loeb Classical Library , 1930 . Jump up ^ The Chronology of the Old Testament , 16th ed. , Floyd Nolan Jones , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89051 - 416 - 0 , pp. 118 -- 123 Jump up ^ M. Rosh Hashanah 1 , in Herbert Danby , trans. , The Mishnah , Oxford University Press , 1933 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ See also Golden number . Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Calendar : A Closer Look '' . Judaism 101 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Dershowitz , Nachum ; Reingold , Edward M. ( December 2007 ) . Calendrical Calculations ( Third ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ R. Avraham bar Chiya ha - nasi . Sefer ha - Ibbur ( part 2 , chapters 9 , 10 ) . Jump up ^ Tur , O.C. ( section 428 ) . Jump up ^ Rambam . Hilchos Kiddush ha - Chodesh ( chapters 6 , 7 , 8 ) . Jump up ^ W.M. Feldman ( 1965 ) . `` Chapter 17 : The Fixed Calendar '' . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy ( 2nd ed . ) . Hermon Press . Jump up ^ Hugo Mandelbaum ( 1986 ) . `` Introduction : Elements of the Calendar Calculations '' . In Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar ( 3rd ed . ) . Jump up ^ Landau , Remy . `` Hebrew Calendar Science and Myth : ' The Debatable Dehiyah Molad Zaquen ' '' . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ This is the reason given by most halachic authorities , based on the Talmud , Rosh Hashanah 20b and Sukkah 43b . Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah , Kiddush Hachodesh 7 : 7 ) , however , writes that the arrangement was made ( possible days alternating with impossible ones ) in order to average out the difference between the mean and true lunar conjunctions . Jump up ^ The Talmud ( Rosh Hashanah 20b ) puts it differently : over two consecutive days of full Shabbat restrictions , vegetables would wilt ( since they ca n't be cooked ) , and unburied corpses would putrefy . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi , Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ Bushwick , Nathan ( 1989 ) . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 . Jump up ^ Poznanski , Samuel ( 1910 ) . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. 3 . Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark . p. 121 . Jump up ^ Resnikoff , Louis A. ( 1943 ) . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' . Scripta Mathematica. 9 : 276 . Jump up ^ In the Four gates sources ( keviyot cited here are in Hebrew in sources ) : Bushwick forgot to include 5D for leap years . Poznanski forgot to include 5D for a limit in his table although he did include it in his text as 5D1 ; for leap years he incorrectly listed 5C7 instead of the correct 5C3 . Resnikoff 's table is correct . Jump up ^ Robert Schram , Kalendariographische und Chronologische Tafeln , 1908 , pp. XXIII -- XXVI , 190 -- 238 . Schram gives the type of Hebrew year for all years 1 -- 6149 AM ( − 3760 -- 2388 Julian / Gregorian ) in a main table ( 3946 + ) and its adjunct ( 1 + , 1742 + ) on pages 191 -- 234 in the form 2d , 2a , 3r , 5r , 5a , 7d , 7a for common years and 2D , 2A , 3R , 5D , 5A , 7D , 7A for leap years . The type of year 1 AM , 2a , is on page 200 at the far right . ^ Jump up to : Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , Oxford University Press , 2001 , pp. 162ff . Jump up ^ James B. Pritchard , ed. , The Ancient Near East : An Anthology of Texts and Pictures , Vol. 1 , Princeton University Press , p. 213 . Jump up ^ M. Sanhedrin 5.3 : `` If one testifies , ' on the second of the month , and the other , ' on the third of the month : ' their evidence is valid , for one may have been aware of the intercalation of the month and the other may not have been aware of it . But if one says , ' on the third ' , and the other ' on the fifth ' , their evidence is invalid . '' Jump up ^ M. Baba Metzia 8.8 . Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon . `` Studies in the Hebrew Calendar : II . The origin of the Two New Moon Days '' , Jewish Quarterly Review ( New Series ) , 40 ( 2 ) , 1949 -- 50 . JSTOR 1452961 . doi : 10.2307 / 1452961 . Reprinted in Shlomo Sternberg , ed. , Studies in Hebrew Astronomy and Mathematics by Solomon Gandz , KTAV , New York , 1970 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community . ^ Jump up to : E.S. Kennedy , `` Al - Khwarizmi on the Jewish calendar '' , Scripta Mathematica 27 ( 1964 ) 55 -- 59 . ^ Jump up to : `` al - Khwarizmi '' , Dictionary of Scientific Biography , VII : 362 , 365 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sacha ( 2001 ) . Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE . Oxford . ISBN 9780198270348 . Jump up ^ Julian , Letter 25 , in John Duncombe , Select Works of the Emperor Julian and some Pieces of the Sophist Libanius , Vol. 2 , Cadell , London , 1784 , pp. 57 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses 30.4. 1 , in Frank Williams , trans. , The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis Book I ( Sections 1 -- 46 ) , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1987 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ H. Graetz , Popular History of the Jews , ( A.B. Rhine , trans. , ) Hebrew Publishing Company , New York , 1919 , Vol. II , pp. 410 -- 411 . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , S. `` Palestine in the Third and Fourth Centuries '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series 36 , pp. 329 -- 370 ( 1946 ) . JSTOR 1452134 . doi : 10.2307 / 1452134 . Quoted in Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 216 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford University Press , 2001 . In particular section 5.1. 1 , discussion of the `` Persecution theory . '' Jump up ^ Poznanski , Samuel , `` Ben Meir and the Origin of the Jewish Calendar '' , Jewish Quarterly Review , Original Series , Vol. 10 , pp. 152 -- 161 ( 1898 ) . JSTOR 1450611 . doi : 10.2307 / 1450611 . Jump up ^ `` While it is not unreasonable to attribute to Hillel II the fixing of the regular order of intercalations , his full share in the present fixed calendar is doubtful . '' Entry `` Calendar '' , Encyclopedia Judaica , Keter , Jerusalem , 1971 . Jump up ^ Samuel Poznanski , `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' , Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics , vol. 3 . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Megillah 70b . Jump up ^ Yerushalmi Sukkah 54b . Jump up ^ David Lev ( 23 December 2012 ) . `` Rabbinate : New Year 's Eve Parties ' Not Kosher ' '' . Arutz Sheva . Retrieved 30 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Korner -- New Moon and the Hebrew Month '' . www.karaite-korner.org . Jump up ^ `` Aviv Barley in the Biblical Calendar -- Nehemia 's Wall '' . 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Samaritan Calendar '' ( PDF ) . www.thesamaritanupdate.com. 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Benyamim , Tzedaka . `` Calendar '' . www.israelite-samaritans.com . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Glowatz , Elana ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` One Of The Last Dead Sea Scroll Mysteries Has Been Deciphered '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , `` The Babylonian Calendar at Elephantine '' , Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 130 , 159 -- 171 ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe , A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period , Volume 1 : Yehud : A History of the Persian Province of Judah , T&T Clark , London , 2004 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln , ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii , Berlin , 1905 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae , Chronicon Paschale Vol. 1 , Weber , Bonn , 1832 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community , pp. 87 -- 97 , 146 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Neugebauer , Astronomical cuneiform texts , Vol 1 , pp 271 -- 273 Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer , Hipparchus ' Empirical Basis for his Lunar Mean Motions , Centaurus , Vol 24 , 1980 , pp. 97 -- 109 Jump up ^ Weinberg , I. , Astronomical Aspects of the Jewish Calendar , Monthly Notes of the Astronomical Society of South Africa , Vol. 15 , p. 86 ; available at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The following description is based on the article `` Calendar '' in Encyclopaedia Judaica ( Jerusalem : Ketter , 1972 ) . It is an explanatory description , not a procedural one , in particular explaining what is going on with the third and fourth deḥiyyot Jump up ^ So for example if the Tishrei molad is calculated as occurring from noon on Wednesday ( the 18th hour of the fourth day ) up until noon on Thursday , Rosh Hashanah falls on a Thursday , which starts Wednesday at sunset wherever one happens to be . Jump up ^ This will happen if TM1 is on or after 3 : 11 : 20 a.m. and before noon on a Tuesday . If TM1 is Monday , Thursday or Saturday , Rosh Hashanah in year 2 does not need to be postponed . If TM1 is Sunday , Wednesday or Friday , Rosh Hashanah in year 1 is postponed , so year 1 is not the maximum length . Jump up ^ TM2 will be between noon and 2 : 27 : 16 ⁄ p.m. on Tuesday , and TM3 will be between 9 : 32 : 43 ⁄ and noon on Monday . Jump up ^ Bromberg , Irv . `` The Rectified Hebrew Calendar '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Committee concerning the fixing of the Calendar -- The Sanhedrin English '' . www.thesanhedrin.org . Jump up ^ Cassidy , Simon . `` Re : How long is a year ... EXACTLY ? East Carolina University Calendar discussion List CALNDR - L '' . 25 October 1996 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , W M. Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy : Judaic Studies Library ; no . SHP 4 . New York , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0872030268 . Bibliography al - Biruni . The Chronology of Ancient Nations , Chapter VII . tr. C. Edward Sachau . London , 1879 . Ari Belenkiy . `` A Unique Feature of the Jewish Calendar -- Dehiyot '' . Culture and Cosmos 6 ( 2002 ) 3 -- 22 . Jonathan Ben - Dov . Head of All Years : Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran in their Ancient Context . Leiden : Brill , 2008 . Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford - Strevens . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time - reckoning . Oxford University Press ; USA , 2000 . Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby . Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan Calendars . George Bell and Sons , London , 1901 . Nathan Bushwick . Understanding the Jewish Calendar . Moznaim , New York / Jerusalem , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 940118 - 17 - 3 William Moses Feldman . Rabbinical Mathematics and Astronomy , 3rd edition , Sepher - Hermon Press , New York , 1978 . Eduard Mahler , Handbuch der jüdischen Chronologie . Buchhandlung Gustav Fock , Leipzig , 1916 . Helen R. Jacobus . Zodiac Calendars in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Their Reception : Ancient Astronomy and Astrology in Early Judaism . Leiden : Brill , 2014 . ISBN 9789004284050 Otto Neugebauer . Ethiopic astronomy and computus . Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische Klasse , Sitzungsberichte 347 . Vienna , 1979 . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three , Treatise Eight : Sanctification of the New Moon . Translated by Solomon Gandz . Yale Judaica Series Volume XI , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1956 . Samuel Poznanski . `` Calendar ( Jewish ) '' . Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 117 -- 124 . Edward M. Reingold and Nachum Dershowitz . Calendrical Calculations : The Millennium Edition . Cambridge University Press ; 2 edition ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77752 - 6 723 -- 730 . Louis A. Resnikoff . `` Jewish Calendar Calculations '' , Scripta Mathematica 9 ( 1943 ) 191 -- 195 , 274 -- 277 . Eduard Schwartz , Christliche und jüdische Ostertafeln ( Abhandlungen der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen . Philologisch - Historische Klasse . Neue Folge , Band viii ) , Berlin , 1905 . Arthur Spier . The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar : Twentieth to the Twenty - Second Century 5660 -- 5860 / 1900 -- 2100 . Feldheim Publishers , Jerusalem / New York , 1986 . Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE to 10th Century CE . Oxford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 9780198270348 . Ernest Wiesenberg . `` Appendix : Addenda and Corrigenda to Treatise VIII '' . The Code of Maimonides ( Mishneh Torah ) , Book Three : The Book of Seasons . Yale Judaica Series Volume XIV , Yale University Press , New Haven , Conn. , 1961 . pp. 557 -- 602 . Francis Henry Woods . `` Calendar ( Hebrew ) '' , Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics . T. & T. Clark , Edinburgh , 1910 , vol. 3 , pp. 108 -- 109 . External links This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . 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-1548843283440971356	The Great Gig in the Sky	The Great Gig in the Sky - wikipedia The Great Gig in the Sky Jump to : navigation , search `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album The Dark Side of the Moon Published World Copyrights Ltd Released 1 March 1973 Recorded September 1972 -- January 1973 Genre Progressive rock Length 4 : 36 Label Harvest Songwriter ( s ) Richard Wright , Clare Torry Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd track listing 26 tracks ( show ) Disc one `` Astronomy Domine '' `` See Emily Play '' `` The Happiest Days of Our Lives '' `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part 2 ) '' `` Echoes '' `` Hey You '' `` Marooned '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' `` Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun '' `` Money '' `` Keep Talking '' `` Sheep '' `` Sorrow '' Disc two `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- VII ) '' `` Time '' `` The Fletcher Memorial Home '' `` Comfortably Numb '' `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' `` One of These Days '' `` Us and Them '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Arnold Layne '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Jugband Blues '' `` High Hopes '' `` Bike '' Audio sample file help `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' is the fifth track on The Dark Side of the Moon , the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd . The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Clare Torry 's vocals 3 Quotes from those involved 4 Lawsuit 5 Spoken parts 6 Reception 7 Live performances 8 Commercial re-use 9 Cover versions 10 Personnel 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) Fender ' Duo 1000 ' double - neck steel guitar ( 1962 ) , purchased in Seattle in October 1970 by David Gilmour , and used on ' Great Gig in the Sky ' ; displayed at the Pink Floyd : Their Mortal Remains exhibition The song began life as a Richard Wright chord progression , known variously as `` The Mortality Sequence '' or `` The Religion Song '' . During 1972 it was performed live as a simple organ instrumental , accompanied by spoken - word samples from the Bible and snippets of speeches by Malcolm Muggeridge , a British writer known for his conservative religious views . When the band came to record Dark Side in 1973 , the lead instrument had been switched to a piano . Various sound effects were tried over the track , including recordings of NASA astronauts communicating on space missions , but none were satisfactory . Finally , a couple of weeks before the album was due to be finished , the band thought of having a female singer `` wail '' over the music . Clare Torry 's vocals ( edit ) As the band began casting around for a singer , album engineer Alan Parsons suggested Clare Torry , a 25 - year - old songwriter and session vocalist . Parsons had previously worked with Torry , and had liked her voice on a compilation album of covers . An accountant from Abbey Road Studios called Dennis contacted Torry and tried to arrange a session for the same evening , but she was initially unenthusiastic . Torry was not a particular fan of Pink Floyd , and she had various other commitments , including , she later admitted , tickets to see Chuck Berry that evening . Eventually , however , a session was scheduled for the following Sunday . The band played the instrumental track for Torry and asked her to improvise a vocal . At first , Torry struggled to divine what the band wanted , but then she was inspired to pretend that she herself was an instrument . She performed two complete takes , the second one more emotional than the first . David Gilmour asked for a third take , but halfway through Torry stopped , feeling she was getting repetitive and had already done the best she could . The final album track was assembled from all three takes . The members of the band were deeply impressed by Torry 's performance , but were so reserved in their outward response that she left under the impression that her vocals would never make the final cut . She only became aware they were used when she saw the album at a local record store , spotted her name in the credits and purchased it . Quotes from those involved ( edit ) Richard Wright : Great Gig in the Sky ? It was just me playing in the studio , playing some chords , and probably Dave or Roger saying `` Hmm ... that sounds nice . Maybe we could use that for this part of the album . '' And then , me going away and trying to develop it . So then I wrote the music for that , and then there was a middle bit , with Clare Torry singing , that fantastic voice . We wanted something for that bit , and she came in and sang on it . Roger Waters : It was something that Rick had already written . It 's a great chord sequence . `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' and the piano part on `` Us and Them , '' in my view , are the best things that Rick did -- they 're both really beautiful . And Alan ( Parsons ) suggested Clare Torry . I 've no idea whose idea it was to have someone wailing on it . Clare came into the studio one day , and we said , `` There 's no lyrics . It 's about dying -- have a bit of a sing on that , girl . '' I think she only did one take . And we all said , `` Wow , that 's that done . Here 's your sixty quid . '' Alan Parsons : She ( Torry ) had done a covers album ; I can remember that she did a version of `` Light My Fire . '' I just thought she had a great voice . When the situation came up , they started head - scratching , saying , `` Who are we going to get to sing on this ? '' I said , `` I 've got an idea -- I know this girl . '' She came , and in a couple of hours it was all done . She had to be told not to sing any words : when she first started , she was doing `` Oh yeah baby '' and all that kind of stuff , so she had to be restrained on that . But there was no real direction -- she just had to feel it . David Gilmour : Clare Torry did n't really look the part . She was Alan Parsons ' idea . We wanted to put a girl on there , screaming orgasmically . Alan had worked with her previously , so we gave her try . And she was fantastic . We had to encourage her a little bit . We gave her some dynamic hints : `` Maybe you 'd like to do this piece quietly , and this piece louder . '' She did maybe half a dozen takes , and then afterwards we compiled the final performance out of all the bits . It was n't done in one single take . Clare Torry : I went in , put the headphones on , and started going ' Ooh - aah , baby , baby -- yeah , yeah , yeah . ' They said , ' No , no -- we do n't want that . If we wanted that we 'd have got Doris Troy . ' They said , ' Try some longer notes ' , so I started doing that a bit . And all this time , I was getting more familiar with the backing track . ( ... ) That was when I thought , ' Maybe I should just pretend I 'm an instrument . ' So I said , ' Start the track again . ' One of my most enduring memories is that there was a lovely can ( i.e headphone ) balance . Alan Parsons got a lovely sound on my voice : echoey , but not too echoey . When I closed my eyes -- which I always did -- it was just all - enveloping ; a lovely vocal sound , which for a singer , is always inspirational . Chris Thomas , who was brought in to assist Alan Parsons in mixing the album mentions that they were actually in mixdown at the time . On the DVD Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , various members mention that they had this song and were n't quite sure what to do with it . Wright further mentions that when she finished , she was apologetic about her performance even though those present were amazed at her improvisation . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 2004 , Torry sued Pink Floyd and EMI for songwriting royalties , on the basis that her contribution to `` Great Gig in the Sky '' constituted co-authorship with Richard Wright . Originally , she had been paid the standard Sunday flat studio rate of £ 30 ( equivalent to £ 400 in 2015 ) . In 2005 , prior to a hearing in the High Court , an out - of - court settlement was reached . Although the terms of the settlement were not disclosed all pressings after 2005 list the composition to Richard Wright and Clare Torry . Spoken parts ( edit ) On Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , it is pointed out that during the recording of the album , in which death and life had been a consistent theme , the members of the band went around asking questions and recording responses by the folks working inside Abbey Road . Among the questions , they were asked `` Are you afraid of dying ? '' The responses of doorman Gerry O'Driscoll and the wife of their road Manager Peter Watts were used , as well as other spoken parts throughout the album ( `` I 've always been mad '' `` That geezer was cruisin ' for a bruisin '' ) ( At 0 : 38 ) And I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do , I do n't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it -- you 've got to go sometime . -- Gerry O'Driscoll , Abbey Road Studios janitorial `` browncoat '' ( At 3 : 33 , faintly ) I never said I was frightened of dying . -- Patricia ' Puddie ' Watts , wife of road manager Peter Watts Reception ( edit ) In a contemporary review for The Dark Side of the Moon , Lloyd Grossman of Rolling Stone described `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' as a track ( Pink Floyd ) could have `` shortened or dispensed '' . Live performances ( edit ) An early incarnation of the song , titled `` The Mortality Sequence '' and lacking the vocals later contributed by Clare Torry , was performed by Pink Floyd throughout 1972 . In its final version , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' was performed live from 1973 -- 1975 , and from 1987 -- 1994 . During the band 's 1974 -- 1975 tour , David Gilmour played both pedal steel guitar and the Hammond organ , allowing Richard Wright to concentrate solely on piano ( his keyboards were arranged where he could n't play both ) . Gilmour 's pedal steel for `` Great Gig '' was located accordingly beside Wright 's Hammond . Starting in 1987 , additional touring keyboardist Jon Carin took over the Hammond parts . Up to three singers performed the vocals , each taking different parts of the song . On the 1974 -- 75 tour , vocal duties were handled by Venetta Fields and Carlena Williams , both former members of The Blackberries . On the Delicate Sound of Thunder video , the vocals are shared by Rachel Fury , Durga McBroom and Margret Taylor . Clare Torry returned for the Knebworth ' 90 concert . The 1994 live album P U L S E features a version sung by Sam Brown , Durga McBroom and Claudia Fontaine . When the Floyd 's manager , Steve O'Rourke , died in 2003 , Gilmour , Wright , and Mason played `` Fat Old Sun '' and `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' at O'Rourke's funeral . Commercial re-use ( edit ) A short clip of the song was used in a 1974 TV advertisement for Dole bananas . A re-recorded version was used as the backing music in a UK television advertisement for the analgesic Nurofen in 1990 . The band was not involved in this version , but Clare Torry again did the vocal with Neil Conti on drums and Lati Kronlund on bass . ' Rick wrote that music . He remade it for them . It 's down to the writer . If my name had been on that track too it would n't have happened . I would n't do it . But that 's Rick 's business . I did n't approve of it , but I have no control over it . ' -- David Gilmour , Cover versions ( edit ) On the Easy Star All - Stars ' Dub Side of the Moon album , there are two different dub music versions of the track , `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' ( Track 4 ) and `` Great Dub in the Sky '' ( Track 11 ) . The London Philharmonic Orchestra performs an instrumental version , arranged by Jaz Coleman and conducted by Peter Scholes , on the 1995 album Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd . Phish does a live cover on track 6 of disc 3 of Live Phish Vol. 7 . Seattle local band The Squirrels did a full - length parody `` tribute '' of The Dark Side of the Moon in 1999 entitled The Not - So - Bright Side of the Moon . Their version of `` Great Gig '' has vocalist Baby Cheevers singing after guitarist Joey Kline says `` Sorry , the girl did n't show up ! '' On the 2009 Flaming Lips remake of Dark Side , Peaches performs Clare Torry 's vocals and Henry Rollins recreates the interview samples . The progressive metal band Dream Theater performs this song in their `` Official Bootlegs : Covers '' series , with Theresa Thomason taking over vocal duties . The Bluecoats Drum and Bugle Corps , from Canton , Ohio , played an arrangement of the song with multiple trumpets performing the vocal part for their Drum Corps International world championship winning 2016 show `` Down Side Up . '' Personnel ( edit ) Richard Wright -- piano , Hammond organ David Gilmour -- pedal steel guitar Roger Waters -- bass Nick Mason -- drums with : Clare Torry -- vocals References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Some CD pressings merge `` Speak to Me '' and `` Breathe '' . Citations ^ Jump up to : Povey 2007 , Discography : The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 142 ; Mabbett 1995 ; Blake 2008 , pp. 198 . See also Nerpil , Hannah ( 19 September 2008 ) . `` Richard Wright 's Greatest Hits : 10 Pink Floyd Classics '' . The Times Online . London . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Most of the material in this paragraph is compiled from Blake 2008 , pp. 198 -- 199 ; Harris 2006 , pp. 141 -- 144 ; Mason 2005 , pp. 174 . Jump up ^ Blake 2008 , pp. 198 Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 5 : 48 . I was convinced it would never see the light of day because they had n't commented . They had n't said `` great '' , `` awful '' , nothing ! I honestly thought they did n't like it . And I did n't give it much thought because I never thought anybody would hear it . Jump up ^ Torry , Clare . `` Pink Floyd Clare Torry `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' interview '' ( Interview ) . 6 : 44 . There used to be a record shop in King 's Road ( ... ) near where I lived , and there in the window was this now - familiar cover , `` Pink Floyd new album '' , so I thought `` oh I wonder if that 's what I did '' , see I had no idea . And so I walked in and opened the album . ( ... ) I do n't think it had a title when I did the singing , it was just called `` scat '' or something , and there it was `` Great Gig in the Sky '' , vocals Clare Torry , so I thought `` oh I 'll have to buy that '' . Jump up ^ Kendall , Charlie ( 1984 ) . `` Shades of Pink -- The Definitive Pink Floyd Profile '' . The Source Radio Show . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Roger Waters '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : Alan Parsons '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dark Side ' at 30 : David Gilmour '' . Rolling Stone . March 12 , 2003 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2009 . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , John ( October 2005 ) . `` Clare Torry - Brain Damage exclusive '' . Brain Damage . Retrieved 18 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Wright interview , Classic Albums : Pink Floyd -- The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark ( 2016 ) , `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' , MeasuringWorth.com . Jump up ^ `` Seventies Singer '' . 2005 . Retrieved 23 January 2009 . A female vocalist may have become the first British artist to win an out - of - court settlement for a piece of music recorded over 30 years ago . Clare Torry was paid £ 30 to perform on Pink Floyd 's 1973 album ' Dark Side of the Moon ' and was given a written credit at the time . Yet the session singer , who contributed to the track The Great Gig in the Sky , has taken her claim to the High Court where she has won a half - share on copyright ownership on the song performed . Although most details of the case are secret , the Daily Telegraph has reported the singer secured a cash payment with Pink Floyd and their label , EMI . Jump up ^ Harris 2006 , pp. 135 ^ Jump up to : Sutcliffe , Phil ; Henderson , Peter ( March 1998 ) . `` The True Story of Dark Side of the Moon '' . Mojo ( 52 ) . Retrieved from http://www.pinkfloyd-co.com/band/interviews/art-rev/art-mojo98.html on 23 December 2010 . There is confusion in this article over who `` Puddie '' or `` Puddy '' Watts is . For clarification see Harris 2006 or David Gilmour 's response to the Mojo article , retrieved from http://pinkfloyd.1accesshost.com/artic/letter.htm Jump up ^ Grossman , Lloyd ( 24 May 1973 ) . `` Pink Floyd : Dark Side of the Moon '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason 2005 Jump up ^ Manning , Toby ( 2006 ) . `` Which One 's Pink ? '' . The Rough Guide to Pink Floyd ( 1st ed . ) . London : Rough Guides . p. 147 . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 575 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Dole Bananas Commercial '' . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Echoes FAQ '' . Retrieved 29 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Phil Sutcliffe ( July 1995 ) . `` The 30 Year Technicolor Dream '' . Mojo Magazine . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Bibliography Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . Comfortably Numb -- The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81752 - 7 . Harris , John ( 2006 ) . The Dark Side of the Moon ( third ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 779090 - 6 . Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Mason , Nick ( 2005 ) . Philip Dodd , ed . Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd ( Paperback ed . ) . Phoenix . ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1906 - 6 . Povey , Glenn ( 2007 ) . Echoes . Mind Head Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9554624 - 0 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Dark Side of the Moon Songs Side one `` Speak to Me '' `` Breathe '' `` On the Run '' `` Time '' `` The Great Gig in the Sky '' Side two `` Money '' `` Us and Them '' `` Any Colour You Like '' `` Brain Damage '' `` Eclipse '' Related articles Dark Side of the Moon Tour The Dark Side of the Moon Live Dark Side of the Rainbow Darkside Tribute albums Dub Side of the Moon Dubber Side of the Moon The Flaming Lips and Stardeath and White Dwarfs Doing The Dark Side of the Moon From the Dark Side of the Moon Return to the Dark Side of the Moon Us and Them : Symphonic Pink Floyd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gig_in_the_Sky&oldid=806687494 '' Categories : 1973 songs Pink Floyd songs The Flaming Lips songs Peaches ( musician ) songs Rock instrumentals Songs about death Songs written by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Use British English from June 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2012 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 15 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings great big gig in the sky	[ "\"The Great Gig in the Sky\" is the fifth track[nb 1] on The Dark Side of the Moon, the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry." ]	[ "Pink Floyd" ]
-5497368729779076412	Cross	Cross - wikipedia Cross For information on the Christian symbol , see Christian cross . For other uses , see Cross ( disambiguation ) . A Greek cross ( all arms of equal length ) above a saltire , a cross whose limbs are slanted A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars , usually perpendicular to each other . The lines usually run vertically and horizontally . A cross of oblique lines , in the shape of the Latin letter X , is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Pre-Christian 2.2 Christian cross 3 Cross-like marks and graphemes 4 Cross-like emblems 5 Physical gestures 6 Other things known as `` cross '' 7 References 8 External links Name ( edit ) The word cross is recorded in 10th - century Old English as cros , exclusively for the instrument of Christ 's crucifixion , replacing the native Old English word rood . The word 's history is complicated ; it appears to have entered English from Old Irish , possibly via Old Norse , ultimately from the Latin crux ( or its accusative crucem and its genitive crucis ) , `` stake , cross '' . The English verb to cross arises from the noun c. 1200 , first in the sense `` to make the sign of the cross '' ; the generic meaning `` to intersect '' develops in the 15th century . The Latin word was , however , influenced by popular etymology by a native Germanic word reconstructed as * krukjo ( English crook , Old English crycce , Old Norse krokr , Old High German krucka ) . This word , by conflation with Latin crux , gave rise to Old French crocier ( modern French crosse ) , the term for a shepherd 's crook , adopted in English as crosier . Latin crux referred to the gibbet where criminals were executed , a stake or pole , with or without transom , on which the condemned were impaled or hanged , but more particularly a cross or the pole of a carriage . From this word was derived the Latin verb crucio `` to put to death on the cross '' or ( more frequently ) `` to put to the rack , to torture , torment '' especially in reference to mental troubles . The field of etymology is of no help in any effort to trace a supposed original meaning of crux . A crux can be of various shapes : from a single beam used for impaling or suspending ( crux simplex ) to the various composite kinds of cross ( crux compacta ) made from more beams than one . The latter shapes include not only the traditional † - shaped cross ( the crux immissa ) , but also the T - shaped cross ( the crux commissa or Tau Cross ) , which the Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross indicate as the normal form in use at that time , and the X-shaped cross ( the crux decussata or saltire ) . The Greek equivalent of Latin crux `` stake , gibbet '' is σταυρός stauros , found in texts of four centuries or more before the gospels and always in the plural number to indicate a stake or pole . From the first century BC it is used to indicate an instrument used in executions . The Greek word is used in Early Christian descriptions of the execution cross , which indicate that its normal shape was similar to the Greek letter tau ( Τ ) . History ( edit ) Pre-christian ( edit ) Bronze Age `` wheel pendants '' in the shape of the `` sun cross '' ( Urnfield culture , 2nd millennium BC ) . Due to the simplicity of the design ( two intersecting lines ) , cross-shaped incisions make their appearance from deep prehistory ; as petroglyphs in European cult caves , dating back to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic , and throughout prehistory to the Iron Age . Also of prehistoric age are numerous variants of the simple cross mark , including the crux gammata with curving or angular lines , and the Egyptian crux ansata with a loop . Speculation has associated the cross symbol -- even in the prehistoric period -- with astronomical or cosmological symbology involving `` four elements '' ( Chevalier , 1997 ) or the cardinal points , or the unity of a vertical axis mundi or celestial pole with the horizontal world ( Koch , 1955 ) . Speculation of this kind became especially popular in the mid - to late - 19th century in the context of comparative mythology seeking to tie Christian mythology to ancient cosmological myths . Influential works in this vein included G. de Mortillet ( 1866 ) , L. Müller ( 1865 ) , W.W. Blake ( 1888 ) , Ansault ( 1891 ) , etc . Archaic cuneiform character LAK - 617 : a cruciform arrangement of five boxes ; scribes could use the central , larger box as container for other characters . In the European Bronze Age the cross symbol appeared to carry a religious meaning , perhaps as a symbol of consecration , especially pertaining to burial . The cross sign occurs trivially in tally marks , and develops into a number symbol independently in the Roman numerals ( X `` ten '' ) , the Chinese rod numerals ( 十 `` ten '' ) and the Brahmi numerals ( `` four '' , whence the numeral 4 ) . In the Phoenician alphabet and derived scripts , the cross symbol represented the phoneme / t / , i.e. the letter taw , which is the historical predecessor of Latin T . The letter name taw means `` mark '' , presumably continuing the Egyptian hieroglyph `` two crossed sticks '' ( Gardiner Z9 ) . According to W.E. Vine 's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words , worshippers of Tammuz in Chaldea and thereabouts used the cross as symbol of that god . Christian cross ( edit ) Main articles : Christian cross and Crucifixion Further information : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion , Early Christian symbols , Christogram , Christian cross variants , and Cross necklace Early use of a globus cruciger on a solidus minted by Leontios ( r . 695 -- 698 ) ; on the obverse , a stepped cross in the shape of a Iota Eta monogram . The shape of the cross ( crux , stauros `` stake , gibbet '' ) , as represented by the letter T , came to be used as a `` seal '' or symbol of Early Christianity by the 2nd century . Clement of Alexandria in the early 3rd century calls it τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ( `` the Lord 's sign '' ) he repeats the idea , current as early as the Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 ( in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ ) in Genesis 14 : 14 was a foreshadowing ( a `` type '' ) of the cross ( the letter Tau ) and of Jesus ( the letters Iota Eta ) . Clement 's contemporary Tertullian rejects the accusation that Christians are crucis religiosi ( i.e. `` adorers of the gibbet '' ) , and returns the accusation by likening the worship of pagan idols to the worship of poles or stakes . In his book De Corona , written in 204 , Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . While early Christians used the T - shape to represent the cross in writing and gesture , the use of the Greek cross and Latin cross , i.e. crosses with intersecting beams , appears in Christian art towards the end of Late Antiquity . An early example of the cruciform halo , used to identify Christ in paintings , is found in the Miracles of the Loaves and Fishes mosaic of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo , Ravenna ( 6th century ) . The Patriarchal cross , a Latin cross with an additional horizontal bar , first appears in the 10th century . A wide variation of cross symbols is introduced for the purposes of heraldry beginning in the age of the Crusades . Cross-like marks and graphemes ( edit ) Further information : X mark The cross mark is used to mark a position , or as a check mark , but also to mark deletion . Derived from Greek Chi are the Latin letter X , Cyrillic Kha and possibly runic Gyfu . Egyptian hieroglyphs involving cross shapes include ankh `` life '' , ndj `` protect '' and nfr `` good ; pleasant , beautiful '' . Sumerian cuneiform had a simple cross-shaped character , consisting of a horizontal and a vertical wedge ( 𒈦 ) , read as maš `` tax , yield , interest '' ; the superposition of two diagonal wedges results in a decussate cross ( 𒉽 ) , read as pap `` first , pre-eminent '' ( the superposition of these two types of crosses results in the eight - pointed star used as the sign for `` sky '' or `` deity '' ( 𒀭 ) , DINGIR ) . The cuneiform script has other , more complex , cruciform characters , consisting of an arrangement of boxes or the fourfold arrangement of other characters , including the archaic cuneiform characters LAK - 210 , LAK - 276 , LAK - 278 , LAK - 617 and the classical sign EZEN ( 𒂡 ) . Phoenician tāw is still cross-shaped in Paleo - Hebrew alphabet and in some Old Italic scripts ( Raetic and Lepontic ) , and its descendant T becomes again cross-shaped in the Latin minuscule t . The plus sign ( + ) is derived from Latin t via a simplification of a ligature for et `` and '' ( introduced by Johannes Widmann in the late 15th century ) . The letter Aleph is cross-shaped in Aramaic and paleo - Hebrew . Egyptian hieroglyphs with cross-shapes include Gardiner Z9 -- Z11 ( `` crossed sticks '' , `` crossed planks '' ) . Other , unrelated cross-shaped letters include Brahmi ka ( predecessor of the Devanagari letter क ) and Old Turkic ( Orkhon ) d2 and Old Hungarian b , and Katakana ナ na and メ me . The multiplication sign ( × ) , often attributed to William Oughtred ( who first used it in an appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier 's Descriptio ) apparently had been in occasional use since the mid 16th century . Other typographical symbols resembling crosses include the dagger or obelus ( † ) , the Chinese ( 十 , Kangxi radical 24 ) and Roman ( X ) ten . Unicode has a variety of cross symbols in the `` Dingbat '' block ( U + 2700 -- U + 27BF ) : ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✟ ✠ ✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ The Miscellaneous Symbols block ( U + 2626 to U + 262F ) adds three specific Christian cross variants , viz . the Patriarchal cross ( ☦ ) , Cross of Lorraine ( ☨ ) and `` Cross of Jerusalem '' ( implemented as Cross potent , ☩ ) . Cross-like emblems ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Heraldic cross The following is a list of cross symbols , except for variants of the Christian cross and Heraldic crosses , for which see the dedicated lists at Christian cross variants and Crosses in heraldry , respectively . Crosses as emblems and symbols Picture Cross name Description Ankh The ankh or crux ansata , an Egyptian hieroglyph representing `` life '' . Basque cross The Basque cross or lauburu . the Sun cross The `` sun cross '' or `` wheel cross '' appears with some regularity in prehistoric European artefacts , usually interpreted as a solar symbol , perhaps representing the spoked wheel of the Sun chariot . Swastika The swastika or crux gammata ( in heraldry fylfot ) , historically used as a symbol in Buddhism , Jainism and Hinduism , and widely popular in the early 20th century as a symbol of good luck or prosperity before adopted as a symbol of Nazism in the 1920s and 30s . As a design element Picture Cross name Description Compass rose A compass rose , sometimes called a windrose , is a figure on a compass , map , nautical chart or monument used to display the orientation of the cardinal directions and often appears as a cross tapering to triangular points . Crossed keys Symbol of the Papacy used in various emblems representing the keys to heaven . Crossed swords The crossed swords symbol ( ⚔ at Unicode U + 2694 ) is used to represent battlegrounds on maps . It is also used to show that person died in battle or that a war machine was lost in action . Two crossed swords also look like a Christian cross and the mixed symbolism has been used in military decorations . It is also a popular way to display swords on a wall often with a shield in the center Four - leaf clover Used as a symbol for luck as well as a stand in for a cross in various works . Skull and crossbones Traditionally used to mark Spanish cemeteries ; the symbol evolved to represent death / danger , poison , and pirates . Physical gestures ( edit ) Cross shapes are made by a variety of physical gestures . Crossing the fingers of one hand is a common invocation of the symbol . The sign of the cross associated with Christian genuflection is made with one hand : in Eastern Orthodox tradition the sequence is head - heart - right shoulder - left shoulder , while in Oriental Orthodox , Catholic and Anglican tradition the sequence is head - heart - left - right . Crossing the index fingers of both hands represents and a charm against evil in European folklore . Other gestures involving more than one hand include the `` cross my heart '' movement associated with making a promise and the Tau shape of the referee 's `` time out '' hand signal . In Chinese - speaking cultures , crossed index fingers represent the number 10 . Other things known as `` cross '' ( edit ) Main article : Cross ( disambiguation ) Crux , or the Southern Cross , is a cross-shaped constellation in the Southern Hemisphere . It appears on the national flags of Australia , Brazil , New Zealand , Niue , Papua New Guinea and Samoa . Notable free - standing Christian crosses ( or Summit crosses ) : The tallest cross , at 152.4 metres high , is part of Francisco Franco 's monumental `` Valley of the Fallen '' , the Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos in Spain . A cross at the junction of Interstates 57 and 70 in Effingham , Illinois , is purportedly the tallest in the United States , at 198 feet ( 60.3 m ) tall . The tallest freestanding cross in the United States is located in Saint Augustine , FL and stands 208 feet . The tombs at Naqsh - e Rustam , Iran , made in the 5th century BC , are carved into the cliffside in the shape of a cross . They are known as the `` Persian crosses '' . Cross-ndj ( hieroglyph ) Cross cap - topological surface Crossroads ( mythology ) Crossbuck References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lewish and Short , A Latin Dictionary : crux Jump up ^ Lewis and Short , A Latin Dictionary : crucio Jump up ^ Gunnar Samuelsson , Crucifixion in Antiquity ( Mohr Siebeck 2011 ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ The Epistle of Barnabas , IX Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , The Stromata , book VI , chapter 11 Jump up ^ Adversus Marcionem , liber III , cap . XXII Jump up ^ Lucian , Trial in the Court of Vowels Jump up ^ G. de Mortillet , `` Le signe de la croix avant le christianisme '' , Paris , 1866 Jump up ^ L. Müller , `` Ueber Sterne , Kreuze und Kränze als religiöse Symbole der alten Kulturvölker '' , Copenhagen , 1865 Jump up ^ W.W. Blake , `` The Cross , Ancient and Modern '' New York , 1888 Jump up ^ Ansault , `` Mémoire sur le culte de la croix avant Jésus - Christ '' , Paris , 1891 . ) Jump up ^ `` In the bronze age we meet in different parts of Europe a more accurate representation of the cross , as conceived in Christian art , and in this shape it was soon widely diffused . This more precise characterization coincides with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs . The cross is now met with , in various forms , on many objects : fibulas , cinctures , earthenware fragments , and on the bottom of drinking vessels . De Mortillet is of opinion that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental , but rather a symbol of consecration , especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial . In the proto - Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it . True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns , at Mycenæ , in Crete , and on a fibula from Vulci . '' O. Marucchi , `` Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix '' , Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1908 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Vine , William Edwy ( 1940 ) . `` Cross , Crucify '' . Vine 's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . The shape of the ( two beamed cross ) had its origin in ancient Chaldea , and was used as the symbol of the god Tammuz ( being in the shape of the mystic Tau , the initial of his name ) in that country and in adjacent lands , including Egypt . Jump up ^ See also Abram Herbert Lewis , Paganism surviving in Christianity , G.P. Putnam 's sons , 1892 , pp 237 , 238 . Jump up ^ `` The cross as a Christian symbol or ' seal ' came into use at least as early as the second century ( see `` Apost . Const . '' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , `` Apologia , '' i . 55 - 60 ; `` Dial . cum Tryph . '' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , `` De Corona , '' iii. ; Cyprian , `` Testimonies , '' xi. 21 - 22 ; Lactantius , `` Divinæ Institutiones , '' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the second century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , `` Apologia , '' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , `` Octavius , '' xxix . Christians used to swear by the power of the cross . CROSS : , Jewish Encyclopaedia . Jump up ^ `` Clement of Alexandria : Stromata , Book 6 '' . Earlychristianwritings.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Apology. , chapter xvi . `` Then , if any of you think we render superstitious adoration to the cross , in that adoration he is sharer with us . If you offer homage to a piece of wood at all , it matters little what it is like when the substance is the same : it is of no consequence the form , if you have the very body of the god . And yet how far does the Athenian Pallas differ from the stock of the cross , or the Pharian Ceres as she is put up uncarved to sale , a mere rough stake and piece of shapeless wood ? Every stake fixed in an upright position is a portion of the cross ; we render our adoration , if you will have it so , to a god entire and complete . We have shown before that your deities are derived from shapes modelled from the cross . '' Sed et qui crucis nos religiosos putat , consecraneus noster erit . Cum lignum aliquod propitiatur , viderit habitus , dum materiae qualitas eadem sit ; viderit forma , dum id ipsum dei corpus sit . Et tamen quanto distinguitur a crucis stipite Pallas Attica , et Ceres Pharia , quae sine effigie rudi palo et informi ligno prostat ? Pars crucis est omne robur , quod erecta statione defigitur ; nos , si forte , integrum et totum deum colimus . Diximus originem deorum vestrorum a plastis de cruce induci . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ William Wood Seymour , `` The Cross in Heraldry '' , The Cross in Tradition , History , and Art ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ An example of a cruciform arrangement of a character that is itself cruciform is the ligature `` EZEN x KASKAL squared '' , encoded by Unicode at U + 120AD ( 𒂭 ) . Jump up ^ Florian Cajori , A History of Mathematical Notations Dover Books on Mathematics ( 1929 ) , 251f . Jump up ^ `` The Cross Foundation Midwest Christian Monument Crucifix Spiritual Meditation Fellowship Retreat '' . crossusa.org . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Chevalier , Jean ( 1997 ) . The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols . Penguin ISBN 0 - 14 - 051254 - 3 . Drury , Nevill ( 1985 ) . Dictionary of Mysticism and the Occult. Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 062093 - 5 . Koch , Rudolf ( 1955 ) . The Book of Signs . Dover , NY . ISBN 0 - 486 - 20162 - 7 . Webber , F.R. ( 1927 , rev. 1938 ) . Church Symbolism : an explanation of the more important symbols of the Old and New Testament , the primitive , the mediaeval and the modern church . Cleveland , OH . OCLC 236708 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosses . Seiyaku.com , all Crosses - probably the largest collection on the Internet Variations of Crosses - Images and Meanings Cross & Crucifix - Glossary : Forms and Topics Nasrani.net , Indian Cross Freetattoodesigns.org , The Cross in Tattoo Art The Christian Cross of Jesus Christ : Symbols of Christianity , Images , Designs and representations of it as objects of devotion Christian cross variants In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Archiepiscopal cross Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Branch cross Bulgarian cross Byzantine cross Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Crucifix Cruciform halo Double cross Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Greek Orthodox cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin / Roman cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Nordic Cross Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Cross quadrate Ringed cross Russian cross Russian ( Orthodox ) cross Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Serbian Orthodox cross St. Thomas Cross Syriac cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross A Christian cross . Historical Avellane cross Avis cross Brigid 's cross Carolingian cross Consecration crosses Coptic cross Cross and Crown Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Early Coptic cross Engrailed cross Cross erminée Gammadion Crux gemmata Saint Julian 's cross Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Cross of Neith Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry Nordic Pisan High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross Christograms , Chrismons Chi Rho Christogram IX monogram Labarum Signum manus Staurogram / Monogrammatic cross / Tau Rho See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Balkenkreuz Irminsul Kolovrat Mjölnir Rose Cross Solomon 's knot Sauwastika Scientology cross Shamrock Shield of the Trinity Sunwheel swastika Sun cross Swastika Triskelion / Triskele Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross&oldid=845792418 '' Categories : Cross symbols Religious symbols Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Avañe'ẽ Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Žemaitėška 中文 72 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 05 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the parts of a cross called	[ "A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. \nA cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology.\n", "A cross is a geometrical figure consisting of two intersecting lines or bars, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. \nA cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is also termed a saltire in heraldic terminology.\n" ]	[ "lines", "bars" ]
-5507421720859458056	Tyler Perry	Tyler Perry - wikipedia Tyler Perry This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Tyler Perry Perry at the 82nd Academy Awards in 2010 Emmitt Perry Jr . ( 1969 - 09 - 13 ) September 13 , 1969 ( age 48 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor , comedian , filmmaker , writer , songwriter Years active 1992 -- present Net worth $600 million ( 2017 ) Partner ( s ) Gelila Bekele ( 2009 -- present ) Children Website Official website Tyler Perry ( born Emmitt Perry Jr. ; September 13 , 1969 ) is an American actor and comedian . In 2011 , Forbes listed him as the highest paid man in entertainment ; he earned $130 million USD between May 2010 and 2011 . Perry created and performs the Madea character , a tough elderly black woman . Perry also creates films , some produced as live recordings of stage plays , and others filmed using full sets and locations with full editing . Perry is estimated to have earned around US $75 million by 2008 . Many of Perry 's stage - play films have been subsequently adapted as films . Perry wrote and produced many stage plays during the 1990s and early 2000s . Perry has also created several television shows , his most successful of which is Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , a show that ran for eight seasons on TBS from June 21 , 2006 , to August 10 , 2012 . On October 2 , 2012 , Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network . The partnership was largely for the purposes of bringing scripted television to the OWN , Perry having had previous success in this department . Perry has created multiple scripted series for the network , the most successful being The Haves and the Have Nots . As of 2014 , The Haves and the Have Nots has given OWN its highest ratings to date . The series has also been referred to as being `` one of OWN 's biggest success stories with its weekly dose of soapy fun , filled with the typical betrayals , affairs , and manipulations . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Stage 2.2 Film 2.2. 1 Film partnerships and distribution 2.3 Television programs 2.3. 1 OWN and partnership with Oprah 2.3. 2 Tyler Perry Studios 2.3. 3 Viacom 2.4 Books 3 Legal actions 3.1 The Writers Guild of America , West 3.2 Mo ' Money Taxes 4 Reception 4.1 Criticisms 4.1. 1 Response 4.2 Acclaim 4.3 Parodies and satire 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 6.1 Film work 6.2 Stage work 6.3 Television work 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early Life ( edit ) Perry was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , as Emmitt Perry Jr. , the son of Willie Maxine Perry ( née Campbell ) and Emmitt Perry , Sr. , a carpenter . He has three siblings . Perry once said his father 's `` answer to everything was to beat it out of you '' . As a child , Perry once went so far as to attempt suicide in an effort to escape his father 's beatings . In contrast to his father , his mother took him to church each week , where he sensed a certain refuge and contentment . At age 16 , he had his first name legally changed from Emmitt to Tyler in an effort to distance himself from his father . Many years later , after seeing the film Precious , Perry was moved to reveal for the first time that he had been molested by a friend 's mother at age 10 ; he was also molested by three men prior to this , and later learned his own father had molested his friend . A DNA test Perry took in the 2010s stated that Emmitt Sr. was not Perry 's biological father . While Perry did not complete high school , he earned a GED . In his early 20s , watching an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show , he heard someone describe the sometimes therapeutic effect the act of writing can have , enabling the author to work out his or her own problems . This comment inspired him to apply himself to a career in writing . He soon started writing a series of letters to himself , which became the basis for the musical I Know I 've Been Changed . Career ( edit ) Stage ( edit ) Around 1990 , Perry moved to Atlanta , where two years later I Know I 've Been Changed was first performed at a community theater , financed by the 22 - year - old Perry 's $12,000 life savings . The play included Christian themes of forgiveness , dignity , and self - worth , while addressing issues such as child abuse and dysfunctional families . The musical initially received a `` less than stellar '' reception and was a financial failure . Perry persisted , and over the next six years he rewrote the musical repeatedly , though lackluster reviews continued . In 1998 , at age 28 , he succeeded in retooling the play and restaging it in Atlanta , first at the House of Blues , then at the Fox Theatre . Perry continued to create new stage productions , touring with them on the so - called `` Chitlin ' Circuit '' ( now also known as the `` urban theater circuit '' ) and developing a large , devoted following among African - American audiences . In 2005 , Forbes reported that he had sold `` more than $100 million in tickets , $30 million in videos of his shows and an estimated $20 million in merchandise '' , and `` the 300 live shows he produces each year are attended by an average of 35,000 people a week '' . Film ( edit ) Perry raised a US $5.5 million budget in part from the ticket sales of his stage productions to fund his first movie , Diary of a Mad Black Woman , which went on to gross US $50.6 million domestically , while scoring a 16 % approval rating at the film review web site Rotten Tomatoes . On its opening weekend , February 24 -- 26 , 2006 , Perry 's film version of Madea 's Family Reunion opened at number one at the box office with $30.3 million . The film eventually grossed $65 million . Perry and his co-stars promoted the film on The Oprah Winfrey Show . As with Diary , almost all of the Madea 's earnings have been generated in the United States . Perry 's next Lionsgate project , Daddy 's Little Girls , starred Gabrielle Union and Idris Elba and was released in the United States on February 14 , 2007 . It grossed over US $31 million . Perry wrote , directed , produced and starred in his next film , Why Did I Get Married ? , released on October 12 , 2007 . It opened at number one , grossing US $21.4 million that weekend . It is loosely based on his play of the same name . Filming began March 5 , 2007 , in Whistler , British Columbia , a resort town north of Vancouver , then moved to Atlanta , where Perry had opened his own studio . Janet Jackson , Sharon Leal , Jill Scott , and Tasha Smith appeared in the film . Perry 's 2008 film , Meet the Browns , released on March 21 , opened at number 2 with a US $20.1 million weekend gross . The Family That Preys opened on September 12 , 2008 , and grossed over US $37.1 million . Madea Goes to Jail opened at number one on February 20 , 2009 , grossing US $41 million and becoming his largest opening to date . This was Perry 's seventh film with Lionsgate Entertainment . At the request of director J.J. Abrams , also in 2009 , Perry had a small role as the Starfleet Academy commandant Admiral Barnett in Star Trek , which opened on May 8 . This was his first film appearance outside of his own projects . Perry next wrote , directed , and starred in I Can Do Bad All By Myself ( 2009 ) , a film structured around his Madea character . This was Perry 's eighth film and it also made number one at the box office . In 2009 , Perry teamed with Oprah Winfrey to present Precious , a film based on the novel Push by Sapphire . Why Did I Get Married Too ? , the sequel to Why Did I Get Married ? , opened in theaters on April 2 , 2010 . It featured Janet Jackson , Cicely Tyson , Louis Gossett , Jr. , Jill Scott , and Malik Yoba . The film grossed US $60 million domestically , with US $29 million made the opening weekend . Perry directed a film adaptation of Ntozake Shange 's 1975 choreopoem For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide When the Rainbow Is Enuf , which was released in theaters November 5 , 2010 . He appeared in the stage show Madea 's Big Happy Family , which toured the U.S. as a stage play and was released as a movie in 2011 , written , directed by , and starring Perry . The film version of Madea 's Big Happy Family raked in US $25.8 million at the box office , taking second place . Perry 's next film with Lionsgate was Good Deeds , in which Perry plays lead character Wesley Deeds . Good Deeds is a romantic drama film written , directed by , and starring Perry . The film was released on February 24 , 2012 . It is the tenth of eleven films that Perry directed and appears in . The film received a 29 % rating by review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes and opened with a box office US $15.5 million gross . The movie also stars Thandie Newton , Rebecca Romijn , Gabrielle Union , Eddie Cibrian , Jamie Kennedy , Phylicia Rashad , and others . As of June 2011 , Perry 's films had grossed over US $500 million worldwide . Perry 's Madea 's Witness Protection , his seventh film within the Madea franchise , was released on June 29 , 2012 . Perry took over the role of James Patterson 's Alex Cross from Morgan Freeman for a new film in the series , titled Alex Cross . The film opened on October 19 , 2012 , and received praise from critics and audiences for his role . His performance gained the attention of director David Fincher , who subsequently cast Perry in his 2014 thriller Gone Girl , co-starring with Ben Affleck , Rosamund Pike , and Neil Patrick Harris . Perry released his thirteenth film , Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor ( based on his 2008 play of the same name ) on March 29 , 2013 . The film stars Lance Gross , Jurnee Smollett , Brandy Norwood , Robbie Jones , Vanessa L. Williams , and Kim Kardashian . He produced Tyler Perry Presents Peeples , released on May 10 , 2013 . He returned to the big screen with A Madea Christmas , released on December 13 , 2013 . Perry directed the film The Single Moms Club , which opened on March 14 , 2014 . His first animated movie Madea 's Tough Love was released on DVD January 20 , 2015 . In 2016 , Perry played scientist Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows . In mid January 2016 , Perry started filming his seventeenth film , and ninth within the Madea franchise , Boo ! A Madea Halloween . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 . A sequel , Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , was released in October 2017 . Perry , alongside Oprah Winfrey , lent his voice in his first computer - animated film , called The Star , which is based on the Nativity of Jesus . Developed by Sony Pictures Animation , the film was released on November 17 , 2017 . Film partnerships and distribution ( edit ) Perry 's films are co-produced and distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment ; he retains full copyright ownership under the corporate name Tyler Perry Films , and places his name in front of all titles . Perry 's movies have seen very limited release outside North America , but in May 2010 , Lionsgate announced plans to begin releasing his films in the United Kingdom . Television programs ( edit ) Perry produced the long - running sitcom Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , which ran for 8 seasons from June 21 , 2006 , to August 10 , 2012 . The series followed an African - American household of three generations . The show demonstrated the family members ' serious , true - to - life struggles with faith and love . The show ran in the spring of 2006 as a 10 - show pilot . After the successful pilot run , Perry signed a US $200 million , 100 - episode deal with TBS . On June 6 , 2007 , the first two episodes of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ran on TBS . After receiving high ratings , House of Payne entered broadcast syndication . Reruns were played through December 2007 before the second season began . Perry also wrote , directed and produced the sitcom Meet the Browns , which premiered on TBS on January 7 , 2009 and ended on November 18 , 2011 . OWN and partnership with Oprah ( edit ) On October 2 , 2012 , Perry struck an exclusive multi-year partnership with Oprah Winfrey and her Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) . The partnership was largely for the purposes of bringing scripted television to the OWN , Perry having had previous success in this department . Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse , based on his films Why Did I Get Married ? and Why Did I Get Married Too ? , premiered on TBS on November 25 , 2011 . The series was cancelled by TBS in February 2013 but was revived by OWN for a third season , which began on September 18 , 2013 . Perry also has two other new television series featured on OWN : the hour - long soap opera / drama series The Haves and the Have Nots and the sitcom Love Thy Neighbor . The Haves and the Have Nots premiered on May 28 , 2013 , while Love Thy Neighbor premiered on May 29 , 2013 . It was reported on May 29 , 2013 that The Haves and the Have Nots set a new record for OWN , scoring the highest ratings ever for a series premiere on the network . Love Thy Neighbor scored the second highest ratings ever for a series premiere on OWN , behind The Haves and the Have Nots ; however , Love Thy Neighbor has significantly declined in ratings while The Have and the Have Nots has continued to increase its ratings . On February 4 , 2014 , The Haves and the Have Nots came in as the most watched program in all of cable television . On Tuesday , March 11 , 2014 , a Haves and the Have Nots season 2 episode set an OWN record when it scored the highest ratings in the network 's history . The record - breaking episode brought in 3.6 million viewers , surpassing the 3.5 million that tuned in for the Oprah 's Next Chapter interview with Bobbi Kristina which was the network 's previous highest rated viewing . On January 9 , 2014 , as part of Perry 's continued partnership with OWN , the network ordered its fourth scripted series ( and fourth series by Perry ) based on the feature film , The Single Moms Club , called If Loving You Is Wrong . The hour - long drama series premiered on September 9 , 2014 . Tyler Perry studios ( edit ) In 2015 , Perry acquired the 330 - acre former military base Fort McPherson , which he converted to studios . The studios were used to film the HBO Films / OWN film version of `` The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks , '' and is currently in ongoing use for the television series `` The Walking Dead . '' 50,000 square feet of the site are dedicated to standing permanent sets , including a replica of a luxury hotel lobby , a 16,000 - square - foot mansion , a mock cheap hotel , a trailer park set , and a real 1950s - style diner that was relocated from a town 100 miles away ; it also hosts 12 sound stages . Viacom ( edit ) On June 14 , 2017 , Perry signed a long term deal with Viacom for 90 episodes / year of original drama and comedy series . Viacom will also have distribution rights to short video content and a first look at film concepts . The TV deal begins May 2019 , as he is still under contract to OWN . Books ( edit ) Perry 's first book , Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings : Madea 's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life , appeared on April 11 , 2006 . The book sold 30,000 copies . The hardcover reached number one on the New York Times Best Seller list and remained on the list for 12 weeks . It was voted Book of the Year , Best Humor Book at the 2006 Quill Awards . Legal actions ( edit ) The writers Guild of America , West ( edit ) The Writers Guild of America , West has filed unfair labor practice charges with the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) , alleging that Perry 's production company , House of Payne , unlawfully fired four writers in October 2008 in retaliation for their trying to get a union contract . The dispute was settled a month later , when Tyler Perry Studios agreed to be a WGA signatory . Mo ' money Taxes ( edit ) In early 2009 , Perry threatened legal action against Mo ' Money Taxes , a tax preparation company based in Memphis , Tennessee , for running a TV spot that he felt offensively parodied his work , in particular Madea Goes to Jail . The ad features a large Caucasian male ( John Cowan ) in drag , named `` Ma'Madea '' . The `` offending '' ad was dropped from circulation . Reception ( edit ) Criticisms ( edit ) Despite praising Perry in 2006 , director Spike Lee criticized his work in 2009 , stating `` Each artist should be allowed to pursue their artistic endeavors but I still think there is a lot of stuff out today that is ' coonery buffoonery ' . '' When asked if Perry 's success among black audiences was a result of just giving black America what they wanted , Lee responded , `` the imaging is troubling . '' In an open letter to Perry on National Public Radio , journalist Jamilah Lemieux , while thanking Perry for `` giving black folks jobs in front of and behind the camera , '' also criticized his shows Meet the Browns and House of Payne . In her letter , she stated that `` both your shows are marked by old stereotypes of buffoonish , emasculated black men and crass , sassy black women . '' While she noted his work for its humor and `` positive messages of self - worth , love and respect , '' she later expressed frustration that African - Americans `` have been fed the same images of ourselves over and over and over because they sell . '' Lemieux dismissed his famous Madea character , claiming that `` Through her , the country has laughed at one of the most important members of the black community : Mother Dear , the beloved matriarch ... Our mothers and grandmothers deserve much more than that . '' While she expressed appreciation toward Perry for dismissing critics ' negative comments , Lemieux claimed that `` many black folks have expressed some of the very same attitudes about your work that white critics have , '' and urged him to `` stop dismissing the critics as haters and realize that black people need new stories and new storytellers . '' Response ( edit ) In October 2009 , during a 60 Minutes interview , Perry was read a quote of Spike Lee 's comments about his work and responded , `` I would love to read that ( criticism ) to my fan base ... That pisses me off . It is so insulting . It 's attitudes like that that make Hollywood think that these people do not exist , and that is why there is no material speaking to them , speaking to us . '' Perry also stated that `` all these characters are bait -- disarming , charming , make - you - laugh bait . I can slap Madea on something and talk about God , love , faith , forgiveness , family , any of those . '' In an interview with Hip Hollywood , Perry responded to Spike Lee 's comments by telling him to `` go to hell . '' Acclaim ( edit ) Perry 's work has been praised by Oprah Winfrey , who joined Perry in promoting Lee Daniels ' film Precious ( 2009 ) . She told an interviewer , `` I think ( Perry ) grew up being raised by strong , black women . And so much of what he does is really in celebration of that . I think that 's what Madea really is : a compilation of all those strong black women that I know and maybe you do too ? And so the reason it works is because people see themselves . '' Goldie Taylor , of The Grio and MSNBC , stated in an April 21 , 2011 NPR All Things Considered interview regarding Perry 's target audience : `` I do n't think Tyler Perry is talking to Touré . I do n't think he 's talking to me , but I know that he 's speaking directly to my mother , my sister , my cousins and meeting them at their point of need , and that 's what art and filmmaking is about . '' In his Huffington Post editorial , sociologist Shayne Lee lists Perry among the pantheon of today 's most innovative filmmakers . Parodies and satire ( edit ) In the American Dad ! episode `` Spelling Bee My Baby '' , Steve Smith deliberately misspelled his words in a spelling bee so as to express his love for Akiko ( who was also competing ) , instead spelling random Tyler Perry and Madea films . Perry was satirized by South Park in the Season Fifteen episode `` Funnybot '' . He was given an award for `` Comedian Most likely to turn up to collect their comedy award '' , and the black characters in the episode , Token Black and President Obama , express their own disbelief that they ca n't stop watching his comedy and giving him money . At the end of the episode Perry , as Madea , is buried and encased in steel with Obama 's declaring , `` I am pleased to announce that the greatest threat to mankind has now gone forever . Justice has been done . '' Tyler Perry as Madea was parodied in The Boondocks episode `` Pause '' , in which a thinly disguised version of Perry named Winston Jerome played a similar character to Madea dubbed `` Ma Dukes . '' The parody had the `` Ma Duke '' character running a homosexual cult . Tyler Perry was also parodied in The Cleveland Show episode `` A Brown Thanksgiving '' in which Auntie Momma is really Donna Tubbs 's Uncle Kevin . Personal Life ( edit ) Perry describes himself as a Christian . He has become good friends with Janet Jackson , Will Smith , and Oprah Winfrey . Many of the themes in his work reflect theology and social behavior indicative of the predominantly black church culture , such as the many scenes in both his stage and screen work that feature church settings and worship styles commonly found in predominantly African American churches , including showcases of gospel music and artists . In 2007 , Perry bought a 17 - acre ( 6.9 ha ) estate in the Paces neighborhood of Buckhead , Atlanta . In May 2016 , he sold the house for $17.5 million . Also closing the biggest deal ever for a private home in the Georgia capital . In 2013 , his company , ETPC LLC , purchased around 1,100 acres ( 4.5 km ) in the New Manchester , Georgia area of Douglas County , Georgia . On July 20 , 2009 , Perry sponsored 65 children from a Philadelphia day camp to visit Walt Disney World , after reading that a suburban swim club , the Valley Swim Club in Huntingdon Valley , Pennsylvania , had shunned them . He wrote on his website , `` I want them to know that for every act of evil that a few people will throw at you , there are millions more who will do something kind for them . '' On December 8 , 2009 , Perry 's mother , Willie Maxine Perry , died at age 64 , following an illness . As of 2016 , he is unmarried . He lives and works in Southwest Atlanta where he operates the Tyler Perry film and TV studios . In August 2010 , it was reported that he had purchased Dean Gardens , a 58 - acre ( 23 ha ) estate in the Atlanta suburb of Johns Creek . He tore down the existing 32,000 - square - foot ( 3,000 m ) mansion and built a new , environmentally - friendly home on the property . On November 30 , 2014 , Perry 's girlfriend Gelila Bekele gave birth to his son Aman Tyler Perry . In September 2017 , Perry purchased a house in Mulholland Estates , a gated community in Los Angeles . Filmography ( edit ) Film work ( edit ) Year Film Credited as Director Writer Producer Actor Role 2005 Diary of a Mad Black Woman No Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2006 Madea 's Family Reunion Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2007 Daddy 's Little Girls Yes Yes Yes No 2007 Why Did I Get Married ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Terry Bob 2008 Meet the Browns Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe 2008 The Family That Preys Yes Yes Yes Yes Ben 2009 Madea Goes to Jail Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2009 Star Trek No No No Yes Admiral Barnett 2009 I Can Do Bad All By Myself Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe 2009 Precious No No Yes No Why Did I Get Married Too ? Yes Yes Yes Yes Terry Bob For Colored Girls Yes Yes Yes No 2011 Madea 's Big Happy Family Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe 2012 Good Deeds Yes Yes Yes Yes Wesley Deeds 2012 Madea 's Witness Protection Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2012 Alex Cross No No No Yes Alex Cross 2013 Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor Yes Yes Yes No 2013 Tyler Perry Presents Peeples No No Yes No 2013 A Madea Christmas Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2014 The Single Moms Club Yes Yes Yes Yes TK 2014 Gone Girl No No No Yes Tanner Bolt 2015 Madea 's Tough Love No No Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2016 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows No No No Yes Dr. Baxter Stockman 2016 Brain on Fire No No No Yes Richard 2016 Boo ! A Madea Halloween Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2017 The Star No No No Yes Cyrus the Camel 2017 Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian 2018 Backseat No No No Yes Colin Powell 2018 Acrimony Yes Yes Yes No 2018 A Madea Family Funeral Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea / Joe / Brian / Heathrow Stage work ( edit ) Year Play Credited as Director Writer Producer Actor Role 1998 I Know I 've Been Changed Yes Yes Yes Yes Joe 2000 I Can Do Bad All By Myself Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea Diary of a Mad Black Woman Yes Yes Yes Yes Daddy Charles / Madea 2002 Madea 's Family Reunion Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2003 Madea 's Class Reunion Yes Yes Yes Yes Dr. Willie Leroy Jones / Madea Why Did I Get Married ? Yes Yes Yes No 2005 Meet the Browns Yes Yes Yes No Madea ( voice only ) 2006 Madea Goes to Jail Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2007 What 's Done in the Dark Yes Yes Yes No 2008 The Marriage Counselor Yes Yes Yes No 2009 Laugh to Keep from Crying Yes Yes Yes No Madea 's Big Happy Family Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2011 A Madea Christmas Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2011 Aunt Bam 's Place Yes Yes Yes No 2011 I Do n't Want To Do Wrong Yes Yes Yes No 2012 The Haves and the Have Nots Yes Yes Yes No 2012 Madea Gets a Job Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2013 Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2014 Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Yes Yes Yes No 2015 Madea On The Run Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea Television work ( edit ) Year Show Credited as Director Writer Producer Actor Role 2006 -- 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2009 -- 2011 Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns Yes Yes Yes No 2011 -- 2017 Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse Yes Yes Yes No 2013 -- present Tyler Perry 's The Haves and the Have Nots Yes Yes Yes No 2013 -- 2017 Tyler Perry 's Love Thy Neighbor Yes Yes Yes Yes Madea 2014 -- present Tyler Perry 's If Loving You Is Wrong Yes Yes Yes No 2016 -- 2017 Tyler Perry 's Too Close to Home Yes Yes Yes No 2018 -- present Tyler Perry 's The Paynes Yes Yes Yes No Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Tyler Perry See also ( edit ) Disappearance of Terrance Williams and Felipe Santos -- Tyler Perry offered a $100,000 reward for information in the case and has worked to raise publicity for the case . Comedy portal Film portal Literature portal Television in the United States portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry Biography : Film Actor , Filmmaker , Screenwriter , Playwright ( 1969 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aitken , Peter C. ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tyler Perry tops Forbes ' list of the highest - paid men in entertainment with $130 million made in a year '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Saul Austerlitz . Another Fine Mess : A History of American Film Comedy . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10 - movies '' . 10 - movies . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheri Parks . Fierce Angels : The Strong Black Woman in American Life and Culture . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry , Simon Cowell Share Hollywood , Forbes in Common '' . Singersroom . ^ Jump up to : `` Oprah Strikes Partnership with Tyler Perry '' . Oprah.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Kissell @ ratesrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Haves and Have Nots ' Sets OWN Ratings Record With Its Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim . `` Aaron O'Connell & Gavin Houston On ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Gay Story '' . thebacklot.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Perry , Willie Maxine Campbell '' . The Advocate . December 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Maxine Campbell Perry Obituary : View Willie Perry 's Obituary by The Advocate '' . Legacy.com . December 8 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler Perry Biography -- Inspired by Oprah , Perseverance Paid Off , Concentrated on Madea Character '' . Net Industries . 2010 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry recounts childhood abuse on Web site '' . CNN . October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Park , Michael Y. ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tyler Perry Reveals He Was Abused as a Child '' . People . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hobdy , Dominique ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry : My Mother Lied About My Biological Father '' . Essence . Jump up ^ `` Oprah Talks to Tyler Perry '' . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Bio : Tyler Perry '' . natpe.org/ . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pulley , Brett ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` A Showbiz Whiz '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Tyler Perry holds on to his past '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Zondra ( January 2004 ) . `` How Tyler Perry rose from homelessness to a $5 million mansion '' . Ebony . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem. `` Tyler Perry 's ' Mad Black Woman ' Was No Overnight Success '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Diary of Mad Black Woman '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Madea 's Family Reunion '' . Boxofficemojo.com. April 27 , 2006 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Daddy 's Little Girls '' . Boxofficemojo.com . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns '' . Box office mojo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's The Family That Preys '' . boxofficemojo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A. ( October 2008 ) . `` Becoming Tyler '' . Ebony . p. 83 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All By Myself '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Precious ' trailer : Mo'Nique ... potential Oscar nominee ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Why Did I Get Married Too ? '' . Boxoffice mojo . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Than ' Madea ' : Tyler Perry Changes Course '' , All Things Considered , March 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Rio ' flies past ' Madea 's Big Happy Family ' to stay no . 1 '' . Hitfix.com. April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` Tyler Perry to Direct , Star in ' Good Deeds ' for Lionsgate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Caverley , Alyssa . `` Rebecca Romijin Joins Tyler Perry 's Good Deeds '' . Movie Fanatic . Jump up ^ Segal , Andy ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Perry 's greatest accomplishment has nothing to do with business '' . CNN . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 31 , 2011 ) . `` Tyler Perry As Alex Cross in James Patterson Franchise Reboot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peeples ' Trailer Makes Meeting the Parents More Awkward Than Usual '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Madea Gets A Job -- Available on DVD February 5th '' . Urban Entertainment E-Zine . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry joins Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Studios ' 2017 Forecast : Big Bets , Franchise Fears and Executive Intrigue '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A. ( October 2008 ) . `` Becoming Tyler '' . Ebony . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Lionsgate brings Perry to U.K. ' Married Too ? ' to be released on Sept. 3 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns '' . Tbs . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Greenlights ' It 's Primetime ' Starring Deion Sanders , Announces Lindsay Lohan Interview to Air August 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` OWN Picks Up Tyler Perry 's Sitcom ' For Better Or Worse ' , Orders Third Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Villarreal , , Greg Braxton ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry - Oprah alliance marks new turn for OWN '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Connell ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : Tyler Perry Premiere Gives OWN a Record Launch '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Solid Debut For Tyler Perry 's ' The Haves And Have Nots ' On OWN '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` TV Ratings -- ' Love Thy Neighbor ' Off to a Promising Start on OWN '' . Variety . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's ' Haves and Have Nots ' Rises to Series High on OWN '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brennan ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Sets Another Series High '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rick Kissell @ ratesrick . `` OWN 's ' Haves and the Have Nots ' Surges to Series Highs '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Braxton , Greg ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Take a tour of Tyler Perry 's massive new studio on a former Army base in Atlanta '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deggans , Eric ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` Atlanta Is Experiencing A Film And TV Production Boom '' . NPR . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Viacom poaches Perry Retrieved June 15 , 2017 Jump up ^ Exclusive : Tyler Perry 's Madea Has Scored Again , This Time in Bookstores Archived September 10 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Quill Awards winners named '' . Los Angeles Times . October 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gregg ( 2008 ) . `` Writers at Tyler Perry Studio to Take Strike Action -- Will Picket Grand Opening and Ask Invited Guests Not To Attend '' . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` TOLDJA ! Tyler Perry Studios And WGA Reach Agreement Mediated By NAACP '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Griffin , Dee . `` Meet ' Mo'Money Taxes ' . '' ABC24 - WPTY , May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Our World with Black Enterprise . May 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An Open Letter to Tyler Perry '' . National Public Radio . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Minutes : Tyler Perry 's Amazing Journey to the Top '' . CBS News . October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry Tells Spike Lee to `` Go To Hell ! '' `` . Hip Hollywood . April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Issie Lapowsky ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Tyler Perry responds to Spike Lee 's claim that his work is comparable to ' Amos ' n ' Andy ' '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` ' ' All Things Considered ' ' `` War of Words : Tyler Perry Vs. Spike Lee '' `` . Npr.org. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Movie Milestone '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( April 29 , 2013 ) . `` '' The Full Cognitive Redaction of Avery Bullock by the Coward Stan Smith '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward , Kate ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` New ' South Park ' references death of Osama bin Laden '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Aaron McGruder 's Boondocks ' lampoons Tyler Perry '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Kress . `` Interview with Michael Kress : Tyler Perry , Diary of a Mad Black Woman , `` Meet the Browns '' Madea 's Family Reunion , Daddy 's Little Girls `` . Beliefnet.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paper : Entertainers named in steroid report '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Landrum Jr , Jonathan ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Gospel artists flock to Atlanta to advance career '' . Associated press . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Tyler Perry 's real house of pain `` , ' ' Atlanta Journal - Constitution ' ' '' . Projects.ajc.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fulton County , Georgia , Tax Records '' . City-data.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry Pays Massive Fine For Cutting Trees '' . www.wsbtv.com . February 27 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry Explains Why He Sold His Massive Mansion in Atlanta '' . eonline. 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Amanda ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Tyler Perry apparently buys more land in Douglas County '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry sending day - care children to Disney World '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tyler Perry website -- `` I am so mad '' -- 07 / 19 / 09 Archived March 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's mother dies at 64 ; Willie Maxine inspired Madea character '' . Los Angeles Times , December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry : A Hollywood Bachelor 's Take on Marriage '' . 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . CBN Lionsgate news interview with Perry re : marriage . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry Studios Opens in Atlanta '' . 2008 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Grand opening announcement for Tyler Perry Studios Jump up ^ Katherine Q. Seelye , `` In Georgia , a Megamansion is Finally Sold '' , New York Times , August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michelle E. Shaw , `` Tyler Perry to build home in Johns Creek '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry 's Girlfriend Gelila Bekele Gives Birth , Couple Welcomes Baby Boy Aman . '' UsMagazine.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Tyler Perry Welcomes Son Aman Tyler . '' People.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitereg , Neal J. ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tyler Perry lands a modern mansion in Mulholland Estates for $14.5 million '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! 2 : A Madea Halloween ( 2017 ) '' . Movie Insider . March 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutTyler Perryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Tyler Perry on IMDb Tyler Perry at AllMovie Tyler Perry on RottenTomatoes ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Meet the Browns Episodes Crew Tyler Perry Kim Fields Alfonso Ribeiro Chip Fields Related Meet the Browns ( play ) Meet the Browns ( film ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne VIAF : 74165803 LCCN : n2003054253 ISNI : 0000 0000 5011 9959 GND : 104767775X SUDOC : 19742158X BNF : cb15553377w ( data ) BIBSYS : 15007180 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry&oldid=827949525 '' Categories : Tyler Perry 1969 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American novelists African - American businesspeople American businesspeople African - American Christians African - American dramatists and playwrights American dramatists and playwrights African - American film directors American film directors African - American film producers American film producers African - American male actors African - American male comedians African - American comedians African - American novelists African - American television producers African - American screenwriters American screenwriters African - American songwriters American songwriters African - American television directors American television directors American Christian writers American humorists American male dramatists and playwrights American male film actors American male comedians American comedians American male novelists American male screenwriters American male television actors American Protestants American television producers American television writers Male television writers Christian novelists Gospel music composers Living people Male actors from Atlanta Male actors from New Orleans Songwriters from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Songwriters from Louisiana Writers from Atlanta Writers from New Orleans Novelists from Louisiana Novelists from Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Acèh تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Boarisch Corsu Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Winaray Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 18 : 14 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the first madea movie come out	[ "\n\nYear\nFilm\nCredited as\n\nDirector\nWriter\nProducer\nActor\nRole\n\n\n\n2005\nDiary of a Mad Black Woman\nNo\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2006\nMadea's Family Reunion\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2007\nDaddy's Little Girls\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2007\nWhy Did I Get Married?\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nTerry Bob\n\n\n2008\nMeet the Browns\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe\n\n\n2008\nThe Family That Preys\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nBen\n\n\n2009\nMadea Goes to Jail\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2009\nStar Trek\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nAdmiral Barnett\n\n\n2009\nI Can Do Bad All By Myself\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe\n\n\n2009\nPrecious\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2010\nWhy Did I Get Married Too?\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nTerry Bob\n\n\n2010\nFor Colored Girls\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2011\nMadea's Big Happy Family\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe\n\n\n2012\nGood Deeds\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nWesley Deeds\n\n\n2012\nMadea's Witness Protection\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2012\nAlex Cross\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nAlex Cross\n\n\n2013\nTemptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2013\nTyler Perry Presents Peeples\nNo\nNo\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2013\nA Madea Christmas\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea\n\n\n2014\nThe Single Moms Club\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nTK\n\n\n2014\nGone Girl\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nTanner Bolt\n\n\n2015\nMadea's Tough Love\nNo\nNo\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2016\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nDr. Baxter Stockman\n\n\n2016\nBrain on Fire\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nRichard\n\n\n2016\nBoo! A Madea Halloween\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2017\nThe Star\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nCyrus the Camel\n\n\n2017\nBoo 2! A Madea Halloween[89]\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian\n\n\n2018\nBackseat\nNo\nNo\nNo\nYes\nColin Powell\n\n\n2018\nAcrimony\nYes\nYes\nYes\nNo\n\n\n\n2018\nA Madea Family Funeral\nYes\nYes\nYes\nYes\nMadea / Joe / Brian / Heathrow\n\n" ]	[ "2006" ]
5701436395548349388	France at the FIFA World Cup	France at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia France at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of France 's results at the FIFA World Cup . France was one of the four European teams that participated at the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and have appeared in 15 FIFA World Cups , tied for the sixth most of any country . The national team is one of eight to have won the FIFA World Cup title and one of only six to have done so more than once . The French team won its first World Cup title in 1998 . The tournament was played on home soil and France defeated Brazil 3 -- 0 in the final match . The tournament was hosted in France once before in 1938 , where France was eliminated by defending champions Italy in the quarter finals . In 2006 , France finished as runners - up , losing on penalties ( 5 -- 3 ) to Italy after the game was tied 1 -- 1 after 120 minutes . The team has also finished in third place on two occasions , in 1958 and 1986 , and in fourth place once , in 1982 . In 2018 France won the World Cup for the second time 4 -- 2 against Croatia in Luzhniki Stadium , Russia . Contents 1 FIFA World Cup record 2 By match 3 France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup 3.1 France vs South Africa 3.2 France vs Saudi Arabia 3.3 France vs Denmark 3.4 Round of 16 France vs Paraguay 3.5 Quarter - Final Italy vs France 3.6 Semi-Final France vs Croatia 3.7 Final 4 Record players 5 Top goalscorers 6 References 7 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup finals record Qualifications record Year Round Position GP D * GF GA Squad GP GF GA 1930 Group stage 7th 0 Squad -- 1934 Round of 16 9th 0 0 Squad 0 0 6 1934 1938 Quarter - finals 6th 0 Squad Qualified as hosts 1938 1950 Originally did not qualify , then invited , later withdrew 0 5 1950 1954 Group stage 11th 0 Squad 0 0 20 1954 1958 Third place 3rd 6 0 23 15 Squad 0 19 1958 1962 Did not qualify 5 0 10 1962 1966 Group stage 13th 0 5 Squad 6 5 0 9 1966 1970 Did not qualify 0 6 1970 5 1978 Group stage 12th 0 5 5 Squad 7 1978 1982 Fourth place 4th 7 16 12 Squad 8 5 0 20 8 1982 1986 Third place 3rd 7 12 6 Squad 8 5 15 1986 1990 Did not qualify 8 10 7 1990 1994 10 6 17 10 1994 1998 Champions 1st 7 6 0 15 Squad Qualified as hosts 1998 2002 Group stage 28th 0 0 Squad Qualified as defending champions 2002 2006 Runners - up 2nd 7 0 9 Squad 10 5 5 0 14 2006 Group stage 29th 0 Squad 12 7 20 10 2014 Quarter - finals 7th 5 10 Squad 10 6 18 8 2014 2018 Champions 1st 7 6 0 14 6 Squad 10 7 18 6 2018 2022 To be determined To be determined 2022 Total 15 / 21 2 Titles 65 33 13 * 19 120 77 N / A 111 65 23 23 216 88 Total * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Red border indicates tournament was held on home soil . show France 's World Cup record First Match France 4 -- 1 Mexico ( 15 July 1930 ; Montevideo , Uruguay ) Biggest Win France 7 -- 3 Paraguay ( 8 June 1958 ; Norrköping , Sweden ) Biggest Defeat France 2 - 5 Brazil ( 24 June 1958 ; Solna , Sweden ) Best Result Champions in 1998 and 2018 Worst Result Group stage in 1934 , 1954 , 1966 , 1978 , 2002 and 2010 By match ( edit ) Year as Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group 1 Mexico 4 -- 1 Laurent , Langiller , Maschinot ( 2 ) Group 1 Argentina 0 -- 1 Group 1 Chile 0 -- 1 1934 Round 1 Austria 2 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) Nicolas , Verriest 1938 Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 1 Veinante , Nicolas ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Italy 1 -- 3 Heisserer 1954 Group 1 Yugoslavia 0 -- 1 Group 1 Mexico 3 -- 2 Vincent , Cardenas , Kopa 1958 Group 2 Paraguay 7 -- 3 Fontaine ( 3 ) , Piantoni , Wisnieski , Kopa , Vincent Group 2 Yugoslavia 2 -- 3 Fontaine ( 2 ) Group 2 Scotland 2 -- 1 Kopa , Fontaine Quarter - Final Northern Ireland 4 -- 0 Wisnieski , Fontaine ( 2 ) , Piantoni Semi-Final Brazil 2 -- 5 Fontaine , Piantoni Third Place Match West Germany 6 -- 3 Fontaine ( 4 ) , Kopa , Douis 1966 Group 1 Mexico 1 -- 1 Hausser Group 1 Uruguay 1 -- 2 De Bourgoing Group 1 England 0 -- 2 1978 Group 1 Italy 1 -- 2 Lacombe Group 1 Argentina 1 -- 2 Platini Group 1 Hungary 3 -- 1 Lopez , Berdoll , Rocheteau 1982 Group 4 England 1 -- 3 Soler Group 4 Kuwait 4 -- 1 Genghini , Platini , Six , Bossis Group 4 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 Six Group D Round 2 Austria 1 -- 0 Genghini Group D Round 2 Northern Ireland 4 -- 1 Giresse ( 2 ) , Rocheteau ( 2 ) Semi-Final West Germany 3 -- 3 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 5 ( p . ) Platini , Tresor , Giresse Third Place Match Poland 2 -- 3 Girard , Couriol 1986 Group C Canada 1 -- 0 Papin Group C Soviet Union 1 -- 1 Fernández Group C Hungary 3 -- 0 Stopyra , Tigana , Rocheteau Round of 16 Italy 2 -- 0 Platini , Stopyra Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 3 ( p . ) Platini Semi-Final West Germany 0 -- 2 Third Place Match Belgium 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ferreri , Papin , Genghini , Amoros 1998 Group C South Africa 3 -- 0 Dugarry , Issa ( o.g. ) , Henry Group C Saudi Arabia 4 -- 0 Henry ( 2 ) , Trezeguet , Lizarazu Group C Denmark 2 -- 1 Djorkaeff , Petit Round of 16 Paraguay 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Blanc Quarter - Final Italy 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) , 4 -- 3 ( p . ) Semi-Final Croatia 2 -- 1 Thuram ( 2 ) Final Brazil 3 -- 0 Zidane ( 2 ) , Petit 2002 Group A Senegal 0 -- 1 Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Denmark 0 -- 2 2006 Group G Switzerland 0 -- 0 Group G South Korea 1 -- 1 Henry Group G Togo 2 -- 0 Vieira , Henry Round of 16 Spain 3 -- 1 Ribéry , Vieira , Zidane Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 0 Henry Semi-Final Portugal 1 -- 0 Zidane Final Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) , 3 -- 5 ( p . ) Zidane Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Mexico 0 -- 2 Group A South Africa 1 -- 2 Malouda 2014 Group E Honduras 3 -- 0 Benzema ( 2 ) , Valladares ( o.g. ) Group E Switzerland 5 -- 2 Giroud , Matuidi , Valbuena , Benzema , Sissoko Group E Ecuador 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Pogba , Yobo ( o.g. ) Quarter - Final Germany 0 -- 1 2018 Group C Australia 2 -- 1 Griezmann , Behich ( o.g. ) Group C Peru 1 -- 0 Mbappé Group C Denmark 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Argentina 4 -- 3 Griezmann , Pavard , Mbappé ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Uruguay 2 -- 0 Varane , Griezmann Semi-Final Belgium 1 -- 0 Umtiti Final Croatia 4 -- 2 Mandžukić ( o.g. ) , Griezmann , Pogba , Mbappé France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) 1998 FIFA World Cup Squad Head coach : Aimé Jacquet No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Bernard Lama ( 1963 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1963 ( aged 35 ) 37 Paris Saint Germain 2DF Vincent Candela ( 1973 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 10 Roma 2DF Bixente Lizarazu ( 1969 - 12 - 09 ) 9 December 1969 ( aged 28 ) 32 Bayern Munich 3MF Patrick Vieira ( 1976 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1976 ( aged 21 ) 7 Arsenal 5 2DF Laurent Blanc ( 1965 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1965 ( aged 32 ) 68 Marseille 6 4FW Youri Djorkaeff ( 1968 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1968 ( aged 30 ) 37 Internazionale 7 3MF Didier Deschamps ( c ) ( 1968 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1968 ( aged 29 ) 69 Juventus 8 2DF Marcel Desailly ( 1968 - 09 - 07 ) 7 September 1968 ( aged 29 ) 41 Milan 9 4FW Stéphane Guivarc'h ( 1970 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Auxerre 10 3MF Zinedine Zidane ( 1972 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1972 ( aged 25 ) 33 Juventus 11 3MF Robert Pirès ( 1973 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 13 Metz 12 4FW Thierry Henry ( 1977 - 08 - 17 ) 17 August 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 13 3MF Bernard Diomède ( 1974 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1974 ( aged 24 ) 6 Auxerre 14 3MF Alain Boghossian ( 1970 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Sampdoria 15 2DF Lilian Thuram ( 1972 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1972 ( aged 26 ) 32 Parma 16 1GK Fabien Barthez ( 1971 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1971 ( aged 26 ) 12 Monaco 17 3MF Emmanuel Petit ( 1970 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 17 Arsenal 18 2DF Frank Lebœuf ( 1968 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1968 ( aged 30 ) 13 Chelsea 19 3MF Christian Karembeu ( 1970 - 12 - 03 ) 3 December 1970 ( aged 27 ) 31 Real Madrid 20 4FW David Trezeguet ( 1977 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 21 4FW Christophe Dugarry ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1972 ( aged 26 ) 23 Marseille 22 1GK Lionel Charbonnier ( 1966 - 10 - 25 ) 25 October 1966 ( aged 31 ) Auxerre France vs South Africa ( edit ) 12 June 1998 21 : 00 France 3 -- 0 South Africa Dugarry 36 ' Issa 77 ' ( o.g. ) Henry 90 + 2 ' Report Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Márcio Rezende de Freitas ( Brazil ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly CB 5 Laurent Blanc LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 53 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 28 ' 73 ' RW 6 Youri Djorkaeff 84 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane 75 ' LW 12 Thierry Henry CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 26 ' Substitutions : FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 26 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 73 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 84 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Hans Vonk DF David Nyathi DF Willem Jackson 39 ' DF 5 Mark Fish DF 19 Lucas Radebe ( c ) DF 21 Pierre Issa MF 7 Quinton Fortune MF 10 John Moshoeu FW 6 Phil Masinga FW 12 Brendan Augustine 56 ' FW 17 Benni McCarthy 89 ' Substitutions : MF 11 Helman Mkhalele 56 ' FW 9 Shaun Bartlett 89 ' Manager : Philippe Troussier Assistant referees : Arnaldo Pinto ( Brazil ) Merere Gonzales ( Trinidad and Tobago ) Fourth official : Mario Sánchez Yanten ( Chile ) France vs Saudi Arabia ( edit ) 18 June 1998 21 : 00 France 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Henry 37 ' , 78 ' Trezeguet 68 ' Lizarazu 85 ' Report Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 80,000 Referee : Arturo Brizio Carter ( Mexico ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Bixente Lizarazu 50 ' DF 5 Laurent Blanc 36 ' DF 8 Marcel Desailly DF 15 Lilian Thuram MF 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) MF 10 Zinedine Zidane 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 58 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian FW 12 Thierry Henry 79 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 30 ' Substitutions : FW 20 David Trezeguet 30 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff 58 ' MF 11 Robert Pirès 79 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Mohamed Al - Deayea DF Mohammed Al - Jahani 7 ' 76 ' DF Mohammed Al - Khilaiwi 19 ' DF Abdullah Zubromawi DF 13 Hussein Sulaimani MF 6 Fuad Amin ( c ) MF 7 Ibrahim Al - Shahrani MF 16 Khamis Al - Owairan MF 20 Hamzah Saleh FW 9 Sami Al - Jaber 82 ' FW 10 Saeed Al - Owairan 33 ' Substitutions : MF 12 Ibrahim Al - Harbi 33 ' 65 ' MF 14 Khalid Al - Muwallid 65 ' DF 17 Ahmed Dokhi 76 ' Manager : Carlos Alberto Parreira Assistant referees : Reynaldo Salinas ( Honduras ) Luis Torres Zúñiga ( Costa Rica ) Fourth official : Alberto Tejada Noriega ( Peru ) France vs Denmark ( edit ) 24 June 1998 16 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Denmark Djorkaeff 12 ' ( pen . ) Petit 56 ' Report M. Laudrup 42 ' ( pen . ) Stade Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Vincent Candela DF 8 Marcel Desailly ( c ) DF 18 Franck Leboeuf MF Patrick Vieira 62 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff MF 11 Robert Pirès 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 53 ' MF 17 Emmanuel Petit 64 ' MF 19 Christian Karembeu FW 20 David Trezeguet 85 ' Substitutions : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 64 ' FW 12 Thierry Henry 71 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 85 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Peter Schmeichel DF Michael Schjønberg DF Marc Rieper DF Jes Høgh DF 5 Jan Heintze DF 6 Thomas Helveg DF 13 Jacob Laursen 46 ' MF 7 Allan Nielsen MF 10 Michael Laudrup ( c ) MF 21 Martin Jørgensen 54 ' FW 11 Brian Laudrup 75 ' Substitutions : DF 12 Søren Colding 65 ' 46 ' FW 19 Ebbe Sand 54 ' MF 15 Stig Tøfting 78 ' 75 ' Manager : Bo Johansson Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Emanuel Zammit ( Malta ) Fourth official : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) Round of 16 France vs Paraguay ( edit ) 28 June 1998 16 : 30 France 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Paraguay Blanc 113 ' Report Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Ali Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 69 ' RW 13 Bernard Diomède 76 ' LW 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 20 David Trezeguet CF 12 Thierry Henry 64 ' Substitutes : MF 11 Robert Pirès 64 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 69 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 76 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK José Luis Chilavert ( c ) 19 ' RB Francisco Arce 84 ' CB Carlos Gamarra CB 5 Celso Ayala LB 11 Pedro Sarabia CM 10 Roberto Acuña CM 16 Julio César Enciso 32 ' CM 13 Carlos Humberto Paredes 74 ' AM 21 Jorge Luis Campos 55 ' AM 15 Miguel Ángel Benítez 23 ' CF 9 José Cardozo 91 ' Substitutes : MF 7 Julio César Yegros 55 ' DF 20 Denis Caniza 74 ' MF 8 Aristides Rojas 91 ' Manager : Paulo César Carpegiani Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Lencie Fred ( Vanuatu ) Fourth official : Esse Baharmast ( United States ) Quarter - Final Italy vs France ( edit ) 3 July 1998 16 : 30 Italy 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) France Report Penalties R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio 3 -- 4 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 77,000 Referee : Hugh Dallas ( Scotland ) GK 12 Gianluca Pagliuca RB Giuseppe Bergomi 28 ' CB Fabio Cannavaro CB 5 Alessandro Costacurta 113 ' LB Paolo Maldini ( c ) CM 11 Dino Baggio 52 ' CM 14 Luigi Di Biagio RW 17 Francesco Moriero LW 7 Gianluca Pessotto 90 ' SS 10 Alessandro Del Piero 26 ' 67 ' CF 21 Christian Vieri Substitutes : MF 9 Demetrio Albertini 52 ' FW 18 Roberto Baggio 67 ' MF 15 Angelo Di Livio 90 ' Manager : Cesare Maldini GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 62 ' RM 19 Christian Karembeu 65 ' LM 17 Emanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 53 ' 65 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 65 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 65 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Assistant referees : Mark Warren ( England ) Nicolae Grigorescu ( Romania ) Fourth official : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Semi-Final France vs Croatia ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 69 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José García Aranda ( Spain ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc 76 ' CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) RM 19 Christian Karembeu 31 ' LM 17 Emmanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff 77 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 68 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 31 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 68 ' DF 18 Frank Leboeuf 77 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Dražen Ladić RB 20 Dario Šimić 88 ' CB 6 Slaven Bilić CB Igor Štimac LB 17 Robert Jarni DM 14 Zvonimir Soldo RM 7 Aljoša Asanović 45 ' LM 13 Mario Stanić 75 ' 89 ' AM 10 Zvonimir Boban ( c ) 66 ' SS 19 Goran Vlaović CF 9 Davor Šuker Substitutes : FW 11 Silvio Marić 66 ' MF 8 Robert Prosinečki 89 ' Manager : Miroslav Blažević Assistant referees : Fernando Tresaco Gracia ( Spain ) Jorge Díaz Gálvez ( Chile ) Fourth official : Epifanio González Chávez ( Paraguay ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Final The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France , Saint - Denis . France defeated holders Brazil 3 -- 0 , with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit . The win gave France their first World Cup title , becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay , Italy , England , West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil . They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930 . The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick - off . He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute , dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto . France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right . Three minutes before half - time , Zidane scored his second goal of the match , similarly another header from a corner , this time from the left side . The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence . Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal : substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel . French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners - up respectively after the match . Several days after the victory , winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect . 12 July 1998 21 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 3 France Report Zidane 27 ' , 45 + 1 ' Petit 90 + 3 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 75,000 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Brazil France GK Claudio Taffarel RB Cafu CB Aldair CB Júnior Baiano 33 ' LB 6 Roberto Carlos CM 5 César Sampaio 73 ' CM 8 Dunga ( c ) AM 10 Rivaldo AM 18 Leonardo 46 ' CF 20 Bebeto CF 9 Ronaldo Substitutes : MF 19 Denílson 46 ' FW 21 Edmundo 73 ' Manager : Mário Zagallo GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly 48 ' , 68 ' CB 18 Frank Leboeuf LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 39 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit CM 19 Christian Karembeu 56 ' 57 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane AM 6 Youri Djorkaeff 74 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 66 ' Substitutes : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 57 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 66 ' MF Patrick Vieira 74 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Man of the match Zinedine Zidane ( France ) Officials Linesmen : Mark Warren ( England ) Achmat Salie ( South Africa ) Fourth official : Rahman Al Zaid ( Saudi Arabia ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Three substitutions permitted Record players ( edit ) Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal , which he achieved ten times . The only other player to have reached that number is England 's Peter Shilton . No . Name Matches World Cups Fabien Barthez 17 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Thierry Henry 17 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Lilian Thuram 16 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Maxime Bossis 15 1978 , 1982 and 1986 5 Michel Platini 14 1978 , 1982 and 1986 Hugo Lloris 14 2010 , 2014 and 2018 7 Manuel Amoros 12 1982 and 1986 Alain Giresse 12 1982 and 1986 Jean Tigana 12 1982 and 1986 David Trezeguet 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Patrick Vieira 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Zinedine Zidane 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Olivier Giroud 12 2014 and 2018 Antoine Griezmann 12 2014 and 2018 Raphaël Varane 12 2014 and 2018 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958 , where France reached third place . This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup . At the time , it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany 's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974 . No . Name Goals World Cups Just Fontaine 13 1958 Thierry Henry 6 1998 ( 3 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) Michel Platini 5 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 2 ) Zinedine Zidane 5 1998 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) 5 Raymond Kopa 1958 Dominique Rocheteau 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 1 ) Antoine Griezmann 2018 Kylian Mbappé 2018 9 Jean Nicolas 1934 ( 1 ) and 1938 ( 2 ) Roger Piantoni 1958 Alain Giresse 1982 Karim Benzema 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Team Profile : France '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Day of Soccer Glory Arrives ; Upset of Brazil in World Cup '' . New York Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? France 's 1998 World Cup Winners '' . Goal.com. 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host nation routs Brazilians 3 - 0 in World Cup final '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 1998 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Cup : Vive La Revolution ! '' . CBC.ca. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul , Oberjuerge ( 12 July 1998 ) . `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Gannett News Service . Paris : SoccerTimes . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World commentators decry Brazil , Ronaldo '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Soccer Times . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top of the World '' . New Straits Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane leads France to pinnacle of soccer glory '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barth , Elie ( 18 July 1998 ) . `` Il devrait succéder à Gérard Houllier comme directeur technique national '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacquet steps down to move up '' . New Straits Times . 18 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1998 World Cup Final -- on reflection ... '' . Zonal Marking. 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) France at FIFA Complete France FIFA World Cup Stats France FIFA World Cup squads France squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup GK Tassin GK Thépot DF Andoire DF Capelle DF Mattler MF Chantrel MF Delmer MF J. Laurent MF Pinel MF Villaplane FW Delfour FW Langiller FW L. Laurent FW Libérati FW Maschinot FW Veinante Coach : Caudron France squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup GK Défossé GK Llense GK Thépot DF Gonzales DF Mairesse DF Mattler DF Vandooren MF Beaucourt MF Delfour MF Delmer MF Gabrillargues MF Liétaer MF Rio MF Verriest FW Alcazar FW Aston FW Courtois FW Keller FW Korb FW Laurent FW Nicolas FW Veinante Coach : Kimpton France squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup GK Darui GK Di Lorto GK Llense DF Ben Bouali DF Cazenave DF Mattler DF Povolny DF Vandooren MF Bastien MF Bourbotte MF Diagne MF Jasseron MF Jordan FW Aston FW Brusseaux FW Courtois FW Delfour FW Heisserer FW Kowalczyk FW Nicolas FW Veinante FW Zatelli Coach : Barreau France squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Remetter 2 Ruminski 3 Abbes 4 Gianessi 5 Grimonpon 6 Kaelbel 7 Marche 8 Bieganski 9 Cuissard 10 Jonquet ( c ) 11 Louis 12 Marcel 13 Mahjoub 14 Penverne 15 Ben Tifour 16 Dereuddre 17 Glovacki 18 Kopa 19 Leblond 20 Schultz 21 Strappe 22 Vincent Coach : Pibarot France squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Abbes 2 Colonna 3 Remetter 4 Kaelbel 5 Lerond 6 Marche ( c ) 7 Mouynet 8 Chiarelli 9 Hnatow 10 Jonquet 11 Lafont 12 Marcel 13 Penverne 14 Bellot 15 Bruey 16 Douis 17 Fontaine 18 Kopa 19 Oliver 20 Piantoni 21 Vincent 22 Wisnieski Coach : Batteux France squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Aubour 2 Artelesa ( c ) 3 Baraffe 4 Bonnel 5 Bosquier 6 Budzynski 7 Chorda 8 Combin 9 Couécou 10 De Bourgoing 11 De Michèle 12 Djorkaeff 13 Gondet 14 Hausser 15 Herbet 16 Herbin 17 Muller 18 Piumi 19 Robuschi 20 Simon 21 Carnus 22 Schuth Coach : Guérin France squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Baratelli 2 Battiston 3 Bossis 4 Janvion 5 Bracci 6 Lopez 7 Rio 8 Trésor ( c ) 9 Bathenay 10 Guillou 11 Michel 12 Papi 13 Petit 14 Berdoll 15 Platini 16 Dalger 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Rouyer 21 Bertrand ‐ Demanes 22 Dropsy Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Baratelli 2 Amoros 3 Battiston 4 Bossis 5 Janvion 6 Lopez 7 Mahut 8 Trésor 9 Genghini 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Girard 12 Giresse 13 Larios 14 Tigana 15 Bellone 16 Couriol 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Soler 21 Castaneda 22 Ettori Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup third place 1 Bats 2 Amoros 3 Ayache 4 Battiston 5 Bibard 6 Bossis 7 Le Roux 8 Tusseau 9 Fernández 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Ferreri 12 Giresse 13 Genghini 14 Tigana 15 Vercruysse 16 Bellone 17 Papin 18 Rocheteau 19 Stopyra 20 Xuereb 21 Bergeroo 22 Rust Coach : Michel France squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Lama 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Blanc 6 Djorkaeff 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Guivarc'h 10 Zidane 11 Pirès 12 Henry 13 Diomède 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Karembeu 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Charbonnier Coach : Jacquet France squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Ramé 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Christanval 6 Djorkaeff 7 Makélélé 8 Desailly ( c ) 9 Cissé 10 Zidane 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Micoud 23 Coupet Coach : Lemerre France squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Landreau 2 Boumsong 3 Abidal 4 Vieira 5 Gallas 6 Makélélé 7 Malouda 8 Dhorasoo 9 Govou 10 Zidane ( c ) 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Saha 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Givet 18 Diarra 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Chimbonda 22 Ribéry 23 Coupet Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris 2 Sagna 3 Abidal 4 Réveillère 5 Gallas 6 Planus 7 Ribéry 8 Gourcuff 9 Cissé 10 Govou 11 Gignac 12 Henry 13 Evra ( c ) 14 Toulalan 15 Malouda 16 Mandanda 17 Squillaci 18 Diarra 19 Diaby 20 Valbuena 21 Anelka 22 Clichy 23 Carrasso Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris ( c ) 2 Debuchy 3 Evra 4 Varane 5 Sakho 6 Cabaye 7 Cabella 8 Valbuena 9 Giroud 10 Benzema 11 Griezmann 12 Mavuba 13 Mangala 14 Matuidi 15 Sagna 16 Ruffier 17 Digne 18 Sissoko 19 Pogba 20 Rémy 21 Koscielny 22 Schneiderlin 23 Landreau Coach : Deschamps France squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Lloris ( c ) 2 Pavard 3 Kimpembe 4 Varane 5 Umtiti 6 Pogba 7 Griezmann 8 Lemar 9 Giroud 10 Mbappé 11 Dembélé 12 Tolisso 13 Kanté 14 Matuidi 15 Nzonzi 16 Mandanda 17 Rami 18 Fekir 19 Sidibé 20 Thauvin 21 Hernández 22 Mendy 23 Areola Coach : Deschamps France national football team General topics French Football Federation History Managers Kits Results 1904 -- 20 1921 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- present Venues Parc des Princes Stade de France Stade Olympique Yves - du - Manoir Statistics All - time record All - time goalscorers Hat - tricks Records Players Players ( by caps ) Captains FIFA World Cup tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1954 1958 1966 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 UEFA Euro tournaments 1960 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Tournoi de France Mediterranean Games Culture Rivalry with Italy Multicultural background INF Clairefontaine Other FFF teams Women 's U-17 U-19 France B U-16 U-17 U-18 U-19 U-20 U-21 Futsal Beach soccer Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855015221 '' Categories : France at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup France national football team Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 10 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	last time france won the football world cup	[ "In 2006, France finished as runners-up, losing on penalties (5–3) to Italy after the game was tied 1–1 after 120 minutes. The team has also finished in third place on two occasions, in 1958 and 1986, and in fourth place once, in 1982. In 2018 France won the World Cup for the second time 4–2 against Croatia in Luzhniki Stadium, Russia.[5][6] \n" ]	[ "2018" ]
-1104307782153466831	Shoulder sleeve insignia	Shoulder sleeve insignia - wikipedia Shoulder sleeve insignia Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A shoulder sleeve insignia ( often abbreviated SSI ) , is an embroidered patch worn on some uniforms of the United States Army . It is used by major formations of the U.S. Army ; each formation has a unique formation patch . The U.S. Army is unique among the U.S. Armed Forces in that all soldiers are required to wear the patch of their headquarters as part of their military uniforms . Shoulder sleeve insignia receive their name from the fact that they are most commonly worn on the upper left shoulders of the Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ; before October 2015 they were worn all U.S. Army uniforms . However , they can be placed on other locations , notably on the side of a helmet . Shoulder sleeve insignia worn on the upper right shoulders on Army uniforms denote former wartime service . These `` combat patches '' are worn on the ACU but are not worn on the Army Service Uniform . Instead a 2 inch metal replica is worn on the right breast pocket and is officially known as the Combat Service Identification Badge ( CSIB ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Versions 1.1 Colored 1.2 Subdued 2 Wear 2.1 Former wartime service 3 History 4 See also 4.1 Shoulder sleeve insignia galleries 5 References 6 External links Versions ( edit ) Example of the four types of shoulder sleeve insignia for the U.S. 10th Mountain Division ( LI ) ; full color , BDU subdued , desert subdued , UCP subdued Colored ( edit ) Shoulder sleeve insignia were often designed with intricate designs including bright colors , when created . Because these bright colors and designs risk standing out when a soldier is in combat or in hiding , the shoulder sleeve insignia in its color form was commonly only worn on the dress uniform , when a soldier is not in combat . However , with the retirement of the Army Green Uniform in 2015 , the full - color SSI has been replaced with a CSIB instead . For combat uniforms , `` subdued '' versions have been created for wear on the battlefield . `` Full color '' SSI were only worn on the green `` Class A '' uniform and on the OG - 107 during the late 1950s and early 1960s . Formerly , full color SSI were also worn on the `` full color '' ( white letters on black or dark blue material ) Military Police brassard , worn by MPs while wearing the green `` Class A '' service uniform or while wearing subdued field uniforms ( BDU or DCU ) in a garrison environment . However , with the ACU , the MP brassard was replaced by a rectangular patch made of fabric or infrared - reflective material , reading `` MP '' . Subdued ( edit ) The subdued version of the SSI created for the Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) features patches that are primarily olive , dark brown and black , to match the BDU . In general , this version is obsolete because the Army phased out the BDU in the late 2000s in favor of the Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) . The subdued version created for the Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) is primarily tan and `` spice '' brown , to match the uniform 's design . This version is also obsolete , as the Army phased out DCUs in favor of ACUs . The subdued version created for the Army Combat Uniform is the version widely used in the field today . Since the Army - wide adoption of the ACU , SSI for the ACU have been developed . These SSI are primarily foliage green , light brown , and black , though a few patches also feature red and maroon colors for some details . Unlike previous patches , the ACU SSI are velcro - backed , designed to attach to the velcro pockets on the shoulder of the uniform , instead of being sewn on . This makes them easier to remove and replace . Since the development of the Operational Camouflage Pattern ( OCP ) uniform ( commonly known as MultiCam as it is derived from Crye Precision 's proprietary pattern ) new SSI have been procured where the `` Foliage '' green of the ACU SSI is replaced by `` Bagby '' green . Velcro remains the method for attaching the SSI to the uniform . Example of the five current types of shoulder sleeve insignia for the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division ; full color , BDU subdued , desert subdued , UCP subdued , OCP subdued Wear ( edit ) Well - recognized examples are the shoulder sleeve insignia for the 1st Infantry Division and the 1st Cavalry Division . In the U.S. Army , the SSI is worn on the left upper arm , just below the uniform 's shoulder seam on all but the ACU . On the Army Combat Uniform the SSI is attached to a velcro backing and is then centered on rectangle of velcro on the arm . First Army has directed that all subordinate brigades wear the First Army SSI instead of their own authorized brigade SSI . The most common place for the SSI to be worn is on the shoulder of the uniform , however it is also sometimes worn on other places , notably when the soldier 's body armor covers the shoulders . SSI are also commonly worn on the shoulder pads of interceptor body armor , which covers the SSI on the uniform . Some soldiers also wear SSI on their MICH TC - 2000 Combat Helmets , however this is not standard practice for all units . Some SSI are too large to be worn on the helmets . SSI are also occasionally worn on the backpacks or rucksacks of soldiers , but this is not standard practice and is usually personal preference . Which SSI is worn depends on the chain of command that the soldier 's formation is a part of . Usually , the soldier wears the SSI of their division or separate brigade , but if they fall under the command of a different division , they must wear the SSI of that division . Former wartime service ( edit ) Further information : Combat Service Identification Badge Example of combat service identification badges for the 10th Mountain Division , 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division Those soldiers who are combat veterans are authorized permanent wear of the SSI of the unit they fought with on their right shoulder . This shoulder sleeve insignia recognizes `` former wartime service '' and is frequently called a `` combat patch '' . Per Army Regulation 670 - 1 , a soldier is authorized to wear the SSI of their higher headquarters . This is not dependent on whether or not the higher headquarters deployed , or to whom the soldier was attached throughout his / her deployment . Exceptions have been made for operations of relatively short duration such as service in the Dominican Republic , Panama and Grenada . With the transformation of the U.S. Army into a brigade - centered force , the SSI that soldiers may wear for wartime service has grown . Where soldiers once fought only under the command of their home division headquarters , this is no longer always the case . Early in the Global War on Terrorism , soldiers could earn the wartime service patch of several units during a single deployment according to their chain of command . This issue was corrected to ensure that the soldier can now only earn the SSI for former wartime service for their home unit when deployed . Entire formations of soldiers are rarely deployed to the same command structure . For example , a battalion from a separate support brigade may be attached to a brigade combat team during on deployment , which , in turn , would be attached to a different division headquarters . It is a misconception that in that deployment , soldiers in the battalion could earn three patches at once ; the patch of their regular headquarters ( the separate brigade ) , the patch of the brigade combat team that they were attached to , and the patch of the division that the brigade combat team was attached to . In actuality the regulation states that soldiers will wear the shoulder sleeve insignia of former wartime service of the lowest deployed echelon authorized its own distinctive SSI , which applies to divisions , separate brigades , and a handful of battalions . After March 27 , 2007 the policy was changed to allow units of company level and higher to wear the SSI of their regular headquarters as a combat patch . This policy change also means that units above company level no longer receive multiple combat patches for single deployments , in turn simplifying what combat patch soldiers are actually entitled to wear . Although all U.S. Army army groups , field armies , and corps have SSI , they do not award combat patches of these to all soldiers serving under them . These combat patches are usually only given to soldiers who serve the corps or army headquarters directly , and not one of the subordinate units . There is no time - in - theater requirement for wear of the SSIFWTS and orders are not created to authorize it . U.S. soldiers are also not required to wear a SSIFWTS , and if they can wear more than one SSIFWTS then soldiers can alternate from one to another , but they can not wear more than one at a time . History ( edit ) The 81st Infantry Division `` Wildcat '' is generally agreed to have been first U.S. Army unit authorized an SSI . In 1918 , during World War I , the 81st Division sailed for France after training at Fort Jackson , South Carolina . On their left shoulder the men of the division wore an olive drab felt patch with the silhouette of a wildcat - after Wildcat Creek , a stream that flows through Fort Jackson . When men of the other fighting divisions challenged the right of 81st soldiers to wear the patch , General John J. Pershing ruled that the 81st could keep this distinctive insignia . He also suggested that other divisions adopt shoulder patches of their own . This patch was officially adopted by the U.S. Army on October 19 , 1918 . By World War II , all army groups , field armies , corps , and divisions , as well as all major Army commands , had unique SSI . These SSI would often be created with symbolism alluding to the unit 's formation . Examples include the 82nd Airborne Division , which included an `` AA '' on its patch alluding to the `` All - American '' soldiers from every state that made it up , and the 29th Infantry Division , which included blue and grey to allude to soldiers that made it up being from states on both sides of the American Civil War . Most US formations had unique patches which varied greatly in size and makeup , with the exception of U.S. armored divisions ( as well as 1st Armored Corps and the U.S. Army Armor Center & School ) , all of which adopted the same patch ( a yellow , red and blue triangle with a symbol for armor in the middle ) . Each division and I Armored Corps then included its number in the upper yellow portion of the patch to distinguish it . The SSIs of those armored units which survived into the Cold War became irregular pentagons ( some units later than others ) with the addition of rectangular section at the bottom , bearing the division 's nickname or `` U.S. Army Armor Center '' . The 81st Infantry Division `` Wildcat '' insignia ; the first approved SSI . 1st Armored Corps insignia . 1st Armored Division insignia showing division nickname . 4th Armored Division insignia . The division chose not to add a nickname as befit their motto : Name Enough ! The U.S. Army Armored School insignia . A soldier with the SSI of the 89th Military Police Brigade on his Interceptor Body Armor shoulder pad . A soldier with the SSI of the 34th Infantry Division on her MICH TC - 2000 Combat Helmet . Half scale insignia of the 1st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade worn on the right side of an Advanced Combat Helmet . SSI for the 85th Infantry Division . WW 1 , WW2 , 1970 - 1986 , Present Subdued patches and insignia were introduced during the Vietnam War and were made mandatory for wear on the field uniform starting July 1 , 1970 . SSIs are generally authorized only for units commanded by a general officer . In the early 1960s , separate armor regiments began creating SSI , and the number of separate brigades increased . Today , most separate brigades have their own SSI , but those brigades permanently assigned to divisions do not . A handful of smaller units have SSI ( including the U.S. Army 's ranger battalions ( all of which have identical SSIs apart from the number ) , Trial Defense Service and Headquarters & Headquarters Company , U.S. Army ) , but most units battalion level and smaller do not have SSIs of their own . A handful of SSIs are designated for use by units which are not under a unified command wearing that SSI ; these include Special Forces , Department of the Army Staff Support and the SSI designated for soldiers assigned outside of DOD ( e.g. , military attachés ) . See also ( edit ) Distinctive unit insignia Formation badges for the British Army equivalent Divisional Insignia of the British Army Tactical recognition flash Shoulder sleeve insignia galleries ( edit ) Field Army insignia of the United States Army Corps Insignia of the United States Army Division insignia of the United States Army Brigade insignia of the United States Army Miscellaneous shoulder sleeve insignia of the United States Army References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jahner , Kyle ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` The end of the Green Service Uniform : 1954 - 2015 '' . armytimes.com . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Jahner , Kyle ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` The end of the Green Service Uniform : 1954 - 2015 '' . armytimes.com . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : http://penfed.org/usawoa/downloads/ALARACT055_2007-AR670-1_AppF.pdf Dalessandro , Robert J. & Knapp , Michael G. , Organization and Insignia of the American Expeditionary Forces , 1917 -- 1923 , ( Atglen , PA : Schiffer Publishing ) 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Field Army insignia of the United States Army . Institute of Heraldry Shoulder Sleeve Insignia website Airborne & Special Operations Insignia from Army Quartermaster Museum US Army Patches & Crests Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 - 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoulder_sleeve_insignia&oldid=835632722 '' Categories : United States Army uniforms Military insignia Heraldry of the United States Army Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本語 Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do the patches go on army uniform	[ "Shoulder sleeve insignia receive their name from the fact that they are most commonly worn on the upper left shoulders of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU); before October 2015[1] they were worn all U.S. Army uniforms. However, they can be placed on other locations, notably on the side of a helmet. Shoulder sleeve insignia worn on the upper right shoulders on Army uniforms denote former wartime service. These \"combat patches\" are worn on the ACU but are not worn on the Army Service Uniform. Instead a 2 inch metal replica is worn on the right breast pocket and is officially known as the Combat Service Identification Badge (CSIB)." ]	[ "most commonly worn on the upper left shoulders of the Army Combat Uniform (ACU)" ]
226949091255175998	Thoracic vertebrae	Thoracic vertebrae - wikipedia Thoracic vertebrae thoracic vertebrae Position of the thoracic vertebrae ( shown in red ) . In human , thoracic vertebrae consists of 12 bones . From top to down , T1 , T2 , ... , T12 . A typical thoracic vertebra , seen from lateral side . Details Identifiers Latin vertebrae thoracicae MeSH D013904 TA A02. 2.03. 001 FMA 9139 72064 , 9139 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) In vertebrates , thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column , between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae . In humans , there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae ; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae , with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper . They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs , as well as facets on the transverse processes of all , except the eleventh and twelfth , for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs . By convention , the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 -- T12 , with the first one ( T1 ) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region . Contents 1 General characteristics 2 Individual thoracic vertebrae 2.1 First thoracic vertebra ( T1 ) 2.2 Second thoracic vertebra ( T2 ) 2.3 Third thoracic vertebra ( T3 ) 2.4 Fourth thoracic vertebra ( T4 ) 2.5 Fifth thoracic vertebra ( T5 ) 2.6 Sixth thoracic vertebra ( T6 ) 2.7 Seventh thoracic vertebra ( T7 ) 2.8 Eighth thoracic vertebra ( T8 ) 2.9 Ninth thoracic vertebra ( T9 ) 2.10 Tenth thoracic vertebra ( T10 ) 2.11 Eleventh thoracic vertebra ( T11 ) 2.12 Twelfth thoracic vertebra ( T12 ) 3 Other animals 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links General characteristics ( edit ) These are the general characteristics of the second through eighth thoracic vertebrae . The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities , and are detailed below . The bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart - shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction . At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae . They are slightly thicker behind than in front , flat above and below , convex from side to side in front , deeply concave behind , and slightly constricted laterally and in front . They present , on either side , two costal demi - facets , one above , near the root of the pedicle , the other below , in front of the inferior vertebral notch ; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state , and , when the vertebrae are articulated with one another , form , with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages , oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs . Thoracic vertebrae The pedicles are directed backward and slightly upward , and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size , and deeper than in any other region of the vertebral column . The laminae are broad , thick , and imbricated -- that is to say , they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord . The intervertebral foramen is small , and circular , with two at each intervertebral level , one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots . The vertebral foramen is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the spinal canal . It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level . The spinous process is long , triangular on coronal section , directed obliquely downward , arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity . These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth , but are less oblique in direction above and below . The superior articular processes are thin plates of bone projecting upward from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae ; their articular facets are practically flat , and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward . The inferior articular processes are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae , and project but slightly beyond their lower borders ; their facets are directed forward and a little medialward and downward . The transverse processes arise from the arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles ; they are thick , strong , and of considerable length , directed obliquely backward and lateralward , and each ends in a clubbed extremity , on the front of which is a small , concave surface , for articulation with the tubercle of a rib . Individual thoracic vertebrae ( edit ) The first and ninth through twelfth thoracic vertebra have some peculiarities First thoracic vertebra ( T1 ) ( edit ) The first thoracic vertebra has , on either side of the body , an entire articular facet for the head of the first rib , and a demi - facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib . The body is like that of a cervical vertebra , being broad , concave , and lipped on either side . The superior articular surfaces are directed upward and backward ; the spinous process is thick , long , and almost horizontal . The transverse processes are long , and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of the other thoracic vertebrae . The thoracic spinal nerve 1 ( T1 ) passes out underneath it . Second thoracic vertebra ( T2 ) ( edit ) The thoracic spinal nerve 2 ( T2 ) passes out underneath it . The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra Third thoracic vertebra ( T3 ) ( edit ) The thoracic spinal nerve 3 ( T3 ) passes out underneath it . Fourth thoracic vertebra ( T4 ) ( edit ) The fourth thoracic vertebra , together with the fifth , is at the same level as the sternal angle . The thoracic spinal nerve 4 ( T4 ) passes out underneath it . A thoracic spine X-ray of a 57 - year - old male . Surface orientation of T3 and T7 , at middle of spine of scapula and at inferior angle of the scapula , respectively . Fifth thoracic vertebra ( T5 ) ( edit ) The fifth thoracic vertebra , together with the fourth , is at the same level as the sternal angle . The human trachea divides into two main bronchi at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra , but may also end higher or lower , depending on breathing . The thoracic spinal nerve 5 ( T5 ) passes out underneath it . Sixth thoracic vertebra ( T6 ) ( edit ) The thoracic spinal nerve 6 ( T6 ) passes out underneath it . Seventh thoracic vertebra ( T7 ) ( edit ) The thoracic spinal nerve 7 ( T7 ) passes out underneath it . Eighth thoracic vertebra ( T8 ) ( edit ) The eighth thoracic vertebra is , together with the ninth thoracic vertebra , at the same level as the xiphisternum . The thoracic spinal nerve 8 ( T8 ) passes out underneath it . Ninth thoracic vertebra ( T9 ) ( edit ) The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi - facets below . In some subjects however , it has two demi - facets on either side ; when this occurs the tenth does n't have facets but demi - facets at the upper part . The thoracic spinal nerve 9 ( T9 ) passes out underneath it . The xiphisternum ( or xiphoid process of the sternum ) is at the same level in the axial plane . Tenth thoracic vertebra ( T10 ) ( edit ) The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet ( not demi - facet ) on either side , which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle . It does n't have any kind of facet below , because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads . The thoracic spinal nerve 10 ( T10 ) passes out underneath it . Eleventh thoracic vertebra ( T11 ) ( edit ) In the eleventh thoracic vertebra the body approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae . The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of large size , and placed chiefly on the pedicles , which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region . The spinous process is short , and nearly horizontal in direction . The transverse processes are very short , tuberculated at their extremities , and do not have articular facets . The thoracic spinal nerve 11 ( T11 ) passes out underneath it . Twelfth thoracic vertebra ( T12 ) ( edit ) The twelfth thoracic vertebra has the same general characteristics as the eleventh , but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward , like those of the lumbar vertebrae ; by the general form of the body , laminae , and spinous process , in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae ; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations , the superior , inferior , and lateral tubercles : the superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae . Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae . The thoracic spinal nerve 12 ( T12 ) passes out underneath it . Other animals ( edit ) In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly ; for example , most marsupials have 13 , but koalas have only 11 . 12 to 15 is common among mammals , with 18 to 20 in horses , tapirs , rhinoceroses , and elephants , and extremes in mammals are marked by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9 . Additional images ( edit ) Position of thoracic vertebrae . Animation . Same as the left , but bones around the thoracic vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent . Animation showing the shape of thoracic vertebrae . Lateral surface of the thoracic vertebrae . Right half of the thoracic skeleton is not shown . Vertebral column . Vertebral column . Vertebral arches of three thoracic vertebrae viewed from the front . Section of the costotransverse joints from the third to the ninth inclusive . A typical thoracic vertebra , viewed from above . A thoracic vertebra , viewed from above . A thoracic vertebra , viewed from below . See also ( edit ) Costovertebral articulations Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 102 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ The thoracic vertebrae were historically called dorsal vertebrae ; cf. ( 1 ) . Especially due to the free copying of old public domain versions of Gray 's Anatomy , the old term may still be encountered , however the old term is long obsolete and misleading , as the dorsum refers to the whole back and not just the thoracic part of the back . Jump up ^ Hyman , Libbie ( 1922 ) . Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Physical Characteristics of the Koala '' . Australian Koala Foundation . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyman ( 1922 ) , p. 124 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thoracic vertebrae . Interactive tool to identify parts thoraxbones at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman ( Georgetown University ) Photos at University of Utah SpineUniverse anatomical diagram Spinal nerves Cervical C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 anterior Cervical plexus Brachial plexus posterior Posterior branches of cervical nerves Suboccipital -- C1 Greater occipital -- C2 Third occipital -- C3 Thoracic T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 anterior Intercostal Intercostobrachial -- T2 Thoraco - abdominal nerves -- T7 -- T11 Subcostal -- T12 posterior Posterior branches of thoracic nerves Lumbar L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 anterior Lumbar plexus Lumbosacral trunk posterior Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves Superior cluneal L1 -- L3 Sacral S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 anterior Sacral plexus posterior Posterior branches of sacral nerves Medial cluneal nerves Coccygeal anterior Coccygeal plexus posterior Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve Bones of torso Vertebrae General structure Body Arch pedicle lamina notch Vertebral foramen Intervertebral foramen Processes transverse articular spinous Spinal canal Cervical vertebrae Uncinate process of vertebra Transverse foramen Anterior tubercle Carotid tubercle Posterior tubercle Atlas lateral mass anterior arch posterior arch Axis dens Vertebra prominens Thoracic vertebrae Costal facets superior inferior transverse Uncinate process of vertebra Lumbar vertebrae Processes accessory mammillary Sacrum Base sacral promontory Ala of sacrum Lateral surface sacral tuberosity Pelvic surface anterior sacral foramina Dorsal surface posterior sacral foramina Median sacral crest Medial sacral crest Lateral sacral crest Sacral canal sacral hiatus Coccyx none Thorax Rib cage Ribs true ribs false ribs floating ribs Parts angle tubercle costal groove neck head Sternum Suprasternal notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body of sternum Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process Thoracic cage Thoracic inlet Thoracic outlet Intercostal space Costal margin Infrasternal angle Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoracic_vertebrae&oldid=853957764 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Bones of the thorax Bones of the vertebral column Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is t1 and t2 located on the spine	[ "In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.[1] In humans, there are twelve thoracic vertebrae and they are intermediate in size between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae; they increase in size going towards the lumbar vertebrae, with the lower ones being a lot larger than the upper.[citation needed] They are distinguished by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies for articulation with the heads of the ribs, as well as facets on the transverse processes of all, except the eleventh and twelfth, for articulation with the tubercles of the ribs. By convention, the human thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1–T12, with the first one (T1) located closest to the skull and the others going down the spine toward the lumbar region.\n" ]	[ "closest to the skull" ]
-4767688117373970425	Blackgang Chine	Blackgang Chine - wikipedia Blackgang Chine Jump to : navigation , search Blackgang Chine Blackgang Chine Blackgang Chine ( Isle of Wight ) Location Blackgang , Isle of Wight , England , United Kingdom 50.58889 ° N , 1.31444 ° W Owner Alexander Dabell / Vectis Ventures Ltd. / The Dabell Family General Manager Dan Selle Opened May 1843 Operating season March to November Rides Total Roller coasters Water rides Website Blackgangchine.com The site of Blackgang Chine . The remains of the Chine in 2008 Blackgang Chine is the UK 's oldest amusement park . Named after a now - destroyed chine ( a coastal ravine ) in the soft Cretaceous cliffs , it is about 6 miles from Ventnor at the southern tip of the Isle of Wight just below St Catherine 's Down . The park is owned by the Dabell family . Blackgang Chine has a sister park named Robin Hill . Blackgang Chine is home to life - sized Pirate Ships , Fairy Villages and Castles , Dodo Valleys , and the original Cowboy Town . Owing to the unstable land on which the park is situated , landslides occur frequently , meaning that attractions have continually to be moved further inland to safer ground . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The chine today 2 Geology 3 Park guide 4 Former attractions 5 Latest developments 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) During Blackgang Chine 's early years , the area was a steep gaunt ravine , overlooking Chale Bay , stretching around 3 / 4 of a mile down to the shore . It was a quiet place , visited by few people other than local fishermen with rumours of a thriving smuggling trade , which has now become a key theme of the park . On 11 October 1836 the cargo ship Clarendon was wrecked at the foot of Blackgang Chine , with the loss of all aboard . During Victorian England , people were seeking out new healthy holiday resorts , ideally near the coast . As the railway network was getting closer and closer to the South Coast , the Isle of Wight was becoming an increasingly attractive holiday destination . Alexander Dabell , the founder of the park , soon realised the business potential of this , trying various ventures . In 1839 Alexander became friends with a publican who had recently built a hotel at Blackgang , which now forms the Chine Cafe ( Formerly Pirates ' Pantry restaurant ) and administration offices . The park 's establishment in 1843 allegedly makes it the oldest theme park in the UK . Its initial theme of a general - purpose scenic and curiosity park led to one of its most famous attractions , a large whale skeleton , which had been washed up near the coast of The Needles in 1842 , and is still a showpiece today . The Chine today ( edit ) Entrance to Blackgang Chine amusement park Owing to continual landslides , the chine itself has been destroyed , and coastal erosion still has a significant impact on the area today . The park 's focus now is themed entertainment for families with young children , lifesize animatronic dinosaurs being a noted feature . The same owners run a sister site , the Robin Hill countryside adventure park . Clifftop walks in and around the area give panoramic views of the English Channel and the south - western Isle of Wight coast . According to a May 2000 talk to the Isle of Wight Postcard Club by the then Director , Mr Simon Dabell , the etymology is simply `` black pathway '' ( the original appearance of the chine ) , but the theme park understandably fosters the interpretation of a smuggling origin . Thus visitors to the park are greeted by a gigantic fibreglass smuggler between whose legs they could pass to enter . The Blackgang Chine park is featured in the book Bollocks to Alton Towers , a humorous book concerned with `` uncommonly British days out '' . It was chosen for its apparent eccentricity . Blackgang Chine is also featured in a documentary based on Bollocks to Alton Towers called Far From the Sodding Crowd . In a recent interview , star of the Harry Potter films , Rupert Grint praised the park , stating that his family 's favourite holiday was visiting the Isle of Wight , their favourite attraction being Blackgang Chine . The park is frequently associated with ghosts , particularly related to smugglers , with several tales of sightings around the park . In 2008 a video was recorded , showing what appeared to be the apparition of a girl in a blue dress . Southern Vectis bus route 6 serves the amusement park on its way between Newport and Ventnor . In the summer , the Island Coaster also stops here . Geology ( edit ) Blackgang Chine circa 1910 Sited below the village of Blackgang at the western end of the Undercliff , Blackgang Chine was , historically , a spectacular ravine ( in 1800 a `` steep gaunt ravine '' descending 500 feet over about three - quarters of a mile ) . The location is based on unstable terrain owing to the underlying Gault Clay strata , resulting in a succession of huge landslips giving the area a very rugged appearance akin to the better known Jurassic Coast . Currently the cliffs are eroding at a rate of about 3.5 metres per year , although this process is not gradual . Large areas of land tend to collapse in stages after periods of heavy rain . The areas most recent and destructive cliff falls occurred in 1928 , 1961 and 1994 . Continuing landslides and coastal erosion swept away the paths in the early 1900s , and have since obliterated the chine itself and repeatedly forced the park owners to move the clifftop facilities inland . Park guide ( edit ) The park combines whimsical and unusual outdoor and walkthrough attractions with award - winning heritage exhibitions and a couple of significant rides . Below is a list of the attractions currently in operation at the park : Attraction Date opened Description Image Cliffhanger 2005 A small roller coaster perched 400 feet above the sea located next to the cliff 's edge . The coaster reaches heights of 11 metres before dropping in curves and twists at about 35 kilometres per hour . Water Force 1998 A 100 ft - long water slide with three chutes . Two of the chutes are open and known as ' overflow 1 and 2 ' , while the third is enclosed and known as the ' plughole ' . The ride is done in small boats . Rumpus Mansion A walk - through attraction inside an old manor house , home to animated goblins , mischievous boggarts and other fantasy creatures . Nurseryland Various ' life - sized ' nursery rhyme characters , many of which are animated . ' Old Mother Hubbard ' is pictured . Water Garden 1962 Gardens featuring ponds , fountains and a large gnome display . Hedge Maze 1963 A large hedge maze with path to the centre . Snakes and Ladders A giant version of the board game , with large slides . Restricted area 5 2014 Features animatic dinosaurs that move and roar when people walk past . Also features some original fiberglass dinosaurs from Dinosaurland for children to climb on . Mouth of Hell 1972 A giant fibreglass mouth , that visitors can walk into . Originally part of Dinosaurland , but now a separate attraction in the former location of The Triassic Club . Cowboy Town ( formerly Buffalo Canyon ) 1976 ( remodelled 2015 ) Full - scale Old West frontier town including a saloon , jail , covered wagons , undertakers and more . Also features a Café ( La Cantina ) , selling American - style food , and a Shop ( General Stores ) , selling cap guns and cowboy - themed supplies . The Musical Pet Shop Animatronic animals sing a rewritten version of ' Up a Lazy River ' . Crooked House 1968 A small walk - through attraction of disorientating crooked corridors and humorous scenes . Butterfly Walk 2008 Larger - than - life butterflies , with signs denoting their respective names . Giant Bug Walk 2009 Oversized arthropod models Smugglerland 1978 Closed / Removed 2016 to form New ' Underwater Kingdom ' Attraction for 2017 . Features the ' Jolly Smuggler ' play ship ( removed 2011 ) , a play pub , and the Smugglers ' Cave , which tells the story of a shipwreck . Removed 2016 to form New ' Underwater Kingdom ' Attraction for 2017 . Pirate 's Barrel Ride 2006 A themed version of the traditional fairground teacups . World of Timber 1981 - 2016 Closed and all exhibits removed 2017 . Originally known as Blackgang Sawmill , an award - winning heritage exhibition ' telling the story of timber ' in the setting of an old water mill . Some of the features include Blacksmith 's Display , Wheelwright 's Workshop , Mill Owner 's Cottage , numerous working steam and oil engines , Timber at Sea , Timber in the Home and Mill Pond Gardens . The Wight Experience 2008 Exciting film show featuring aerial views of the island by helicopter , made by ' Flying Pictures ' , who worked on many of the James Bond and Harry Potter films . iScream ( formerly known as Chocolate Heaven ) 2008 A shop selling island - made sweets , chocolate and dairy ice cream . BBC Coast Exhibition based on the popular BBC Two television series , looking at the Isle of Wight coastline , and telling the story of Blackgang , the disappearing village . Fairyland 2011 Features a Magical Fairy Village , including a Fairy Castle and the story of Sleeping Beauty . Cask and Weevil ( Also known as ' The Sailors Return ' ) 2011 A tunnel , with spinning lights , that visitors walk through . The spinning lights cause an optical illusion , which means that you ca n't walk through it without feeling dizzy . Valley of the Dodos 2013 Features fibreglass dodos , that move when visitors press buttons . Pirate Cove 2012 Features 2 lifesize wooden pirate ships , with water canons ( which people must press to operate ) firing from each ship to the other . Hall of Mirrors In present form , 2016 Various wonky and bent mirrors that distort your reflection in various ways . Originally located next to the main entrance , it closed in 2013 to make way for the ' Dinostore ' shop . Re-opened in 2016 in a new location next to the ' BBC Coast ' exhibition . Former attractions ( edit ) Attraction Date opened Date closed Description Image Jungleland 1978 / 9 2008 A walkthrough themed with life size fiberglass jungle animals and sounds . It was replaced by the Butterfly Walk and Giant Bug Walk in 2008 . Model Village 1953 1980s Rather than a traditional model village , this was a collection of models of buildings from around the Island , including Ryde Pier , Osborne House and Carisbrooke Castle . The scale varied from model to model . The `` village '' was closed and removed owing to landslips . Photo shows the model of Cowes Castle . Buffalo Creek 1976 1994 Parts were removed following the 1994 landslip ; the remainder was relocated uphill to form Buffalo Canyon . Adventureland 1970 1994 This included a collection of old military vehicles , a replica of the spacecraft from the Disney movie The Spaceman and King Arthur and a representation of the NASA Mission Control . It was closed after the 1994 landslide . The derelict remains of this area , including a roundabout ( pictured ) and the old mission control building can still be seen just to the west of the main park . Tornado Never Opened 2004 ( removed ) This was removed after many failed attempts to rectify the ride 's structure which did not pass required safety tests . Pirate Fort Play Area 2008 Themed play area with slides , climbing nets and raised walkways . Also in the fort was a small cavern containing a locked treasure chest and a giant compass . Hidden around the fort were four compass directions that could be entered into the compass to open the treasure chest and reveal its pirate gold . This area was replaced by The Wight Experience in 2008 . Dinosaurland 1972 2013 A walkthrough area containing life size fibreglass dinosaurs . It was refreshed into Restricted Area 5 in 2014 . The Triassic Club 1994 2016 Comic animated walk - through attraction . Darwin the Allosaurus , dressed in a tuxedo , invites guests ' to dinner ' and sings a unique version of the ' Eton Boating Song ' . Fantasyland 1991 2016 A themed area of the park comprising the attractions ' The Weather Wizard ' ( opened in 1989 ) , ' The Angry Dragon ' and ' The Licorice Factory ' . These attractions were removed and the area completely redeveloped to become ' Underwater Kingdom ' which opened in 2017 . Smugglers Cave 1980 2016 A cavernous walkthrough containing animated figures and scenes depicting the story of the Clarendon , wrecked at Blackgang in 1836 . This was removed and a similar structure was built in its place to form the first section of ' Underwater Kingdom ' in 2017 . Latest developments ( edit ) In 2010 , a new section to the park opened ; `` Blackgang 's Disappearing Village '' . This was produced in conjunction with the BBC programme Coast , and featured presenter Dick Strawbridge in its video exhibits . It told the story of the island 's coast and illustrated the cliff falls and erosion that Blackgang suffered over the years . Approximately half of this exhibition was later removed and converted to the new Hall of Mirrors in 2016 . The remaining portion includes the park 's original 19 metre - long skeleton of a fin whale , and a simulator designed to mimic the experience of the landslips which occurred at Blackgang . In 2011 , a ' Fairy Land ' section was developed adjacent to the Fairy Castle . The following year , the pirate ship play area was redesigned as ' Pirate Cove ' , with two new pirate ships , and surrounded by other smaller themed buildings , a pirate shooting gallery , and ' The Sailors Return ' , in which visitors walk through a spinning tunnel of lights designed to disorientate . ' Restricted Area 5 ' opened in 2014 ; a modernisation of the park 's previous ' Dinosaurland ' . It features new animatronic dinosaurs which move and roar when visitors approach . Some of the original fibreglass dinosaurs have been retained in the new walkthrough . In 2015 , Cowboy Town was remodelled , with new buildings and scenery . A family of animatronic Triceratops was also added to Restricted Area 5 . This replaced the ' Mouth of Hell ' , a giant devilish ' mouth ' that visitors could climb into . In 2016 , The Triassic Club attraction was removed , and the area was redeveloped as a new , larger space for ' The Mouth of Hell ' , which is now encircled by a new walkway themed with fallen angel statues and demonic sounds . The Water Gardens were also re-landscaped in 2016 , with three of the four original 1962 ponds located closest to the cliff edge being filled in and planted over . Only one pond near the cliff edge remains . For the opening of the 2017 ' Underwater Kingdom ' attraction , the Fantasyland area of the park was completely redeveloped , resulting in the removal of ' The Weather Wizard ' , ' The Angry Dragon ' and ' The Licorice Factory ' attractions . The animated ' Smugglers Cave ' walkthrough was also removed and a new similar structure was built in its place to form the entrance to the ' Underwater Kingdom ' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dear Jack , My great great grandfather founded the park here at Blackgang . However the exact date of opening is not recorded . We do know that he settled a lease on the Chine and its surrounding cliffs in May 1842 . However , we believe that he did n't open to the public as a garden until May 1843 . You have to bear in mind , that unlike the Tivoli Gardens in Denmark , Blackgang was not initially an amusement park but more of a walk down a gorge with a shop and cafe at the top . As a company we celebrate anniversaries based on the 1843 base line as we are confident he was trading properly at the start of that year . A guide book to the Island was published in 1844 , by Alexander Dabell with full details of what had been on offer the previous year . With best wishes , Simon Dabell Vectis Ventures Limited ^ Jump up to : `` Blackgang Chine history '' . Blackgang Chine . Archived from the original on 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Owen Gladdon 's Wanderings in the Isle of Wight , `` Old Humphrey '' , E. Stevenson & F.A. Owen , 1855 Google Books retrieved 5 July 2008 ) Jump up ^ A Walker 's Guide to the Isle of Wight , Martin Collins , Norman Birch , Cicerone Press , 2000 , ISBN 1 - 85284 - 221 - 0 ( Google Books , retrieved 9 July 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : May 2000 report , Isle of Wight Postcard Club ( retrieved from Internet Archive , 5 July 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Coaster Force - Blackgang Chine '' . Coaster Force . Archived from the original on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Quirky British days out '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter star praises chine '' . Isle of Wight County Press . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Is this a Blackgang ghost ? '' . Isle of Wight County Press . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Vectis - bus route 6 '' . www.islandbuses.info. 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Vectis - Island Coaster '' . www.islandbuses.info. 2008 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2008 . Jump up ^ World Heritage / Geopark Study Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Isle of Wight Centre for the Coastal Environment , www.coastalwight.gov.uk ( retrieved 3 July 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Blackgang Chine Theme Park - The battle against erosion '' . www.invectis.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ name = walkersguide Jump up ^ `` Attractions at Blackgang Chine '' . Blackgang Chine . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Blackgang Chine Fantasy Park '' . About Britain . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blackgang Chine . Blackgang Chine - official site Audio and Video Clips from the fantasy park Old pictures of Blackgang Chine Blackgang Chine discussion Far From the Sodding Crowd ( Film ) ( hide ) Around the Chines of the Isle of Wight West New Chine Blackgang Chine East Luccombe Chine Chines on the Isle of Wight Alum Bay Barnes Chine Blackgang Chine Brambles Chine Brook Chine Chilton Chine Churchill Chine Colwell Bay Compton Chine Cowleaze Chine Grange Chine and Marsh Chine Ladder Chine Linstone Chine Luccombe Chine New Chine Shanklin Chine Shepherd 's Chine Shippards Chine Walpen Chine Whale Chine Widdick Chine Amusement parks in the United Kingdom Operated by Merlin Entertainments : Alton Towers Chessington World of Adventures Legoland Windsor Thorpe Park Proposed parks : London Paramount Other theme parks : Adventure Island Adventure Wonderland Barry Island Pleasure Park Barry 's Amusements Blackgang Chine Blackpool Pleasure Beach Brean Leisure Park Clarence Pier Codonas Amusement Park Cornwall 's Crealy Great Adventure Park Devon 's Crealy Great Adventure Park Drayton Manor Dreamland Margate Flamingo Land Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo Funland Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Joyland ( Great Yarmouth ) Lightwater Valley M&Ds Scotland 's Theme Park New Pleasureland Oakwood Paultons Park Pleasure Island Pleasurewood Hills Robin Hill The Needles - Landmark Attraction Twinlakes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackgang_Chine&oldid=801941246 '' Categories : Amusement parks in England Chines of the Isle of Wight Tourist attractions on the Isle of Wight Museums on the Isle of Wight Forestry museums History of forestry 1843 establishments in England Amusement parks opened in 1843 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from June 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Français Русский Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is blackgang chine on the isle of wight	[ "Blackgang Chine is the UK's oldest amusement park. Named after a now-destroyed chine (a coastal ravine) in the soft Cretaceous cliffs, it is about 6 miles from Ventnor at the southern tip of the Isle of Wight just below St Catherine's Down. The park is owned by the Dabell family. Blackgang Chine has a sister park named Robin Hill. Blackgang Chine is home to life-sized Pirate Ships, Fairy Villages and Castles, Dodo Valleys, and the original Cowboy Town. Owing to the unstable land on which the park is situated, landslides occur frequently, meaning that attractions have continually to be moved further inland to safer ground." ]	[ "about 6 miles from Ventnor at the southern tip of the Isle of Wight just below St Catherine's Down" ]
7055326590292720616	P.S. I Love You (film)	P.S. I Love You ( film ) - wikipedia P.S. I Love You ( film ) P.S. I Love You Theatrical release poster Directed by Richard LaGravenese Produced by Wendy Finerman Broderick Johnson Andrew Kosove Molly Smith Screenplay by Richard LaGravenese Steven Rogers Based on PS , I Love You by Cecelia Ahern Starring Hilary Swank Gerard Butler Lisa Kudrow Gina Gershon Jeffrey Dean Morgan Kathy Bates Harry Connick Jr . James Marsters Music by John Powell Cinematography Terry Stacey Edited by David Moritz Production company Alcon Entertainment Grosvenor Park Productions 2S Films Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date December 21 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) Running time 125 minutes Country United States Language English French Spanish Budget $30 million Box office $156,835,339 P.S. I Love You is a 2007 American drama film directed by Richard LaGravenese . The screenplay by LaGravenese and Steven Rogers is based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Cecelia Ahern . It stars Hilary Swank , Gerard Butler , Lisa Kudrow , Gina Gershon , James Marsters , Harry Connick Jr. and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . It was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures and Momentum Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Differences between novel and film adaptation 3 Cast 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Cultural influence 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Holly and Gerry are a married couple who live on the Lower East Side of Manhattan . They are deeply in love , but they fight occasionally . By winter that year , Gerry suddenly dies of a brain tumor , and Holly realizes how much he meant to her as well as how insignificant their arguments were . Deeply distraught , Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday . They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be . As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment , a cake is delivered , and with it is a message from Gerry . It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages -- all ending with `` P.S. I Love You '' -- which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death . As the seasons pass , each new message fills her with encouragement and sends her on a new adventure . Holly 's mother believes that Gerry 's letters are keeping Holly tied to the past . But they are , in fact , pushing her into the future . With Gerry 's words as her guide , Holly slowly embarks on a journey of rediscovery . Gerry arranged for Holly and her friends Denise and Sharon to travel to his homeland of Ireland . They arrive at their destination , a house in the beautiful Irish countryside where they find letters from Gerry for Sharon & Denise , one asking Denise to take Holly to his favorite pub . While there , they meet William , a singer who strongly reminds Holly of her deceased husband . He asks her to stay to see him after his last song ( `` Galway Girl '' ) , which he dedicates to her . Upon hearing it , she is overcome with emotion and walks out , because it was the song Gerry sang to her shortly after they first met . During the vacation , while on a fishing trip , they lose the boat 's oars , leaving the three women stranded in the middle of a lake . During their wait for help , Sharon announces that she is pregnant and Denise reveals she is getting married . This news causes Holly to relapse emotionally and again withdraw into herself . They are eventually rescued by William , whom Sharon and Denise invite to stay the night because of the pouring rain . Unable to deny their feelings for each other , they kiss , and William and Holly have sex . They begin a conversation about her deceased husband and Holly asks William to drive her to visit her in - laws . Upon Holly revealing their names , William realizes she is the widow of his childhood best friend . Revealing this to Holly causes her to panic , but William calms her down and starts to tell stories about his and Gerry 's childhood . The next day , Holly visits Gerry 's parents and while there , she also receives a letter from Gerry reminding her of their first meeting . Arriving home , Holly again withdraws from family and friends . As she continues to become more and more lost , she is inspired by Gerry after finding one of his suspender clips next to one of her shoes and realizes she has a flair for designing women 's shoes ; she enrolls in a class that teaches how to actually make the shoes she has designed . A new found self - confidence allows her to emerge from her solitude and embrace her friends ' happiness . While on a walk with her mother , she learns that her mother was the one whom Gerry asked to deliver his letters after his death and receives the last letter . As the film ends with Holly taking her mother on a trip to Ireland , we see that Holly has opened herself up to the journey beginning with the next chapter of her life , and wherever it takes her she has the hope of falling in love again . Differences between novel and film adaptation ( edit ) The major difference between the novel and its film adaptation is that , in the novel , the main characters Holly and Gerry Kennedy are Irish . In the film , only Gerry is Irish , Holly and her family are Irish Americans , and the two live in New York . Also in the novel , Holly has numerous siblings , but in the film she has one . The film adds a character called William , played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Another change is that in the books , the letters arrive all in a package together and Holly is expected to open them once a month . In the movie , the letters are delivered by mail . The film remains fairly true to the novel , and all of Gerry 's letters are virtually unchanged . Cast ( edit ) Hilary Swank -- Holly Reilly - Kennedy Gerard Butler -- Gerry Kennedy Lisa Kudrow -- Denise Hennessey Gina Gershon -- Sharon McCarthy James Marsters -- John McCarthy Harry Connick , Jr . -- Daniel Connelly Jeffrey Dean Morgan -- William Gallagher Nellie McKay -- Ciara Reilly , Holly 's sister Kathy Bates -- Patricia Reilly , Holly and Ciara 's mother Anne Kent -- Rose Kennedy , Gerry 's mother Brian McGrath -- Martin Kennedy , Gerry 's father Production ( edit ) In A Conversation with Cecilia Ahern , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film , the author of the original novel discusses the Americanization of her story -- which was set in Ireland -- for the screen and her satisfaction with the plot changes which screenwriter / director Richard LaGravenese had to make in order to fit the book into the screen . The film was shot on locations in New York City and County Wicklow , Ireland . Soundtrack ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) P.S. I Love You Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released December 3 , 2007 Genre Pop Length 56 : 44 Label Atlantic The soundtrack for the film was released on December 3 , 2007 . `` Love You Till the End '' -- The Pogues `` Same Mistake '' -- James Blunt `` More Time '' -- Needtobreathe `` Carousel '' -- Laura Izibor `` Fortress '' -- Hope `` Last Train Home '' -- Ryan Star `` Rewind '' -- Paolo Nutini `` My Sweet Song '' -- Toby Lightman `` No Other Love '' -- Chuck Prophet `` Everything We Had '' -- The Academy Is ... `` In the Beginning '' -- The Stills `` If I Ever Leave This World Alive '' -- Flogging Molly `` P.S. I Love You '' -- Nellie McKay `` Kisses and Cake '' -- John Powell `` Trouble '' -- performed by Greg Dulli and Kerry Brown The film also includes `` Fairytale of New York '' performed by The Pogues , `` Got Me Like Oh '' by Gia Farrell , `` No Other Love '' by Chuck Prophet , `` Mustang Sally '' performed by Gerard Butler and `` Galway Girl '' written and originally released by Steve Earle , performed by Gerard Butler , Nancy Davis , and Jeffrey Dean Morgan . Camera Obscura 's `` Lloyd , I 'm Ready to Be Heartbroken '' also plays in the opening credits . None of songs are included on the official soundtrack . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film received negative reviews from critics , with most of the criticism being focused on Hilary Swank 's performance . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives a score of 24 % based on 99 reviews . At Metacritic the film received a weighted average score of 39 % , based on 24 reviews . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said the film `` looks squeaky clean and utterly straight and very much removed from the shadow worlds in which Ms. Swank has done her best work . Yet as directed by Richard LaGravenese ... it has a curious morbid quality ... ( It ) wo n't win any awards ; it is n't the sort of work that flatters a critic 's taste . It 's preposterous in big and small matters ... and there are several cringe - worthy set pieces , some involving Mr. Butler and a guitar . The film is not a beautiful object or a memorable cultural one , and yet it charms , however awkwardly . Ms. Swank 's ardent sincerity and naked emotionalism dovetail nicely with Mr. LaGravenese 's melodramatic excesses . '' David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , `` This is a movie that will leave you stunned and stupefied from beginning to end , if you do n't head for the exits first . The only good things in it are Lisa Kudrow and Swank 's wardrobe . The plot is unbelievable , although a competent script could have fixed that . The direction is flabby and uninspired , the casting is wrongheaded , and the performances run the gamut from uninteresting to insufferable ... the film wants terribly to be Ghost without a potter 's wheel , but it just succeeds at being terrible . '' John Anderson of Variety also had a negative review : `` The question of love after death has been asked frequently enough in the movies , but seldom with the high ick factor found in P.S. I Love You ... this post-life comedy will have the sentimentally challenged weeping openly , while clutching desperately to the pants - legs of boyfriends and husbands who are trying to flee up the aisle . Richard LaGravenese 's trip into Lifetime territory may define the guilty pleasure of the genre ... As an exercise in chick - flickery , P.S. I Love You wants to possess the soulfulness of harsh reality and the lilt of romantic fantasy at the same time . In this case , at least , it simply ca n't be done . '' Stephen Whitty of The Oregonian wrote , `` On a week when many people just want a good reason to put down their packages and smile for a couple of hours , P.S. I Love You arrives -- signed , sealed and delivered just on time . '' Irish reviewers were particularly critical of Butler 's Irish accent . Butler later jokingly apologized for his poor effort at an Irish accent . Box office ( edit ) The film opened on 2,454 screens in North America and earned $6,481,221 and ranked # 6 on its opening weekend . It eventually grossed $53,695,808 at the North American box office and $91,370,273 in the rest of the world for a total worldwide box office of $156,835,339 . Accolades ( edit ) Hilary Swank won the 2008 People 's Choice Irish Film and Television Award for Best International Actress . Cultural influence ( edit ) Dialogue between Connick 's and Swank 's characters inspired Reba McEntire 's 2011 single `` Somebody 's Chelsea '' . See also ( edit ) The Letter ( 1997 film ) ( South Korea ) The Letter ( 2004 film ) ( Thai Remake ) 2007 in film Cinema of the United States List of American films of 2007 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( 2007 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . Tourism Ireland . Tourism Ireland . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` P.S. I Love You '' . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Metacritic CBS Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis . `` P.P.S. Take Tissues to This Weepy About a Romance Tested by Death '' . The New York Times , 21 December 2007 Jump up ^ David Wiegand . `` Review : ' P.S. I Love You ' a sappy stinker with star power '' . San Francisco Chronicle , 21 December 2007 Jump up ^ John Anderson ( 13 December 2007 ) . `` P.S. I Love You '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty . `` P.S. I Love You '' . The Oregonian . Advance Publications . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Róisín Ingle ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Author of her own destiny '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Michael Dwyer ( December 21 , 2007 ) . `` PS , I love You '' . The Irish Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yWZiO7YNoPQ Jump up ^ `` Movies.ie Paul Byrne '' . Jump up ^ P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( 19 August 2011 ) . `` Reba McEntire , ' Somebody 's Chelsea ' -- Lyrics Uncovered '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) P.S. I Love You at AllMovie P.S. I Love You at Box Office Mojo P.S. I Love You on IMDb P.S. I Love You at Metacritic P.S. I Love You at Rotten Tomatoes Cecelia Ahern Novels PS , I Love You ( 2004 ) Where Rainbows End ( 2004 ) If You Could See Me Now ( 2005 ) A Place Called Here ( 2006 ) Thanks for the Memories ( 2008 ) Short fiction Mrs. Whippy ( 2006 ) Adaptations P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) Love , Rosie ( 2014 ) Television Samantha Who ? ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Zwischen Himmel und Hier ( 2014 ) Mein Ganzes Halbes Leben ( 2014 ) Films by Richard LaGravenese Films written Rude Awakening ( 1989 ) The Fisher King ( 1991 ) The Ref ( 1994 ) A Little Princess ( 1995 ) The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) Unstrung Heroes ( 1995 ) The Mirror Has Two Faces ( 1996 ) The Horse Whisperer ( 1998 ) Beloved ( 1998 ) Conviction ( 2010 ) Water for Elephants ( 2011 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Unbroken ( 2014 ) The Comedian ( 2016 ) Films directed Living Out Loud ( 1998 ) A Decade Under the Influence ( 2003 ) Paris , je t'aime ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) P.S. I Love You ( 2007 ) Beautiful Creatures ( 2013 ) The Last Five Years ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P.S._I_Love_You_(film)&oldid=853878322 '' Categories : 2007 films 2000s drama films Alcon Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films American romantic drama films American films English - language films Films about widowhood Films based on Irish novels Films directed by Richard LaGravenese Films set in Ireland Films set in New York City Warner Bros. films Films shot in New York City Films shot in County Wicklow Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sends the letters in ps i love you	[ "Deeply distraught, Holly withdraws from her family and friends out of grief until they descend upon her on her 30th birthday. They are determined to prod the young widow to face the future and explore what her life choices should be. As they rally around Holly and help organize her apartment, a cake is delivered, and with it is a message from Gerry. It proves to be the first of several meaningful messages — all ending with \"P.S. I Love You\" — which he had arranged to have delivered to her after his death.\n" ]	[ "Gerry" ]
-2171746811566605737	Sam & Cat	Sam & Cat - Wikipedia Sam & Cat Sam & Cat Genre Teen sitcom Created by Dan Schneider Starring Jennette McCurdy Ariana Grande Cameron Ocasio Maree Cheatham Theme music composer Michael Corcoran Opening theme `` Just Fine '' by Backhouse Mike Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 35 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Schneider Warren Bell Producer ( s ) Christopher J. Nowak Bruce Rand Berman Location ( s ) Nickelodeon on Sunset Hollywood , California Camera setup Videotape ( filmized ) ; Multi-camera Running time 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Schneider 's Bakery Nickelodeon Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release June 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 08 ) -- July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by iCarly Victorious External links Website Sam & Cat is an American teen sitcom that originally aired from June 8 , 2013 , to July 17 , 2014 , on Nickelodeon . It is a crossover spin - off / sequel of both iCarly and Victorious . It stars Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett from iCarly , and Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine from Victorious . The girls meet by chance during a bizarre adventure and become roommates , then start a babysitting business to earn extra money . The series was picked up for 20 episodes on November 29 , 2012 . It began filming in January 2013 and premiered on June 8 , 2013 . The first season was doubled to 40 episodes on July 11 , 2013 . At the Nickelodeon upfront meeting with advertisers on March 13 , 2014 , Nickelodeon programming president Russell Hicks stated that Sam & Cat had been renewed for a second season , and Adweek reported that an additional twenty episodes were ordered . However , other Nickelodeon sources stated that an official decision was yet to be made on whether the show would be renewed , leading to cancellation rumors after Nickelodeon put the series on a production hiatus on April 3 , 2014 . After airing 33 episodes , Nickelodeon released a promo stating two episodes remained to air . On July 13 , 2014 , after a three - month production hiatus , Nickelodeon canceled the series , having produced only 36 episodes of the 40 episode order . Media outlets attributed the cancellation to a salary dispute between McCurdy and Nickelodeon , an alleged feud between McCurdy and Grande , the leak of racy photographs of McCurdy , the rising musical career of Grande , and both actresses ' desires to move on to other projects . The last episode aired on July 17 , 2014 , as a lead - in to the first Kids ' Choice Sports Awards ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Special guest stars 2.4 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Cancellation 3.3 Controversy 4 Broadcast 5 Home media release 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : List of Sam & Cat episodes Ever since Carly Shay moved to Italy with her father ( in the series finale of iCarly ) , Sam Puckett has been touring the West Coast on her motorcycle and stops in Venice , Los Angeles . She witnesses Cat Valentine being thrown into the back of a garbage truck and rescues her . They become friends and Cat convinces her to become roommates after Cat 's cheerful and supportive grandmother Nona moves to a retirement home called Elderly Acres . To make money rather than getting traditional after - school jobs , Sam and Cat form an after - school babysitting business called `` Sam and Cat 's Super Rockin ' Funtime Babysitting Service '' , which leads them into a series of comical adventures . Besides Nona , other people involved in their lives are Dice , their next door neighbor who is notorious for aiding people for money , and Goomer , a dim - witted professional MMA fighter whom Dice manages . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett , who is rude , aggressive , loves pranks , and hates working . After her best friend Carly Shay moved to Italy to live with her dad , Sam tours the west coast on her motorcycle until she saves Cat from a garbage truck . She becomes friends with Cat and joins her in the babysitting job they start . She secretly has a heart of gold and a soft spot for Cat , but will threaten violence on anyone who harms her friends . Sam is not afraid of anything and is handy at fighting or bossing her way out of any situation . Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine , who is sweet , naive , bubbly and almost always happy . She has a playful nature , often takes things literally , and faints when she is frightened . She has a short attention span and has bright red hair dyed to resemble her favorite snack , a red velvet cupcake . Cat has been living with her grandmother Nona since her parents went away to visit her brother . She can be emotional and does not take criticism well . Despite her ditziness , she is actually very intelligent and empathetic . In the earlier parts of the show , Ariana Grande dyed her hair red when playing Cat Valentine ( which she also did when playing the character on Victorious ) until it was changed to her wearing a red - haired wig in later episodes . Cameron Ocasio as Dice , is Sam and Cat 's neighbor who lives with his mom and his weird Aunt Ferjeen ( who is notorious for having `` night gas '' ) . Dice is cool , calm and collected , and he knows all the tenants and gossip . He makes extra money by wheeling and dealing , often selling unusual items like hair cuttings from celebrities ( including some he obtained from Sam ) , hats with misspelled logos , and odd gadgets . He is a talented pitchman . Dice manages a mixed martial arts fighter named Goomer who is not bright . Maree Cheatham as Nona , Cat 's cheerful , supportive , and independent grandmother . Fun - loving and young at heart , Nona prefers the company of people her own age . Although she is always around whenever Sam and Cat need her , she has moved out of the apartment she shared with Cat and into Elderly Acres to be nearer to her friends , allowing Sam to move in permanently . She is criticized for not being in touch with the younger generation , and tells stories which fail to interest them . Recurring ( edit ) Zoran Korach as Goomer , a professional mixed martial artist who trains at Punchy 's Gym . He is 27 years old but has the mental ability of someone much younger . He is very dim - witted and easily confused . Despite his childish nature , he is very good at fighting . Dice took over his management after his original manager claimed Goomer was `` too stupid to manage '' . Dan Schneider as the voice of Tandy , a red robot that works at the restaurant `` Bots '' as a waiter . Lisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle , a blue female robot that works at the restaurant `` Bots '' as a waitress . Nick Gore as Randy , a kid who appeared numerous times in the show and is constantly introducing himself . Randy was originally supposed to appear in one episode , but the creator of the show , Dan Schneider , found him funny so he became a recurring character . Ronnie Clark as Herb , a man who appears to be homeless , but he is in fact rich and owns a condo . Special guest stars ( edit ) Eric Lange as Mr. Sikowitz , Cat 's acting teacher at Hollywood Arts , an eccentric aging hippie who occasionally does n't wear shoes . His teaching methods are often unconventional , such as when he throws a ball at Cat while she is performing , but they are sometimes effective . He is a recurring character in Victorious and appeared in `` # MommaGoomer '' . Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams as Sylvia Burke and Janice Dobbins , the original creators of the puppet show Salmon Cat , a TV show from the 1970s . Marshall and Williams are famous for playing Laverne DeFazio and Shirley Feeney , respectively , on Laverne & Shirley . Kel Mitchell , as Peezy B , a huge rap star who has rejected Cat 's music video audition . Abby Wilde as Stacey Dillsen , a college student previously seen in Zoey 101 who is injured during a bicycle incident and loses one of her shoes , which Cat finds , leading her to find the second shoe . Scott Baio as Officer Kelvin , a police officer who arrests Sam and Cat for `` stealing money '' from an ATM at the Handy Quick when Yokvish catches on to Cat 's activity . Elizabeth Gillies as Jade West , Cat 's friend from Hollywood Arts . She is mean , aggressive , violent , and often offends Cat . She befriends Sam when they discover that they have a lot in common . Nathan Kress as Freddie Benson , Sam 's friend from Seattle and ex-boyfriend . He likes technological stuff , and served as technical producer of the iCarly web show on iCarly . Cat brings him to her house in order to flirt with him at the time when Sam was hanging out with Jade . Matt Bennett as Robbie Shapiro , Cat 's friend and love interest . He is a nerd who carries a puppet named Rex ( who he makes speak as a ventriloquist ) . He kissed Cat in one of the final episodes of Victorious . When Cat hits on Freddie out of jealousy of Sam 's friendship with Jade , Robbie is brought in by Jade so that Sam can hit on him . Michael Eric Reid as himself , he plays Sinjin Van Cleef in Victorious . Michael appears in `` # BlooperEpisode '' and tells Zoran Korach that he knows what it 's like to be left out for not being a main character . Danielle Morrow as Nora Dershlit , an old enemy of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . In `` # SuperPsycho , '' her pet chicken Maurice helps Nora escape from the prison somewhere near Seattle so that she can exact her revenge . Reed Alexander as Nevel Papperman , an old enemy of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . In `` # SuperPsycho , '' Nevel is seen in a Peter Sinai hospital for the very sick upon contracting Porcupox ( a disease which somehow comes from a porcupine ) . Sam and Cat visit him in order to get advice on how to find Nora Dershlit . Noah Munck as Gibby Gibson , a friend of Carly , Sam , and Freddie . After he is visited by Nora during his date with a girl at a movie theater , Gibby tips off Sam that Nora has escaped from prison . Jessica Chaffin as Coco Wexler , a character from Zoey 101 whom Sam and Cat meet at the airport . Coco was once married to Carl , then they divorced . Coco is devastated when Carl proposes to her mother . Josh Server as Agent Partridge , an airport agent who interrogates Dice and Goomer after they are mistaken for a terrorist plot . Guest stars ( edit ) Griffin Kane and Emily Skinner as Max and Chloe , a brother and sister who , alongside their baby brother Darby , were among the less rambunctious kids babysat by Nona ; Sam and Cat babysit them now . They appear in episodes `` # Pilot '' , `` # NewGoat '' , and `` # PeezyB '' . Sophia Grace Brownlee & Rosie McClelland as Gwen and Ruby , British girls whom Sam and Cat babysit in the episode `` # TheBritBrats '' . At first they seem polite , but later they behave quite rudely . They are experienced con artists who bilk Dice out of $500 and Cat out of her bicycle . In a loose parody of The Sting , Sam concocts a rigged bingo game to trick the British brats into surrendering Dice 's money and Cat 's bike . They also were in `` # RevengeOfTheBritBrats '' where they return and drive a wedge between Sam and Cat . This plan failed when Sam and Cat caught onto their plans . Cyrus Arnold as BJ Malloy , a boy who loves to eat eggs and call Dice `` Diceberg '' , because it rhymes with `` iceberg '' and this attitude stresses Dice . He considers Dice as his friend . Steve Lewis as Brody , a spear fisherman that always boasts his job and is often seen with a speargun in his hand . Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish , a clerk at the Handy Quick who enjoys taking selfies and grooming himself . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In August 2012 , Nickelodeon announced that Dan Schneider , the creator of iCarly and Victorious , would be making a spin - off of both shows called Sam & Cat , and ordered the pilot episode . The series was then picked up for 20 episodes in November , with the premiere planned for 2013 . Production began in January 2013 , and on June 8 , 2013 , Sam & Cat premiered in the United States . Several weeks later , on July 11 , Nickelodeon doubled the season one order of 20 episodes , to 40 . Filming was scheduled to resume in early September 2013 to finish the second half of the first season . Schneider originally aimed for a March 23 , 2013 , premiere of Sam & Cat , following the Kids ' Choice Awards ; however , Nickelodeon intended for the show to make its debut in the fall . On April 18 , 2013 , the show 's two stars Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande , via Twitter , announced its premiere was set for June . Cancellation ( edit ) On April 2 , 2014 , Nickelodeon announced the series would be on hiatus . Although they insisted the series was not cancelled , many speculated that it was . This was due to a rumored dispute between McCurdy and the network , Grande 's rising musical career , and both actresses ' desires to move on to other projects . On July 13 , 2014 , it was announced that the last episode would be `` # GettinWiggy , '' which aired four days later . Controversy ( edit ) In March 2014 , Jennette McCurdy became the subject of scandal after the leak of photographs revealing McCurdy in various states of undress . Her absence was noted at the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , where Sam & Cat won `` Favorite Show '' and Ariana Grande won `` Favorite Actress . '' McCurdy claimed that Nickelodeon was treating her unfairly and that was the sole purpose for her failure to attend the awards . On April 2 , 2014 , despite reports of a second season and with four episodes yet to be produced , Nickelodeon abruptly put the series on hiatus . Rumors were that McCurdy and Grande were having problems with the network over their salaries , with McCurdy accusing Nickelodeon of paying Grande more money . Grande later took to social media to deny the allegations . The network stated that the hiatus was planned and said the series was not canceled . However , three months later on July 13 , 2014 , Nickelodeon announced that the series had been canceled . For months in between , rumors of a feud between Grande and McCurdy ran high , and continued to after the series ' cancellation . However , McCurdy stated in a 2015 interview with E ! Online : `` I just feel that Ariana and I were and are extremely close and extremely like - minded in a lot of different ways , and then sort of as the show dissolved everybody wanted to find some sort of hidden meaning in our relationship and some like drama , and I think we butted heads at times but in a very sisterly way . Like she knows me so well and I know her so well that I think it was unfortunate that things got misconstrued . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The series airs on Nickelodeon worldwide . It premiered in Canada on August 12 , 2013 , on YTV and on September 7 , 2013 , on the original channel . The show previewed on September 1 , 2013 , and premiered on October 14 , 2013 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland . It previewed on September 30 , 2013 , and premiered on October 7 , 2013 , and October 11 , 2013 , in New Zealand and Australia , respectively . In Southeast Asia it started airing on October 19 , 2013 . Home media release ( edit ) Sam & Cat : The Complete Series , containing all 35 episodes , was released on DVD in Region 1 on October 8 , 2015 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The pilot episode debuted on Nickelodeon June 8 , 2013 , to an audience of 4.2 million viewers . The second episode , one week later , drew 2.6 million viewers . The most watched episode is `` # TheKillerTunaJump : # Freddie # Jade # Robbie , '' which aired January 18 , 2014 , to 4.8 million viewers ; the second most watched episode is the pilot ( 4.2 million ) , while the least watched is `` # SecretSafe '' ( 2.0 million , on October 5 , 2013 ) . In the United Kingdom the series premiere delivered 340,000 viewers , the most for that week . The Halloween episode premiere on October 26 , 2013 , brought 210,000 viewers staying in the same place . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Sam & Cat Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy TV Show Sam & Cat Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia International Program Favorite Sam & Cat Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico International Program Favorite Sam & Cat Won Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina International Program Favorite Sam & Cat Nominated Meus Prêmios Nick Favorite TV Series Sam & Cat Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Doubles Season 1 Order '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thielman , Sam ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Jim Perry Is Courting More Adult Advertisers '' . Adweek . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Sam & Cat has been renewed , per programming president Russell Hicks Jump up ^ Thielman , Sam ( @ samthielman ) ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` @ nickstarstv no news on Korra , 20 - ep order for a new series from Sam & Cat dude Dan Schneider '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Future Of Nickelodeon Series ' Sam & Cat ' In Limbo Amidst Behind - The - Scenes Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Cat : Next Saturday @ 8pm ! '' . NICK . July 2 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' To End Run After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Jennette McCurdy 's sexy selfie lands her in hot water with Nickelodeon 's hit show ' Sam & Cat ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam and Cat cancelled , no season two '' . TV Series Finale . July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Cancels ' Sam & Cat ' After Behind - the - Scenes Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yahr , Emily ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Sam & Cat ' canceled after one season : Where did it all go wrong ? '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Spinoff of ' iCarly , ' ' Victorious ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dice from Sam & Cat '' . Nick.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nona from Sam & Cat '' . Nick.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` FUN FACTS ! Sam & Cat : # TheKillerTunaJump '' . DanWarp . Jump up ^ Lewis , Casey ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Jennette McCurdy and Ariana Grande on New Nick Comedy ' Sam & Cat ' '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams to Reunite on Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kel Mitchell Returns To His Nickelodeon Roots On ' Sam And Cat ' This Fall '' . The Huffington Post . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Actress Emily Skinner '' . Everly Mag . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Emily : I have been acting since I was 8 years old in a variety of roles , including Criminal Minds , CSI , The Mindy Projects , Rizzoli and Isles , Disney 's Shake It Up , Austin and Ally , and Nickelodeon 's Sam and Cat . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace and Rosie interview Sam & Cat ! Episode Clip Nick Videos '' . Nick.com . May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace & Rosie Rafts '' . YouTube . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Cat Season 1 Episode 11 - RevengeOfTheBritBrats '' . Zap2it . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Sam & Cat is a GO ! '' . Dan Schneider . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy and Jade at McCurdicon '' . YouTube . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' and Announces New Series ' Breadwinners ' , ' The Haunted Hathaways ' & More '' . Nickelodeon press release via Zap2It . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sam & Cat ' Premiere Date Announced By Ariana Grande And Jennette McCurdy '' . The Huffington Post . April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Goes on Hiatus Amid Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy Explains Why She Was a No Show at the 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards '' . Teen.com . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` I hate addressing rumors ... '' -- via TwitLonger.com . Jump up ^ Bacle , Ariana ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon denies ' Sam & Cat ' cancellation rumors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Emily . `` Know Your Beef : Ariana Grande vs. Jennette McCurdy ( vs. Andre Drummond ) '' . Grantland . Jump up ^ `` Jennette McCurdy Addresses Ariana Grande Feud : We Butted Heads at Times but in a Very Sisterly Way -- Watch ! '' . E !. March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` YTV Canada Inc . YTV Fast Forwards to Fall with Eight Side - Splitting New Series '' . Newswire.ca . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam and Cat Premieres Monday , 14th October '' . Viacom Press . September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Greenlights Additional 20 Episodes Of Top - Rated Comedy Sam & Cat '' . PR Newswire . July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Schedule Ariana Grande Ariana Grand Victorious Nick Victoria Justice '' . Nickelodeon.com.au . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Shows SpongeBob SquarePants SpongeBob Episodes Games SpongeBob '' . Nickelodeon.com.au . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the EPIC new episode of N - View ! '' . N - View . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch free Sam & Cat online videos including full episodes and clips only on Nick Asia '' . Nick-asia.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Sam-Cat-Complete-Jennette-McCurdy/dp/B0104WZID2/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1506442040&sr=8-2&keywords=sam+and+cat Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Debuts at Number One , Net 's Biggest Live - Action Launch in Three Years '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings : NBC Sports Network Tops Charts with Stanley Cup Finals '' . TheFutonCritic.com . June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Sam & Cat ' Special Scores 4.8 Million Total Viewers '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Saturday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : College Football Snares Top Spots '' . TheFutonCritic.com . October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Programmes '' . BARB . February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KCA 2014 '' . Nickelodeon . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marie Palma F ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Lista de ganadores de los Kids Choice Awards México 2014 '' ( in Spanish ) . starMedia . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` El Kids Choice Awards Argentina ya tiene sus ganadores '' ( in Spanish ) . Los Andes . October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matheus Sousa ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Meus Prêmios Nick 2014 : confira a lista de vencedores '' ( in Portuguese ) . anmtv . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the robots in sam and cat	[ "\nZoran Korach as Goomer, a professional mixed martial artist who trains at Punchy's Gym. He is 27 years old but has the mental ability of someone much younger. He is very dim-witted and easily confused. Despite his childish nature, he is very good at fighting. Dice took over his management after his original manager claimed Goomer was \"too stupid to manage\".\nDan Schneider as the voice of Tandy, a red robot that works at the restaurant \"Bots\" as a waiter.\nLisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle, a blue female robot that works at the restaurant \"Bots\" as a waitress.\nNick Gore as Randy, a kid who appeared numerous times in the show and is constantly introducing himself. Randy was originally supposed to appear in one episode, but the creator of the show, Dan Schneider, found him funny so he became a recurring character.[14]\nRonnie Clark as Herb, a man who appears to be homeless, but he is in fact rich and owns a condo.\n", "\nZoran Korach as Goomer, a professional mixed martial artist who trains at Punchy's Gym. He is 27 years old but has the mental ability of someone much younger. He is very dim-witted and easily confused. Despite his childish nature, he is very good at fighting. Dice took over his management after his original manager claimed Goomer was \"too stupid to manage\".\nDan Schneider as the voice of Tandy, a red robot that works at the restaurant \"Bots\" as a waiter.\nLisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle, a blue female robot that works at the restaurant \"Bots\" as a waitress.\nNick Gore as Randy, a kid who appeared numerous times in the show and is constantly introducing himself. Randy was originally supposed to appear in one episode, but the creator of the show, Dan Schneider, found him funny so he became a recurring character.[14]\nRonnie Clark as Herb, a man who appears to be homeless, but he is in fact rich and owns a condo.\n" ]	[ "Dan Schneider as the voice of Tandy, a red robot", "Lisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle, a blue female robot" ]
-1279572329025012622	Super Bowl XXXIX	Super Bowl XXXIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXIX Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) 24 21 Total NE 0 7 7 10 24 PHI 0 7 7 7 21 Date February 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 06 ) Stadium Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida MVP Deion Branch , Wide Receiver Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Terry McAulay Attendance 78,125 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Eagles : Brian Dawkins , Terrell Owens Ceremonies National anthem The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy , and U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . Coin toss Youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson Halftime show Paul McCartney TV in the United States Network Fox Announcers Joe Buck , Troy Aikman , Cris Collinsworth , Pam Oliver and Chris Myers Nielsen ratings 41.1 ( est. 86 million viewers ) Market share 62 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.3 million ← XXXVIII Super Bowl XL → Super Bowl XXXIX was an American football game played between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2004 season . The Patriots defeated the Eagles by the score of 24 -- 21 . The game was played on February 6 , 2005 , at Alltel Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , the first time the Super Bowl was played in that city . The Patriots , who entered the Super Bowl after compiling a 14 -- 2 regular season record , became the first team since the 1997 -- 1998 Denver Broncos to win consecutive Super Bowls . New England also became the second team after the Dallas Cowboys to win three Super Bowls in four years . The Eagles were making their second Super Bowl appearance after posting a 13 -- 3 regular season record . The game was close throughout , with the teams battling to a 14 -- 14 tie by the end of the third quarter . The Patriots then scored 10 points in the 4th quarter with Corey Dillon 's 2 - yard touchdown run and Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal . The Eagles then cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 , with quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis , with 1 : 48 remaining in the game but could not sustain the comeback . Overall , New England forced four turnovers , while Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch was named Super Bowl MVP for recording 133 receiving yards and tied the Super Bowl record with 11 catches . To avoid the possibility of an incident similar to the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show during the previous year , the league selected Paul McCartney as a `` safe '' choice to perform during Super Bowl XXXIX 's halftime . The broadcast of the game on Fox was watched by an estimated 86 million viewers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Patriots seek to become a dynasty 1.2 Eagles return to the Super Bowl 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Super Bowl pregame news 2 Television and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 2.3 Theme 2.4 Presidential appearances 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Aftermath 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Commercials 8 Player bonuses 9 Officials 10 Notes and references 11 External links Background ( edit ) The field of Super Bowl XXXIX before kickoff NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXIX to Jacksonville during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . Patriots seek to become a dynasty ( edit ) Main article : 2004 New England Patriots season New England finished the regular season with a record of 14 -- 2 , bested only by the Steelers ' 15 -- 1 mark , and ranking 7th in yards gained ( 5,773 ) and fourth in points scored ( 437 ) . The Patriots ' major acquisition prior to the season was veteran running back Corey Dillon , who joined the team after playing 7 seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals . In his first 6 seasons in the league , Dillon averaged over 1,250 rushing yards per year , including setting a single - game rushing record ( 278 yards , but has since been broken ) against the Denver Broncos on October 22 , 2000 . In 2003 , however , injuries , conflicts with the Bengals ' management and coaching staff , and other off - field problems limited him to just 541 yards during the season . By the end of the 2003 season , Dillon had lost his starting job to running back Rudi Johnson , and thus demanded to be traded . Although many observers questioned how effective the 30 - year - old Dillon would be after recovering from his injuries as well as his ability to function in a team environment , the Patriots decided to sign the running back in exchange for a second - round draft pick . Dillon became a significant offensive weapon for the 2004 Patriots , recording 1,635 rushing yards ( franchise record ) and 12 touchdowns , both career highs , and was named to the Pro Bowl for the fourth time in his career . He also caught 15 passes for 103 yards and another touchdown . His contributions helped lead the team to break the NFL record for the most consecutive regular season victories ( 18 ) , the record for the most consecutive overall victories ( 21 ) and earned the second best regular season record during the year at 14 -- 2 . The team 's only losses during the year were to the Pittsburgh Steelers , who ended up with the league 's best regular season record at 15 -- 1 , and a 29 -- 28 loss to the Miami Dolphins on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Another weapon in the Patriots ' offensive backfield was running back Kevin Faulk , who rushed for 255 yards , recorded 26 receptions for 248 yards , returned 20 punts for 113 yards , returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards , and scored 3 total touchdowns . Fullback Patrick Pass also emerged as a big contributor , rushing for 141 yards , catching 28 passes for 215 yards , and gaining another 115 yards on kickoff returns . Pro Bowl quarterback Tom Brady remained at the helm of the Patriots offense , completing 288 out of 474 ( 60.8 percent ) of his passes for 3,692 yards , 28 touchdowns , and 14 interceptions . Although wide receiver Deion Branch , New England 's major deep threat , missed most of the season because of injuries , he did record 35 receptions for 454 yards and 4 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Givens ended up being the team 's leading receiver with 56 catches for 874 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver David Patten also contributed with 44 receptions for 800 yards and 7 touchdowns , and tight end Daniel Graham had 30 receptions for 364 yards and 7 touchdowns . On special teams , pro bowl kicker Adam Vinatieri had the best season of his career , leading the NFL in field goals made ( 31 ) , field goal percentage ( 93.9 ) and scoring ( 141 points ) On defense , the Patriots were plagued by injuries , especially in their secondary . Defensive backs Tyrone Poole and Ty Law suffered season - ending injuries , while safety Eugene Wilson , who led the team with 4 interceptions , missed several games . In order to compensate for the losses , the following players were promoted to starters : Rookie cornerback Randall Gay , who did not play at all in the first 3 games of the season , and did not start until the 6th week . Cornerback Asante Samuel , who normally only played in dime formations . Safety Earthwind Moreland , who came off of the team 's practice squad and had only played in three games in his entire 5 - year NFL career . Veteran wide receiver Troy Brown . Head Coach Bill Belichick used Brown in the secondary during training camp , gave him playing time there during the preseason and saw Brown did very well . With their patchwork secondary , the Patriots ranked just 17th in passing yards allowed ( 3,400 ) and 22nd in completions allowed ( 315 ) . However , they did rank 7th in interceptions ( 20 ) and 10th in fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 18 ) . Most importantly , New England continued to win despite the injuries . Brown actually turned out to be very effective playing as a defensive back , ranking second on the team with 3 interceptions . Safety Rodney Harrison was also an impact player , leading the team with 138 tackles while also recording 3 sacks and 2 interceptions . Up front , the Patriots ' defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowler Richard Seymour , who recorded 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery . New England also still had their trio of impact veteran linebackers : Pro Bowler Tedy Bruschi ( 122 tackles , 3.5 sacks , 3 interceptions , and 70 return yards ) , Willie McGinest ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , and 1 interception ) , and Mike Vrabel ( 71 tackles and 5.5 sacks ) , along with Ted Johnson . Vrabel also frequently played at the tight end position during offensive plays near the opponent 's goal line , recording 2 touchdown receptions . Eagles return to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year ) , and Carolina Panthers , respectively . The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons . That same year , they used their first - round pick in the NFL draft ( the second overall ) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb . Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5 -- 11 record , they became a playoff team in 2000 , with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns . The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001 , 2002 , and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games , but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years . Prior to the 2004 season , the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl . Owens joined the team after 8 seasons with the San Francisco 49ers . He was considered one of the top receivers in the league , but he was also widely considered a troublemaker because of controversial touchdown celebrations and his tendency to berate his teammates during media interviews . Nevertheless , Owens became the Eagles ' deep - ball threat , finishing the season with 77 receptions for 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns . McNabb had the best season of his career in 2004 , completing 300 out of 469 ( 64 percent ) passes for 3,875 yards , 31 touchdowns , and 8 interceptions , making him the first quarterback to ever throw for more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . He also rushed for 220 yards and 3 touchdowns . Wide receiver Todd Pinkston was also a reliable target , recording 36 catches for 676 yards . Philadelphia 's running game was not as strong as their passing attack , ranking just 24th in the league in rushing yards ( 1,639 ) . Running back Brian Westbrook led the team with 812 rushing yards and 3 touchdowns , however he also led all NFL running backs in receiving with 73 receptions for 706 yards and 6 touchdowns . Veteran running back Dorsey Levens was also a big contributor with 410 rushing yards . The Eagles ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl tackles Tra Thomas and Jon Runyan and center Hank Fraley . Three of their four starters in the defensive secondary were named to the Pro Bowl : Cornerback Lito Sheppard ( 1 sack , 5 interceptions , 172 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , safety Michael Lewis ( 88 tackles , 2 forced fumbles , 1 sack , and 1 interception ) and safety Brian Dawkins ( 3 sacks , 2 forced fumbles , 1 fumble recovery , and 4 interceptions for 40 return yards ) , while their fourth starter , cornerback Sheldon Brown , also enjoyed a solid year ( 89 tackles , 3 sacks , 1 forced fumble , and 2 interceptions ) . Their defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive tackle Corey Simon ( 5.5 sacks ) and defensive ends Jevon Kearse ( 7.5 sacks , Pro Bowl ) and Derrick Burgess . Pro Bowl middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter , who only started 9 games , recorded 69 tackles and 1 sack . The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15 - 1 Steelers . After that , they finished the season with a 13 -- 3 record . Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season , when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC # 1 seed , and thus home - field advantage in the playoffs . However , during a December 19 , 12 -- 7 win over the Dallas Cowboys , Owens was seriously injured on a `` horse - collar tackle '' by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2004 -- 05 NFL playoffs Despite the loss of Owens , the Eagles beat the Minnesota Vikings , 27 -- 14 , and the Atlanta Falcons , 27 -- 10 , in the playoffs with relative ease . McNabb recorded 21 out of 33 completions for 286 yards and two touchdowns , while receiver Freddie Mitchell scored two touchdowns in the victory over the Vikings . Although Minnesota quarterback Daunte Culpepper threw for 316 yards , the Eagles defense recorded 2 interceptions , 2 sacks , and a forced fumble . McNabb then completed 17 out of 26 passes for 180 yards and two touchdowns in the win over the Falcons . The Eagles defense held dual - threat quarterback Michael Vick to only 136 passing yards , 26 rushing yards , and no touchdowns , while also recording an interception , 4 sacks , and a forced fumble on Vick . McNabb had an average passer rating of 111.3 in the two games , with 466 passing yards , 35 rushing yards , 4 touchdowns , and no turnovers . Safety Brian Dawkins was also an important player , recording a sack and a forced fumble against the Vikings , followed by an interception and a forced fumble against the Falcons in the NFC Championship Game . Meanwhile , the Patriots defeated the Indianapolis Colts , 20 -- 3 , holding the league 's highest scoring team with 522 total points to just one field goal , Indianapolis ' lowest point total since their opening game of the 2003 season . Colts quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 4,557 yards during the regular season , and set NFL records for most touchdown passes in a regular season ( 49 ) and highest quarterback rating ( 121.4 ) . Running back Edgerrin James gained 2,031 combined rushing and receiving yards and scored 9 touchdowns . Wide receivers Marvin Harrison , Reggie Wayne , and Brandon Stokley each recorded over 1,000 receiving yards and 10 touchdowns . However , the Patriots limited Manning to 238 passing yards with 1 interception and no touchdowns , and James to just 39 rushing yards . The Patriots also held possession of the ball for 37 : 43 , including 21 : 26 in the second half , and recorded three long scoring drives that each took over 7 minutes off the clock . One reason New England was able to hold the ball so long was because of Dillon 's rushing . He finished the game with 23 carries for 144 yards and 5 receptions for 17 yards . The Patriots then defeated the first seeded Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game , 41 -- 27 . Although Pittsburgh had beaten New England , 34 -- 20 , during the regular season and led the league in fewest total yards allowed , they could not stop the Patriots . Brady threw for 207 yards and 2 touchdowns ; Dillon rushed for 73 yards and a touchdown ; and Branch , who was coming off of his injuries , recorded 4 receptions for 116 yards and a touchdown , along with 37 rushing yards and another touchdown on 2 carries . Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger ( who had struggled the previous week against the New York Jets ) was intercepted 3 times , and running back Jerome Bettis , Pittsburgh 's leading rusher , was held to just 64 yards . Super Bowl pregame News ( edit ) Owens was cleared to play in Super Bowl XXXIX , defying doctors orders by playing on his injured ankle containing 2 screws and a metal plate . The other major story was the Patriots ' potential loss of both their offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator at the end of the season , and how it might affect the team in 2005 . On December 12 , 2004 , about a month and a half before the game , New England offensive coordinator Charlie Weis signed a contract to become the head coach of Notre Dame starting in the 2005 season . Rumors were also circulating that defensive coordinator Romeo Crennel would also leave the team to become the head coach of the Cleveland Browns ( which ended up being true as Crennel and the Browns agreed to a contract a couple of weeks after the Super Bowl ) . Due to injuries at the tight end spot , the Eagles were forced to sign Jeff Thomason , a former tight end who was working construction at the time , to a one - game contract for the Super Bowl . Thomason saw time during several plays , although never had a ball thrown his way . This was his third Super Bowl , playing in two with the Green Bay Packers during Andy Reid 's days as a Packer assistant . With this appearance the Patriots became the 8th team to make it to the Super Bowl for the 5th time . They joined the Dallas Cowboys , Denver Broncos , Pittsburgh Steelers , San Francisco 49ers , Miami Dolphins , Washington Redskins , and Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders . They would be joined by the Green Bay Packers in 2011 and the New York Giants in 2012 . The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone 's `` fo ' , fi ' , fo ' '' during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship . With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January , the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak -- teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years , beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977 . The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . 1989 was not included in that streak , but 1977 , 1981 , 1985 ( Flyers ) , 1993 ( Phillies ) , 1997 ( Flyers ) , and 2001 ( 76ers ) were . Television and entertainment ( edit ) The game was televised in the United States by Fox , with play - by - play announcer Joe Buck and color commentators Cris Collinsworth and Troy Aikman . Pam Oliver ( Patriots sideline ) and Chris Myers ( Eagles sideline ) served as sideline reporters . This marked the first time since Super Bowl I that none of the network commentators had ever called a Super Bowl game before ( although Collinsworth had worked three prior Super Bowl telecasts as a pregame analyst ) . This was the last game that Cris Collinsworth broadcast as a member of the Fox NFL team , as he chose to sign with NBC in the following off - season . James Brown hosted all the events with help from his fellow Fox NFL Sunday cast members Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Jimmy Johnson . Jillian Barberie served as weather and entertainment reporter . Following the game , Fox aired a special episode of The Simpsons ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and the series premiere of American Dad ! ( `` Pilot '' ) , except in Philadelphia and Boston , where local newscasts delayed the premieres by an hour . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Before the game , performances came from the Black Eyed Peas , Earth Wind & Fire , Charlie Daniels , John Fogerty , and Gretchen Wilson . Shortly before kickoff , Alicia Keys sang `` America the Beautiful , '' paying tribute to Ray Charles , who died in June 2004 . The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy , the U.S. Naval Academy , the U.S. Air Force Academy , and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy ( including members of The Idlers ) sang the national anthem accompanied by the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets . This was the first time in more than 30 years that all four service academies sang together -- the last time was at the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 . The traditional military missing man formation flyby was this year performed by a pair of F / A-18 Super Hornets from VFA - 106 at NAS Oceana and a pair of the Air Force 's newest fighters , the F - 22 Raptor , flying from Tyndall AFB , the training base for the Raptor . The earlier military flyby during the veterans ' salute was conducted by 2 T - 6 Texan trainers and a B - 25 Mitchell bomber . The coin toss ceremony featured youth football players from Jacksonville : Tyler Callahan , Tyler Deal , Lawrence McCauley , and Jacob Santana ; and New Orleans NFL Junior Player Development coach Tamaris Jackson . They were billed as the first non-celebrities to participate in the coin toss . For the third straight year , each team took the field en masse , following a tradition the Patriots had started in Super Bowl XXXVI . In prerecorded video segments , Andover , Massachusetts native Michael Chiklis introduced the Patriots , and Philadelphia - born Will Smith introduced the Eagles . Halftime show ( edit ) Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show Paul McCartney performed during the halftime show ; his selection by the NFL , the show 's producers , Don Mischer Productions , and the show 's sponsor , Ameriquest Mortgage , was considered to be a `` safe '' choice , as it avoided the possibility for an incident similar to that which sparked the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy the previous year . McCartney 's set consisted of these songs : `` Drive My Car '' `` Get Back '' `` Live and Let Die '' from his career with Wings . `` Hey Jude '' Theme ( edit ) Taking the concept a step further , for the first time , a theme was tied to the event : Building Bridges , as symbolized by the theme logo , represented by the Main Street Bridge , one of the seven bridges that crosses over the St. Johns River in the host city , and according to the League , symbolized the bridging of a nation under the NFL football umbrella . The theme was also used by Jacksonville - area nonprofit Fresh Ministries in a major event entitled `` Bridges of Peace , '' featuring city officials asking the people to unite for the Super Bowl and heal the wounds of segregation . Presidential appearances ( edit ) Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton appeared in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the December 26 , 2004 tsunami in southeast Asia through the USA Freedom Corps , an action which former President Bush described as `` transcending politics . '' Game Summary ( edit ) The Eagles on offense First quarter ( edit ) On the first drive of the game , Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb fumbled while being sacked by New England linebacker Willie McGinest , and the Patriots recovered the ball at Philadelphia 's 34 - yard line . Fortunately for the Eagles , coach Andy Reid 's instant replay challenge overruled the fumble ; officials ruled that McNabb had been down by contact before the ball came out of his hands . Later in the quarter after each team had punted twice , McNabb completed a 30 - yard pass to Terrell Owens , with a roughing the passer penalty adding 9 yards , moving the ball inside the Patriots 20 - yard line . However , linebacker Mike Vrabel sacked McNabb for a 16 - yard loss on the next play . On the following play , the Eagles once again appeared to turn the ball over : McNabb 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Patriots defensive back Asante Samuel , but it was nullified by an illegal contact penalty on linebacker Roman Phifer , moving the ball back inside the 20 and giving the Eagles a first down . However , McNabb 's second chance was wasted as he threw an interception to safety Rodney Harrison on the next play . This was Donovan McNabb 's first red zone interception of the season . The Eagles defense then forced New England to a three - and - out on their ensuing possession , and Philadelphia got great field position by receiving the punt at the Patriots 45 - yard line . But once again , they gave up another turnover : tight end L.J. Smith lost a fumble while being tackled by defensive back Randall Gay , and Eugene Wilson recovered the ball at the 38 . Brady takes the snap Brady throws a pass Second quarter ( edit ) The Eagles defense once again forced New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 19 - yard line . Aided by a pair of completions from McNabb to wide receiver Todd Pinkston for gains of 17 and 40 yards , the Eagles drove 81 yards in nine plays and scored on McNabb 's six - yard touchdown pass to Tight End LJ Smith , taking a 7 -- 0 lead with 9 : 55 left in the second quarter . It was the first time New England trailed during the entire postseason . On their ensuing drive , the Patriots moved the ball to the Eagles four - yard line , mainly on plays by running back Corey Dillon , who caught two screen passes for 29 yards and rushed for 25 . But quarterback Tom Brady fumbled the ball on a fake handoff Play - action pass and Philadelphia defender Darwin Walker recovered it . However , the Eagles could not take advantage of the turnover and had to punt after 3 plays . Eagles punter Dirk Johnson 's punt went just 29 yards , giving the Patriots the ball at Philadelphia 's 37 - yard line . The Patriots then drove 37 yards to score on Brady 's 4 - yard pass to receiver David Givens with 1 : 10 remaining in the period , tying the game 7 -- 7 by halftime . It was only the second halftime tie in Super Bowl history and the first time both of the game 's first two quarters ended tied . Third quarter ( edit ) On the opening drive of the second half , Patriots wide receiver Deion Branch caught 4 passes for 71 yards on a drive that ended with Brady 's 2 - yard touchdown pass to Vrabel , who lined up at the tight end spot on the play . The Eagles later tied the game with 3 : 39 left in the third period with a 74 - yard , 10 - play drive that was capped by McNabb 's 10 - yard touchdown pass to running back Brian Westbrook . For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game was tied going into the fourth quarter . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Early in the final period , the Patriots put together a 9 - play , 66 - yard scoring drive that was keyed by 3 plays from running back Kevin Faulk , who caught 2 passes for 27 combined yards and rushed once for 12 . Dillon capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run to give the Patriots a 21 -- 14 lead . Then after forcing another Eagles punt , Branch made a spectacular catch , taking the ball out of the hands of cornerback Sheldon Brown . The 19 yard gain , and a roughing - the - passer penalty on Philadelphia defensive lineman Corey Simon on the same play , set up kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 22 - yard field goal with 8 : 43 left in the game to increase the score 24 -- 14 in favor of New England . In all three Patriots ' Super Bowl wins in the decade , they held a double digit lead in the 4th quarter . The Eagles responded with a long McNabb completion to Owens . However , after reaching the New England 36 - yard line , McNabb fired a pass over the head of Dorsey Levens , where Tedy Bruschi was waiting to intercept it at the Patriots 24 - yard line . At this point , there was only 7 : 20 to play in the game , with the Patriots still up by 10 points . The Eagles did force New England to punt , and got the ball back at their own 21 - yard line , but with 5 : 40 left in the game . The Eagles then drove 79 yards in 13 plays , however they used a full huddle for the entire drive . McNabb 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Greg Lewis cut the deficit to 24 - 21 . Because the Eagles used a full huddle , the drive consumed 3 : 52 of the clock , and only 1 : 48 remained in the game by the time Lewis scored . Because of this , many sportswriters later criticized the Eagles for not immediately going to a no - huddle offense at the start of the possession . Anecdotal reports later came out alleging that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves , and teammates Jon Ritchie and Lito Sheppard have gone on record years later that McNabb was suffering from dry - heaves or vomiting , though no video evidence exists and the stories have not been confirmed . Hank Fraley said in an interview the day after the game that McNabb was `` almost puking '' due to two large hits from Tedy Bruschi and Jarvis Green on back - to - back plays . McNabb himself denies that he was vomiting or dry - heaving during the final drive , and Brian Westbrook later claimed that McNabb was merely `` coughing . '' The Eagles failed to recover their ensuing onside kick attempt , with Christian Fauria catching the ball cleanly and sliding down to seal possession for New England . The Patriots then played it safe by running the ball 3 times and forcing Philadelphia to use all of its timeouts . New England punter Josh Miller then pinned the Eagles back at their own 4 - yard line with just 46 seconds left in the game . Philadelphia then tried one last desperate drive to win or tie the game . But on first down , McNabb was pressured into making a rushed pass to Westbrook at the line of scrimmage . Instead of dropping the pass to stop the clock , Westbrook made the mistake of catching the ball and was immediately tackled for no gain , keeping the clock running and forcing the Eagles to run back to the line of scrimmage for their next play with no huddle . On second down , McNabb threw an incomplete pass intended for Owens . Finally on third down , McNabb threw a pass that deflected off of the outstretched fingertips of Smith and into the arms of Harrison for an interception with nine seconds left . Tom Brady took a knee to run out the clock , clinching the 3rd Super Bowl title in 4 years for the Patriots , and in the eyes of many establishing themselves as a dynasty . Adam Vinatieri warms up before the game An Eagles offensive play Philadelphia kicks off after scoring a touchdown Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 1 of 2 ) Brian Westbrook 's touchdown catch ( photo 2 of 2 ) Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXIX : New England Patriots 24 , Philadelphia Eagles 21 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 7 7 10 24 Eagles ( NFC ) 0 7 7 7 21 at Alltel Stadium , Jacksonville , Florida Date : February 6 , 2005 Game time : 6 : 38 p.m. EST Game weather : 59 ° F ( 15 ° C ) , clear ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE PHI 9 : 55 9 81 4 : 36 PHI L.J. Smith 6 - yard touchdown reception from Donovan McNabb , David Akers kick good 0 7 1 : 10 7 37 3 : 15 NE David Givens 4 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 7 7 11 : 04 9 69 3 : 56 NE Mike Vrabel 2 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 14 7 3 : 35 10 74 4 : 17 PHI Brian Westbrook 10 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 14 14 13 : 44 9 66 4 : 51 NE Corey Dillon 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 21 14 8 : 40 8 43 3 : 49 NE 22 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 24 14 1 : 48 13 79 3 : 52 PHI Greg Lewis 30 - yard touchdown reception from McNabb , Akers kick good 24 21 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 24 21 Statistical overview ( edit ) The Patriots score their second touchdown of the game McNabb completed 30 out of 51 passes for 357 yards and 3 touchdowns , but threw 3 interceptions and was sacked four times . McNabb 's 357 yards are tied with Joe Montana for the fifth most in Super Bowl history and third most of any quarterback , as Tom Brady holds the top spot with 505 yards in Super Bowl LII and Kurt Warner holds the following 3 spots . Westbrook was the Eagles leading rusher with 44 yards , while also catching 6 passes for 70 yards and a touchdown and returning 3 punts for 19 yards . Pinkston caught 4 passes for 82 yards , while Owens was the Eagles ' top receiver with 9 catches for 122 yards , however neither of them scored a touchdown . Brady completed 23 out of 33 passes for 236 yards and 2 touchdowns . Dillon was the top rusher of the game with 75 yards and a touchdown , and had 3 catches for 31 yards . Running back Kevin Faulk contributed 38 rushing yards and 27 receiving yards . Branch 's Super Bowl record 11 catches tied Cincinnati Bengals ' Dan Ross in Super Bowl XVI and San Francisco 49ers ' Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIII . Coincidentally , all three would later be traded to the Seattle Seahawks : Ross in 1985 , Rice in 2004 and Branch in 2006 . Branch 's combined 21 catches in Super Bowls XXXVIII and XXXIX are the most in back - to - back Super Bowls . Branch also became the third offensive player ever to win Super Bowl MVP honors without scoring a touchdown or throwing a touchdown pass . The other two players were Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Fred Biletnikoff in Super Bowl XI . Branch and Terrell Owens each had 100 yards receiving , marking the third time in Super Bowl history , one player from each team had over 100 yards in a Super Bowl . Michael Irvin and Andre Reed were the first in Super Bowl XXVII , and Branch and Muhsin Muhammad the second a year earlier in Super Bowl XXXVIII . Branch also became the fourth player to have at least 100 yards receiving in back - to - back Super Bowls , joining John Stallworth , Jerry Rice and Antonio Freeman . Also , Mike Vrabel and David Givens became just the 14th and 15th players to score a touchdown in consecutive Super Bowls . Vrabel is the most surprising person on this list because he is a linebacker and he scored his on offense . They also became just the 7th and 8th players to catch a touchdown in back - to - back Super Bowls . With the victory , Tom Brady became just the fourth quarterback to win at least three Super Bowls , along with Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and Troy Aikman . Brady also became the fourth quarterback to throw a touchdown pass in three different Super Bowls . Other quarterbacks to do it were Terry Bradshaw , Joe Montana and John Elway , with Kurt Warner later accomplishing the feat during Super Bowl XLIII . The Patriots joined the Dallas Cowboys as the only teams in NFL history to win three Super Bowls in a span of four years . Aftermath ( edit ) The Patriots ' Super Bowl win was the third championship for Boston - area sports teams in 12 months , following the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXVIII the year before and the Red Sox winning the World Series -- first in 86 years -- three months earlier . This marked the first time since 1989 -- 1990 in the San Francisco Bay Area that the same market has had 2 Super Bowl and World Series winners in 12 months . The Patriots would later appear in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI , losing both to Eli Manning 's New York Giants , before winning Super Bowl XLIX against the Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , ten years later and Super Bowl LI against the Atlanta Falcons , 34 - 28 , two years later . The latest Super Bowl win for the Patriots makes it ten titles among the four Boston teams ( 5 by the Patriots , 3 by the Red Sox , and one each by the Celtics and Bruins ) since 2002 . For the Eagles , with the loss , the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city 's teams played for a championship , when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series . The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017 , also with a 13 - 3 record , and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs . The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII , following the 2017 season , with the Eagles taking their revenge 41 -- 33 . This is the last time that a team has won back - to - back Super Bowls , with the Patriots losing their second playoff game a year later and then , for the next eight years , every team either losing their first playoff game or missing them altogether . The streak was broken in 2014 when the Seahawks defeated the Panthers and ultimately advanced to the Super Bowl , only to lose to a Patriots goal line stand . The next year , the Patriots , having faltered down the stretch , entered those playoffs as the second seed behind the Broncos , who then defeated New England in the AFC Title Game that year en route to a title of their own in Super Bowl 50 . Two years later , the Patriots , defending champions themselves from Super Bowl LI , returned to repeat their title only to lose the aforementioned Super Bowl LII . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXIX , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXIX Play Finder Phi Statistical comparison ( edit ) New England Patriots Philadelphia Eagles First downs 21 24 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 14 18 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 9 / 16 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 112 45 Rushing attempts 28 17 Yards per rush 4.0 2.6 Passing -- Completions -- attempts 23 / 33 30 / 51 Times sacked -- total yards 2 -- 17 4 -- 33 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 219 324 Total net yards 331 369 Punt returns -- total yards 4 -- 26 3 -- 19 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 63 5 -- 114 Interceptions -- total return yards 3 -- 5 0 -- 0 Punts -- average yardage 7 -- 45.1 5 -- 42.8 Fumbles -- lost 1 -- 1 2 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 7 -- 47 3 -- 35 Time of possession 31 : 37 28 : 23 Turnovers Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 23 / 33 236 0 110.2 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Corey Dillon 18 75 25 4.17 Kevin Faulk 8 38 0 12 4.75 Patrick Pass 0 0 0 0.00 Tom Brady − 1 0 − 1 - 1.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 11 133 0 27 12 Corey Dillon 31 0 16 David Givens 19 13 7 Kevin Faulk 27 0 14 Troy Brown 17 0 12 Daniel Graham 7 0 7 Mike Vrabel 2t David Patten 0 0 0 0 Eagles Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Donovan McNabb 30 / 51 357 75.4 Eagles Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Brian Westbrook 15 44 0 22 2.93 Dorsey Levens 0 1.00 Donovan McNabb 0 0 0 0.00 Eagles Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Terrell Owens 9 122 0 36 14 Brian Westbrook 7 60 15 11 Todd Pinkston 82 0 40 7 Greg Lewis 53 30t 5 L.J. Smith 27 9 8 Freddie Mitchell 11 0 11 Josh Parry 0 Dorsey Levens 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Hall of Fame ‡ New England Position Position Philadelphia Offense David Givens WR Todd Pinkston Matt Light LT Tra Thomas Joe Andruzzi LG Artis Hicks Dan Koppen Hank Fraley Stephen Neal RG Jermane Mayberry Brandon Gorin RT Jon Runyan Daniel Graham TE L.J. Smith Deion Branch WR Terrell Owens ‡ Tom Brady QB Donovan McNabb Corey Dillon RB Brian Westbrook Patrick Pass FB Josh Parry Defense Rosevelt Colvin OLB LDE Derrick Burgess Vince Wilfork NT LDT Corey Simon Jarvis Green RE RDT Darwin Walker Mike Vrabel OLB RDE Jevon Kearse Tedy Bruschi ILB WLB Keith Adams Roman Phifer ILB MLB Jeremiah Trotter Willie McGinest OLB SLB Dhani Jones Randall Gay LCB Lito Sheppard Asante Samuel RCB Sheldon Brown Rodney Harrison SS Michael Lewis Eugene Wilson FS Brian Dawkins ‡ Commercials ( edit ) As usual , the television coverage of this year 's Super Bowl was the showcase for the most expensive commercials in television -- both to produce and to buy airtime ( at the rate of $2.4 million US for 30 seconds ) . One ad that drew the ire of many -- including the NFL -- was for the internet domain provider Go Daddy , which tweaked the controversial halftime of the previous year 's game with a mock censorship hearing featuring a comely woman , Nikki Cappelli ( played by WWE Wrestler Candice Michelle ) , having a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Fox pulled the second airing of the ad , scheduled for the two - minute warning of the fourth quarter , along with a five - second plug , and it was replaced with a promo for The Simpsons . The Scottsdale , Arizona - based World Wide Web domain registration company got a refund on the second ad . Another popular ad was made by the NFL . It featured players who were not in the Super Bowl , headlined by Pittsburgh Steelers rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger being at a beach resort , depressed he did not make it in . Joe Montana comforted Roethlisberger , and soon both Montana and Roethlisberger joined many other players in different locations in an off - key yet rousing edition of `` Tomorrow '' from the musical Annie . The commercial ended with the tagline : `` Tomorrow , we 're all undefeated again . '' Roethlisberger went on to lead the Steelers to victory in Super Bowl XL the very next season . The top ad , as chosen by the USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter was for Anheuser - Busch 's Bud Light featuring a timid skydiver making his first jump getting enticed with a six - pack of the product . This ad was ranked second on ADBOWL . The highest ranked commercial by ADBOWL was Anheuser - Busch 's `` Applause . '' For the first time since the campaign started in Super Bowl XXI , no `` I 'm going to Disney World ! '' ad aired following Super Bowl XXXIX . Player bonuses ( edit ) Each member of the Patriots received a payment of $68,000 for winning the game . The Eagles each received $36,500 . When adjusted for inflation , the Patriots salary was actually less than the $15,000 paid to members of the Green Bay Packers for winning Super Bowl I in 1967 . That amount of money in 1967 equated to approximately $85,000 in 2005 . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Terry McAulay # 77 first Super Bowl Umpire : Carl Paganelli # 124 first Super Bowl Head Linesman : Gary Slaughter # 30 first Super Bowl Line Judge : Mark Steinkerchner # 84 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 third Super Bowl ( XXXVII , XXXVIII ) Side Judge : Rick Patterson # 15 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Tony Steratore # 112 first Super Bowl Alternate Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 ( referee for XXXII , XXXVIII ) Alternate Umpire : Garth DeFelice # 53 Alternate Field Judge : Larry Rose # 128 Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX Box Score : New England 24 , Philadelphia 21 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . February 7 , 2005 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Super Bowl Nielsen TV Ratings , 1967 -- 2009 -- Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` The Dynasty Is Official '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dallas won the Super Bowl after the 1992 , ' 93 and ' 95 seasons . Jump up ^ Player Bio , Patriots . `` Deion Branch '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1991 - 2000 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadych , Frank ( February 18 , 2005 ) . `` Position Breakdown : Running Backs '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XXXIX Veneziano , John . Super Bowl XXXIX Game Program . NFL Publishing . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Quarterbacks of the Modern Era , Version 1.0 '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ CBS , CBS Sports . `` Donovan McNabb , QB '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Leonard ( February 7 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots Grab Share of NFL History '' . Washington Post . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Ken ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Two cities that could use a CUP '' . Ottawa Citizen . p . B3 . Jump up ^ Byron , Master Sgt . David ( February 1 , 2005 ) . `` Super Bowl goes super blue '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cadets to sing at Super Bowl XXXIX '' . Air Force Print News . af.mil . January 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mucha , Peter ( August 8 , 2014 ) , Yes , McNabb puked at Super Bowl , ex-fullback says Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lito Sheppard says McNabb puked during Super Bowl '' . Pro Football Talk . National Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( 2015 ) . `` NFL URBAN LEGENDS : DONOVAN MCNABB 'S SUPER PUKE '' . Bleacher Report . Atlanta , Georgia : Turner Broadcasting System , Inc. ( published August 5 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Game - Time Temperatures '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 6 , 2005 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Super Bowl share not so super paying MSNBC.com . Accessed September 27 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XXXIX . Super Bowl official website 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . 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1489627872723041762	Adil Ray	Adil Ray - wikipedia Adil Ray Jump to : navigation , search Adil Ray OBE Adil Ray in Turkey , 2012 ( 1974 - 04 - 26 ) 26 April 1974 ( age 43 ) Birmingham , England Medium Television Radio Nationality British Genres Character comedy Sketch comedy Sitcom Documentary Lifestyle Subject ( s ) Islamic humour Pakistani culture Notable works and roles Citizen Khan Bellamy 's People Exposed : Groomed For Sex The Adil Ray Radio Show Website www.adilray.com Ray 's voice recorded April 2014 Adil Ray , OBE ( born 26 April 1974 ) is a British actor , comedian and radio and television presenter . He stars in the BBC One comedy Citizen Khan , which he created and co-writes , as well as presenting on various BBC radio stations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 BBC 2.1. 1 Citizen Khan 3 Personal life 4 Honours , awards and nominations 5 Credits 5.1 Television 5.2 Radio 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Adil Ray was born in Birmingham , West Midlands , England to a Pakistani father and Kenya Asian mother . He was brought up in the suburb of Yardley . Ray 's father Abdul was a bus driver for almost 40 years . His mother worked for the Immigration Appeals Department in the Civil Service and was of partial Baganda ancestry . Ray 's parents divorced when he was in his mid-teens . Ray attended Yardley Junior and Infant School and Handsworth Grammar School , his first day being the day after the Handsworth Riots in 1985 . Ray was a keen cricketer and represented Birmingham and District Premier League side West Bromwich Dartmouth from during the late - 1980s and early - 1990s . Ray later graduated from the University of Huddersfield with a 2 : 1 in BA ( Hons ) in Marketing . Career ( edit ) Ray began his career as a radio host on a pirate radio station in Huddersfield while studying at the University of Huddersfield , and DJing at the university venue Eden ( 1992 ) . Later , during his placement year , he landed a job with a new small Asian radio station in Birmingham where he spent the first half of the year , before moving on to Choice FM ( 1995 ) . In 1997 , Ray landed a spot with Galaxy 105 , a job that made him the first full - time British South Asian presenter to host a mainstream commercial radio show in the UK . He then joined Century Radio in Manchester , Radio Aire Leeds and Ministry of Sound Radio . BBC ( edit ) Ray joined the BBC Asian Network in 2002 to present the late night Adil Ray Show . In 2003 , Ray was the first to interview and champion R&B star Jay Sean . In May 2006 , Ray took over the drivetime afternoon slot , and from January 2009 he presented the station 's Breakfast Show from 7 am each weekday . In 2008 The Adil Ray Show won the best radio show category at the UK Asian Music Awards . Ray left the BBC Asian Network on 4 June 2010 to pursue other radio and television work . Ray has been a regular on BBC Radio 5 Live presenting the late night show , the Football and Cricket 606 phone ins , Victoria Derbyshire , Weekend Breakfast and Fighting Talk . Ray has also fronted documentaries for BBC Radio 4 , including Picturing Britain and Towering Ambition . He has also appeared in the award - winning BBC Asian Network radio soap , Silver Street . He also presented the British Asian Arts and Lifestyle show Desi DNA on BBC Two , and hosted the BBC Four programme Tales from Europe where he explored the 24 - hour lifestyle in Madrid . In 2007 , Ray presented the Royal Television Society award - nominated show Is it Cos I Is Black ? for BBC Three where he looked at the issue of political correctness . He has also filmed a documentaries strand for BBC Two called Explore , in which he reported from Argentina and Turkey . In 2010 he appeared in the BBC Two comedy show Bellamy 's People , playing characters including self - appointed `` community leader '' Mr Khan and Birmingham `` Muslim DJ '' MC Raa . In 2010 , Ray reprised his role as Mr Khan to feature in his own web series for BBC Comedy to cover the UK general election . Mr Khan returned later in the year with a follow up BBC Comedy web series about the cricket to coincide with the Pakistan national team 's visit to England that year . In the summer of 2010 , Ray joined BBC Radio 5 Live as part of their cricket coverage , travelling to Sri Lanka and Bangladesh to cover the 2011 Cricket World Cup . He can often be heard presenting the 5 Live late night show . Ray continues to make documentaries for BBC Radio 4 including recently ' The Real Mr Khan ' a documentary looking into the role of community leaders . Ray also tackled the issue of sex and grooming in the British Pakistani community in a BBC Radio 4 documentary entitled The Sex Lives of British Pakistanis that broadcast on 4 July 2011 . Ray covered the issue of grooming on a highly acclaimed BBC Three documentary in December 2011 -- Exposed : Groomed For Sex . Meanwhile , in 2011 Ray continued his venture into comedy including the radio pilot ' Sparkhill Sound ' that broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 May 2011 . A community radio station set in Birmingham . Ray was both writer and performer alongside Anil Gupta ( writer ) , Gary Pillai and Vineeta Rishi ( cast ) . In 2015 , Ray guest presented three episodes of The One Show alongside Alex Jones . Citizen Khan ( edit ) Main article : Citizen Khan In October 2011 , Ray performed the co-written comedy Citizen Khan at the BBC Salford Sitcom Showcase , centred on Ray 's comedy creation Mr Khan and his long suffering family . Commissioned as a BBC One primetime series , the Asian Muslim sitcom follows the trials and tribulations of big - hearted , loud - mouthed , tight - fisted , self - appointed community leader Mr Khan ( Adil Ray ) and his long suffering family -- wife Mrs Khan ( Shobu Kapoor ) and daughters Shazia ( Maya Sondhi ) and Alia ( Bhavna Limbachia ) . The six 30 - minute episodes of Citizen Khan were commissioned by Danny Cohen , BBC One Controller and Cheryl Taylor , Controller of Comedy Commissioning and has been produced by BBC In - House Comedy . The Executive Producer is Mark Freeland , the Producer is Paul Schlesinger ( Twenty Twelve ) and the Director is Nick Wood ( Fresh Meat , Not Going Out ) . Citizen Khan is written by Anil Gupta and Richard Pinto ( The Kumars at No 42 , Goodness Gracious Me ) with Adil Ray . Personal life ( edit ) Adil is a keen cricket fan and supports local team Warwickshire and the country of his father 's origin , Pakistan . Adil is also a fan of Aston Villa F.C. . Honours , Awards and nominations ( edit ) UK Asian Music Award -- Best Radio Show ( 2008 ) Royal Television Award Nomination -- Is It Coz I Is Black ( 2007 ) In January 2013 , Ray was nominated for the Arts and Culture Awareness award at the British Muslim Awards . Ray was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting . Credits ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Broadcaster 2017 Who Do You Think You Are Himself BBC One 2017 Ackley Bridge Sadiq Nawaz Channel 4 2016 Pointless Celebrities Himself BBC One 2015 The One Show Stand - in presenter ( 3 episodes ) BBC One 2014 Celebrity Mastermind Contestant BBC One 2013 The Matt Lucas Awards Himself BBC One 2012 -- Citizen Khan Actor / Writer BBC One 2010 -- 12 Lorraine Contributor ITV 2011 Exposed : Groomed for Sex Presenter BBC Three GMTV Contributor ITV Talk of the Terrace Contributor ESPN Bellamy 's People Actor BBC Two 2008 Explore Presenter BBC Two 2008 Inside Out Presenter BBC Two 2008 Desi DNA Series 3 Presenter BBC Two 2007 Mischief : Is It Cos I Is Black ? Presenter BBC Three 2007 Desi DNA Series 2 Presenter BBC Two 2007 Inside Out Presenter BBC Two 2007 The Heaven and Earth Show Presenter BBC One 2006 Desi DNA Series 1 Presenter BBC Two 2006 Inside Out Presenter BBC Two 2006 Tales From Europe : Madrid Presenter BBC Four 2003 The Last Word Presenter ITV Radio ( edit ) Year Title Role Broadcaster 2011 -- 12 The Tony Livesey Show Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live 2011 The Real Mr Khan Presenter BBC Radio 4 2011 The Victoria Derbyshire Show Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live 2011 The Private Lives of British Pakistanis Presenter BBC Radio 4 2011 Sparkhill Sound Writer / Performer BBC Radio 4 2011 Cricket World Cup coverage Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live 2011 Heroes of 2010 Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live Up All Night Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live 606 Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live The Cricket Forum Presenter BBC Radio 5 Live The Gethin Jones Show Contributor BBC Radio 5 Live Never Mind The Bhangra Presenter BBC Radio 4 The Adil Ray Breakfast Show Presenter BBC Asian Network Towering Ambition Presenter BBC Radio 4 2009 Picturing Britain Presenter BBC Radio 4 2009 Excess Baggage Contributor BBC Radio 4 2009 The Breakfast Show Presenter BBC Asian Network 2008 Silver Street Actor BBC Asian Network 2006 The Drivetime Show Presenter BBC Asian Network 2006 Twenty Minutes Contributor BBC Radio 3 2002 The Adil Ray Show Presenter BBC Asian Network 2001 The Adil Ray Show Presenter Century Radio 2001 The Drivetime Show Presenter Galaxy 105 2001 The Adil Ray Show Presenter Choice FM References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Michael ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Adil Ray 's odyssey to Africa was rawly emotional : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adil Ray biography '' . adilray.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adil Ray wins gong for best radio show '' . Asian News . 10 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2 , Beyond the Security Fence '' . www.bbc.co.uk. 9 October 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Series 2 , A Tale of Two Cities '' . www.bbc.co.uk. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adil Ray : ' Be real , and the rest will follow naturally ' -- Media , News '' . The Independent . 11 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Adil Ray in new BBC Two comedy '' . The Asian News . 14 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Comedy -- Mr Khan '' . BBC Comedy . Jump up ^ `` Mr Khan -- Youtube '' . BBC Comedy . Jump up ^ `` British Muslim Awards 2015 finalists unveiled '' . Asian Image. 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No. 61608 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 11 June 2016 . p . B14 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Adil Ray on IMDb Citizen Khan BBC Website BBC Asian Network Adil Ray Biography on BBC Asian Network Encore Feature Article on Adil Ray Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adil_Ray&oldid=802044371 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people English people of Pakistani descent English people of Kenyan descent English television presenters BBC Asian Network presenters Pirate radio personalities English male comedians English stand - up comedians English comedy writers Muslim writers British Asian writers English male actors English male television actors English male actors of South Asian descent 21st - century English male actors People from Birmingham , West Midlands Comedians from Birmingham , West Midlands Alumni of the University of Huddersfield English Muslims Officers of the Order of the British Empire Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using Infobox comedian with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actor who plays citizen khan	[ "Adil Ray, OBE (born 26 April 1974) is a British actor, comedian and radio and television presenter. He stars in the BBC One comedy Citizen Khan, which he created and co-writes, as well as presenting on various BBC radio stations." ]	[ "Adil Ray" ]
1985319754263059791	Hannibal's crossing of the Alps	Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps - wikipedia Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps Jump to : navigation , search Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps Part of the Second Punic War Hannibal 's route to Italy Date 218 BC Location Italia , Hispania , Cisalpine Gaul , Transalpine Gaul , Result Hannibal arrives in Italy and establishes a base of operations Belligerents Roman Republic Carthage Commanders and leaders Publius Cornelius Scipio Tiberius Sempronius Longus Hannibal Hasdrubal Mago Hasdrubal Gisco Syphax Hanno the Elder Hasdrubal the Bald Hampsicora Maharbal Strength 94,000 + ( Polybius ) 36,000 ( Delbrück ) Casualties and losses 68,000 + ( Polybius ) 2,000 ( Delbrück ) Second Punic War Prelude Saguntum Rhone Crossing of the Alps Hannibal 's invasion of Italy Ticinus Trebia Lake Trasimene Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola 2nd Nola 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum 1st Tarentum 1st Capua Silarus 1st Herdonia 2nd Beneventum 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Battle of Canusium 2nd Tarentum Grumentum Metaurus Crotona Po Valley Roman expeditions to Iberia Cissa Ebro River Dertosa Upper Baetis 1st New Carthage Baecula Ilipa Guadalquivir Campaigns in Sicily and the western Mediterranean Cornus Syracuse Roman invasion of Northeast Africa Utica Great Plains Cirta Zama Naval battles Lilybaeum Carteia Hannibal 's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC was one of the major events of the Second Punic War , and one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare . Bypassing Roman and allied land garrisons and Roman naval dominance , Hannibal managed to lead his Carthaginian army over the Alps and into Italy to take the war directly to the Roman Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Roman Foreign Relations 3 Preparations 4 Siege of Saguntum 5 March through the Pyrenees 6 March to the Rhône 7 Crossing the Rhone 8 From the Rhone to the Alps 9 Ascent of the Alps 10 Descent to Italy 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Background ( edit ) After the final Carthaginian naval defeat at the Aegates Islands , the Carthaginians surrendered and accepted defeat in the First Punic War . Hamilcar Barca ( Barca meaning lightning ) , a leading member of the Patriotic party in Carthage and a general who operated with ability in the course of the First Punic War , sought to remedy the losses that Carthage had suffered in Sicily to the Romans . In addition to this , the Carthaginians ( and Hamilcar personally ) were embittered by the loss of Sardinia . After the loss of the war to the Romans , the Romans imposed terms upon the Carthaginians that were designed to make Carthage a tribute - paying city to Rome and simultaneously strip it of its fleet . While the terms of the peace treaty were harsh , the Romans did not strip Carthage of her strength ; Carthage was the most prosperous maritime trading port of its day , and the tribute that was imposed upon them by the Romans was easily paid off on a yearly basis while Carthage was simultaneously engaged by Carthaginian mercenaries who were in revolt . The Carthaginian patriot party was interested in conquering Iberia , a land whose variety of natural resources would fill its coffers with sorely needed revenue and replace the riches of Sicily that , following the end of the First Punic War , were now flowing into Roman coffers . In addition , it was the ambition of the Barcas , one of the leading noble families of the patriotic party , to some day employ the Iberian peninsula as a base of operations for waging a war of revenge against the Roman military alliance . Those two things went hand in hand , and in spite of conservative opposition to his expedition , Hamilcar set out in 238 BC to begin his conquest of the Iberian peninsula with these objectives in mind . Marching west from Carthage towards the Pillars of Hercules , where his army crossed the strait and proceeded to subdue the peninsula , in the course of nine years Hamilcar conquered the south - eastern portion of the peninsula . His administration of the freshly conquered provinces led Cato the Elder to remark that `` there was no king equal to Hamilcar Barca . '' In 228 BC , Hamilcar was killed , witnessed by Hannibal , during a campaign against the Celtic natives of the peninsula . The commanding naval officer , who was both his son in law and a member of the Patriotic party -- Hasdrubal `` The Handsome '' -- was awarded the chief command by the officers of the Carthaginian Iberian army . There were a number of Grecian colonies along the eastern coast of the Iberian peninsula , the most notable being the trade emporium of Saguntum . These colonies expressed concern about the consolidation of Carthaginian power on the peninsula , which Hasdrubal 's deft military leadership and diplomatic skill procured . For protection , Saguntum turned to Rome ; Rome sent a garrison to the city and a diplomatic mission to Hasdrubal 's camp in Cartagena , informing him that the Iberus river must be the limit of the Carthaginian advance in Spain . The conclusion of the treaty and the embassy were sent to Hasdrubal 's camp in 226 BC . In 221 BC , Hasdrubal was killed by an assassin . It was in that year that the officers of the Carthaginian army in Iberia expressed their high opinion of Hamilcar 's 29 - year - old son , Hannibal , by electing him to the chief command of the army . Having assumed the command ( retroactively confirmed by the Carthaginian Senate ) of the army that his father had welded through nine years of hard mountain fighting , Hannibal declared that he was going to finish his father 's project of conquering the Iberian peninsula , which had been the first objective in his father 's plan to bring a war to Rome in Italy and defeat it there . Hannibal spent the first two years of his command seeking to complete his father 's ambition while simultaneously putting down several potential revolts that resulted in part from the death of Hasdrubal , which menaced the Carthaginian possessions already conquered thus far . He attacked the tribe known as the Olcades and captured their chief town of Althaea . A number of the neighbouring tribes were astonished at the vigour and rapacity of this attack , as a result of which they submitted to the Carthaginians . He received tribute from all of these recently subjugated tribes , and marched his army back to Cartagena , where he rewarded his troops with gifts and promised more gifts in the future . During the next two years , Hannibal successfully reduced all of Iberia south of the Ebro to subjection , excepting the city of Saguntum , which , under the aegis of Rome , was outside of his immediate plans . Catalonia and Saguntum were now the only areas of the peninsula not in Hannibal 's possession . Roman foreign relations ( edit ) Hannibal was informed of Roman politics , and saw that this was the opportune time to attack . He had Gallic spies in every corner of the Roman Republic , even within the inner circles of the Senate itself . The Romans had spent the years since the end of the First Punic War ( 264 - 241 BC ) tightening their grip on the peninsula by taking important geographical positions in the peninsula in addition to extending Rome 's grip on Sicily , Corsica and Sardinia . In addition to this , the Romans had been at war with the Padane Gauls off and on for more than a century . The Boii had waged war upon the Romans in 238 BC , a war that lasted until 236 BC . In 225 BC , the natives of northern Italy , seeing that Rome was again moving aggressively to colonize their territory , progressed to the attack , but were defeated . The Romans were determined to drive their borders right up to the Alps . In 224 BC , the Boii submitted to Roman hegemony , and the next year the Anari also submitted to the Romans . In 223 BC , the Romans engaged in another battle with the Gauls , this time the Insubres . The Romans at first sustained significant losses against the Insubres while they were attempting to cross a ford near the junction of the Po and the Adda . After encamping in this country for some days without taking any decisive action , the Roman consul on the spot decided to negotiate a settlement with the Insubres . Under the terms of this freshly negotiated truce , the Romans marched out with full honours into the territory of their allies , the Cenomani . However , once they were safe within the territory of the Cenomani , the Romans again marched their army into the territory of the Insubres and were victorious . In 222 BC , the Celts sent an embassy to the Roman Senate , pleading for peace . Seeing an opportunity for a triumph for themselves , the consuls ( Marcus Claudius and Gnaeus Cornelius ) vigorously rejected the embassy , and the Gauls prepared for war with the Romans . They hired 30,000 mercenaries from beyond the Alps and awaited the arrival of the Romans . When the campaigning season began , the consular legions were marched into the Insubres territory again . A vigorous combat took place near Mediolanum , which resulted in the leaders of the Gallic revolt turning themselves over to the Romans . With this victory , the Padane Gauls were unhappily subdued , and ripe for revolt . Preparations ( edit ) Hannibal , aware of the situation , sent a number of embassies to the Gallic tribes in the Po valley . In 220 BC , he had begun to communicate intimately with the Padane Gauls ( called the `` Padane Gauls '' because the Po in this era was called the `` Padus '' by the Romans ) , and these embassies brought with them offers of money , food and guides to the Carthaginian . This mission had the specific aim of establishing a safe place for Hannibal to debouch from the Alps into the Po valley . Hannibal did not know a great deal about the Alps , but he knew enough to know that it was going to be a difficult march . He had had some scouts give him reports concerning this mountain chain , and he received reports of the difficulties to be encountered there from the Gauls themselves . He did not desire to cross this rugged mountain chain and to descend into the Po valley with exhausted troops only to have to fight a battle . Hannibal A marble bust , reputedly of Hannibal . Found in Capua Hannibal knew enough about the Alps to know in particular that the descent was steeper than the ascent into the Alps . This was one of the reasons he wanted to have allies into whose territory he could march . The Alps rose as a result of the pressure of the African plate as it moved north against the stable Eurasian landmass ; the northward direction of this movement made the Italian side of the Alps considerably steeper . The Romans had poorly treated those Gauls whom they had recently conquered , distributing their land to Roman colonists and taking other unscrupulous measures to ensure the fidelity of these freshly conquered tribes . The Insubres , whose tribal territory immediately abutted the Alps , and the Boii , farther down the Po , were particularly pleased with Hannibal 's proposed invasion . In addition , much of the Iberian peninsula was populated by related Gallic tribes , and those same Gauls were serving in Hannibal 's army . It would be easy indeed to establish intimate relations with these disaffected tribes , especially once he had debouched from the Alps and was amongst them and the Insubres and Boii and other tribes could see and speak with this army for themselves . Polybius had this to say about Hannibal 's plans : Conducted his enterprise with consummate judgement ; for he had accurately ascertained the excellent nature of the country in which he was to arrive , and the hostile disposition of its inhabitants towards the Romans ; and he had for guides and conductors through the difficult passes which lay in the way of natives of the country , men who were to partake of the same hopes with himself Siege of Saguntum ( edit ) Main article : Siege of Saguntum These preparations being completed , Hannibal sought to induce the Saguntines to come to arms with him and thereby declare war on Rome through her proxy . He did not desire to break the peace himself , and resorted to a variety of stratagems in order to induce the Saguntines to attack . However , the Saguntines did nothing except send a diplomatic mission to the Romans to complain about the belligerence of the Carthaginians . The Senate , in its turn , sent a committee to Iberia to attempt to settle the issue diplomatically . Hannibal had no interest in treating with this commission , and treated it with contumely , hoping that it would drive the commission to declare war . However , the commission was not fooled and knew that war was in the air . The commission kept its peace , but brought news to Rome that Hannibal was prepared and was going to strike soon . The Senate took a number of measures in order to free up its hands for the coming conflict with the Carthaginian . An Illyrian revolt was put down with energy , and the Romans sped up the construction of a number of fortresses in Cisalpine Gaul . Demetrius of Pharos had abandoned his previous alliance with Rome and was now attacking Illyrian cities that had been incorporated into the Roman State . Hannibal could not achieve the ends that he had hoped for , and in the end he sent news to Carthage ( where the peace party , his political enemies , were in power ) to the effect that the Saguntines were aggressively handling one of their subject tribes , the Torboletes , and encamped in front of Saguntum to besiege it without awaiting any reply from Carthage . Words were exchanged in the Carthaginian Senate to the effect that Hannibal should be handed over to the Romans and his actions disavowed . However , the multitude in Carthage was too much in support of the conflict to order a stop to the war . The Siege took place over the course of eight months , and it is notable that the Romans did not send any aid to the Saguntines in spite of this being a part of the terms of their alliance . The Romans allowed themselves to be tied up in a war against the Illyrians , and did not treat the Carthaginian threat from Iberia with the attention that it deserved . After the siege , Hannibal sold all the inhabitants as slaves , and distributed the proceeds from those sales to his soldiers . In addition , all the booty from the sacking of the city was taken back to Carthage and distributed to the populace , in order to rally their support to his cause . The rest of the city 's treasures were put into his war chest for his planned expedition . March through the Pyrenees ( edit ) Iberian warrior from bas - relief c. 200 BC . The warrior is armed with a falcata and an oval shield . Iberian tribes fought for both sides in the 2nd Punic War , but in reality most wanted to be rid of all foreign domination . National Archaeological Museum of Spain , Madrid Hannibal had spent the winter after the siege of Saguntum in Cartagana , during which time he dismissed his troops to their own localities . He did this with the hope of cultivating the best possible morale in his army for the upcoming campaign , which he knew was going to be difficult . He left his brother , Hasdrubal in charge of the administration of Carthaginian Iberia , as well as its defence against the Romans . In addition to this , he swapped the native troops of Iberia to Africa , and the native troops of Africa to Iberia . This was done in order to minimize desertion and assure the loyalty of the troops while he was himself busy with the destruction of Rome . He also left his brother a number of ships . Hannibal foresaw problems if he left Catalonia as a bridgehead for the Romans . They had a number of allies in this country , and he could not allow the Romans a place to land in his base unopposed . As he was relying upon contingents of forces coming to him in Italy via the land route he was about to head out upon , he must take and conquer this country . He had no intention of leaving Iberia to its fate once he was in Italy . Hannibal opted to take the region in a swift campaign , and to that effect he divided his army into three columns , in order to subdue the entirety of the region at the same time . Hannibal 's route through Catalonia After receiving news of the route he was about to take from his scouts and messages from the Celtic tribes that resided around the Alps , the Carthaginians set out . He departed with 90,000 heavy infantry from various African and Iberian nations , and 12,000 cavalry . From the Ebro to the Pyrenees the Carthaginians confronted four tribes , the Illergetes , the Bargusii , the Aeronosii and the Andosini . There were a number of cities here that Hannibal took , which Polybius does not specify . This campaign was conducted with speed in order to take as little time as possible in the reduction of this region . Polybius reports severe losses on Hannibal 's part . Having reduced this area , he left his brother Hanno in command of this area , specifically over the Bargusii , whom he had reason to distrust due to their affiliation with the Romans . He left his brother in control of this country with 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry . At this early juncture in the campaign , he opted to send home another 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry . This was done to serve two purposes : he wanted to leave a force of men behind who would retain positive sentiments towards Hannibal himself ; and he wanted the rest of the Iberians ( in his army , as well as out ) to believe that the chances of success in the expedition were good , and as a result of which they would be more inclined to join the contingents of reinforcements that he anticipated calling up during the course of his expedition . The remaining force consisted of 50,000 infantry and 9,000 cavalry . The principal column was the right column , and with it was the treasure chest , the cavalry , with baggage , all the other necessities of war and Hannibal himself . This was the critical column , and it was no coincidence that Hannibal was with this column . As long as Hannibal had no ships to keep himself abreast of the exact movements of the Romans , he wanted to be present in person in case the Romans should make a landing in an attempt to attack his army on its ascent or descent through the Pyrenees . This column crossed the Ebro at the town of Edeba , and proceeded directly along the coast through Tarraco , Barcino , Gerunda , Emporiae and Illiberis . Each of those oppidums was taken and garrisoned in turn . The second , or central , column crossed the Ebro at the oppidum of Mora and from there information is fairly sparse . It proceeded through a number of valleys in this country , and had orders to subdue any tribes that resisted its advance . It eventually rejoined the principal column when it had completed its task . The third , or left , column crossed the Ebro where it touches with the Sicoris River and proceeded along the river valley and into the mountain countries . It performed the same task as the second and the first columns did . When planning each of these marches , Hannibal ensured that the Rubrucatus river was athwart each of the columns ' paths , so if any of the columns should be placed in a disadvantageous situation the other columns could march up and down the river in support of each other should one be placed in a perilous position by the Barbarians . The campaign was conducted over the course of two months , and was incredibly costly . Over the course of the two - month campaign , Hannibal lost 13,000 men . March to the Rhone ( edit ) The most conspicuous detail concerning the march to the Rhône from the descent through the Pyrenees is that there is nothing at all conspicuous about it . This march must have been a pleasant change of pace for the Carthaginians , who had just spent the previous July and August subduing numerous fierce peoples living in the Pyrenees . The history of Iberian peninsula is littered with numerous examples of the fierce resistance that native people of this area have put up against invading armies . The Peninsular War being just one example amongst many , the broken topography of this region affords resistance movements many advantages that they might not otherwise have in flatter , more even terrain . The countries through which he passed were of different opinions concerning the Carthaginians , the Romans and the passage of Hannibal 's army through their land . Some of these tribes were friendly to his cause , others were opposed to him . Hannibal 's skill in dealing with these people is made manifest to us through his march in this country , no reports are made of any fighting taking place in this country , in spite of the lack of homogeneity in political leadership amongst the peoples of this area . He dealt with each tribe as he marched through their territory . Employing only the means of persuasion at his disposal ; his personal magnetism and his war chest . Massilia ( modern Marseille ) , a successful Greek trade emporium had for some time been under the influence of the Romans , and the Romans had even settled colonists there . Massilia feared the arriving Carthaginian army , and to this effect had sought to influence the native tribes on the left bank of the Rhone ( The Eastern Bank ) to take up the cause of the Romans . This they were able to do , as the barbarians in this country were to make his crossing of the Rhone problematical . Publius Scipio , one of the consuls for 218 BC , received orders from the Senate to confront Hannibal in the theatre of the Ebro or the Pyrenees . The Senate delegated to him 60 ships for this purpose . However , he did not move with the speed that the issue required of him . When he arrived in the Po area , there was an uprising amongst the freshly conquered Gauls . More colonies were being established in the Po region , and this caused the Boii and Insubres to arise afresh who were now aware that Hannibal was heading to them . Instead of employing the legions that were on hand for their intended Iberian expedition , the Senate ordered that they should be sent to the Po under the command of a Praetor and new legions should be levied by the consul . The formation of a new army was a fairly easy matter for the Romans . There were so many citizens who were qualified for service in the army that all the government had to do was inform the citizenry that more soldiers were needed and they would be required to serve . Many Romans , being required to serve at some point , spent portions of their youth training to serve in the legions . Finally , having got these new legions together -- in a much more leisurely fashion than the urgency of the situation demanded of him -- he set sail from Ostia . In this day there were no compasses , and it was the habit of navigators to sail their ships along the coast and to stop at night for victuals . So , after sailing north along the peninsula 's coast ( Italian ) and then turning west towards the Iberian peninsula , the consul ordered the fleet to stop in Massilia . The time from Ostia to Massilia was 5 days . When he arrived there , to his surprise he learned from the Massiliots that instead of Hannibal still being in Catalonia , as he had anticipated , Hannibal was about 4 days march north of their city on the far side of the Rhone . Crossing the Rhone ( edit ) War elephants depicted in Hannibal Barca crossing the Rhône , by Henri Motte , 1878 Main article : Battle of Rhone Crossing Much of Hannibal 's marches are shrouded in debate , especially the debate concerning the path he opted to employ over the Alps . However , modern historians agree on where Hannibal encamped his army on the western bank on the Rhone and see the river crossing as clearly conceived and crisply executed . While Rome had been idle and leaving her allies in Catalonia to their fate at the hands of the Carthaginians , the Massiliots , the Allies of the Romans , were busy rousing the tribes on the left ( eastern ) bank of the Rhone against the Carthaginians . Upon the arrival of the intelligence of the Carthaginians in the neighbourhood of Massilia , the consul threw up his proposed Iberian expedition and in its stead thought to do the next logical thing , to prevent Hannibal 's crossing of the Rhone as best he could . To this effect he sent a column of 300 horse up the left ( east ) bank of the Rhone with orders to ascertain the exact location of Hannibal 's army . Hannibal received similar news to the effect that the Romans had just arrived with one of their consular armies ( 22,000 foot and 2,000 horse ) . Hannibal took advantage of the pre-existing hatred the Celts had for the Romans on the right ( west ) bank , and persuaded them to aid him in his crossing of this formidable obstacle . He secured from them a number of boats that were capable of making trips at sea , and a numerous collection of canoes of all sorts that must have been employed by the natives of that country . In addition to purchasing these , he was able to acquire their aid in building still other boats . This process of preparing to cross the Rhone took two days . Awaiting the Carthaginian army on the left bank of the Rhone was a tribe of Gauls called the Cavares . This tribe had fortified a camp on the far side of the river , and was awaiting Hannibal 's army to cross , so as to attack them as they crossed . There can be no doubt that Hannibal knew of Alexander the Great 's crossing of the Hydaspes river in India as from a tactical and strategic standpoint , it is almost exactly the same . Hannibal formulated his plan according to this model ( as indeed it is held up as a cookie cutter way to cross rivers , even to cadets at military institutions to this day ) ordered one of his lieutenants ; Hanno , Son of Bomilcar to make a northern circuit , to cross the Rhone at a location that he deemed to be suitable for the purpose , and then by forced marches , march south and to take the Barbarian army in flank while he was crossing the river . The day and the night after all of the boats had been built and gathered , Hanno was ordered up the bank and guided by native Gauls , approximately 25 miles upriver at Pont St. Esprit there was an island that divided the Rhone into two small streams . It was here that Hanno decided to cross , and ordered that boats and rafts should be constructed from materials that were at hand . The Carthaginian detachment chopped down trees , lashing the logs together with reliable ropes they had brought with them from the army 's stores . By this means , Hanno 's corps crossed the river and immediately proceeded south to the barbarian location . During this time , Hannibal had been completing his preparations to cross the Rhone . At this , the Carthaginian preparations had been particularly obvious and loud -- Hannibal had ordered the preparations to be made without concern for secrecy , knowing full well that Hanno 's corps was marching down the left ( eastern ) bank of the Rhone to attack the Cavares . His preparations were designed to draw their attention away from their northern flank and focus their attention on his own preparations . Three days after setting out , Hanno arrived behind a tributary of the Rhone and gave the previously agreed upon signal to let Hannibal know that his force had arrived . Hannibal immediately ordered the boats to cross . The small corps was observing the principal army closely , and on seeing it start its crossing , prepared to descend on the Cavares while the army was crossing . The crossing itself was carefully designed to be as smooth as possible . Every detail was well thought out . The heavy horsemen were put across furthest upstream , and in the largest boats , so that the boats that Hannibal had less confidence in could be rowed to the left ( eastern ) bank in the lee of the larger and more sturdy craft . As for the horses themselves , most of them were swum across the river at the side and stern of each boat . However , some were put on boats fully saddled and ready for immediate use , so that , once they debouched from the river , they could cover the infantry and the rest of the army while it formed up to attack the barbarians . Seeing that the Carthaginians were finally crossing , the Cavares rose from their entrenchments and prepared their army on the shore near the Carthaginian landing point . The armies started to shout and jeer at each other while the Carthaginian army was in the midst of crossing . These sort of exchanges consisted primarily of encouraging their own men and challenging the other army to battle . Often in antiquity , to intimidate their enemy , armies would be ordered to pound their shields with their weapons and raise loud cries at exactly the same moment to create the greatest amount of noise . Carthaginian Army and the corp which made the circuit . Barbarian army compromised as the result of circuit It was at precisely this moment , while the Carthaginian army was in the middle of the stream jeering at the enemy from the boats and the Cavares were challenging them to come on from the left bank , that Hanno 's corp revealed itself and charged down on the rear and flanks of the Cavares . A small detachment of Hanno 's force was assigned to set the Cavares camp on fire , but the majority of this force reeled in on the stunned Cavares . Some of the Cavares rushed to the defence of their camp , but the majority remained at the location where they had been awaiting the arrival of what they had thought was all of Hannibal 's army . They were divided ; and Hannibal , who was on one of the first boats , landed his men on the left bank of the Rhone amidst the dazed and confused Cavares and with a will led his men in upon them . There was barely even a semblance of resistance ; surrounded as they were , pandemonium took control of their ranks , and each man looked to his own safety as they retreated pell - mell away from the carefully arrayed Carthaginian phalanx . While the actual conflict only took a matter of minutes , Hannibal had spent five days preparing this dangerous and risky operation from every angle , ensuring that it was ready at all points and as little as possible was left to chance . From the Rhone to the Alps ( edit ) The passage of the Alps was effected under many difficulties Hannibal needed to reach the Alps quickly in order to beat the onset of winter . He knew that if he waited until springtime on the far side of the mountains , the Romans would have time to raise another army . He had intelligence that the consular army was camped at the mouth of the Rhone . He sent 500 Numidian cavalry down the eastern bank of the river to acquire better information concerning the forces massed to oppose him . This force encountered 300 mounted Romans who had been sent up the river for the same purpose . The Numidians were defeated with 240 of their number killed in this exchange between scouting parties ; in addition to 140 Roman losses . The Numidians were followed back to the Carthaginian camp , which was almost assembled excepting the elephants , which required more time getting across . Upon seeing Hannibal had not crossed with the whole of his force , the scouts raced back to the coast to alert the consul . Upon receiving this information , the consul dispatched his army up the river in boats , but arrived too late . Rhone Region to the Alps In the face of winter and hostile tribes , the consul decided to return to Italy and await the arrival of Hannibal as he descended from the Alps . However , in accordance with the Senate 's orders , the consul ordered his brother , Gnaeus Scipio to take a majority of the army to Spain . The consul proposed attacking Hannibal 's over-extended and vulnerable lines of communications and supply . Despite their established tactical system ( formations and troop evolutions , etc . ) , the Romans were used to fighting by marching their troops to their enemies ' army , forming their army up and attacking . They did not know how to force an enemy to battle by cutting off their communications , they were not aware of which flank was the strategic flank of an enemy in a battle . In addition , they were negligent about their order of march , and early Roman history is littered with massacres of consular armies by other nations because of their lack of proper precaution against these evils . On getting the whole of his army on the left bank of the Rhone , Hannibal introduced his army to Magilus , and some other less notable Gallic chiefs of the Po valley . Hannibal 's purpose was to inspire his men with confidence in the planned expedition by showing them Padane Gallic chieftains who offered them their aid . Speaking through an interpreter , Magilus spoke of the support that the recently conquered Padane Gauls had for the Carthaginians and their mission of destroying Rome . Hannibal then addressed the officers himself . The troops ' enthusiasm was uplifted by Hannibal 's inspiring address . Upon crossing the river , Hannibal ordered his infantry to start their march the day after the assembly , followed by the supply train . Not knowing that the Romans were eventually going to set out for Italy , when his cavalry had crossed the river he ordered them to curtain his march on his southern flank , towards the sea . His cavalry would have formed a screen which would have been employed to protect him from the Romans were they to advance upon him from that direction . The cavalry would skirmish with the Roman scouts , while giving the rest of the army time to form up . This contingency did not occur . Hannibal was in the rearguard with the elephants . This was the direction that he assumed that the Romans would be most likely to advance from ( that is from the west ) as he had some idea that they were behind him . The rearguard was well manned to ensure that it could skirmish with the Roman army while the main body of his infantry and cavalry could form up for battle against the Romans if they should attack from that quarter . This contingency , however , also did not occur . While assuming this order of march , Hannibal marched towards the Insula . He had ordered his infantry to get a head start , and it marched to the Isere in six days , marching 12.5 miles per day . The cavalry and rear guard only took four days , a march of 19 miles per day . In this period , the body as a whole had marched 75 miles . When Hannibal 's army made contact with the Insula , he arrived in a Gallic chiefdom that was in the midst of a civil conflict . For whatever reason , Hannibal chose the cause of the elder of the two combatants , Brancus . After putting away the cause of the younger and less popularly supported one , he formed an alliance with Brancus . From this tribe he received supplies that were required for the expedition across the Alps . In addition , he received Brancus ' diplomatic protection . Up until the Alps proper , he did not have to fend off any tribes . Ascent of the Alps ( edit ) Possible routes Hannibal took through the Alps , with Polybius ' account shown in green . Hannibal crossing the Alps into Italy Hannibal marched in the direction of Mt . Du Chat towards the village of Aquste and from there to Chevelu , to the pass by Mt . Du Chat . There he found that the passes were fortified by the Allobroges . He sent out spies to ascertain if there was any weakness in their disposition . These spies found that the barbarians only maintained their position at the camp during the day , and left their fortified position at night . In order to make the Allobroges believe that he did not deem a night assault prudent , he ordered that as many camp - fires be lit as possible , in order to induce them into believing that he was settling down before their encampment along the mountains . However , once they left their fortifications , he led his best troops up to their fortifications and seized control of the pass . Hiding his men in the mountain brush on a cliff that arose immediately above and to the right off Hannibal 's route of march , about 100 feet or so above the path , Hannibal stationed his slingers and archers there . This overhang was an excellent place from which to attack an enemy while it was marching in column through the pass . The descent from this pass was steep , and the Carthaginians were having a hard time marching down this side of the pass , especially the baggage animals . The Barbarians , seeing this , attacked anyway , in spite of their disadvantageous position . More baggage animals were lost in the confusion of the Barbarian attack , and they rolled off of the precipices to their deaths . This put Hannibal in a difficult situation . However , Hannibal , at the head of the same elite corps that he led to take the overhang , led them against these determined barbarians . Virtually all of these barbarians died in the ensuing combat , as they were fighting with their backs to a steep precipice , trying to throw their arrows and darts uphill at the advancing Carthaginians . After this contest of arms , the baggage was held together in good order and the Carthaginian army followed the road down to the plain that begins roughly at modern Bourget . This plain was 4 -- 6 miles wide at most places , and was almost entirely stripped of defenders since they were all stationed at the Mt . Du Chat pass . Hannibal marched his army to modern Chambery and took their city easily , stripping it of all its horses , captives , beasts of burden and corn . In addition , there were enough supplies for three days ' rations for the army . This must have been welcome considering that no small portion of their supplies had been lost when the pack animals had fallen over the precipice in the course of the previous action . He then ordered this town to be destroyed , in order to demonstrate to the Barbarians of this country what would happen if they opposed him in the same fashion as this tribe had . He encamped there to give his men time to rest after their exhausting work , and to collect further rations . Hannibal then addressed his army , and we are informed that they were made to appreciate the extent of the effort they were about to undergo and were raised to good spirits in spite of the difficult nature of their undertaking . The Carthaginians continued their march and at modern Albertville they encountered the Centrones , who brought gifts and cattle for the troops . In addition , they brought hostages in order to convince Hannibal of their commitment to his cause . Hannibal was concerned and suspicious of the Centrones , though he hid this from them and the Centrones guided his army for two days . As they marched through the Little St Bernard Pass near the village of Séez , the pass narrowed and the Centrones turned against the Carthaginians . Some military critics , notably Napoleon , challenge that this was actually the place where the ambush took place , but the valley through which the Carthaginians were marching was the only one that could sustain a population that was capable of attacking the Carthaginian army and simultaneously sustaining the Carthaginians on their march . Modern - day Little St. Bernard Pass The Centrones waited to attack , first allowing half of the army to move through the pass . This was meant to divide Hannibal 's troops and supplies and make it difficult for his army to organize a counter-attack , but Hannibal , having anticipated deceit by the Centrones , had arranged his army with elephants , cavalry and baggage in front , while his hoplites followed in the rear . Centrones forces had positioned themselves on the slopes parallel to Hannibal 's army used this higher ground to roll boulders and rain rocks down at the Carthaginian army , killing many more pack animals . Confusion reigned in the ranks caught in the pass . However , Hannibal 's heavily armed rearguard held back from entering the pass , forcing the Barbarians to descend to fight . The rearguard was thus able to hold off the attackers , before Hannibal and the half of his army not separated from him were forced to spend the night near a large white rock , which Polybius writes `` afforded them protection '' and is described by William Brockedon , who investigated Hannibal 's route through the Alps , as being a `` vast mass of gypsum ... as a military position , its occupation secures the defence of the pass . '' By morning , the Centrones were no longer in the area . The army rested here for two days . It was the end of October and snowy weather , the length of the campaign , ferocity of the fighting , and the loss of animals sapped morale in the army 's ranks ; From their outset in Iberia , the Hannibal 's troops had been marching for over five months and the army had greatly reduced in size . The majority of Hannibal 's fighters were unaccustomed to extreme cold of the high Alps , being mostly from Africa and Iberia . According to Polybius , Hannibal assembled his men , declared to them that the end of their campaign was drawing near ; that soon they would be in the Po Valley . In this account he is said to have gestured to the view Italy , showing his soldiers the Po Valley and the plains near it , and to have reminded them of Magilus , who had assured him of Gallic friendship and aid . He then gestured in the direction of Rome , raising spirits in the ranks . However , the Po Valley is not visible from Little St Bernard Pass and it is more likely that Hannibal pointed in the direction of the Po Valley but it was not in sight . After the two days of rest , Hannibal ordered the descent from the Alps to begin . Descent to Italy ( edit ) The snow on the Southern side of the Alps melts and thaws to a greater or lesser extent during the course of the day , and then refreezes at night . In addition , the Italian side of the Alps is much steeper ; many men lost their footing down this side of the Alps and died . At an early point in their descent , the army came upon a section of the path that had been blocked by a landslide . This section of the path was broken for about 300 yards . Hannibal attempted to detour , by marching through a place where there was a great deal of snow -- the Alps are so high at this point that the snow from previous years does not even melt . They made some headway , at the cost of no small portion of the baggage animals that were left , before Hannibal came to appreciate that this route was impossible for an army . Hannibal marched his men back to the point in their path prior to their detour , near the broken stretch of the path and set up camp . From here , Hannibal ordered his men to set about fixing the mule path . Working in relays , the army set about this labour - intensive task under the eyes of Hannibal , who was constantly encouraging them . Both the sick and the healthy were put to this . The next day the road was in sufficient condition to permit the cavalry and pack animals to cross the broken stretch of road ; Hannibal ordered that these should instantly race down below the foliage line ( 2 miles below the summit of the Alps ) and should be allowed access to the pastures there . However , Hannibal 's remaining elephants , which were completely famished , were still unable to proceed along the path . Hannibal 's Numidian cavalry carried on working on the road , taking three more days to fix it sufficiently to allow the elephants to cross . Getting these creatures across this stretch of road , Hannibal raced ahead of the rearguard to the part of the army that was below the pasture line . It took the army three days to march from this place into `` the plains which are near the Po '' according to Polybius . Hannibal then focused on , according to Polybius , `` ( the ) best means of reviving the spirits of his troops and restoring the men and horses to their former vigour and condition '' Hannibal ordered his men to encamp , at a point which is near modern Ivrea . See also ( edit ) British Alpine Hannibal Expedition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Delbrück , p. 362 Jump up ^ Lancel , Serge , Hannibal , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 187 Jump up ^ Jr , Hans Delbrück ; translated from the German by Walter J. Renfroe , ( 1990 ) . History of the art of war . Lincoln , Neb. : University of Nebraska Press / Bison Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 9199 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Dodge , Theodore ( 1994 ) . Hannibal . Mechanicsburg , PA : Greenhill Books . Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 189 ^ Jump up to : Delbrück 1990 , p. 303 ^ Jump up to : Delbrück 1990 , p. 312 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 146 ^ Jump up to : Paton 1922 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Walbank , Polybius ; transl . by Ian Scott - Kilvert ; selected with an introduction by F.W. ( 1981 ) . The rise of the Roman Empire ( Reprint . ed . ) . Harmondsworth : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044362 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 111 Jump up ^ Winlow , C.V. `` Heritage History '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mommsen 1862 , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Paton 1922 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 148 ^ Jump up to : Paton 1922 , p. 331 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Paton 1922 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Paton 1922 , p. 317 ^ Jump up to : Paton 1922 , p. 319 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Paton 1922 , p. 321 ^ Jump up to : Paton 1922 , p. 325 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 165 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 166 - 167 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen 1862 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 191 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 193 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 209 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 210 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Walbank 1979 , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 173 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 172 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 176 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 177 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Mommsen , Theodor ( 2009 ) . The history of Rome . ( Digitally printed version ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 00974 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 214 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen 1862 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 215 Jump up ^ Mommsen 1862 , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 179 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 181 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 184 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 182 ^ Jump up to : Walbank 1979 , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen 1862 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 64 ^ Jump up to : Mommsen 1862 , p. 105 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 199 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 205 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 206 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 208 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 210 Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D52 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 216 Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D53 Jump up ^ Brockedon , William . Illustrations of the passes of the Alps , by which Italy Communicates , Volume 1 . Page 5 . https://books.google.com/books?id=4YIBAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA5&ots=rVGH8guFkX&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 222 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 223 Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D54 Jump up ^ Brockedon , William . Illustrations of the passes of the Alps , by which Italy Communicates , Volume 1 . Page 9 . https://books.google.com/books?id=4YIBAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA9&ots=rVGH8guFkX&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 224 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Dodge 1994 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Dodge 1994 , p. 230 Bibliography ( edit ) Delbrück , Hans . History of the Art of War Vol I. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6584 - 4 The Rise of the Roman Empire , Polybius , Ian Scott - Kilvert ( translator ) , F.W. Walbank ( Introduction ) , Penguin Classics , 1980 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Second Punic War . Debate on Alps Crossing ( hide ) Punic Wars First Punic War Messana Agrigentum Lipari Islands Mylae Sulci Tyndaris Cape Ecnomus Aspis Adys Tunis Cape Hermaeum Panormus 1st Drepana 1st Lilybaeum 2nd Drepana Mount Ercte 1st Mt . Eryx 2nd Mt . Eryx Aegates / Egadi Islands Mercenary War Utica Bagradas River Hamilcar 's victory with Naravas Carthage `` The Saw '' Tunis Second Punic War Saguntum Crossing of the Alps Lilybaeum Rhone Ticinus Trebia Cissa Lake Trasimene Ebro River Ager Falernus Geronium Cannae 1st Nola Dertosa 2nd Nola Decimomannu 3rd Nola 1st Beneventum Syracuse 1st Tarentum 1st Capua 2nd Beneventum Silarus 1st Herdonia Upper Baetis 2nd Capua 2nd Herdonia Numistro Asculum 2nd Tarentum Baecula Grumentum Metaurus New Carthage Ilipa Guadalquivir Carteia Crotona Utica Great Plains Cirta Po Valley Zama Third Punic War Lake Tunis 1st Nepheris Port of Carthage 2nd Nepheris Carthage Military history Ancient Roman wars Wars of the Roman Republic Roman -- Etruscan Wars Roman - Aequian wars Roman -- Latin wars Roman -- Hernician wars Roman - Volscian wars Samnite Wars Pyrrhic War Punic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Illyrian Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Macedonian Wars ( First , Second , Third , Fourth ) Roman -- Seleucid War Aetolian War Galatian War Roman conquest of Hispania ( First Celtiberian War , Lusitanian War , Numantine War , Sertorian War , Cantabrian Wars ) Achaean War Jugurthine War Cimbrian War Servile Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Social War Sulla 's civil wars ( First , Second ) Mithridatic Wars ( First , Second , Third ) Gallic Wars Caesar 's invasions of Britain Caesar 's Civil War End of the Republic ( Post-Caesarian , Liberators ' , Sicilian , Perusine , Final ) Wars of the Roman Empire Germanic Wars ( Teutoburg , Marcomannic , Alemannic , Gothic , Visigothic ) Wars in Britain Wars of Boudica Armenian War Civil War of 69 Jewish -- Roman wars Domitian 's Dacian War Trajan 's Dacian Wars Parthian Wars Persian Wars Civil Wars of the Third Century Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Military history Coordinates : 45 ° 40 ′ 49 '' N 06 ° 53 ′ 02 '' E / 45.68028 ° N 6.88389 ° E / 45.68028 ; 6.88389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps&oldid=803910795 '' Categories : History of the Alps Second Punic War 218 BC Hannibal Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Português සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 13 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who lead and army and elephants over the alps	[ "\nPublius Cornelius Scipio\nTiberius Sempronius Longus\nHannibal\nHasdrubal\nMago\nHasdrubal Gisco Syphax\nHanno the Elder\nHasdrubal the Bald\nHampsicora\nMaharbal\n" ]	[ "Hannibal" ]
2035066160635260620	Oldest public university in the United States	Oldest public University in the United States - wikipedia Oldest public University in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The title of oldest public university in the United States is claimed by three universities : the University of Georgia , the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , and College of William and Mary . Each has a distinct basis for the claim : North Carolina being the first to hold classes and graduate students , Georgia being the first created by state charter , and William & Mary having the oldest founding date of any currently public university , though it was private for over 250 years and completely closed for a period after the Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 University of Georgia 2 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 3 The College of William & Mary 4 See also 5 References University of Georgia ( edit ) Located in Athens , Georgia , the University of Georgia received its charter from the state in 1785 , making the University of Georgia the first state - chartered public university in the United States . As a result of this distinction UGA brands itself as the `` birthplace of the American system of higher education . '' A site was selected for the university , but it did not begin admitting students until 1801 , six years after the University of North Carolina . The first graduation was held in 1804 . The first building was completed in 1805 . University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( edit ) The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 provided that `` learning ... be duly encouraged , and promoted , in one or more universities '' . The legislature chartered the University of North Carolina in 1789 , and construction on the campus in Chapel Hill began in 1793 . The university became the first public institution of higher learning in the U.S. to open its doors in 1795 when it completed construction on its first building , Old East , and admitted its first students . Graduating its first class in 1798 , UNC was the only public institution to confer degrees in the 18th century . The college of William & Mary ( edit ) Now a public university , College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , was founded by royal charter in 1693 , making it the second oldest college or university in the United States , after Harvard University . The college severed formal ties with Britain after the colonies declared independence , but remained a private institution until financial troubles forced its closure after the Civil War . It re-opened in 1888 , but did not become public until continued financial troubles forced it to accept funding from the Commonwealth of Virginia beginning in 1906 . See also ( edit ) First university in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of UGA '' . uga.edu . University of Georgia . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Thomas Walter . History of the University of Georgia . dlg.galileo.usg.edu . pp. 85 -- 86 ( originally 61 -- 62 ) . Jump up ^ Reed , Thomas Walter . History of the University of Georgia . dlg.galileo.usg.edu . pp. 116 ( originally p. 90 ) . Jump up ^ Article 41 of the Constitution of North Carolina ( December 18 , 1776 ) Jump up ^ `` The Carolina Story : A Virtual Museum of the University History '' . museum.unc.edu . University of North Carolina . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Chronology of William & Mary '' . wm.edu . William & Mary . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oldest_public_university_in_the_United_States&oldid=830535262 '' Categories : History of United States colleges and universities Public universities in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 12 : 51 . About Wikipedia	8. what is the oldest college in north carolina	[ "The title of oldest public university in the United States is claimed by three universities: the University of Georgia, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and College of William and Mary. Each has a distinct basis for the claim: North Carolina being the first to hold classes and graduate students, Georgia being the first created by state charter, and William & Mary having the oldest founding date of any currently public university, though it was private for over 250 years and completely closed for a period after the Civil War." ]	[ "the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill" ]
-4306952137637139048	Golgi tendon reflex	Golgi tendon reflex - wikipedia Golgi tendon reflex Jump to : navigation , search The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system . In a Golgi tendon reflex , skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax . This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex , because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex . Though muscle tension is increasing during the contraction , alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord supplying the muscle are inhibited . However , antagonistic muscles are activated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Contrast to stretch reflex 3 Steps 4 Pathology 5 See also 6 References Function ( edit ) The Golgi tendon reflex operates as a protective feedback mechanism to control the tension of an active muscle by causing relaxation before the tendon tension becomes high enough to cause damage . First , as a load is placed on the muscle , the afferent neuron from the Golgi tendon organ fires into the central nervous system . Second , the motor neuron from the spinal cord is inhibited via an IPSP and muscle relaxes . Contrast to stretch reflex ( edit ) The stretch reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction . In contrast , the tendon reflex operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by causing muscle relaxation before muscle force becomes so great that tendons might be torn . Although the tendon reflex is less sensitive than the stretch reflex , it can override the stretch reflex when tension is great , for example , causing a person to drop a very heavy weight . Like the stretch reflex , the tendon reflex is ipsilateral . The sensory receptors for this reflex are called tendon Golgi receptors , which lie within a tendon near its junction with a muscle . In contrast to muscle spindles , which are sensitive to changes in muscle length , tendon organs detect and respond to changes in muscle tension that are caused by muscular contraction , but not passive stretch . Steps ( edit ) A Golgi tendon reflex operates as follows : As the tension applied to a tendon increases , the Golgi tendon organ ( sensor ) is stimulated ( depolarized to threshold ) Nerve impulses ( action potentials ) arise and propagate along the Ib sensory fiber into the spinal cord Within the spinal cord ( integrating center ) , the Ib sensory fiber synapses with and activates ( via glutamate ) an inhibitory interneuron that synapses with the alpha ( α ) motor neuron The inhibitory interneuron releases the neurotransmitter glycine that inhibits ( hyperpolarizes ) the alpha ( α ) motor neuron As a consequence fewer nerve impulses are generated in the alpha ( α ) motor neuron The muscle relaxes and excess tension is relieved Pathology ( edit ) The clasp - knife response is a stretch reflex with a rapid decrease in resistance when attempting to flex a joint . However , it is actually thought to be caused by the tendon reflex of the antagonistic muscle of that joint , which gets extended . It is one of the characteristic responses of an upper motor neuron lesion . See also ( edit ) H - reflex Motor control Reflex action References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2011 ) . Principles of anatomy and physiology . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley . ISBN 9780470646083 . Jump up ^ musom.marshall.edu - SPINAL REFLEXES ( hide ) Nervous system physiology : neurophysiology - reflex Cranial nerve midbrain : Pupillary light reflex Accommodation reflex pons / medulla : Jaw jerk reflex Corneal reflex Caloric reflex test / Vestibulo - ocular reflex / Oculocephalic reflex Pharyngeal ( gag ) reflex Stretch reflexes upper limb : Biceps reflex C5 / C6 Brachioradialis reflex C6 Triceps reflex C7 / C8 lower limb : Patellar reflex L2 - L4 Ankle jerk reflex S1 / S2 Plantar reflex L5 - S2 Primitive reflexes Galant Gastrocolic Grasp Moro Rooting Stepping Sucking Tonic neck Parachute Superficial reflexes Abdominal reflex Cremasteric reflex Lists general alphabetical by organ Cardiovascular Bainbridge reflex Bezold - Jarisch reflex Coronary reflex Diving reflex Oculocardiac reflex Baroreflex Reflex bradycardia Reflex tachycardia Respiratory Churchill - Cope reflex Other Acoustic reflex H - reflex Golgi tendon reflex Optokinetic Startle reaction Withdrawal reflex ( Crossed extensor reflex ) Symmetrical tonic neck reflex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golgi_tendon_reflex&oldid=795544224 '' Categories : Reflexes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 22 : 33 . About Wikipedia	reflex causing muscle relaxation so that tendons will not be torn	[ "The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex. Though muscle tension is increasing during the contraction, alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord supplying the muscle are inhibited. However, antagonistic muscles are activated." ]	[ "Golgi tendon reflex" ]
8664023792994860500	How Far I'll Go	How Far I 'll Go - wikipedia How Far I 'll Go Jump to : navigation , search `` How Far I 'll Go '' is a song from Disney 's 2016 animated feature film Moana . It was written and produced by Lin - Manuel Miranda . The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho in her role as Moana . Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack . The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to `` City of Stars '' from La La Land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Auli'i Cravalho version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Other languages 2.3 Charts 2.4 Certifications 2.4. 1 Alessia Cara version 2.4. 1.1 Blue Days version 2.5 Critical reception 2.6 Music video 2.7 Other languages 2.8 Charts 2.9 Certifications 3 Accolades 4 References Composition ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' was composed as Moana 's `` I Want '' song , following in the long tradition of `` I Want '' songs in Disney animated musicals going back to the Disney Renaissance era . It replaced an earlier attempt called `` More '' , for which the demo version recorded by Marcy Harriell was released as an outtake on the deluxe version of the soundtrack album . Although Miranda has stressed that he is still `` very proud of '' the song as a first draft , `` More '' was not good enough in retrospect because it merely expressed Moana 's vague desire to see more since she had already figured out everything about the island . In contrast , `` How Far I 'll Go '' expresses a deeper , richer message : Moana 's struggle with the irresistible impulse to explore beyond the reef notwithstanding her genuine love for her island , her family , and her people . As Miranda explained to People : `` To me that 's much more complicated than , ' I hate it here and I want to get out , ' ... To say , ' I love it here , I love my parents , but why ca n't I stop walking to the ocean and fantasizing about getting out of here ? ' And questioning that instinct ? It 's even more confusing . And that 's a valid story too . '' To make himself write a song more compelling than `` More '' , Miranda `` went method '' . According to Miranda , he locked himself in his childhood bedroom at his parents ' residence for an entire weekend in order to force his mind back to age 16 ( i.e. , the same age as Moana in the film ) , a time when he was facing what seemed like an `` impossible distance '' between the reality of his pleasant middle - class childhood which had no connection to show business whatsoever , and his dreams of a career in show business . He was well aware that he was composing the next Disney `` I Want '' song after `` Let It Go '' and that whatever he wrote had to be different from `` Let It Go '' . Auli'i Cravalho version ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' Song by Auli'i Cravalho from the album Moana Released November 18 , 2016 Format Digital download Genre Soul . Disney Length 2 : 43 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda Moana track listing `` Where You Are '' ( 3 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 4 ) `` We Know the Way '' ( 5 ) American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho , the voice of Moana , recorded `` How Far I 'll Go '' for Moana and the Moana soundtrack . It was released along with the album on November 18 , 2016 . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on December 12 , 2016 . Other languages ( edit ) When the movie had its first theater release worldwide , the song numbered 44 versions , including a special Tahitian - language adaptation created specifically for the movie . For promotional purposes , South African singer Lira and Filipino singer and actress Janella Salvador recorded their own English - language versions of the song in order to play them over the end credits on the South African and Filipino release of the film , while Indonesian singer Maudy Ayunda and Malaysian singer Ayda Jebat recorded their own versions of the song respectively in Indonesian and Malaysian language . On December 15 , a 5 - languages mash - up was released online , featuring singers from Southeast Asian countries : Janella Salvador from the Philippines , Maudy Ayunda from Indonesia , Myra Molloy from Thailand , Ayda Jebat from Malaysia and Trần Minh Như from Vietnam . Shortly thereafter , a 24 - languages video was released on Disney 's Vevo channel . In June 2017 , a Māori - language version of the movie , featuring four voice - actors from the original English cast , was announced . Three weeks later , New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana 's singing voice . The movie is set to be released in September 2017 . ( show ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Arabic كارمن عصام سليمان ( Carmen Essam Suleiman ) `` المجهول يناديني '' ( `` Almajhul inadini '' ) `` The unknown calls me '' Brazilian Portuguese Any Gabrielly `` Saber quem sou '' `` To know who I am '' Bulgarian Михаела Маринова ( Mihaela Marinova ) `` По пътя мой '' ( `` Po pŭtya moĭ '' ) `` On my way '' Cantonese 蘇麗珊 ( `` So Lai Shan '' ; Cecilia So ) ( zh ) `` 尋我的路 '' ( `` Chàhm ngóh dīk louh '' ) `` Find my own path '' Castilian Spanish María Parrado `` Qué hay más allá '' `` What 's beyond '' Catalan Ana Fernández Pellicer `` On aniré '' `` Where I will go '' Croatian Mia Negovetić `` Što dalje '' `` What 's further away '' Czech Michaela Tomešová ( cs ) `` Co je tam dál '' `` What 's next '' Danish Clara Rugaard - Larsen `` Hvor langt min verden når '' `` How far my world reaches '' Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Auli'i Cravalho Janella Salvador ( Philippines end credits ) Lira ( South Africa end credits ) `` How far I 'll go '' Estonian Kelly Tulvik `` Kui kaugel see '' `` How far it is '' European Portuguese Sara Madeira `` Onde irei ter '' `` Where I will get to '' Finnish Yasmine Yamajako `` Taivaanrantaan '' `` Into the horizon '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Debby Van Dooren `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Greek Μαρίνα Σάττι ( Marína Sátti ) ( el ) `` Αν θα την βρω '' ( `` An tha tin vro '' ) `` If I 'll find it '' Hebrew משי קלינשטיין ( Meshi Kleinstein ) ( he ) `` כמה רחוק '' ( `` Kama rachok '' ) `` How far '' Hindi श्रुति राणे ( Shruti Rane ) `` मंजिल हैं जो '' ( `` Manzil hai jo '' ) `` Where my destination is '' Hungarian Faluvégi Fanni `` Ahogy csillan a távoli fény '' `` How the distant shine gleams '' Icelandic Agla Bríet Einarsdóttir `` Hve langt ég fer '' `` How far I 'll go '' Indonesian ( Indonesia credits ) Maudy Ayunda `` Seberapa jauh ku melangkah '' `` How far I step '' Italian Chiara Grispo `` Oltre l'orizzonte '' `` Beyond the horizon '' Japanese 屋比久知奈 ( Tomona Yabiku ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Назерке Серікболова ( Nazerke Serikbolova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda baram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Korean 김소향 ( Kim So - Hyang ) `` 나 언젠간 떠날 거야 '' ( `` Na ŏnjen - gan ttŏnal gŏya '' ) `` When will I leave '' Latin American Spanish Sara Paula Gómez Arias `` Cuán lejos voy '' `` How far I go '' Latvian Vanda Siliņa `` Cik tālu došos es '' `` How far do I go '' Lithuanian Dorotėja Kravčenkaitė `` Plauksiu iš čia '' `` I 'll sail from here '' Malaysian ( Malaysia credits ) Ayda Jebat `` Bawaku berkelana '' `` Take me wander '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 刘美麟 ( Liú Měi - Lín ) ( zh ) `` 能走多远 '' ( `` Néng zǒu duō yuǎn '' ) `` How far I 'll go '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 吳以悠 ( `` Wú Yǐ - Yōu '' ; Monica Wu ) `` 海洋之心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Māori Jaedyn Randell TBA TBA Norwegian Nora Gjestvang `` Hvor langt jeg må '' `` How far I need '' Polish Weronika Bochat `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Romanian Ana Bianca Popescu `` E viața mea '' `` It 's my life '' Russian Зинаида Куприянович ( Zinaida Kupriyanovich ) ( ru ) `` Что меня ждёт '' ( `` Chto menya zhdyot '' ) `` What awaits me '' Serbian Ивона Рамбосек ( Ivona Rambosek ) ( sr ) `` Пучине зов '' ( `` Pučine zov '' ) `` Call of the high seas '' Slovak Monika Potokárová `` Svet plný krás , naozaj mám '' `` This beautiful world is truly mine '' Slovene Katja Ajster `` Do kod naj grem '' `` Where should I go '' Swedish Wiktoria Johansson `` Vad jag kan nå '' `` What I can reach '' Tahitian Sabrina Laughlin `` E fano ai au '' `` I will go '' Thai ไม ร่า มณี ภัสสร มอ ล ลอย ( Myra Molloy ) `` ห่าง เพียง ใด '' ( `` Hang - phiang - dai '' ) `` How far is it '' Turkish Ezgi Erol `` Uzaklara '' `` To far off places '' Ukrainian Маргарита Мелешко ( Margarita Maleshko ) `` Ця далина така ясна '' ( `` Tsya dalyna taka yasna '' ) `` This expance is so bright '' Vietnamese Trần Minh Như `` Chặng đường bao xa '' `` How far the way is '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 New Zealand Heatseekers ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 100 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Alessia Cara version ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' Single by Alessia Cara from the album Moana Released October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Format Digital download Genre synthpop tropical - R&B Length 2 : 55 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda Alessia Cara singles chronology `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` How Far I 'll Go '' on YouTube Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara recorded `` How Far I 'll Go '' for the Moana soundtrack , with the song being released ahead of the soundtrack on October 28 , 2016 . Blue Days version ( edit ) Canadian singers Innes Reid and Eileen Nash ( Blue Days ) recorded this soundtrack July 9 , 2017 Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos called the song `` inspirational and sweet '' and went on to say `` the uplifting song is a perfect fit into the Disney canon , with Cara belting lyrics about persevering to achieve her dreams in spite of her imperfections or detractors . '' US magazine Rap - Up said `` the empowering anthem allows the Canadian songstress to deliver outstanding vocals about overcoming adversity to reach for goals '' and labeled it `` a song with a message '' and an `` emotionally - charged track . '' Taylor Weatherby of Billboard dubbed it a `` bouncy , uplifting tune . '' Idolator 's Mike Wass said `` the inspiring anthem is the perfect antidote to the general ugliness of 2016 '' and called it `` a soaring ballad . '' Music video ( edit ) The official music video for the song , directed by Aya Tanimura , was released on November 3 , 2016 . Derek Lawrence of Entertainment Weekly described the video : `` The video finds Cara roaming an empty beach as she belts out lyrics that reflect the film 's plot about a young Polynesian girl setting sail for an epic adventure . '' The video was filmed at El Matador Beach in Malibu , California . Other languages ( edit ) In many versions of Moana , Alessia Cara 's version of the song played during the end credits . However , several localized adaptations of Cara 's version of the song were recorded for the end credits of the film as released in certain markets around the world . Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) ( Dutch ) , Laura Tesoro ( Flemish ) and Cerise Calixte ( French ) sang the song both for the end credits and the movie . ( hide ) `` How far I 'll go '' end credits version worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Alessia Cara `` How Far I 'll Go '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Helene Fischer `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Japanese 加藤ミリヤ ( Miliyah Kato ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Гулсим Мырзабекова ( Gulsim Myrzabekova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda daram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 吉克隽逸 ( `` Jike Junyì '' ; Summer Jike ) ( zh ) `` 海洋之心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 阿玲 ( `` Ā Líng '' ; A-Lin ) Polish Natalia Nykiel `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Russian Юлианна Караулова ( Yulianna Karaulova ) `` Ceрдцe мoё '' ( `` Syerdtse moyo '' ) `` My heart '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Malaysia ( RIM ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 79 Portugal ( AFP ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 80 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 56 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Moana ( 2016 film ) Awards Award Result Ref . Academy Awards Best Original Song Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Houston Film Critics Society Best Original Song St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Best Song References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor Weatherby ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go , ' Written By Lin - Manuel Miranda for Disney 's Upcoming Film ' Moana ' : Listen - Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gagliano , Rico ; Miranda , Lin - Manuel ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda on ' I Want ' Songs , Going Method for ' Moana ' and Fearing David Bowie '' ( Transcript ) . The Dinner Party Download . American Public Radio . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Dave ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` How Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Oscar - Nominated Moana Track Evolved into Disney 's Most Unique Ballad '' . People . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - How Far I 'll Go ( From ' Moana ' ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moana ' to be First Disney Film Translated Into Tahitian Language '' . EW.com. 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ El Broide , `` Lira Lends Her Voice To Disney 's Moana Soundtrack '' , People , November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios Philippines ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , Disney 's Moana - MV teaser - Janella Salvador , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Indonesia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana : Maudy Ayunda - Seb'rapa Jauh Ku Melangkah / How Far I 'll Go , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios , Malaysia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana `` How Far I 'll Go '' - Ayda Jebat , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Thailand ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , มิวสิค วิดีโอ Moana - How Far I 'll Go ( Mash up ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyMusicVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , Various Artists - How Far I 'll Go - Heard Around the World ( 24 Languages ) ( From `` Moana '' ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Speak Māori ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) , Te Reo Māori Moana Casting , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ disney portuguêsfrançais ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) , Meet the Maori Voices of Moana and Maui , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Moana '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Auli'i Cravalho -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Enter Auli'i Cravalho in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Kevin Apaza ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` World Premiere : Alessia Cara - `` How Far I 'll Go '' : Full Audio + Review `` . DirectLyrics . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's How Far I 'll Go From Moana Is Your New Anthem - E ! News '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Alessia Cara 's Lin - Manuel Miranda - Penned ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Alessia Cara - ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rap - Up '' . Rap - Up . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go ' Video - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara - How Far I 'll Go ( Official Video ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derek Lawrence ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara debuts beauty music video for ' Moana ' song ' How Far I 'll Go ' - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black Dog ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aya Tanimura directs Alessia Cara in `` How Far I 'll Go '' , music video to accompany Disney 's Moana `` . Black Dog Films . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vaiana ( Originele Nederlandstalige Soundtrack ) ' van Various Artists op Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana / Flemish cast '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ disneymusicfrVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) , Cerise Calixte - Le bleu lumière ( Interprétée par Cerise Calixte ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ disneymusicdeVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) , Helene Fischer - Ich bin bereit ( aus `` Vaiana '' / Helene Fischer Version ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` YESASIA : Moana Original Soundtrack ( Japanese Version ) ( Japan Version ) CD - Japan Animation Soundtrack , Movie Soundtrack - Japanese Music - Free Shipping '' . www.yesasia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How Far I 'll Go ( From `` Moana '' ) ( Kazakh Version ) - Single by Gulsim Myrzabekova on Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋之心 ( 吉克雋逸版 ) - Summer Jike Jump up ^ ku6entertainment ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , 《海洋奇缘》中文主题曲《海洋之心》全长 MV , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋之心 ( A-Lin Version ) Jump up ^ 迪士尼影業 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) , 《海洋奇緣》中文版主題曲 - A-Lin 〈海洋之心〉 Official Music Video , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyPolskaVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) , Natalia Nykiel - Pól kroku stad ( z filmu `` Vaiana - Skarb Oceanu '' / Official Lyric Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` '' Моана ( Оригинальный саундтрек ) '' ( Разные Артисты ) в Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 13 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 8 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 7 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201709 into search . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications '' . British Phonographic Industry . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Guardian Film ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2017 : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations 2017 : Full List of Nominees - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton Davis ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations - ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual StLFCA Awards - St. Louis Film Critics Association '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` Seventeen '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` I Can Only '' `` Remember Home '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Far_I%27ll_Go&oldid=806479776 '' Categories : 2016 songs Alessia Cara songs Songs from animated films Disney songs 2016 singles Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 08 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings how far it goes in moana	[ "\"How Far I'll Go\" is a song from Disney's 2016 animated feature film Moana. It was written and produced by Lin-Manuel Miranda.[1] The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auli'i Cravalho in her role as Moana. Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to \"City of Stars\" from La La Land." ]	[ "Auli'i Cravalho" ]
-3669358685357748173	Jehovah	Jehovah - wikipedia Jehovah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the word Jehovah . For the deity , see God in Abrahamic religions . For other uses , see Jehovah ( disambiguation ) . `` Jehovah '' at Exodus 6 : 3 ( 1611 King James Version ) Jehovah ( / dʒ ɪˈhoʊvə / ji - HOH - və ) is a Latinization of the Hebrew יְהֹוָה ‬ , one vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יהוה ‬ ( YHWH ) , the proper name of the God of Israel in the Hebrew Bible and one of the seven names of God in Judaism . The consensus among scholars is that the historical vocalization of the Tetragrammaton at the time of the redaction of the Torah ( 6th century BCE ) is most likely Yahweh . The historical vocalization was lost because in Second Temple Judaism , during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE , the pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton came to be avoided , being substituted with Adonai ( `` my Lord '' ) . The Hebrew vowel points of Adonai were added to the Tetragrammaton by the Masoretes , and the resulting form was transliterated around the 12th century as Yehowah . The derived forms Iehouah and Jehovah first appeared in the 16th century . `` Jehovah '' was popularized in the English - speaking world by William Tyndale and other pioneer English Protestant translations such as the Geneva Bible and the King James Version . It is still used in some translations , such as the New World Translation , the American Standard Version , and Young 's Literal Translation , but it does not appear in most mainstream English translations , as the terms `` Lord '' or `` LORD '' : used instead , generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is Yahweh or YHWH . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciation 1.1 Development 1.1. 1 Vowel points of יְהֹוָה ‬ and אֲדֹנָי ‬ 1.2 Introduction into English 2 Hebrew vowel points 2.1 Proponents of pre-Christian origin 2.2 Proponents of later origin 3 Early modern arguments 3.1 Discourses rejecting Jehovah 3.2 Discourses defending Jehovah 3.3 Summary of discourses 4 Usage in English Bible translations 4.1 Non-usage 5 Other usage 6 Similar Greek names 6.1 Ancient 6.2 Modern 7 Similar Latin and English transcriptions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Pronunciation The name Iehova at a Norwegian church . Most scholars believe `` Jehovah '' ( also transliterated as `` Yehowah '' ) to be a hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters JHVH with the vowels of Adonai . Some hold that there is evidence that a form of the Tetragrammaton similar to Jehovah may have been in use in Semitic and Greek phonetic texts and artifacts from Late Antiquity . Others say that it is the pronunciation Yahweh that is testified in both Christian and pagan texts of the early Christian era . Karaite Jews , as proponents of the rendering Jehovah , state that although the original pronunciation of יהוה has been obscured by disuse of the spoken name according to oral Rabbinic law , well - established English transliterations of other Hebrew personal names are accepted in normal usage , such as Joshua , Jeremiah , Isaiah or Jesus , for which the original pronunciations may be unknown . They also point out that `` the English form Jehovah is quite simply an Anglicized form of Y hovah , '' and preserves the four Hebrew consonants `` YHVH '' ( with the introduction of the `` J '' sound in English ) . Some argue that Jehovah is preferable to Yahweh , based on their conclusion that the Tetragrammaton was likely tri-syllabic originally , and that modern forms should therefore also have three syllables . Biblical scholar Francis B. Dennio , in an article he wrote , in the Journal of Biblical Literature , said : `` Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu . The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right . '' Dennio argued that the form `` Jehovah '' is not a barbarism , but is the best English form available , being that it has for centuries gathered the necessary connotations and associations for valid use in English . According to a Jewish tradition developed during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BCE , the Tetragrammaton is written but not pronounced . When read , substitute terms replace the divine name where יְהֹוָה ‬ appears in the text . It is widely assumed , as proposed by the 19th - century Hebrew scholar Gesenius , that the vowels of the substitutes of the name -- Adonai ( Lord ) and Elohim ( God ) -- were inserted by the Masoretes to indicate that these substitutes were to be used . When יהוה precedes or follows Adonai , the Masoretes placed the vowel points of Elohim into the Tetragrammaton , producing a different vocalization of the Tetragrammaton יֱהֹוִה ‬ , which was read as Elohim . Based on this reasoning , the form יְהֹוָה ‬ ( Jehovah ) has been characterized by some as a `` hybrid form '' , and even `` a philological impossibility '' . Early modern translators disregarded the practice of reading Adonai ( or its equivalents in Greek and Latin , Κύριος and Dominus ) in place of the Tetragrammaton and instead combined the four Hebrew letters of the Tetragrammaton with the vowel points that , except in synagogue scrolls , accompanied them , resulting in the form Jehovah . This form , which first took effect in works dated 1278 and 1303 , was adopted in Tyndale 's and some other Protestant translations of the Bible . In the 1560 Geneva Bible , the Tetragrammaton is translated as Jehovah six times , four as the proper name , and two as place - names . In the 1611 King James Version , Jehovah occurred seven times . In the 1885 English Revised Version , the form Jehovah occurs twelve times . In the 1901 American Standard Version the form `` Je - ho'vah '' became the regular English rendering of the Hebrew יהוה , all throughout , in preference to the previously dominant `` the LORD '' , which is generally used in the King James Version . It is also used in Christian hymns such as the 1771 hymn , `` Guide Me , O Thou Great Jehovah '' . Development The most widespread theory is that the Hebrew term יְהֹוָה ‬ has the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ‬ ( adonai ) . Using the vowels of adonai , the composite hataf patah ֲ ‬ under the guttural alef א becomes a sheva ְ ‬ under the yod י , the holam ֹ ‬ is placed over the first he ה , and the qamats ָ ‬ is placed under the vav ו , giving יְהֹוָה ‬ ( Jehovah ) . When the two names , יהוה and אדני , occur together , the former is pointed with a hataf segol ֱ ‬ under the yod י and a hiriq ִ ‬ under the second he ה , giving יֱהֹוִה ‬ , to indicate that it is to be read as ( elohim ) in order to avoid adonai being repeated . Taking the spellings at face value may have been as a result of not knowing about the Q 're perpetuum , resulting in the transliteration Yehowah and derived variants . Emil G. Hirsch was among the modern scholars that recognized `` Jehovah '' to be `` grammatically impossible '' . A 1552 Latin translation of the Sefer Yetzirah , using the form Iehouah for the `` magnum Nomen tetragrammatum '' . יְהֹוָה ‬ appears 6,518 times in the traditional Masoretic Text , in addition to 305 instances of יֱהֹוִה ‬ ( Jehovih ) . The pronunciation Jehovah is believed to have arisen through the introduction of vowels of the qere -- the marginal notation used by the Masoretes . In places where the consonants of the text to be read ( the qere ) differed from the consonants of the written text ( the kethib ) , they wrote the qere in the margin to indicate that the kethib was read using the vowels of the qere . For a few very frequent words the marginal note was omitted , referred to as q 're perpetuum . One of these frequent cases was God 's name , which was not to be pronounced in fear of profaning the `` ineffable name '' . Instead , wherever יהוה ( YHWH ) appears in the kethib of the biblical and liturgical books , it was to be read as אֲדֹנָי ‬ ( adonai , `` My Lord ( plural of majesty ) '' ) , or as אֱלֹהִים ‬ ( elohim , `` God '' ) if adonai appears next to it . This combination produces יְהֹוָה ‬ ( yehovah ) and יֱהֹוִה ‬ ( yehovih ) respectively . יהוה is also written ' ה , or even ' ד , and read ha - Shem ( `` the name '' ) . Scholars are not in total agreement as to why יְהֹוָה ‬ does not have precisely the same vowel points as adonai . The use of the composite hataf segol ֱ ‬ in cases where the name is to be read , `` elohim '' , has led to the opinion that the composite hataf patah ֲ ‬ ought to have been used to indicate the reading , `` adonai '' . It has been argued conversely that the disuse of the patah is consistent with the Babylonian system , in which the composite is uncommon . Vowel points of יְהֹוָה ‬ and אֲדֹנָי ‬ The spelling of the Tetragrammaton and connected forms in the Hebrew Masoretic text of the Bible , with vowel points shown in red . The table below shows the vowel points of Yehovah and Adonay , indicating the simple sheva in Yehovah in contrast to the hataf patah in Adonay . As indicated to the right , the vowel points used when YHWH is intended to be pronounced as Adonai are slightly different to those used in Adonai itself . Hebrew ( Strong 's # 3068 ) YEHOVAH יְהֹוָה ‬ Hebrew ( Strong 's # 136 ) ADONAY אֲדֹנָי ‬ י Yod Y א Aleph glottal stop ְ ‬ Simple sheva ֲ ‬ Hataf patah ה He ד Dalet ֹ ‬ Holam O ֹ ‬ Holam O ו Vav V נ Nun ָ ‬ Qamats ָ ‬ Qamats ה He י Yod Y The difference between the vowel points of ' ǎdônây and YHWH is explained by the rules of Hebrew morphology and phonetics . Sheva and hataf - patah were allophones of the same phoneme used in different situations : hataf - patah on glottal consonants including aleph ( such as the first letter in Adonai ) , and simple sheva on other consonants ( such as the Y in YHWH ) . Introduction into English The `` peculiar , special , honorable and most blessed name of God '' Iehoua , an older English form of Jehovah ( Roger Hutchinson , The image of God , 1550 ) The earliest available Latin text to use a vocalization similar to Jehovah dates from the 13th century . The Brown - Driver - Briggs Lexicon suggested that the pronunciation Jehovah was unknown until 1520 when it was introduced by Galatinus , who defended its use . In English it appeared in William Tyndale 's translation of the Pentateuch ( `` The Five Books of Moses '' ) published in 1530 in Germany , where Tyndale had studied since 1524 , possibly in one or more of the universities at Wittenberg , Worms and Marburg , where Hebrew was taught . The spelling used by Tyndale was `` Iehouah '' ; at that time , `` I '' was not distinguished from J , and U was not distinguished from V . The original 1611 printing of the Authorized King James Version used `` Iehovah '' . Tyndale wrote about the divine name : `` IEHOUAH ( Jehovah ) , is God 's name ; neither is any creature so called ; and it is as much to say as , One that is of himself , and dependeth of nothing . Moreover , as oft as thou seest LORD in great letters ( except there be any error in the printing ) , it is in Hebrew Iehouah , Thou that art ; or , He that is . '' The name is also found in a 1651 edition of Ramón Martí 's Pugio fidei . The name Jehovah appeared in all early Protestant Bibles in English , except Coverdale 's translation in 1535 . The Roman Catholic Douay - Rheims Bible used `` the Lord '' , corresponding to the Latin Vulgate 's use of `` Dominus '' ( Latin for `` Adonai '' , `` Lord '' ) to represent the Tetragrammaton . The Authorized King James Version , which used `` Jehovah '' in a few places , most frequently gave `` the LORD '' as the equivalent of the Tetragrammaton . The name Jehovah appeared in John Rogers ' Matthew Bible in 1537 , the Great Bible of 1539 , the Geneva Bible of 1560 , Bishop 's Bible of 1568 and the King James Version of 1611 . More recently , it has been used in the Revised Version of 1885 , the American Standard Version in 1901 , and the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures of Jehovah 's Witnesses in 1961 . At Exodus 6 : 3 -- 6 , where the King James Version has Jehovah , the Revised Standard Version ( 1952 ) , the New American Standard Bible ( 1971 ) , the New International Version ( 1978 ) , the New King James Version ( 1982 ) , the New Revised Standard Version ( 1989 ) , the New Century Version ( 1991 ) , and the Contemporary English Version ( 1995 ) give `` LORD '' or `` Lord '' as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton , while the New Jerusalem Bible ( 1985 ) , the Amplified Bible ( 1987 ) , the New Living Translation ( 1996 , revised 2007 ) , the English Standard Version ( 2001 ) , and the Holman Christian Standard Bible ( 2004 ) use the form Yahweh . Hebrew vowel points Modern guides to biblical Hebrew grammar , such as Duane A Garrett 's A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew state that the Hebrew vowel points now found in printed Hebrew Bibles were invented in the second half of the first millennium AD , long after the texts were written . This is indicated in the authoritative Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius , `` Jehovist '' scholars , largely earlier than the 20th century , who believe / dʒ əˈhoʊvə / to be the original pronunciation of the divine name , argue that the Hebraic vowel - points and accents were known to writers of the scriptures in antiquity and that both Scripture and history argue in favor of their ab origine status to the Hebrew language . Some members of Karaite Judaism , such as Nehemia Gordon , hold this view . The antiquity of the vowel points and of the rendering Jehovah was defended by various scholars , including Michaelis , Drach , Stier , William Fulke ( 1583 ) , Johannes Buxtorf , his son Johannes Buxtorf II , and John Owen ( 17th century ) ; Peter Whitfield and John Gill ( 18th century ) , John Moncrieff ( 19th century ) , Johann Friedrich von Meyer ( 1832 ) Thomas D. Ross has given an account of the controversy on this matter in England down to 1833 . G.A. Riplinger , John Hinton , Thomas M. Strouse , are more recent defenders of the authenticity of the vowel points . Jehovist writers such as Nehemia Gordon , who helped make a translation of the `` Dead Sea Scrolls '' , have acknowledged the general agreement among scholars that the original pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton was probably Yahweh , and that the vowel points now attached to the Tetragrammaton were added to indicate that Adonai was to be read instead , as seen in the alteration of those points after prefixes . He wrote : `` There is a virtual scholarly consensus concerning this name '' and `` this is presented as fact in every introduction to Biblical Hebrew and every scholarly discussion of the name . '' Gordon , disputing this consensus , wrote , `` However , this consensus is not based on decisive proof . We have seen that the scholarly consensus concerning Yahweh is really just a wild guess , '' and went on to say that the vowel points of Adonai are not correct . He argued that `` the name is really pronounced Ye - ho - vah with the emphasis on ' vah ' . Pronouncing the name Yehovah with the emphasis on ' ho ' ( as in English Jehovah ) would quite simply be a mistake . '' Proponents of pre-christian origin 18th - century theologian John Gill puts forward the arguments of 17th - century Johannes Buxtorf II and others in his writing , A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language , Letters , Vowel - Points and Accents . He argued for an extreme antiquity of their use , rejecting the idea that the vowel points were invented by the Masoretes . Gill presented writings , including passages of scripture , that he interpreted as supportive of his `` Jehovist '' viewpoint that the Old Testament must have included vowel - points and accents . He claimed that the use of Hebrew vowel points of יְהֹוָה ‬ , and therefore of the name Jehovah / jəˈhoʊvə / , is documented from before 200 BCE , and even back to Adam , citing Jewish tradition that Hebrew was the first language . He argued that throughout this history the Masoretes did not invent the vowel points and accents , but that they were delivered to Moses by God at Sinai , citing Karaite authorities Mordechai ben Nisan Kukizov ( 1699 ) and his associates , who stated that `` all our wise men with one mouth affirm and profess that the whole law was pointed and accented , as it came out of the hands of Moses , the man of God . '' The argument between Karaite and Rabbinic Judaism on whether it was lawful to pronounce the name represented by the Tetragrammaton is claimed to show that some copies have always been pointed ( voweled ) and that some copies were not pointed with the vowels because of `` oral law '' , for control of interpretation by some Judeo sects , including non-pointed copies in synagogues . Gill claimed that the pronunciation / jəˈhoʊvə / can be traced back to early historical sources which indicate that vowel points and / or accents were used in their time . Sources Gill claimed supported his view include : The Book of Cosri and commentator Rabbi Judab Muscatus , which claim that the vowel points were taught to Adam by God . Saadiah Gaon ( 927 AD ) Jerome ( 380 AD ) Origen ( 250 AD ) The Zohar ( 120 AD ) Jesus Christ ( 31 AD ) , based on Gill 's interpretation of Matthew 5 : 18 Hillel the Elder and Shammai division ( 30 BC ) Karaites ( 120 BCE ) Demetrius Phalereus , librarian for Ptolemy II Philadelphus king of Egypt ( 277 BCE ) Gill quoted Elia Levita , who said , `` There is no syllable without a point , and there is no word without an accent , '' as showing that the vowel points and the accents found in printed Hebrew Bibles have a dependence on each other , and so Gill attributed the same antiquity to the accents as to the vowel points . Gill acknowledged that Levita , `` first asserted the vowel points were invented by `` the men of Tiberias '' , but made reference to his condition that `` if anyone could convince him that his opinion was contrary to the book of Zohar , he should be content to have it rejected . '' Gill then alludes to the book of Zohar , stating that rabbis declared it older than the Masoretes , and that it attests to the vowel - points and accents . William Fulke , John Gill , John Owen , and others held that Jesus Christ referred to a Hebrew vowel point or accent at Matthew 5 : 18 , indicated in the King James Version by the word tittle . The 1602 Spanish Bible ( Reina - Valera / Cipriano de Valera ) used the name Iehova and gave a lengthy defense of the pronunciation Jehovah in its preface . Proponents of later origin Despite Jehovist claims that vowel signs are necessary for reading and understanding Hebrew , modern Hebrew ( apart from young children 's books , some formal poetry and Hebrew primers for new immigrants ) , is written without vowel points . The Torah scrolls do not include vowel points , and ancient Hebrew was written without vowel signs . The Dead Sea Scrolls , discovered in 1946 and dated from 400 BC to 70 AD , include texts from the Torah or Pentateuch and from other parts of the Hebrew Bible , and have provided documentary evidence that , in spite of claims to the contrary , the original Hebrew texts were in fact written without vowel points . Menahem Mansoor 's The Dead Sea Scrolls : A College Textbook and a Study Guide claims the vowel points found in printed Hebrew Bibles were devised in the 9th and 10th centuries . Gill 's view that the Hebrew vowel points were in use at the time of Ezra or even since the origin of the Hebrew language is stated in an early 19th - century study in opposition to `` the opinion of most learned men in modern times '' , according to whom the vowel points had been `` invented since the time of Christ '' . The study presented the following considerations : The argument that vowel points are necessary for learning to read Hebrew is refuted by the fact that the Samaritan text of the Bible is read without them and that several other Semitic languages , kindred to Hebrew , are written without any indications of the vowels . The books used in synagogue worship have always been without vowel points , which , unlike the letters , have thus never been treated as sacred . The Qere Kethib marginal notes give variant readings only of the letters , never of the points , an indication either that these were added later or that , if they already existed , they were seen as not so important . The Kabbalists drew their mysteries only from the letters and completely disregarded the points , if there were any . In several cases , ancient translations from the Hebrew Bible ( Septuagint , Targum , Aquila of Sinope , Symmachus , Theodotion , Jerome ) read the letters with vowels different from those indicated by the points , an indication that the texts from which they were translating were without points . The same holds for Origen 's transliteration of the Hebrew text into Greek letters . Jerome expressly speaks of a word in Habakkuk 3 : 5 , which in the present Masoretic Text has three consonant letters and two vowel points , as being of three letters and no vowel whatever . Neither the Jerusalem Talmud nor the Babylonian Talmud ( in all their recounting of Rabbinical disputes about the meaning of words ) , nor Philo nor Josephus , nor any Christian writer for several centuries after Christ make any reference to vowel points . Early modern arguments In the 16th and 17th centuries , various arguments were presented for and against the transcription of the form Jehovah . Discourses rejecting Jehovah Author Discourse Comments John Drusius ( Johannes Van den Driesche ) ( 1550 -- 1616 ) Tetragrammaton , sive de Nomine Die proprio , quod Tetragrammaton vocant ( 1604 ) Drusius stated `` Galatinus first led us to this mistake ... I know ( of ) nobody who read ( it ) thus earlier ... '' ). ( 4 ) An editor of Drusius in 1698 knows of an earlier reading in Porchetus de Salvaticis however . ( 5 ) John Drusius wrote that neither יְהֹוָה ‬ nor יֱהֹוִה ‬ accurately represented God 's name . Sixtinus Amama ( 1593 -- 1659 ) De nomine tetragrammato ( 1628 ) ( 6 ) Sixtinus Amama , was a Professor of Hebrew in the University of Franeker . A pupil of Drusius. ( 7 ) Louis Cappel ( 1585 -- 1658 ) De nomine tetragrammato ( 1624 ) Lewis Cappel reached the conclusion that Hebrew vowel points were not part of the original Hebrew language . This view was strongly contested by John Buxtorff the elder and his son . James Altingius ( 1618 -- 1679 ) Exercitatio grammatica de punctis ac pronunciatione tetragrammati James Altingius was a learned German divine . ( 8 ) Discourses defending Jehovah Author Discourse Comments Nicholas Fuller ( 1557 -- 1626 ) Dissertatio de nomine יהוה Nicholas was a Hebraist and a theologian. ( 9 ) John Buxtorf ( 1564 -- 1629 ) Disserto de nomine JHVH ( 1620 ) ; Tiberias , sive Commentarius Masoreticus ( 1664 ) John Buxtorf the elder ( 10 ) opposed the views of Elia Levita regarding the late origin ( invention by the Masoretes ) of the Hebrew vowel points , a subject which gave rise to the controversy between Louis Cappel and his ( e.g. John Buxtorf the elder 's ) son , Johannes Buxtorf II the younger . Johannes Buxtorf II ( 1599 -- 1664 ) Tractatus de punctorum origine , antiquitate , et authoritate , oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli ( 1648 ) Continued his father 's arguments that the pronunciation and therefore the Hebrew vowel points resulting in the name Jehovah have divine inspiration . Thomas Gataker ( 1574 -- 1654 ) ( 11 ) De Nomine Tetragrammato Dissertaio ( 1645 ) ( 12 ) See Memoirs of the Puritans Thomas Gataker . John Leusden ( 1624 -- 1699 ) Dissertationes tres , de vera lectione nominis Jehova John Leusden wrote three discourses in defense of the name Jehovah. ( 13 ) Summary of discourses In A Dictionary of the Bible ( 1863 ) , William Robertson Smith summarized these discourses , concluding that `` whatever , therefore , be the true pronunciation of the word , there can be little doubt that it is not Jehovah '' . Despite this , he consistently uses the name Jehovah throughout his dictionary and when translating Hebrew names . Some examples include Isaiah ( Jehovah 's help or salvation ) , Jehoshua ( Jehovah a helper ) , Jehu ( Jehovah is He ) . In the entry , Jehovah , Smith writes : `` JEHOVAH ( יְהֹוָה ‬ , usually with the vowel points of אֲדֹנָי ‬ ; but when the two occur together , the former is pointed יֱהֹוִה ‬ , that is with the vowels of אֱלֹהִים ‬ , as in Obad . i . 1 , Hab . iii. 19 : '' This practice is also observed in many modern publications , such as the New Compact Bible Dictionary ( Special Crusade Edition ) of 1967 and Peloubet 's Bible Dictionary of 1947 . Usage in English Bible translations The following versions of the Bible render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses : William Tyndale , in his 1530 translation of the first five books of the English Bible , at Exodus 6 : 3 renders the divine name as Iehovah . In his foreword to this edition he wrote : `` Iehovah is God 's name ... Moreover , as oft as thou seeist LORD in great letters ( except there be any error in the printing ) it is in Hebrew Iehovah . '' The Great Bible ( 1539 ) renders Jehovah in Psalm 33 : 12 and Psalm 83 : 18 . The Geneva Bible ( 1560 ) translates the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah in Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , and two other times as place - names , Genesis 22 : 14 and Exodus 17 : 15 . In the Bishop 's Bible ( 1568 ) , the word Jehovah occurs in Exodus 6 : 3 and Psalm 83 : 18 . The Authorized King James Version ( 1611 ) renders Jehovah in Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 , Isaiah 26 : 4 , and three times in compound place names at Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 and Judges 6 : 24 . Webster 's Bible Translation ( 1833 ) by Noah Webster , a revision of the King James Bible , contains the form Jehovah in all cases where it appears in the original King James Version , as well as another seven times in Isaiah 51 : 21 , Jeremiah 16 : 21 ; 23 : 6 ; 32 : 18 ; 33 : 16 , Amos 5 : 8 and Micah 4 : 13 . Young 's Literal Translation by Robert Young ( 1862 , 1898 ) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,831 times . The Julia E. Smith Parker Translation ( 1876 ) considered the first complete translation of the Bible into English by a woman . This Bible version was titled The Holy Bible : Containing the Old and New Testaments ; Translated Literally from the Original Tongues . This translation prominently renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the entire Old Testament . The English Revised Version ( 1881 - 1885 , published with the Apocrypha in 1894 ) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah where it appears in the King James Version , and another eight times in Exodus 6 : 2 , 6 -- 8 , Psalm 68 : 20 , Isaiah 49 : 14 , Jeremiah 16 : 21 and Habakkuk 3 : 19 . The Darby Bible ( 1890 ) by John Nelson Darby renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,810 times . The American Standard Version ( 1901 ) renders the Tetragrammaton as Je - ho'vah in 6,823 places in the Old Testament . The Modern Reader 's Bible ( 1914 ) an annotated reference study Bible based on the English Revised Version of 1894 by Richard Moulton , renders Jehovah where it appears in the English Revised Version of 1894 . The Holy Scriptures ( 1936 , 1951 ) , Hebrew Publishing Company , revised by Alexander Harkavy , a Hebrew Bible translation in English , contains the form Jehovah where it appears in the King James Version except in Isaiah 26 : 4 . The Modern Language Bible -- The New Berkeley Version in Modern English ( 1969 ) renders Jehovah in Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 3 : 15 , Exodus 6 : 3 and Isaiah 12 : 2 . This translation was a revision of an earlier translation by Gerrit Verkuyl . The New English Bible ( 1970 ) published by Oxford University Press uses Jehovah in Exodus 3 : 15 - 16 and 6 : 3 , and in four place names at Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 and Ezekiel 48 : 35 . A total of 7 times . The King James II Version ( 1971 ) by Jay P. Green , Sr. , published by Associated Publishers and Authors , renders Jehovah at Psalms 68 : 4 in addition to where it appears in the Authorized King James Version , a total of 8 times . The Living Bible ( 1971 ) by Kenneth N. Taylor , published by Tyndale House Publishers , Illinois , Jehovah appears 500 times according to the Living Bible Concordance by Jack Atkeson Speer and published by Poolesville Presbyterian Church ; 2nd edition ( 1973 ) . The Bible in Living English ( 1972 ) by Steven T. Byington , published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society , renders the name Jehovah throughout the Old Testament over 6,800 times . Green 's Literal Translation ( 1985 ) by Jay P. Green , published by Sovereign Grace Publishers , renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah 6,866 times . The 21st Century King James Version ( 1994 ) , published by Deuel Enterprises , Inc. , renders Jehovah at Psalms 68 : 4 in addition to where it appears in the Authorized King James Version , a total of 8 times . A revision including the Apocrypha entitled the Third Millennium Bible ( 1998 ) also renders Jehovah in the same verses . The American King James Version ( 1999 ) by Michael Engelbrite renders Jehovah in all the places where it appears in the Authorized King James Version . The Recovery Version ( 1999 , 2003 , 2016 ) renders the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah throughout the Old Testament 6,841 times . The Original Aramaic Bible in Plain English ( 2010 ) by David Bauscher , a self - published English translation of the New Testament , from the Aramaic of The Peshitta New Testament with a translation of the ancient Aramaic Peshitta version of Psalms & Proverbs , contains the word `` JEHOVAH '' approximately 239 times in the New Testament , where the Peshitta itself does not . In addition , `` Jehovah '' also appears 695 times in the Psalms and 87 times in Proverbs , totaling 1,021 instances . The Divine Name King James Bible ( 2011 ) replaces the capitalized GOD and LORD with the English translation Jehovah in 6,973 places . Bible translations with the divine name in the New Testament : In the Emphatic Diaglott ( 1864 ) a translation of the New Testament by Benjamin Wilson , the name Jehovah appears eighteen times . The Five Pauline Epistles , A New Translation ( 1900 ) by William Gunion Rutherford uses the name Jehovah six times in the Book of Romans . Bible translations with the divine name in both the Old Testament and the New Testament : render the Tetragrammaton as Jehovah either exclusively or in selected verses : In the New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures ( 1961 , 1984 , 2013 ) published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society , Jehovah appears 7,199 times in the 1961 edition , 7,210 times in the 1984 revision and 7,216 times in the 2013 revision , comprising 6,979 instances in the Old Testament , and 237 in the New Testament -- including 70 of the 78 times where the New Testament quotes an Old Testament passage containing the Tetragrammaton , where the Tetragrammaton does not appear in any extant Greek manuscript . The Sacred Scriptures Bethel Edition ( 1981 ) is a Sacred Name Bible which uses the name `` Yahweh '' in both the Old and New Testaments ( Chamberlin p. 51 - 3 ) . It was produced by the Assemblies of Yahweh elder , the late Jacob O. Meyer , based on the American Standard Version of 1901 . Non-usage The Douay Version of 1609 renders the phrase in Exodus 6 : 3 as `` and my name Adonai '' , and in its footnote says : `` Adonai is not the name here vttered to Moyses but is redde in place of the vnknowen name '' . The Challoner revision ( 1750 ) uses ADONAI with a note stating , `` some moderns have framed the name Jehovah , unknown to all the ancients , whether Jews or Christians . '' Various Messianic Jewish Bible translations use Adonai ( Complete Jewish Bible ( 1998 ) , Tree of Life Version ( 2014 ) or Hashem ( Orthodox Jewish Bible ( 2002 ) ) . A few sacred name Bibles use the Tetragrammaton instead of a generic title ( e.g. , the LORD ) or a conjectural transliteration ( e.g. , Yahweh or Jehovah ) : The Scriptures ( ISR ) Version ( 1993 , 1998 , 2009 ) Sacred Name King James Bible ( 2005 ) . HalleluYah Scriptures ( 2009 , 2015 ) . Literal English Version ( 2014 ) Most modern translations exclusively use Lord or LORD , generally indicating that the corresponding Hebrew is Yahweh or YHWH ( not JHVH ) , and in some cases saying that this name is `` traditionally '' transliterated as Jehovah : The Revised Standard Version ( 1952 ) , an authorized revision of the American Standard Version of 1901 , replaced all 6,823 usages of Jehovah in the 1901 text with `` LORD '' or `` GOD '' , depending on whether the Hebrew of the verse in question is read `` Adonai '' or `` Elohim '' in Jewish practice . A footnote on Exodus 3 : 15 says : `` The word LORD when spelled with capital letters , stands for the divine name , YHWH . '' The preface states : `` The word ' Jehovah ' does not accurately represent any form of the name ever used in Hebrew '' . The New American Bible ( 1970 , revised 1986 , 1991 ) . Its footnote to Genesis 4 : 25 -- 26 says : `` ... men began to call God by his personal name , Yahweh , rendered as `` the LORD '' in this version of the Bible . '' The New American Standard Bible ( 1971 , updated 1995 ) , another revision of the 1901 American Standard Version , followed the example of the Revised Standard Version . Its footnotes to Exodus 3 : 14 and 6 : 3 state : `` Related to the name of God , YHWH , rendered LORD , which is derived from the verb HAYAH , to be '' ; `` Heb YHWH , usually rendered LORD '' . In its preface it says : `` It is known that for many years YHWH has been transliterated as Yahweh , however no complete certainty attaches to this pronunciation . '' The Bible in Today 's English ( Good News Bible ) , published by the American Bible Society ( 1976 ) . Its preface states : `` the distinctive Hebrew name for God ( usually transliterated Jehovah or Yahweh ) is in this translation represented by ' The Lord ' . '' A footnote to Exodus 3 : 14 states : `` I am sounds like the Hebrew name Yahweh traditionally transliterated as Jehovah . '' The New International Version ( 1978 , revised 2011 ) . Footnote to Exodus 3 : 15 , `` The Hebrew for LORD sounds like and may be related to the Hebrew for I AM in verse 14 . '' The New King James Version ( 1982 ) , though based on the King James Version , replaces JEHOVAH wherever it appears in the Authorized King James Version with `` LORD '' , and adds a note : `` Hebrew YHWH , traditionally Jehovah '' , except at Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 where the tetragrammaton is rendered `` Yah '' . The God 's Word Translation ( 1985 ) . The New Revised Standard Version ( 1990 ) , a revision of the Revised Standard Version uses `` LORD '' and `` GOD '' exclusively . The New Century Version ( 1987 , revised 1991 ) . The New International Reader 's Version ( 1995 ) . The Contemporary English Version or CEV ( also known as Bible for Today 's Family ) ( 1995 ) . The English Standard Version ( 2001 ) . Footnote to Exodus 3 : 15 , `` The word LORD , when spelled with capital letters , stands for the divine name , YHWH , which is here connected with the verb hayah , ' to be ' . '' The Common English Bible ( 2011 ) . The Modern English Version ( 2014 ) . A few translations use titles such as The Eternal : Moffatt , New Translation ( 1922 ) The Voice ( 2012 ) Some translations use both Yahweh and LORD : The Bible , An American Translation ( 1939 ) by J.M. Powis Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed . Generally uses `` LORD '' but uses Yahweh and / or `` Yah '' exactly where Jehovah appears in the King James Version except in Psalms 83 : 18 , `` Yahweh '' also appears in Exodus 3 : 15 . The Amplified Bible ( 1965 , revised 1987 ) generally uses Lord , but translates Exodus 6 : 3 as : `` I appeared to Abraham , to Isaac , and to Jacob as God Almighty ( El - Shaddai ) , but by My name the Lord ( Yahweh -- the redemptive name of God ) I did not make Myself known to them ( in acts and great miracles ) . '' The New Living Translation ( 1996 ) , produced by Tyndale House Publishers as a successor to the Living Bible , generally uses LORD , but uses Yahweh in Exodus 3 : 15 and 6 : 3 . The Holman Christian Standard Bible ( 2004 , revised 2008 ) mainly uses LORD , but in its second edition increased the number of times it uses Yahweh from 78 to 495 ( in 451 verses ) . Some translate the Tetragrammaton exclusively as Yahweh : Rotherham 's Emphasized Bible ( 1902 ) retains `` Yahweh '' throughout the Old Testament . The Jerusalem Bible ( 1966 ) . The New Jerusalem Bible ( 1985 ) . The Christian Community Bible ( 1988 ) is a translation of the Christian Bible in the English language originally produced in the Philippines and uses `` Yahweh '' . The World English Bible ( 1997 ) is based on the 1901 American Standard Version , but uses `` Yahweh '' instead of `` Jehovah '' . Hebraic Roots Bible ( 2009 , 2012 ) The Lexham English Bible ( 2011 ) uses `` Yahweh '' in the Old Testament . Names of God Bible ( 2011 , 2014 ) , edited by Ann Spangler and published by Baker Publishing Group . The core text of the 2011 edition uses the God 's Word translation . The core text of the 2014 edition uses the King James Version , and includes Jehovah next to Yahweh where `` LORD Jehovah '' appears in the source text . The print edition of both versions have divine names printed in brown and includes a commentary . Both editions use `` Yahweh '' in the Old Testament . Other usage The name `` Jehovah '' on the dome of the Old Catholic St. Martinskirche in Olten , Switzerland , 1521 Following the Middle Ages , some churches and public buildings across Europe , both before and after the Protestant Reformation were decorated with the name Jehovah . For example , the Coat of Arms of Plymouth ( UK ) City Council bears the Latin inscription , Turris fortissima est nomen Jehova ( English , `` The name of Jehovah is the strongest tower '' ) , derived from Proverbs 18 : 10 . Jehovah has been a popular English word for the personal name of God for several centuries . Christian hymns feature the name . The form `` Jehovah '' also appears in reference books and novels , for example , appearing several times in the novel The Greatest Story Ever Told by Roman Catholic author Fulton Oursler . Some religious groups , notably Jehovah 's Witnesses and proponents of the King - James - Only movement , make prominent use of the name . In Mormonism , `` Jehovah '' is thought to be the name by which Jesus was known prior to his birth ; references to `` the LORD '' in the KJV Old Testament are therefore understood to be references to the pre-mortal Jesus . God the Father , who is regarded as a separate individual , is sometimes referred to by the proper name `` Elohim '' . Similar Greek names Ancient Ιουω ( Iouō , ( juɔ ) ) : Pistis Sophia cited by Charles William King , which also gives Ιαω ( Iaō , ( jaɔ ) ( 2nd century ) Ιεου ( Ieou , ( jeu ) ) : Pistis Sophia ( 2nd century ) ΙΕΗΩΟΥΑ ( I-E - Ē - Ō - O-Y-A , ( ieɛɔoya ) ) , the seven vowels of the Greek alphabet arranged in this order . Charles William King attributes to a work that he calls On Interpretations the statement that this was the Egyptian name of the supreme God . He comments : `` This is in fact a very correct representation , if we give each vowel its true Greek sound , of the Hebrew pronunciation of the word Jehovah . '' ( 2nd century ) Ιευώ ( Ievō ) : Eusebius , who says that Sanchuniathon received the records of the Jews from Hierombalus , priest of the god Ieuo . ( c. 315 ) Ιεωά ( Ieōa ) : Hellenistic magical text ( 2nd -- 3rd centuries ) , M. Kyriakakes ( 2000 ) Modern Ἰεχοβά ( like Jehova ( h ) ) : Paolo Medici ( 1755 ) Ἰεοβά ( like Je ( h ) ova ( h ) ) : Greek Pentateuch ( 1833 ) , Holy Bible translated in Katharevousa Greek by Neophytus Vamvas ( 1850 ) Ἰεχωβά ( like Jehova ( h ) ) : Panagiotes Trempelas ( 1958 ) Similar Latin and English transcriptions Excerpts from Raymond Martin 's Pugio Fidei adversus Mauros et Judaeos ( 1270 , p. 559 ) , containing the phrase `` Jehova , sive Adonay , qvia Dominus es omnium '' ( Jehovah , or Adonay , for you are the Lord of all ) . Geneva Bible , 1560 . ( Psalm 83 : 18 ) A Latin rendering of the Tetragrammaton has been the form `` Jova '' , sounding very similar to `` Jehovah '' . ( Origenis Hexaplorum , edited by Frederick Field , 1875 . ) Transcriptions of יְהֹוָה ‬ similar to Jehovah occurred as early as the 12th century . Ieve : Petrus Alphonsi ( c. 1106 ) , Alexander Geddes ( 1800 ) Jehova : Raymond Martin ( Raymundus Martini ) ( 1278 ) , Porchetus de Salvaticis ( 1303 ) , Tremellius ( 1575 ) , Marcus Marinus ( 1593 ) , Charles IX of Sweden ( 1606 ) , Rosenmüller ( 1820 ) , Wilhelm Gesenius ( c. 1830 ) Yohoua : Raymond Martin ( 1278 ) Yohouah : Porchetus de Salvaticis ( 1303 ) Ieoa : Nicholas of Cusa ( 1428 ) Iehoua : Nicholas of Cusa ( 1428 ) , Peter Galatin ( Galatinus ) ( 1516 ) Iehova : Nicholas of Cusa ( 1428 ) , Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples ( 1514 ) , Sebastian Münster ( 1526 ) , Leo Jud ( 1543 ) , Robert Estienne ( 1557 ) Ihehoua : Nicholas of Cusa ( 1428 ) Jova : 16th century , Rosenmüller ( 1820 ) Jehovah : Paul Fagius ( 1546 ) , John Calvin ( 1557 ) , King James Bible ( 1671 ( OT ) / 1669 ( NT ) ) , Matthew Poole ( 1676 ) , Benjamin Kennicott ( 1753 ) , Alexander Geddes ( 1800 ) Iehouáh : Geneva Bible ( 1560 ) Iehovah : Authorized King James Version ( 1611 ) , Henry Ainsworth ( 1627 ) Jovae : Rosenmüller ( 1820 ) Yehovah : William Baillie ( 1843 ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jehovah Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jehovah & Tetragrammaton . See also Allah Ea El Enlil God in Christianity , God in Islam , God in Mormonism , God in the Bahá'í Faith I am that I am Jah Names of God Theophoric name Yam ( Ya'a , Yaw ) Notes Jump up ^ The Imperial Bible - Dictionary , Volume 1 , p. 856 . `` Jehovah , on the other hand , the personality of the Supreme is more distinctly expressed . It is every where a proper name , denoting the personal God and him only ; whereas Elohim partakes more of the character of a common noun , denoting usually , indeed , but not necessarily nor uniformly , the Supreme . Elohim may be grammatically defined by the article , or by having a suffix attached to it , or by being in construction with a following noun . The Hebrew may say the Elohim , the true God , in opposition to all false gods ; but he never says the Jehovah , for Jehovah is the name of the true God only . He says again and again my God ; but never my Jehovah , for when he says my God , he means Jehovah . He speaks of the God of Israel , but never of the Jehovah of Israel , for there is no other Jehovah . He speaks of the living God , but never of the living Jehovah , for he can not conceive of Jehovah as other than living . It is obvious , therefore , that the name Elohim is the name of more general import , seeing that it admits of definition and limitation in these various ways ; whereas Jehovah is the more specific and personal name , altogether incapable of limitation . '' ^ Jump up to : Schaff , Philip - Yahweh The New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge Volume XII , Paper Book House , Grand Rapids , Michigan , 1950 , page 480 . ^ Jump up to : In the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible , Sir Godfry Driver wrote , `` The early translators generally substituted ' Lord ' for ( YHWH ) . ( ... ) The Reformers preferred Jehovah , which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530 A.D. , in Tyndale 's translation of the Pentateuch ( Exodus 6.3 ) , from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles . '' ^ Jump up to : English Standard Version Translation Oversight Committee Preface to the English Standard Version Quote : `` When the vowels of the word adonai are placed with the consonants of YHWH , this results in the familiar word Jehovah that was used in some earlier English Bible translations . As is common among English translations today , the ESV usually renders the personal name of God ( YHWH ) with the word Lord ( printed in small capitals ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Bruce M. Metzger for the New Revised Standard Version Committee . To the Reader , p. 5 Jump up ^ Source : The Divine Name in Norway Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Jump up ^ GOD , NAMES OF -- 5 . Yahweh ( Yahweh ) in New Schaff - Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge , Vol . XII : Trench -- Zwingli Retrieved 19 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Kotansky , Jeffrey Spier , `` The ' Horned Hunter ' on a Lost Gnostic Gem '' , The Harvard Theological Review , Vol. 88 , No. 3 ( Jul. , 1995 ) , p. 318 . Quote : `` Although most scholars believe `` Jehovah '' to be a late ( c. 1100 CE ) hybrid form derived by combining the Latin letters JHVH with the vowels of Adonai ( the traditionally pronounced version of יהוה ) , many magical texts in Semitic and Greek establish an early pronunciation of the divine name as both Yehovah and Yahweh '' Jump up ^ Jarl Fossum and Brian Glazer in their article Seth in the Magical Texts ( Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphie 100 ( 1994 ) , p. 86 - 92 , reproduced here ( 1 ) , give the name `` Yahweh '' as the source of a number of names found in pagan magical texts : Ἰάβας ( p. 88 ) , Iaō ( described as `` a Greek form of the name of the Biblical God , Yahweh '' , on p. 89 ) , Iaba , Iaē , Iaēo , Iaō , Iaēō ( p. 89 ) . On page 92 , they call `` Iaō '' `` the divine name '' . Jump up ^ `` Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible '' . Jump up ^ Kristin De Troyer The Names of God , Their Pronunciation and Their Translation , -- lectio difficilior 2 / 2005 . Quote : `` IAO can be seen as a transliteration of YAHU , the three - letter form of the Name of God '' ( p. 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : The Pronunciation of the Name ^ Jump up to : Dennio , Francis B. , `` On the Use of the Word Jehovah in Translating the Old Testament '' , Journal of Biblical Literature 46 , ( 1927 ) , pages 147 -- 148 . Dennio wrote : `` Jehovah misrepresents Yahweh no more than Jeremiah misrepresents Yirmeyahu . The settled connotations of Isaiah and Jeremiah forbid questioning their right . Usage has given them the connotation proper for designating the personalities with which these words represent . Much the same is true of Jehovah . It is not a barbarism . It has already many of the connotations needed for the proper name of the Covenant God of Israel . There is no word which can faintly compare with it . For centuries it has been gathering these connotations . No other word approaches this name in the fullness ( sic ) of associations required . The use of any other word falls far short of the proper ideas that it is a serious blemish in a translation . '' Jump up ^ Jones , Scott . `` יהוה Jehovah יהוה '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Carl D. Franklin -- Debunking the Myths of Sacred Namers יהוה -- Christian Biblical Church of God -- December 9 , 1997 -- Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ George Wesley Buchanan , `` How God 's Name Was Pronounced , '' Biblical Archaeology Review 21.2 ( March - April 1995 ) , 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ `` יְהֹוָה ‬ Jehovah , pr ( oper ) name of the supreme God amongst the Hebrews . The later Hebrews , for some centuries before the time of Christ , either misled by a false interpretation of certain laws ( Ex. 20 : 7 ; Lev. 24 : 11 ) , or else following some old superstition , regarded this name as so very holy , that it might not even be pronounced ( see Philo , Vit . Mosis t. iii . p. 519 , 529 ) . Whenever , therefore , this nomen tetragrammaton occurred in the sacred text , they were accustomed to substitute for it אֲדֹנָי ‬ , and thus the vowels of the noun אֲדֹנָי ‬ are in the Masoretic text placed under the four letters יהוה , but with this difference , that the initial Yod receives a simple and not a compound Sh'va ( יְהֹוָה ‬ ( Yehovah ) , not ( יֲהֹוָה ‬ ( Yahovah ) ) ; prefixes , however , receive the same points as if they were followed by אֲדֹנָי ‬ ( ... ) This custom was already in vogue in the days of the LXX . translators ; and thus it is that they every where translated יְהֹוָה ‬ by ὁ Κύριος ( אֲדֹנָי ‬ ) . '' ( H.W.F. Gesenius , Gesenius 's Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament , ( Grand Rapids , Michigan : Baker Book House , 1979 ( 1847 ) ) , p. 337 ) Jump up ^ For example , Deuteronomy 3 : 24 , Deuteronomy 9 : 26 ( second instance ) , Judges 16 : 28 ( second instance ) , Genesis 15 : 2 Jump up ^ R. Laird Harris , `` The Pronunciation of the Tetragram , '' in John H. Skilton ( ed . ) , The Law and the Prophets : Old Testament Studies Prepared in Honor of Oswald Thompson Allis ( Presbyterian and Reformed , 1974 ) , 224 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAMES OF GOD - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . Jump up ^ The Latin Vulgate of St. Jerome renders the name as Adonai at Exodus 6 : 3 rather than as Dominus . Jump up ^ 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica : article Jehovah ( Yahweh ) Jump up ^ In the 7th paragraph of Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible , Sir Godfrey Driver wrote of the combination of the vowels of Adonai and Elohim with the consonants of the divine name , that it `` did not become effective until Yehova or Jehova or Johova appeared in two Latin works dated in A.D. 1278 and A.D. 1303 ; the shortened Jova ( declined like a Latin noun ) came into use in the sixteenth century . The Reformers preferred Jehovah , which first appeared as Iehouah in 1530 A.D. , in Tyndale 's translation of the Pentateuch ( Exodus 6.3 ) , from which it passed into other Protestant Bibles . '' Jump up ^ The Geneva Bible uses the form `` Jehovah '' in Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Jeremiah 16 : 21 , Jeremiah 32 : 18 , Genesis 22 : 14 , and Exodus 17 : 15 . Jump up ^ At Gen. 22 : 14 ; Ex. 6 : 3 ; 17 : 15 ; Jg. 6 : 24 ; Ps. 83 : 18 , Is. 12 : 2 ; 26 : 4 . Strong 's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible ( Iowa Falls : Word , 1994 ) , 722 . Jump up ^ According to the preface , this was because the translators felt that the `` Jewish superstition , which regarded the Divine Name as too sacred to be uttered , ought no longer to dominate in the English or any other version of the Old Testament '' . Jump up ^ The original hymn , without `` Jehovah '' , was composed in Welsh in 1745 ; the English translation , with `` Jehovah '' , was composed in 1771 ( Guide Me , O Thou Great Jehovah ) . ^ Jump up to : Paul Joüon and T. Muraoka . A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew ( Subsidia Biblica ) . Part One : Orthography and Phonetics . Rome : Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblio , 1996 . ISBN 978 - 8876535956 . Quote from Section 16 ( f ) ( 1 ) '' `` The Qre is יְהֹוָה the Lord , whilst the Ktiv is probably ( 1 ) יַהְוֶה ( according to ancient witnesses ) . '' `` Note 1 : In our translations , we have used Yahweh , a form widely accepted by scholars , instead of the traditional Jehovah '' ^ Jump up to : `` JEHOVAH - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . Jump up ^ Marvin H. Pope `` Job -- Introduction , in Job ( The Anchor Bible , Vol. 15 ) . February 19 , 1965 page XIV ISBN 9780385008945 Jump up ^ Moore , George Foot ( 1911 ) . 311 `` Jehovah '' in Encyclopædia Britannica , Volume 15 . Edited by Hugh Chisholm ( 11th ed . ) Jump up ^ Brown - Driver - Briggs Lexicon ^ Jump up to : The vowel points of Jehovah -- Jehovah . Dictionary Definitions . askdefinebeta.com . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ The Divine Name -- New Church Review , Volume 15 , page 89 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pugio fidei by Raymund Martin , written in about 1270 Jump up ^ Dahlia M. Karpman `` Tyndale 's Response to the Hebraic Tradition '' in Studies in the Renaissance , Vol. 14 ( 1967 ) ) , pp. 113 , 118 , 119 . Note : Westcott , in his survey of the English Bible , wrote that Tyndale `` felt by a happy instinct the potential affinity between Hebrew and English idioms , and enriched our language and thought for ever with the characteristics of the Semitic mind . '' Jump up ^ The first English - language book to make a clear distinction between I and J was published in 1634 . ( The Cambridge History of the English Language , Richard M. Hogg , ( Cambridge University Press 1992 ISBN 0 - 521 - 26476 - 6 , p. 39 ) . It was also only by the mid-1500s that V was used to represent the consonant and U the vowel sound , while capital U was not accepted as a distinct letter until many years later ( Letter by Letter : An Alphabetical Miscellany , Laurent Pflughaupt , ( Princeton Architectural Press ISBN 978 - 1 - 56898 - 737 - 8 ) pp. 123 -- 124 ) . Jump up ^ William Tyndale , Doctrinal Treatises , ed . Henry Walter ( Cambridge , 1848 ) , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Jehovah ( Yahweh ) '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Exodus 6 : 3 -- 5 RSV Jump up ^ Duane A. Garrett , A Modern Grammar for Classical Hebrew ( Broadman & Holman 2002 ISBN 0 - 8054 - 2159 - 9 ) , p. 13 Jump up ^ Gesenius ' Hebrew Grammar ( 1910 Kautzsch - Cowley edition ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Christo H.J. Van der Merwe , Jackie A. Naude and Jan H. Kroeze , A Biblical Reference Grammar ( Sheffield , England : Sheffield Academic Press , 2002 ) , and Gary D. Pratico and Miles V. Van Pelt , Basics of Biblical Hebrew Grammar ( Grand Rapids : Zondervan Publ . House , 2001 ) ^ Jump up to : ( In Awe of Thy Word , G.A. Riplinger - Chapter 11 , page 416 ) Online Jump up ^ Tiberias , sive Commentarius Masoreticus ( 1620 ; quarto edition , improved and enlarged by J. Buxtorf the younger , 1665 ) Jump up ^ Tractatus de punctorum origine , antiquitate , et authoritate , oppositus Arcano puntationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli ( 1648 ) Jump up ^ Biblical Theology ( Morgan , PA : Soli Deo Gloria Publications , 1996 reprint of the 1661 edition ) , pp. 495 -- 533 Jump up ^ A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel - Points ( PDF 58.6 MB ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , ( Liverpoole : Peter Whitfield , 1748 ) Jump up ^ A Dissertation on the Hebrew Vowel - Points , ( Liverpoole : Peter Whitfield , 1748 ) Jump up ^ A Dissertation concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language , LETTERS , VOWEL POINTS , and ACCENTS ( London : n.p. , 1767 ) Jump up ^ An Essay on the Antiquity and Utility of the Hebrew Vowel - Points ( Glasgow : John Reid & Co. , 1833 ) . Jump up ^ Blätter für höhere Wahrheit vol. 11 , 1832 , pp. 305 , 306 . Jump up ^ The Battle Over The Hebrew Vowel Points , Examined Particularly As Waged in England , by Thomas D. Ross Jump up ^ ( In Awe of Thy Word , G.A. Riplinger - Chapter 11 , page 413 - 435 ) Online ^ Jump up to : `` Who is Yahweh ? -- Ridiculous KJV Bible Corrections '' . Av1611.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whitfield document ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Nehemia Gordon , The Pronunciation of the Name , pp. 1 -- 2 Archived 2011 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nehemia Gordon , The Pronunciation of the Name , p. 8 Archived 2011 - 07 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nehemia Gordon , The Pronunciation of the Name , p. 11 Archived July 26 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gill 1778 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 499 -- 560 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 549 -- 560 ^ Jump up to : Gill 1778 , pp. 538 -- 542 Jump up ^ In Awe of Thy Word , G.A. Riplinger - Chapter 11 , pp. 422 -- 435 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 540 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 548 -- 560 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 462 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 461 -- 462 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 501 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 512 -- 516 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 522 ^ Jump up to : Gill 1778 , p. 531 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 535 -- 536 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , pp. 536 -- 537 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 544 Jump up ^ Gill 1778 , p. 499 Jump up ^ One of the definitions of `` tittle '' in the Merriam - Webster Dictionary is `` a point or small sign used as a diacritical mark in writing or printing '' . Jump up ^ pg. 110 , Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew and Greek Text of the Scripture ; with Considerations on the Prolegomena and Appendix to the Late `` Biblia Polyglotta , '' in vol . IX , The Works of John Owen , ed . Gould , William H , & Quick , Charles W. , Philadelphia , PA : Leighton Publications , 1865 ) Jump up ^ For the meanings of the word κεραία in the original texts of Matthew 5 : 18 and Luke 16 : 17 see Liddell and Scott and for a more modern scholarly view of its meaning in that context see Strong 's Greek Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` Search = > ( word ) = > tittle : : 1828 Dictionary : : Search the 1828 Noah Webster 's Dictionary of the English Language ( FREE ) '' . 1828.mshaffer.com. 2009 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library : Vowels and Points Jump up ^ `` Torah and Laining ( Cantillation ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Hebrew '' . Jump up ^ Old Testament Manuscripts Jump up ^ James C. VanderKam , The Dead Sea Scrolls Today , p. 30 Jump up ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls Biblical Manuscripts Archived 2008 - 07 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Dead Sea Scrolls : A Graphological Investigation Archived 2009 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SBL Publications '' . Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea Scrolls '' . Jump up ^ Godfrey Higgins , On the Vowel Points of the Hebrew Language , in The Classical Journal for March and June 1826 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Higgins , pp. 146 -- 149 Jump up ^ Augustin Calmet , Dictionary of the Bible , pp. 618 -- 619 Jump up ^ B. Pick , The Vowel - Points Controversy in the XVI. and XVII . Centuries Jump up ^ See Gérard Gertoux , The name of God Y. EH. OW. AH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH , pp. 209 , 210 . Jump up ^ `` Build a Free Website with Web Hosting -- Tripod '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Smith commented , `` In the decade of dissertations collected by Reland , Fuller , Gataker , and Leusden do battle for the pronunciation Jehovah , against such formidable antagonists as Drusius , Amama , Cappellus , Buxtorf , and Altingius , who , it is scarcely necessary to say , fairly beat their opponents out of the field ; `` the only argument of any weight , which is employed by the advocates of the pronunciation of the word as it is written being that derived from the form in which it appears in proper names , such as Jehoshaphat , Jehoram , &c . ( ... ) Their antagonists make a strong point of the fact that , as has been noticed above , two different sets of vowel points are applied to the same consonants under certain circumstances . To this Leusden , of all the champions on his side , but feebly replies . ( ... ) The same may be said of the argument derived from the fact that the letters מוכלב , when prefixed to יהוה , take , not the vowels which they would regularly receive were the present pronunciation true , but those with which they would be written if אֲדֹנָי ‬ , adonai , were the reading ; and that the letters ordinarily taking dagesh lene when following יהוה would , according to the rules of the Hebrew points , be written without dagesh , whereas it is uniformly inserted . '' Jump up ^ Image of it . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Old Testament '' . Jump up ^ Divine Name Kings James Bible , Concordance Jump up ^ Revised New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures . Accessed 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Of the 78 passages where the New Testament , using Κύριος ( Lord ) for the Tetragrammaton of the Hebrew text , quotes an Old Testament passage , the New World Translation puts `` Jehovah '' for Κύριος in 70 instances , `` God '' for Κύριος in 5 ( Rom 11 : 2 , 8 ; Gal 1 : 15 ; Heb 9 : 20 ; 1 Pet 4 : 14 ) , and `` Lord '' for Κύριος in 3 ( 2 Thes 1 : 9 ; 1 Pet 2 : 3 , 3 : 15 ) -- Jason BeDuhn , Truth in Translation ( University Press of America 2003 ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2556 - 8 ) , pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Rheims Douai , 1582 -- 1610 : a machine - readable transcript Jump up ^ `` Douay - Rheims Catholic Bible , Book Of Exodus Chapter 6 '' . Jump up ^ `` Preface to the Revised Standard Version of the Bible ( 1971 ) '' . Jump up ^ New American Bible , Genesis , Chapter 4 Archived 2012 - 01 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Preface to the New American Standard Bible '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ John W. Gillis , The HCSB 2nd Edition and the Tetragrammaton Jump up ^ `` The World English Bible ( WEB ) FAQ '' . Jump up ^ Hebraic Roots Bible by Esposito . Jump up ^ Baker Publishing Group information , accessed 12 December 2015 Jump up ^ See CivicHeraldry.co.uk - Plymouth and here ( 2 ) . Also , Civic Heraldry of the United Kingdom ) Jump up ^ e.g. `` Guide Me , O Thou Great Jehovah '' ( 1771 ) Jump up ^ Full text of `` The Greatest Story Ever Told A Tale Of The Greatest Life Ever Lived '' -- Internet Archive -- Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How God 's Name Has Been Made Known '' . Awake ! : 20 . December 2007 . The commonly used form of God 's name in English is Jehovah , translated from the Hebrew ( Tetragrammaton ) , which appears some 7,000 times in the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Charles William King , The Gnostics and their remains : Ancient and Mediaeval ( 1887 ) , p. 285 Jump up ^ He speaks of it as anonymous : `` the writer ' On Interpretations ' '' . Aristotle 's De Interpretatione does not speak of Egyptians . Jump up ^ Charles William King , The Gnostics and their remains : Ancient and Mediaeval ( 1887 ) , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Praeparatio evangelica 10.9 . Jump up ^ The Grecised Hebrew text `` εληιε Ιεωα ρουβα '' is interpreted as meaning `` my God Ieoa is mightier '' . ( `` La prononciation ' Jehova ' du tétragramme '' , O.T.S. vol. 5 , 1948 , pp. 57 , 58 . ( Greek papyrus CXXI 1.528 -- 540 ( 3rd century ) , Library of the British Museum ) Jump up ^ Article in the Aster magazine ( January 2000 ) , the official periodical of the Greek Evangelical Church . Jump up ^ Greek translation by Ioannes Stanos . Jump up ^ Published by the British and Foreign Bible Society . Jump up ^ Exodus 6 : 3 , etc . Jump up ^ Dogmatike tes Orthodoxou Katholikes Ekklesias ( Dogmatics of the Orthodox Catholic Church ) , 3rd ed. , 1997 ( c. 1958 ) , Vol. 1 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Pugio Fidei , in which Martin argued that the vowel points were added to the Hebrew text only in the 10th century ( Thomas D. Ross , The Battle over the Hebrew Vowel Points Examined Particularly as Waged in England , p. 5 ) . Jump up ^ Dahlia M. Karpman , `` Tyndale 's Response to the Hebraic Tradition '' ( Studies in the Renaissance , Vol. 14 ( 1967 ) ) , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : See comments at Exodus 6 : 2 , 3 in his Critical Remarks on the Hebrew Scriptures ( 1800 ) . Jump up ^ Rev. Richard Barrett 's A Synopsis of Criticisms upon Passages of the Old Testament ( 1847 ) p. 219 . Jump up ^ Gérard Gertoux , The name of God Y. eH. oW. aH which is pronounced as it is written I_EH_OU_AH , page 152 ; a photo of a bilingual Latin ( or Spanish ) text and Hebrew text ( side by side ) written by Raymond Martin in 1278 , with in its last sentence `` יְהוָֹה ‬ '' opposite `` Yohoua '' . ^ Jump up to : Victory Against the Ungodly Hebrews . Gérard Gertoux , The name of God Y. eH. oW. aH , p. 153 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) ; George Moore , Notes on the Name YHWH ( The American Journal of Theology , Vol. 12 , No. 1 . ( Jan. , 1908 ) , pp. 34 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Charles IX of Sweden instituted the Royal Order of Jehova in 1606 . ^ Jump up to : Scholia in Vetus Testamentum , vol. 3 , part 3 , pp. 8 , 9 , etc . Jump up ^ For example , Gesenius rendered Proverbs 8 : 22 in Latin as : `` Jehova creavit me ab initio creationis '' . ( Samuel Lee , A lexicon , Hebrew , Chaldee , and English ( 1840 ) p. 143 ) Jump up ^ `` Non enim h quatuor liter ( yhwh ) si , ut punctat sunt , legantur , Ioua reddunt : sed ( ut ipse optime nosti ) Iehoua efficiunt . '' ( De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis ( 1518 ) , folio xliii . See Oxford English Dictionary Online , 1989 / 2008 , Oxford University Press , `` Jehovah '' ) . Peter Galatin was Pope Leo X 's confessor . Jump up ^ Sir Godfrey Driver , Introduction to the Old Testament of the New English Bible . Jump up ^ See Poole 's comments at Exodus 6 : 2 , 3 in his Synopsis criticorum biblicorum . Jump up ^ The State of the printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament considered : A Dissertation in two parts ( 1753 ) , pp. 158 , 159 ) Jump up ^ The First Twelve Psalms in Hebrew , p. 22 . References Gill , John ( 1778 ) . `` A Dissertation Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Language , Letters , Vowel - Points , and Accents '' . A collection of sermons and tracts ... : To which are prefixed , memoirs of the life , writing , and character of the author . 3 . G. Keith . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jehovah `` Tetragrammaton '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Jehovah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Jehovah '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Jehovah ( Yahweh ) '' , Catholic Encyclopedia 1910 `` Tetragrammaton '' , Jewish Encyclopedia 1906 ( hide ) Names of God In Christianity In Hinduism In Islam In Judaism In Zoroastrianism In Chinese religion Adonai Ahura Mazda The All Allah Brahman Cao Đài El Elohim El Elyon El Shaddai God Great Spirit Haneullim Hu Hyang I Am that I Am Ik Onkar Ishvara Jah Khuda Ngai Olodumare The One Parvardigar Shangdi Svayam Bhagavan Tenri - Ō - no - Mikoto Tian Tianzhu Waheguru YHWH Jehovah Yahweh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jehovah&oldid=843113799 '' Categories : Deities in the Hebrew Bible Christianity and Judaism related controversies God Reconstructed words Tetragrammaton Yahweh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Hebrew - language text Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2009 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Català Eesti Español Esperanto Furlan Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Igbo Interlingua ქართული Kernowek Kinyarwanda Latina മലയാളം მარგალური Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Sranantongo Српски / srpski Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 00 : 03 . 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About Wikipedia	where is god called jehovah in the bible	[ "At Exodus 6:3–6, where the King James Version has Jehovah, the Revised Standard Version (1952),[40] the New American Standard Bible (1971), the New International Version (1978), the New King James Version (1982), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the New Century Version (1991), and the Contemporary English Version (1995) give \"LORD\" or \"Lord\" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while the New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the Amplified Bible (1987), the New Living Translation (1996, revised 2007), the English Standard Version (2001), and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) use the form Yahweh.", "At Exodus 6:3–6, where the King James Version has Jehovah, the Revised Standard Version (1952),[40] the New American Standard Bible (1971), the New International Version (1978), the New King James Version (1982), the New Revised Standard Version (1989), the New Century Version (1991), and the Contemporary English Version (1995) give \"LORD\" or \"Lord\" as their rendering of the Tetragrammaton, while the New Jerusalem Bible (1985), the Amplified Bible (1987), the New Living Translation (1996, revised 2007), the English Standard Version (2001), and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (2004) use the form Yahweh." ]	[ "Exodus 6:3–6", "the King James Version" ]
-6673989753780966493	Domain of the Golden Dragon	Domain of the Golden dragon - Wikipedia Domain of the Golden dragon This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An example of the certificate that was given to a member of the US military in 1951 . The Domain of the Golden Dragon is an unofficial United States Navy award . It is given to crew members of ships which cross the International Date Line . You enter the dragon 's empire when you cross the International Date Line by sailing west ( say some ) , or sailing east ( say others ) . With the extensive Navy operations in the Far East since ( and before ) World War II , this passage has become so common that few initiation ceremonies are actually held . But the certificate , decorated with Chinese - style dragon , is still given out . It is also awarded to dependents travelling together with their Military Sponsor . This certificate was not only available to American sailors and other military branch members , it was also available to British Sailors when crossing the international date line . The British copies were printed by Gale & Polden Ltd . Portsmouth , England . This United States Navy article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domain_of_the_Golden_Dragon&oldid=715260430 '' Categories : United States Navy stubs Awards and decorations of the United States Navy Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from October 2012 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2016 , at 17 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the domain of the golden dragon	[ "The Domain of the Golden Dragon is an unofficial United States Navy award. It is given to crew members of ships which cross the International Date Line. You enter the dragon's empire when you cross the International Date Line by sailing west (say some), or sailing east (say others). With the extensive Navy operations in the Far East since (and before) World War II, this passage has become so common that few initiation ceremonies are actually held. But the certificate, decorated with Chinese-style dragon, is still given out." ]	[ "an unofficial United States Navy award" ]
7544137706158927210	Statler and Waldorf	Statler and Waldorf - wikipedia Statler and Waldorf This article is about two Muppets . For the Muppet webshow , see Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony . For the electronic music duo , see Statler & Waldorf ( musicians ) . Statler and Waldorf The Muppets characters Waldorf ( left ) and Statler ( right ) First appearance The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) Created by Jim Henson Bonnie Erickson Performed by Statler : Richard Hunt ( 1976 -- 1991 ) Jerry Nelson ( 1975 , 1992 -- 2003 ) Steve Whitmire ( 2002 -- 2016 ) Peter Linz ( 2017 - present ) Waldorf : Jim Henson ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Dave Goelz ( 1992 -- present ) Information Aliases Waldorf : P. Fenton Cosgrove , Uncle Waldorf , Robert Marley , Wally - D , Willy R Statler : Uncle Statler , Jacob Marley , StatCat , Alan D Species Muppet humans Gender Males Occupation Hecklers Family Waldorf : None known Statler : Statler has more than one child and at least one grandchild Spouse ( s ) Waldorf : Astoria Statler : Unknown , although he has a wife Nationality American Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling . The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975 , where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats . Created by Jim Henson , the characters have been performed by numerous puppeteers , including Henson , in a variety of films and television productions within the Muppet franchise . Statler and Waldorf are named after two New York City hotels , the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf - Astoria . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 History 3 Appearances 3.1 From the Balcony 3.2 Guest appearances 4 Reception 5 References 5.1 Bibliography Characters ( edit ) The characters are known for their heckling . In The Muppet Show , the two were always criticizing Fozzie Bear 's humor , except for one occasion where Fozzie heckled them back . In contrast , they found themselves vastly entertaining and inevitably burst into mutual laughter at their own witticisms . It is later revealed in the A Muppet Family Christmas special that the two hecklers were friends with Fozzie 's mother , Emily Bear . Despite constantly complaining about the show and how terrible some acts were , they would always be back the following week in the best seats in the house . As to why , the original version of The Muppet Show theme song had Statler admitting , `` I guess we 'll never know . '' They also had a predisposition for breaking the fourth wall . Author Ben Underwood remarked on how the characters generally `` blur the boundary between performer and audience '' , as they are `` concurrently audience members and performers '' . Underwood points to a second season incident in which the characters see themselves watching the Muppets , with Statler skeptical , saying `` No one would watch junk like that '' . History ( edit ) New York 's Statler Hilton and Waldorf - Astoria , from which Statler and Waldorf 's names are derived . The puppets were designed by Bonnie Erickson . They were named after two New York City hotels , the Statler Hilton and the Waldorf - Astoria . In `` Sex and Violence , '' the pilot episode of The Muppet Show , Statler and Waldorf were performed by Jerry Nelson and Jim Henson , respectively . Nelson was unavailable for the first few weeks of production on The Muppet Show . As a result , Richard Hunt took on the role of Statler . Hunt and Henson would continue to perform the two characters until Henson 's death in 1990 . To portray the characters , Hunt and Henson shared very close space , often for hours at a time . Beginning with The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) , Statler and Waldorf were performed by Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz , respectively . When Jerry Nelson left the Muppets , citing health reasons , Muppeteer Steve Whitmire took over as Statler . The two were occasionally performed by Drew Massey ( Statler ) and Victor Yerrid ( Waldorf ) in 2005 and 2006 , most notably in the web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony . Kevin Clash filled in for Goelz as Waldorf in a few episodes of Muppets Tonight . In 2017 , Whitmire departed from the Muppets franchise , including the part of Statler , after being unwillingly dismissed from the part of Kermit the Frog in October 2016 . While Matt Vogel was announced for the replacement for Kermit , Peter Linz had already replaced Whitmire as the voice of Statler in advertisements . Appearances ( edit ) Statler and Waldorf also appeared ( as adults ) in the Saturday morning animated television series Muppet Babies . Both characters were voiced by Dave Coulier . In The Muppet Christmas Carol , they played the ghosts of Jacob and Robert Marley . Whereas the novel A Christmas Carol features only a Jacob Marley , creating a Robert allowed for including the two Muppets , and possibly also references Bob Marley . When Ebenezer Scrooge , played by Michael Caine , accuses them of always criticizing him , they reply `` We were always heckling you . '' In Muppet Treasure Island , they were the figureheads of the Hispaniola . Statler complains about being stuck on the front of the ship , to which Waldorf replies it is better than being in the audience . In the 1996 series Muppets Tonight , based on a television rather than theatre show , Statler and Waldorf were shown watching the show at an assisted living facility , still making disparaging remarks . The duo are featured characters at Disney 's Muppet * Vision 3D at Disney 's Hollywood Studios as audio - animatronic Muppets helping Bean Bunny escape the theater and , of course , heckling the show . They also make a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2008 short film Presto , where they can be seen in their theater box . The Muppet Newsflash : A Jim Henson News Blog announced on September 17 , 2009 , that Statler and Waldorf would release a book titled From the Balcony in 2010 . However , the book was never released . Statler and Waldorf appear in featured roles in The Muppets film . They are shown in Kermit 's old office where they inform evil oil baron , Tex Richman , that the only thing that could stop his purchase of The Muppet Theater would be Kermit raising $10 million . They appear during one scene of the 2014 sequel Muppets Most Wanted . When the Muppets arrive in Berlin to perform at a run - down cabaret theater , marked by a sign reading `` Die Muppets '' ( `` The Muppets '' in German ) , the two joke as to whether this is an early review or a suggestion . This scene is presented in the `` Statler and Waldorf Cut '' of the film in its home video release . They appear as audience members in The Muppets TV series . The episode `` Pig Out '' features a B - plot focusing on Statler without Waldorf . From the Balcony ( edit ) Main article : Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony is a multi-award -- winning web show which ran biweekly on Movies.com from June 2005 until September 2006 . The series spawned more than 35 episodes and featured many Muppet characters , both well - known classics and newly created characters . The two elderly curmudgeons would discuss upcoming films , watch the latest movie trailers and share the week 's `` balconism '' from their theater box . Guest appearances ( edit ) Both made an appearance in Marvel Team - Up # 74 . In this issue , Spider - Man teams up with the cast of Saturday Night Live to battle the Silver Samurai . Statler and Waldorf appear in typical style as hecklers on a balcony . They appear at the end of Weezer 's video for the song `` ' Keep Fishin ' '' . They comment that the performance was n't half bad , before adding that it was all bad . On the song `` The Black Hole '' by HORSE the band , the track ends with Statler and Waldorf celebrating the song and then talking themselves into decrying it as `` terrible '' . On September 18 , 2009 , Statler and Waldorf were shown in a routine on The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien called `` Statler and Waldorf Heckle Obama '' , consisting of a video recording of President Barack Obama at a health care rally , with old Muppet Show clips of Statler and Waldorf interspersed within it . Statler and Waldorf are feature characters in the 2011 movie The Muppets . To promote the film , they also appeared with several other Muppets on the 2011 Halloween episode of WWE Raw , with the duo offering their usual commentary from a skybox . The pair also appeared `` via satellite '' as BFCA critics at the 2012 Critics ' Choice Movie Awards on January 12 , 2012 . Statler and Waldorf appeared several times from the balcony to critique the performers at The Secret Policeman 's Ball 2012 at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on March 4 , 2012 . Reception ( edit ) In The Guardian , Hadley Freeman wrote `` Not even celebrity guest Milton Berle could compete with their sharp banter . My heroes '' . In 2014 , Esquire 's Nick Schager named them one of The 10 Most Entertaining Fictional Critics , writing `` the funniest Muppets characters have always been Statler and Waldorf '' . In 2015 , The Huffington Post identified Statler and Waldorf as popular Muppets , and said to the fans who love them above others , `` You know the best way to cope with life 's difficulties is by laughing at someone else 's expense '' . Commentators sometimes make comparisons between people and Statler and Waldorf in attention to , or preoccupation with , details , `` loud '' opinion , or `` cantankerous '' personality . In 2012 , Der Spiegel described the United Kingdom as `` at best spectators in the gallery , like Statler and Waldorf '' , within Europe , drawing the ire of U.K. media . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shemin 2014 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Underwood 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Underwood 2009 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Yousufi 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreider 2015 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Fisher & Cox 2009 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Conradt , Stacy ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` Surprising stories behind 20 Muppet characters '' . CNN . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Henson , Steve Whitmire ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` How we made : The Muppet Christmas Carol '' . The Guardian ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Ben Beaumont - Thomas . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Nelson , Muppet Puppeteer , Dies at 78 '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Terrace 2016 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Roe , Ryan ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` My Weeks with Muppets Tonight , Part 1 : Michelle Pfeiffer & Garth Brooks '' . Tough Pigs . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` The Long - Time Voice Of Kermit The Frog Has Left The Muppets Family '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Former Kermit the Frog Puppeteer Speaks : ' I Am Devastated ' '' . Time . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` LONGTIME KERMIT THE FROG PERFORMER REPLACED '' . IGN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Papadakis , Zoe ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kermit the Frog Voice Steve Whitemire to Be Replaced by Matt Vogel '' . Newsmax . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MUPPET BABIES : SEASON 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glavin 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Henson ( Director ) ; Jerry Juhl ( December 11 , 1992 ) . The Muppet Christmas Carol ( Motion picture ) . It 's good to be doing anything again ! Jump up ^ Brian Henson ( Director ) ( February 16 , 1996 ) . Muppet Treasure Island ( Motion picture ) . Well , it could be worse . We could be stuck in the audience ! Jump up ^ `` PHOTO : Statler & Waldorf cameo in Pixar 's short `` Presto '' `` . ilovemuppets.com . August 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statler & Waldorf Book '' . The Muppet Newsflash : A Jim Henson News Blog , September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , JR ( 2011 ) . `` The Muppets '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Bobin ( Director ) ; Jason Segel ; Nicholas Stoller ( November 4 , 2011 ) . The Muppets ( Motion picture ) . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Muppets ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Statler and Waldorf cut of ' Muppets ' movie '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Movies.com and the Muppets Launch Exclusive Movie Review Program from World Famous Muppet Hecklers , Statler and Waldorf '' . Business Wire . June 24 , 2005 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 25 , 2002 ) . `` WEEZER COLLABORATE WITH KERMIT THE FROG , MISS PIGGY '' . MTV . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statler & Waldorf Heckle Obama '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stroud , Brandon ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` The Best And Worst Of WWE Raw 10 / 31 : Muppets , The Rock and Mortal Kombat '' . Uproxx . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Downey , Ryan J. ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` CRITICS ' CHOICE MOVIE AWARDS CELEBRATE ' THE HELP ' '' . MTV . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Policeman 's Ball gets American debut '' . The Daily Telegraph . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` The Muppets : who 's who '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schager , Nick ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 Most Entertaining Fictional Critics '' . Esquire . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferreras , Jesse ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` What Your Favourite Muppet Character Says About You '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` Welcome Back , Kermit '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newell , Jim ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is the Consummate Political Pundit '' . Slate.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Newman , Jason ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Noel Gallagher Sounds Off on Tidal , Zayn Malik and Same - Sex Marriage '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gullan , Scott ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Jack Ziebell 's attempt to jump plane queue leaves North teammates bemused '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Adam ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` The British Are Angry After Der Spiegel Referred To Them As Europe 's ' Muppets ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fisher , Maryanne ; Cox , Anthony ( 2009 ) . `` Adaptation and Performance '' . Kermit Culture : Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson 's Muppets . Jefferson , North Carolina and London : McFarland . ISBN 0786453753 . Glavin , John , ed. ( 2017 ) . Dickens Adapted . Routledge . ISBN 1351944568 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jones , Brian Jay ( 2013 ) . Jim Henson : The Biography . Random House Publishing Group . ISBN 0345526139 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Kreider , Evan ( 2015 ) . `` Muppets and Mimesis '' . Jim Henson and Philosophy : Imagination and the Magic of Mayhem . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 1442246650 . Shemin , Craig ( 2014 ) . Disney 's The Muppets Character Encyclopedia . New York : DK Publishing . ISBN 9781465417480 . Terrace , Vincent ( 2016 ) . Internet Comedy Television Series , 1997 -- 2015 . McFarland . ISBN 1476623937 . Underwood , Ben ( 2009 ) . `` How to Become a Muppet '' . Kermit Culture : Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson 's Muppets . Jefferson , North Carolina and London : McFarland . ISBN 0786453753 . Yousufi , Mushtaq Ahmed ( 2015 ) . `` Introduction '' . Mirages of the Mind . New Directions Publishing . ISBN 0811224147 . The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Cast performers Current Bill Barretta Dave Goelz Eric Jacobson Peter Linz David Rudman Matt Vogel Former Kevin Clash Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Jerry Juhl Kathryn Mullen Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Steve Whitmire Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) NBC 's Saturday Night ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppet Kids ( 1997 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal MusicBrainz : 14d12f87 - 079a - 401d - 8dcd - b1a2afbb1f1e Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statler_and_Waldorf&oldid=849376227 '' Categories : American comedy duos Animated duos Fictional American people of German descent Fictional bullies Fictional characters introduced in 1975 Television duos The Muppets characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the 2 old guys on the muppet show	[ "Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats. \n", "Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters known for their cantankerous opinions and shared penchant for heckling. The two elderly men first appeared in The Muppet Show in 1975, where they consistently jeered the entirety of the cast and their performances from their balcony seats. \n" ]	[ "Statler", "Waldorf" ]
6702765973898478935	Iranian Revolution	Iranian revolution - wikipedia Iranian revolution This article is about the 1979 revolution in Iran . For the 1905 to 1911 revolution , see Persian Constitutional Revolution . For the series of reforms launched in 1963 , see White Revolution . `` 1979 Revolution '' redirects here . For the video game based off the events , see 1979 Revolution : Black Friday . Iranian ( Islamic ) Revolution Part of Constitutionalization attempts in Iran Clockwise from top : Supporters of Ruhollah Khomeini in Tehran , Protesters at the University of Tehran , Jaleh Square at the Black Friday , Protesters in the Days before the Victory of the Revolution , Posters of Khomeini in the hand of the people , Homafaran allegiance . Date 7 January 1978 -- 11 February 1979 Location Iran Caused by Discontent with the Shah 's rule Exile of Ayatollah Khomeini Social injustice Western imperialism Religious motives and others Goals Overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty Methods Demonstrations Strikes Civil resistance Resulted in Overthrow of the Shah and monarchy 1979 energy crisis Establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran headed by Velayat - e-Faqih with referendum Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced Persian Constitution of 1906 with referendum Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini becomes the new Supreme Leader of Iran Iran hostage crisis Beginning of the Iran -- Iraq War Parties to the civil conflict Imperial State of Iran Regency Council Resurgence Party Imperial Iranian Army Imperial Guard SAVAK Shahrbani Gendarmerie Revolution Council Interim Government Opposition groups : ( show ) Confederation of Iranian Students Islamic Association of Students Combatant Clergy Association Islamic Coalition Societies Fedayeen of Islam Islamist Guerrillas Movement of Militant Muslims JAMA National Front Freedom Movement Nation Party Tudeh Party People 's Mujahedin Union of Communist Militants Peykar People 's Fedai Guerrillas Lead figures Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Prime Ministers : ( show ) Jamshid Amouzegar Jafar Sharif - Emami Gholam - Reza Azhari Shapour Bakhtiar Directors of SAVAK : ( show ) Nematollah Nassiri Nasser Moghadam Military Commanders : ( show ) Gholam - Reza Azhari Abbas Gharabaghi Gholam Ali Oveisi Ruhollah Khomeini Mehdi Bazargan PM of Interim Government Morteza Motahari Head of Revolutionary Council Casualties 2,000 -- 3,000 killed in demonstrations during 1978 -- 79 Jump up ^ Regency Council was practically dissolved on 22 January 1979 , when its head resigned to meet Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini . Jump up ^ Imperial Iranian Army revoked their allegiance to the throne and declared neutrality on 11 February 1979 . Play media Pro-government demonstration in Amjadieh stadium , 23 January 1979 . Part of a series on the History of the Iranian Revolution Topics ( show ) Timeline Background Consolidation Casualties Ideology Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists Revolutionary leaders ( show ) Mohammad Javad Bahonar Abulhassan Banisadr Mehdi Bazargan Mohammad Beheshti Mostafa Chamran Sadegh Ghotbzadeh Hassan Habibi Hashemi Rafsanjani Ali Khamenei Ahmad Khomeini Ruhollah Khomeini Mahdavi Kani Hussein - Ali Montazeri Morteza Motahhari Mousavi Ardabili Mohammad Ali Rajai Ezzatollah Sahabi Yadollah Sahabi Ali Shariati Mahmoud Taleghani Ebrahim Yazdi Parties and organizations ( show ) CCA Guerrilla groups Freedom Movement Fedai Islamic Republic Party MIRO Student Followers of the Imam 's Line OIPFG MKO Tudeh Official institutions ( show ) The Interim Government Islamic republic Sepah Basij Assembly of Experts for Constitution Events ( show ) Movement of 15 Khordad Black Friday Ruhollah Khomeini 's return to Iran Hostage crisis Cultural Revolution See also ( show ) Human rights in Iran The Iranian Revolution ( Persian : انقلاب ایران ‎ , translit . Enqelāb - e Iran ; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution ) refers to events involving the overthrow of the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi , who was supported by the United States , and eventual replacement with an Islamic Republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini , the leader of the revolution , supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations and student movements . Demonstrations against the Shah commenced in October 1977 , developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included both secular and religious elements and which intensified in January 1978 . Between August and December 1978 , strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country . The Shah left Iran for exile on 16 January 1979 , as the last Persian monarch , leaving his duties to a regency council and Shapour Bakhtiar who was an opposition - based prime minister . Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back to Iran by the government , and returned to Tehran to a greeting by several million Iranians . The royal reign collapsed shortly after on 11 February when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting , bringing Khomeini to official power . Iran voted by national referendum to become an Islamic Republic on 1 April 1979 , and to approve a new theocratic - republican constitution whereby Khomeini became Supreme Leader of the country in December 1979 . The revolution was unusual for the surprise it created throughout the world : it lacked many of the customary causes of revolution ( defeat at war , a financial crisis , peasant rebellion , or disgruntled military ) , occurred in a nation that was experiencing relative prosperity , produced profound change at great speed , was massively popular , resulted in the exile of many Iranians , and replaced a pro-Western authoritarian monarchy with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy based on the concept of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists ( or velayat - e faqih ) . It was a relatively non-violent revolution , and it helped to redefine the meaning and practice of modern revolutions ( although there was violence in its aftermath ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Historical background 2.1 Tobacco Protest 2.2 Persian Constitutional Revolution 2.3 Reza Shah 2.4 Mosaddegh and The Anglo Iranian Oil Company ( today BP ) 2.5 1953 Iranian coup d'état 2.6 White Revolution 2.7 Rise of Ayatollah Khomeini 2.7. 1 Ideology of the Iranian Revolution 2.7. 2 Opposition groups and organizations 2.8 1970 -- 1977 3 Revolution 3.1 Outbreak 3.2 Beginning of protests 3.3 Consolidation of the opposition 3.4 Government reaction 3.4. 1 Early summer 3.5 Renewed protests 3.5. 1 Cinema Rex fire 3.5. 2 Appointment of Jafar Sharif - Emami as prime minister 3.5. 3 Declaration of martial law and Black Friday 3.5. 4 Reactions to Black Friday 3.6 General strike , increasing opposition , and military government 3.6. 1 Nationwide strikes 3.6. 2 Khomeini moves to the West 3.6. 3 Continued conflict 3.6. 4 Appointment of a military government 3.7 Muharram protests 3.7. 1 Tasu'a and Ashura marches 3.8 The Shah 's exile and Khomeini 's return 3.8. 1 Demoralization of the Army 3.8. 2 American and internal negotiations with the opposition 3.8. 3 The Shah leaves 3.8. 4 Bakhtiar 's premiership and Khomeini 's return 3.9 Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy 3.10 Women 's role 3.10. 1 Khomeini 's rhetoric on women 's participation 3.10. 2 Variation within women 's participation 3.10. 3 Academic literature on women 's participation 3.11 Casualties 3.12 Songs of Iranian Revolution 4 Aftermath 4.1 Consolidation of power by Khomeini 4.1. 1 Conflicts among revolutionaries 4.1. 2 Organizations of the revolution 4.1. 3 1979 uprisings 4.1. 4 Establishment of Islamic republic government 4.1. 4.1 Referendum of 12 Farvardin 4.1. 4.2 Writing of the constitution 4.1. 5 Hostage crisis 4.1. 6 Suppression of opposition 4.1. 6.1 Newspaper closings 4.1. 6.2 Muslim People 's Republican Party 4.1. 6.3 Islamist left 4.2 Impact 4.2. 1 International 4.2. 1.1 Persian Gulf and the Iran -- Iraq War 4.2. 1.2 Western / U.S. -- Iranian relations 4.2. 1.3 Other countries 4.2. 2 Domestic 4.2. 2.1 Human development 4.2. 2.2 Politics and government 4.2. 2.3 Women 4.2. 2.4 Economy 5 Islamic political culture 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution Reasons advanced for the occurrence of the revolution and its populist , nationalist and , later , Shi'a Islamic character include a conservative backlash against the Westernizing and secularizing efforts of the Western - backed Shah , a rise in expectations created by the 1973 oil revenue windfall and an overly ambitious economic program , anger over a short , sharp economic contraction in 1977 -- 78 , and other shortcomings of the previous regime . The Shah 's regime became increasingly oppressive , brutal , corrupt , and extravagant . It also suffered from basic functional failures that brought economic bottlenecks , shortages , and inflation . The Shah was perceived by many as beholden to -- if not a puppet of -- a non-Muslim Western power ( the United States ) whose culture was affecting that of Iran . At the same time , support for the Shah may have waned among Western politicians and media -- especially under the administration of U.S. President Jimmy Carter -- as a result of the Shah 's support for OPEC petroleum price increases earlier in the decade . When President Carter enacted a human - rights policy which said countries guilty of human - rights violations would be deprived of American arms or aid , this helped give some Iranians the courage to post open letters and petitions in the hope that the repression by the government might subside . The revolution that replaced the monarchy of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi with Islamism and Khomeini rather than with another leader and ideology , is credited in part to the spread of the Shia version of the Islamic revival that opposed Westernization and saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali and the Shah in the role of Husayn 's foe , the hated tyrant Yazid I. Other factors include the underestimation of Khomeini 's Islamist movement by both the Shah 's reign -- who considered them a minor threat compared to the Marxists and Islamic socialists -- and by the secularist , opponents of the government -- who thought the Khomeinists could be sidelined . Historical background ( edit ) Tobacco protest ( edit ) Main article : Tobacco Protest The Shi'a clergy ( Ulema ) had a significant influence on Iranian society . The clergy first showed itself to be a powerful political force in opposition to the monarchy with the 1891 Tobacco protest . On 20 March 1890 , Nasir al - Din Shah granted a concession to Major G.F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production , sale , and export of tobacco for fifty years . At the time the Persian tobacco industry employed over 200,000 people and therefore the concession represented a major blow to Persian farmers and bazaaris whose livelihoods were largely dependent on the lucrative tobacco business . The boycotts and protests against it were widespread and extensive because of Mirza Hasan Shirazi 's fatwa ( judicial decree ) . Finally Nasir al - Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession . The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests , and revealed the power of the people and the Ulema influence among them . Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi . Press conference on international oil policies . Niavaran Palace , Tehran , 1971 . Persian Constitutional revolution ( edit ) Main article : Persian Constitutional Revolution The growing discontent continued until the Constitutional Revolution ( 1905 -- 1911 ) . The revolution led to the establishment of a Parliament and approval of the first constitution . Although the constitutional revolution was successful in weakening the autocracy of the Qajar regime , it failed to provide a powerful alternative government . Consequently , within the decades following the establishment of the new parliament , a number of critical events took place . Many of these events can be viewed as a continuation of the struggle between the constitutionalists and the Shahs of Persia , many of whom were backed by foreign powers against the parliament . Reza Shah ( edit ) Main article : Rezā Shāh Insecurity and chaos created after the Constitutional Revolution led to the rise of General Reza Khan , the commander of the elite Persian Cossack Brigade who seized power in a coup d'état in February 1921 . He established a constitutional monarchy , deposing the last of the Qajar shah in 1925 and introduced many social , economic , and political reforms during his reign . A number of these reforms led to public discontent which provides circumstances for an Iranian revolution . Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 's father , Reza Shah , replaced Islamic laws with Western ones , which forbade traditional Islamic clothing , separation of the sexes and veiling of women 's faces with the niqab . Police forcibly removed and tore chadors off women who resisted his ban on the public hijab . In 1935 , dozens were killed and hundreds injured in the Goharshad Mosque rebellion . On the other hand , in the early rise of Reza Shah , Abdul - Karim Ha'eri Yazdi founded the Qom Seminary and created important changes in seminaries . However , he would avoid entering into political issues , as did other religious leaders who followed him . Hence , no widespread anti-government attempts were organized by clergy during the Reza Shah Rule . However , the future Ayatollah Khomeini was a student of Sheikh Abdul Karim Ha'eri . Mosaddegh and the Anglo Iranian oil company ( today bp ) ( edit ) Main articles : Mohammad Mosaddegh and Anglo - Persian Oil Company From 1901 on , the Anglo - Persian Oil Company ( renamed the Anglo - Iranian oil company in 1931 ) - a British oil company -- enjoyed the monopoly on sale and production of Iranian oil . It was the most profitable British business in the world . Most Iranians lived in poverty while the wealth generated from Iranian oil played a decisive role in maintaining Britain at the top of the world . In 1951 Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh pledged to throw the company out of Iran , reclaim the petroleum reserves and free Iran from foreign powers . Mosaddegh nationalized the Anglo - Iranian oil company and became a national hero . The British , however , were outraged and accused him of stealing . The British demanded punishment by the World Court and the United Nations , sent warships to the Persian Gulf and finally imposed a crushing embargo . Mosaddegh was unmoved by Britain 's campaign against him . One European newspaper , the Frankfurter Neue Presse , reported that Mosaddegh `` would rather be fried in Persian oil than make the slightest concession for the British '' . The British considered an armed invasion , but U.S. President Harry S. Truman refused his support . U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided for a coup . Mosaddegh , however , learned of their plans and ordered the British embassy shuttered in October 1952 . All British diplomats and agents had to leave the country . The British asked Truman for help ; Truman , however , sympathized with nationalist movements like Mosaddegh 's and had nothing but contempt for old - style imperialists like those who ran Anglo - Iranian . However , Dwight D. Eisenhower 's election as U.S. President in November 1952 changed the U.S. 's stance toward the conflict . On 20 January 1953 , U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his brother , director of the C.I.A. Allen Dulles , told their British counterparts that they were ready to move against Mosaddegh . In their eyes , any country not decisively allied with the United States was a potential enemy . Iran had immense oil wealth , a long border with the Soviet Union and a nationalist Prime Minister . A fall into communism and a `` second China '' terrified the Dulles brothers . Operation Ajax was born , deposing the only democratic government Iran ever had . 1953 Iranian coup d'état ( edit ) Main article : 1953 Iranian coup d'état In 1941 Reza Shah was deposed and his son , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , was installed by an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops . In 1953 , foreign powers ( American and British ) again came to the Shah 's aid -- after the young Shah fled the country to Italy , the British MI6 aided an American CIA operative in organizing a military coup d'état to oust the nationalist and democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh . Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi , who was the son of Reza Shah , maintained a close relationship with the U.S. government , both regimes sharing an opposition to the expansion of the Soviet Union , Iran 's powerful northern neighbor . Like his father 's government , the Shah 's was known for its autocracy , its focus on modernization and Westernization and for its disregard for religious and democratic measures in Iran 's constitution . Leftist and Islamist groups attacked his government ( often from outside Iran as they were suppressed within ) for violating the Iranian constitution , political corruption , and the political oppression by the SAVAK secret police . White revolution ( edit ) Main article : White Revolution The White Revolution was a far - reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and lasted until 1978 . Mohammad Reza Shah 's reform programme was built especially to weaken those classes that supported the traditional system . It consisted of several elements including : the land reform ; sales of some state - owned factories to finance the land reform ; the enfranchisement of women ; nationalization of forests and pastures ; formation of a literacy corps ; and institution of profit sharing schemes for workers in industry . The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards westernization and was a way for him to legitimize the Pahlavi dynasty . Part of the reason for launching the White Revolution was that the Shah hoped to get rid of the landlords ' influence and create a new base of support among the peasants and working class . Thus the White Revolution in Iran represented a new attempt to introduce reform from above and preserve traditional power patterns . Through land reform , the essence of the White Revolution , the Shah hoped to ally himself with the peasantry in the countryside , and hoped to sever their ties with the aristocracy in the city . What the Shah did not expect was that the White Revolution led to new social tensions that helped create many of the problems the Shah had been trying to avoid . The Shah 's reforms more than quadrupled the combined size of the two classes that had posed the most challenges to his monarchy in the past -- the intelligentsia and the urban working class . Their resentment towards the Shah also grew since they were now stripped of organizations that had represented them in the past , such as political parties , professional associations , trade unions , and independent newspapers . The land reform , instead of allying the peasants with the government , produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons , with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah . Many of the masses felt resentment towards the increasingly corrupt government ; their loyalty to the clergy , who were seen as more concerned with the fate of the populace , remained consistent or increased . As Ervand Abrahamian pointed out , The White Revolution had been designed to preempt a Red Revolution . Instead , it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution . The White Revolution 's economic `` trickle - down '' strategy also did not work as intended . In theory , oil money funneled to the elite was supposed to be used to create jobs and factories , eventually distributing the money , but instead the wealth tended to get stuck at the top and concentrated in the hands of the very few . Rise of Ayatollah Khomeini ( edit ) Khomeini Main article : Ruhollah Khomeini See also : Movement of 15 Khordad People of Tehran in the demonstrations of 5 June 1963 with pictures of Ruhollah Khomeini in their hands . Protesters carrying the body of one of the victims The post-revolutionary leader -- Shia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini -- first came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his White Revolution . Khomeini was arrested in 1963 after declaring the Shah a `` wretched miserable man '' who had `` embarked on the ( path toward ) destruction of Islam in Iran . '' Three days of major riots throughout Iran followed , with 15,000 dead from police fire as reported by opposition sources . However , anti-revolutionary sources conjectured that just 32 were killed . Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation , condemning Iran 's close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations , or extension of diplomatic immunity to American government personnel in Iran . In November 1964 Khomeini was re-arrested and sent into exile where he remained for 15 years , until the revolution . Ideology of the Iranian revolution ( edit ) Main article : Ideology of the Iranian Revolution In this interim period of `` disaffected calm '' the budding Iranian revival began to undermine the idea of Westernization as progress that was the basis of the Shah 's secular reign , and to form the ideology of the 1979 revolution . Jalal Al - e-Ahmad 's idea of Gharbzadegi -- that Western culture was a plague or an intoxication to be eliminated ; Ali Shariati 's vision of Islam as the one true liberator of the Third World from oppressive colonialism , neo-colonialism , and capitalism ; and Morteza Motahhari 's popularized retellings of the Shia faith , all spread and gained listeners , readers and supporters . Most importantly , Khomeini preached that revolt , and especially martyrdom , against injustice and tyranny was part of Shia Islam , and that Muslims should reject the influence of both liberal capitalism and communism , ideas that inspired the revolutionary slogan `` Neither East , nor West -- Islamic Republic ! '' Away from public view , Khomeini developed the ideology of velayat - e faqih ( guardianship of the jurist ) as government , that Muslims -- in fact everyone -- required `` guardianship , '' in the form of rule or supervision by the leading Islamic jurist or jurists . Such rule was ultimately `` more necessary even than prayer and fasting '' in Islam , as it would protect Islam from deviation from traditional sharia law and in so doing eliminate poverty , injustice , and the `` plundering '' of Muslim land by foreign non-believers . This idea of rule by Islamic jurists was spread through his book Islamic Government , mosque sermons , smuggled cassette speeches by Khomeini , among Khomeini 's opposition network of students ( talabeh ) , ex-students ( able clerics such as Morteza Motahhari , Mohammad Beheshti , Mohammad - Javad Bahonar , Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani and Mohammad Mofatteh ) , and traditional businessmen ( bazaari ) inside Iran . Opposition groups and organizations ( edit ) Main article : Organizations of the Iranian Revolution Other opposition groups included constitutionalist liberals -- the democratic , reformist Islamic Freedom Movement of Iran , headed by Mehdi Bazargan , and the more secular National Front . They were based in the urban middle class , and wanted the Shah to adhere to the Iranian Constitution of 1906 rather than to replace him with a theocracy , but lacked the cohesion and organization of Khomeini 's forces . Marxist groups -- primarily the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and the Fedaian guerrillas -- had been weakened considerably by government repression . Despite this the guerrillas did help play an important part in the final February 1979 overthrow delivering `` the regime its coup de grace . '' The most powerful guerrilla group -- the People 's Mujahedin -- was leftist Islamist and opposed the influence of the clergy as reactionary . Some important clergy did not follow Khomeini 's lead . Popular ayatollah Mahmoud Taleghani supported the left , while perhaps the most senior and influential ayatollah in Iran -- Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari -- first remained aloof from politics and then came out in support of a democratic revolution . Khomeini worked to unite this opposition behind him ( except for the unwanted ` atheistic Marxists ` ) , focusing on the socio - economic problems of the Shah 's government ( corruption and unequal income and development ) , while avoiding specifics among the public that might divide the factions , -- particularly his plan for clerical rule which he believed most Iranians had become prejudiced against as a result of propaganda campaign by Western imperialists . In the post-Shah era , some revolutionaries who clashed with his theocracy and were suppressed by his movement complained of deception , but in the meantime anti-Shah unity was maintained . 1970 -- 1977 ( edit ) Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution . The 1971 2,500 th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire at Persepolis , organized by the government , was attacked for its extravagance . `` As the foreigners reveled on drink forbidden by Islam , Iranians were not only excluded from the festivities , some were starving . '' Five years later the Shah angered pious Iranian Muslims by changing the first year of the Iranian solar calendar from the Islamic hijri to the ascension to the throne by Cyrus the Great . `` Iran jumped overnight from the Muslim year 1355 to the royalist year 2535 . '' The oil boom of the 1970s produced `` alarming '' increase in inflation , waste and an `` accelerating gap '' between the rich and poor , the city and the country , along with the presence of tens of thousands of unpopular skilled foreign workers . Many Iranians were also angered by the fact that the shah 's family was the foremost beneficiary of the income generated by oil , and the line between state earnings and family earnings blurred . By 1976 , the shah had accumulated upward of $1 billion from oil revenue ; his family -- including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $5 and $20 billion ; and the family foundation controlled approximately $3 billion By mid-1977 economic austerity measures to fight inflation disproportionately affected the thousands of poor and unskilled male migrants to the cities working construction . Culturally and religiously conservative , many went on to form the core of the revolution 's demonstrators and `` martyrs '' . All Iranians were required to join and pay dues to a new political party , the Ḥezb - e Rastakhiz party -- all other parties being banned . That party 's attempt to fight inflation with populist `` anti-profiteering '' campaigns -- fining and jailing merchants for high prices -- angered and politicized merchants while fueling black markets . In 1977 the Shah responded to the `` polite reminder '' of the importance of political rights by the new American president , Jimmy Carter , by granting amnesty to some prisoners and allowing the Red Cross to visit prisons . Through 1977 liberal opposition formed organizations and issued open letters denouncing the government . Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977 when the German - Iranian Cultural Association in Teheran hosted a series of literature reading sessions , organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German Goethe - Institut . In these '' Ten Nights '' ( Dah Shab ) 57 of Iran 's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners . They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression . That year also saw the death of the popular and influential modernist Islamist theorist Ali Shariati . This both angered his followers , who considered him a martyr at the hands of SAVAK , and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini . Finally , in October Khomeini 's son Mostafa died of an alleged heart attack , his death also blamed on SAVAK . A subsequent memorial service for Mostafa in Tehran put Khomeini back in the spotlight . 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Secular opponents of the Shah began to meet in secret to denounce the government . Led by the leftist intellectual Saeed Soltanpour , the Iranian Writers Association met at the Goethe Institute in Tehran to read anti-government poetry . Ali Shariati 's death in the United Kingdom shortly after led to another public demonstration , with the opposition accusing the Shah of murdering him ( although it was later ruled he died naturally of a heart attack ) . The chain of events began with the death of Mostafa Khomeini , chief aide and eldest son of Ruhollah Khomeini . He mysteriously died at midnight of 23 October 1977 . SAVAK and Iraqi government declared heart attack as the cause of demise , though many believed his death was attributed to SAVAK . Khomeini remained silent after the incident , but in Iran with the spread of the news there was a wave of protest in several cities and mourning ceremonies in major cities were held . The mourning of Mostafa was given a political cast by Khomeini 's political credentials , their enduring opposition to the monarchy and their exile . Thus dimension of the ceremonies went beyond the religious credentials of the family . Beginning of protests ( edit ) On 7 January 1978 , an article ( `` Iran and Red and Black Colonization '' ) appeared in the national daily Ettela'at newspaper . Written under a pseudonym by a government agent , it denounced Khomeini as a `` British agent '' and a `` mad Indian poet '' conspiring to sell out Iran to neo-colonialists and communists . Upon the publishing of the article , religious seminary students in the city of Qom , angered over the insult to Khomeini , clashed with police . According to the government , two were killed in the clash ; according to the opposition , seventy were killed and over five hundred were injured . However , the casualty figures are different in different sources . Consolidation of the opposition ( edit ) According to the Shi'ite customs , memorial services ( referred to as chehelom ) are held forty days after a person 's death . Encouraged by Khomeini ( who declared that the blood of martyrs must water the `` tree of Islam '' ) , radicals pressured the mosques and moderate clergy to commemorate the deaths of the students , and used the occasion to generate protests . The informal network of mosques and bazaars , which for years had been used to carry out religious events , increasingly became consolidated as a coordinated protest organization . On 18 February , forty days after Qom clashes , demonstrations broke out in various different cities . The largest was in Tabriz , which descended into a full - scale riot . `` Western '' and government symbols such as cinemas , bars , state - owned banks , and police stations were set ablaze . Units of Imperial Iranian Army were deployed to the city to restore order , and the death toll , according to government was 6 , while Khomeini claimed hundreds were `` martyred '' . Forty days later ( 29 March ) , demonstrations were organized in at least 55 cities , including Tehran . In an increasingly predictable pattern , deadly riots broke out in major cities , and again forty days later on 10 May . It led to an incident in which army commandos opened fire on Ayatollah Shariatmadari 's house , killing one of his students . Shariatmadari immediately made a public announcement declaring his support for a `` constitutional government '' , and a return to the policies of the 1906 Constitution . Government reaction ( edit ) Resurgence Party pro-Shah demonstration in Tabriz The Shah was taken completely by surprise by the protests ; to make matters worse he often became indecisive during times of crisis . Virtually every major decision he would make backfired on his government , and inflamed the revolutionaries . The Shah decided to continue on his plan of liberalization , and decided to negotiate rather than to use force against the still nascent protest movement . He promised that fully democratic elections for the Majlis would be held in 1979 . Censorship was relaxed , and a resolution was drafted to help reduce corruption within the royal family and the government . Protesters were tried in civilian courts rather than by military court - martials , and were quickly released . Iran 's security forces had not received any riot control training nor equipment since 1963 . Police forces were unable to control demonstrations and the army frequently was deployed in that role . Soldiers were instructed not to use deadly force , yet there were instances of inexperienced soldiers reacting excessively , inflaming the violence without cowing the opposition , and receiving official condemnation from the Shah. ( The Carter Administration also refused to sell non-lethal tear gas and rubber bullets to Iran ) . As early as the Tabriz riots in February , the Shah fired all the SAVAK officials in the city in a concession to the opposition , and soon began to dismiss civil servants and government officials whom he felt the public blamed . In the first national concession , he replaced the hardline SAVAK chief General Nematollah Nassiri with the more moderate General Nasser Moghaddam . The government also negotiated to moderate religious leaders such as Shariatmadari ( apologizing to the latter for the raid on his house ) . The Shah of Iran ( left ) meeting with members of the U.S. government : Alfred Atherton , William Sullivan , Cyrus Vance , Jimmy Carter , and Zbigniew Brzezinski , 1977 Early summer ( edit ) By summer , the protests had stagnated . They remained at a steady state for four months -- about ten thousand participants in each major city ( with the exception of Isfahan where protests were larger and Tehran where they were smaller ) , protesting every 40 days . This amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in Iran . Against the wishes of Khomeini , Shariatmadari called for 17 June mourning protests to be carried out as a one - day stay . Although tensions remained in the air , the Shah 's policy appeared to have worked , leading Amuzegar to declare that `` the crisis is over . '' A CIA analysis concluded that Iran `` is not in a revolutionary or even a pre-revolutionary situation . '' Indeed , these and later events in Iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the United States has experienced since the CIA was established in 1947 . As a sign of easing of government restrictions , three prominent opposition leaders from the secular National Front : Karim Sanjabi , Shahpour Bakhtiar , and Dariush Forouhar were allowed to write an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of Iran . Renewed protests ( edit ) Cinema Rex fire ( edit ) Main article : Cinema Rex fire On 19 August , in the southwestern city of Abadan , four arsonists barred the door of the Cinema Rex movie theatre and set it on fire . In what was the largest terrorist attack in history prior to the 11 September 2001 attacks , 422 people inside the theatre were burned to death . Khomeini immediately blamed the Shah and SAVAK for setting the fire . Due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere , the public also blamed the Shah for starting the fire , despite the government 's insistence that they were uninvolved . Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting `` Burn the Shah ! '' and `` The Shah is the guilty one ! '' . After the revolution , many claimed that it was Islamist militants who had started the fire . After the Islamic Republic government executed a police officer for the act , a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist , claimed he was responsible to starting the fire . After forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation , the new government finally executed Hossein Talakhzadeh for `` setting the fire on the Shah 's orders '' ( despite his insistence he did it on his own accord as an ultimate sacrifice for the revolutionary cause ) . Appointment of Jafar Sharif - Emami as prime minister ( edit ) By August , the protests had `` kick ( ed ) ... into high gear , '' and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands . In an attempt to dampen inflation the Amuzegar administration cut spending and reduced business , but the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs -- particularly among young , unskilled , male workers living in the working class districts . By summer 1978 , the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers . In addition , it was the Islamic holy month of Ramadan , bringing a sense of increased religiosity among many people . A series of escalating protests broke out in major cities , and deadly riots broke out in Isfahan where protesters fought for the release of Ayatollah Jalaluddin Taheri . Martial law was declared in the city on 11 August as symbols of Western culture and government buildings were burned , and a bus full of American workers was bombed . Due to his failure to stop the protests , Prime Minister Amuzegar offered his resignation . The Shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and hoped to regain it through complete appeasement . He decided to appoint Jafar Sharif - Emami to the post of prime minister , himself a veteran prime minister . Emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy , but had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership . Under the Shah 's guidance , Sharif - Emami effectively began a policy of `` appeasing the opposition 's demands before they even made them '' . The government abolished the Rastakhiz Party , legalized all political parties and released political prisoners , increased freedom of expression , curtailed SAVAK 's authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders , closed down casinos and nightclubs , and abolished the imperial calendar . The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members . Sharif - Emami entered into negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi in order to help organize future elections . Censorship was effectively terminated , and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations , often highly critically and negatively of the Shah . The Majlis ( Parliament ) also began issuing resolutions against the government . Declaration of martial law and Black Friday ( edit ) Demonstration of 8 September 1978 , the sentence on placard : `` We want an Islamic government , led by Imam Khomeini '' . Demonstration of `` Black Friday '' of Iran ( 8 September 1978 ) : `` Islamic government '' Victims of Black Friday . 4 September was Eid - e-Fitr , the holiday celebrating the end of the month of Ramadan . A permit for an open air prayer was granted , in which 200,000 -- 500,000 people attended . Instead , the clergy directed the crowd on a large march through the center of Tehran ( the Shah reportedly watched the march from his helicopter , unnerved and confused ) . A few days later even larger protests took place , and for the first time protesters called for Khomeini 's return and the establishment of an Islamic republic . At midnight on 8 September , the Shah declared martial law in Tehran and 11 other major cities throughout the country . All street demonstrations were banned , and a night - time curfew was established . Tehran 's martial law commander was General Gholam - Ali Oveissi , who was known for his severity against opponents . However , the Shah made clear that once martial law was lifted he intended to continue with the liberalization , he retained Sharif - Emami 's civilian government , hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets . However , 5,000 protesters took to the streets , either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration , and faced off with soldiers at Jaleh Square . After the firing warning shots failed to disperse the crowd , troops fired directly into the mob , killing 64 , while General Oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by armed snipers in surrounding buildings . Additional clashes throughout the day ( which would be called Black Friday by the opposition ) brought the opposition death toll to 89 . Reactions to Black Friday ( edit ) The deaths shocked the country , and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the Shah and the opposition . Khomeini immediately declared that `` 4,000 innocent protesters were massacred by Zionists '' , and gave him a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government . The Shah himself was horrified by the events of Black Friday , and harshly criticized the events , though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting . While martial law officially remained in effect , the government decided not to break up any more demonstrations or strikes ( in effect `` martial law without there exactly being martial law '' , according to Sharif - Emami ) , instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders . Consequently , protest gatherings often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers . General strike , increasing opposition , and military government ( edit ) Nationwide strikes ( edit ) On 9 September 700 workers at Tehran 's main oil refinery went on strike , and on 11 September the same occurred at refineries in 5 other cities . On 13 September , central government workers in Tehran simultaneously went on strike . By late October , a nationwide general strike was declared , with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs , most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media . Special `` strike committees '' were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities . The Shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers , but instead gave them generous wage increases , and allowed strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes . By the beginning of November , many important officials in the Shah 's government were demanding from the Shah forceful measures to bring the strikers back to work . Khomeini moves to the West ( edit ) Hoping to break Khomeini 's contacts with the opposition , the Shah pressured the Iraqi government to expel him from Najaf . Khomeini left Iraq , instead moving to a house bought by Iranian exiles in Neauphle - le - Château , a village near Paris , France . The Shah hoped that Khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of Najaf and be cut off from the protest movement . Instead , the plan backfired badly . With superior French telephone and postal connections ( compared to Iraqi ones ) , his supporters flooded Iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons . Ayatollah Khomeini at Neauphle - le - Château surrounded by journalists Worse for the Shah , the Western media , especially the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) , immediately put Khomeini into the spotlight . Khomeini rapidly became a household name in the west , portraying himself as an `` Eastern mystic '' who did not seek power , but instead sought to `` free '' his people from `` oppression '' . The normally critical western media rapidly became a docile tool in Khomeini 's hands . In addition , the media coverage eroded the influence of other , more moderate clergy such as Ayatollah Shariatmadari and Ayatollah Taleghani . The BBC itself later issued a statement admitting to having a `` critical '' disposition to the Shah , saying that its broadcasts helped to `` change the collective perception of the population . '' In November , secular National Front leader Karim Sanjabi flew to Paris to meet Khomeini . There the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be `` Islamic and democratic '' . It signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition . In order to help create a democratic facade , Khomeini placed Westernized figures ( such as Sadegh Qotbzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi ) as the public spokesmen of the opposition , and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a theocracy . Continued conflict ( edit ) Street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military ; by late October , government officials effectively even ceded the University of Tehran to student protesters . Worse , the opposition was increasingly becoming armed with weapons , firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country . On 5 November , demonstrations at University of Tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers . Within hours , Tehran broke out into a full - scale riot . Block after block of Western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores , as well as government and police buildings , were seized , looted , and burned . The British embassy in Tehran was partially burned and vandalized as well , and the American embassy nearly suffered the same fate ( the event became known to foreign observers as `` The Day Tehran Burned '' ) . Many of the rioters were young teenage boys , often organized by the mosques in southern Tehran , and encouraged by their mullahs to attack and destroy western and secular symbols . The army and police , confused about their orders and under pressure from the Shah not to risk initiating violence , effectively gave up and did not intervene . Appointment of a military government ( edit ) As the situation on the streets spiraled out of control , many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the Shah , begging him to stop the chaos . On 6 November , the Shah dismissed Sharif - Emami from the post of prime minister , and chose to appoint a military government in its place . General Gholam - Reza Azhari was chosen to be prime minister . Azhari was chosen by the Shah because of his mild - mannered approach to the situation . The cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only , and consisted primarily of civilian leaders . The same day , the Shah made a speech on Iranian television . He referred to himself as Padeshah ( king ) , instead of the more grandiose Shahanshah ( king of kings ) , which he insisted on being called previously . In his speech he stated `` I have heard the voice of your revolution '' ... `` this revolution can not but be supported by me , the king of Iran '' . He apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign , and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist . He stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy , and would form a coalition government . In effect , the Shah intended to restrain the military government ( which he described as a temporary caretaker government ) from carrying out a full crackdown . The speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the Shah and `` smelled blood '' . Khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the Shah and called on all Iranians to overthrow him . Military authorities declared martial law in Khuzestan province ( Iran 's main oil producing province ) , and deployed troops to its oil facilities . Navy personnel were also used as strikebreakers in the oil industry . Street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again , nearly reaching pre-revolutionary levels . In a symbolic blow to the opposition , Karim Sanjabi , who had visited Khomeini in Paris , was arrested upon his return to Iran . However , the government still continued the policy of appeasement and negotiation . The Shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his own government for charges of corruption , including former prime minister Amir Abbas - Hoveyda and former SAVAK head Nematollah Nassiri . Muharram protests ( edit ) Play media Part of the marching of the people during the Iranian Revolution 1979 Mohammad Beheshti Participates in Tehran Ashura Demonstration , 11 December 1978 . Khomeini condemned the military government and called for continued protests . He and the protest organizers planned a series of escalating protests during the holy Islamic month of Muharram , to culminate with massive protests on the days of Tasu'a and Ashura ( commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussein ibn Ali , the third Shia Muslim imam ) . While the military authorities banned street demonstrations and extended the curfew , the Shah faced deep misgivings about the potential violence . On the second of December 1978 , the Muharram protests began . Named for the Islamic month they began in , the Muharram protests were impressively huge and pivotal . Over two million protesters ( many of whom were teenagers organized by the mullahs from the mosques of southern Tehran ) took to the streets , crowding Shahyad Square . Protesters frequently went out at night , defying the set curfew ( often taking to rooftops and shouting `` Allahu - Akbar '' ( God is Great ) ) . According to one witness , many of the clashes on the street had an air of playfulness rather than seriousness , with security forces using `` kid gloves '' against the opposition ( nevertheless , the government reported at least 12 opposition deaths ) . The protesters demanded that Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi step down from power , and that Grand Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini be returned from exile . The protests grew incredibly fast , reaching between six million and nine million in strength in the first week . About 10 % of the entire population had taken to the streets in the Muharram protests . Both beginning and ending in the month of Muharram , the protests succeeded and Shah stepped down from power later in the month . After the success of what would become known as a revolution , Grand Ayatullah Ruhollah Khomeini returned to Iran as its religious and political leader for life . Khomeini had been an opposition leader to Shah for many years , rising to prominence after the death of his mentor , renowned scholar Yazdi Ha'iri , in the 1930s . Even in his years in exile , Khomeini remained relevant in Iran . Supporting the protests from beyond Iran 's borders , he proclaimed that `` freedom and liberation from the bonds of imperialism '' was imminent . Tasu'a and Ashura marches ( edit ) Tehran Ashura Demonstration , 11 December 1978 As the days of Tasu'a and Ashura ( 10 and 11 December ) approached , in order to prevent a deadly showdown the Shah began to draw back . In negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari , the Shah ordered the release of 120 political prisoners and Karim Sanjabi , and on 8 December revoked the ban on street demonstrations . Permits were issued for the marchers , and troops were removed from the procession 's path . In turn , Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations . On 10 and 11 December , the days of Tasu'a and Ashura , between six and nine million anti-shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran . According to one historian , `` even discounting for exaggeration , these figures may represent the largest protest event in history . '' The marches were led by Ayatollah Taleghani and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi , thus symbolizing the `` unity '' of the secular and religious opposition . The mullahs and bazaar merchants effectively policed the gathering , and protesters who attempted to initiate violence were restrained . More than 10 % of the country marched in anti-shah demonstrations on December 10 and 11 , 1978 , possibly a higher percentage than any previous revolution . It is rare for a revolution to involve as much as 1 percent of a country 's population ; the French , Russian , and Romanian revolutions may have passed the 1 percent mark . A protester giving flowers to an army officer The Shah 's exile and Khomeini 's return ( edit ) Play media Video of people welcoming Ayatollah Khomeini in the streets of Tehran after his return from exile Main article : Ruhollah Khomeini 's return to Iran Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years exile on 1 February 1979 . He is helped off the plane by one of the Air France pilots . Much of Iranian society was in euphoria about the coming revolution . Secular and leftist politicians piled onto the movement hoping to gain power in the aftermath , ignoring the fact that Khomeini was the very antithesis to all of the positions they supported . While it was increasingly clear to more secular Iranians that Khomeini was not a liberal , he was widely perceived as a figurehead , and that power would eventually be handed to the secular groups . Demoralization of the army ( edit ) The military leadership was increasingly paralyzed by indecision , and rank - and - file soldiers were demoralized , having been forced to confront demonstrators while prohibited from using their own weapons ( and being condemned by the Shah if they did ) . Increasingly , Khomeini called on the soldiers of the armed forces to defect to the opposition . Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters , while threatening retribution to those who stayed . On 11 December , a dozen officers were shot dead by their own troops at Tehran 's Lavizan barracks . Fearing further mutinies , many soldiers were returned to their barracks . Mashhad ( the second largest city in Iran ) was abandoned to the protesters , and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control . American and internal negotiations with the opposition ( edit ) Cartoon depicting Shapour Bakhtiar and Mosaddegh in 22 January 1978 issue of Ettela'at , during the revolution . The Carter Administration increasingly became locked in a debate about continued support for the monarchy . As early as November , ambassador William Sullivan sent a telegram to Carter ( the `` Thinking the Unthinkable '' telegram ) . The telegram effectively declared his belief that the Shah would not survive the protests , and that the US should consider withdrawing its support for his government and persuading the monarch to abdicate . The United States would then help assemble a coalition of pro-Western military officers , middle class professionals , and moderate clergy , with Khomeini installed as a Gandhi - like spiritual leader . The telegram touched off a vigorous debate in the American cabinet , with some ( such as National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski ) rejecting it outright . Secretary of State Cyrus Vance rejected a military crackdown ; he and his supporters believed in the `` moderate and progressive '' intentions of Khomeini and his circle . Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp . Based on the revolutionaries responses , some American officials ( especially Ambassador Sullivan ) felt that Khomeini was genuinely intent on creating a democracy . According to historian Abbas Milani , this resulted in the United States effectively helping to facilitate Khomeini 's rise to power . The Shah began to search for a new prime minister , one who was a civilian and a member of the opposition . On 28 December , he secured an agreement with another major National Front figure , Shahpour Bakhtiar . Bakhtiar would be appointed prime minister ( a return to civilian rule ) , while the Shah and his family would leave the country for a `` vacation '' . His royal duties would be carried out by a Regency Council , and three months after his departure a referendum would be submitted to the people deciding on whether Iran would remain a monarchy or become a republic . A former opponent of the Shah , Bakhtiar became motivated to join the government because he was increasingly aware of Khomeini 's intentions to implement hard - line religious rule rather than a democracy . Karim Sanjabi immediately expelled Bakhtiar from the National Front , and Bakhtiar was denounced by Khomeini ( who declared that acceptance of his government was the equivalent of `` obedience to false gods '' ) . The Shah leaves ( edit ) The Shah , hoping to see Bakhtiar established , kept delaying his departure . Consequently , to the Iranian public , Bakhtiar was seen as the Shah 's last prime minister , undermining his support . American General Robert Huyser , the Deputy Commander of NATO , entered Iran . While the option of a pro-Shah military coup still was a possibility , Huyser met with military leaders ( but not the Shah ) , and established meetings between them and Khomeini allies , for the purpose of agreeing on Bakhtiar 's transitional government . Ambassador Sullivan disagreed , and attempted to pressure Huyser to ignore the military and work directly with Khomeini 's opposition . Nevertheless , Huyser won out and continued to work with both the military and opposition . He left Iran on 3 February . The Shah was privately embittered by Huyser 's mission , and felt that the United States no longer wanted him in power . On the morning of 16 January 1979 , Bakhtiar was officially appointed prime minister . The same day , a tearful Shah and his family left Iran for exile in Egypt , never to return . Bakhtiar 's premiership and Khomeini 's return ( edit ) When news of the Shah 's departure was announced , there were spontaneous scenes of joy throughout the country . Millions poured onto the streets , virtually every remaining sign of the monarchy was torn down by the crowds . Bakhtiar dissolved SAVAK and freed all remaining political prisoners . He ordered the army to allow mass demonstrations , promised free elections and invited the revolutionaries into a government of `` national unity '' . Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran , with the intention of creating a Vatican - like state in the holy city of Qom , declaring that `` We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini '' . On 1 February 1979 Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France Boeing 747 . The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car he was being transported in from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd . Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution , he had become what some called a `` semi-divine '' figure , greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of ' Khomeini , O Imam , we salute you , peace be upon you . ' Crowds were now known to chant `` Islam , Islam , Khomeini , We Will Follow You , '' and even `` Khomeini for King . '' When asked by a reporter how he felt returning to his home country after a long exile , Khomeini replied `` Nothing '' . On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his rejection of Bakhtiar 's government in a speech promising , `` I shall kick their teeth in . I appoint the government , I appoint the government in support of this nation '' . On 5 February at his headquarters in the Refah School in southern Tehran , he declared a provisional revolutionary government , and appointed opposition leader Mehdi Bazargan ( from the religious - nationalist Freedom Movement , affiliated with the National Front ) , as his own prime minister , and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty . Iranian prime minister Mehdi Bazargan was an advocate of democracy and civil rights . He also opposed the cultural revolution and US embassy takeover . ( T ) hrough the guardianship ( Velayat ) that I have from the holy lawgiver ( the Prophet ) , I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler , and since I have appointed him , he must be obeyed . The nation must obey him . This is not an ordinary government . It is a government based on the sharia . Opposing this government means opposing the sharia of Islam ... Revolt against God 's government is a revolt against God . Revolt against God is blasphemy . Angered , Bakhtiar made a speech of his own . Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader , he declared that : Iran has one government . More than this is intolerable , either for me or for you or for any other Iranian . As a Muslim , I had not heard that jihad refers to one Muslim against other Muslims ... I will not give permission to Ayatollah Khomeini to form an interim government . In life there comes a time when one must stand firm and say no ... I have never seen a book about an Islamic Republic ; neither has anyone else for that matter ... Some of the people surrounding the Ayatollah are like violent vultures ... The clergy should go to Qom and build a wall around themselves and create their own Vatican . Armed battles and collapse of the monarchy ( edit ) Tensions between the two rival governments increased rapidly . To demonstrate his support , Khomeini called for demonstrators to occupy the streets throughout the country . He also sent a letter to American officials warning them to withdraw support for Bakhtiar . Bakhtiar became increasingly isolated , with members of the government ( including the entire Regency Council ) defecting to Khomeini . The military was crumbling , with its leadership completely paralyzed , unsure of whether to support Bakhtiar or act on their own , and rank - and - file soldiers either demoralized or deserting . On 9 February , a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians broke out at the Doshan Tappeh Air Base . A unit of the pro-Shah Immortal Guards attempted to apprehend the rebels , and an armed battle broke out . Soon large crowds took to the streets , building barricades and supporting the rebels , while Islamic - Marxist guerillas with their weapons joined in support . Iranian armed rebel during the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979 The armed rebels attacked a weapons factory , capturing nearly 50,000 machine guns and distributing them to civilians who joined in the fighting . The rebels began storming police stations and military bases throughout Tehran . The city 's martial law commander General Mehdi Rahimi decided not to use his 30,000 loyal Immortal Guards to crush the rebellion for fear of producing civilian casualties . The final collapse of the provisional non-Islamist government came at 2 pm 11 February when the Supreme Military Council declared itself `` neutral in the current political disputes ... in order to prevent further disorder and bloodshed . '' All military personnel were ordered back to their bases , effectively yielding control of the entire country to Khomeini . Revolutionaries took over government buildings , TV and radio stations , and palaces of the Pahlavi dynasty , marking the end of the monarchy in Iran . Bakhtiar escaped the palace under a hail of bullets , fleeing Iran in disguise . He was later assassinated by an agent of the Islamic Republic in 1991 in Paris . This period , from 1 to 11 February , is celebrated every year in Iran as the `` Decade of Fajr . '' 11 February is `` Islamic Revolution 's Victory Day '' , a national holiday with state sponsored demonstrations in every city . Women 's role ( edit ) Iranian women protesting The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution ; much of the new regime 's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in Iranian society . Beyond rhetoric , thousands of women were also heavily mobilized in the revolution itself , and different groups of women actively participated alongside their male counterparts . Not only participating through voting , women contributed to the revolution through marches , demonstrations and chanting slogans . The revolution was non-violent in nature which facilitated women 's involvement within it . For example , women were involved in caring for the wounded , female doctors responding to calls for help and opening their homes for those who needed assistance . While women themselves were often killed , tortured , arrested or injured and some were involved in guerilla activities , most contributed in non-violent ways . Many women were instrumental not only in being involved in the revolution themselves but in mobilizing men and other non-political women . Many women protested while carrying children and their presence was one of the main reasons for disarming soldiers ( who were there on behalf of the regime ) who were ordered to shoot if necessary . Khomeini 's rhetoric on women 's participation ( edit ) Ayatollah Khomeini asserted that `` You ladies here have proved that you are at the forefront of this movement . You have a great share in our Islamic movement . The future of our country depends on your support . '' He invoked the image of the hejab as a symbol of the revolution , saying that , `` a nation whose respected women demonstrate in modest garb ( hejab ) to express their disgust with the shah 's regime - such a nation will be victorious . '' He also said that , `` women from all levels of society took part in the recent demonstrations , which we are calling the `` referendum of the streets '' ... women fought side by side with men in the struggle for their independence and their liberty . '' Khomeini pleaded women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities . Furthermore , women later responded to Khomeini 's urge to vote in favor of the Islamic Republic and new constitution cities . Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aid to ban women from coming to group audience , Khomeini said `` I threw the shah out with these women , there 's no problem in their coming . '' After the revolution , Khomeini credited the much of the success of the movement to women , even commending the women for mobilizing men , `` you ladies have proved that you are in the vanguard of the movement , you have proved that you lead the men , men get their inspiration from you , the men of Iran have learnt lessons from the honourable ladies of Iran ... You are in the vanguard of the movement . '' It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women 's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-shah sentiments . Variation within women 's participation ( edit ) The presence of women in Tehran Ashura Demonstration , 11 December 1978 . The contributions of women to the revolutions and the intentions behind these contributions are complex and layered . The motivations of women for being part of the revolutions were complex and varied among a plethora of religious , political and economic reasons and women participating were from various classes and backgrounds . Many Western educated upper - middle class women from secular , urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working - class and rural backgrounds . There were groups as varied as the Fida'iyan - i Khalq and the Mujahedin were functioning as guerrilla units during the revolutions in opposition to the Shah 's regime . There were also other groups of women with various agendas that sometimes converged and sometimes diverged from the Islamic Republic 's political positions . For example , organized feminism which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty , joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women 's Affairs to appease the Islamists . Members of the Women 's Organization of Iran marched in support for the revolution and it was important that women very much linked to the government also turned against the Shah 's regime . Yet , there were later some tension between feminists ' dress and the revolution 's stance on women 's clothing and they began to feel uncomfortable at opposition events . Some argue that this politicization and mobilization of women made it difficult for the new regime to push them out of the public and political spheres . The revolution resulted in an unprecedented opening for Iranian women into politics ( mostly through demonstrations and voting ) , and some authors argue that this had a lasting impact on Iranian women 's political participation and role in the public sphere . Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as Marzieh Hadidchi . Other than the politicization of women , there were particular circumstances during the revolution which pushed women into being involved with politics . For example , `` the combination of martial law with its curfew hours and the closing down of shops and workplaces , together with the cold of the fall and winter months resulted in the centers of political discussion often being within the home . '' Women engaged with news and media as well as political discussions alongside their male counterparts as `` the revolution was the only topic of interest to anyone , regardless of age or sex . '' During 1978 and 1979 there many gatherings in women 's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes . These personal accounts were valuable in a time where the official coverage of news was not trusted by many people . Women who were activists , religious women and women dissatisfied with the regime were able to unite under the anti-Shah umbrella . However it 's important to note that `` women were not united in their opinions of the revolution and its outcome as much as they were not united in their reasons for joining the revolution '' . Despite this mobilization and high rate participation of women , they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men ; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution . Academic literature on women 's participation ( edit ) While there has been some academic literature exploring individual narratives of women on the revolution , most of the academic work produced focuses on the effect of the revolution on women rather than the role of Iranian women during the revolution . Scholar Guity Nashat highlights this neglected aspect of the revolution , `` Although women 's participation in the events leading to the February 11 revolution was instrumental in its success , most studies have not addressed the reasons for their involvement or their contribution . '' Janet Baur argues the necessity of examine the daily lives of women , their living conditions and their relationship to other groups in order to understand their participation in the socio - political events of the revolution . She further explains that the cultural , ideological , social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied in order to understand how the Iranian women 's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests . Caroline M. Brooks argues that women were left to express their concerns through the protest rather than in the Majlis . Thus , this created a `` dangerous bargaining position for activist women '' since rather than arguing and their position through intellect they were only able to `` argue by numbers in the streets and be repelled by force '' . There are some contesting understandings in academic literature regarding the reasons behind the mobilization of women . While some argue that the micro level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies , others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information , symbols and context which should be studied . Casualties ( edit ) Further information : Casualties of the Iranian Revolution Some sources ( such as Emadeddin Baghi , a researcher at the Martyrs Foundation ) claim 2,781 protesters and revolutionaries were killed in 1978 -- 79 during the Revolution . Khomeini reported of a much larger number ; he said that `` 60,000 men , women and children were martyred by the Shah 's regime . '' According to at least one western source ( historian Ervand Abrahamian ) , the number executed by revolutionary courts as the revolution was consolidated ( 8000 opponents between June 1981 and June 1985 ) exceeded those killed by the royalist government trying to stop the revolution . While Iranians believed the opposition 's casualty figures , post-revolution western and thus anti-revolution estimates mostly supported the defeated government 's casualty figures . Songs of Iranian revolution ( edit ) Iranian revolutionary songs are ballads epic that composed during the Islamic Revolution in Iran in support of the revolution and opposition the Pahlavi dynasty . Before the victory of revolution , these chants were made by various political supporters and many of them recorded on cassette tapes in underground and home studios . Many of the songs on the anniversary of the revolution were broadcast by Iranian state television . In schools , these songs were sung as part of the celebrations Fajr decades by students . `` Iran Iran '' or `` Allah Allah '' chants are famous revolutionary songs . Aftermath ( edit ) Consolidation of power by Khomeini ( edit ) Main article : Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution Part of a series of articles on Monarchy Central concepts ( show ) Monarch Monarchism Divine right of kings Mandate of Heaven Types ( show ) Absolute Composite Constitutional Diarchy Dual Elective Emirate Ethnarch Federal Hereditary Legalist ( Chinese ) Non-sovereign Popular Regency Tetrarch Universal History ( show ) Birth of the Roman Empire Magna Carta Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Glorious Revolution French Revolution Trienio Liberal First French Empire Liberal Wars Second French Empire Italian unification Meiji Restoration Austro - Hungarian Compromise German unification 5 October 1910 Revolution Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution Siamese revolution of 1932 Birth of the Italian Republic Spanish transition to democracy Iranian Revolution Modern Cambodia Nepalese Civil War Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Autocracy Crowned republic Conservatism Thomas Hobbes Legitimists Orléanist Oligarchy Philosopher king Primogeniture Royalism Regicide Regnal number Royal family Ultra-royalist Politics portal Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Liberty as non-domination Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael J. 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After the system of despotic monarchy had been overthrown , the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed , military and security forces were in disarray . Yet , by 1982 Khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions , defeated local rebellions and consolidated power . Events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the Iran hostage crisis , the invasion of Iran by Saddam Hussein 's Iraq , and the presidency of Abolhassan Banisadr . Conflicts among revolutionaries ( edit ) Khomeini told questioners that `` the religious dignitaries do not want to rule . '' Some observers believe `` what began as an authentic and anti-dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti-Shah forces was soon transformed into an Islamic fundamentalist power - grab , '' that except for his core supporters , the members of the coalition thought Khomeini intended to be more a spiritual guide than a ruler -- Khomeini being in his mid-70s , having never held public office , having been out of Iran for more than a decade , and having told questioners `` the religious dignitaries do not want to rule . '' However , nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the Imam , and the other factions were too small to have any real impact . Another view is Khomeini had `` overwhelming ideological , political and organizational hegemony , '' and non-theocratic groups never seriously challenged Khomeini 's movement in popular support . Supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that Iranians who opposed Khomeini were `` fifth columnists '' led by foreign countries attempting to overthrow the Iranian government . Khomeini and his loyalists in the revolutionary organizations implemented Khomeini 's velayat - e faqih design for an Islamic Republic led by himself as Supreme Leader by exploiting temporary allies such as Mehdi Bazargan 's Provisional Government of Iran , whom they later eliminated from Iran 's political stage one by one . Organizations of the revolution ( edit ) Main article : Organizations of the Iranian Revolution The most important bodies of the revolution were the Revolutionary Council , the Revolutionary Guards , Revolutionary Tribunals , Islamic Republican Party , and Revolutionary Committees ( komitehs ) . While the moderate Bazargan and his government ( temporarily ) reassured the middle class , it became apparent they did not have power over the `` Khomeinist '' revolutionary bodies , particularly the Revolutionary Council ( the `` real power '' in the revolutionary state ) , and later the Islamic Republican Party . Inevitably , the overlapping authority of the Revolutionary Council ( which had the power to pass laws ) and Bazargan 's government was a source of conflict , despite the fact that both had been approved by and / or put in place by Khomeini . This conflict lasted only a few months however . The provisional government fell shortly after American Embassy officials were taken hostage on 4 November 1979 . Bazargan 's resignation was received by Khomeini without complaint , saying `` Mr. Bazargan ... was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while . '' Khomeini later described his appointment of Bazargan as a `` mistake . '' The Revolutionary Guard , or Pasdaran - e Enqelab , was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979 , as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left , and to the Shah 's military . The guard eventually grew into `` a full - scale '' military force , becoming `` the strongest institution of the revolution . '' Serving under the Pasdaran were / are the Baseej - e Mostaz'afin , ( `` Oppressed Mobilization '' ) volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices . The Islamic Republican Party then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat - e faqih . Thousands of komiteh or Revolutionary Committees served as `` the eyes and ears '' of the new rule and are credited by critics with `` many arbitrary arrests , executions and confiscations of property '' . Also enforcing the will of the government were the Hezbollahi ( the Party of God ) , `` strong - arm thugs '' who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of Khomeini . Two major political groups that formed after the fall of the shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro-Khomeini groups , were the moderate religious Muslim People 's Republican Party ( MPRP ) which was associated with Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari , and the secular leftist National Democratic Front ( NDF ) . 1979 uprisings ( edit ) Further information : 1979 Khuzestan uprising and 1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran Following the events of the revolution , Marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising Khuzistan , Kurdistan and Gonbad - e Qabus , which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces . These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year , depending on the region . Establishment of Islamic Republic government ( edit ) Referendum of 12 Farvardin ( edit ) Main article : Iranian Islamic Republic referendum , March 1979 On 30 and 31 March ( Farvardin 10 , 11 ) a referendum was held over whether to replace the monarchy with an `` Islamic Republic '' . Khomeini called for a massive turnout and only the National Democratic Front , Fadayan , and several Kurdish parties opposed the vote . The results show that 98.2 % had voted in favor of the Islamic Republic . Writing of the constitution ( edit ) Main articles : Assembly of Experts for Constitution ; Iranian Constitutional Convention election , 1979 ; and Iranian constitutional referendum , December 1979 In June 1979 the Freedom Movement released its draft constitution for the Islamic Republic that it had been working on since Khomeini was in exile . It included a Guardian Council to veto un-Islamic legislation , but had no guardian jurist ruler . Leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but Khomeini declared it ` correct ` . To approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations , a relatively small seventy - three - member Assembly of Experts for Constitution was elected that summer . Critics complained that `` vote - rigging , violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information '' was used to `` produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy , all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to Khomeini . '' Khomeini ( and the assembly ) now rejected the constitution -- its correctness notwithstanding -- and Khomeini declared that the new government should be based `` 100 % on Islam . '' In addition to the president , the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for Khomeini , with control of the military and security services , and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials . It increased the power and number of clerics on the Council of Guardians and gave it control over elections as well as laws passed by the legislature . The new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by referendum , but with more opposition and smaller turnout . Hostage crisis ( edit ) Main article : Iran hostage crisis Holding 52 American diplomats hostage for 444 days played a role in helping to pass the constitution , suppressing moderates , and otherwise radicalising the revolution . In late October 1979 , the exiled and dying Shah was admitted into the United States for cancer treatment . In Iran there was an immediate outcry and both Khomeini and leftist groups demanding the Shah 's return to Iran for trial and execution . On 4 November 1979 youthful Islamists , calling themselves Muslim Student Followers of the Imam 's Line , invaded the embassy compound and seized its staff . Revolutionaries were angry because of how the Shah had fled abroad while the Embassy - based American CIA and British intelligence organized a coup d'état to overthrow his nationalist opponent who was a legitimately elected official . The holding of hostages was very popular and continued for months even after the death of the Shah . As Khomeini explained to his future President Banisadr , This action has many benefits ... This has united our people . Our opponents do not dare act against us . We can put the constitution to the people 's vote without difficulty ... With great publicity the students released documents from the American embassy or `` nest of spies , '' showing moderate Iranian leaders had met with U.S. officials ( similar evidence of high - ranking Islamists having done so did not see the light of day ) . Among the casualties of the hostage crisis was Prime Minister Bazargan and his government who resigned in November unable to enforce the government 's order to release the hostages . The prestige of Khomeini and the hostage taking was further enhanced with the failure of a hostage rescue attempt , widely credited to divine intervention . It ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in Algeria on 19 January 1981 . The hostages were formally released into United States custody the following day , just minutes after the new American president Ronald Reagan was sworn in . The hostages had been held at the U.S. embassy in Tehran for 444 days . Suppression of opposition ( edit ) See also : Nojeh coup plot In early March Khomeini announced , `` do not use this term , ' democratic . ' That is the Western style , '' giving pro-democracy liberals ( and later leftists ) a taste of disappointments to come . In succession the National Democratic Front was banned in August 1979 , the provisional government was disempowered in November , the Muslim People 's Republican Party banned in January 1980 , the People 's Mujahedin of Iran guerrillas came under attack in February 1980 , a purge of universities was begun in March 1980 , and leftist Islamist Abolhassan Banisadr was impeached in June 1981 . After the revolution , human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand . The first to be executed were members of the old system -- senior generals , followed by over 200 senior civilian officials , as punishment and to eliminate the danger of a coup d'État . Brief trials lacking defense attorneys , juries , transparency or opportunity for the accused to defend themselves , were held by revolutionary judges such as Sadegh Khalkhali , the Sharia judge . By January 1980 `` at least 582 persons had been executed . '' Among those executed was Amir Abbas Hoveida , former Prime Minister of Iran . Between January 1980 and June 1981 , when Bani - Sadr was impeached , at least 900 executions took place , for everything from drug and sexual offenses to ` corruption on earth , ` from plotting counter-revolution and spying for Israel to membership in opposition groups . In the 12 months following that Amnesty International documented 2,946 executions , with several thousand more killed in the next two years according to the anti-government guerillas People 's Mujahedin of Iran . Newspaper closings ( edit ) In mid August , shortly after the election of the constitution - writing assembly , several dozen newspapers and magazines opposing Khomeini 's idea of theocratic rule by jurists were shut down . When protests were organized by the National Democratic Front ( NDF ) , Khomeini angrily denounced them saying , `` we thought we were dealing with human beings . It is evident we are not . '' ... After each revolution several thousand of these corrupt elements are executed in public and burnt and the story is over . They are not allowed to publish newspapers . Hundreds were injured by `` rocks , clubs , chains and iron bars '' when Hezbollahi attacked the protesters , and shortly after , a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF 's leader . Muslim people 's Republican Party ( edit ) Kazem Shariatmadari and Khomeini . In December the moderate Islamic party Muslim People 's Republican Party ( MPRP ) , and its spiritual leader Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari had become a rallying point for Iranians who wanted democracy not theocracy . Riots broke out in Shariatmadari 's Azeri home region with members of the MPRP and Shariatmadari 's followers seizing the Tabriz television station , and using it to `` broadcast demands and grievances . '' The regime reacted quickly , sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station , mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration . The party was suppressed and in 1982 Shariatmadari was `` demoted '' from the rank of Grand Ayatollah and many of his clerical followers purged . Islamist left ( edit ) In January 1980 Abolhassan Banisadr was elected president of Iran . Though an adviser to Khomeini , he was a leftist who clashed with another ally of Khomeini , the theocratic Islamic Republic Party ( IRP ) -- the controlling power in the new parliament . Banisadr in 1980 . At the same time , erstwhile revolutionary allies of Khomeini -- the Islamist modernist guerrilla group People 's Mujahedin of Iran ( or MEK ) -- were being suppressed by Khomeini 's revolutionary organizations . Khomeini attacked the MEK as monafeqin ( hypocrites ) and kafer ( unbelievers ) . Hezbollahi people attacked meeting places , bookstores , newsstands of Mujahideen and other leftists driving them underground . Universities were closed to purge them of opponents of theocratic rule as a part of the `` Cultural Revolution '' , and 20,000 teachers and nearly 8,000 military officers deemed too westernized were dismissed . By mid-1981 matters came to a head . An attempt by Khomeini to forge a reconciliation between Banisadr and IRP leaders had failed and now it was Banisadr who was the rallying point `` for all doubters and dissidents '' of the theocracy , including the MEK . When leaders of the National Front called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr , Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy `` if they did not repent . '' Leaders of the Freedom Movement of Iran were compelled to make and publicly broadcast apologies for supporting the Front 's appeal . Those attending the rally were menaced by Hezbollahi and Revolutionary Guards and intimidated into silence . The MEK retaliated with a campaign of terror against the IRP . On 28 June 1981 , a bombing of the office of the IRP killed around 70 high - ranking officials , cabinet members and members of parliament , including Mohammad Beheshti , the secretary - general of the party and head of the Islamic Republic 's judicial system . The government responded with thousands of arrests and hundreds of executions . Despite these and other assassinations the hoped - for mass uprising and armed struggle against the Khomeiniists was crushed . The MEK bombings were not the only violent opposition to the Khomeinist rule . In May 1979 , the Furqan Group ( Guruh - i Furqan ) assassinated an important lieutenant of Khomeini , Morteza Motahhari . Impact ( edit ) Further information : History of the Islamic Republic of Iran Views differ on the impact of the revolution . For some it was `` the most significant , hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history , '' while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when `` for a few years we all lost our minds '' , and which `` promised us heaven , but ... created a hell on earth . '' International ( edit ) Further information : 1979 energy crisis Internationally , the initial impact of the revolution was immense . In the non-Muslim world it changed the image of Islam , generating much interest in Islam -- both sympathetic and hostile -- and even speculation that the revolution might change `` the world balance of power more than any political event since Hitler 's conquest of Europe . '' The Islamic Republic positioned itself as a revolutionary beacon under the slogan `` neither East nor West , only Islamic Republic ( '' Na Sharq , Na Gharb , Faqat Jumhuri - e Islami , `` ) ( i.e. neither Soviet nor American / West European models ) , and called for the overthrow of capitalism , American influence , and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world . Revolutionary leaders in Iran gave and sought support from non-Muslim causes -- e.g. the Sandinistas in Nicaragua , IRA in Ireland and anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa -- even to the point of favoring leftist revolutionaries over Islamist , but ideologically different and strategically harmful causes , such as the neighboring Afghan Mujahideen . Persian Gulf and the Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Iran -- Iraq War Obverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin -- monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution Reverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin -- monument of 3rd anniversary of Iranian Revolution In its region , Iranian Islamic revolutionaries called specifically for the overthrow of monarchies and their replacement with Islamic republics , much to the alarm of its smaller Sunni - run Arab neighbors Iraq , Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , and the other Persian Gulf States -- most of whom were monarchies and all of whom had sizable Shi'a populations . It was with one of these countries that the Iran -- Iraq War , which killed hundreds of thousands and dominated life in the Islamic Republic for the next eight years , was fought . In September 1980 the Arab Nationalist and Sunni Muslim - dominated regime of Saddam Hussein of neighboring Iraq invaded Iran in an attempt to take advantage of revolutionary chaos and destroy the revolution in its infancy . Iran was `` galvanized '' and Iranians rallied behind their new government helping to stop and then reversing the Iraqi advance . Although Iraq invaded Iran , most of the war was fought after Iran had regained most of its land back and after the Iraqi government had offered a truce . Khomeini rejected it , announcing the only condition for peace was that `` the regime in Baghdad must fall and must be replaced by an Islamic Republic , '' but ultimately the war ended with no Islamic revolution in Iraq . Like the hostage crisis , the war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups ; the Revolutionary Guard and committees at the expense of its remaining allies - turned - opponents , such as the MEK . While enormously costly and destructive , the war `` rejuvenate ( d ) the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution '' and `` inhibited fractious debate and dispute '' in Iran . Western / U.S. -- Iranian relations ( edit ) Main articles : Iran -- United Kingdom relations and Iran -- United States relations after 1979 Iran experienced difficult relations with some Western countries , especially the United States . Iran was under constant US unilateral sanctions , which were tightened under the presidency of Bill Clinton . Once having political relations with Iran dating back to the late Ilkhanate period ( 13th century ) , Britain suspended all diplomatic relations with Iran . Britain did not have an embassy until it was reopened in 1988 . Other countries ( edit ) In the Mideast and Muslim world , particularly in its early years , it triggered enormous enthusiasm and redoubled opposition to western intervention and influence . Islamist insurgents rose in Saudi Arabia ( 1979 ) , Egypt ( 1981 ) , Syria ( 1982 ) , and Lebanon ( 1983 ) . Although ultimately only the Lebanese Islamists succeeded , other activities have had more long - term impact . The Ayatollah Khomeini 's 1989 fatwa calling for the killing of Indian - born British citizen Salman Rushdie had international impact . The Islamic revolutionary government itself is credited with helping establish Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq . On the other side of the ledger , at least one observer argues that despite great effort and expense the only countries outside Iran the revolution had a `` measure of lasting influence '' on are Lebanon and Iraq . Others claim the devastating Iran -- Iraq War `` mortally wounded ... the ideal of spreading the Islamic revolution , '' or that the Islamic Republic 's pursuit of an ideological rather than a `` nationalist , pragmatic '' foreign policy has weakened Iran 's `` place as a great regional power '' . Domestic ( edit ) People celebrating anniversary of the revolution in Mashhad in 2014 . Fireworks in Tehran for celebrating the revolution anniversary . Anniversary of the Revolution in 2017 . Internally , Iran has had some success in recent years in the broadening of education and health care for the poor , and particularly governmental promotion of Islam , and the elimination of secularism and American influence in government . Criticisms have been raised with regards to political freedom , governmental honesty and efficiency , economic equality and self - sufficiency , or even popular religious devotion . Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction , including a `` rift '' between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it `` impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about . '' Human development ( edit ) Literacy has continued to increase under the Islamic Republic which uses Islamic principles . By 2002 , illiteracy rates dropped by more than half . Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly . Population growth was first encouraged , but discouraged after 1988 . Overall , Iran 's Human development Index rating has climbed significantly from 0.569 in 1980 to 0.732 in 2002 , on par with neighbour Turkey . Iran has since fallen 8 spots below Turkey in the latest HDI however . Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Iran Iran has elected governmental bodies at the national , provincial , and local levels . Although these bodies are subordinate to theocracy -- which has veto power over who can run for parliament ( or Islamic Consultative Assembly ) and whether its bills can become law -- they have more power than equivalent organs in the Shah 's government . Iran 's Sunni minority ( about 8 % ) has seen some unrest . Five of the 290 parliamentary seats are allocated to their communities . The members of the Bahá'í Faith have been declared heretical and subversive . While persecution occurred before the Revolution since then more than 200 Bahá'ís have been executed or presumed killed , and many more have been imprisoned , deprived of jobs , pensions , businesses , and educational opportunities . Bahá'í holy places have been confiscated , vandalized , or destroyed . More recently , Bahá'ís in Iran have been deprived of education and work . Several thousand young Bahá'ís between the ages of 17 and 24 have been expelled from universities . Whether the Islamic Republic has brought more or less severe political repression is disputed . Grumbling once done about the tyranny and corruption of the Shah and his court is now directed against `` the Mullahs . '' Fear of SAVAK has been replaced by fear of Revolutionary Guards , and other religious revolutionary enforcers . Violations of human rights by the theocratic government is said to be worse than during the monarchy , and in any case extremely grave . Reports of torture , imprisonment of dissidents , and the murder of prominent critics have been made by human rights groups . Censorship is handled by the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance , without whose official permission , `` no books or magazines are published , no audiotapes are distributed , no movies are shown and no cultural organization is established . All forms of popular music are banned . Men and women are not allowed to dance or swim with each other . '' Women ( edit ) See also : Women 's rights in Iran and Women 's rights movement in Iran Throughout the beginning of the 20th century and prior to the revolution , many women leaders emerged and demanded basic social rights for women . During the reign of Reza Shah , the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls . However , the push - back of the Shii clerics made progress difficult , and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women 's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy in order to accommodate the clergy . After the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941 , the discipline of the government decreased , and women were able to further exercise their rights , including the ability to wear the veil if they wanted . More organization of women 's groups occurred in the 1960s and 70s , and they used the government 's modernization to define and advocate for women 's issues . During these decades , women became active in formerly male domains such as the parliament , the cabinet , armed forces , legal professions , and fields of science and technology . Additionally , women achieved the right to vote in 1963 . Many of these achievements and rights that Iranian women had gained in the decades leading up to the revolution were reversed by the Islamic Revolution . The revolutionary government rewrote laws in an attempt to force women to leave the workforce by promoting the early retirement of female government employees , the closing of childcare centers , enforcing full Islamic cover in offices and public places , as well as preventing women from studying in 140 fields in higher education . Women fought back against these changes , and as activist and writer Mahnaz Afkhami writes , `` The regime succeeded in putting women back in the veil in public places , but not in resocializing them into fundamentalist norms . '' After the revolution , women often had to work hard to support their families as the post-revolutionary economy suffered . Women also asserted themselves in the arts , literature , education , and politics . Women -- especially those from traditional backgrounds -- participated on a large scale in demonstrations leading up to the revolution . They were encouraged by Ayatollah Khomeini to join him in overthrowing the Pahlavi dynasty . However , most of these women expected the revolution to lead to an increase in their rights and opportunities rather than the restrictions that actually occurred . The policy enacted by the revolutionary government and its attempts to limit the rights of women were challenged by the mobilization and politicization of women that occurred during and after the revolution . Women 's resistance included remaining in the work force in large numbers and challenging Islamic dress by showing hair under their head scarves . The Iranian government has had to reconsider and change aspects of its policies towards women because of their resistance to laws that restrict their rights . Since the revolution , university enrollment and the number of women in the civil service and higher education has risen and several women have been elected to the Iranian parliament . Economy ( edit ) See also : Economy of Iran Iran 's post-revolutionary economy has a significant state - owned or parastatal sector , including businesses owned by the Revolutionary Guards and Bonyad foundations . Since the revolution Iran 's GDP ( PPP ) has grown from $ 114 billion in 1980 to $858 billion in 2010 . GDP per capita ( PPP ) has grown from $ 4295 in 1980 to $11,396 in 2010 . Since the revolution Iran 's GDP ( Nominal ) has grown from $90.392 billion in 1979 to $385.874 in 2015 . GDP per capita ( nominal ) has grown from $2290 in 1979 to $5470 in 2016 . Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran - Iraq war from $7762 in 1979 to $3699 at the end of the war in 1989 . After three decades of reconstruction and growth since then , it has not yet reached its 1979 level and has only recovered to $6751 in 2016 . Data on GNI per capita in PPP terms is only available since 1990 globally . In PPP terms , GNI per capita has increased from Int. $11,425 in 1990 to Int. $18,544 in 2016 . But most of this increase can be attributed to the rise in oil prices in the 2000s . The value of Iran 's currency declined precipitously after the revolution. Whereas on 15 March 1978 , 71.46 rials equaled one U.S. dollar , in January 2018 , 44,650 rials amounted to one dollar . The economy has become more diversified since the revolution , with 80 % of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010 , comparing to above 90 % at the end of the Pahlavi period . The Islamic Republic lags some countries in transparency and ease of doing business according to international surveys . Transparency International ranked Iran 136th out of 175 countries in transparency ( i.e. lack of corruption ) for its 2014 index ; and the IRI was ranked 130th out of the 189 countries surveyed in the World Bank 2015 Doing Business Report . Islamic political culture ( edit ) It is said that there are attempts to incorporate modern political and social concepts into Islamic canon since 1950 . The attempt was a reaction to the secular political discourse namely Marxism , liberalism and nationalism . However we could observe the great influence of western culture in Iran after the coup d'état in 1953 . Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi , some of the scholars like Murtaza Mutahhari , Muhammad Beheshti and Muhmud Talighani found new opportunity to change conditions . Before them , Boroujerdi was considered as a conservative Marja . They tried to reform conditions after the death of the ayatollah . They presented their arguments by rendering lectures in 1960 and 1963 in Tehran . The result of the lectures was the book `` An inquiry into principles of Mar'jaiyat '' . Some of the major issues highlighted were the government in Islam , the need for the clergy 's independent financial organization , Islam as a way of life , advising and guiding youth and necessity of being community . Allameh Tabatabei refers to velayat as a political philosophy for Shia and velayat faqih for Shia community . There are also other attempts to formulate a new attitude of Islam such as the publication of three volumes of Maktab Tashayyo . Also somebodies believe that it is indispensable to revive the religious gathered in Hoseyniyeh - e-Ershad . Gallery ( edit ) An injured revolutionary during protests against Pahlavi regime . Protests in summer 1978 . Revolutionary victims . Current Iranian leader , Ali Khamenei in a Revolutionary protest in Mashhad . Shah visiting Bakhtiar cabinet before his exit from Iran . People celebrating Shah 's exit from the country . Removal of Shah 's statue by the people in University of Tehran . Khomeini at Mehrabad Airport . People accompanying Khomeini from Mehrabad to Behesht Zahra . Khomeini in Behesht Zahra . Executed Generals of Imperial Army : Reza Naji , Mehdi Rahimi , and Manouchehr Khosrodad . Khomeini before a speech at Alavi school . See also ( edit ) Islam portal Iran portal Military history portal Politics portal 1970s portal Revolution - related topics : Background and causes of the Iranian Revolution Civil resistance History of Iran Ruhollah Khomeini History of the Islamic Republic of Iran 1979 energy crisis History of political Islam in Iran Iran hostage crisis Organizations of the Iranian Revolution Guadeloupe conference Fajr decade Related conflicts : Persian Constitutional Revolution 1953 Iranian coup d'état White Revolution Iran -- Iraq War Kurdish Rebellion of 1983 List of modern conflicts in the Middle East General : Human rights in Islamic Republic of Iran People 's Mujahedin of Iran Persecution of Bahá'ís International rankings of Iran Leftist guerrilla groups of Iran Island of Stability ( speech ) References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the book `` Jimmy Carter : the Liberal Left and World Chaos '' ( 2009 ) , Dr Mike Evans explained how the US government decided to end Shah 's regime in Iran and promote Khomeini 's Islamic regime after a meeting with the UK and German officials in Guatemala . US government transferred 150 million dollars to Khomeini 's bank account in France to support him . Jump up ^ According to Kurzman , scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include : Gary Sick ; Michael M.J. Fischer ; Nikkie R. Keddie Shaul Bakhash Jump up ^ See : Velayat - e faqih ( book by Khomeini ) # Importance of Islamic Government Jump up ^ Marxist guerrillas groups were the Organization of Iranian People 's Fedai Guerrillas ( OIPFG ) and the breakaway Iranian People 's Fedai Guerrillas ( IPFG ) , and some minor groups . Jump up ^ See : Hokumat - e Islami : Velayat - e faqih ( book by Khomeini ) # Why Islamic Government has not been established Jump up ^ For example , Islamic Republic Party and allied forces controlled approximately 80 % of the seats on the Assembly of Experts of Constitution . ( see : Bakhash , pp. 78 -- 82 ) An impressive margin even allowing for electoral manipulation Jump up ^ opposition included some clerics , including Ayatollah Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari , and by secularists such as the National Front who urged a boycott Jump up ^ example : `` Secular Iranian writers of the early 1980s , most of whom supported the revolution , lamented the course it eventually took . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Question of Numbers '' Archived 4 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . IranianVoice.org , 8 August 2003 Rouzegar - Now Cyrus Kadivar ^ Jump up to : E. Baqi , ` Figures for the Dead in the Revolution ` , Emruz , 30 July 2003 . Jump up ^ Islamic Revolution Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Iran Chamber . Jump up ^ Islamic Revolution of Iran , MS Encarta . Archived 31 October 2009 . Jump up ^ The Independence and Liberty Revolution Archived 27 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Internews . Jump up ^ `` iranian.com : Revolution '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Iran Profile Archived 6 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , PDF . Jump up ^ The Shah and the Ayatollah : Iranian Mythology and Islamic Revolution ( Hardcover ) , ISBN 0 - 275 - 97858 - 3 , by Fereydoun Hoveyda , brother of Amir Abbas Hoveyda . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Gölz , `` Khomeini 's Face is in the Moon : Limitations of Sacredness and the Origins of Sovereignty . '' , In Sakralität und Heldentum . Edited by Felix Heinzer , Jörn Leonhard and von den Hoff , Ralf , 229 -- 44 . Helden - Heroisierungen - Heroismen 6 . Würzburg : Ergon , 2017 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Jubin M. GOODARZİ ( 8 February 2013 ) . `` Syria and Iran : Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , p. 515 ^ Jump up to : Afkhami , Gholam - Reza ( 12 January 2009 ) . The Life and Times of the Shah . ISBN 9780520942165 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian , Ervand ( 2009 ) `` Mass Protests in the Islamic Revolution , 1977 -- 79 '' , in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash ( eds . ) , Civil Resistance and Power Politics : The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 162 -- 78 . Jump up ^ `` The Iranian Revolution '' . fsmitha.com . Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Milani , Abbas ( 22 May 2012 ) . The Shah . ISBN 9780230340381 . ^ Jump up to : Milani , Abbas ( 2008 ) . Eminent Persians . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0907 - 0 . Jump up ^ 1979 : Exiled Ayatollah Khomeini returns to Iran Archived 24 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . bbc.co.uk Jump up ^ Graham , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Kurzman , p. 111 Jump up ^ Iran Islamic Republic Archived 16 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Kurzman ^ Jump up to : Amuzegar , Jahangir ( 1991 ) . Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution . p. 253 . ISBN 9780791407318 . Jump up ^ Amuzegar , The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution , ( 1991 ) , pp. 4 , 9 -- 12 Jump up ^ Arjomand , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Amuzegar , Jahangir , The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution , SUNY Press , p. 10 ^ Jump up to : Kurzman , p. 121 Jump up ^ `` Iran : A Brief Study of the Theocratic Regime '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ International Journal of Middle East Studies , 19 , 1987 , p. 261 ^ Jump up to : Ritter , Daniel . `` Why the Iranian Revolution was Non-Violent '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Del Giudice , Marguerite ( August 2008 ) . `` Persia : Ancient Soul of Iran '' . National Geographic . Jump up ^ Sick , All Fall Down , p. 187 Jump up ^ Fischer , Iran : From Religious Dispute to Revolution , Harvard University Press , 1980 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Keddie , N.R. ( 1983 ) . `` Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective '' . American Historical Review . 88 : 589 . JSTOR 1864588 . Jump up ^ Bakhash , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Harney , pp. 37 , 47 , 67 , 128 , 155 , 167 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , p. 437 Jump up ^ Mackey , pp. 236 , 260 . Jump up ^ Graham , pp. 19 , 96 . Jump up ^ Brumberg , Reinventing Khomeini ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Shirley , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Andrew Scott Cooper . The Oil Kings : How the U.S. , Iran , and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East . Simon & Schuster , 2011 . ISBN 1439155178 . Jump up ^ Keddie , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Taheri , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Moin , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Hoveyda , Fereydoun ( 2003 ) . The Shah and the Ayatollah : Iranian mythology and Islamic revolution . Praeger . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97858 - 3 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , pp. 533 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Schirazi , pp. 293 -- 34 . ^ Jump up to : Keddie , Nikki ( 1966 ) . Religion and Rebellion in Iran : The Tobacco Protest of 1891 -- 92 . Frank Cass , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moaddel , Mansoor ( 1992 ) . `` Shi'i Political Discourse and Class Mobilization in the Tobacco Movement of 1890 -- 1892 '' . Sociological Forum. 7 ( 3 ) : 459 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01117556 . JSTOR 684660 . Jump up ^ Lambton , Ann ( 1987 ) . Qajar Persia . University of Texas Press , p. 248 Jump up ^ Mottahedeh , Roy ( 2000 ) The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran . 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New York : Infobase Pub . p. 47 . ISBN 9781438106564 . Jump up ^ Brumberg , Daniel ( 2001 ) . Reinventing Khomeini : the struggle for reform in Iran . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 92 . ISBN 9780226077581 . Jump up ^ Kurzman , Charles . `` The Qum Protests '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , p. 505 . Jump up ^ Kurzman , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Axworthy , Michael ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Iran : A History of the Islamic Republic . ISBN 9780199322268 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Michael ( 27 November 2005 ) . Eternal Iran . p. 90 . ISBN 9781403977106 . ^ Jump up to : Kraft , Joseph . `` Letter from Iran '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jervis , Robert ( 2011 ) . Why Intelligence Fails : Lessons From the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War . ISBN 0801457610 . ^ Jump up to : Abrahamian ( 1982 ) ^ Jump up to : Eisenstadt , Michael . `` Iran 's Islamic Revolution : Lessons for the Arab Spring of 2011 ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , pp. 510 , 512 , 513 . ^ Jump up to : Harney ^ Jump up to : Hayward , Stephen ( 9 June 2009 ) . The Age of Reagan : The Fall of the Old Liberal Order . ISBN 9780307453709 . ^ Jump up to : Kurzman , p. 117 Jump up ^ Carter , Jimmy , Keeping the Faith : Memoirs of a president , Bantam , 1982 , p. 438 Jump up ^ See pages 80 -- 101 in Jones , Milo L. and ; Silberzahn , Philippe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . ^ Jump up to : Byman , Daniel . `` The Rise of Low - Tech Terrorism '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ganji , Manouchehr ( 2002 ) . Defying the Iranian Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97187 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Afkhami , R. Gholam ( 2009 ) The life and times of the Shah University of California Press , pp. 459 , 465 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25328 - 0 Jump up ^ Ansari , M. Ali ( 2007 ) Modern Iran : the Pahlavis and after Pearson Education , p. 259 , ISBN 1 - 4058 - 4084 - 6 Jump up ^ Federal Research Division ( 2004 ) Iran A Country Study Kessinger Publishing , p. 78 , ISBN 1 - 4191 - 2670 - 9 Jump up ^ Bahl , Taru , Syed , M.H ( 2003 ) Encyclopaedia of the Muslim World Anmol Publications PVT . LTD. , 2003 , p. 105 , ISBN 81 - 261 - 1419 - 3 Jump up ^ Glenn Eldon Curtis , Library of Congress ( 2008 ) Iran : a country study Government Printing Office , p. 48 , ISBN 0 - 8444 - 1187 - 6 ^ Jump up to : `` The Theater of Horror : From Aurora to Abadan Academic Exchange '' . academicexchange.wordpress.com . Archived from the original on 22 December 2014 . 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The commandment of Ayatollah Khomeini for Bazargan and his sermon on 5 February . Jump up ^ Moin , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Abrahamian ( 1982 ) , p. 529 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Iran 20th Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , 1999 - 01 - 31 , CNN World . Jump up ^ `` Features -- Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Iran Anniversary Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 - 02 - 11 , CBC World . Jump up ^ Farah. , Azari , ( 1 January 1983 ) . Women of Iran : the conflict with fundamentalist Islam . Ithaca Press . p. 150 . ISBN 0903729954 . Jump up ^ Farah. , Azari , ( 1983 ) . Women of Iran : the conflict with fundamentalist Islam . Ithaca Press . p. 151 . ISBN 0903729954 . Jump up ^ Ferdows , Adele K. ( 1 January 1983 ) . `` Women and the Islamic Revolution '' . International Journal of Middle East Studies . 15 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 298 . 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ISBN 0 - 86531 - 931 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nashat , Guity ( 1983 ) . Women and revolution in Iran . Westview Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 86531 - 931 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nashat , Guity ( 1983 ) . Women and revolution in Iran . Westview Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 86531 - 931 - 6 . Jump up ^ Researcher Emad al - Din Baghi at the Martyrs Foundation ( Bonyad Shahid ) counted 2,781 protesters killed in 1978 -- 79 , a total of 3,164 killed between 1963 and 1979 . Jump up ^ A Question of Numbers Archived 4 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar - Now Cyrus Kadivar Jump up ^ `` Iran Chamber Society : The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran '' . iranchamber.com . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Mojahedin - e Khalq , but also `` Fedayins and Kurds as well as Tudeh , National Front , and Shariatmadari supporters '' Jump up ^ Abrahamian , Ervand ( 2008 ) History of Modern Iran , Columbia University Press , p. 181 Jump up ^ Azam Torab ( 2007 ) . Performing Islam : Gender and Ritual in Islam . BRILL . pp. 142 -- 43 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15295 - 4 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Text of ten Iranian revolution songs '' . Archived from the original on 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iran Iran song '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard C. Martín ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World . Granite Hill Publishers . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865603 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mansoor Moaddel ( 13 August 2013 ) . Class , Politics , and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution . Columbia University Press . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51607 - 5 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World , Thomson Gale , 2004 , p. 357 ( article by Stockdale , Nancy , L . ) ^ Jump up to : Keddie , p. 241 Jump up ^ Democracy ? 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Archived from the original on 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ IMF ( October 2010 ) . `` Regional Economic Outlook -- Middle East and Central Asia '' ( PDF ) . World Economic and Financial Survey . Washington D.C. : International Monetary Fund . p. 15 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Samih Farsoun , MehrdadMashayekhi ( 7 January 1993 ) . Iran : Political Culture in the Islamic Republic . ISBN 9780203993514 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Arjomand , Said Amir ( 1988 ) . Turban for the Crown : The Islamic Revolution in Iran . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504257 - 3 . Abrahamian , Ervand ( 1982 ) . Iran between two revolutions . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00790 - X . Bakhash , Shaul ( 1984 ) . Reign of the Ayatollahs . Basic Books , . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06888 - X . Graham , Robert ( 1980 ) . Iran , the Illusion of Power . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 43588 - 6 . Harney , Desmond ( 1998 ) . The priest and the king : an eyewitness account of the Islamic revolution . I.B. Tauris . Kapuscinski , Ryszard ( 1985 ) . Shah of Shahs . Harcourt Brace , Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 7043 - 2473 - 3 . Keddie , Nikki ( 2003 ) . Modern Iran : Roots and Results of Revolution . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09856 - 1 . Kurzman , Charles ( 2004 ) . The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01328 - X . Mackey , Sandra ( 1996 ) . The Iranians : Persia , Islam and the Soul of a Nation . Dutton . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27563 - 6 . Moin , Baqer ( 2000 ) . Khomeini : Life of the Ayatollah . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 26490 - 9 . Roy , Olivier ( 1994 ) . The Failure of Political Islam . translated by Carol Volk . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 29140 - 9 . Schirazi , Asghar ( 1997 ) . The Constitution of Iran . Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 253 - 5 . Shirley , Edward ( 1997 ) . Know Thine Enemy . Farra . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3588 - 4 . Taheri , Amir ( 1985 ) . The Spirit of Allah . Adler & Adler . ISBN 0 - 09 - 160320 - X . Further reading ( edit ) Islamic Revolution Portal The Iran Revolution . Afshar , Haleh ( 1985 ) . Iran : A Revolution in Turmoil . Albany , New York : SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 333 - 36947 - 5 . Barthel , Günter ( 1983 ) . Iran : From Monarchy to Republic . Berlin , Germany : Akademie - Verlag . Daniel , Elton L. ( 2000 ) . The History of Iran . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30731 - 8 . Esposito , John L. ( 1990 ) . The Islamic Revolution : Its Global Impact . Miami , FL : Florida International University Press . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 0998 - 7 . Hiro , Dilip ( 1989 ) . `` Iran : Revolutionary Fundamentalism in Power '' . Holy Wars : The Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 90208 - 8 . Ryszard Kapuściński . Shah of Shahs . Translated from Polish by William R. Brand and Katarzyna Mroczkowska - Brand . New York : Vintage International , 1992 . Kahlili , Reza ( 2010 ) . A Time to Betray : The Astonishing Double Life of a CIA Agent Inside the Revolutionary Guards of Iran . New York : simon and schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 8903 - 0 . Habib Ladjevardi ( editor ) , Memoirs of Shapour Bakhtiar , Harvard University Press , 1996 . Kraft , Joseph . `` Letter from Iran '' , The New Yorker , Vol . LIV , No. 44 , 18 December 1978 . Legum , Colin , et al. , eds . Middle East Contemporary Survey : Volume III , 1978 -- 79 . New York : Holmes & Meier Publishers , 1980 . + * Legum , Colin , et al. , eds . Middle East Conte Milani , Abbas , The Persian Sphinx : Amir Abbas Hoveyda and the Riddle of the Islamic Revolution , Mage Publishers , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 934211 - 61 - 2 . Munson , Henry , Jr . Islam and Revolution in the Middle East . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1988 . Nafisi , Azar . `` Reading Lolita in Tehran . '' New York : Random House , 2003 . Nobari , Ali Reza , ed . Iran Erupts : Independence : News and Analysis of the Iranian National Movement . Stanford : Iran - America Documentation Group , 1978 . Nomani , Farhad & Sohrab Behdad , Class and Labor in Iran ; Did the Revolution Matter ? Syracuse University Press . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3094 - 8 Pahlavi , Mohammad Reza , Response to History , Stein & Day Pub , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 8128 - 2755 - 4 . Rahnema , Saeed & Sohrab Behdad , eds . Iran After the Revolution : Crisis of an Islamic State . London : I.B. Tauris , 1995 . Sick , Gary . All Fall Down : America 's Tragic Encounter with Iran . New York : Penguin Books , 1986 . Shawcross , William , The Shah 's last ride : The death of an ally , Touchstone , 1989 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 68745 - X . Smith , Frank E. The Islamic Revolution . 1998 . Society for Iranian Studies , Islamic Revolution in Perspective . Special volume of Iranian Studies , 1980 . Volume 13 , nos. 1 -- 4 . Time magazine , 7 January 1980 . Man of the Year ( Ayatollah Khomeini ) . U.S. Department of State , American Foreign Policy Basic Documents , 1977 -- 1980 . Washington , DC : GPO , 1983 . JX 1417 A56 1977 -- 80 REF -- 67 pages on Iran . Yapp , M.E. The Near East Since the First World War : A History to 1995 . London : Longman , 1996 . Chapter 13 : Iran , 1960 -- 1989 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iranian Revolution . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Islamic Revolution `` Iran after the victory of 1979 's Revolution , '' on Iran Chamber Society Islamic Revolution of Iran , Encarta ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) The Islamic revolution , Britannica The Dynamics of the Islamic Revolution : The Pahlavis ' Triumph and Tragedy The Islamic revolution : 30 years on , its legacy still looms large -- audio slideshow by The Guardian Historical articles The Story of the Revolution -- a detailed web resource from the BBC World Service Persian Branch The Reunion -- The Shah of Iran 's Court -- BBC Radio 4 an audio program featuring the pre-Revolutionary elite Brzezinski 's role in the 1979 Islamic Revolution , Payvand News , 10 March 2006 . The Islamic Revolution . The Islamic revolution . The Islamic revolution , Internews . Analytical articles Bernard Lewis , `` Islamic Revolution , '' , The New York Review of Books ( 21 January 1988 ) . Islamic Revolution : An Exchange by Abbas Milani , with reply by Bernard Lewis What Are the Iranians Dreaming About ? by Michel Foucault The Seductions of Islamism , Revisiting Foucault and the Islamic Revolution by Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson , New Politics , vol. 10 , no . 1 , whole no . 37 ( Summer 2004 ) . Moojan Momen , `` The Religious Background of the 1979 Revolution in Iran '' The Islamic Revolution by Ted Grant , `` In Defence of Marxism '' website , International Marxist Tendency ( Friday , 9 February 1979 ) . Class Analysis of the Islamic Revolution of 1979 by Satya J. Gabriel The Cause of The Islamic Revolution by Jon Curme History of Undefeated , A few words in commemoration of the 1979 Revolution By Mansoor Hekmat , Communist Thinker and Revolutionary Revolution and Counter-revolution in Iran by HKS , Iranian Socialist Workers Party In pictures and videos Iran : Revolution and Beyond -- slideshow by Life magazine iranrevolution.com by Akbar Nazemi Islamic Revolution , Photos by Kaveh Golestan Photos from Kave Kazemi The Islamic Revolution in Pictures Islamic revolution in pictures , BBC World Slideshow with audio commentary of the legacy of Islamic revolution after 30 years Pictures of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini after the revolution , Shah and wife in Morocco Documentary : Anatomy of a Revolution NIGHT AFTER THE REVOLUTION English Version Videos 33rd anniversary of Iran Islamic Revolution ( PressTV 2012 ) Iran topics History Prehistory Ancient 3400 -- 550 BCE Kura - Araxes culture ( 3400 -- 2000 BC ) Proto - Elamite civilization ( 3200 -- 2800 BC ) Elamite dynasties ( 2800 -- 550 BC ) Akkadian Empire ( c. 2334 BC -- c. 2154 BC ) Kassites ( c. 1500 -- c. 1155 BC ) Kingdom of Mannai ( 10th -- 7th century BC ) Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 911 -- 609 BC ) Urartu ( 860 BC -- 590 BC ) Median Empire ( 728 -- 550 BC ) ( Scythian Kingdom ) ( 652 -- 625 BC ) Neo-Babylonian Empire ( 626 -- 539 BC ) 550 BC -- 224 AD Achaemenid Empire ( 550 -- 330 AD ) Kingdom of Armenia ( 331 BC -- 428 AD ) Atropatene ( 320s BC -- 3rd century AD ) Kingdom of Cappadocia ( 320s BC -- 17 AD ) Seleucid Empire ( 330 BC -- 150 AD ) Kingdom of Pontus ( 281 BC -- 62 AD ) Parthian Empire ( 248 BC -- 224 AD ) 224 -- 651 AD Sasanian Empire ( 224 -- 651 AD ) Medieval 637 -- 1055 Patriarchal Caliphate ( 637 -- 651 ) Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 -- 1258 ) Tahirid dynasty ( 821 -- 873 ) Alavid dynasty ( 864 -- 928 ) Saffarid dynasty ( 861 -- 1003 ) Samanid dynasty ( 819 -- 999 ) Ziyarid dynasty ( 928 -- 1043 ) Buyid dynasty ( 934 -- 1062 ) 975 -- 1432 Ghaznavid Empire ( 975 -- 1187 ) Ghurid dynasty ( 1011 -- 1215 ) Seljuk Empire ( 1037 -- 1194 ) Khwarazmian dynasty ( 1077 -- 1231 ) Eldiguzids ( 1135 / 36 - 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hop Rock and alternative Traditional Ey Iran Other topics Science and technology Anti-Iranian sentiment Tehrangeles Category Portal WikiProject Commons Changes in political power in Iran Revolution 1905 -- 06 1979 Coup d'état 1908 1921 1953 1980 attempt Rebellion 1909 Invasion 1914 1941 Politics of Iran Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Jamaican conflict Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War 1952 Egyptian coup d'état 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Ifni War Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis Simba rebellion 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis El Porteñazo Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order ( Indonesia ) Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Nigerian Civil War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Gulf of Sidra incident Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Roshan assassination 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot 2012 Burgas bus bombing Yarmouk munitions factory explosion 2013 January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 2014 Operation Full Disclosure December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes 2015 January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident January 2015 Shebaa farms incident April 2015 Qalamoun incident 2017 March 2017 Israel -- Syria incident 2018 February 2018 Israel -- Syria incident May 2018 Israel -- Iran incidents Russia and the Iran -- Israel proxy conflict P5 + 1 GND : 4128331 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Revolution&oldid=856040567 '' Categories : Protests in Iran Rebellions in Iran 20th - century revolutions 1979 in Iran Iranian Revolution Iranian civil wars Mohammad Reza Pahlavi History of civil rights and liberties in Iran 1979 in politics Conflicts involving People 's Mujahedin of Iran Iranian democracy movements Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use dmy dates from May 2018 Articles containing Persian - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who ruled iran after the shah was deposed	[ "The Iranian Revolution (Persian: انقلاب ایران‎, translit. Enqelāb-e Iran; also known as the Islamic Revolution or the 1979 Revolution)[3][4][5][6][7][8] refers to events involving the overthrow of the 2,500 years of continuous Persian monarchy under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, who was supported by the United States,[9] and eventual replacement with an Islamic Republic under the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution,[10] supported by various leftist and Islamist organizations[11] and student movements.\n" ]	[ "the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini" ]
-3591473487592492688	Epistle of James	Epistle of James - wikipedia Epistle of James Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Gospel of James . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of James ( Ancient Greek : Ἰάκωβος , translit . Iakōbos ) , the Book of James , or simply James , is one of the twenty - one epistles ( didactic letters ) in the New Testament . The author identifies himself as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ , '' who is writing to `` the twelve tribes scattered abroad '' ( James 1 : 1 ) . The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus ( James the Just ) , and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians , who were dispersed outside Palestine due to persecution . Framed within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations , James writes to encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ . He wants his readers to mature in their faith in Christ by living what they say they believe . He condemns various sins , including pride , hypocrisy , favouritism , and slander . He encourages believers to humbly live by godly rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations . Within the New Testament canon , the Epistle of James is noteworthy because it makes no reference to the death , resurrection , or divine sonship of Jesus . It refers to Jesus twice , as `` the Lord Jesus Christ '' and as `` our glorious Lord Jesus Christ '' ( James 1 : 1 , 2 : 1 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Dating 3 Genre 4 Structure 5 Historical context 6 Doctrine 6.1 Justification 6.2 Anointing of the Sick 7 Canonicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Authorship ( edit ) According to Robert J. Foster , `` there is little consensus as to the genre , structure , dating , and authorship of the book of James . '' There are four `` commonly espoused '' views concerning authorship and dating of the Epistle of James : the letter was written by James before the Pauline Epistles , the letter was written by James after the Pauline Epistles , the letter is pseudonymous , the letter comprises material originally from James but reworked by a later editor . The writer refers to himself only as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ . '' As many as six different men in the Bible are named James , and if none of them wrote this letter , some other man not mentioned might be the author . Jesus had two apostles named James : James , the son of Zebedee and James , the son of Alphaeus , but it is unlikely that either of these wrote the letter . According to the Book of Acts , James , the son of Zebedee , was martyred about 44 AD . That would be very early for him to have been the writer . The other apostle James , the son of Alphaeus , is not prominent in the Scriptural record , and very little is known about him . Rather , evidence points to James , the brother of Jesus , to whom Jesus evidently had made a special appearance after his resurrection described in the New Testament . This James was prominent among the disciples . The writer of the letter of James identifies himself as `` a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' in much the same way as did Jude , who introduced the Epistle of Jude by calling himself `` a slave of Jesus Christ , but a brother of James '' ( Jas 1 : 1 ; Jude 1 ) . Furthermore , the salutation of his letter concludes with the term `` greetings '' ( Greek χαίρειν ) , much like the letter on circumcision that was sent to the congregations . In the latter instance it was apparently Jesus 's brother , James , who spoke prominently in the assembly of `` the apostles and the older men '' at Jerusalem . From the middle of the 3rd century , patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James , the brother of Jesus and a leader of the Jerusalem church . Not numbered among the Twelve Apostles unless he is identified as James the Less , James was nonetheless a very important figure : Paul described him as `` the brother of the Lord '' in Galatians 1 : 19 and as one of the three `` pillars of the Church '' in 2 : 9 . Pseudonymous authorship ( 3 above ) implies that the person named `` James '' is respected and doubtless well known . Moreover , this James , brother of Jesus , is honored by the epistle written and distributed after the lifetime of James , the brother of Jesus . John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the Apostle James , son of Alphaeus , who is referred to as James the Less . The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an `` epistle of straw '' as compared to some other books in the New Testament , partly because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification ( see below ) . Dating ( edit ) The first page of James in Minuscule 319 , a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament . Many scholars consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries : The author introduces himself merely as `` a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' without invoking any special family relationship to Jesus . The cultured Greek language of the Epistle , it is contended , could not have been written by a Jerusalem Jew . Some scholars argue for a primitive version of the letter composed by James and then later polished by another writer . The epistle was only gradually accepted into the canon of the New Testament . Some see parallels between James and 1 Peter , 1 Clement , and the Shepherd of Hermas and take this to reflect the socio - economic situation Christians were dealing with in the late 1st or early 2nd century . It thus could have been written anywhere in the Empire that Christians spoke Greek . There are some scholars who argued for Syria . Other scholars , such as Luke Timothy Johnson , suggest an early dating for the Epistle of James : `` The Letter of James also , according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries , is among the earliest of New Testament compositions . It contains no reference to the events in Jesus ' life , but it bears striking testimony to Jesus ' words . Jesus ' sayings are embedded in James ' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels . '' If written by James the brother of Jesus , it would have been written sometime before AD 69 ( or AD 62 ) , when he was martyred . Jerusalem would also be the place of writing . The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to - late 3rd century . Genre ( edit ) James is considered New Testament wisdom literature : `` like Proverbs and Sirach , it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature . '' The content of James is directly parallel , in many instances , to sayings of Jesus found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew , i.e. , those attributed to the Q Source . Compare , e.g. , `` Do not swear at all , either by heaven ... or by the earth ... Let your word be ' Yes , Yes ' or ' No , No ' ; anything more than this comes from the evil one '' ( Matthew 5 : 34 , 37 ) and `` ... do not swear either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath , but let your ' Yes ' be yes and your ' No ' be no , so that you may not fall under condemnation '' ( James 5 : 12 ) . According to James Tabor , the epistle of James contains `` no fewer than thirty direct references , echoes , and allusions to the teachings of Jesus found in the Q source . '' Structure ( edit ) Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline : `` James may have simply grouped together small ' thematic essays ' without having more linear , Greco - Roman structures in mind . '' That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be a true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of wisdom literature , formulated as a letter for circulation . The Catholic Encyclopedia says , `` the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various ; moreover , St. James not infrequently , whilst elucidating a certain point , passes abruptly to another , and presently resumes once more his former argument . '' Others view the letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure . They generally organize James under three ( Ralph Martin ) to seven ( Luke Johnson ) general key themes or segments . A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter , linking each paragraph theologically and thematically : James , like the gospel writers , can be seen as a purposeful theologian , carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes . -- Blomberg and Kamell The third view of the structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as `` New Testament wisdom literature , like a small book of proverbs '' or `` like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string . '' A fourth group uses modern discourse analysis or Greco - Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James . The United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament divides the letter into the following sections : Salutation ( 1 : 1 ) Faith and Wisdom ( 1 : 2 -- 8 ) Poverty and Riches ( 1 : 9 - 11 ) Trial and Temptation ( 1 : 12 -- 18 ) Hearing and Doing the Word ( 1 : 19 -- 27 ) Warning against Partiality ( 2 : 1 -- 13 ) Faith and Works ( 2 : 14 -- 26 ) The Tongue ( 3 : 1 -- 12 ) The Wisdom from Above ( 3 : 13 -- 18 ) Friendship with the World ( 4 : 1 -- 10 ) Judging a Brother ( 4 : 11 -- 12 ) Warning against Boasting ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Warning to the Rich ( 5 : 1 -- 6 ) Patience and Prayer ( 5 : 7 -- 20 ) Historical context ( edit ) Understanding the circumstances of James ' writing helps scholars better understand James ' organization of the letter . They view the epistle as having a legitimate purpose for its composition , a response to the suffering of its recipients . A 2013 journal article explores a violent historical background behind the epistle and offers the suggestion that it was indeed written by James , the brother of Jesus , and it was written before AD 62 , the year he was killed . The 50s saw the growth of turmoil and violence in Roman Judea , as Jews became more and more frustrated with corruption , injustice and poverty . It continued into the 60s , four years before James was killed . War broke out with Rome and would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the people . The epistle is renowned for exhortations on fighting poverty and caring for the poor in practical ways ( 1 : 26 -- 27 ; 2 : 1 - 4 ; 2 : 14 - 19 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) , standing up for the oppressed ( 2 : 1 - 4 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) and not being `` like the world '' in the way one responds to evil in the world ( 1 : 26 - 27 ; 2 : 11 ; 3 : 13 - 18 ; 4 : 1 - 10 ) . Worldly wisdom is rejected and people are exhorted to embrace heavenly wisdom , which includes peacemaking and pursuing righteousness and justice ( 3 : 13 - 18 ) . This approach sees the epistle as a real letter with a real immediate purpose : to encourage Christian Jews not to revert to violence in their response to injustice and poverty but to stay focused on doing good , staying holy and to embrace the wisdom of heaven , not that of the world . Doctrine ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) Main articles : justification ( theology ) , Justification by faith alone , and Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification It contains the following famous passage concerning salvation and justification : What good is it , my brothers , if someone says he has faith but does not have works ? Can that faith save him ? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food , and one of you says to them , `` Go in peace , be warmed and filled , '' without giving them the things needed for the body , what good is that ? So also faith by itself , if it does not have works , is dead . But someone will say , `` You have faith and I have works . '' Show me your faith apart from your works , and I will show you my faith by my works . You believe that God is one ; you do well . Even the demons believe -- and shudder ! Do you want to be shown , you foolish person , that faith apart from works is useless ? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar ? You see that faith was active along with his works , and faith was completed by his works ; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says , `` Abraham believed God , and it was counted to him as righteousness '' -- and he was called a friend of God . You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone . And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way ? For as the body apart from the spirit is dead , so also faith apart from works is dead . That passage has been cited in Christian theological debates , especially regarding the doctrine of justification . Gaius Marius Victorinus ( 4th century ) associated James 's teaching on works with the heretical Symmachian sect , followers of Symmachus the Ebionite , and openly questioned whether James ' teachings were heretical . This passage has also been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification . Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul . One issue in the debate is the meaning of the Greek word δικαιόω ( dikaiόō ) ' render righteous or such as he ought to be ' , with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul . Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy have historically argued that the passage disproves the doctrine of justification by faith alone ( or sola fide ) , The early and many modern Protestants resolve the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error . The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God 's favor . Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law ( Galatians 2 : 16 ; Romans 3 : 21 - 22 ) . Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive , showing thanks to God in deeds of love ( Galatians 5 : 6 ( ' ... since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love . ' ) ) . James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they did n't need to show love by a life of faith ( James 2 : 14 - 17 ) . James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive , showing itself to be so by deeds of love ( James 2 : 18 , 26 ) . James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer 's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus . Anointing of the sick ( edit ) The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the Anointing of the Sick . James wrote : Is anyone among you sick ? Let him call for the elders of the church , and let them pray over him , anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord . And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick , and the Lord will raise him up . And if he has committed sins , he will be forgiven . G.A. Wells suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle , on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of presbyters ( elders ) indicated a considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation `` whereas in Paul 's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately ( I Corinthians , XII : 9 ) . '' Canonicity ( edit ) See also : Antilegomena and Biblical canon The Epistle was first explicitly referred to and quoted by Origen of Alexandria , and possibly a bit earlier by Irenaeus of Lyons as well as Clement of Alexandria in a lost work according to Eusebius , although it was not mentioned by Tertullian , who was writing at the end of the Second Century . It is also absent from the Muratorian fragment , the earliest known list of New Testament books . The Epistle of James was included among the twenty - seven New Testament books first listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Thirty - Ninth Festal Epistle ( AD 367 ) and was confirmed as a canonical epistle of the New Testament by a series of councils in the Fourth Century . Today , virtually all denominations of Christianity consider this book to be a canonical epistle of the New Testament . In the first centuries of the Church the authenticity of the Epistle was doubted by some , including Theodore , Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia . Because of the silence of several of the western churches regarding it , Eusebius classes it among the Antilegomena or contested writings ( Historia ecclesiae , 3.25 ; 2.23 ) . Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted . Gaius Marius Victorinus , in his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians , openly questioned whether the teachings of James were heretical . Its late recognition in the Church , especially in the West , may be explained by the fact that it was written for or by Jewish Christians , and therefore not widely circulated among the Gentile Churches . There is some indication that a few groups distrusted the book because of its doctrine . In Reformation times a few theologians , most notably Martin Luther in his early career , argued that this epistle should not be part of the canonical New Testament . Martin Luther 's description of the Epistle of James changes . In some cases , Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle ; but in other cases , he describes James as the work of an apostle . He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God and describes James as `` a good book , because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God . '' Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament , citing its authority in the Book of Concord , however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle of James Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Protevangelium of James Pauline Christianity Textual variants in the Epistle of James References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davids , Peter H ( 1982 ) . I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque , ed . New International Greek Testament Commentary : The Epistle of James ( Repr . ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . ISBN 0802823882 . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig A ( 2005 ) . Craig A Evans , ed . Bible Knowledge Background Commentary : John , Hebrews - Revelation . Colorado Springs , Colo. : Victor . ISBN 0781442281 . ^ Jump up to : Camerlynck , Achille ( 1910 ) . `` Epistle of St James '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Foster ( 23 September 2014 ) . The Significance of Exemplars for the Interpretation of the Letter of James . Mohr Siebeck . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 153263 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dan G. McCartney ( 1 November 2009 ) . James . Baker Academic . pp. 14 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2676 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Dan G ( 2009 ) . Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein , ed . Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament : James . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 0801026768 . Jump up ^ See Acts 12 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ See Matthew 13 : 55 ; Acts 21 : 15 -- 25 ; 1 Corinthians 15 : 7 ; and Galatians 1 : 19 , 2 : 9 Jump up ^ Moo , Douglas J ( 2000 ) . DA Carson , ed . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Wm B Eerdmans Publishing co . ISBN 0802837301 . Jump up ^ Cf . James 1 : 1 and Acts 15 : 23 . Jump up ^ Adam Clarke , 1821 , commentary on 5 : 13 , 22 , 23 . Jump up ^ Bechtel , Florentine . `` The Brethren of the Lord '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . His identity with James the Less ( Mark 15 : 40 ) and the Apostle James , the son of Alpheus ( Matthew 10 : 3 ; Mark 3 : 18 ) , although contested by many Protestant critics , may also be considered as certain . Jump up ^ Shillington , V. George ( 2015 ) . James and Paul : The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . pp. 65 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 8213 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Christian Church , book 7 , chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Barton and John Muddiman , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1256 . ISBN 0198755007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke Timothy ( 1996 ) . The Real Jesus . HarperOne . p. 121 . ISBN 0060641665 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James Theopedia '' . www.theopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Laws , Sophie ( 1993 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . San Francisco : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 2052 . ISBN 0060655267 . Jump up ^ Tabor , James D. ( 2012 ) . Paul and Jesus : How the Apostle Transformed Christianity . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2332 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Blomberg , Craig ( 2008 ) . James . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 23 . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ralph ( 1988 ) . James . Waco , TX : WBC . p. xcviii - civ . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( 2000 ) . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Pillar . pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Some numerous writers and commentators assume so , like William Barclay , The Daily Study Bible , rev . ed. , 17 vols . ( Philadelphia : The Westminster Press , 1976 ) , Vol 14 , The Letters of James and Peter , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Mark ( 2006 ) . A Linguistic Investigation into the Discource Structure of James . London : T&T Clark . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ `` Faith versus Works '' . Jump up ^ Eberhard Nestle , ed. ( 2011 ) . Greek New Testament With Revised Concise Greek - English Dictionary ( 4th Revised ed . ) . Hendrickson Publishers . ISBN 1598567209 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Violent Language -- a clue to the Historical Occasion of James . '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXV No. 3 . July 2013 Jump up ^ On the death of James , see Josephus Antiquities , 20.9. 1 and Eusebius II. 23.1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Numerous studies argue for a letter - structure to James . See , for example , Euan Fry , `` Commentaries on James , I and 2 Peter , and Jude , '' The Bible Translator , 41 ( July 1990 ) : 330 , and F.O. Francis , `` The Form and Function of the Opening and Closing Paragraphs of James and I John , '' ZNW 61 ( 1970 ) : 110 - 126 . Jump up ^ James 2 : 14 - 26 , English Standard Version . Jump up ^ McKnight , Scot ( 2011 ) . The Letter of James . The New International Commentary on the New Testament . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Erdmans . pp. 259 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2627 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dikaioo '' . Greek Lexicon . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , D. 2009 . New Testament History & Literature : 18 . Arguing with Paul . Yale University . Jump up ^ `` The Theological Virtues : 1815 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . The gift of faith remains in one who has not sinned against it . But ' faith apart from works is dead ' : ( Jas 2 : 26 ) when it is deprived of hope and love , faith does not fully unite the believer to Christ and does not make him a living member of his Body . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . `` The Synod of Jerusalem and the Confession of Dositheus , A.D. 1672 : Article XIII '' . Creeds of Christendom . Harper & Brothers . Man is justified , not by faith alone , but also by works . Jump up ^ Calvin , John . `` James 2 : 20 -- 26 '' . Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles . When , therefore , the Sophists set up James against Paul , they go astray through the ambiguous meaning of a term . Jump up ^ `` Faith and Works '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James 5 : 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Wells , George Albert ( 1971 ) . The Jesus of Early Christians . London : Pemberton . p. 152 . ISBN 0301710147 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( 2010 ) . `` Irenaeus of Lyons '' . The Development of the Canon of the New Testament . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Griggs , C Wilfred ( 1991 ) . Early Egyptian Christianity ( 2nd ed . ) . Leiden : Brill Academic Publisher . p. 173 . ISBN 9004094075 . Jump up ^ 1958 - , Cooper , Stephen Andrew , . Marius Victorinus ' `` Commentary on Galatians '' : introduction , translation , and notes . Oxford University Press . pp. 265 -- 266 . ISBN 0198270275 . OCLC 878694940 . ^ Jump up to : The Lutheran Study Bible , Concordia Publishing House , 2009 , p2132 Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip . History of the Reformation . The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther 's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3 : 28 ( allein durch den Glauben ) , by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification , on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness. 464 But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James , who says ( James 2 : 24 ) , `` by works a man is justified , and not only by faith '' ( `` nicht durch den Glauben allein '' ) . It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article , and characterized the Epistle of James as an `` epistle of straw , '' because it had no evangelical character ( `` keine evangelische Art '' ) . Jump up ^ Stonehouse , Ned B ( 1957 ) . Paul Before the Areopagus . pp. 186 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41 : 578 - 90 Jump up ^ Luther 's Large Catechism , IV 122 - 24 Jump up ^ Luther 's Works ( American Edition ) 35 : 395 Jump up ^ `` Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia '' . External links ( edit ) Bible : James public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Epistle of James General Epistle Preceded by Hebrews New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by First Peter Epistle of James Bible James 1 5 Bible portal Persons Abraham Elijah James Jesus Christ Job Rahab Terms / phrases Elder Faith Temptation Tongue Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Epistle to the Hebrews ( chapter 13 ) First Epistle of Peter ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 182251478 GND : 4028448 - 7 SELIBR : 269835 SUDOC : 174112815 BNF : cb120083397 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_James&oldid=818320713 '' Categories : Epistle of James Canonical epistles New Testament books Luther 's Antilegomena Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 21 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the book of james written for	[ "The author identifies himself as \"James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ,\" who is writing to \"the twelve tribes scattered abroad\" (James 1:1). The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus (James the Just),[1][2] and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians, who were dispersed outside Palestine due to persecution.[3]" ]	[ "twelve tribes scattered abroad" ]
-1029261793261998553	John Marshall	John Marshall - Wikipedia John Marshall Jump to : navigation , search For other people named John Marshall , see John Marshall ( disambiguation ) . John Marshall 4th Chief Justice of the United States In office January 31 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 Nominated by John Adams Preceded by Oliver Ellsworth Succeeded by Roger Taney 4th United States Secretary of State In office June 13 , 1800 -- March 4 , 1801 President John Adams Preceded by Timothy Pickering Succeeded by James Madison Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia 's 13th district In office March 5 , 1799 -- June 6 , 1800 Preceded by John Clopton Succeeded by Littleton Tazewell Personal details ( 1755 - 09 - 24 ) September 24 , 1755 Germantown , Virginia , British America July 6 , 1835 ( 1835 - 07 - 06 ) ( aged 79 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S. Political party Federalist Spouse ( s ) Mary Willis Ambler Children 10 ( including Edward ) Education College of William and Mary Signature Military service Allegiance United States Service / branch Culpeper Minutemen Rank Captain Battles / wars American Revolutionary War John Marshall ( September 24 , 1755 -- July 6 , 1835 ) was an American politician . He was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States ( 1801 -- 1835 ) . His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches . Previously , Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800 . He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and , at the age of 45 , became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America . The longest - serving Chief Justice and the fourth longest - serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history , Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades ( 34 years ) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system . Most notably , he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review , by disregarding purported laws if they violate the constitution . Thus , Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government . Furthermore , Marshall 's court made several important decisions relating to federalism , affecting the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic . In particular , he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law , and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers . While many of his decisions were unpopular , Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government , and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution , and the rule of law . Marshall , along with Daniel Webster ( who argued some of the cases ) , was the leading Federalist of the day , pursuing Federalist Party approaches to build a stronger federal government over the opposition of the Jeffersonian Republicans , who wanted stronger state governments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years ( 1755 to 1782 ) 2 Early political career 3 Adams administration 4 Chief Justice ( 1801 to 1835 ) 4.1 Nomination 4.2 Personality , principles and leadership 4.3 Marbury v. Madison 4.4 Burr conspiracy trial 4.5 Fletcher v. Peck 4.6 McCulloch v. Maryland 4.7 Cohens v. Virginia 4.8 Gibbons v. Ogden 4.9 The Marshall Trilogy 4.10 Other key cases 5 Authorship of Washington biography 6 Later years 6.1 Last political involvement 7 Slavery 8 Final days 9 Impact and legacy 10 Monuments and memorials 11 Family connections 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Bibliography 14.1 Secondary sources 14.2 Primary sources 15 Further reading 16 External links Early years ( 1755 to 1782 ) ( edit ) Coat of Arms of John Marshall John Marshall was born in a log cabin in Germantown , a rural community on the Virginia frontier , in what is now Fauquier County , near Midland , on September 24 , 1755 , to Thomas Marshall and Mary Isham Keith , the granddaughter of politician Thomas Randolph of Tuckahoe . John Marshall was of almost entirely English ancestry , though his mother also had some distant Scottish ancestry as well . The oldest of fifteen , John had eight sisters and six brothers . Also , several cousins were raised with the family . From a young age , he was noted for his good humor and black eyes , which were `` strong and penetrating , beaming with intelligence and good nature '' . His younger brother , James Markham Marshall , also served briefly in a newly created judgeship for the Federal judiciary on the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia from 1801 to 1803 , and three of his brothers , Keith , William and Charles were lawyers . Marshall loved his home , built in 1790 , in Richmond , Virginia , and spent as much time there as possible in quiet contentment . For approximately three months each year , Marshall lived in Washington during the Court 's annual term , boarding with Justice Story during his final years at the Ringgold - Carroll House . Marshall also left Richmond for several weeks each year to serve on the circuit court in Raleigh , North Carolina . He also maintained the D.S. Tavern property in Albemarle County , Virginia , from 1810 -- 1813 . Marshall himself was not religious , and although his grandfather was a priest , never formally joined a church . He did not believe Jesus was a divine being , and in some of his opinions referred to a deist `` Creator of all things . '' He was an active Freemason and served as Grand Master of Masons in Virginia in 1794 -- 1795 of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ancient , Free , and Accepted Masons of the Commonwealth of Virginia . While in Richmond , Marshall attended St. John 's Church on Church Hill until 1814 when he led the movement to hire Robert Mills as architect of Monumental Church , which was near his home and rebuilt to commemorate 72 people who died in a theater fire . The Marshall family occupied Monumental Church 's pew No. 23 and entertained the Marquis de Lafayette there during his visit to Richmond in 1824 . Thomas Marshall was employed in Fauquier County as a surveyor and land agent by Lord Fairfax , which provided Marshall with a substantial income . In the early 1760s , the Marshall family left Germantown and moved about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to Leeds Manor ( so named by Lord Fairfax ) on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains . On the banks of Goose Creek , Thomas Marshall built a wood frame house , with two rooms on the first floor and a two - room loft above . Thomas Marshall was not yet well established , so he leased it from Colonel Richard Henry Lee . The Marshalls called their new home `` the Hollow '' , and the ten years they resided there were John Marshall 's formative years . John Marshall 's Birthplace Monument in Germantown , Virginia The Hollow House In 1773 , the Marshall family moved once again . Thomas Marshall , by then a man of substantial means , purchased an estate adjacent to North Cobbler Mountain in Delaplane . The new farm was located adjacent to the main stage road ( now US 17 ) between Salem ( the modern day village of Marshall , Virginia ) and Delaplane . When John was 17 , Thomas Marshall built Oak Hill there , a seven - room frame home with four rooms on the first floor and three above . Although modest in comparison to the estates of George Washington , James Madison , and Thomas Jefferson , it was a substantial home for the period . John Marshall became the owner of Oak Hill in 1785 when his father moved to Kentucky . Although John Marshall lived his later life in Richmond , Virginia , and Washington D.C. , he kept his Fauquier County property , making substantial improvements to the house until he transferred the property as a wedding present to his eldest son Thomas in 1809 . Oak Hill Marshall 's early education was superintended by his father who gave him an early taste for history and poetry . Thomas Marshall 's employer , Lord Fairfax , allowed access to his home at Greenway Court , which was an exceptional center of learning and culture . Marshall took advantage of the resources at Greenway Court and borrowed freely from the extensive collection of classical and contemporary literature . There were no schools in the region at the time , so home schooling was pursued . Although books were a rarity for most in the territory , Thomas Marshall 's library was exceptional . His collection of literature , some of which was borrowed from Lord Fairfax , was relatively substantial and included works by the ancient Roman historian Livy , the ancient Roman poet Horace , and the English writers Alexander Pope , John Dryden , John Milton , and William Shakespeare . All of the Marshall children were accomplished , literate , and self - educated under their parents ' supervision . At the age of twelve John had transcribed Alexander Pope 's An Essay on Man and some of his Moral Essays . There being no formal school in Fauquier County at the time , John was sent , at age fourteen , about one hundred miles from home to an academy in Washington parish . Among his classmates was James Monroe , the future president . John remained at the academy one year , after which he was brought home . Afterward , Thomas Marshall arranged for a minister to be sent who could double as a teacher for the local children . The Reverend James Thomson , a recently ordained deacon from Glasgow , Scotland , resided with the Marshall family and tutored the children in Latin in return for his room and board . When Thomson left at the end of the year , John had begun reading and transcribing Horace and Livy . The Marshalls had long before decided that John was to be a lawyer . William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England had been published in America and Thomas Marshall bought a copy for his own use and for John to read and study . After John returned home from Campbell 's academy he continued his studies with no other aid than his dictionary . John 's father superintended the English part of his education . Marshall wrote of his father , `` ... and to his care I am indebted for anything valuable which I may have acquired in my youth . He was my only intelligent companion ; and was both a watchful parent and an affectionate friend '' . Marshall served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and was friends with George Washington . He served first as a Lieutenant in the Culpeper Minutemen from 1775 to 1776 , and went on to serve as a Lieutenant and then a Captain in the Eleventh Virginia Continental Regiment from 1776 to 1780 . During his time in the army , he enjoyed running races with the other soldiers and was nicknamed Silverheels for the white heels his mother had sewn into his stockings . Marshall endured the brutal winter conditions at Valley Forge ( 1777 -- 1778 ) . After his time in the Army , he read law under the famous Chancellor George Wythe at the College of William and Mary , was elected to Phi Beta Kappa , and was admitted to the Bar in 1780 . He was in private practice in Fauquier County before entering politics . Early political career ( edit ) In 1782 , Marshall won a seat in the Virginia House of Delegates , in which he served until 1789 and again from 1795 to 1796 . The Virginia General Assembly elected him to serve on the Council of State later in the same year . In 1785 , Marshall took up the additional office of Recorder of the Richmond City Hustings Court . In 1788 , Marshall was selected as a delegate to the Virginia convention responsible for ratifying or rejecting the United States Constitution , which had been proposed by the Philadelphia Convention a year earlier . Together with James Madison and Edmund Randolph , Marshall led the fight for ratification . He was especially active in defense of Article III , which provides for the Federal judiciary . His most prominent opponent at the ratification convention was Anti-Federalist leader Patrick Henry . Ultimately , the convention approved the Constitution by a vote of 89 -- 79 . Marshall identified with the new Federalist Party ( which supported a strong national government and commercial interests ) , and opposed Jefferson 's Republican Party ( which advocated states ' rights and idealized the yeoman farmer and the French Revolution ) . John Marshall 's House in Richmond , Virginia Meanwhile , Marshall 's private law practice continued to flourish . He successfully represented the heirs of Lord Fairfax in Hite v. Fairfax ( 1786 ) , an important Virginia Supreme Court case involving a large tract of land in the Northern Neck of Virginia . In 1796 , he appeared before the United States Supreme Court in another important case , Ware v. Hylton , a case involving the validity of a Virginia law providing for the confiscation of debts owed to British subjects . Marshall argued that the law was a legitimate exercise of the state 's power ; however , the Supreme Court ruled against him , holding that the Treaty of Paris in combination with the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution required the collection of such debts . Henry Flanders in his biography of Marshall remarked that Marshall 's argument in Ware v. Hylton `` elicited great admiration at the time of its delivery , and enlarged the circle of his reputation . '' Flanders also wrote that the reader `` can not fail to be impressed with the vigor , rigorous analysis , and close reasoning that mark every sentence of it . '' In 1795 , Marshall declined Washington 's offer of Attorney General of the United States and , in 1796 , declined to serve as minister to France . Adams administration ( edit ) In 1797 , Marshall accepted when President John Adams appointed him to a three - member commission to represent the United States to negotiate with France which , during the midst of its Revolutionary Wars , had seized neutral American merchant vessels . This had prompted the United States to appropriate funds to equip and man three frigates . The other members of this commission were Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Elbridge Gerry . However , when the envoys arrived in October 1797 , they were kept waiting for several days , and then granted only a 15 - minute meeting with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand . After this , the diplomats were met by three of Talleyrand 's agents . Each refused to conduct diplomatic negotiations unless the United States paid enormous bribes , one to Talleyrand personally , and another to the Republic of France . The Americans refused to negotiate on such terms . Marshall and Pinckney returned home , while Gerry remained . This diplomatic scandal became known as the XYZ Affair , inflaming anti-French opinion in the United States . Marshall arrived in New York on June 17 . His handling of the affair , as well as public resentment toward the French , made him popular with the American public . He opposed the Alien and Sedition Acts , enacted by the Federalists in response to the crisis . In 1798 , Marshall declined a Supreme Court appointment , recommending Bushrod Washington , who would later become one of Marshall 's staunchest allies on the Court . In 1799 , Marshall reluctantly ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives . Although his congressional district ( which included the city of Richmond ) favored the Democratic - Republican Party , Marshall won the race , in part due to his conduct during the XYZ Affair and in part due to the support of Patrick Henry . His most notable speech was related to the case of Thomas Nash ( alias Jonathan Robbins ) , whom the government had extradited to Great Britain on charges of murder . Marshall defended the government 's actions , arguing that nothing in the Constitution prevents the United States from extraditing one of its citizens . On May 7 , 1800 , President Adams nominated Congressman Marshall as Secretary of War . However , on May 12 , Adams withdrew the nomination , instead naming him Secretary of State , as a replacement for Timothy Pickering . Confirmed by the United States Senate on May 13 , Marshall took office on June 6 , 1800 . As Secretary of State , Marshall directed the negotiation of the Convention of 1800 , which ended the Quasi-War with France and brought peace to the nation . Elected as a delegate to the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829 -- 1830 , John Marshall advanced his view that the electorate should be expanded in Virginia by the provision that any white male who had served in the War of 1812 or who would serve in the militia in the future defense of the country deserved the right to vote . Chief Justice ( 1801 to 1835 ) ( edit ) Marshall served as Chief Justice during the administrations of six Presidents : John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , James Monroe , John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson . He remained a stalwart advocate of Federalism and a nemesis of the Jeffersonian school of government throughout its heyday . He participated in over 1000 decisions , writing 519 of the opinions himself . While Chief Justice , he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1804 . Marshall was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1813 . He helped to establish the Supreme Court as the final authority on the meaning of the Constitution in cases and controversies that must be decided by the federal courts . According to the Oyez Project , Marshall 's impact on constitutional law is without peer , and his imprint on the Court 's jurisprudence remains indelible . Nomination ( edit ) Marshall 's Chief Justice nomination Marshall was thrust into the office of Chief Justice in the wake of the presidential election of 1800 . With the Federalists soundly defeated and about to lose both the executive and legislative branches to Jefferson and the Democratic - Republicans , President Adams and the lame duck Congress passed what came to be known as the Midnight Judges Act , which made sweeping changes to the federal judiciary , including a reduction in the number of Justices from six to five ( upon the next vacancy in the court ) so as to deny Jefferson an appointment until two vacancies occurred . As the incumbent Chief Justice Oliver Ellsworth was in poor health , Adams first offered the seat to ex-Chief Justice John Jay , who declined on the grounds that the Court lacked `` energy , weight , and dignity . '' Jay 's letter arrived on January 20 , 1801 , and as there was precious little time left , Adams surprised Marshall , who was with him at the time and able to accept the nomination immediately . The Senate at first delayed , hoping that Adams would make a different choice , such as promoting Justice William Paterson of New Jersey . According to New Jersey Senator Jonathan Dayton , the Senate finally relented `` lest another not so qualified , and more disgusting to the Bench , should be substituted , and because it appeared that this gentleman ( Marshall ) was not privy to his own nomination '' . Marshall was confirmed by the Senate on January 27 , 1801 , and received his commission on January 31 , 1801 . While Marshall officially took office on February 4 , at the request of the President he continued to serve as Secretary of State until Adams ' term expired on March 4 . President John Adams offered this appraisal of Marshall 's impact : `` My gift of John Marshall to the people of the United States was the proudest act of my life . '' Personality , principles and leadership ( edit ) Soon after becoming Chief Justice , Marshall changed the manner in which the Supreme Court announced its decisions . Previously , each Justice would author a separate opinion ( known as a seriatim opinion ) as was done in the Virginia Supreme Court of his day and is still done today in the United Kingdom and Australia . Under Marshall , however , the Supreme Court adopted the practice of handing down a single opinion of the Court , allowing it to present a clear rule . As Marshall was almost always the author of this opinion , he essentially became the Court 's sole spokesman in important cases . Marshall also got rid of the tradition that U.S. Supreme Court justices had inherited from the British of wearing ornate powdered wigs and red robes with ermine trim . Marshall 's forceful personality allowed him to steer his fellow Justices ; only once did he find himself on the losing side in a constitutional case . In that case -- Ogden v. Saunders in 1827 -- Marshall set forth his general principles of constitutional interpretation : To say that the intention of the instrument must prevail ; that this intention must be collected from its words ; that its words are to be understood in that sense in which they are generally used by those for whom the instrument was intended ; that its provisions are neither to be restricted into insignificance , nor extended to objects not comprehended in them , nor contemplated by its framers -- is to repeat what has been already said more at large , and is all that can be necessary . In his Ogden dissent , Marshall also adopted a definition of the word `` law '' that would later be denounced by the individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner : `` a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a State . '' Marshall was in the dissenting minority only eight times throughout his tenure at the Court , partly because of his influence over the associate justices . As Oliver Wolcott observed when both he and Marshall served in the Adams administration , Marshall had the knack of `` putting his own ideas into the minds of others , unconsciously to them '' . However , he regularly curbed his own viewpoints , preferring to arrive at decisions by consensus . He adjusted his role to accommodate other members of the court as they developed . Steel engraving of John Marshall by Alonzo Chappel Marshall had charm , humor , a quick intelligence , and the ability to bring men together . His sincerity and presence commanded attention . His opinions were workmanlike and not especially eloquent or subtle . His influence on learned men of the law came from the charismatic force of his personality and his ability to seize upon the key elements of a case and make highly persuasive arguments . Together with his vision of the future greatness of the nation , these qualities are apparent in his historic decisions and gave him the sobriquet , The Great Chief Justice . Marshall ran a congenial court ; there was seldom any bickering . The Court met in Washington only two months a year , from the first Monday in February through the second or third week in March . Six months of the year the justices were doing circuit duty in the various states . Marshall was therefore based in Richmond , his hometown , for most of the year . When the Court was in session in Washington , the justices boarded together in the same rooming house , avoided outside socializing , and discussed each case intently among themselves . Decisions were quickly made usually in a matter of days . Marshall wrote nearly half the decisions during his 34 years in office . Lawyers appearing before the court , including the most brilliant in the United States , typically gave oral arguments and often did not present written briefs . The justices did not have clerks , so they listened closely to the oral arguments , and decided among themselves what the decision should be . The court issued only one decision ; the occasional dissenter usually did not issue a separate opinion . While Marshall was attentive when listening to oral arguments and often persuaded other justices to adopt his interpretation of the law , he was not widely read in the law , and seldom cited precedents . After the Court came to a decision , he would usually write it up himself . Often he asked Justice Joseph Story , a renowned legal scholar , to do the chores of locating the precedents , saying , `` There , Story ; that is the law of this case ; now go and find the authorities . '' Marbury v. Madison ( edit ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) was the first important case before Marshall 's Court . In that case , the Supreme Court invalidated a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 on the grounds that it violated the Constitution by attempting to expand the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . Marbury was the first and only case in which the Marshall Court ruled an act of Congress unconstitutional , and thereby reinforced the doctrine of judicial review . Thus , although the Court indicated that the Jefferson administration was violating another law , the Court said it could not do anything about it due to its own lack of jurisdiction . President Thomas Jefferson took the position that the Court could not give him a mandamus ( i.e. an order ) even if the Court had jurisdiction : In the case of Marbury and Madison , the federal judges declared that commissions , signed and sealed by the President , were valid , although not delivered . I deemed delivery essential to complete a deed , which , as long as it remains in the hands of the party , is as yet no deed , it is in posse only , but not in esse , and I withheld delivery of the commissions . They can not issue a mandamus to the President or legislature , or to any of their officers . More generally , Jefferson lamented that allowing the Constitution to mean whatever the Court says it means would make the Constitution `` a mere thing of wax in the hands of the judiciary , which they may twist and shape into any form they please . '' Because Marbury v. Madison decided that a jurisdictional statute passed by Congress was unconstitutional , that was technically a victory for the Jefferson administration ( so it could not easily complain ) . Ironically what was unconstitutional was Congress ' granting a certain power to the Supreme Court itself . The case allowed Marshall to proclaim the doctrine of judicial review , which reserves to the Supreme Court final authority to judge whether or not actions of the president or of the congress are within the powers granted to them by the Constitution . The Constitution itself is the supreme law , and when the Court believes that a specific law or action is in violation of it , the Court must uphold the Constitution and set aside that other law or action , assuming that a party has standing to properly invoke the Court 's jurisdiction . Chief Justice Marshall famously put the matter this way : It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is . Those who apply the rule to particular cases must , of necessity , expound and interpret that rule . If two laws conflict with each other , the Courts must decide on the operation of each . The Constitution does not explicitly give judicial review to the Court , and Jefferson was very angry with Marshall 's position , for he wanted the President to decide whether his acts were constitutional or not . Historians mostly agree that the framers of the Constitution did plan for the Supreme Court to have some sort of judicial review ; Marshall made their goals operational . Judicial review was not new and Marshall himself mentioned it in the Virginia ratifying convention of 1788 . Marshall 's opinion expressed and fixed in the American tradition and legal system a more basic theory -- government under law . That is , judicial review means a government in which no person ( not even the President ) and no institution ( not even Congress or the Supreme Court itself ) , nor even a majority of voters , may freely work their will in violation of the written Constitution . Marshall himself never declared another law of Congress or act of a president unconstitutional . Marshall , during Marbury v. Madison on the constitution : Certainly all those who have framed written constitutions contemplate them as forming the fundamental and paramount law of the nation , and consequently the theory of every such government must be , that an act of the legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void . Burr conspiracy trial ( edit ) The Burr trial ( 1807 ) was presided over by Marshall together with Judge Cyrus Griffin . This was the great state trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr , who was charged with treason and high misdemeanor . Prior to the trial , President Jefferson condemned Burr and strongly supported conviction . Marshall , however , narrowly construed the definition of treason provided in Article III of the Constitution ; he noted that the prosecution had failed to prove that Burr had committed an `` overt act '' , as the Constitution required . As a result , the jury acquitted the defendant , leading to increased animosity between the President and the Chief Justice . Fletcher v. Peck ( edit ) Fletcher v. Peck ( 1810 ) was the first case in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional , though the Court had long before voided a state law as conflicting with the combination of the Constitution together with a treaty ( Marshall had represented the losing side in that 1796 case ) . In Fletcher , the Georgia legislature had approved a land grant , known as the Yazoo Land Act of 1795 . It was then revealed that the land grant had been approved in return for bribes , and therefore voters rejected most of the incumbents ; the next legislature repealed the law and voided all subsequent transactions ( even honest ones ) that resulted from the Yazoo land scandal . The Marshall Court held that the state legislature 's repeal of the law was void because the sale was a binding contract , which according to Article I , Section 10 , Clause I ( the Contract Clause ) of the Constitution , can not be invalidated . Marshall emphasized that the rescinding act would seize property from individuals who had honestly acquired it , and transfer that property to the public without any compensation . He then expanded upon his own famous statement in Marbury about the province of the judiciary : It is the peculiar province of the legislature to prescribe general rules for the government of society ; the application of those rules to individuals in society would seem to be the duty of other departments . Based on this separation of powers principle , Marshall questioned whether the rescinding act would be valid even if Georgia were a completely sovereign state independent of the federal Constitution . Ultimately , though , Marshall grounded the Court 's opinion in the restrictions imposed by the federal Constitution . As in Marbury , this decision of the Court in Fletcher was unanimous . McCulloch v. Maryland ( edit ) The text of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision , handed down March 6 , 1819 , as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) was one of several decisions during the 1810s and 1820s involving the balance of power between the federal government and the states where Marshall affirmed federal supremacy . He established in McCulloch that states could not tax federal institutions , and upheld congressional authority to create the Second Bank of the United States , even though the authority to do this was not expressly stated in the Constitution . While Marshall 's opinion in McCulloch was consistent with Marbury v. Madison , it cut the other way by affirming the constitutionality of a federal statute while preventing states from passing laws that violate federal law . The opinion includes the famous statement , `` We must never forget that it is a constitution we are expounding . '' Marshall laid down the basic theory of implied powers under a written Constitution ; intended , as he said `` to endure for ages to come , and , consequently , to be adapted to the various crises of human affairs ... '' Marshall envisaged a federal government which , although governed by timeless principles , possessed the powers `` on which the welfare of a nation essentially depends . '' It would be free in its choice of means , and open to change and growth . The Court held that the bank was authorized by the clause of the Constitution that states that Congress can implement its powers by making laws that are `` necessary and proper '' , which Marshall said does not refer to one single way that Congress is allowed to act , but rather refers to various possible acts that implement all constitutionally established powers . Marshall famously provided the following time - honored interpretation of this clause in the Constitution : Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution , are constitutional . According to The New York Times , `` Marshall did not intend his words as license for Congress to do whatever it wishes . '' Instead , Marshall and the Court deemed the bank necessary and proper because it furthered various legitimate ends that are listed in the Constitution , such as regulating interstate commerce . Cohens v. Virginia ( edit ) Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) displayed Marshall 's nationalism as he enforced the supremacy of federal law over state law , under the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause . In this case , he established that the Federal judiciary could hear appeals from decisions of state courts in criminal cases as well as the civil cases over which the court had asserted jurisdiction in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) . Justices Bushrod Washington and Joseph Story proved to be his strongest allies in these cases . Like Marbury , this Cohens case was largely about the Supreme Court 's jurisdiction . The State of Virginia claimed that the Court had no jurisdiction to hear appeals from a state court in a case between a state and its own citizens , even if the case involved interpretation of a federal statute . Marshall wrote that his court did have appellate jurisdiction , but then went on to affirm the decision of the Virginia Supreme Court on the merits . Marshall wrote : We have no more right to decline the exercise of jurisdiction which is given , than to usurp that which is not given . The one or the other would be treason to the constitution . In Marshall 's day , the Court had not yet been given the discretion whether or not to take cases . Scholars such as Edward Hartnett contend that the Court 's discretionary certiorari practice undercuts the rationale that Chief Justice Marshall gave in the Cohens case for reviewing the validity of state law , which was that the Court had no choice in the matter . The decision in Cohens demonstrated that the federal judiciary can act directly on private parties and state officials , and has the power to declare and impose on the states the Constitution and federal laws , but Marshall stressed that federal laws have limits . For example , he said , `` Congress has a right to punish murder in a fort , or other place within its exclusive jurisdiction ; but no general right to punish murder committed within any of the States . '' In this case , the Court affirmed that the Virginia Supreme Court correctly interpreted a federal statute that had established a lottery in Washington D.C. Like the Jefferson administration in Marbury , the State of Virginia technically won this case even though the case set a precedent consolidating the Court 's power . Gibbons v. Ogden ( edit ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 ) overturned a monopoly granted by the New York state legislature to certain steamships operating between New York and New Jersey . Daniel Webster argued that the Constitution , by empowering Congress to regulate interstate commerce , implied that states do not have any concurrent power to regulate interstate commerce . Chief Justice Marshall avoided that issue about the exclusivity of the federal commerce power because that issue was not necessary to decide the case . Instead , Marshall relied on an actual , existing federal statute for licensing ships , and he held that that federal law was a legitimate exercise of the congressional power to regulate interstate commerce , so the federal law superseded the state law granting the monopoly . Webster was at that time a member of Congress , but nevertheless pressed his constitutional views on behalf of clients . After he won this case , he bragged that Marshall absorbed his arguments `` as a baby takes in his mother 's milk '' , even though Marshall had actually dismissed Webster 's main argument . In the course of his opinion in this case , Marshall began the careful work of determining what the phrase `` commerce ... among the several states '' means in the Constitution . He stressed that one must look at whether the commerce in question has wide - ranging effects , suggesting that commerce which does `` affect other states '' may be interstate commerce , even if it does not cross state lines . Of course , the steamboats in this case did cross a state line , but Marshall suggested that his opinion had a broader scope than that . Indeed , Marshall 's opinion in Gibbons would be cited by the Supreme Court much later when it upheld aspects of the New Deal in cases like Wickard v. Filburn in 1942 . But , the opinion in Gibbons can also be read more narrowly . After all , Marshall also wrote : The enumeration presupposes something not enumerated ; and that something , if we regard the language or the subject of the sentence , must be the exclusively internal commerce of a state ... Inspection laws , quarantine laws , health laws of every description , as well as laws for regulating the internal commerce of a State , and those which respect turnpike roads , ferries , &c. , are ... subject to State legislation . If the legislative power of the Union can reach them , it must be for national purposes ; it must be where the power is expressly given for a special purpose , or is clearly incidental to some power which is expressly given . The immediate impact of the historic decision in Gibbons was to end many state - granted monopolies . That in turn lowered prices and promoted free enterprise . The Marshall trilogy ( edit ) Under Marshall 's leadership and pen , the Supreme Court established the foundational framework for relations between the United States and indigenous American tribes in the cases Johnson v. M'Intosh ( 1823 ) , Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , and Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . The first case asserted a doctrine of federal primacy in relations with Indian tribes , resolving a land dispute in favor of the party who had obtained his land grant from the federal government over a claim to the land established by having purchased it directly from the tribe . The second case refused to recognize indigenous tribes as foreign nations , holding instead that they were `` domestic dependent nation ( s ) '' whose relationship with the United States was comparable to that of a `` ward to a guardian '' ; however , Marshall did recognize and acknowledge the inherent right of each tribe to sovereignty on their tribal lands . The final case again upheld tribal sovereignty and reasserted federal supremacy with respect to tribal affairs by protecting tribal sovereignty from incursions by the states , holding that the laws of a state have no force on tribal lands within that state 's geographical boundaries . The case resulted from a criminal prosecution of a preacher for entering Indian lands in violation of Georgia statute . It is often reported that in response to the Worcester decision President Andrew Jackson declared `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' More reputable sources recognize this as a false quotation . In fact , the ruling in Worcester ordered nothing more than that Samuel Worcester be freed ; Georgia complied after several months . Other key cases ( edit ) Marshall wrote several other important Supreme Court opinions , including the following . The Dartmouth College case In Dartmouth College v. Woodward , 17 U.S. 518 ( 1819 ) , the legal structure of modern corporations began to develop , when the Court held that private corporate charters are protected from state interference by the Contract Clause of the Constitution . Barron v. Baltimore In Barron v. Baltimore , 32 U.S. 243 ( 1833 ) , the Court held that the Bill of Rights was intended to apply only against the federal government , and therefore does not apply against the states . The courts have since incorporated most of the Bill of Rights with respect to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which was adopted 33 years after Marshall 's death . Mima Queen v. John Hepburn In Mima Queen v. John Hepburn the majority opinion written by Marshall argued against the use of hearsay evidence stating `` That hearsay evidence is incompetent to establish any specific fact , which fact is in its nature susceptible of being proved by witnesses who speak from their own knowledge . '' Authorship of Washington biography ( edit ) Marshall greatly admired George Washington , and between 1804 and 1807 published an influential five - volume biography . Marshall 's Life of Washington was based on records and papers provided to him by the late president 's family . The first volume was reissued in 1824 separately as A History of the American Colonies . The work reflected Marshall 's Federalist principles . His revised and condensed two - volume Life of Washington was published in 1832 . Historians have often praised its accuracy and well - reasoned judgments , while noting his frequent paraphrases of published sources such as William Gordon 's 1801 history of the Revolution and the British Annual Register . After completing the revision to his biography of Washington , Marshall prepared an abridgment . In 1833 he wrote , `` I have at length completed an abridgment of the Life of Washington for the use of schools . I have endeavored to compress it as much as possible ... After striking out every thing which in my judgment could be properly excluded the volume will contain at least 400 pages . '' The Abridgment was not published until 1838 , three years after Marshall died . Later years ( edit ) Last political involvement ( edit ) In 1823 -- 1824 , although Marshall had always been loyal to the now - defunct Federalist Party , he was asked to re-enter the political arena as a Democratic - Republican Party candidate for the Office of U.S. President in time for the 1824 election . He turned this offer down . In 1828 , Marshall presided over a convention to promote internal improvements in Virginia . The following year , Marshall was a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1829 -- 30 , where he was again joined by fellow American statesman and loyal Virginians , James Madison and James Monroe , although all were quite old by that time ( Madison was 78 , Monroe 71 , and Marshall 74 ) . Although proposals to reduce the power of the Tidewater region 's slave - owning aristocrats compared to growing western population proved controversial , Marshall mainly spoke to promote the necessity of an independent judiciary . Slavery ( edit ) John Marshall and George Wythe Although Marshall was personally opposed to slavery , he consistently failed to put his beliefs into action - as he feared an upset to the societal order of the United States . As a young attorney , he represented prominent Virginia abolitionist Robert Pleasants , who sought to enforce his father 's will and free slaves , although such was illegal at the time his late father had written the will . Although Marshall won before Chancellor George Wythe and the specific slaves were ultimately freed , in the final opinions in that case , Virginia justice Spencer Roane ( who would become Marshall 's rival ) began enunciating the rationale for slaveholding as a property right , contrary to the lofty principles of natural law enunciated by Judge Wythe ( and his former pupil Thomas Jefferson in the U.S. Declaration of Independence ) . Marshall 's good friend John Wickham was another of the architects of the legal rationales for slaveholding which transformed Richmond into a leading slave - trading center . In 1823 , Marshall became the first president of the Richmond branch of the American Colonization Society , which was dedicated to resettling freed American slaves in Liberia , on the West coast of Africa . In 1825 , as Chief Justice , Marshall wrote an opinion in the case of the captured slave ship Antelope , in which he acknowledged that slavery was against natural law , but upheld the continued enslavement of approximately 1 / 3 of the ship 's cargo ( although the remainder were to be sent to Liberia ) . In his last will and testament , Marshall gave his elderly manservant the choice either of freedom and travel to Liberia , or continued enslavement under his choice of Marshall 's children . Research by historian Paul Finkelman reveals that Marshall owned hundreds of slaves , contrary to the conventional belief that he owned only a dozen or so slaves . Marshall also engaged in the buying and selling of slaves throughout his life . As the then Ariel F. Sallows Chair in Human Rights , Finkelman first presented his research at the College of Law , University of Saskatchewan . Finkelman 's research will be published in his forthcoming book , Supreme Injustice : Slavery in the Nation 's Highest Court , to be published by the Harvard University Press . Finkelman suggests that Marshall 's substantial slave holdings may have influenced him to render judicial decisions in favor of slave owners . Final days ( edit ) Among the few Founding Fathers who lived longer than Marshall were : James Madison , Aaron Burr , and Paine Wingate . Marshall was also the last surviving Cabinet member from the John Adams administration . In 1831 , the 76 - year - old Marshall traveled to Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and underwent an operation to remove bladder stones . He recovered from it without complications , but his wife died at the end of the year and his health quickly declined from that point onward . In June 1835 , Marshall again traveled to Philadelphia for medical treatment , where he died on July 6 at the age of 79 , having served as Chief Justice for over 34 years . Two days before his death , Marshall enjoined his friends to place only a plain slab over his and his wife 's graves , and wrote the simple inscription himself . His body , which was taken to Richmond , lies in Shockoe Hill Cemetery . The memorial inscription on his tombstone reads as follows : `` Son of Thomas and Mary Marshall / was born September 24 , 1755 / Intermarried with Mary Willis Ambler / the 3rd of January 1783 / Departed this life / the 6th day of July 1835 . '' Impact and Legacy ( edit ) The three previous chief justices ( John Jay , John Rutledge , and Oliver Ellsworth ) had left little permanent mark beyond setting up the forms of office . The Supreme Court , like many state supreme courts , was a minor organ of government . In his 34 - year tenure , Marshall gave it the energy , weight , and dignity of what many would say is a third co-equal branch of the U.S. government . With his associate justices , especially Joseph Story , William Johnson , and Bushrod Washington , Marshall 's Court brought to life the constitutional standards of the new nation . Marshall used Federalist approaches to build a strong federal government over the opposition of the Jeffersonian Republicans , who wanted stronger state governments . His influential rulings reshaped American government , making the Supreme Court the final arbiter of constitutional interpretation . The Marshall Court struck down an act of Congress in only one case ( Marbury v. Madison in 1803 ) but that established the Court as a center of power that could overrule the Congress , the President , the states , and all lower courts if that is what a fair reading of the Constitution required . He also defended the legal rights of corporations by tying them to the individual rights of the stockholders , thereby ensuring that corporations have the same level of protection for their property as individuals had , and shielding corporations against intrusive state governments . Many commentators have written concerning Marshall 's contributions to the theory and practice of judicial review . Among his strongest followers in the European tradition has been Hans Kelsen for the inclusion of the principle of judicial review in the constitutions of both Czechoslovakia and Austria . In her recent book on Hans Kelsen , Sandrine Baume identified John Hart Ely as a significant defender of the `` compatibility of judicial review with the very principles of democracy . '' Baume identified John Hart Ely alongside Dworkin as the foremost defenders of Marshall 's principle in recent years , while the opposition to this principle of `` compatibility '' were identified as Bruce Ackerman and Jeremy Waldron . In contrast to Waldron and Ackerman , Ely and Dworkin were long - time advocates of the principle of defending the Constitution upon the lines of support they saw as strongly associated with enhanced versions of judicial review in the federal government . The University of Virginia recently placed many volumes of Marshall 's papers online as a searchable digital edition . The Library of Congress maintains the John Marshall papers which Senator Albert Beveridge used while compiling his biography of the chief justice a century ago . The Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary holds other John Marshall papers in its Special Collections . Monuments and memorials ( edit ) Marshall Memorial by William Wetmore Story Marshall 's home in Richmond , Virginia , has been preserved by Preservation Virginia ( formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities ) . It is considered to be an important landmark and museum , essential to an understanding of the Chief Justice 's life and work . The United States Bar Association commissioned sculptor William Wetmore Story to execute the statue of Marshall that now stands inside the Supreme Court on the ground floor . Another casting of the statue is located at Constitution Ave. and 4th Street in Washington D.C. and a third on the grounds of the Philadelphia Museum of Art . Story 's father Joseph Story had served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court with Marshall . The statue was originally dedicated in 1884 . An engraved portrait of Marshall appears on U.S. paper money on the series 1890 and 1891 treasury notes . These rare notes are in great demand by note collectors today . Also , in 1914 , an engraved portrait of Marshall was used as the central vignette on series 1914 $500 federal reserve notes . These notes are also quite scarce . ( William McKinley replaced Marshall on the $500 bill in 1928 . ) Example of both notes are available for viewing on the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco website . Marshall was also featured on a commemorative silver dollar in 2005 . Marshall on the 1890 $20 Treasury Note , one of 53 people depicted on United States banknotes John Marshall on a Postal Issue of 1894 On September 24 , 1955 , the United States Postal Service issued the 40 ¢ Liberty Issue postage stamp honoring Marshall with a 40 cent stamp . Having grown from a Reformed Church academy , Marshall College , named upon the death of Chief Justice John Marshall , officially opened in 1836 with a well - established reputation . After a merger with Franklin College in 1853 , the school was renamed Franklin and Marshall College . The college went on to become one of the nation 's foremost liberal arts colleges . Additionally , four law schools and at least two colleges today bear his name : The Marshall - Wythe School of Law ( now William and Mary Law School at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia ; The Cleveland - Marshall College of Law in Cleveland , Ohio ; John Marshall Law School in Atlanta , Georgia ; and , The John Marshall Law School in Chicago , Illinois . The colleges that bear his name are Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , and Marshall University in Huntington , West Virginia . Marshall County , Illinois , Marshall County , Indiana , Marshall County , Kentucky , and Marshall County , West Virginia , are also named in his honor . A number of high schools around the nation have also been named for him . John Marshall 's birthplace in Fauquier County is a park , the John Marshall Birthplace Park , and a marker can be seen on Route 28 noting this place and event . North Marshall Mountain 38 ° 46 ′ 34 '' N 78 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 38.776 ° N 78.203 ° W / 38.776 ; - 78.203 and South Marshall Mountain 38 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 78 ° 13 ′ 12 '' W / 38.772 ° N 78.220 ° W / 38.772 ; - 78.220 in Shenandoah National Park are named after him . Playing chess was `` a favorite pastime '' of Chief Justice Marshall . A sculpture , The Chess Players is located near a statue of the Chief Justice in John Marshall Park in Washington , DC . Marshall , Michigan , was named in his honor five years before Marshall 's death . It was the first of dozens of communities and counties named for him . Marshall County , Kentucky , was named in his honor . Virginia State Route 55 , from Front Royal , Virginia , to Gainesville , Virginia , is named `` John Marshall Highway '' in Marshall 's honor . , as is the Unincorporated Town of Marshall , Virginia . Family connections ( edit ) Marshall was a descendant of the Randolph family of Virginia , including William Randolph I and Thomas Randolph ( of Tuckahoe ) . The family 's genealogy was published in 1885 . His wife Mary ( Polly ) Willis Ambler Marshall delivered 10 children , but lost four in childhood . Survivors included : Thomas Marshall ( 1781 -- 1835 ) ( the only son sent to Princeton University ) Jaquelin Ambler Marshall ( 1787 -- 1852 ) Mary Marshall Harvie ( 1795 -- 1841 ) , her father 's favorite , remained in Richmond after marrying future Maj . General Jaquelin Burwell Harvie , son of Col. John Harvie Jr . John James Marshall ( 1798 -- 1833 ) James Keith Marshall ( 1800 -- 1862 ) , Virginia delegate 1839 -- 1841 Edward Carrington Marshall ( 1805 -- 1882 ) , the Marshalls ' youngest son and the only one to actually graduate from Harvard University , became a Virginia farmer , delegate ( 1834 -- 38 ) and Manassas Gap Railroad president ( 1850 -- 1867 ) Prominent family descendants and relations include : Genealogical Chart of the Marshall Family , showing near center , right , at 50.1 `` John Marshall Ch. J . '' Humphrey Marshall ( 1760 -- 1841 ) , a United States Senator from Kentucky , was the first cousin and brother - in - law of the chief justice . Thomas Francis Marshall ( 1801 -- 1864 ) a lawyer who was elected U.S. Representative from Kentucky , was a nephew of the chief justice . Charles Marshall ( 1830 -- 1902 ) , great - nephew to John Marshall and colonel in the Confederate Army , served as an aide de camp to Robert E. Lee when the latter commanded the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War . Thomas Jefferson ( 1743 -- 1826 ) primary author of the U.S. Declaration of Independence and President of the United States , was a relative of Marshall on his mother 's side . Both Marshall and Jefferson were descendants of the Virginia colonist William Randolph . George C. Marshall ( 1880 -- 1959 ) was an American military leader , General of the U.S. Army , Chief of Staff of the Army , Secretary of State , the third Secretary of Defense , and the author of the Marshall Plan , for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . He was a distant relative of the chief justice . See also ( edit ) Virginia Ratification Convention Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829 - 1830 List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of places and things named for John Marshall List of United States Chief Justices by time in office List of U.S. Supreme Court Justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court United States Constitution , establishment of Judicial Review Discovery doctrine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Charles F. Hobson , The Great Chief Justice : John Marshall and the Rule of Law ( 2000 ) p. 121 ^ Jump up to : Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ See here Archived March 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . for maps of where the Marshall land was located within Germantown . Cf . http://www.johnmarshallfoundation.org/john-marshall/historic-landmarks/birth-place-of-john-marshall/ . Jump up ^ Connelley , William Elsey ; Coulter , E.M. ( 1922 ) . `` Capt . Pendleton Farmer De Weese Keith '' . In Kerr , Charles . History of Kentucky . III . New York : The American Historical Society . p. 122 . Jump up ^ The Life of John Marshall , Volume 1 By Albert Jeremiah Beveridge pp. 15 -- 17 ^ Jump up to : Jefferson 's mother and Marshall 's maternal grandmother were first cousins , because their fathers were both sons of William Randolph and Mary Isham . See Beveridge , Albert . The Life of John Marshall : Frontiersman , Soldier Lawmaker ( Beard Books 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted in Baker ( 1972 ) , p. 4 and Stites ( 1981 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` John Marshall House , Richmond , Virginia '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service , Marshall 's Richmond home '' . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service , `` The Great Chief Justice '' at Home , Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Jump up ^ Clarence J. Elder & Margaret Pearson Welsh ( August 1983 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory / Nomination : D.S. Tavern '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Smith . `` John Marshall '' : 36 , 406 ... Jump up ^ Tignor , Thomas A . The Greatest and Best : Brother John Marshall at Archived January 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . masonicworld.com . Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 1998 ) . John Marshall : Definer of a Nation . Macmillan . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5510 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oak Hill , Fauquier County , National Park Service , Department of the Interior . Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 35 Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 22 Jump up ^ John Marshall at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . ^ Jump up to : `` Life and Legacy '' , The John Marshall Foundation . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1981 ) , pp. 11 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 105 Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall ( 1998 ) pp. 118 -- 20 Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 157 ^ Jump up to : Currie , David . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The First Hundred Years , 1789 -- 1888 , p. 136 ( Univ. of Chicago 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Flanders , Henry . The Life of John Marshall , pp. 30 -- 31 , 38 . Philadelphia , T. & J.W. Johnson & Co. , 1905 . Jump up ^ Marshall 's argument at the bar in Ware v. Hylton is here . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , pp. 486 -- 87 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , p. 491 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough 2001 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , pp. 495 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ McCullough 2001 , p. 506 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariens , Michael . `` John Marshall . '' `` . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp. 258 -- 59 Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp. 268 -- 86 Jump up ^ Shade , William G. , Democratizing the Old Dominion : Virginia and the Second Party System , 1824 -- 1861 . 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 1654 - 5 , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ John Edward Oster , The political and economic doctrines of John Marshall ( 2006 ) p. 348 Jump up ^ Paul Johnson , A History of the American People , p. 237 . Jump up ^ `` Book of Members , 1780 -- 2010 : Chapter M '' ( PDF ) . American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistm American Antiquarian Society Members List Jump up ^ John Marshall at Supreme Court Historical Society . Jump up ^ Oyez Project , Supreme Court media , John Marshall . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1981 ) , pp. 77 -- 80 . Jump up ^ `` John Jay to President John Adams , Jan. 2 , 1801 , in 4 The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay , ( Henry P. Johnson ed. , 1893 ) '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Robarge , David ( 2000 ) . A chief justice 's progress : John Marshall from Revolutionary Virginia to the Supreme Court . Greenwood Publishing . p. xvi . Jump up ^ Quoted in Stites ( 1981 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) p. 16 Jump up ^ The Marshall Court , 1801 -- 1835 Archived May 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Supreme Court Historical Society . Jump up ^ FindLaw Supreme Court Center : John Marshall Archived November 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Currie , David ( 1992 ) . The Constitution in the Supreme Court : The First Hundred Years , 1789 -- 1888 . Univ. of Chicago . pp. 152 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 13109 - 2 ... Jump up ^ Marshall , joined by Associate Justices Gabriel Duvall and Joseph Story , wrote : When its existence as law is denied , that existence can not be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law . Law has been defined by a writer , whose definitions especially have been the theme of almost universal panegyric , ' To be a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a State . ' Ogden v. Saunders , 25 U.S. 213 , 347 ( 1827 ) . Jump up ^ Spooner , Lysander ( 2008 ) . Let 's Abolish Government . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 87 . ISBN 1 - 122 - 82097 - 6 . This definition is an utterly false one . It denies all the natural rights of the people ; and is resorted to only by usurpers and tyrants , to justify their crimes ... he gives this miserable definition , which he picked up somewhere -- out of the legal filth in which he wallowed ... Jump up ^ George Gibbs , Memoirs of the Administrations of Washington and John Adams , ( 1846 ) , vol. II , p. 350 . Jump up ^ Fox , John . `` Expanding Democracy , Biographies of the Robes : John Marshall '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Jump up ^ Smith , John Marshall pp. 351 -- 52 , 422 , 506 Jump up ^ Albert Jeremiah Beveridge , The life of John Marshall : Volume 4 ( 1919 ) p. 94 Jump up ^ Charles F. Hobson , The Great Chief Justice : John Marshall and the Rule of Law ( 1996 ) pp. 15 -- 16 , 119 -- 23 ; the statement to Story is on p. xiv . Jump up ^ G. Edward White , The Marshall Court and Cultural Change : 1815 -- 1835 ( abridged ed. 1991 ) pp. 157 -- 200 Jump up ^ A reliable statement of the quote was recounted by Theophilus Parsons , a law professor who knew Marshall personally . Parsons , `` Distinguished Lawyers , '' Albany Law Journal Aug. 20 , 1870 , pp. 126 -- 27 online . Historian Edward Corwin garbled the quote to : `` Now Story , that is the law ; you find the precedents for it , '' and that incorrect version has been repeated . Edward Corwin , John Marshall and the Constitution : a chronicle of the Supreme Court ( 1919 ) p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jefferson , Thomas . Letter to Spencer Roane '' . Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , `` Judicial Review in the Era of the Founding '' in Is the Supreme Court the guardian of the Constitution ? ed by Robert A. Licht ( 1993 ) pp. 153 -- 66 Jump up ^ Coffman , Steve ( 2012 ) . Words of the Founding Fathers . North Carolina : McFarland . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5862 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Linder , Doug . `` The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr . '' `` . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Burns , Arnold and Markman , Stephen . `` Understanding Separation of Powers `` , Pace Law Review , 575 , 589 ( 1987 - 01 - 01 ) . Jump up ^ Edward Samuel Corwin , John Marshall and the Constitution : a chronicle of the Supreme Court ( 1919 ) p. 133 ^ Jump up to : The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . MacMillan. 2007 . p. 661 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37659 - 8 . Jump up ^ Before the Evarts Act in 1891 , the cases that could reach the Supreme Court were heard as a matter of right , meaning that the Court was required to issue a decision in each of those cases . See Russel R. Wheeler & Cynthia Harrison , Fed . Judicial Ctr. , Creating the Federal Judicial System 17 -- 18 ( 3d ed. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Hartnett , Edward . `` Questioning Certiorari : Some Reflections Seventy - Five Years After the Judges ' Bill '' , Columbia Law Review , Volume 100 ( November 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit and John , Patrick . The pursuit of justice : Supreme Court decisions that shaped America , pp. 29 -- 36 ( Oxford University Press 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Virelli , Louis and Leibowitz , David . `` ' Federalism Whether They Want It Or Not ' : The New Commerce Clause Doctrine And the Future of Federal Civil Rights Legislation After United States v. Morrison '' , University of Pennsylvania Journal Constitutional Law , Volume 3 , p. 926 ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Boller , Paul F. ; John H. George ( 1989 ) . They Never Said It : A Book of False Quotes , Misquotes , & False Attributions . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506469 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mima Queen v. John Hepburn . Supreme Court Report , O Say Can You See : Early Washington , D.C. , Law & Family ( accessed Nov. 4 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ LCCN 10 - 16751 Jump up ^ A History of the American Colonies . Jump up ^ Marshall , John ; Widger , David , ed. , Life of Washington ( Document No. 28859 -- Release Date 2009 - 05 - 18 ) at Project Gutenberg . Also see Vol 1 . Vol 2 . Jump up ^ Foran , William A ( October 1937 ) . `` John Marshall as a Historian '' . American Historical Review . 43 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 64 . doi : 10.2307 / 1840187 . JSTOR 1840187 ... Jump up ^ `` Note '' . Online Library of Liberty . Jump up ^ Marshall , John . `` Abridgment '' . Cary & Lea . Jump up ^ http://www.wvculture.org/history/government/182930cc.html Jump up ^ Taylor , Olive A. `` BLACKS AND THE CONSTITUTION ( II ) CHIEF JUSTICE JOHN MARSHALL '' . washingtonpost.com . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jonathan M. , Dark Places of the Earth : The Voyage of the Slave Ship Antelope ( Liveright , 2015 ) pp. 227 -- 239 . ISBN 978 - 0871406750 Jump up ^ Last Will and Testament , partial transcribed manuscript at Library of Virginia , original having been lost during the Richmond fire set during the Confederate retreat , but portions having been transcribed during an Alexandria Virginia court case . ^ Jump up to : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-Q0rRqrGJg Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674051218&content=bios Jump up ^ Smith . `` John Marshall '' : 523 . Jump up ^ Christensen , George A ( 19 Feb 2008 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court Revisited : Gravesites of the Justices '' . Journal of Supreme Court History . University of Alabama : Supreme Court Historical Society . 33 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 5818.2008. 00177. x ... Jump up ^ R. Kent Newmyer , John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court ( 2007 ) p. 251 Jump up ^ Baume , Sandrine ( 2011 ) . Hans Kelsen and the Case for Democracy , ECPR Press , pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Bruce ( 1991 ) . We the People . Jump up ^ Waldron , Jeremy ( 2006 ) . `` The Core of the case against judicial review , '' The Yale Law Review , 2006 , Vol. 115 , pp. 1346 -- 406 . Jump up ^ http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/JNML.html Jump up ^ http://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms008001&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=did&_dmdid= Jump up ^ `` John Marshall Papers '' . Special Collections Research Center , Earl Gregg Swem Library , College of William & Mary . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Waite , Morrison Remick ; Rawle , William Henry ; Association , Philadelphia Bar ( 1884 ) . Exercises at the ceremony of unveiling the statue of John by Morrison Remick Waite , William Henry Rawle , Philadelphia Bar Association . pp. 1 , 3 , 5 , 9 , 23 -- 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pictures of large size Federal Reserve Notes featuring John Marshall , provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco '' . Jump up ^ Pictures of US Treasury Notes featuring John Marshall , provided by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Jump up ^ `` North Marshall '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Marshall '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Goode , James M ; Seferlis , Clift A ( 2008 ) . Washington sculpture : a cultural history of outdoor sculpture in the nation 's capital . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801888106 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Adam Froehlig and Mike Roberson -- Virginia Highway Index Jump up ^ Page , Richard Channing Moore ( 1893 ) . `` Randolph Family '' . Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Press of the Publishers Printing Co. pp. 249 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Glenn , Thomas Allen , ed. ( 1898 ) . `` The Randolphs : Randolph Genealogy '' . Some Colonial Mansions : And Those Who Lived In Them : With Genealogies Of The Various Families Mentioned. 1 . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Henry T. Coates & Company . pp. 430 -- 59 . Jump up ^ https://archive.org/stream/marshallfamilyo00paxtgoog#page/n19/mode/2up Jump up ^ Albert Beveridge , Life of John Marshall pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ ( in `` Genealogical Chart of the Marshall Family '' on this page , just right of `` John Marshall Ch. J . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Marshall , Thomas Francis '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Jump up ^ Biographical Cyclopedia , p. 271 Bibliography ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Baker , Leonard , ( 1974 ) John Marshall : A Life in Law ( New York : Macmillan ) . KF8745 M3 B3 . Beveridge , Albert J. The Life of John Marshall , in 4 volumes ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1919 ) , winner of the Pulitzer Prize , Volume I , Volume II , Volume III and Volume IV at Internet Archive . Corwin , Edward W. , ( 1919 ) John Marshall and the Constitution : A Chronicle of the Supreme Court , online Edition at Project Gutenberg Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . Graber , Mark A ( 1998 ) . `` Federalist or Friends of Adams : The Marshall Court and Party Politics '' . Studies in American Political Development . 12 ( 2 ) : 229 -- 66 . doi : 10.1017 / s0898588x98001539 . Hobson , Charles . The Great Chief Justice : John Marshall and the Rule of Law ( University Press of Kansas , 1996 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0788 - 4 . Johnson , Herbert A. `` Chief Justice John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) , '' Journal of Supreme Court History 1998 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 , summary of major decisions Johnson , Herbert Alan , `` John Marshall '' in Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions -- Vol. 1 ( 1997 ) pp. 180 -- 200 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27932 - 2 . Johnson , Herbert A . The Chief Justiceship of John Marshall from 1801 to 1835 . University of South Carolina Press , 1998 . 352 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 57003 - 121 - 2 Lossing , Benson John ; William Barrit ( December 21 , 2005 ) ( 1855 ) . Our countrymen , or , Brief memoirs of eminent Americans . Illustrated by one hundred and three portraits . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Scholarly Publishing Office , University of Michigan Library . ISBN 1 - 4255 - 4394 - 4 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . External video Booknotes interview with Newmyer on John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court , February 24 , 2002 , C - SPAN McCullough , David ( 2001 ) . John Adams . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 7588 - 7 . Newmyer , R. Kent . John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court Louisiana State University Press , 2001 . 511 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2701 - 8 . Newmyer , R. Kent , ( 1968 ) The Supreme Court under Marshall and Taney , University of Connecticut . Robarge , David . ( 2000 ) A Chief Justice 's Progress : John Marshall from Revolutionary Virginia to the Supreme Court . ( Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press ) . 366 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30858 - 1 . Popular biography ; ends in 1801 Rudko , Frances H. , ( 1991 ) John Marshall , Statesman , and Chief Justice ( Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press ) . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27932 - 2 . Shevory , Thomas C. ; John Marshall 's Law : Interpretation , Ideology , and Interest Greenwood Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27932 - 2 . Simon , James F. What Kind of Nation : Thomas Jefferson , John Marshall , and the Epic Struggle to Create a United States . Simon & Schuster , 2002 . 348 pp ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 84871 - 6 . Smith , Jean Edward , ( 1996 ) John Marshall : Definer Of A Nation , Henry Holt and Company . 736 pp. ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1389 - 4 . full - length scholarly biography Unger , Harlow Giles , John Marshall , The Chief Justice Who Saved the Nation ( Boston : Da Capo Press , 2014 ) . Smith , Jean Edward ( March 15 , 1998 ) ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer Of A Nation ( Reprint ed . ) . New York , NY : Owl Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5510 - X . Stites , Francis N. , ( 1981 ) John Marshall : Defender of the Constitution ( Boston : Little , Brown ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 673 - 39353 - 1 . short scholarly biography White , G. Edward ( 2001 ) . `` Reassessing John Marshall '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 673 -- 93 . JSTOR 2674300 . Primary sources ( edit ) Brockenbrough , John W. , ed . Reports of Cases Decided by the Honourable John Marshall , late Chief Justice of the United States in the Circuit Court of the United States District of Virginia and North Carolina From 1802 to 1833 Inclusive in Two Volumes , ( Philadelphia , 1837 ) Volume 1 and Volume 2 These are Marshall 's decisions in the District Court , not the Supreme Court decisions . For United States Supreme Court decisions see below under Cotton and Dillon . Cotton , Joseph Peter Jr. , ed. , The Constitutional Decisions of John Marshall in two volumes ( 1905 ) Vol. 1 , Vol. 2 ( New York and London ) . Dillon , John M. , ed. , John Marshall : The Complete Constitutional Decisions ( 1903 , Chicago ) Hobson , Charles F. ; Perdue , Susan Holbrook ; and Lovelace , Joan S. , eds . The Papers of John Marshall published by University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture ; the standard scholarly edition ; most recent volume : online guide Vol XII : Correspondence , Papers , and Selected Judicial Opinions , January 1831 -- July 1835 , with Addendum , June 1783 -- January 1829 . ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3019 - 2 . Hobson , Charles F. , John Marshall : Writings , Library of America , New York , 2010 ( This volume collects 196 documents written between 1779 and 1835 , including Marshall 's most important judicial opinions , his influential rulings during the Aaron Burr treason trial , speeches , newspaper essays , and revealing letters to friends , fellow judges , and his beloved wife , Polly . ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59853 - 064 - 3 Table of Contents Oster , John Edward , ed. , The Political and Economic Doctrines of John Marshall ( 1914 , New York ) Story , Joseph , Memoir of the Hon . John Marshall , LL . D. , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States In Joseph Story 's Miscellaneous Writings , pp. 183 -- 200 . An expanded version Life , Character , and Services of Chief Justice John Marshall A Discourse Pronounced October 15 , 1835 At the Request of the Suffolk Bar in the second edition of Story 's Miscellaneous Writings pp. 639 -- 97 . Story , Joseph , ed. , ( 1891 -- reprint of the 1837 edition ) Writings of John Marshall , late Chief Justice of the United States , upon the Federal Constitution , at Internet Archive ) Further reading ( edit ) Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Internet Archive . John Marshall , O Say Can You See : Early Washington , D.C. , Law & Family , page that networks the involvement of John Marshall in the legal records and proceedings of the Circuit Court for the District of Columbia that were appealed to the Supreme Court between 1800 and 1835 . United States Congress . `` John Marshall ( id : M000157 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutJohn Marshallat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Works by John Marshall at Project Gutenberg The Life of George Washington , Vol. 1 ( of 5 ) Commander in Chief of the American Forces During the War which Established the Independence of his Country and First President of the United States ( English ) The Life of George Washington , Vol. 2 ( of 5 ) The Life of George Washington , Vol. 3 ( of 5 ) The Life of George Washington , Vol. 4 ( of 5 ) The Life of George Washington , Vol. 5 ( of 5 ) Works by or about John Marshall at Internet Archive Bennett , Georgia ( February 10 , 1935 ) . `` John and Tom -- Rivals in Everything '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2005 . The John Marshall Foundation , Richmond , Virginia John Marshall Papers , 1755 -- 1835 at The College of William & Mary National Park Service , `` The Great Chief Justice '' at Home , Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan . Research Collections : Marshall , John at the Federal Judicial Center U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by John Clopton Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia 's 13th congressional district 1799 -- 1800 Succeeded by Littleton Tazewell Political offices Preceded by Charles Lee Acting United States Secretary of State 1800 -- 1801 Succeeded by Levi Lincoln Acting Legal offices Preceded by Oliver Ellsworth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court 1801 -- 1835 Succeeded by Roger Taney United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Cabinet of President John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Secretary of State Timothy Pickering ( 1797 -- 1800 ) John Marshall ( 1800 -- 01 ) Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott Jr. ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Samuel Dexter ( 1801 ) Secretary of War James McHenry ( 1796 -- 1800 ) Samuel Dexter ( 1800 -- 01 ) Attorney General Charles Lee ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Postmaster General Joseph Habersham ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Stoddert ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Justices Marshall Cushing Paterson Chase Washington Moore Johnson Livingston Todd Duvall Story Thompson Trimble McLean Baldwin Wayne Decisions By volume Cranch 5 ( 1 ) 6 ( 2 ) 7 ( 3 ) 8 ( 4 ) 9 ( 5 ) 10 ( 6 ) 11 ( 7 ) 12 ( 8 ) 13 ( 9 ) Wheat . 14 ( 1 ) 15 ( 2 ) 16 ( 3 ) 17 ( 4 ) 18 ( 5 ) 19 ( 6 ) 20 ( 7 ) 21 ( 8 ) 22 ( 9 ) 23 ( 10 ) 24 ( 11 ) 25 ( 12 ) Pet . 26 ( 1 ) 27 ( 2 ) 28 ( 3 ) 29 ( 4 ) 30 ( 5 ) 31 ( 6 ) 32 ( 7 ) 33 ( 8 ) 34 ( 9 ) By topic Aboriginal title Criminal law ( list ) Statutes Judiciary Act of 1789 Crimes Act of 1790 Judiciary Act of 1793 Midnight Judges Act ( 1801 ) Judiciary Act of 1802 Crimes Act of 1825 Topics Circuit assignments Supreme Court of the United States The Marshall Court Chief Justice : John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) 1801 -- 1804 : Wm . Cushing Wm . Paterson S. Chase B. Washington A. Moore 1804 -- 1806 : Wm . Cushing Wm . Paterson S. Chase B. Washington Wm . Johnson 1807 -- 1810 : Wm . Cushing S. Chase B. Washington Wm . Johnson H.B. Livingston Th . Todd 1810 -- 1811 : S. Chase B. Washington Wm . Johnson H.B. Livingston Th . Todd 1812 -- 1823 : B. Washington Wm . Johnson H.B. Livingston Th . Todd G. Duvall J. Story 1823 -- 1826 : B. Washington Wm . Johnson Th . Todd G. Duvall J. Story S. Thompson 1826 -- 1828 : B. Washington Wm . Johnson G. Duvall J. Story S. Thompson R. Trimble 1828 -- 1829 : B. Washington Wm . Johnson G. Duvall J. Story S. Thompson J. McLean 1830 -- 1834 : Wm . Johnson G. Duvall J. Story S. Thompson J. McLean H. Baldwin 1835 : G. Duvall J. Story S. Thompson J. McLean H. Baldwin J.M. Wayne Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Marshall&oldid=815871526 '' Categories : 1755 births 1835 deaths 18th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American Episcopalians 19th - century American judges American Episcopalians American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American slave owners British North American Anglicans Chief Justices of the United States College of William & Mary alumni Continental Army officers from Virginia Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention 18th - century American politicians 18th - century judges Federalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees John Adams administration cabinet members John Marshall Marshall family ( political family ) Members of the American Antiquarian Society Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia Members of the Virginia House of Delegates People from Fauquier County , Virginia Politicians from Richmond , Virginia People of the Quasi-War Phi Beta Kappa members Randolph family of Virginia United States federal judges appointed by John Adams United States Secretaries of State Virginia Federalists Virginia lawyers United States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from April 2011 Use American English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who strengthened the influence of the supreme court	[ "John Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician. He was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many[who?] say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and, at the age of 45, became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America." ]	[ "John Marshall" ]
3978008769353639431	Beatrice Colen	Beatrice Colen - wikipedia Beatrice Colen Jump to : navigation , search Beatrice Colen Beatrice Colen as Etta Candy on Wonder Woman Beatrice Colen Schneider ( 1948 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1948 New York City , New York , United States November 18 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 18 ) ( aged 51 ) Los Angeles , California , United States Cause of death Lung cancer Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- 1997 Known for Happy Days ( 1974 -- 1978 ) & Wonder Woman , ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Spouse ( s ) Patrick Cronin , 1977 -- 1999 ( her death ) ; two children Beatrice Colen ( January 10 , 1948 - November 18 , 1999 ) was an American actress . Her most famous roles were Marsha Simms on Happy Days and Etta Candy on Wonder Woman . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Colen was born to Anne and Irving Schneider in New York City , New York . Both of her parents were of German Jewish descent . She was the granddaughter of playwright George S. Kaufman . Career ( edit ) Starting off in the 1970s , Colen landed roles early in her career in both film and television . During the early seasons of Happy Days , she starred as Milwaukee - based carhop Marsha Simms in seasons 1 - 3 and 5 . She was the first actress to portray Etta Candy in the live action adaptation of the DC comic book series Wonder Woman . After the pilot , she only appeared during the series ' first season ( 1976 -- 77 ) , which were set during World War II . When the series was retooled and reset in modern times , the character was dropped . Colen acted in such television film as Schoolboy Father ( 1980 ) , Brave New World , and in feature films such as Lifeguard , High Anxiety , American Pop , and Who 's that Girl ? . She also guest starred on a number of TV shows such as The Odd Couple , All in the Family , The Love Boat , Barney Miller ( 1981 , episode : `` The Rainmaker '' ) , The Wonder Years , and Baywatch . Her final television appearance before retiring was in a 1997 episode of Nickelodeon 's The Secret World of Alex Mack . Personal life ( edit ) Colen was married to Patrick Cronin on October 23 , 1977 and together they had two sons , James Cronin and Charlie Cronin . She died of lung cancer on November 18 , 1999 in Los Angeles , California , at the Cedars - Sinai Medical Center . Colen died on the opening night of Brentwood High School 's production of The Man Who Came to Dinner , which was written by her grandfather , Pulitzer Prize - winning playwright George S. Kaufman , and which starred her son , James Colen , in the title role of Sheridan Whiteside . Her memorial service was held at Saint James Episcopal Church in Los Angeles ten days later . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Happy Days : Where Are They Now ? '' . Sitecomesonline.com . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Beatrice Colen , known as the car - hop on roller skates at Arnold 's Malt Shop on TV 's `` Happy Days , '' and as the `` Wonder Woman '' sidekick , Etta Candy , died of lung cancer at Los Angeles ' Cedar Sinai Hospital Nov. 18 . Ms. Colen was 51 . http://www.playbill.com/news/article/49123-Theatre-Mourns-Stage-Happy-Days-Actress-Beatrice-Colen-51 External links ( edit ) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0171265/ Preceded by No actress Actresses to portray Etta Candy 1976 -- 1977 Succeeded by Lucy Davis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beatrice_Colen&oldid=794568910 '' Categories : 1948 births 20th - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Actresses from New York City People from Manhattan Actresses from New York ( state ) 1999 deaths Deaths from lung cancer Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 20 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played wendy the waitress on happy days	[ "Beatrice Colen (January 10, 1948 - November 18, 1999) was an American actress. Her most famous roles were Marsha Simms on Happy Days and Etta Candy on Wonder Woman.[1]" ]	[ "Beatrice Colen" ]
-4503890535408650990	Federalist No. 10	Federalist No. 10 - wikipedia Federalist No. 10 Federalist No. 10 James Madison , author of Federalist No. 10 Author James Madison Language English Series The Federalist Publisher The Independent Journal , New York Packet , Daily Advertiser Publication date November 22 , 1787 Media type Newspaper Preceded by Federalist No. 9 Followed by Federalist No. 11 Federalist No. 10 is an essay written by James Madison as the tenth of The Federalist Papers : a series of essays initiated by Alexander Hamilton arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution . Published on November 22 , 1787 under the name `` Publius '' , Federalist No. 10 is among the most highly regarded of all American political writings . No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole . Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man -- that is , as long as men hold differing opinions , have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property , they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others . He thus questions how to guard against those dangers . Federalist No. 10 continues a theme begun in Federalist No. 9 and is titled `` The Utility of the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection '' . The whole series is cited by scholars and jurists as an authoritative interpretation and explication of the meaning of the Constitution . Historians such as Charles A. Beard argue that No. 10 shows an explicit rejection by the Founding Fathers of the principles of direct democracy and factionalism , and argue that Madison suggests that a representative republic is more effective against partisanship and factionalism . Madison saw the Constitution as forming a `` happy combination '' of a republic and a democracy and with `` the great and aggregate interests being referred to the national , the local and particular to the State legislatures '' the power would not be centralized , thus making it `` more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice the vicious arts by which elections are too often carried '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Publication 3 The question of faction 4 Madison 's arguments 5 Contemporaneous counterarguments 6 Modern analysis and reaction 7 Application 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) Preamble to the U.S. Constitution Prior to the Constitution , the thirteen states were bound together by the Articles of Confederation . These were in essence a military alliance between sovereign nations adopted to better fight the Revolutionary War . Congress had no power to tax , and as a result was not able to pay debts resulting from the Revolution . Madison , George Washington , Benjamin Franklin and others feared a break - up of the union and national bankruptcy . Like Washington , Madison felt the revolution had not resolved the social problems that had triggered it , and the excesses ascribed to the King were now being repeated by the state legislatures . In this view , Shays ' Rebellion , an armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 , was simply one , albeit extreme , example of `` democratic excess '' in the aftermath of the War . A national convention was called for May 1787 , to revise the Articles of Confederation . Madison believed that the problem was not with the Articles , but rather the state legislatures , and so the solution was not to fix the articles but to restrain the excesses of the states . The principal questions before the convention became whether the states should remain sovereign , whether sovereignty should be transferred to the national government , or whether a settlement should rest somewhere in between . By mid-June it was clear that the convention was drafting a new plan of government around these issues -- a constitution . Madison 's nationalist position shifted the debate increasingly away from a position of pure state sovereignty , and toward the compromise . In debate on June 26 , he said that government ought to `` protect the minority of the opulent against the majority '' and that unchecked , democratic communities were subject to `` the turbulency and weakness of unruly passions '' . Publication ( edit ) Paul Leicester Ford 's summary preceding Federalist No. 10 , from his 1898 edition of The Federalist September 17 , 1787 marked the signing of the final document . By its own Article Seven , the constitution drafted by the convention needed ratification by at least nine of the thirteen states , through special conventions held in each state . Anti-Federalist writers began to publish essays and letters arguing against ratification , and Alexander Hamilton recruited James Madison and John Jay to write a series of pro-ratification letters in response . Like most of the Federalist essays and the vast majority of The Federalist Papers , No. 10 first appeared in popular newspapers . It was first printed in the Daily Advertiser under the name adopted by the Federalist writers , `` Publius '' ; in this it was remarkable among the essays of Publius , as almost all of them first appeared in one of two other papers : the Independent Journal and the New - York Packet . Federalist No. 37 , also by Madison , was the only other essay to appear first in the Advertiser . Considering the importance later ascribed to the essay , it was reprinted only on a limited scale . On November 23 , it appeared in the Packet and the next day in the Independent Journal . Outside New York City , it made four appearances in early 1788 : January 2 in the Pennsylvania Gazette , January 10 in the Hudson Valley Weekly , January 15 in the Lansingburgh Northern Centinel , and January 17 in the Albany Gazette . Though this number of reprintings was typical for The Federalist essays , many other essays , both Federalist and Anti-Federalist , saw much wider distribution . On January 1 , 1788 , the publishing company J. & A. McLean announced that they would publish the first 36 of the essays in a single volume . This volume , titled The Federalist , was released on March 2 , 1788 . George Hopkins ' 1802 edition revealed that Madison , Hamilton , and Jay were the authors of the series , with two later printings dividing the work by author . In 1818 , James Gideon published a third edition containing corrections by Madison , who by that time had completed his two terms as President of the United States . Henry B. Dawson 's edition of 1863 sought to collect the original newspaper articles , though he did not always find the first instance . It was much reprinted , albeit without his introduction . Paul Leicester Ford 's 1898 edition included a table of contents which summarized the essays , with the summaries again used to preface their respective essays . The first date of publication and the newspaper name were recorded for each essay . Of modern editions , Jacob E. Cooke 's 1961 edition is seen as authoritative , and is most used today . The question of faction ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 continues the discussion of the question broached in Hamilton 's Federalist No. 9 . Hamilton there addressed the destructive role of a faction in breaking apart the republic . The question Madison answers , then , is how to eliminate the negative effects of faction . Madison defines a faction as `` a number of citizens , whether amounting to a minority or majority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community '' . He identifies the most serious source of faction to be the diversity of opinion in political life which leads to dispute over fundamental issues such as what regime or religion should be preferred . At the heart of Madison 's fears about factions was the unequal distribution of property in society . Ultimately , `` the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property , '' Madison argues ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Since some people owned property and others owned none , Madison felt that people would form different factions that pursued different interests . `` Those who hold and those who are without property have ever formed distinct interests in society , '' he notes ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . Providing some examples of the distinct interests , Madison identified a landed interest , a manufacturing interest , a mercantile interest , a moneyed interest , and `` many lesser interests '' ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . They all belonged to `` different classes '' that were `` actuated by different sentiments and views , '' Madison insists ( Dawson 1863 , p. 58 ) . In other words , Madison argued that the unequal distribution of property led to the creation of different classes that formed different factions and pursued different class interests . Moreover , Madison feared the formation of a certain kind of faction . Recognizing that the country 's wealthiest property owners formed a minority and that the country 's unpropertied classes formed a majority , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would come together to form a majority faction that gained control of the government . Against `` the minor party , '' there could emerge `` an interested and overbearing majority , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 55 - 56 ) . Specifically , Madison feared that the unpropertied classes would use their majority power to implement a variety of measures that redistributed wealth . There could be `` a rage for paper money , for an abolition of debts , for an equal division of property , or for any other improper or wicked project , '' Madison warns ( Dawson 1863 , p. 64 ) . In short , Madison feared that a majority faction of the unpropertied classes might emerge to redistribute wealth and property in a way that benefited the majority of the population at the expense of the country 's richest and wealthiest people . Like the anti-Federalists who opposed him , Madison was substantially influenced by the work of Montesquieu , though Madison and Montesquieu disagreed on the question addressed in this essay . He also relied heavily on the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment , especially David Hume , whose influence is most clear in Madison 's discussion of the types of faction and in his argument for an extended republic . Madison 's arguments ( edit ) Madison first assessed that there are two ways to limit the damage caused by faction : either remove the causes of faction or control its effects . He then describes the two methods to removing the causes of faction : first , destroying liberty , which would work because `` liberty is to faction what air is to fire '' , but it is impossible to perform because liberty is essential to political life . After all , Americans fought for it during the American Revolution . The second option , creating a society homogeneous in opinions and interests , is impracticable . The diversity of the people 's ability is what makes them succeed more or less , and inequality of property is a right that the government should protect . Madison particularly emphasizes that economic stratification prevents everyone from sharing the same opinion . Madison concludes that the damage caused by faction can be limited only by controlling its effects . He then argues that the only problem comes from majority factions because the principle of popular sovereignty should prevent minority factions from gaining power . Madison offers two ways to check majority factions : prevent the `` existence of the same passion or interest in a majority at the same time '' or render a majority faction unable to act . Madison concludes that a small democracy can not avoid the dangers of majority faction because small size means that undesirable passions can very easily spread to a majority of the people , which can then enact its will through the democratic government without difficulty . Madison states , `` The latent causes of faction are thus sown in the nature of man '' , so the cure is to control their effects . He makes an argument on how this is not possible in a pure democracy but possible in a republic . With pure democracy , he means a system in which every citizen votes directly for laws , and , with republic , he intends a society in which citizens elect a small body of representatives who then vote for laws . He indicates that the voice of the people pronounced by a body of representatives is more conformable to the interest of the community , since , again , common people 's decisions are affected by their self - interest . He then makes an argument in favor of a large republic against a small republic for the choice of `` fit characters '' to represent the public 's voice . In a large republic , where the number of voters and candidates is greater , the probability to elect competent representatives is broader . The voters have a wider option . In a small republic , it would also be easier for the candidates to fool the voters but more difficult in a large one . The last argument Madison makes in favor of a large republic is that as , in a small republic , there will be a lower variety of interests and parties , a majority will more frequently be found . The number of participants of that majority will be lower , and , since they live in a more limited territory , it would be easier for them to agree and work together for the accomplishment of their ideas . While in a large republic the variety of interests will be greater so to make it harder to find a majority . Even if there is a majority , it would be harder for them to work together because of the large number of people and the fact they are spread out in a wider territory . A republic , Madison writes , is different from a democracy because its government is placed in the hands of delegates , and , as a result of this , it can be extended over a larger area . The idea is that , in a large republic , there will be more `` fit characters '' to choose from for each delegate . Also , the fact that each representative is chosen from a larger constituency should make the `` vicious arts '' of electioneering ( a reference to rhetoric ) less effective . For instance , in a large republic , a corrupt delegate would need to bribe many more people in order to win an election than in a small republic . Also , in a republic , the delegates both filter and refine the many demands of the people so as to prevent the type of frivolous claims that impede purely democratic governments . Though Madison argued for a large and diverse republic , the writers of the Federalist Papers recognized the need for a balance . They wanted a republic diverse enough to prevent faction but with enough commonality to maintain cohesion among the states . In Federalist No. 2 , John Jay counted as a blessing that America possessed `` one united people -- a people descended from the same ancestors , the same language , professing the same religion '' . Madison himself addresses a limitation of his conclusion that large constituencies will provide better representatives . He notes that if constituencies are too large , the representatives will be `` too little acquainted with all their local circumstances and lesser interests '' . He says that this problem is partly solved by federalism . No matter how large the constituencies of federal representatives , local matters will be looked after by state and local officials with naturally smaller constituencies . Contemporaneous counterarguments ( edit ) George Clinton , believed to be the Anti-Federalist writer Cato The Anti-Federalists vigorously contested the notion that a republic of diverse interests could survive . The author Cato ( another pseudonym , most likely that of George Clinton ) summarized the Anti-Federalist position in the article Cato no . 3 : Whoever seriously considers the immense extent of territory comprehended within the limits of the United States , with the variety of its climates , productions , and commerce , the difference of extent , and number of inhabitants in all ; the dissimilitude of interest , morals , and policies , in almost every one , will receive it as an intuitive truth , that a consolidated republican form of government therein , can never form a perfect union , establish justice , insure domestic tranquility , promote the general welfare , and secure the blessings of liberty to you and your posterity , for to these objects it must be directed : this unkindred legislature therefore , composed of interests opposite and dissimilar in their nature , will in its exercise , emphatically be , like a house divided against itself . Generally , it was their position that republics about the size of the individual states could survive , but that a republic on the size of the Union would fail . A particular point in support of this was that most of the states were focused on one industry -- to generalize , commerce and shipping in the northern states and plantation farming in the southern . The Anti-Federalist belief that the wide disparity in the economic interests of the various states would lead to controversy was perhaps realized in the American Civil War , which some scholars attribute to this disparity . Madison himself , in a letter to Thomas Jefferson , noted that differing economic interests had created dispute , even when the Constitution was being written . At the convention , he particularly identified the distinction between the northern and southern states as a `` line of discrimination '' that formed `` the real difference of interests '' . The discussion of the ideal size for the republic was not limited to the options of individual states or encompassing union . In a letter to Richard Price , Benjamin Rush noted that `` Some of our enlightened men who begin to despair of a more complete union of the States in Congress have secretly proposed an Eastern , Middle , and Southern Confederacy , to be united by an alliance offensive and defensive '' . In making their arguments , the Anti-Federalists appealed to both historical and theoretic evidence . On the theoretical side , they leaned heavily on the work of Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu . The Anti-Federalists Brutus and Cato both quoted Montesquieu on the issue of the ideal size of a republic , citing his statement in The Spirit of the Laws that : It is natural to a republic to have only a small territory , otherwise it can not long subsist . In a large republic there are men of large fortunes , and consequently of less moderation ; there are trusts too great to be placed in any single subject ; he has interest of his own ; he soon begins to think that he may be happy , great and glorious , by oppressing his fellow citizens ; and that he may raise himself to grandeur on the ruins of his country . In a large republic , the public good is sacrificed to a thousand views ; it is subordinate to exceptions , and depends on accidents . In a small one , the interest of the public is easier perceived , better understood , and more within the reach of every citizen ; abuses are of less extent , and of course are less protected . Greece and Rome were looked to as model republics throughout this debate , and authors on both sides took Roman pseudonyms . Brutus points out that the Greek and Roman states were small , whereas the U.S. is vast . He also points out that the expansion of these republics resulted in a transition from free government to tyranny . Modern analysis and reaction ( edit ) In the first century of the American republic , No. 10 was not regarded as among the more important numbers of The Federalist . For instance , in Democracy in America , Alexis de Tocqueville refers specifically to more than fifty of the essays , but No. 10 is not among them . Today , however , No. 10 is regarded as a seminal work of American democracy . In `` The People 's Vote '' , a popular survey conducted by the National Archives and Records Administration , National History Day , and U.S. News and World Report , No. 10 ( along with Federalist No. 51 , also by Madison ) was chosen as the 20th most influential document in United States history . David Epstein , writing in 1984 , described it as among the most highly regarded of all American political writing . The historian Charles A. Beard identified Federalist No. 10 as one of the most important documents for understanding the Constitution . In his book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States ( 1913 ) , Beard argued that Madison produced a detailed explanation of the economic factors that lay behind the creation of the Constitution . At the outset of his study , Beard makes his point when he writes that Madison provided `` a masterly statement of the theory of economic determinism in politics '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 15 ) . Later in his study , Beard repeated his point , only providing more emphasis . `` The most philosophical examination of the foundations of political science is made by Madison in the tenth number , '' Beard writes . `` Here he lays down , in no uncertain language , the principle that the first and elemental concern of every government is economic '' ( Beard 1913 , p. 156 ) . Douglass Adair attributes the increased interest in the tenth number to Charles A. Beard 's book An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution , published in 1913 . Adair also contends that Beard 's selective focus on the issue of class struggle , and his political progressivism , has colored modern scholarship on the essay . According to Adair , Beard reads No. 10 as evidence for his belief in `` the Constitution as an instrument of class exploitation '' . Adair 's own view is that Federalist No. 10 should be read as `` eighteenth - century political theory directed to an eighteenth - century problem ; and ... one of the great creative achievements of that intellectual movement that later ages have christened ' Jeffersonian democracy ' '' . Garry Wills is a noted critic of Madison 's argument in Federalist No. 10 . In his book Explaining America , he adopts the position of Robert Dahl in arguing that Madison 's framework does not necessarily enhance the protections of minorities or ensure the common good . Instead , Wills claims : `` Minorities can make use of dispersed and staggered governmental machinery to clog , delay , slow down , hamper , and obstruct the majority . But these weapons for delay are given to the minority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character ; and they can be used against the majority irrespective of its factious or nonfactious character . What Madison prevents is not faction , but action . What he protects is not the common good but delay as such '' . Application ( edit ) Federalist No. 10 is the classic citation for the belief that the Founding Fathers and the constitutional framers did not intend American politics to be partisan . For instance , United States Supreme Court justice John Paul Stevens cites the paper for the statement , `` Parties ranked high on the list of evils that the Constitution was designed to check '' . Discussing a California provision that forbids candidates from running as independents within one year of holding a partisan affiliation , Justice Byron White made apparent the Court 's belief that Madison spoke for the framers of the Constitution : `` California apparently believes with the Founding Fathers that splintered parties and unrestrained factionalism may do significant damage to the fabric of government . See The Federalist , No. 10 ( Madison ) '' . Madison 's argument that restraining liberty to limit faction is an unacceptable solution has been used by opponents of campaign finance limits . Justice Clarence Thomas , for example , invoked Federalist No. 10 in a dissent against a ruling supporting limits on campaign contributions , writing : `` The Framers preferred a political system that harnessed such faction for good , preserving liberty while also ensuring good government . Rather than adopting the repressive ' cure ' for faction that the majority today endorses , the Framers armed individual citizens with a remedy '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Epstein , p. 59 . ^ Bernstein , pp. 11 -- 12 , 81 -- 109 . ^ Wood , Idea , p. 104 . ^ Wood , Idea , p. 103 . ^ Stewart , p. 182 . ^ Yates. ( 42 ) ^ Ball , p. xvii . ^ For instance , the important Anti-Federalist authors `` Cato '' and `` Brutus '' debuted in New York papers on September 27 and October 18 , 1787 respectively . See Furtwangler , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Dates and publication information at `` The Federalist '' , Constitution Society . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . ^ Kaminski and Saladino , Vol XIV , p. 175 . ^ Adair , pp. 44 -- 46 . See also `` The Federalist Papers : Timeline '' , SparkNotes . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . ^ Ford , p. xl . ^ Throughout Storing , for instance , and relied upon by De Pauw , pp. 202 -- 204 . For Ball , p. xlvii , it is the `` authoritative edition '' and `` still stands as the most complete scholarly edition '' . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 58 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Cohler , pp. 148 -- 161 . ^ Adair , pp. 93 -- 106 . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 56 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 60 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 57 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 2 . pp. 7 -- 8 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ Federalist No. 10 . p. 62 of the Dawson edition at Wikisource . ^ See the accounts by , and conclusions of , Storing , Vol 1 , pp. 102 -- 104 , Kaminski , p. 131 , pp. 309 -- 310 , and Wood , Creation , p. 489 . De Pauw , pp. 290 -- 292 , prefers Abraham Yates . ^ Cato , no . 3 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 16 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Ransom , Roger L. `` Economics of the Civil War '' . Economic History Association . August 24 , 2001 . Referenced November 20 , 2005 . Citing Beard ; Hacker ; Egnal ; Ransom and Sutch ; Bensel ; and McPherson , Ransom notes that `` regional economic specialization ... generated very strong regional divisions on economic issues ... economic changes in the Northern states were a major factor leading to the political collapse of the 1850s ... the sectional splits on these economic issues ... led to a growing crisis in economic policy '' . ^ Letter by Madison to Jefferson , October 24 , 1787 . `` James Madison to Thomas Jefferson '' . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 17 , Document 22 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Cohler , p. 151 . ^ Yates is replete with examples . ^ Letter by Benjamin Rush to Richard Price , October 27 , 1786 . `` Benjamin Rush to Richard Price '' . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 7 , Document 7 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Montesquieu , Spirit Of Laws , ch . xvi . vol . I , book VIII , cited in Brutus , No. 1 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 14 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Brutus , No. 1 . The Founders ' Constitution . Volume 1 , Chapter 4 , Document 14 . University of Chicago Press . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . `` History furnishes no example of a free republic , any thing like the extent of the United States . The Grecian republics were of small extent ; so also was that of the Romans . Both of these , it is true , in process of time , extended their conquests over large territories of country ; and the consequence was , that their governments were changed from that of free governments to those of the most tyrannical that ever existed in the world '' . ^ Adair , p. 110 . ^ `` The People 's Vote '' , ourdocuments.gov , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . ^ Epstein , p. 59 . ^ Adair , pp. 120 -- 124 . Quotation at p. 123 . ^ Adair , p. 131 . ^ Wills , p. 195 . ^ California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567 , 592 ( 2000 ) ( 43 ) ^ Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724 , 736 ( 1974 ) ( 44 ) ^ Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377 , 424 ( 2000 ) ( 45 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manweller 2005 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Gustafson 1992 , p. 290 . Adair , Douglass . `` The Tenth Federalist Revisited '' and `` ' That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science ' : David Hume , James Madison and the Tenth Federalist '' . Fame and the Founding Fathers . Indianapolis : Liberty Fund , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86597 - 193 - 6 New York : WW Norton & Co , 1974 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05499 - 6 Ball , Terence . The Federalist with Letters of `` Brutus '' . Cambridge University Press : 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00121 - 2 Beard , Charles A. An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States . New York : The MacMillan Company , 1913 . Bernstein , Richard B. Are We to Be a Nation ? Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04476 - 0 Cohler , Anne . Montesquieu 's Comparative Politics and the Spirit of American Constitutionalism . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1988 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 36974 - 9 Dawson , Henry B. , ed . The Fœderalist : A Collection of Essays , Written in Favor of the New Constitution , As Agreed Upon by the Fœderal Convention , September 17 , 1787 . New York : Charles Scribner , 1863 . De Pauw , Linda Grant . The Eleventh Pillar : New York State and the Federal Constitution . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1966 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 0104 - 6 Epstein , David F. The Political Theory of The Federalist . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 21300 - 2 Furtwangler , Albert . The Authority of Publius : A Reading of the Federalist Papers . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press , 1984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 1643 - 9 Gustafson , Thomas ( 1992 ) . Representative Words : Politics , Literature , and the American Language , 1776 - 1865 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39512 - 0 . Kaminski , John P. George Clinton : Yeoman Politician of the New Republic . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 17 - 9 Manweller , Mathew ( 2005 ) . The People Vs. the Courts : Judicial Review and Direct Democracy in the American Legal System . Academica Press , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 930901 - 97 - 1 . Morgan , Edmund S. * `` Safety in Numbers : Madison , Hume , and the Tenth ' Federalist , ' '' Huntington Library Quarterly ( 1986 ) 49 # 2 pp. 95 -- 112 in JSTOR Stewart , David O . The Summer of 1787 : The Men Who Invented the Constitution . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 8692 - 3 Wills , Garry . Explaining America : The Federalist . New York : Penguin Books , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029839 - 0 Wood , Gordon . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . Chapel Hill , NC : UNC Press , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 Wood , Gordon . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . New York : Penguin Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 290 - 2 Primary sources ( edit ) Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Jacob E. Cooke . Middletown , Conn. : Wesleyan University Press , 1961 . Wesleyan 1982 edition : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6077 - 3 Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Henry B. Dawson . Morrisania , New York : Charles Scribner , 1863 . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . Hamilton , Alexander ; Madison , James ; and Jay , John . The Federalist . Edited by Paul Leicester Ford . New York : Henry Holt & Co. , 1898 . Kaminski , John P. and Saladino , Gaspare J. , ed . The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution . Madison : State Historical Society of Wisconsin , 1981 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87020 - 372 - 5 Storing , Herbert J. ; Dry , Murray , ed . The Complete Anti-Federalist . Vols 1 -- 7 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 77566 - 6 Yates , Robert . Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Washington , D.C. : Templeman , 1886 . Accessed January 22 , 2011 . `` Storer v. Brown , 415 U.S. 724 ( 1974 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved October 1 , 2005 . `` Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC , 528 U.S. 377 ( 2000 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 . `` California Democratic Party v. Jones , 530 U.S. 567 ( 2000 ) '' . Findlaw . Retrieved August 23 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Federalist No. 10 Text of The Federalist No. 10 : congress.gov Online text of Brutus , no . 1 , University of Chicago . Online text of Cato , no . 3 , same source as above The Federalist Papers Authors Alexander Hamilton ( papers ) James Madison ( papers ) John Jay ( papers ) Papers 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 Related United States Constitution The Independent Journal Publius Valerius Publicola Anti-Federalist Papers complete The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers Portal : History The Federalist James Madison 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) `` Father of the Constitution '' Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution 1786 Annapolis Convention 1787 Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan Constitution of the United States Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 The Federalist Papers written by Madison No. 10 No. 51 Virginia Ratifying Convention United States Bill of Rights 27th amendment Constitution drafting and ratification timeline Founding Fathers Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Tecumseh 's War Battle of Tippecanoe War of 1812 origins Burning of Washington The Octagon House Treaty of Ghent Seven Buildings residence results Second Barbary War Era of Good Feelings Second Bank of the United States State of the Union Address ( 1810 1814 1815 1816 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other noted accomplisments Co-founder , American Whig Society Supervised the Louisiana Purchase Anti-Administration party Residence Act Compromise of 1790 Democratic - Republican Party First Party System republicanism Library of Congress Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Report of 1800 Other writings The Papers of James Madison Life Early life and career Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace Montpelier Elections U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 1790 1792 1794 U.S. presidential election , 1808 1812 Legacy and popular culture James Madison Memorial Building James Madison University James Madison College Madison , Wisconsin Madison Square Madison River Madison Street U.S. postage stamps James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation James Madison Freedom of Information Award James Madison Award James Madison Institute A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 series ) Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment Marbury v. Madison National Gazette Paul Jennings Madisonian Model American Philosophical Society The American Museum magazine Virginia dynasty Family Dolley Madison ( wife ) John Payne Todd ( stepson ) James Madison , Sr. ( father ) Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) William Madison ( brother ) Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) James Madison ( cousin ) George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) John Madison ( great - grandfather ) ← Thomas Jefferson James Monroe → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalist_No._10&oldid=864386491 '' Categories : 1787 in law 1787 in the United States 1787 works Federalist Papers by James Madison Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 21 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what question did the federalist no. 10 address	[ "No. 10 addresses the question of how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole. Madison saw factions as inevitable due to the nature of man – that is, as long as men hold differing opinions, have differing amounts of wealth and own differing amount of property, they will continue to form alliances with people who are most similar to them and they will sometimes work against the public interest and infringe upon the rights of others. He thus questions how to guard against those dangers.[citation needed]\n" ]	[ "how to reconcile citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or inimical to the interests of the community as a whole" ]
6150571666901258578	History of the National Health Service (England)	History of the National Health Service ( England ) - wikipedia History of the National Health Service ( England ) Jump to : navigation , search The National Health Service in England was created by the National Health Service Act 1946 . Responsibility for the NHS in Wales was passed to the Secretary of State for Wales in 1969 , leaving the Secretary of State for Social Services responsible for the NHS in England alone . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Foundation 3 Development of the NHS in England and Wales , 1948 -- 1969 4 1970s and early 1980s 5 Thatcher government reforms 6 Blair government reforms 7 Coalition and Cameron government reforms 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) See also : National Insurance Act 1911 Dr Benjamin Moore , a Liverpool physician , in 1910 in The Dawn of the Health Age was probably the first to use the words ' National Health Service ' . He established the State Medical Service Association which held its first meeting in 1912 and continued to exist until it was replaced by the Socialist Medical Association in 1930 . Before the National Health Service was created in 1948 , patients were generally required to pay for their health care . Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals . Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers ( under a system originating with the Poor Law ) . The London County Council ( LCC ) on 1 April 1930 took over from the abolished Metropolitan Asylums Board responsibility for 140 hospitals , medical schools and other medical institutions . The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone . By the outbreak of the Second World War , the LCC was running the largest public health service in Britain . Dr A.J. Cronin 's controversial novel The Citadel , published in 1937 , had fomented extensive criticism about the severe inadequacies of health care . The author 's innovative ideas were not only essential to the conception of the NHS , but in fact , his best - selling novels are said to have greatly contributed to the Labour Party 's victory in 1945 . The Emergency Hospital Service established in 1939 gave a taste of what a National Health Service might look like . Systems of health insurance usually consisted of private schemes such as Friendly societies or Welfare societies . Under the National Insurance Act 1911 , introduced by David Lloyd George , a small amount was deducted from weekly wages , to which was added contributions from the employer and the government . In return for the record of contributions , the workman was entitled to medical care ( as well as retirement and unemployment benefits ) though not necessarily to the drugs prescribed . To obtain medical care , he registered with a doctor . Each doctor in General Practice who participated in the scheme thus had a ' panel ' of those who have made an insurance under the system , and was paid a capitation grant out of the fund calculated upon the number . Lloyd George 's name survives in the `` Lloyd George envelopes '' in which most primary care records in England are stored , although today most working records in primary care are at least partially computerised . This imperfect scheme only covered workers who paid their National Insurance Contributions and was known as ' Lloyd George 's Ambulance Wagon ' . Most women and children were not covered . Foundation ( edit ) Main article : National Health Service Act 1946 Aneurin Bevan , he who spearheaded the establishment of the National Health Service Lord Dawson was commissioned in 1919 by Lord Addison , the first British Minister of Health to produce a report on `` schemes requisite for the systematised provision of such forms of medical and allied services as should , in the opinion of the Council , be available for the inhabitants of a given area '' . An Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services was produced in 1920 , though no further report ever appeared . The report laid down plans for a network of Primary and Secondary Health Centres , and was very influential in subsequent debates about the National Health Service . However the fall of the Lloyd George government prevented any implementation of those ideas at that time . The Labour Party in 1932 accepted a resolution moved by Somerville Hastings MP calling for the establishment of a State Medical Service and in 1934 the Labour Party Conference at Southport unanimously accepted an official document on a National Health Service . Prior to the Second World War there was already consensus that health insurance should be extended to the dependants of the wage - earner , and that the voluntary and local authority hospitals should be integrated . A British Medical Association ( BMA ) pamphlet , `` A General Medical Service for the Nation '' was issued along these lines in 1938 . However , no action was taken due to the international crisis . During the war , a new centralised state - run Emergency Hospital Service employed doctors and nurses to care for those injured by enemy action and arrange for their treatment in whichever hospital was available . The existence of the service made voluntary hospitals dependent on the Government and there was a recognition that many would be in financial trouble once peace arrived . The need to do something to guarantee the voluntary hospitals meant that hospital care drove the impetus for reform . In February 1941 the Deputy Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Health recorded privately areas of agreement on post-war health policy which included `` a complete health service to be available to every member of the community '' and on 9 October 1941 , the Minister of Health Ernest Brown announced that the Government proposed to ensure that there was a comprehensive hospital service available to everyone in need of it , and that local authorities would be responsible for providing it . The Medical Planning Commission set up by the professional bodies went one stage further in May 1942 recommending ( in an interim report ) a National Health Service with General Practitioners working through health centres and hospitals run by regional administrations . The Beveridge Report of December 1942 included this same idea . Developing the idea into firm policy proved difficult . Although the BMA had been part of the Medical Planning Commission , at their conference in September 1943 the association changed policy to oppose local authority control of hospitals and to favour extension of health insurance instead of GPs working for state health centres . When Health Minister Henry Willink prepared a white paper endorsing a National Health Service , it was attacked by Brendan Bracken and Lord Beaverbrook and resignations were threatened on both sides . However the Cabinet endorsed the White Paper which was published in 1944 . This White Paper includes the founding principles of the NHS : it was to be funded out of general taxation and not through national insurance , and services would be provided by the same doctors and the same hospitals , but : Services were provided free at the point of use ; Services were financed from central taxation ; Everyone was eligible for care ( even people temporarily resident or visiting the country ) . Willink then set about trying to assuage the doctors , a job taken over by Aneurin Bevan in Clement Attlee 's Labour Party government after the war ended . Bevan quickly came to the decision that the 1944 white paper 's proposal for local authority control of voluntary hospitals was not workable , as the local authorities were too poor and too small to manage hospitals . He decided that `` the only thing to do was to create an entirely new hospital service , to take over the voluntary hospitals , and to take over the local government hospitals and to organise them as a single hospital service '' . This structure of the NHS in England and Wales was established by the National Health Service Act 1946 which received Royal Assent on 6 November 1946 . Bevan encountered considerable debate and resistance from the BMA who voted in May 1948 not to join the new service , but brought them on board by the time the new arrangements launched on 5 July 1948 . Development of the NHS in England and Wales , 1948 -- 1969 ( edit ) The original structure of the NHS in England and Wales had three aspects , known as the tripartite system : Hospital Services : 14 Regional Hospital Boards were created in England and Wales to administer the majority of hospital services . Beneath these were 400 Hospital Management Committees which administered hospitals . Teaching hospitals had different arrangements and were organised under Boards of Governors . Primary Care : GPs were independent contractors ( that is they were not salaried employees ) and would be paid for each person on their list . Dentists , opticians and pharmacists also generally provided services as independent contractors . Executive Councils were formed and administered contracts and payments to the contractor professions as well as maintaining lists of local practitioners and dealing with patients . Community Services : Maternity and Child Welfare clinics , Health Visitors , midwives , health education , vaccination & immunisation and ambulance services together with environmental health services were the responsibility of local authorities . This was a continuation of the role local government had held under the Poor Law . The new service instantly became Britain 's 3rd largest employer with around 364,000 staff across England and Wales . These included 9,000 full - time doctors , 19,000 professional and technical staff ( including 2,800 physiotherapists , 1,600 laboratory technicians and 2,000 radiographers ) , 25,000 administrative and clerical staff , 149,000 nurses and midwives ( 23,000 of whom were part - time ) , and 128,000 ancillary staff ( catering , laundry , cleaning and maintenance ) . By the beginning of the 1950s , spending on the NHS was exceeding expectations , leading in 1952 to the introduction of a one - shilling charge for prescriptions and a £ 1 charge for dental treatment ; these were exceptions to the NHS being free at the point of use . Political concerns about spiralling NHS costs later receded in the wake of the 1956 Guillebaud Report , which praised the `` responsible attitude among hospital authorities '' towards the `` efficient and economical '' use of public funds . The 1950s saw the planning of hospital services , dealing in part with some of the gaps and duplications that existed across England and Wales . The period also saw growth in the number of medical staff and a more even distribution of them with the development of hospital outpatient services . By 1956 , the NHS was stretched financially and doctors were disaffected , resulting in a Royal Commission on doctors ' pay being set up in February 1957 . The investigation and trial of alleged serial killer Dr John Bodkin Adams exposed some of the tensions in the system . Indeed , if he had been found guilty ( for , in the eyes of doctors , accidentally killing a patient while providing treatment ) and hanged , the whole NHS might have collapsed . The Mental Health Act of 1959 also significantly altered legislation in respect of mental illness and reduced the grounds on which someone could be detained in a mental hospital . The 1960s have been characterised as a period of growth . Prescription charges were abolished in 1965 and reintroduced in 1968 . New drugs came to the market improving healthcare , including polio vaccine , dialysis for chronic renal failure and chemotherapy for certain cancers were developed , all adding to upfront costs . Health Secretary Enoch Powell undertook three initiatives : The Hospital Plan published in 1962 proposed the development of district general hospitals for population areas of about 125,000 and laid out a pattern for the future district by district ; The Church House speech predicted that many of the large mental health institutions would close within ten years . Concern continued to grow about the structure of the NHS and weaknesses of the tripartite system . Powell agreed the creation of a Royal Commission on doctors ' pay , which resulted in a statutory review body . Further development came in the form of the Charter of General Practice , negotiated between new Health Minister Kenneth Robinson and the BMA , that provided financial incentives for practice development . This resulted in the concept of the primary health care in better housed and better staffed practices , stimulating doctors to join together and the development of the modern group practice . In 1969 , responsibility for the NHS in Wales was passed to the Secretary of State for Wales from the Secretary of State for Health who was thereafter just responsible for the NHS in England . After the publication by the British Medical Journal on 24 December 1949 of University of Cambridge consultant paediatrician Douglas Gairdner 's landmark paper detailing the lack of medical benefit and the risks attached to non-therapeutic ( routine ) circumcision , the National Health Service took a decision that circumcision would not be performed unless there was a clear and present medical indication . Both the cost and the non-therapeutic , unnecessary , harmful nature of the surgical operation were taken into account . 1970s and Early 1980s ( edit ) The NHS in England was reorganised in 1974 to bring together services provided by hospitals and services provided by local authorities under the umbrella of Regional Health Authorities , with a further restructuring in 1982 . The 1970s also saw the end of the economic optimism which had characterised the 1960s and increasing pressures coming to bear to reduce the amount of money spent on public services and to ensure increased efficiency for the money spent . Thatcher government reforms ( edit ) In the 1980s , Thatcherism represented a systematic , decisive rejection and reversal of the Post-war consensus , whereby the major political parties largely agreed on the central themes of Keynesianism , the welfare state , nationalised industry , public housing and close regulation of the economy . There was one major exception : the National Health Service , which was widely popular and had wide support inside the Conservative Party . Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher promised Britons in 1982 , the NHS is `` safe in our hands . '' In the 1980s modern management processes ( General Management ) were introduced in the NHS to replace the previous system of consensus management . This was outlined in the Griffiths Report of 1983 . This recommended the appointment of general managers in the NHS with whom responsibility should lie . The report also recommended that clinicians be better involved in management . Financial pressures continued to place strain on the NHS . In 1987 , an additional £ 101 million was provided by the government to the NHS . In 1988 the then Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher , announced a review of the NHS . From this review and in 1989 , two white papers Working for Patients and Caring for People were produced . These outlined the introduction of what was termed the `` internal market '' , which was to shape the structure and organisation of health services for most of the next decade . In spite of intensive opposition from the BMA , who wanted a pilot study or the reforms in one region , the internal market was introduced . In 1990 , the National Health Service & Community Care Act ( in England ) defined this `` internal market '' , whereby Health Authorities ceased to run hospitals but `` purchased '' care from their own or other authorities ' hospitals . Certain GPs became `` fund holders '' and were able to purchase care for their patients . The `` providers '' became NHS trusts , which encouraged competition but also increased local differences . Blair government reforms ( edit ) These innovations , especially the `` fund holder '' option , were condemned at the time by the Labour Party . Opposition to what was claimed to be the Conservative intention to privatise the NHS became a major feature of Labour 's election campaigns . Labour came to power in 1997 with the promise to remove the `` internal market '' and abolish fundholding . In a speech given by the new Prime Minister , Tony Blair , at the Lonsdale Medical Centre on 9 December 1997 , he stated that : The White Paper we are publishing today marks a turning point for the NHS . It replaces the internal market with `` integrated care '' . We will put doctors and nurses in the driving seat . The result will be that £ 1 billion of unnecessary red tape will be saved and the money put into frontline patient care . For the first time the need to ensure that high quality care is spread throughout the service will be taken seriously . National standards of care will be guaranteed . There will be easier and swifter access to the NHS when you need it . Our approach combines efficiency and quality with a belief in fairness and partnership . Comparing not competing will drive efficiency . -- However , in his second term Blair pursued measures to strengthen the internal market as part of his plan to `` modernise '' the NHS . Driving these reforms were a number of factors including the rising costs of medical technology and medicines , the desire to increase standards and `` patient choice '' , an ageing population , and a desire to contain government expenditure . Since the National Health Services in Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland are not controlled by the UK government , these reforms have increased the differences between the National Health Services in different parts of the United Kingdom . ( See NHS Wales and NHS Scotland for descriptions of their developments ) . Reforms included ( amongst other actions ) the laying down of detailed service standards , strict financial budgeting , revised job specifications , reintroduction of a modified form of fundholding -- `` practice - based commissioning '' , closure of surplus facilities and emphasis on rigorous clinical and corporate governance . In addition Modernising Medical Careers medical training had an unsuccessful restructuring which was so badly managed that the Secretary of State for Health was forced to apologise publicly . It was then revised but its flawed implementation left the NHS with significant medical staffing problems . Some new services were developed to help manage demand , including NHS Direct . A new emphasis was given to staff reforms , with the Agenda for Change agreement providing harmonised pay and career progression . These changes gave rise to controversy within the medical professions , the media and the public . The Blair Government , whilst leaving services free at point of use , encouraged outsourcing of medical services and support to the private sector . Under the Private Finance Initiative , an increasing number of hospitals were built ( or rebuilt ) by private sector consortia ; hospitals may have both medical services ( such as Independent Sector Treatment Centre ( ISTC or `` surgicentres '' ) , and non-medical services ( such as catering ) provided under long - term contracts by the private sector . A study by a consultancy company which worked for the Department of Health showed that every £ 200 million spent on privately financed hospitals resulted in the loss of 1000 doctors and nurses . The first PFI hospitals contained some 28 per cent fewer beds than the ones they replaced . In 2005 , surgicentres treated around 3 per cent of NHS patients ( in England ) having routine surgery . By 2008 this was expected to be around 10 per cent . NHS Primary Care Trusts have been given the target of sourcing at least 15 per cent of primary care from the private or voluntary sectors over the medium term . As a corollary to these initiatives , the NHS was required to take on pro-active socially `` directive '' policies , for example , in respect of smoking and obesity . The NHS encountered significant problems with the information technology ( IT ) innovations accompanying the Blair reforms . The NHS 's National Programme for IT ( NPfIT ) , believed to be the largest IT project in the world , is running significantly behind schedule and above budget , with friction between the Government and the programme contractors . Originally budgeted at £ 2.3 billion , present estimates are £ 20 -- 30 billion and rising . There has also been criticism of a lack of patient information security . The ability to deliver integrated high quality services will require care professionals to use sensitive medical data . This must be controlled and in the NPfIT model it is , sometimes too tightly to allow the best care to be delivered . One concern is that GPs and hospital doctors have given the project a lukewarm reception , citing a lack of consultation and complexity . Key `` front - end '' parts of the programme include Choose and Book , intended to assist patient choice of location for treatment , which has missed numerous deadlines for going `` live '' , substantially overrun its original budget , and is still ( May 2006 ) available in only a few locations . The programme to computerise all NHS patient records is also experiencing great difficulties . Furthermore , there are unresolved financial and managerial issues on training NHS staff to introduce and maintain these systems once they are operative . Between 2004 / 5 and 2013 / 4 NHS output increased considerably . Hospital admissions increased by 32 % , outpatient attendances by 17 % , primary care consultations by 25 % and community care activity by 14 % . Hospital death rates reduced , especially in stroke . At the same time there was an increase in wages of 24 % and an increase of 10 % in the number of staff and increases in the use of equipment and supplies . As a whole NHS output increased by 47 % and inputs by 31 % , an increase in productivity of 12.86 % during the period , or 1.37 % per year . Coalition and cameron government reforms ( edit ) Royal College of Midwives Picketing the West Middlesex Hospital , Isleworth . Thousands of other NHS staff across England also staged a four - hour strike over pay on 13 October 2014 . The return of a Conservative - led government in 2010 coincided with another deterioration in industrial relations . The introduction of further private sector involvement in the Health and Social Care Act 2012 provoked mass demonstrations led by health workers , and some NHS workers also participated in a national strike over pay restraint in 2014 . 2016 also saw major industrial action by junior doctors , protesting at the imposition of a new contract aiming to extend weekend working . See also ( edit ) England portal List of hospitals in England List of NHS trusts History of NHS Scotland History of NHS Wales History of Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Socialist Medical Association and the Foundation of the NHS '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ W. Eric Jackson , `` Achievement : A Short History of the LCC '' , Longmans , 1965 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ R. Samuel , `` North and South , '' London Review of Books 17.12 ( 22 June 1995 ) : 3 -- 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.ganfyd.org/index.php?title=Lloyd_George_Envelope Jump up ^ `` Interim Report on the Future Provision of Medical and Allied Services 1920 ( Lord Dawson of Penn ) '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why a National Health Service ? Chapter 2 The Socialist Medical Association '' . Socialist Health Association . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul Addison , `` The Road to 1945 '' , Jonathan Cape , 1975 , pp. 178 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Post-War Policy For Hospitals '' , The Times , 10 October 1941 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Paul Addison , `` The Road to 1945 '' , Jonathan Cape , 1975 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Paul Addison , `` The Road to 1945 '' , Jonathan Cape , 1975 , pp. 239 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 422 cols 48 et seq . Jump up ^ Hansard , HC 5ser vol 422 cols 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ A Labour delivery www.60yearsofnhsscotland.co.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ Report of the Ministry of Health for the Year Ended 31 December 1952 ( London : HMSO , 1953 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Saunders , Jack ( 2016 ) . `` Ideology and work in the Early NHS '' . People 's History of the NHS . Cultural History of the NHS project . Jump up ^ Macmillan , Harold ( 2003 ) . Peter Catterall , ed . The Macmillan Diaries , The Cabinet Years , 1950 -- 1957 . London : Macmillan . Jump up ^ Pamela V. Cullen , `` A Stranger in Blood : The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams '' , London , Elliott & Thompson , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 904027 - 19 - 9 Jump up ^ GAIRDNER D ( December 1949 ) . `` The fate of the foreskin , a study of circumcision '' . Br Med J. 2 : 1433 -- 7 , illust . PMC 2051968 . PMID 15408299 . Jump up ^ Gollaher DL ( 2000 ) . `` The fabric of the foreskin '' . Circumcision : A History of the World 's Most Controversial Surgery . Basic Books . pp. 114 -- 117 . ISBN 0465 - 04397 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rudolf Klein , `` Why Britain 's conservatives support a socialist health care system . '' Health Affairs 4 # 1 ( 1985 ) : 41 -- 58 . online Jump up ^ Manfred Davidmann ( 1985 ) . Reorganising the National Health Service : An Evaluation of the Griffiths Report ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 85192 - 046 - 2 . Jump up ^ Prime Minister 's Speeches -- 1997 -- Speech about the NHS Jump up ^ `` New generation surgery - centres to carry out thousands more NHS operations every year '' . Department of Health . 3 December 2002 . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ George Monbiot ( 10 March 2002 ) . `` Private Affluence , Public Rip - Off '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 7 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Patricia ( 2 July 2005 ) . `` Even Nye Bevan 's NHS saw a role for the private sector '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Wearden , Graeme ( 12 October 2004 ) . `` NHS IT project costs soar '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Wearden , Graeme ( 15 November 2004 ) . `` NHS dismisses claim of IT security glitch '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Collins , Tony ( 7 February 2005 ) . `` Is it too late for NHS national programme to win support of doctors for new systems ? '' . Computer Weekly . Retrieved 15 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Street , Andrew ( December 2016 ) . `` The Financial crisis in the national health Service : insufficient funding will derail transformation plans '' . Radical Statistics . 115 : 37 -- 53 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Further reading ( edit ) Abel - Smith , B . The Hospitals 1800 -- 1948 : A Study in Social Administration in England and Wales ( Harvard U.P. , 1964 ) . Campbell , J. Aneurin Bevan and the Mirage of British Socialism ( W.W. Norton , 1987 ) Eckstein , H. Pressure Group Politics ; The Case of the British Medical Association . ( Stanford , CA : Stanford U.P. , 1960 ) . Eversley , J. The History of NHS Charges ' , Contemporary British History , 15 , 2 ( 2001 ) , pp. 53 -- 75 . Forsyth , G. Doctors and State Medicine : A Study of the British Health Service ( London : Pitman Medical Publishing , 1966 ) . Foot , Michael . Aneurin Bevan : 1945 -- 1960 ( vol 2 , 1973 ) PP 100 -- 216 Fox , D. Health Policies , Health Politics : The British and American Experience 1911 -- 1965 ( Princeton U.P. , 1986 ) . Fraser , D . The Evolution of the British Welfare State : A History of Social Policy Since the Industrial Revolution ( London : Macmillan , 1973 ) . Gemmill , P. Britain 's Search for Health : The First Decade of the National Health Service ( U. of Pennsylvania Press , 1960 ) . Godber , G . The Health Service : Past , Present and Future ( Athlone , 1975 ) . Godber , G. `` Forty Years of the NHS : Origins and Early Development '' , British Medical Journal , 297 ( 1988 ) , pp. 37 -- 43 . Goodman , G. ed . The State of the Nation : The Political Legacy of Aneurin Bevan ( Victor Gollancz , 1997 ) . Goodman , N. Wilson Jameson : Architect of National Health ( London : George Allen & Unwin , 1970 ) . Gorsky , Martin . `` The British National Health Service 1948 -- 2008 : A Review of the Historiography , '' Social History of Medicine , Dec 2008 , Vol. 21 Issue 3 , pp 437 -- 460 Grimes , S . The British National Health Service : State Intervention in the Medical Marketplace , 1911 -- 1948 ( New York : Garland , 1991 ) . Hacker , Jacob S . `` The Historical Logic of National Health Insurance : Structure and Sequence in the Development of British , Canadian , and U.S. Medical Policy , '' Studies in American Political Development , April 1998 , Vol. 12 Issue 1 , pp 57 -- 130 . Ham , C. Health Policy in Britain : The Politics and Organisation of the National Health Service ( 2nd edn ( Macmillan , 1985 ) . Hollingsworth , J. A Political Economy of Medicine : Great Britain and the United States ( Johns Hopkins U.P. , 1986 ) Honigsbaum , F. Health , Happiness , and Security : The Creation of the National Health Service ( Routledge , 1989 ) . Jewkes , J. and S. Jewkes . The Genesis of the British National Health Service ( 2nd edn ( Basil Blackwell , 1962 ) . Klein , R . The New Politics of the National Health Service ( 3rd ed. 1995 ) . Lindsey , A. Socialized Medicine in England and Wales : The National Health Service , 1948 -- 1961 ( U. of North Carolina Press , 1962 ) . Loudon , Irvine , John Horder and Charles Webster . General Practice under the National Health Service 1948 -- 1997 ( 1998 ) online Powell , M. `` Hospital Provision before the National Health Service : A Geographical Study of the 1945 Hospital Surveys ' , Social History of Medicine ( 1992 ) , 5 # 3 pp. 483 -- 504 . Powell , M. `` An Expanding Service : Municipal Acute Medicine in the 1930s '' , Twentieth Century History ( 1997 ) , 8 # 3 pp. 334 -- 57 . Rintala , Marvin . Creating the National Health Service : Aneurin Bevan and the Medical Lords ( 2003 ) ( 1 ) Rivett , G.C. The Development of the London Hospital System , 1823 -- 1982 ( first edition Kings Fund 1986 ) and second edition 1823 -- 2013 via website www.nhshistory.net Rivett , G.C. From Cradle to Grave , the history of the NHS 1948 -- 1998 . First Edition King 's Fund 1998 , and second edition 1948 -- 2014 in two parts from website www.nhshistory.net . Stewart , John . `` The Political Economy of the British National Health Service , 1945 -- 1975 : Opportunities and Constraints , '' Medical History , Oct 2008 , Vol. 52 Issue 4 , pp 453 -- 470 Valier , Helen K . `` The Manchester Royal Infirmary , 1945 -- 97 : a microcosm of the National Health Service , '' Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester , 2005 , Vol. 87 Issue 1 , pp 167 -- 192 Watkin , B . The National Health Service : The First Phase 1948 -- 1974 and After ( George Allen & Unwin , 1978 ) . Webster , C. ' Conflict and Consensus : Explaining the British Health Service ' , Twentieth Century British History , ( 1990 ) 1 # 2 pp. 115 -- 51 Webster , Charles . The National Health Service : A Political History ( Oxford UP , 1998 ) online External links ( edit ) Interactive timeline of the history of the NHS by the Nuffield Trust NHS history -- From Cradle to Grave , detailed study by Geoffrey Rivett Celebrating 60 years of the NHS in Scotland Chronology of NHS reform The `` Matchbox on a Muffin '' : The Design of Hospitals in the Early NHS ( pdf ) Celebrating 60 years of the NHS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_National_Health_Service_(England)&oldid=808812165 '' Categories : National Health Service ( England ) Political history of England Social history of England History of medicine in the United Kingdom History of science and technology in England History of organisations based in England Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 09 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was before the nhs and welfare system	[ "Before the National Health Service was created in 1948, patients were generally required to pay for their health care. Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals. Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers (under a system originating with the Poor Law). The London County Council (LCC) on 1 April 1930 took over from the abolished Metropolitan Asylums Board responsibility for 140 hospitals, medical schools and other medical institutions. The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone. By the outbreak of the Second World War, the LCC was running the largest public health service in Britain.[2]", "Before the National Health Service was created in 1948, patients were generally required to pay for their health care. Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals. Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers (under a system originating with the Poor Law). The London County Council (LCC) on 1 April 1930 took over from the abolished Metropolitan Asylums Board responsibility for 140 hospitals, medical schools and other medical institutions. The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone. By the outbreak of the Second World War, the LCC was running the largest public health service in Britain.[2]", "Before the National Health Service was created in 1948, patients were generally required to pay for their health care. Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals. Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers (under a system originating with the Poor Law). The London County Council (LCC) on 1 April 1930 took over from the abolished Metropolitan Asylums Board responsibility for 140 hospitals, medical schools and other medical institutions. The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone. By the outbreak of the Second World War, the LCC was running the largest public health service in Britain.[2]", "Before the National Health Service was created in 1948, patients were generally required to pay for their health care. Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals. Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers (under a system originating with the Poor Law). The London County Council (LCC) on 1 April 1930 took over from the abolished Metropolitan Asylums Board responsibility for 140 hospitals, medical schools and other medical institutions. The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone. By the outbreak of the Second World War, the LCC was running the largest public health service in Britain.[2]" ]	[ "patients were generally required to pay for their health care", "Free treatment was sometimes available from Voluntary Hospitals", "Some local authorities operated hospitals for local ratepayers (under a system originating with the Poor Law)", "The Local Government Act 1929 allowed local authorities to run services over and above those authorised by the Poor Law and in effect to provide medical treatment for everyone" ]
-7993759686386362626	Swiss Alps	Swiss Alps - wikipedia Swiss Alps Satellite image of Switzerland in October 2002 . On the north side of the Alps , the regions located above 2000m are covered by snow . The canton of Ticino ( on the south side ) is almost snow - free in early autumn . The Alpine region of Switzerland , conventionally referred to as the Swiss Alps ( German : Schweizer Alpen , French : Alpes suisses , Italian : Alpi svizzere , Romansh : Alps svizras ) , represents a major natural feature of the country and is , along with the Swiss Plateau and the Swiss portion of the Jura Mountains , one of its three main physiographic regions . The Swiss Alps extend over both the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps , encompassing an area sometimes called Central Alps . While the northern ranges from the Bernese Alps to the Appenzell Alps are entirely in Switzerland , the southern ranges from the Mont Blanc massif to the Bernina massif are shared with other countries such as France , Italy , Austria and Liechtenstein . The Swiss Alps comprise almost all the highest mountains of the Alps , such as Dufourspitze ( 4,634 m ) , the Dom ( 4,545 m ) , the Liskamm ( 4,527 m ) , the Weisshorn ( 4,506 m ) and the Matterhorn ( 4,478 m ) . The other following major summits can be found in this list of mountains of Switzerland . Since the Middle Ages , transit across the Alps played an important role in history . The region north of St Gotthard Pass became the nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the early 14th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Ranges 1.2 Hydrography 1.2. 1 Rivers 1.2. 2 Lakes 1.3 Land elevation 2 Geology 3 Environment and climate 3.1 Climate zones 4 Travel and tourism 4.1 Summer tourism 4.2 Winter tourism 4.3 Transport 5 Toponymy 6 See also 7 Notes and references 8 Bibliography 9 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : Geography of Switzerland Swiss Alps seen from the Swiss Jura in December 2010 The Alps cover 65 % of Switzerland 's total 41,285 square kilometres ( 15,940 sq mi ) surface area , making it one of the most alpine countries . Despite the fact that Switzerland covers only 14 % of the Alps total 192,753 square kilometres ( 74,422 sq mi ) area , 48 out of 82 alpine four - thousanders are located in the Swiss Alps and practically all of the remaining 34 are within 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) of the country 's border . The glaciers of the Swiss Alps cover an area of 1,220 square kilometres ( 470 sq mi ) -- 3 % of the Swiss territory , representing 44 % of the total glaciated area in the Alps i.e. 2,800 square kilometres ( 1,100 sq mi ) . The Swiss Alps are situated south of the Swiss Plateau and north of the national border . The limit between the Alps and the plateau runs from Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva to Rorschach on the shores of Lake Constance , passing close to the cities of Thun and Lucerne . The not well defined regions in Switzerland that lie on the margin of the Alps , especially those on the north side , are called the Swiss Prealps ( Préalpes in French , Voralpen in German , Prealpi in Italian ) . The Swiss Prealps are mainly made of limestone and they generally do not exceed 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) . The Alpine cantons ( from highest to lowest ) are Valais , Bern , Graubünden , Uri , Glarus , Ticino , St. Gallen , Vaud , Obwalden , Nidwalden , Schwyz , Appenzell Innerrhoden , Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Fribourg , Lucerne and Zug . The countries with which Switzerland shares mountain ranges of the Alps are ( from west to east ) : France , Italy , Austria and Liechtenstein . Ranges ( edit ) The Alps are usually divided into two main parts , the Western Alps and Eastern Alps , whose division is along the Rhine from Lake Constance to the Splügen Pass . The western ranges occupy the greatest part of Switzerland while the more numerous eastern ranges are much smaller and are all situated in the canton of Graubünden . The latter are part of the Central Eastern Alps , except the Ortler Alps which belong to the Southern Limestone Alps . The Pennine , Bernese and Bernina Range are the highest ranges of the country , they contain respectively 38 , 9 and 1 summit over 4000 metres . The lowest range is the Appenzell Alps culminating at 2,500 metres . Western Alps Map of the western Swiss Alps Location Range Cantons , Country Notable peaks East limit From west to east , north of Rhône and Rhine Bernese Alps Vaud , Fribourg , Bern , Valais Finsteraarhorn , Aletschhorn , Jungfrau , Mönch , Eiger , Lauteraarhorn Grimsel Pass Uri and Emmental Alps Bern , Lucerne , Obwalden , Nidwalden , Uri ( and Valais ) Dammastock , Titlis , Brienzer Rothorn , Pilatus , Napf Reuss Glarus Alps and Schwyzer Alps Schwyz , Zug , Uri , Glarus , Graubünden , Lucerne Tödi , Bächistock , Glärnisch , Rigi , Mythen Seeztal Appenzell Alps Appenzell Innerrhoden , Appenzell Ausserrhoden , St. Gallen ( and Zurich ) Säntis , Churfirsten Rhine From west to east , south of Rhône and Rhine Chablais Alps Valais , France Dents du Midi Arve Mont Blanc massif Valais , France , Italy Aiguille d'Argentière Col Ferret Pennine Alps Valais , Italy Monte Rosa , Weisshorn , Matterhorn Simplon Pass Lepontine Alps Valais , Ticino , Uri , Graubünden , Monte Leone , Rheinwaldhorn Splügen Pass Eastern Alps Map of the eastern Swiss Alps Location Range Notable peaks From west to east , north of Mera and Inn Oberhalbstein Piz Platta Plessur Aroser Weisshorn Albula Piz Kesch , Piz Lunghin Rätikon Schesaplana Silvretta Piz Linard , Piz Buin Samnaun Alps Muttler From west to east , south of Mera and Inn Bregaglia Cima di Castello , Piz Badile Bernina Piz Bernina , Piz Roseg Livigno Piz Paradisin Ortler Alps Piz Murtaröl Sesvenna Piz Sesvenna Hydrography ( edit ) See also : Valleys of the Alps Rivers ( edit ) See also : List of rivers in Switzerland Rhine Gorge in Graubünden The north side of the Swiss Alps is drained by the Rhône , Rhine and Inn ( which is part of the Danube basin ) while the south side is mainly drained by the Ticino ( Po basin ) . The rivers on the north empty into the Mediterranean , North and Black Sea , on the south the Po empty in the Adriatic Sea . The major triple watersheds in the Alps are located within the country , they are : Piz Lunghin , Witenwasserenstock and Monte Forcola . Between the Witenwasserenstock and Piz Lunghin runs the European Watershed separating the basin of the Atlantic ( North Sea ) and the Mediterranean Sea ( Adriatic and Black Sea ) . The European watershed lies in fact only partially on the main chain . Switzerland possesses 6 % of Europe 's fresh water , and is sometimes referred to as the `` water tower of Europe '' . Lakes ( edit ) See also : List of lakes of Switzerland and List of mountain lakes of Switzerland The Lac des Dix in Valais Since the highest dams are located in Alpine regions , many large mountain lakes are artificial and are used as hydroelectric reservoirs . Some large artificial lakes can be found above 2,300 m , but natural lakes larger than 1 km2 are generally below 1,000 m ( with the exceptions of lakes in the Engadin such as Lake Sils , and Oeschinen in the Bernese Oberland ) . The melting of low - altitude glaciers can generate new lakes , such as the 0.25 km2 large Triftsee which formed between 2002 -- 2003 . Land elevation ( edit ) See also : Swiss cantons by elevation The following table gives the surface area above 2000 m and 3000 m and the respective percentage on the total area of each canton whose high point is above 2000 metres . Canton Land above 2000m in km2 Land above 2000m in % Land above 3000m in km2 Land above 3000m in % Appenzell Ausserrhoden 0.4 0 0 Appenzell Innerrhoden 2.3 0 0 Bern 887 15 100 1.7 Fribourg 14 0.8 0 0 Glarus 213 31 0.6 Graubünden 4296 60 111 1.6 Lucerne 0.3 0 0 Nidwalden 20 7 0 0 Obwalden 66 13 0.2 Schwyz 69 8 0 0 St. Gallen 184 9 0.05 Ticino 781 28 0.07 Uri 562 52 19 1.8 Valais 2595 50 697 13 Vaud 92 0.03 Switzerland 9788 24 936 2.3 Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of the Alps See also : List of glaciers in Switzerland Lauterbrunnen Valley in the Bernese Alps , a deep U-shaped valley that resulted from erosion by glaciers The composition of the great tectonic units reflects the history of the formation of the Alps . The rocks from the Helvetic zone on the north and the Austroalpine nappes -- Southern Alps on the south come originally from the European and African continent respectively . The rocks of the Penninic nappes belong to the former area of the Briançonnais microcontinent and the Tethys Ocean . The closure of the latter by subduction under the African plate ( Piemont Ocean first and Valais Ocean later ) preceded the collision between the two plates and the so - called alpine orogeny . The major thrust fault of the Tectonic Arena Sardona in the eastern Glarus Alps gives a visible illustration of mountain - building processes and was therefore declared a UNESCO World Heritage . Another fine example gives the Alpstein area with several visible upfolds of Helvetic zone material . With some exceptions , the Alps north of Rhône and Rhine are part of the Helvetic Zone and those on the south side are part of the Penninic nappes . The Austroalpine zone concerns almost only the Eastern Alps , with the notable exception of the Matterhorn . The last glaciations greatly transformed Switzerland 's landscape . Many valleys of the Swiss Alps are U-shaped due to glacial erosion . During the maximum extension of the Würm glaciation ( 18,000 years ago ) the glaciers completely covered the Swiss Plateau , before retreating and leaving remnants only in high mountain areas . In modern times the Aletsch Glacier in the western Bernese Alps is the largest and longest in the Alps , reaching a maximum depth of 900 metres at Konkordiaplatz . Along with the Fiescher and Aar Glaciers the region became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001 . An effect of the retreat of the Rhine Glacier some 10,000 years ago was the Flims Rockslide , the biggest still visible landslide apparently worldwide . Environment and climate ( edit ) To protect endangered species some sites have been brought under protection . The Swiss National Park in Graubünden was established in 1914 as the first alpine national park . The Entlebuch area was designated a biosphere reserve in 2001 . The largest protected area in the country is the Parc Ela , opened in 2006 , which covers an area of 600 square kilometres . The Jungfrau - Aletsch Protected Area is the first World Heritage Site in the Alps . Climate zones ( edit ) See also : Climate of the Alps As the temperature decreases with altitude ( 0.56 ° C per 100 metres on yearly average ) , three different altitudinal zones , each having distinct climate , are found in the Swiss Alps : Subalpine zone Tree line in the national park Liskamm ( 4,527 m ) , above the Border Glacier The Subalpine zone is the region which lies below the tree line . It is the most important region as it is the largest of the three and contains almost all human settlements as well as the productive areas . The forests are mainly composed by conifers above 1,200 -- 1,400 metres , the deciduous tree forest being confined to lower elevations . The upper limit of the Subalpine zone is located at about 1,800 metres on the north side of the Alps and at about 2,000 metres on the south side . It can however differ in some regions such as the Appenzell Alps ( 1,600 metres ) or the Engadin valley ( 2,300 metres ) . Alpine zone The Alpine zone is situated above the tree line and is clear of trees because of low average temperatures . It contains mostly grass and small plants along with mountain flowers . Below the permafrost limit ( at about 2,600 metres ) , the alpine meadows are often used as pastures . Some villages can still be found on the lowest altitudes such as Riederalp ( 1,940 m ) or Juf ( 2,130 m ) . The extent of the Alpine zone is limited by the first permanent snow , its altitude greatly varies depending on the location ( and orientation ) , it comprises between 2,800 and 3,200 metres . Glacial zone The glacial zone is the area of permanent snow and ice . When the steepness of the slope is not too high it results in an accumulation and compaction of snow , which transforms into ice . The glacier formed then flows down the valley and can reach as far down as 1,500 metres ( the Upper Grindelwald Glacier ) . Where the slopes are too steep , the snow accumulates to form overhanging seracs , which periodically fall off due to the downwards movement of the glacier and cause ice avalanches . The Bernese Alps , Pennine Alps and Mont Blanc Massif contain most of the glaciated areas in the Alps . Except research stations such as the Sphinx Observatory , no settlements are to be found in those regions . Travel and tourism ( edit ) Glacier 3000 Tourism in the Swiss Alps began with the first ascents of the main peaks of the Alps ( Jungfrau in 1811 , Piz Bernina in 1850 , Monte Rosa in 1855 , Matterhorn in 1856 , Dom in 1858 , Weisshorn in 1861 ) mostly by British mountain climbers accompanied by the local guides . The construction of facilities for tourists started in the mid nineteenth century with the building of hotels and mountain huts ( creation of the Swiss Alpine Club in 1863 ) and the opening of mountain train lines on ( Rigi in 1873 , Pilatus in 1889 , Gornergrat in 1898 ) . The Jungfraubahn opened in 1912 ; it leads to the highest railway station in Europe , the Jungfraujoch . Summer tourism ( edit ) Switzerland enjoys a 62,000 - km network of well - maintained trails , of which 23,000 are located in mountainous areas . Many mountains attract a large number of alpinists from around the world , especially the 4000 - metre summits and the great north faces ( Eiger , Matterhorn and Piz Badile ) . The large winter resorts are also popular destinations in summer , as most of aerial tramways operate through the year , enabling hikers and mountaineers to reach high altitudes without much effort . The Klein Matterhorn is the highest summit of the European continent to be served by cable car . Winter tourism ( edit ) Main article : List of ski areas and resorts in Switzerland Highest ski area in Europe above Zermatt The major destinations for skiing and other winter sports are located in Valais , Bernese Oberland and Graubünden . Some villages are car - free and can be accessed only with public transports such as Riederalp and Bettmeralp . Zermatt and Saas - Fee have both summer ski areas . The ski season starts from as early as November and runs to as late as May ; however , the majority of ski resorts in Switzerland tend to open in December and run through to April . The most visited places are : Due to strong political will by the citizenry , Zermatt remains car - free and retains much of its original character Davos -- Klosters GR Zermatt VS ( car - free village ) Engadin -- St. Moritz GR Lenzerheide -- Arosa GR Jungfrauregion : Grindelwald -- Mürren -- Wengen BE ( car - free villages ) Les quatre vallées : Verbier -- Nendaz VS LAAX : Flims -- Laax GR Aletsch Arena : Riederalp -- Bettmeralp -- Fiesch VS ( car - free villages ) Les Portes du Soleil : Champéry -- Morgins -- Les Crosets VS and Avoriaz in France Adelboden -- Lenk BE Val d'Anniviers : Grimentz -- Zinal -- Vercorin -- St - Luc -- Chandolin VS Gstaad : Gstaad -- Saanen -- Saanenmöser -- Zweisimmen BE -- Rougemont -- Chateau - d'Oex VD Silvretta Arena : Samnaun GR and Ischgl in Austria Crans Montana VS Saas - Fee VS Other important destinations on the regional level are Engelberg - Titlis ( Central Switzerland / OW ) and Gotthard Oberalp Arena with Andermatt ( Central Switzerland / UR ) and Sedrun ( GR ) , Leysin - Les Mosses , Villars - sur - Ollon , Les Diablerets - Glacier 3000 ( all VD ) , Leukerbad ( VS ) , Savognin , Scuol , Obersaxen , Breil / Brigels ( all GR ) , Meiringen -- Hasliberg ( BE ) , Sörenberg ( LU ) , Klewenalp with Beckenried and Emmetten , Melchsee - Frutt ( all NW ) , Flumserberg and Pizol ( both Sarganserland in SG ) , Toggenburg with Wildhaus -- Unterwasser -- Alt St. Johann ( SG ) , Hoch - Ybrig and Stoos ( all SZ ) , Braunwald and Elm ( GL ) , Airolo and Bosco / Gurin ( TI ) and many more . The first person to ski in Grindelwald , Switzerland was Englishmen Gerald Fox ( who lived at Tone Dale House ) who put his skis on in his hotel bedroom in 1881 and walked out through the hotel Bar to the slopes wearing them . Transport ( edit ) See also : List of mountain passes in Switzerland and List of mountain railways in Switzerland The Glacier Express on the Landwasser Viaduct , Albula Range Lötschberg railway line The Swiss Alps and Switzerland enjoy an extensive transport network . Virtually every mountain village can be reached by public transport , either by rail , bus , funicular , cable car , or usually a combination of them . The main companies of the coherently integrated public transport system are : Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB CFF FFS ) Rhaetian Railway ( RhB ) Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ( MGB ) GoldenPass Line PostBus ( PostAuto / CarPostal / AutoPostale / Auto da Posta ) Most of mountain regions are within 1 to 3 hours travel of Switzerland 's main cities and their respective airport . The Engadine in Graubünden is between 3 and 6 hours away from the large cities ; the train journey itself , with the panoramic Glacier Express or Bernina Express , is popular with tourists . The Engadin Airport near St. Moritz at an altitude of 1,704 metres is the highest in Europe . The crossing of the Alps is a key issue at national and international levels , as the European continent is at places divided by the range . Since the beginning of industrialisation Switzerland has improved its transalpine network ; it began in 1882 , by building the Gotthard Rail Tunnel , followed in 1906 by the Simplon Tunnel and 1913 by the Lötschberg Tunnel , and more recently , in 2007 , by the Lötschberg Base Tunnel . The 57.1 - km long Gotthard Base Tunnel , the longest railway tunnel of the world , opened in 2016 and provides a direct flat rail link through the Alps . Toponymy ( edit ) The different names of the mountains and other landforms are named in the four national languages . The table below gives the most recurrent names . English German French Italian Romansh Examples Mount Berg , Stock Mont Monte Munt , Cuolm Gamsberg , Dammastock , Mont Vélan , Monte Generoso , Munt Pers Summit Gipfel Cime Cima Tschima Grenzgipfel , Cima di Gana Bianca , Tschima da Flix Peak Spitze Pointe , Pic Pizzo Piz , Péz Lenzspitze , Pointe de Zinal , Pizzo Campo Tencia , Piz Roseg Needle Nadel Aiguille Ago Ago , Guila Nadelhorn , Aiguille d'Argentière , Ago di Sciora Horn Horn Corne Corno Corn Wetterhorn , Corne de Sorebois , Corn da Tinizong Tower Turm Tour Torre Tuor Tour Sallière , Torrone Alto Head Kopf Tête Testa Tgau Bürkelkopf , Tête Blanche Ridge Grat Crêt Cresta Fil , Cresta Gornergrat , Crêt du Midi , Fil de Cassons Glacier Gletscher , Firn Glacier Ghiacciaio Glatscher , Vadret Unteraargletscher , Hüfifirn , Glacier de Corbassière , Ghiacciaio del Basodino , Vadret da Morteratsch , Glatscher dil Vorab Valley Tal Val Valle , Val Val Mattertal , Val d'Hérens , Valle Maggia Pass Pass , Joch Col , Pas Passo Pass Jungfraujoch , Panix Pass , Pas de Cheville , Passo del San Gottardo Also a large number of peaks outside the Alps were named or nicknamed after Swiss mountains , such as the Wetterhorn Peak in Colorado or the Matterhorn Peak in California ( see the Matterhorn article for a list of Matterhorns in the world ) . The confluence of the Baltoro Glacier and the Godwin - Austen Glacier south of K2 in the Karakoram range was named after the Konkordiaplatz by European explorers . See also ( edit ) The Alps are featured on the Swiss fifty - franc banknote since 2016 . Tourism Swiss Alpine Club Swiss Alpine Museum Haute Route Tour du Mont Blanc Monte Rosa tour Alpine Pass Route Trans - Swiss Trail Sport La Grande Odyssée Patrouille des Glaciers Lauberhorn Ski Race Trophée des Gastlosen Jungfrau Marathon Other The Alps ( film ) History of the Alps Transhumance in the Alps NRLA Exploration of the High Alps Notes and references ( edit ) Glaciers of the Alps , USGS Encyclopædia Britannica , Alps Jump up ^ Ball , John ( 1873 ) . The Central Alps . Longmans , Green & Co . Jump up ^ Werner Bätzing , Henri Rougier , Les Alpes : Un foyer de civilisation au coeur de l'Europe , page 21 , ISBN 2 - 606 - 00294 - 6 Jump up ^ Area defined by the Alpine Convention ( website : alpconv.org ) Jump up ^ According to the limit defined by the Alpine Convention Jump up ^ The Swiss Prealps should not be confused with the homonymous region defined by the SOIUSA classification of the Alps , with the Schilthorn as main summit . Jump up ^ Swiss Alps in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland . Jump up ^ `` Dam Begun in Swiss Alps to be Europe 's Highest . '' Popular Science , November 1929 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Die Kantone nach ihren höchsten Punkten Archived 2006 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . ( in German ) Various highest and lowest elevation values by canton ( village center , road or rail network , etc . ) Jump up ^ Nature parks swissworld.org Jump up ^ There are in total 9 car - free villages members of the GAST ( Gemeinschaft Autofreier Tourismusorte ) : Bettmeralp , Braunwald , Riederalp , Rigi , Saas - Fee , Stoos , Wengen , Mürren and Zermatt . Jump up ^ Davos , la station la plus fréquentée de Suisse bilan.ch Jump up ^ `` Winter Sport Areas '' . search.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Skiing the Alps Bibliography ( edit ) ( in German ) ( in French ) Heinz Staffelbach , Handbuch Schweizer Alpen . Pflanzen , Tiere , Gesteine und Wetter . Der Naturführer , Haupt Verlag , 2008 , 656 pages ( ISBN 978 - 3 - 258 - 07638 - 6 ) . French translation : Heinz Staffelbach , Manuel des Alpes suisses . Plantes , animaux , roches et météo . Le guide nature , éditions Rossolis , 2009 , 656 pages ( ISBN 978 - 2 - 940365 - 30 - 2 ) . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSwiss Alpsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Tourism General timetable of all public transport MySwitzerland.com SuisseMobile.com Scenic PostBus lines in the Swiss Alps MySwissAlps.com WalkingSwitzerland.com Maps Map of Switzerland with points of interest Topographic maps of Switzerland Other General informations about the Alps The Jungfrau - Aletsch - Bietschhorn UNESCO World Heritage site Photos and paintings of Swiss Alps hide Switzerland articles History Timeline Enlargement Early history Roman era Old Confederacy ( Growth ) Reformation Early Modern era Napoleonic era Restoration World wars Modern history Geography Cantons Cities Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Areas Jura Mountains Swiss Alps Swiss plateau Politics Constitution Foreign relations Neutrality Government Administration Federal budget Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Parliament National Council Council of States Political parties Elections Voting Right of foreigners to vote Economy Banking Central bank Energy Franc ( currency ) Pharmaceutical industry Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Healthcare Immigration Languages German - speaking Switzerland French - speaking Switzerland Italian - speaking Switzerland Romansh Poverty Swiss people Women Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Folklore William Tell Helvetia Literature Media television Music Public holidays Religion Sport Outline Index Book Portal Geography portal Mountains portal Switzerland portal Coordinates : 46 ° 33 ′ 33 '' N 8 ° 33 ′ 41 '' E / 46.55917 ° N 8.56139 ° E / 46.55917 ; 8.56139 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_Alps&oldid=845089008 '' Categories : Alps Swiss Alps Mountain ranges of the Alps Mountain ranges of Europe Regions of Switzerland Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland Tourist attractions in Switzerland Hidden categories : HDS different on Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing Romansh - language text Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Papiamentu Português Română Scots Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 08 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how much of switzerland is covered by the alps	[ "The Alps cover 65% of Switzerland's total 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi) surface area, making it one of the most alpine countries. Despite the fact that Switzerland covers only 14% of the Alps total 192,753 square kilometres (74,422 sq mi) area,[2][3] 48 out of 82 alpine four-thousanders are located in the Swiss Alps and practically all{number(s) needed} of the remaining 34 are within 20 kilometres (12 mi) of the country's border.\n" ]	[ "65%" ]
622426084808803708	When Calls the Heart	When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season , which premiered with a two - hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018 , ending in April . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Characters 5 Production 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton ( Seasons 1 - 5 ) Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Josie Bissett as AJ Foster Characters ( edit ) This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired all five seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=842350049 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2018 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2018 All articles that are excessively detailed Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 21 : 52 . About Wikipedia	what season is when calls the heart on	[ "On April 24, 2017, Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season,[6] which premiered with a two-hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018, ending in April.[7] On March 21, 2018, Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season.[8]" ]	[ "sixth season" ]
-3424398992278373310	Bay of Pigs	Bay of Pigs - wikipedia Bay of Pigs Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the geographical location . For the 1961 invasion at the bay , see Bay of Pigs Invasion . For the 2009 EP by Destroyer , see Bay of Pigs ( EP ) . Not to be confused with Pig 's Bay . Coordinates : 22 ° 13 ′ N 81 ° 10 ′ W / 22.217 ° N 81.167 ° W / 22.217 ; - 81.167 Geographical location of the Bay of Pigs Bahia de Cochinos 1961 The Bay of Pigs ( Spanish : Bahía de Cochinos ) is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones located on the southern coast of Cuba . By 1910 , it was included in Santa Clara Province , and then instead to Las Villas Province by 1961 , but in 1976 , it was reassigned to Matanzas Province , when the original six provinces of Cuba were re-organized into 14 new Provinces of Cuba . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History 3 Etymology 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Geography ( edit ) This bay is approximately 30 kilometers South of Jagüey Grande , 70 kilometers west of the city of Cienfuegos , and 150 kilometers southeast from the capital city Havana . On the western side of the bay , coral reefs border the main Zapata Swamp , part of the Zapata Peninsula . On the eastern side , beaches border margins of firm ground with mangroves and extensive areas of swampland to the north and east . At the north end of the bay , the village of Buena Ventura is adjacent to Playa Larga ( Long Beach ) . 35 kilometers southeast of that , Playa Girón ( Giron Beach ) at the village of Girón , named after the notorious French pirate Gilberto Giron ( c. 1604 ) . Sunset on Playa Girón History ( edit ) Playa Girón and Playa Larga were the landing sites for seaborne forces of armed Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion , an American CIA - sponsored attempt to overthrow the new government of Cuban Prime Minister Fidel Castro in April 1961 . According to Fidel Castro 's former bodyguard , the late Juan Reinaldo Sánchez , Castro lived in great luxury and had a private island in the Bay of Pigs , replete with `` mansions , guest houses , a heliport , dolphinarium , turtle lagoon , his luxury yacht Aquarama -- a gift from Leonid Brezhnev -- and deep - sea fishing speedboat '' . Etymology ( edit ) In Cuban Spanish , cochinos may also mean the queen triggerfish ( Balistes vetula ) , which inhabits coral reefs in Bahía de Cochinos , not swine ( Sus scrofa ) . See also ( edit ) Geography of Cuba References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rodríguez Cruz 1999 , p. 115 . Jump up ^ `` i '' newspaper -- 3 June 2015 p. 12 Jump up ^ Claro , Rodolfo ; García - Arteaga , Juan P. ; Gobert , Bertrand ; Cantelar Ramos , Karel ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Tabla 2 . Pesos y tallas mínimos legales en Cuba y proporción de peces con tallas inferiores en las capturas con chinchorros y nasas de la empresa pesquera de Caibarién '' ( pdf ) . Situación actual de los recursos pesqueros del Archipiélago Sabana - Camagüey , Cuba . Invemar . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Common Names List - Balistes vetula '' . Fishbase.org . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rodríguez Cruz , Juan Carlos ( 1999 ) . Bay of Pigs and the CIA . Melbourne : Ocean Press . p. 212 . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 98 - 2 . Wyden , Peter . 1979 . Bay of Pigs -- The Untold Story . Simon and Schuster . New York . ISBN 0 - 671 - 24006 - 4 ISBN 0224017543 ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 24006 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bay of Pigs . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bay_of_Pigs&oldid=842688353 '' Categories : Geography of Matanzas Province Bays of Cuba Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 01 : 17 . About Wikipedia	where does the bay of pigs get its name	[ "In Cuban Spanish, cochinos may also mean the queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), which inhabits coral reefs in Bahía de Cochinos, not swine (Sus scrofa).[3][4]" ]	[ "queen triggerfish (Balistes vetula), which inhabits coral reefs in Bahía de Cochinos" ]
-1159785571145647688	History of the St. Louis Rams	History of the St. Louis Rams - wikipedia History of the St. Louis Rams Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) St. Louis Rams Established 1995 Ended 2015 Played in St. Louis , Missouri Headquartered in Earth City , Missouri Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- 2015 ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- 2015 ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Uniform Team colors Millenium Blue , New Century Gold , White Mascot Ramster ( 1995 ) Rampage ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Georgia Frontiere ( 1995 -- 2008 ) Chip Rosenbloom ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Lucia Rodriguez ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Stan Kroenke ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chairman Stan Kroenke ( 1995 -- 2010 ) Chip Rosenbloom ( 2010 -- 2015 ) General manager Steve Ortmayer ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Charley Armey ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Jay Zygmunt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Billy Devaney ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Les Snead ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Head coach Rich Brooks ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Mike Martz ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Joe Vitt ( 2005 ) Scott Linehan ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Jim Haslett ( 2008 ) Steve Spagnuolo ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Jeff Fisher ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Team history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 1942 , 1944 -- 1945 ) Suspended operations ( 1943 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 1994 , 2016 -- present ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Team nicknames The Greatest Show on Turf ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Championships League championships ( 1 ) 1999 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 1999 , 2001 Division championships ( 3 ) NFC West : 1999 , 2001 , 2003 Playoff appearances ( 5 ) NFL : 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 Home fields Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) The Dome at America 's Center ( 1995 -- 2015 ) This article is part of series of Rams NFL franchise history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 45 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 94 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 2016 -- present ) List of seasons The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis , Missouri , as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons . The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995 , which had been without a National Football League ( NFL ) team since the Cardinals moved to Phoenix , Arizona , in 1988 . The Rams ' first home game in St. Louis was at Busch Memorial Stadium against the New Orleans Saints on September 10 , 1995 , before the Trans World Dome ( later the Edward Jones Dome , and now known as The Dome at America 's Center ) was completed for their November 12 game against the Carolina Panthers . Their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17 , 2015 , which they won , 31 -- 23 . The Rams ' last game as a St. Louis - based club was on January 3 , 2016 , against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi 's Stadium , where they lost in overtime 19 -- 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Cardinals move to Arizona and begin new approach 1.2 The move to Anaheim 1.3 1990 -- 94 : Frontiere 's end game for the L.A. Rams 2 First years ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 3 1999 -- 2001 : The Greatest Show on Turf 3.1 1999 : Second Super Bowl appearance and Super Bowl champions 3.2 2000 : Wild card loss 3.3 2001 : Third Super Bowl appearance 4 2002 -- 14 : Struggles 4.1 2005 -- 10 : Playoff drought 4.2 2010 -- 14 : Sam Bradford & Jeff Fisher 5 Nick Foles and the final season in St. Louis 6 Stadium problems ; return relocation to Los Angeles 6.1 Stadium issues in St. Louis 6.1. 1 City of Champions Revitilization Initiative ; Los Angeles Entertainment Center 6.1. 2 Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings 7 Records 7.1 Key 7.2 Seasons 8 Notable players 8.1 Retired numbers 8.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 9 See also 10 External references 11 References 12 Bibliography Origins ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Cleveland Rams and History of the Los Angeles Rams Cardinals move to Arizona and begin new approach ( edit ) Further information : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) For 22 of their 28 years the St. Louis Cardinals called Busch Memorial Stadium home after it opened in 1966 , after spending their first six years in St. Louis at Sportsman 's Park ; they shared both stadiums with the baseball team of the same name . But the overall mediocrity of the Cardinals , combined with stadium issues , caused game attendance to dwindle . And once again the Bidwills , the family that owned the Cardinals , decided to move the team . ( They had moved the team from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960 . ) The cities they looked at included Baltimore , Phoenix , New York City , and Jacksonville . Nonetheless , Cardinals fans were unhappy at losing their team , and Bill Bidwill , fearing for his safety , stayed away from several of the 1987 home games . Their last home game was on December 13 , 1987 , in which the Cardinals won 27 -- 24 over the New York Giants in front of 29,623 fans on a late Sunday afternoon . Not long after the 1987 season , Bidwill agreed to move to the Phoenix area on a handshake deal with state and local officials , and the team became the Phoenix Cardinals . They planned to play at Arizona State University 's Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe on a temporary basis while a new stadium was being built . Unfortunately for the Cardinals , the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium , forcing the Cardinals to play at Arizona State for 18 years . The move to Anaheim ( edit ) Prior to the Rams ' 1979 Super Bowl season , owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned in an accident . His widow , Georgia Frontiere , inherited 70 % ownership of the team . Frontiere fired her step - son , Steve Rosenbloom , and assumed total control of the franchise . As had been planned prior to Carroll Rosenbloom 's death , the Rams moved from their longtime home at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to Anaheim Stadium in nearby Orange County in 1980 . The move was necessitated in part by the fact that the Coliseum was difficult to sell out because of its abnormally large seating capacity ( 100,000 ) , subjecting the team to the league 's local - market TV blackout rule , whenever home games did not sell out . Also , Southern California 's population patterns were changing ; there was rapid growth in L.A. 's affluent suburbs ( e.g. , greater Orange County ) and a decline in the city of Los Angeles ' citizenship and earning power . Anaheim Stadium was originally built in 1966 as the home of the California Angels Major League Baseball franchise . To accommodate the Rams ' move , the ballpark was reconfigured with luxury suites and enclosed to accommodate crowds of about 65,000 for football . In 1982 the Coliseum was occupied by the Los Angeles Raiders ( now the Oakland Raiders ) . The combined effect of these two factors was to force the Rams ' traditional fan base to be split between two teams . Making matters even worse , at this time the Rams were unsuccessful on the field , while the Raiders were thriving -- even winning Super Bowl XVIII in 1983 . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Lakers won championships in 1980 and 1982 en route to winning five titles in that decade , the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series in 1981 and 1988 , and the Los Angeles Kings made a deep run in the 1982 - 83 NHL playoffs . 1990 -- 94 : Frontiere 's end game for the L.A. Rams ( edit ) Although it was not apparent at the time , the Rams ' loss in the 1989 NFC Championship Game marked the end of an era . The Rams would not have another winning season in Los Angeles for the remainder of the century , and beyond . The first half of the 1990s featured four straight 10 - loss ( or worse ) seasons , no playoff appearances and waning fan interest . The return of Chuck Knox as head coach ( after his successful stints as head coach of the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks ) would not boost the Rams ' fortunes . Knox 's run - oriented offense brought about the end of offensive coordinator Ernie Zampese 's tenure in 1993 . General manager John Shaw was perceived by some to continually squander NFL Draft picks on sub-standard talent . The offensive scheme was not only unspectacular to watch , but dull by 1990s standards -- further alienating fans . One bright spot for the offense during this time would be running back Jerome Bettis , a bruising running back from Notre Dame . Bettis flourished in Knox 's offense , running for 1,429 yards as a rookie and 1,025 in his sophomore effort . Georgia Frontiere attempted to relocate the Rams to Baltimore , but her fellow owners turned that proposal down . Frontiere then sought to relocate the team to St. Louis . This move was initially voted down as well . The other owners ( led by Buffalo 's Ralph Wilson , the Jets ' Leon Hess , the Giants ' Wellington Mara , Washington 's Jack Kent Cooke , Arizona 's Bill Bidwill and Minnesota 's John Skoglund ) believed that the Rams ' financial problems were caused by the Frontieres ' mismanagement . When Frontiere threatened to sue the league , commissioner Paul Tagliabue acquiesced to Frontiere 's demands . As part of the relocation deal , the city of St. Louis agreed to build a taxpayer - financed stadium , the Trans World Dome , and guaranteed that the stadium 's amenities would be maintained in the top 25 % of all NFL stadiums . Frontiere waived the clause after a 10 - year threshold period passed , as the city implemented a later plan to improve the stadium . The move left many in the Los Angeles area , and many of those indifferent to the whole situation , embittered toward the NFL . That sentiment was best expressed by actor and ex-Ram Fred Dryer , who at the time said `` I hate these people ( the organization and its owner ) for what they did , taking the Rams logo with them when they moved to St. Louis . That logo belonged to Southern California . '' Steve Rosenbloom , general manager of the team during his father 's tenure as owner , opined that teams come and go , but for a team to leave Los Angeles -- the second largest media market in America -- for St. Louis ( approximately the 18th - largest ) was simply irresponsible and foolish , in spite of the notoriously fickle support of Los Angeles fans . With the Raiders moving from L.A. back to Oakland only a few months later , the NFL would have no franchise in Los Angeles for two decades , although the Coliseum was used for professional football in 2001 by the Los Angeles Xtreme of the now - defunct XFL . First years ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) While the Rams dealt with stadium concerns in Los Angeles , efforts were under way to regain an NFL franchise in St. Louis to play in a new domed stadium slated to open in 1995 . First , Anheuser - Busch scion Jim Orthwein tried , and ultimately failed , to move the New England Patriots to St. Louis . Then , despite being heavily favored along with Charlotte to win an expansion team , St. Louis lost to a group from Jacksonville , Florida . So certain , in fact , did it appear that St. Louis would gain an expansion franchise , that the team had a name selected -- the Stallions -- and T - shirts with the team 's logo were made very briefly available for sale at a number of St. Louis area sports shops . Just before moving to St. Louis , the Rams fired Knox and hired Rich Brooks , longtime successful football coach at the University of Oregon , to replace him . The team played its first several games in St. Louis at Busch Stadium ( the home of the NFL 's St. Louis Cardinals from 1966 until 1987 ) as work was finished on their new home , the Trans World Dome . Brooks jettisoned Knox 's run - oriented scheme in favor of a powerful air attack . Bettis all but disappeared from the offense , rushing for only 637 yards . Despite this , the Rams started off well , getting off to a 5 -- 1 start . However , a 44 -- 10 thumping by the 49ers in the last game at Busch Stadium sent the team into a downward spiral , and they ultimately finished 7 -- 9 -- still the closest they came to contention since 1989 . Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the season was that veteran offensive lineman and future Hall of Famer Jackie Slater played his 20th and final season with the team in its new St. Louis location . The next three years would largely be a repeat of the Rams ' last five years in Los Angeles . The team drafted highly touted Nebraska running back Lawrence Phillips with the sixth overall pick in the 1996 NFL Draft , making Bettis expendable . Bettis would be traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers in exchange for draft picks , a move now seen as one of the most lopsided trades in professional sports history , strongly favoring the Steelers . After regressing to 6 -- 10 in 1996 , Brooks was replaced by Dick Vermeil . Vermeil had enjoyed success as the head coach of UCLA ( where he won a Rose Bowl ) and the Philadelphia Eagles , whom he had led to Super Bowl XV . However , Vermeil left the Eagles after an unsuccessful 1982 season , claiming burnout , and proceeded to spend much of the next decade and a half as a college football commentator for ABC Sports . Vermeil 's first two seasons as Rams coach were as unsuccessful as many of the preceding seasons . Phillips was cut from the team mid-season in 1997 , cementing his status as a draft bust . The Rams ' struggles continued in 1998 , with the team nearing the end of a decade in which it compiled a dismal winning percentage that exceeded only that of the Cincinnati Bengals among NFL teams . 1999 -- 2001 : the Greatest show on Turf ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Show on Turf 1999 : second Super Bowl appearance and Super Bowl champions ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 1999 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 1999 -- 2000 NFL playoffs and Super Bowl XXXIV Finally in 1999 , there appeared to be reason for hope as the Rams obtained quarterback Trent Green and running back Marshall Faulk in two separate trades . But in the preseason Green would blow out his anterior cruciate ligament and miss the entire season . A tearful Vermeil vowed that the Rams would `` play good football '' behind Green 's backup , a 28 - year - old former Arena Football League Iowa Barnstormers and NFL Europe Amsterdam Admirals player named Kurt Warner . However , most observers believed Green 's injury set up the Rams for another long season of failure . Indeed , ESPN Magazine had predicted that the Rams would finish with the worst record in the league ( even below that of the expansion Cleveland Browns ) . Warner 's unexpected success was perhaps the biggest story of the 1999 NFL season . He proved to be the catalyst that would spark an explosive offense nicknamed `` The Greatest Show on Turf '' , capturing the NFL MVP award at season 's end . Green went on to become one of the most productive quarterbacks in the league after being acquired by Kansas City in 2001 . The 1999 NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award would go to Faulk . The 1999 St. Louis Rams were also noted for a colorful celebration conducted by their offensive players in the end zone after scoring a touchdown . The celebration , which involved a group of players standing in a circle and swaying their arms as a football spun like a top in the center of the circle , was known as the `` Bob ' N Weave . '' This type of `` premeditated and prolonged '' display was shortly thereafter subject to `` excessive celebration '' penalties installed by the league . After finishing the 1999 season 13 - 3 ( the franchise 's second - best regular season record ) , the Rams started out the playoffs by defeating the Minnesota Vikings 49 -- 37 to achieve their first NFC championship game since 1989 . The opponent would be the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , who proved successful in shutting down the Rams ' vaunted offense . Still , the Rams managed to win the game 11 - 6 , with the one touchdown coming on Warner 's 30 - yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl , who made an amazing one - handed catch . Proehl , a 10 - year NFL veteran who was in the playoffs for the first time in his NFL career , said after the game `` There are a lot of people who say there are 500 Ricky Proehls out there . I beg to differ . '' The Rams ' opponent in Super Bowl XXXIV would be the Tennessee Titans , who , like the Rams , had recently relocated from a major metropolis ( Houston , Texas ) to a mid-sized city ( Nashville , Tennessee ) . In a game that many consider the best Super Bowl ever , Tennessee played the Rams tough throughout , achieving a 16 - 16 tie with 2 : 12 left on an Al Del Greco field goal . On the next drive , Warner , who had been a clutch performer all season long , came through once again , connecting with Isaac Bruce for a 73 - yard touchdown pass on the first play of the drive to give the Rams a 23 - 16 lead with 1 : 53 to play . Tennessee then mounted a desperate , last - minute drive , reaching the St. Louis 10 - yard line with six seconds left and no timeouts . Titans quarterback Steve McNair threw to Kevin Dyson on a slant . Dyson caught the pass at the 3 - yard line but was stopped in a play known as `` The Tackle '' ; Rams linebacker Mike Jones brought Dyson down just 18 inches shy of the goal line , ending the game and giving the Rams and coach Dick Vermeil their first Super Bowl victory . Warner was named Super Bowl MVP . Following the Rams ' Super Bowl victory , Vermeil retired from football ( though he came back in 2001 as head coach of the Kansas City Chiefs ) and was replaced by offensive coordinator ( and apprentice ) Mike Martz . 2000 : Wild Card loss ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2000 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 2000 -- 01 NFL playoffs In Mike Martz 's first year as Rams head coach , the defending - champion Rams started the season by winning their first six games as they went 7 -- 1 in the first half of the season . However , their season started getting ugly . They went 3 -- 5 during the last half of the season , including a three - game skid . They still managed to get into the playoffs with a 10 -- 6 record and the NFC 's # 6 seed , but had to face the NFC West champion New Orleans Saints , the # 3 seed , in the Wild Card round . Playing at the Louisiana Superdome , the Rams ' 24th - ranked defense yielded New Orleans a 31 - 7 lead , but the Rams valiantly fought back , scoring three straight touchdowns . However , the comeback fell short as the Saints triumphed 31 - 28 , the first playoff win in New Orleans franchise history . 2001 : third Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see 2001 St. Louis Rams season . Further information : 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs and Super Bowl XXXVI In 2001 , the `` Max Q '' Rams went 14 - 2 ( including a spectacular 8 - 0 on the road ) , led not only by a sensational offense ( their third straight year of scoring 500 or more points ) , but a good defense as well , coached by Lovie Smith and led by Adam Archuleta . After easily handling Green Bay in the divisional playoffs , the Rams fought off a pesky Philadelphia Eagles team 29 - 24 to reach their second Super Bowl in three seasons . Their opponents in Super Bowl XXXVI would be the New England Patriots who , much as the Rams had had two years previous , had enjoyed a Cinderella playoff run , highlighted by a dramatic and controversial 16 - 13 divisional playoff win against the Oakland Raiders . The talent - laden Rams appeared to be primed to become the first pro football dynasty of the 21st century . However , despite being a 14 - point favorite , the Rams were dominated by the Patriots for most of the game . The Patriots chipped the Rams wideouts and running backs , disrupting their precision passing patterns . They also beat up Kurt Warner , forcing him into uncharacteristic mistakes , including an 47 - yard touchdown interception return by Ty Law . In the fourth quarter , the Rams mounted a comeback attempt . Two plays after an apparent game - clinching 95 - yard fumble return by the Patriots was reversed on a penalty , Kurt Warner scored on a two - yard keeper to bring the Rams to within seven points , 17 - 10 . After holding the Patriots on the next drive , the Rams were in much the same situation as they had been against Tennessee . Warner came through once again , quickly leading the Rams on a dramatic drive culminating in a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Ricky Proehl . The extra point by Jeff Wilkins tied the game at 17 with 90 seconds left . With the Patriots holding no timeouts and the Rams having seized the momentum , overtime seemed assured . Fox Sports commentator John Madden opined that the Patriots should run out the clock to end regulation time . But quarterback Tom Brady led the Patriots down the field , completing all but one pass ( an intentional spike to stop the clock ) before Adam Vinatieri 's last - second 48 - yard field goal defeated the Rams 20 - 17 . Super Bowl XXXVI later became part of the wider 2007 National Football League videotaping controversy , also known as `` Spygate '' . The Boston Herald reported , citing an unnamed source , that the Patriots had taped the Rams ' walkthrough practice prior to the game . After further investigation , the league determined that no tape of the Rams ' Super Bowl walkthrough was made , and the Herald later issued an apology in 2008 for the article . 2002 -- 14 : struggles ( edit ) Marc Bulger spent several seasons as the Rams quarterback . In 2002 , the Rams had a very disappointing 7 - 9 final record ( after starting out 0 - 5 ) . The silver lining was the emergence of young quarterback Marc Bulger , from West Virginia University , who , after Kurt Warner was injured , won every game in which he both started and finished . Though not as intriguing a story as Warner 's emergence in 1999 ( the season in which Trent Green was injured and Warner became the star quarterback ) , Bulger 's emergence was a highlight of the Rams ' 2002 NFL season , demonstrating Martz 's knack for developing lightly regarded or overlooked players into top - quality , productive quarterbacks . Also , the Rams gained two new divisional rivals in the NFC West thanks to a league - wide realignment that created eight new divisions of four teams each . One of these new rivals , the Arizona Cardinals , played in St. Louis from 1960 until the end of the 1987 season , and the other , the Seattle Seahawks , returned to the NFC for the first time since their inaugural 1976 season . In 2003 , Warner lost the starting job to Bulger after suffering six fumbles in the season opener against the New York Giants . Warner was released by the Rams in June 2004 and quickly signed a free agent contract with Giants , effectively ending the `` Greatest Show on Turf '' era . The 2003 season saw the Rams go 12 - 4 , winning the NFC West again . However , the Rams lost a crushing divisional - round defeat to the Carolina Panthers ( 29 - 23 in double overtime ) , who went on to become NFC champions . During the 2004 NFL Draft , the Rams used their first pick ( 24th overall ) to select running back Steven Jackson from Oregon State . The Rams began their 10th year in St. Louis at home , winning their home opener over the Arizona Cardinals 17 - 10 . They then lost the next two games : to the eventual NFC South champion Atlanta Falcons 34 - 17 , and to the New Orleans Saints at home 28 - 25 in overtime . The Rams got to 2 - 2 on the season with a 24 - 14 road victory over the San Francisco 49ers . In Week 5 , they defeated the Seattle Seahawks 33 - 27 on the road , as Bulger connected with Shaun McDonald for the 52 - yard winning score in overtime . Next came a home win over Tampa Bay , 28 - 21 before a road loss to the hapless Miami Dolphins , 31 - 14 . Following a Week 8 bye , the Rams lost to the defending champion Patriots at home 40 - 22 . The Rams then downed the Seahawks 23 - 12 but then lost their next games on the road , losing to the Buffalo Bills 37 - 17 and to the eventual NFC North champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 . The team rebounded with a 16 - 6 home win over the 49ers , but their playoff hopes continued to shrink with two more road losses , falling to the Carolina Panthers 20 - 7 and to the Cardinals 31 - 7 . At 6 - 8 , the Rams rallied for home wins against the Philadelphia Eagles ( 20 - 7 ) and the New York Jets ( 32 - 29 in overtime ) , snatching the NFC 's # 5 seed despite finishing with an 8 - 8 record . For the Wild Card round , the Rams faced the Seahawks for the third time . The visiting Rams took the lead on a 17 - yard Bulger touchdown pass to Cam Cleeland with just 2 : 11 left in regulation time and then held off the Seahawks on 4th and goal to earn a 27 - 20 victory . The Rams made NFL history by becoming the first team to go . 500 ( 8 - 8 ) in the regular season and then win a playoff game . However , St. Louis was thrashed in the divisional round by the Atlanta Falcons 47 - 17 . 2005 -- 10 : playoff drought ( edit ) The St. Louis Rams on offense during an away game against the San Francisco 49ers During the 2005 NFL Draft , the Rams used their first pick on OT Alex Barron from Florida State . They lost on the road in Week 1 to the 49ers , 28 - 25 , but rebounded with a 17 - 12 road win over Arizona and former Rams quarterback Kurt Warner . The Rams won their Week 3 home opener against the Titans 31 - 27 before dropping three straight games . In Week 5 , Martz was diagnosed with an infection in his heart , and Joe Vitt was named interim head coach . In Vitt 's first game at the helm , Bulger sprained an AC joint in a loss to Indianapolis . Replacement quarterback Jamie Martin then led the team to home victories against the Saints ( 28 - 17 ) and Jaguars ( 24 - 21 ) . After a Week 9 bye , Bulger returned but the Rams fell in Seattle 31 - 16 . The Rams next lost a rematch to the Cardinals , with Bulger suffering another shoulder injury . Against Houston , Martin was knocked out of the game with a concussion , giving rookie Ryan Fitzpatrick his first playing time in the NFL . The Rams won 33 -- 27 in overtime on a 56 - yard touchdown strike from Fitzpatrick to receiver Kevin Curtis . However , they lost their next four games . Martin and the Rams managed to end their disastrous season on a positive note , beating Dallas on the road in ESPN 's final Sunday night game . Martz was fired at season 's end . Despite having a talent - laden roster , the Rams ' front - office dysfunction had traveled from California to Missouri . With team president John Shaw remaining in Los Angeles after the relocation , president of football operations Jay Zygmunt clashed with head coach Martz , including an incident in which Zygmunt prevented the ill Martz from phoning in a play to his offensive coordinator . Poor draft choices and mediocre records began to pile up for the once - budding dynasty as the post-Martz era found the Rams in chaos . Hoping to regain control within the franchise , the Rams hired former Dolphins offensive coordinator Scott Linehan as head coach on January 19 , 2006 . On January 24 , Jim Haslett , the former head coach of the Saints , signed a three - year deal as defensive coordinator . Following the 2007 season , Georgia Frontiere died on January 18 , 2008 after having owned the team for 28 years . Ownership of the team passed to her son Dale `` Chip '' Rosenbloom and daughter Lucia Rodriguez . Rosenbloom was named the new Rams majority owner . Linehan was fired on September 29 , 2008 , after the team started the 0 - 4 , and Haslett took over as interim head coach for the rest of the season . In late December , Shaw and Zygmunt both resigned and Billy Devaney was promoted to general manager . Middle linebacker James Laurinaitis Steve Spagnuolo was named head coach in January 2009 . Spagnuolo had masterminded the Giants ' defensive scheme that shut down the previously undefeated New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII . As the 2009 season began , conservative talk show host Rush Limbaugh put in an offer to buy the Rams , but his controversial televised comments about Eagles quarterback Donovan McNabb in 2003 led the league to force Limbaugh to drop his plans . In spite of his success with the Giants , Spagnuolo 's first season as Rams head coach was terribly disappointing as the team went 1 - 15 , beginning with a shutout at the hands of the Seahawks . The team 's lone victory came in Week 8 over the 2 - 14 Detroit Lions . However , Spagnuolo was not fired after his poor first season . On May 31 , 2009 , the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that majority owners Rosenbloom and Rodriguez officially offered their majority share of Rams for sale . They retained the services of Goldman Sachs , a prominent investment banking firm , to help facilitate the sale of the Rams by evaluating bids and soliciting potential buyers . The sale price was unknown , but at the time Forbes estimated the team 's value at $929 million . On the final day to do so , then - minority owner Stan Kroenke invoked his right of first refusal to buy the 60 % of the team that he did not already own . The original intended buyer , Shahid Khan , would later acquire the Jaguars after the 2011 season . Pursuant to NFL rules , owners are prohibited from owning other sports teams in the same market . At the time of purchase , Kroenke , a real estate and sports mogul married to a Walmart heir ( d / b / a Kroenke Sports Enterprises ) , owned the Denver Nuggets , the Colorado Avalanche , the Colorado Rapids , the Pepsi Center ( home to the Nuggets and Avalanche ) and Altitude Sports and Entertainment . These interests violated the NFL 's cross-ownership rule . Nevertheless , on August 25 , 2010 , NFL owners unanimously approved Kroenke as the owner of the franchise contingent upon his eventual divestment of his Colorado sports interests . Kroenke complied with the rule when he transferred ownership of the Nuggets , the Avalanche , the Pepsi Center and the Altitude to his son Josh . Rams ' all - time leading rusher running back Steven Jackson 2010 -- 14 : Sam Bradford & Jeff Fisher ( edit ) Sam Bradford became the quarterback of the Rams in 2010 . For having the NFL 's worst record at 1 - 15 in 2009 , the Rams earned the # 1 overall pick in the 2010 NFL Draft and used it to acquire University of Oklahoma quarterback Sam Bradford . Bradford was the main focus of the 2010 offseason . In order to make room for the new QB , Keith Null and several other unproductive players were cut from the roster . The Rams lost their season opener against the Cardinals with Bradford throwing three interceptions , including one on the last play of the game . They recorded their first win by beating Washington and ending a 14 - game home - losing streak in Week 3 . In Week 4 , the Rams ended a 10 - game losing streak against Seattle , 20 - 3 . After being trounced 44 - 6 by Detroit , they returned home in Week 6 to beat San Diego 20 - 17 . Bradford continued to show promise through the season despite struggling from his inexperience . Despite a 7 - 8 record , the Rams had a chance to win the NFC West when they traveled to 6 - 9 Seattle for a prime - time matchup . However , the Seahawks won the game and the division , 16 - 6 . Bradford went on to win the 2010 Offensive Rookie of the Year award . The 2011 season started disastrously , with the Rams opening 0 - 6 , finally winning an improbable victory over the Saints in Week 8 . The team finished 2 - 14 , with their only other win being a Week 10 victory over Cleveland . Bradford missed half the season with an ankle injury , and the Rams ' offense was rated the worst in the league . At the conclusion of a poor 2011 , Spagnulo and nearly all of the coaching staff were fired except offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels , who was asked by the New England Patriots to return during the playoffs ( he had been an assistant coach there prior to his disastrous stint as Denver Broncos head coach in 2009 ) . The Rams then hired head coach Jeff Fisher , who had led the Tennessee Titans in their Super Bowl XXXIV loss to the Rams 12 years earlier . Fisher would then influence the hiring of new GM Les Snead and an all - new coaching staff including offensive coordinator Brian Schottenheimer and defensive coordinator Gregg Williams . Williams was eventually suspended for the entire 2012 season for his part in the Saints bounty scandal . Despite the 2011 fiasco , the Rams continued with their plans to rebuild the team around Bradford and convinced the Redskins to give up two first - round draft picks and one second - round draft pick in exchange for the Rams ' # 2 overall pick . This moved the Rams down to the # 6 pick in the 2012 NFL Draft , which they in turn traded to Dallas , but were left with an abundance of others for future use . Following the draft , they signed undrafted Oregon State punter Johnny Hekker , who would become a Pro Bowl - caliber player . The Rams started 2012 with low hopes , but the draft trade with Washington confirmed Bradford would be their quarterback of the future . The team then surprised some by starting off 3 - 2 , their first winning record since 2006 . They then lost three straight , but rebounded with a solid 4 - 4 - 1 finish , including a 24 - 24 road tie with eventual NFC champion San Francisco , to finish 7 - 8 - 1 , a five - game improvement over 2011 and an impressive 4 - 1 - 1 record in the very competitive NFC West . In 2013 , the Rams finished with a 7 - 9 record . In the 2014 season , their 20th in St. Louis , the team would again miss the playoffs with a 6 - 10 record . Bradford missed the entire 2014 season with an injury , allowing Shaun Hill and Austin Davis opportunities at quarterback . Nick Foles and the final season in St. Louis ( edit ) On March 10 , 2015 , the Rams were involved in a rare trade of starting quarterbacks as they traded Bradford along with a fifth - round pick in 2015 to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for the Eagles ' Nick Foles along with a fourth - round pick in 2015 and a second round pick in 2016 . Foles had a 14 - 4 record as starter and an impressive TD - INT ratio of 46 - 17 , while Bradford had an 18 - 30 - 1 record . On the day of the 2015 draft the Rams traded Zac Stacy , the Rams ' 2013 rushing leader , for a 7th round pick to the Jets . The Rams opened their 2015 season at home against Seattle . In Foles ' Rams debut , he threw for 297 yards and a touchdown . Following the dramatic win , Foles struggled against his former divisional rival , the Redskins as the Rams lost 24 - 10 . Foles ' accuracy improved the following week but he threw no touchdowns and his first interception as a Ram against the Steelers , dropping the team to 1 - 2 . Following the two losses Foles bounced back , handing the unbeaten Cardinals their first loss of the season . After that game , Foles ' problems with turnovers from 2014 started to show , as he completed 11 passes out of 30 for 141 yards , 1 touchdown , and a career - high 4 interceptions against the Green Bay Packers . On November 16 , Foles was benched in favor of Case Keenum , who would start the remainder of the season . Leading the team through their turbulence was rookie RB Todd Gurley . Gurley was drafted 10th overall in the 2015 NFL Draft . Gurley , who tore his ACL his November 2014 , saw his rehabilitation go ahead of schedule and during the team 's preseason , while he did not play , he practiced without pads on . Soon after , Gurley was medically cleared for full contact by St. Louis team physicians . On Sept 27 , 2015 , he made his NFL debut against the Pittsburgh Steelers . He was eased into action and finished the game with 6 rushes for 9 yards . The following week , the Rams visited undefeated Arizona for an NFC west divisional matchup . Again Gurley started slow with just 2 yards at halftime , but rushed for 144 yards in the second half as the Rams edged the Cardinals 24 - 22 . The next three games against the Packers , Browns , and 49ers would see Gurley rush for at least 128 rushing yards per game . He scored his first NFL touchdown on Oct 25th , 2015 against the Cleveland Browns . With 566 yards in his first four NFL starts , Gurley became the most prolific rusher in his first four NFL games since the AFL -- NFL merger . In Week 15 , Gurley became the third rookie in Rams history to rush for 1,000 yards in a season after Jerome Bettis and Eric Dickerson in the Rams 31 - 23 victory over the Buccaneers. and in their 23 - 17 victory over the Seattle Seahawks and becoming the second Rams rookie to rush for 1,000 yards and 10 touchdowns since Eric Dickerson in 1983 . The Rams played their final home game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , on December 17 , 2015 . While the Edward Jones Dome was not at sell out capacity , a sizeable group of Rams fans attended the game , holding signs that read `` Keep the Rams in St. Louis . '' Enthusiastic chants of `` Keep the Rams '' and `` Kroenke Sucks '' were heard during and after the game . Despite offensive production from Tampa Bay , the Rams still managed a 31 - 23 victory with Case Keenum throwing for 234 yards and 2 touchdowns , Todd Gurley rushing 48 yards , Tavon Austin rushing 32 yards and a touchdown , Kenny Britt receiving for 71 yards and 1 touchdown , and Jared Cook receiving for 64 yards . The Rams offense dominated this game as well the defense also put pressure on the Buccaneers quarterback Jameis Winston . On December 22 , 2015 , Todd Gurley along with fellow Rams players Aaron Donald and Johnny Hekker were selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl . Gurley was one of three rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl , along with Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters and Seahawks wide receiver and kick returner Tyler Lockett . The Rams concluded their season with two road games in the West , winning 23 - 17 against the Seahawks and losing 19 - 16 in overtime against the 49ers . Overall , the team finished their final season in St. Louis with a 7 - 9 record . Stadium problems ; return relocation to Los Angeles ( edit ) Main article : Edward Jones Dome § Future This article is part of series of Rams NFL franchise history Cleveland Rams ( 1936 -- 45 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1946 -- 94 ) St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Rams ( 2016 -- present ) List of seasons Stadium issues in St. Louis ( edit ) The Rams and the St. Louis CVC began negotiating a deal to get the Rams ' home stadium , the Edward Jones Dome , into the top 25 percent of stadiums in the league ( i.e. , top eight of 32 NFL teams , in reference to luxury boxes , amenities and overall fan experience ) . Under the terms of the lease agreement , the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005 . However , then - owner Georgia Frontiere waived this provision , in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city 's noncompliance . The City of St. Louis , in subsequent years , did make changes to the scoreboard and increased the natural lighting by replacing panels with windows , although the overall feel remained dark . The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement , thus keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty . On February 1 , 2013 , an three - panel arbitrator selected to preside over the arbitration process found that the Edward Jones Dome was not in the top 25 percent of all NFL venues , as required under the terms of the lease agreement between the Rams and the CVC . The arbitrator further found that the estimated $700 million in proposed renovations by the Rams was not unreasonable , given the terms of the lease agreement . Finally , the City of St. Louis was ordered to pay the Rams ' attorney fees which totaled a reported $2 million . Publicly , no interest was expressed by city , county and state officials in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome , in light of those entities ( and taxpayers ) continuing to owe approximately $300 million on the facility . A resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season ; therefore , with the City of St. Louis remaining in non-compliance with its obligations under the lease agreement , the Rams were free to nullify the lease and change to a year - to - year lease . Months later , the Rams scheduled a game to be played in London , violating the Edward Jones Dome 's terms of lease . City of champions revitilization initiative ; Los Angeles Entertainment Center ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park On January 31 , 2014 , both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood , California for a purchase price rumored to be between $90 million and $100 million . Commissioner Roger Goodell represented that Mr. Kroenke informed the league of the purchase . As an NFL owner , any purchase of land in which a potential stadium could be built must be disclosed to the league . Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site , in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238 - acre Hollywood Park site , Stockbridge Capital Group . This development further fueled rumors that the Rams intended to return its management and football operations to Southern California . The land had been originally intended for a Walmart Supercenter , but Walmart could not get the necessary permits to build it . Kroenke is married to Ann Walton Kroenke , who is a member of the Walton family , and many of Kroenke 's real estate deals have involved Walmart properties . On January 5 , 2015 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were partnering up to develop a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke . The project includes a stadium of 80,000 seats , and a performance venue of 6,000 seats , while reconfiguring the previously approved Hollywood Park plan for up to 890,000 square feet of retail , 780,000 square feet of office space , 2,500 new residential units , a 300 - room hotel and 25 acres of public parks , playgrounds , open space and pedestrian and bicycle access . The stadium was projected to be ready by 2018 . In lieu of this , St. Louis countered with a stadium plan for the north riverfront area of downtown , with the hope of keeping the Rams in the city . On February 24 , 2015 , the Inglewood City Council approved the stadium plan and the initiative , and construction began on the new stadium on December 21 , 2015 on the former Hollywood Park site . Filing for relocation ; Houston meetings ( edit ) On January 4 , 2016 , the St. Louis Rams filed for relocation to move to the Los Angeles area for the 2016 NFL season . They were among three teams ( the others being the Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers ) that had filed for relocation to Los Angeles . All three franchises had previously played in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . Weeks later , the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 to decide which teams , if any , would win relocation rights to Los Angeles . A few days before the scheduled owners meeting , Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the Rams and Chargers share Stan Kroenke 's Los Angeles Entertainment Center . This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings . During the Los Angeles meeting , the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities , which consists of six NFL owners , favored the Carson project over the Rams ' Inglewood project . However , in the first round of voting , the Inglewood proposal got the greater amount of votes ( 21 ) while the Carson project received far fewer ( 11 ) . This , however , did not meet the required threshold of 24 votes . In the second round of voting , the Inglewood proposal got 20 votes while the Carson proposal got 12 . After hours of trying to reach a compromise , the Rams succeeded and announced their relocation to Los Angeles , effectively ending the team 's 21 - year tenure in St. Louis . The Chargers organisation was given the first option to join the Rams after a year ( if they failed to reach a new stadium deal with the city of San Diego ) ; the Chargers exercised this option on January 12 , 2017 , making Los Angeles once again a two - NFL franchise city . ( If the Chargers had declined to exercise this option , then the Raiders would have had this option ) . Records ( edit ) Key ( edit ) The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Regular and postseason records are combined only at the bottom of the list . NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth One - Game Playoff Berth Seasons ( edit ) Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties St. Louis Rams 1995 1995 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC West 3rd 6 10 0 1997 1997 NFL NFC West 5th 5 11 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC West 5th 12 0 1999 1999 NFL NFC West 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 49 -- 37 Won Conference Championship ( Buccaneers ) 11 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XXXIV ( 3 ) ( vs. Titans ) 23 -- 16 Dick Vermeil ( COY ) Kurt Warner ( MVP ) / ( SB MVP ) Marshall Faulk ( OPOY ) 2000 2000 NFL NFC West 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( at Saints ) 28 -- 31 Marshall Faulk ( MVP ) / ( OPOY ) 2001 2001 NFL NFC West 1st 14 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 45 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 29 -- 24 Lost Super Bowl XXXVI ( vs. Patriots ) 17 -- 20 Kurt Warner ( MVP ) Marshall Faulk ( OPOY ) 2002 2002 NFL NFC West 2nd 7 9 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC West 1st 12 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 23 -- 29 ( 2OT ) NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( at Seahawks ) 27 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( at Falcons ) 17 -- 47 2005 2005 NFL NFC West 2nd 6 10 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC West 2nd 8 8 0 2007 2007 NFL NFC West 4th 13 0 2008 2008 NFL NFC West 4th 14 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC West 4th 15 0 NFL NFC West 2nd 7 9 0 Sam Bradford ( OROY ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC West 4th 14 0 2012 2012 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 8 2013 2013 NFL NFC West 4th 7 9 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC West 4th 6 10 0 Aaron Donald ( DROY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC West 3rd 7 9 0 Todd Gurley ( OROY ) Total 3 Division Titles 2 Conference Titles Super Bowl XXXIV win 142 193 ( regular season ) 6 0 ( playoffs ) 148 197 ( regular season and playoffs ) The St. Louis Rams have played a total of 336 Regular Season Games and 10 Playoff Games ( 346 Games ) Notable players ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Numbers that have been retired by the Rams ( Includes Players who Played in St. Louis Only ) : St. Louis Rams retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 28 Marshall Faulk RB 1999 -- 2005 78 Jackie Slater OT 1976 -- 95 80 Isaac Bruce WR 1994 -- 2007 Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) St. Louis Rams Hall of Famers No . Player Class Position ( s ) Tenure 36 Jerome Bettis 2015 RB 1993 -- 1995 76 Orlando Pace 2016 OT 1997 -- 2008 28 Marshall Faulk 2011 RB 1999 -- 2006 78 Jackie Slater 2001 OT 1976 -- 1995 13 Kurt Warner 2017 QB 1998 - 2003 See also ( edit ) History of the Cleveland Rams History of the Los Angeles Rams History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) St. Louis Gunners St. Louis All - Stars External references ( edit ) stlouisrams.com ( 2013 archive ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ T.J. Simers ( April 13 , 1995 ) . `` NFL Owners OK Rams ' Move to St. Louis '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 15 trades in NFL history '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tomase , John ( 2008 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Source : Pats Employee Filmed Rams '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on 6 February 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Goodell : Walsh says Pats did n't have Super Bowl walk - through tape '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Apology '' . Boston Herald . 2008 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len ( Jan. 19 , 2006 ) . Rams to hire Miami coordinator Linehan as coach . ESPN.com . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( Jan. 23 , 2006 ) . Linehan led the Rams to a 3 -- 13 record the following year. Haslett Hired as Defensive Coordinator , Olson Offensive Coordinator Archived 2006 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine ... The Official Website of the St. Louis Rams . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ Clayton , John ( Jan 24 , 2006 ) . Haslett signs on as Rams defensive coordinator . ESPN.com . Retrieved 13 September 2006 Jump up ^ `` Former Rams owner Frontiere dies . '' . MSNBC.com Sports . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Future ownership of Rams in doubt '' . Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeff ( March 25 , 2008 ) . `` Core must carry Rams through season of change '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Jump up ^ Coats , Bill ( 2008 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Shaw steps down , Devaney is promoted by St. Louis Rams '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Miklasz , Bernie ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` St. Louis Rams soon will be put up for sale '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations : # 23 St Louis Rams '' . Forbes . September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kroenke opts to try to buy Rams '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Burke , Chris ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` St. Louis Rams select Todd Gurley No. 10 in 2015 NFL draft '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Gurley sets mark for most yards in first four starts '' . `` ESPN '' . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ; Vincent , Roger ( 5 January 2015 ) . `` Owner of St. Louis Rams plans to build NFL stadium in Inglewood '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagoner , Nick ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stan Kroenke buys 60 acres in L.A. '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piper , Brandie ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Report : Rams owner bought 60 acres of land in Calif . '' . KSDK . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` A return of L.A. Rams ? Owner is said to buy possible stadium site '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Rams to relocate to L.A. ; Chargers first option to join '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rams to Return to Los Angeles '' . St. Louis Rams . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The team had new logo featuring the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial for this season to honor the move to St. Louis Jump up ^ This game featured The Tackle . ^ Jump up to : 1995 - 2016 Bibliography ( edit ) Everson , Linda ( 1995 ) . St. Louis Rams Facts & Trivia . South Bend : The E.B. Houchin Company . ISBN 0 - 938313 - 13 - 4 Hession , Joseph ( 1987 ) . The Rams : Five Decades of Football . San Francisco : Foghorn Press . Hunstein , Jim ( 2000 ) . How ' Bout Them Rams ; A Guide to Rams Football History . St. Louis : Palmerston & Reed . ISBN 0 - 911921 - 62 - 1 LaBlanc , Michael L. ; with Ruby , Mary K. ( 1994 ) . Professional Sports Team Histories : Football . Detroit : Gale Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8861 - 8 Levy , Alan H. ( 2003 ) . Tackling Jim Crow , Racial Segregation in Professional Football . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland and Co. , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1597 - 5 Littlewood , Thomas B. ( 1990 ) . Arch : A Promoter , not a Poet : The Story of Arch Ward . Ames , Iowa : Iowa State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0277 - 6 Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday , A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 MacCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Anchor Books ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 48143 - 6 McDonough , Will ( 1994 ) . 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League . Atlanta : Turner Publishing , Inc . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 056 - 1 Peterson , Robert W. ( 1997 ) . Pigskin : The Early Years of Pro Football . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507607 - 9 Ross , Charles K. ( 1999 ) . Outside the Lines : African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League . New York : New York Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 7495 - 4 Strode , Woody ; with Young , Sam ( 1990 ) . Goal Dust . Lanham , Maryland : Madison Books . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 7680 - X Sullivan , George ( 1968 ) . Pro Football 's All Time Greats . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . p. 23 -- 28 . Willis , Chris ( 2010 ) . The Man Who Built the National Football League : Joe F. Carr . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7669 - 9 Los Angeles Rams Founded in 1936 Played in Cleveland ( 1936 -- 45 ) and St. Louis ( 1995 -- 2015 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Headquartered in Thousand Oaks , California Franchise Franchise History in Cleveland in St. Louis Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Statistics Broadcasters Awards Stadiums Cleveland Stadium League Park Shaw Stadium Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Anaheim Stadium Busch Stadium Edward Jones Dome Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park ( under construction ) Culture Rampage Cheerleaders Heaven Can Wait ( film ) Melonheads Carroll Rosenbloom John Ramsey Lore The Greatest Show on Turf Bull Elephant backfield Fearsome Foursome Rivalries San Francisco 49ers Kansas City Chiefs Retired numbers 7 28 29 74 75 78 80 85 Division championships ( 13 ) 1967 1969 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1985 1999 2001 2003 Conference championships ( 8 ) 1945 1949 1950 1951 1955 1979 1999 2001 League championships ( 3 ) 1945 1951 1999 ( XXXIV ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1937 -- present ) Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1936 ) Seasons ( 81 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold St. Louis Rams Super Bowl XXXIV champions 2 Mike Horan 9 Joe Germaine 10 Trent Green 11 Rick Tuten 13 Kurt Warner ( MVP ) 14 Jeff Wilkins 16 Paul Justin 20 Taje Allen 21 Dexter McCleon 22 Billy Jenkins 23 Devin Bush 24 Ron Carpenter 25 Robert Holcombe 26 Clifton Crosby 28 Marshall Faulk 31 Amp Lee 32 Dré Bly 33 Derrick Harris 35 Keith Lyle 36 Justin Watson 38 Rich Coady 41 Todd Lyght 42 James Hodgins 45 Jeff Robinson 50 Ryan Tucker 51 Lorenzo Styles 52 Mike Jones 54 Todd Collins 56 Charlie Clemons 57 Leonard Little 58 Mike Morton 59 London Fletcher 60 Mike Gruttadauria 61 Tom Nütten 62 Adam Timmerman 63 John Flannery 64 Andy McCollum 71 Cameron Spikes 73 Fred Miller 75 D'Marco Farr 76 Orlando Pace 77 Matt Willig 80 Isaac Bruce 81 Az - Zahir Hakim 82 Tony Horne 83 Chris Thomas 84 Ernie Conwell 86 Roland Williams 87 Ricky Proehl 88 Torry Holt 89 Chad Lewis 90 Jeff Zgonina 91 Troy Pelshak 92 Lionel Barnes 93 Kevin Carter 95 Nate Hobgood - Chittick 96 Jay Williams 98 Grant Wistrom 99 Ray Agnew Head coach : Dick Vermeil Coaches : Steve Brown John Bunting Sam Clark Frank Gansz Peter Giunta Carl Hairston Jim Hanifan Todd Howard Mike Martz John Matsko Wilbert Montgomery John Ramsdell Al Saunders Lynn Stiles Mike White Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_St._Louis_Rams&oldid=804587672 '' Categories : St. Louis Rams History of the Los Angeles Rams Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the rams football team moving to	[ "The professional American football franchise now known as the Los Angeles Rams played in St. Louis, Missouri, as the St. Louis Rams from the 1995 through the 2015 seasons. The Rams franchise relocated from Los Angeles to St. Louis in 1995, which had been without a National Football League (NFL) team since the Cardinals moved to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988. The Rams' first home game in St. Louis was at Busch Memorial Stadium against the New Orleans Saints on September 10, 1995, before the Trans World Dome (later the Edward Jones Dome, and now known as The Dome at America's Center) was completed for their November 12 game against the Carolina Panthers. Their last game played at the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis was against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on December 17, 2015, which they won, 31–23. The Rams' last game as a St. Louis-based club was on January 3, 2016, against the San Francisco 49ers at Levi's Stadium, where they lost in overtime 19–16." ]	[ "Los Angeles" ]
4496760972142935699	Three-point field goal	Three - point field goal - wikipedia Three - point field goal Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Field goal ( American and Canadian football ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sara Giauro shoots a three - point shot at the 2007 FIBA Europe Cup Women 's Finals Stephen Curry currently holds the record for most three - point field goals in an NBA regular season with 402 . A three - point field goal ( also called a three - pointer ) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three - point line , a designated arc surrounding the basket . A successful attempt is worth three points , in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three - point line and the one point for each made free throw . The distance from the basket to the three - point line varies by competition level : in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) the arc is 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) from the basket ; in FIBA and the WNBA ( the latter uses FIBA 's three - point line standard ) the arc is 6.75 metres or 22 feet 1 ⁄ inches from the basket ; and in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) the arc is 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) from the basket . In the NBA and FIBA / WNBA , the three - point line becomes parallel to each sideline at the points where the arc is 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) from each sideline ; as a result the distance from the basket gradually decreases to a minimum of 22 feet ( 6.71 m ) . In the NCAA the arc is continuous for 180 ° around the basket . There are more variations ( see main article ) . In 3x3 , a FIBA - sanctioned variant of the half - court 3 - on - 3 game , the `` three - point '' line exists , but shots from behind the line are only worth 2 points . All other shots are worth 1 point . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rule specifications 3 Related concepts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The three - point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule . At the direction of Abe Saperstein , the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961 . Its three - point line was a radius of 25 feet ( 7.62 m ) from the baskets , except along the sides . The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963 -- 64 season . The three - point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967 -- 68 season . Then commissioner of the ABA George Mikan stated the three - pointer `` would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans . '' During the 1970s , the ABA used the three - point shot , along with the slam dunk , as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The official scorer 's report showing the first made three - point field goal in NBA history . In the 1979 -- 80 season , after having tested it in the previous pre-season , the NBA adopted the three - point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick . Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three - point shot in NBA history on October 12 , 1979 . Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day . The sport 's international governing body , FIBA , introduced the three - point line in 1984 , at a distance of 6.25 m ( 20 ft 6 in ) . The NCAA 's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three - point rule , adopting a 22 - foot ( 6.71 m ) line for the 1980 -- 81 season . Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three - point field goal in college basketball history on November 29 , 1980 . Over the following five years , NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three - pointer . The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in ( 5.41 m ) in the Atlantic Coast Conference , and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference . Used in conference play , it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986 -- 87 men 's season at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) , and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987 . In the same 1986 -- 87 season , the NCAA adopted the three - pointer in women 's basketball on an experimental basis , using the same 19 ft 9 in distance , and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987 -- 88 . In 2007 , the NCAA lengthened the men 's three - point distance to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) , with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008 -- 09 season . The NCAA women 's three - point distance was moved to match the men 's distance in 2011 -- 12 . American high schools , along with elementary and middle schools , adopted a 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) line nationally in 1987 , a year after the NCAA . During the 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , and 1996 -- 97 seasons , the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in ( 7.24 m ) ( 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) at the corners ) to a uniform 22 ft ( 6.71 m ) around the basket . From the 1997 -- 98 season on , the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in ( 22 ft at the corners , with a 3 inch differential ) . Ray Allen is currently the NBA all - time leader in career made three - pointers with 2,973 . In 2008 , FIBA announced that the distance would be increased by 50 cm ( 19.69 in ) to 6.75 m ( 22 ft 1 ⁄ in ) , with the change being phased in beginning in October 2010 . In December 2012 , the WNBA announced that it would be using FIBA 's distance , too , as of the 2013 season . The NBA has discussed adding a four - point line , according to president Rod Thorn . Rule specifications ( edit ) A three - point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket , and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc . In the NBA and FIBA standard , the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline . The three - point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline . The unusual formation of the three - point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three - point shot at the corners of the court ; the arc would be less than 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc . In the NCAA and American high school standards , the arc spans 180 ° around the basket , then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline ( 5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres ) . The distance of the three - point line to the center of the hoop varies by level : Arc radius Minimum distance from sidelines National Basketball Association 23 feet 9 inches ( 7.24 m ) 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) FIBA ( also used by WNBA ) 6.75 meters ( 22 ft 2 in ) 0.90 meters ( 2 ft 11 in ) National Collegiate Athletic Association 20 feet 9 inches ( 6.32 m ) 4 feet 3 inches ( 1.30 m ) American High school basketball 19 feet 9 inches ( 6.02 m ) 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) A player 's feet must be completely behind the three - point line at the time of the shot or jump in order to make a three - point attempt ; if the player 's feet are on or in front of the line , it is a two - point attempt . A player is allowed to jump from outside the line and land inside the line to make a three - point attempt , as long as the ball is released in mid-air . An official raises his / her arm with three fingers extended to signal the shot attempt . If the attempt is successful , he / she raises his / her other arm with all fingers fully extended in manner similar to a football official signifying successful field goal to indicate the three - point goal . The official must recognize it for it to count as three points . Instant replay has sometimes been used , depending on league rules . The NBA , WNBA , FIBA and the NCAA specifically allow replay for this purpose . In NBA , FIBA , and WNBA games , video replay does not have to occur immediately following a shot ; play can continue and the officials can adjust the scoring later in the game , after reviewing the video . However , in late game situations , play may be paused pending a review . If a shooter is fouled while attempting a three - pointer and subsequently misses the shot , the shooter is awarded three free - throw attempts . If a player completes a three - pointer while being fouled , the player is awarded one free - throw for a possible 4 - point play . Conceivably , if a player completed a three - pointer while being fouled , and that foul was ruled as either a Flagrant 1 or a Flagrant 2 foul , the player would be awarded two free throws for a possible 5 - point play . Related concepts ( edit ) Major League Lacrosse features a two - point line which forms a 15 - yard ( 14 m ) arc around the front of the goal . Shots taken from behind this line count for two points , as opposed to the standard one point . In gridiron football , a standard field goal is worth three points ; various professional and semi-pro leagues have experimented with four - point field goals . NFL Europe and the Stars Football League adopted a rule similar to basketball 's three - point line in which an additional point was awarded for longer field goals ; in both leagues any field goal of 50 yards ( 46 m ) or more was worth four points . The Arena Football League awards four points for any successful drop kicked field goal ( like the three - point shot , the drop kick is more challenging than a standard place kick , as the bounce of the ball makes a kick less predictable , and arena football also uses narrower goal posts for all kicks than the outdoor game does ) . During the existence of the World Hockey Association in the 1970s , there were proposals for two - point hockey goals for shots taken beyond an established distance ( one proposal was a 44 - foot ( 13.4 m ) arc , which would have intersected the faceoff circles ) , but this proposal gained little support and faded after the WHA merged with the NHL . It was widely believed that long - distance shots in hockey had little direct relation to skill ( usually resulting more from goalies ' vision being screened or obscured ) , plus with the lower scoring intrinsic to the sport a two - point goal was seen as disruptive of the structure of the game . The Super Goal is a similar concept in Australian rules football , in which a 50 - meter ( 55 yd ) arc determines the value of a goal ; within the arc , it is the usual 6 points , but 9 points are scored for a `` super goal '' scored from outside the arc . To date the super goal is only used in pre-season games and not in the season proper . The National Professional Soccer League II , which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play , also used a three - point line , drawn 45 feet ( 14 m ) from the goal . It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues . See also ( edit ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , exclusive group of players who have made at least 50 % of two - pointers , 40 % of three - pointers , and 90 % of free throws in a season . List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Article 5 : Scoring '' ( PDF ) . 3x3 Official Rules of the Game . FIBA . January 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Walt ; Sachare , Alex ( 1998 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Basketball . New York City : Penguin Group . Jump up ^ `` 4 - Point Play Gets Approval By ABA '' . Associated Press . July 11 , 1967 . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Steve ( February 9 , 1981 ) . `` 22 will get you 3 '' . Spartanburg Herald . South Carolina . p . B1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basketball '' . Southern Conference . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Carr 's shot makes cage Hall of Fame '' . Gadsden Times . Alabama . Associated Press . May 31 , 1981 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ `` Three - pointer turns 25 '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . December 3 , 2005 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Butts , David ( April 3 , 1986 ) . `` NCAA adds three - point basket '' . Bryan Times Agency = UPI . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA Women 's Basketball Playing Rules History '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Important Rules Changes by Year '' ( PDF ) . NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . NCAA . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 27 March 1987 ) . `` High School Basketball Draws Line , Adopts 3 - Point Rule '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA has discussed bigger court , 4 - point shot '' . Espn.go.com. 2014 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Rule No. 1 -- - Court Dimensions -- Equipment '' . NBA Official Rules . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Basketball Rules 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIBA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball Court Diagram '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska School Activities Association . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the NBA 's new instant replay rules '' . NBA.com . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Denham , Greg ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` NAB Cup 's ruck and holding rules may run season '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) NBA. com 's Top 10 three - pointers from past 25 years Article on Columbia 's experimentation with the three - point field goal decades before its official introduction `` Long Live the Three '' by Steve Shutt , Basketball Hall of Fame Basketball ( outline ) General topics History of basketball James Naismith Variations of basketball Leagues Statistics Glossary of terms Index of articles Rules Bonus Jump ball Officials Turnover Violation 3 seconds Offense Defense 5 seconds Basket interference Carrying Double dribble Goaltending Shot clock Traveling Foul Flagrant Personal Technical Game play Air ball Alley - oop Assist Backboard shattering Ball hog Block Buzzer beater Cherry picking Dribble Crossover Dunk Euro step Fadeaway Fast break Fly Flop Jump shot Layup Finger roll Field goal Four - point play Free throw Hook shot Moves Pick and roll Positions Posterized Playbook Rebound Point Screen Back screen Slashing Steal Three - pointer Three - point play Uncontested shot Strategy General Sixth man Offense Continuity offense Flex Shuffle UCLA High Post Wheel Dribble drive motion Four corners Motion Princeton Run and gun Grinnell System Nellie Ball Small ball Triangle Defense 1 - 2 - 1 - 1 1 -- 3 -- 1 2 -- 3 zone Amoeba Box - and - one Double team Full - court press Hack - a-Shaq Jordan Rules Line Man - to - man Match - up zone Triangle - and - two Zone Equipment Backboard Ball Breakaway rim Court Half court Key Net Possession arrow Whistle Clothing Basketball sleeve Finger sleeve Air Jordan Chuck Taylor All - Stars Miscellanous 100 - point scorers 50 -- 40 -- 90 club AAU All - Americans AAU champions Mikan Drill Player tracking Shootaround Tip drill Winning streaks Basketball statistics Basic Games played Games started Minute Point Rebound ( Offensive Defensive ) Assist Steal Block Foul Turnover Field goal & free throw Field goal made 3 - point field goal made Free throw made Field goal attempted 3 - point field goal attempted Free throw attempted Field goal percentage 3 - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Doubles Double - double Triple - double Quadruple - double Quintuple - double Five - by - five Advanced statistics Offense efficiency rating Player efficiency rating Offensive rating Defensive rating Effective field goal percentage True shooting percentage Rebound rate Economy Performance Index Rating Efficiency Player tracking Tendex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three-point_field_goal&oldid=800235621 '' Categories : Basketball terminology American Basketball Association American Basketball League ( 1961 -- 63 ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 07 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did 3 point shot start in college basketball	[ "The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13]" ]	[ "1980–81" ]
-3004005467561475921	Saints Cyril and Methodius	Saints Cyril and Methodius - wikipedia Saints Cyril and Methodius Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Saints Cyril and Methodius ( disambiguation ) . Saints Cyril and Methodius `` Saints Cyril and Methodius holding the Cyrillic alphabet , '' a mural by Bulgarian iconographer Z . Zograf , 1848 , Troyan Monastery Bishops and Confessors ; Equals to the Apostles ; Patrons of Europe ; Apostles to the Slavs 826 or 827 and 815 Thessalonica , Byzantine Empire ( present - day Greece ) ( 869 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 869 and ( 885 - 04 - 06 ) 6 April 885 Rome and Velehrad , Moravia Venerated in Orthodox Church Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion Lutheran Church Feast 11 and 24 May ( Orthodox Church ) 14 February ( present Roman Catholic calendar ) ; 5 July ( Roman Catholic calendar 1880 -- 1886 ) ; 7 July ( Roman Catholic calendar 1887 -- 1969 ) 5 July ( Roman Catholic Czech Republic and Slovakia ) Attributes brothers depicted together ; Eastern bishops holding up a church ; Eastern bishops holding an icon of the Last Judgment . Often , Cyril is depicted wearing a monastic habit and Methodius vested as a bishop with omophorion . Patronage Bulgaria , Republic of Macedonia , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Transnistria , Archdiocese of Ljubljana , Europe , Slovak Eparchy of Toronto , Eparchy of Košice Part of a series on the Eastern Orthodox Church Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator , Hagia Sophia Overview Structure Theology ( History of theology ) Liturgy Church history Holy Mysteries View of salvation View of Mary View of icons Background ( show ) Crucifixion / Resurrection / Ascension of Jesus Christianity Christian Church Apostolic succession Four Marks of the Church Orthodoxy Organization ( show ) Autocephaly Patriarchate Ecumenical Patriarch Episcopal polity Clergy Bishops Priests Deacons Monasticism Degrees of monasticism Autocephalous jurisdictions ( show ) Constantinople Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Russia Serbia Romania Bulgaria Georgia Cyprus Greece Poland Albania Czech lands and Slovakia North America Ecumenical Councils ( show ) Seven Ecumenical Councils : First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Other important councils : Quinisext Council Constantinople IV Constantinople V Jassy Jerusalem History ( show ) Church Fathers Pentarchy Byzantine Empire Christianization of Bulgaria Christianization of Kievan Rus ' Great Schism Russia Ottoman Empire North America Theology ( show ) History of Orthodox Theology ( 20th century ( Neo-Palamism ) ) Apophaticism Chrismation Contemplative prayer Essence vs. Energies Hesychasm Holy Trinity Hypostatic union Icons Metousiosis Mystical theology Nicene Creed Nepsis Oikonomia Ousia Palamism Philokalia Phronema Sin Theosis Theotokos Differences from the Catholic Church Opposition to the Filioque Opposition to papal supremacy Liturgy and worship ( show ) Divine Liturgy Divine Services Akathist Apolytikion Artos Ectenia Euchologion Holy Water Iconostasis Jesus Prayer Kontakion Liturgical entrances Liturgical fans Lity Memorial service Memory Eternal Omophorion Orthodox bowing Orthodox marriage Praxis Paraklesis Paschal greeting Paschal Homily Paschal troparion Prayer rope Prosphora Russian bell ringing Semantron Sign of the cross Sticheron Troparion Vestments Use of incense Liturgical calendar ( show ) Paschal cycle 12 Great Feasts Other feasts : Feast of Orthodoxy Intercession of the Theotokos The four fasting periods : Nativity Fast Great Lent Apostles ' Fast Dormition Fast Major figures ( hide ) Athanasius of Alexandria Ephrem the Syrian Basil of Caesarea Cyril of Jerusalem Gregory of Nazianzus Gregory of Nyssa John Chrysostom Cyril of Alexandria John Climacus Maximus the Confessor John of Damascus Theodore the Studite Kassiani Cyril and Methodius Photios I of Constantinople Gregory Palamas Other topics ( show ) Architecture Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs Orthodox cross Saint titles Statistics by country Saints Cyril and Methodius ( 826 -- 869 , 815 -- 885 ; Greek : Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος ; Old Church Slavonic : К ѷ риллъ и Ме ѳ одїи ) were two brothers who were Byzantine Christian theologians and Christian missionaries . Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs , for which they received the title `` Apostles to the Slavs '' . They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet , the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic . After their deaths , their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs . Both brothers are venerated in the Orthodox Church as saints with the title of `` equal - to - apostles '' . In 1880 , Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church . In 1980 , Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe , together with Benedict of Nursia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Missions in the Middle East 2 Mission to the Slavs 2.1 Great Moravia 2.2 Journey to Rome 2.3 Methodius alone 2.4 Methodius ' final years 3 Invention of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets 4 Commemoration 4.1 Saints Cyril and Methodius ' Day 4.2 Other commemoration 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early career Early life The two brothers were born in Thessalonica , in present - day Greece -- Cyril in about 827 -- 828 and Methodius about 815 -- 820 . Cyril was reputedly the youngest of seven brothers ; he was born Constantine , but took the name Cyril upon becoming a monk in Rome shortly before his death , according to the Vita Cyrilli ( `` The Life of Cyril '' ) . Methodius was born Michael and took the name Methodius upon becoming a monk at Mysian Olympus ( present - day Uludağ ) , in northwest Turkey . Their father was Leo , a droungarios of the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica , and their mother was Maria . The exact ethnic origins of the brothers are unknown , there is controversy as to whether Cyril and Methodius were of Slavic or Byzantine Greek origin , or both . The two brothers lost their father when Cyril was fourteen , and the powerful minister Theoktistos , who was logothetes tou dromou , one of the chief ministers of the Empire , became their protector . He was also responsible , along with the regent Bardas , for initiating a far - reaching educational program within the Empire which culminated in the establishment of the University of Magnaura , where Cyril was to teach . Cyril was ordained as priest some time after his education , while his brother Methodius remained only a deacon until 867 / 868 . Missions in the middle east Cyril 's mastery of theology and command of both Arabic and Hebrew made him eligible for his first state mission . He was sent to the Abbasid Caliph Al - Mutawakkil to discuss the principle of the Holy Trinity with the Arab theologians , and to improve relations between the Caliphate and the Empire . The second mission ( 860 ) , requested by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch of Constantinople Photius ( a professor of Cyril 's at the University and his guiding light in earlier years ) , was a missionary expedition to the Khazar Khaganate in order to prevent the expansion of Judaism there . This mission was unsuccessful , as later the Khagan imposed Judaism on his people as the national religion . It has been claimed that Methodius accompanied Cyril on the mission to the Khazars , but this is probably a later invention . The account of his life presented in the Latin `` Legenda '' claims that he learned the Khazar language while in Chersonesos , in Taurica ( today Crimea ) . After his return to Constantinople , Cyril assumed the role of professor of philosophy at the University while his brother had by this time become a significant player in Byzantine political and administrative affairs , and an abbot of his monastery . Mission to the Slavs Great Moravia Cyril and Methodius , painting by Jan Matejko , 1885 Basilica of St. Cyril and Methodius in Moravian Velehrad , Czech Republic In 862 , the brothers began the work which would give them their historical importance . That year Prince Rastislav of Great Moravia requested that Emperor Michael III and the Patriarch Photius send missionaries to evangelize his Slavic subjects . His motives in doing so were probably more political than religious . Rastislav had become king with the support of the Frankish ruler Louis the German , but subsequently sought to assert his independence from the Franks . It is a common misconception that Cyril and Methodius were the first to bring Christianity to Moravia , but the letter from Rastislav to Michael III states clearly that Rastislav 's people `` had already rejected paganism and adhere to the Christian law . '' Rastislav is said to have expelled missionaries of the Roman Church and instead turned to Constantinople for ecclesiastical assistance and , presumably , a degree of political support . The Emperor quickly chose to send Cyril , accompanied by his brother Methodius . The request provided a convenient opportunity to expand Byzantine influence . Their first work seems to have been the training of assistants . In 863 , they began the task of translating the Bible into the language now known as Old Church Slavonic and travelled to Great Moravia to promote it . They enjoyed considerable success in this endeavour . However , they came into conflict with German ecclesiastics who opposed their efforts to create a specifically Slavic liturgy . For the purpose of this mission , they devised the Glagolitic alphabet , the first alphabet to be used for Slavonic manuscripts . The Glagolitic alphabet was suited to match the specific features of the Slavic language . Its descendant script , the Cyrillic , is still used by many languages today . They wrote the first Slavic Civil Code , which was used in Great Moravia . The language derived from Old Church Slavonic , known as Church Slavonic , is still used in liturgy by several Orthodox Churches and also in some Eastern Catholic churches . It is impossible to determine with certainty what portions of the Bible the brothers translated . The New Testament and the Psalms seem to have been the first , followed by other lessons from the Old Testament . The `` Translatio '' speaks only of a version of the Gospels by Cyril , and the `` Vita Methodii '' only of the `` evangelium Slovenicum , '' though other liturgical selections may also have been translated . Nor is it known for sure which liturgy , that of Rome or that of Constantinople , they took as a source . They may well have used the Roman alphabet , as suggested by liturgical fragments which adhere closely to the Latin type . This view is confirmed by the `` Prague Fragments '' and by certain Old Glagolitic liturgical fragments brought from Jerusalem to Kiev and discovered there by Saresnewsky -- probably the oldest document for the Slavonic tongue ; these adhere closely to the Latin type , as is shown by the words `` Mass , '' `` Preface , '' and the name of one Felicitas . In any case , the circumstances were such that the brothers could hope for no permanent success without obtaining the authorization of Rome . Journey to Rome Saints Cyril and Methodius in Rome . Fresco in San Clemente In 867 , Pope Nicholas I invited the brothers to Rome . Their evangelizing mission in Moravia had by this time become the focus of a dispute with Theotmar , the Archbishop of Salzburg and bishop of Passau , who claimed ecclesiastical control of the same territory and wished to see it use the Latin liturgy exclusively . Travelling with the relics of Saint Clement and a retinue of disciples , and passing through Pannonia ( the Balaton Principality ) , where they were well received by Prince Koceľ ( Kocelj , Kozel ) , they arrived in Rome in 868 , where they were warmly received . This was partly due to their bringing with them the relics of Saint Clement ; the rivalry with Constantinople as to the jurisdiction over the territory of the Slavs would incline Rome to value the brothers and their influence . The brothers were praised for their learning and cultivated for their influence in Constantinople . Anastasius Bibliothecarius would later call Cyril `` a man of apostolic life '' and `` a man of great wisdom '' . Their project in Moravia found support from Pope Adrian II , who formally authorized the use of the new Slavic liturgy . Subsequently Methodius was ordained as priest by the pope himself , and five Slavic disciples were ordained as priests ( Saint Gorazd , Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum ) and as deacons ( Saint Angelar and Saint Sava ) by the prominent bishops Formosus and Gauderic . The newly made priests officiated in their own languages at the altars of some of the principal churches . Feeling his end approaching , Cyril became a monk , was given the new name Cyril , and died in Rome fifty days later ( 14 February 869 ) . There is some question as to assertion of the Translatio ( ix . ) that he was made a bishop . Methodius alone Methodius now continued the work among the Slavs alone ; not at first in Great Moravia , but in Pannonia ( in the Balaton Principality ) , owing to the political circumstances of the former country , where Rastislav had been taken captive by his nephew Svatopluk , then delivered over to Carloman , and condemned in a diet of the empire at the end of 870 . Friendly relations had been established with Koceľ on the journey to Rome . This activity in Pannonia made a conflict inevitable with the German episcopate , and especially with the bishop of Salzburg , to whose jurisdiction Pannonia had belonged for seventy - five years . In 865 Bishop Adalwin is found exercising all Episcopal rights there , and the administration under him was in the hands of the archpriest Riehbald . The latter was obliged to retire to Salzburg , but his superior was naturally disinclined to abandon his claims . Methodius sought support from Rome ; the Vita asserts that Koceľ sent him thither with an honorable escort to receive Episcopal consecration . The letter given as Adrian 's in chap . viii. , with its approval of the Slavonic mass , is a pure invention . The pope named Methodius archbishop of Sirmium with jurisdiction over Great Moravia and Pannonia , thus superseding the claims of Salzburg by an older title . The statement of the `` Vita '' that Methodius was made bishop in 870 and not raised to the dignity of an archbishop until 873 is contradicted by the brief of Pope John VIII , written in June 879 , according to which Adrian consecrated him archbishop ; John includes in his jurisdiction not only Great Moravia and Pannonia , but Serbia as well . Methodius ' final years The archiepiscopal claims of Methodius were considered such an injury to the rights of Salzburg that he was forced to answer for them at a synod held at Regensburg in the presence of King Louis . The assembly , after a heated discussion , declared the deposition of the intruder , and ordered him to be sent to Germany , where he was kept prisoner in Ellwangen for two and a half years . In spite of the strong representations of the Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum , written in 871 to influence the pope , though not avowing this purpose , Rome declared emphatically for Methodius , and sent a bishop , Paul of Ancons , to reinstate him and punish his enemies , after which both parties were commanded to appear in Rome with the legate . Saint Cyril and Methodius by Stanislav Dospevski , Bulgarian painter The papal will prevailed , and Methodius secured his freedom and his archiepiscopal authority over both Great Moravia and Pannonia , though the use of Slavonic for the mass was still denied to him . His authority was restricted in Pannonia when after Koceľ 's death the principality was administered by German nobles ; but Svatopluk now ruled with practical independence in Great Moravia , and expelled the German clergy . This apparently secured an undisturbed field of operation for Methodius , and the Vita ( x . ) depicts the next few years ( 873 -- 879 ) as a period of fruitful progress . Methodius seems to have disregarded , wholly or in part , the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy ; and when Frankish clerics again found their way into the country , and the archbishop 's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk , this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome , coupled with charges regarding the Filioque . Methodius vindicated his orthodoxy at Rome , the more easily as the creed was still recited there without the Filioque , and promised to obey in regard to the liturgy . The other party was conciliated by giving him a Swabian , Wiching , as his coadjutor . When relations were strained between the two , John VIII steadfastly supported Methodius ; but after his death ( December 882 ) the archbishop 's position became insecure , and his need of support induced Goetz to accept the statement of the Vita ( xiii . ) that he went to visit the Eastern emperor . It was not until after Methodius ' death , which is placed on 6 April 885 , that the animosity erupted into an open conflict . Gorazd , whom Methodius had designated as his successor , was not recognised by Pope Stephen V . The same Pope forbade the use of the Slavic liturgy and placed the infamous Wiching as Methodius ' successor . The latter exiled the disciples of the two brothers from Great Moravia in 885 . They fled to the First Bulgarian Empire , where they were welcomed and commissioned to establish theological schools . There they devised the Cyrillic script on the basis of the Glagolitic . Cyrillic gradually replaced Glagolitic as the alphabet of the Old Church Slavonic language , which became the official language of the Bulgarian Empire and later spread to the Eastern Slav lands of Kievan Rus ' . Cyrillic eventually spread throughout most of the Slavic world to become the standard alphabet in the Eastern Orthodox Slavic countries . Hence , Cyril and Methodius ' efforts also paved the way for the spread of Christianity throughout Eastern Europe . Methodius ' body was buried in the main cathedral church of Great Moravia . Until today it remains an open question which city was capital of Great Moravia and therefore the place of Methodius ' eternal rest remains unknown . Invention of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets The Baška tablet is an early example of the Glagolitic from Croatia . The Glagolitic and Cyrillic alphabets are the oldest known Slavic alphabets , and were created by the two brothers and their students , to translate the Bible and other texts into the Slavic languages . The early Glagolitic alphabet was used in Great Moravia between 863 ( the arrival of Cyril and Methodius ) and 885 ( the expulsion of their students ) for government and religious documents and books , and at the Great Moravian Academy ( Veľkomoravské učilište ) founded by Cyril , where followers of Cyril and Methodius were educated , by Methodius himself among others . The alphabet has been traditionally attributed to Cyril . That attribution has been confirmed explicitly by the papal letter Industriae tuae ( 880 ) approving the use of Old Church Slavonic , which says that the alphabet was `` invented by Constantine the Philosopher '' . The term invention need not exclude the possibility of the brothers having made use of earlier letters , but implies only that before that time the Slavic languages had no distinct script of their own . The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire and later finalized and spread by disciples Kliment and Naum in the Ohrid and Preslav schools of Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria as a simplification of the Glagolitic alphabet which more closely resembled the Greek alphabet . It was developed by the disciples of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century . After the death of Cyril , Clement of Ohrid accompanied Methodius from Rome to Pannonia and Great Moravia . After the death of Methodius in 885 , Clement headed the struggle against the German clergy in Great Moravia along with Gorazd . After spending some time in jail , he was expelled from Great Moravia , and in 885 or 886 reached the borders of the Bulgarian Empire together with Naum of Preslav , Angelarius , and possibly Gorazd ( according to other sources , Gorazd was already dead by that time ) . The four of them were afterwards sent to the Bulgarian capital of Pliska , where they were commissioned by Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria to instruct the future clergy of the state in the Slavonic language . After the adoption of Christianity in 865 , religious ceremonies in Bulgaria were conducted in Greek by clergy sent from the Byzantine Empire . Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state , Boris viewed the adoption of the Old Slavonic language as a way to preserve the political independence and stability of Bulgaria , so he established two literary schools ( academies ) , in Pliska and Ohrid , where theology was to be taught in the Slavonic language . While Naum of Preslav stayed in Pliska working on the foundation of the Pliska Literary School , Clement was commissioned by Boris I to organise the teaching of theology to future clergymen in Old Church Slavonic at the Ohrid Literary School . For seven years ( 886 - 893 ) Clement taught some 3,500 students in the Slavonic language and the Glagolitic alphabet . Commemoration Saints Cyril and Methodius ' Day Saints Cyril and Methodius procession The canonization process was much more relaxed in the decades following Cyril 's death than today . Cyril was regarded by his disciples as a saint soon after his death . His following spread among the nations he evangelized and subsequently to the wider Christian Church , and he was famous as a holy man , along with his brother Methodius . There were calls for Cyril 's canonization from the crowds lining the Roman streets during his funeral procession . The brothers ' first appearance in a papal document is in Grande Munus of Leo XIII in 1880 . They are known as the `` Apostles of the Slavs '' , and are still highly regarded by both Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christians . Their feast day is currently celebrated on 14 February in the Roman Catholic Church ( to coincide with the date of St Cyril 's death ) ; on 11 May in the Eastern Orthodox Church ( though for Eastern Orthodox Churches which use the Julian Calendar this is 24 May according to the Gregorian calendar ) ; and on 7 July according to the old sanctoral calendar that existed before the revisions of the Second Vatican Council . The celebration also commemorates the introduction of literacy and the preaching of the gospels in the Slavonic language by the brothers . The brothers were declared `` Patrons of Europe '' in 1980 . According to old Bulgarian chronicles , the day of the holy brothers was celebrated ecclesiastically as early as the 11th century . The first recorded secular celebration of Saints Cyril and Methodius ' Day as the `` Day of the Bulgarian script '' , as traditionally accepted by Bulgarian history , was held in the town of Plovdiv on 11 May 1851 , when a local Bulgarian school was named `` Saints Cyril and Methodius '' : both acts on the initiative of the prominent Bulgarian educator Nayden Gerov , although an Armenian traveller mentioned his visit to the `` celebration of the Bulgarian script '' in the town of Shumen on 22 May 1803 . The day is now celebrated as a public holiday in the following countries : In Bulgaria it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the `` Bulgarian Education and Culture , and Slavonic Literature Day '' ( Bulgarian : Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост ) , a national holiday celebrating Bulgarian culture and literature as well as the alphabet . It is also known as `` Alphabet , Culture , and Education Day '' ( Bulgarian : Ден на азбуката , културата и просвещението ) . Saints Cyril and Methodius are patrons of the National Library of Bulgaria . There is a monument to them in front of the library . Saints Cyril and Methodius are the most celebrated saints in the Bulgarian Orthodox church , and icons of the two brothers can be found in every church . In the Republic of Macedonia , it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the `` Saints Cyril and Methodius , Slavonic Enlighteners ' Day '' ( Macedonian : Св . Кирил и Методиј , Ден на словенските просветители ) , a national holiday . The Government of the Republic of Macedonia enacted a statute of the national holiday in October 2006 and the Parliament of the Republic of Macedonia passed a corresponding law at the beginning of 2007 . Previously it had only been celebrated in the schools . It is also known as the day of the `` Solun Brothers '' ( Macedonian : Солунските браќа ) . In the Czech Republic and Slovakia , the two brothers were originally commemorated on 9 March , but Pope Pius IX changed this date to 5 July for several reasons . Today , Saints Cyril and Methodius are revered there as national saints and their name day ( 5 July ) , `` Sts Cyril and Methodius Day '' is a national holiday in Czech Republic and Slovakia . In the Czech Republic it is celebrated as `` Slavic Missionaries Cyril and Methodius Day '' ( Czech : Den slovanských věrozvěstů Cyrila a Metoděje ) ; in Slovakia it is celebrated as `` St. Cyril and Metod Day '' ( Slovak : Sviatok svätého Cyrila a Metoda ) . In Russia , it is celebrated on 24 May and is known as the `` Slavonic Literature and Culture Day '' ( Russian : День славянской письменности и культуры ) , celebrating Slavonic culture and literature as well as the alphabet . Its celebration is ecclesiastical ( 11 May in the Church 's Julian calendar ) . It is not a public holiday in Russia . The saints ' feast day is celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 11 May and by the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion on 14 February as `` Saints Cyril and Methodius Day '' . The Lutheran Churches commemorate the two saints either on 14 February or 11 May . Other commemoration The national library of Bulgaria in Sofia , Ss . Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia , and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo in Bulgaria and in Trnava , Slovakia , bear the name of the two saints . Faculty of Theology at Palacký University in Olomouc ( Czech Republic ) , bears the name `` Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology '' . In the United States , SS . Cyril and Methodius Seminary in Orchard Lake , Michigan , bears their name . Saints Cyril and Methodius are the main patron saints of the Archdiocese of Ljubljana . Ljubljana Cathedral stands at Cyril and Methodius Square ( Slovene : Ciril -- Metodov trg ) . They are also patron saints of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Košice ( Slovakia ) and the Slovak Greek Catholic Eparchy of Toronto . St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak in the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island , South Shetland Islands , in Antarctica are named for the brothers . Saint Cyril 's remains are interred in a shrine - chapel within the Basilica di San Clemente in Rome . The chapel holds a Madonna by Sassoferrato . The Basilica of SS . Cyril and Methodius in Danville , Pennsylvania , ( the only Roman Catholic basilica dedicated to SS . Cyril and Methodius in the world ) is the motherhouse chapel of the Sisters of SS . Cyril and Methodius , a Roman Catholic women 's religious community of pontifical rite dedicated to apostolic works of ecumenism , education , evangelization , and elder care . Gallery The church of Saints Cyril and Methodius in their hometown , Thessaloniki , Greece . Cross Procession in Khanty - Mansiysk on Saints Cyril and Methodius Day in May 2006 Inauguration of the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Saratov on Slavonic Literature and Culture Day Thessaloniki - monument of the two Saints gift from the Bulgarian Orthodox Church Bulgaria - Statue of the two Saints in front of the SS . Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia Bulgaria - Statue of the two Saints in front of the National Palace of Culture in Sofia Bulgaria - Statue of the two Saints in front in Pazardzhik The monument in Ohrid Statue of Cyril and Methodius near the Stone Bridge in Skopje Czech Republic - Statue of Saints Cyril and Methodius at the Charles Bridge in Prague Czech Republic - Saints Cyril and Methodius monument in Mikulčice Czech Republic - Statue of Saint Methodius at the Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc in Moravia Ukraine - The monument in Kiev Russia - the monument in Khanty - Mansiysk Serbia - the monument to Saints Cyril and Methodius in Belgrade Opening of Cyril and Methodius monument in Donetsk Statue , Saints Cyril and Methodius , Třebíč , Czech Republic See also Biography portal Saints portal Eastern Orthodoxy portal Byzantine Empire portal Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius Byzantine Empire Glagolitic alphabet SS . Cyril and Methodius Seminary SS . Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje SS . Cyril and Methodius National Library in Sofia St. Cyril and Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo Saints Cyril and Methodius Faculty of Theology , Palacký University of Olomouc Notes a . Belarusian : Кірыла і Мяфодзій ( Kiryła i Miafodzij ) or Кірыла і Мятода ( Kiryła i Miatoda ) Bulgarian : Кирил и Методий ( Kiril i Metodiy ) Croatian : Ćiril i Metod Czech : Cyril a Metoděj Macedonian : Кирил и Методиј ( Kiril i Metodij ) New Church Slavonic : Кѷрі́ллъ и҆ Меѳо́дїй ( Kỳrill '' i Methodij ) Russian : Кири́лл и Мефодий ( Kirill i Mefodij ) , pre-1918 spelling : Кириллъ и Меѳодій ( Kirill '' i Methodij ) Serbian : Ћирило и Методије / Ćirilo i Metodije Slovak : Cyril a Metod Slovene : Ciril in Metod Ukrainian : Кирило і Мефодій ( Kyrylo i Mefodij ) References Jump up ^ In the 21st century this date in the Julian Calendar corresponds to 24 May in the Gregorian Calendar ^ Jump up to : Jones , Terry . `` Methodius '' . Patron Saints Index . Retrieved 18 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : History of the Eparchy of Košice ( Slovak ) Jump up ^ Liturgy of the Hours , Volume III , 14 February . Jump up ^ `` Egregiae Virtutis '' . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II , 31 December 1980 ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Cyril and Methodius , Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Jump up ^ Vita Constantini slavica , Cap . 18 : Denkschriften der kaiserl . Akademie der Wissenschaften 19 , Wien 1870 , p. 246 Jump up ^ Chapter 18 of the Slavonic Life of Constantine , an English translation Jump up ^ English Translation of the 18th Chapter of the Vita Constantini , Liturgy of the Hours , Proper of Saints , 14 February Jump up ^ http://www.carpatho-rusyn.org/spirit/cyril.htm Jump up ^ 1 . Mortimer Chambers , Barbara Hanawalt , Theodore Rabb , Isser Woloch , Raymond Grew . The Western Experience with Powerweb . Eighth Edition . McGraw - Hill Higher Education 2002 . University of Michigan . p. 214 . ISBN 9780072565447 ... Two Christian brothers of Slavic descent , Cyril and Methodius , set out in about 862 as missionaries from the Byzantine ... 2 . Balkan Studies , Volume 22 . Hidryma Meletōn Chersonēsou tou Haimou ( Thessalonikē , Greece ) . The Institute , 1981 . Original from the University of Michigan . p. 381 ... Being of Slavic descent , both of them spoke the old Slavic language fluently ... 3 . Loring M. Danforth . The Macedonian Conflict : Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World . Princeton University Press , 1995 . p. 49 ISBN 9780691043562 . ... In the ninth century two brothers Cyril and Methodius , Macedonian educators of Slavic origin from Solun , brought literacy and Christianity to the Slavs ... 4 . Ihor Ševčenko . Byzantium and the Slavs : In Letters and Culture ' . Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute , 1991 . p. 481 . ISBN 9780916458126 ... 63 - 68 ( Cyril and Methodius were Slavs ) ... There remains that argument for Cyril 's and Methodius ' Slavic origin which has to do with the Slavic translation of the Gospels and ... 5 . Roland Herbert Bainton . Christianity : An American Heritage Book Series . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2000 . p. 156 . ISBN 9780618056873 ... Two missionaries of Slavic origin , Cyril ( baptized Constantine ) and Methodius , adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue ... 6 . John Shea . Macedonia and Greece : The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation . McFarland , 1997 . p. 56 . ISBN 9780786437672 ... Byzantine emperor Michael , on the request of the Moravian prince Ratislav , decided to send Slav priests as educators , he chose the Salonika brothers Cyril and Methodius ... 7 . UNESCO Features : A Fortnightly Press Service . UNESCO . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization , 1984 . University of Michigan ... They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco - Slav origin ... 8 . The Pakistan Review , Volume 19 . Ferozsons Limited , 1971 . University of California . p. 41 ... century in Salonika , then one of the largest towns in the Byzantine Empire . The brothers were of Slav origin ... 9 . Balkania , Volume 7 . Balkania Publishing Company , 1973 . Indiana University . p. 10 ... Cyril and Methodius not only lived among Slavs ... of Slavonic , which they not only spoke and understood , but in which they also wrote -- translated and composed -- and for which they invented an alphabet , is proof of their Slav origin ... 10 . Bryce Dale Lyon , Herbert Harvey Rowen , Theodore S. Hamerow . A History of the Western World , Volume 1 . Rand McNally College Pub. Co. , 1974 . Northwestern University . p. 239 ... brothers of Slavic origin , Cyril and Methodius , who , after being ordained at Constantinople , preached the Gospel to the Slavs ... 11 . Roland Herbert Bainton . The history of Christianity . Nelson , 1964 . p. 169 ... Two missionaries of Slavic origin , Cyril ( baptized Constantine ) and Methodius , adapted the Greek alphabet and translated both the Bible and the liturgy into the Slavic tongue ... 12 . Carl Waldman , Catherine Mason . Encyclopedia of European Peoples : Facts on File library of world history . Infobase Publishing , 2006 . p. 752 . ISBN 9781438129181 ... There is disagreement as to whether Cyril and his brother Methodius were Greek or Slavic , but they knew the Slavic dialect spoken in Macedonia ... 13 . Frank Andrews . Ancient Slavs ' . Worzalla Publishing Company , 1976 . University of Wisconsin - Madison . p. 163 . ... Cyril and Methodius derived from a rich family of Salonica , perhaps of Slavic origin , but Grecized in those times . Methodius ( 815 -- 885 ) ... 14 . Johann Heinrich Kurtz , John Macpherson . Church History . Hodder and Stoughton , 1891 . University of California . p. 431 ... Born at Thessalonica , and so probably of Slavic descent , at least acquainted with the language of the Slavs , ... 15 . William Leslie King . Investment and Achievement : A Study in Christian Progress . Jennings and Graham , 1913 . Columbia University . ... This man and his brother Cyril became the Methodius and Cyril apostles of the Slavic people . These two brothers seemed to have been raised up for such a mission . They were probably of Slavic descent ... Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia , Sixth Edition . 2001 -- 05 , s.v. `` Cyril and Methodius , Saints '' `` Greek missionaries , brothers , called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature . '' Encyclopædia Britannica , Major alphabets of the world , Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets , 2008 , O. Ed . `` The two early Slavic alphabets , the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic , were invented by St. Cyril , or Constantine ( c. 827 -- 869 ) , and St. Methodius ( c. 825 -- 884 ) . These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs , whom they converted to Christianity . Encyclopedia of World Cultures , David H. Levinson , 1991 , p. 239 , s.v. , `` Social Science '' Eric M. Meyers , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East , p. 151 , 1997 Lunt , Slavic Review , June 1964 , p. 216 ; Roman Jakobson , Crucial problems of Cyrillo - Methodian Studies ; Leonid Ivan Strakhovsky , A Handbook of Slavic Studies , p. 98 V. Bogdanovich , History of the ancient Serbian literature , Belgrade , 1980 , p. 119 Hastings , Adrian ( 1997 ) . The construction of nationhood : ethnicity , religion , and nationalism . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 126 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62544 - 0 . The activity of the brothers Constantine ( later renamed Cyril ) and Methodius , aristocratic Greek priests who were sent from Constantinople . Fletcher , R.A. ( 1999 ) . The barbarian conversion : from paganism to Christianity . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 327 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21859 - 0 . Cizevskij , Dmitrij ; Zenkovsky , Serge A. ; Porter , Richard E. Comparative History of Slavic Literatures . Vanderbilt University Press . pp. vi . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1371 - 9 . Two Greek brothers from Salonika , Constantine who later became a monk and took the name Cyril and Methodius . The illustrated guide to the Bible . New York : Oxford University Press . 1998 . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521462 - 5 . In Eastern Europe , the first translations of the Bible into the Slavonic languages were made by the Greek missionaries Cyril and Methodius in the 860s Smalley , William Allen ( 1991 ) . Translation as mission : Bible translation in the modern missionary movement . Macon , Ga. : Mercer . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86554 - 389 - 8 . The most important instance where translation and the beginning church did coincide closely was in Slavonic under the brothers Cyril and Methodius , with the Bible completed by A.D. 880 . This was a missionary translation but unusual again ( from a modern point of view ) because not a translation into the dialect spoken where the missionaries were . The brothers were Greeks who had been brought up in Macedonia . Jump up ^ 1 . Philip Lief Group . Saintly Support : A Prayer For Every Problem . Andrews McMeel Publishing , 2003 . p. 37 . ISBN 9780740733369 ... Cyril was born of Greek nobility connected with the senate of Thessalonica , although his mother may have been of Slavic descent ... 2 . UNESCO Features : A Fortnightly Press Service . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization. , 1984 . University of Michigan ... They may have been of wholly Slavic descent or of mixed Greco - Slav origin ... Jump up ^ The Lives of the Ninth - Century Popes ( Liber Pontificalis ) -- Google Knihy . Books.google.cz . January 1 , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 479 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Vizantiiskoe missionerstvo , Ivanov S.A. , Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury , Moskva 2003 , p. 147 ^ Jump up to : Encyclopædia Britannica , Cyril and Methodius , Saints , O. Ed. , 2008 Jump up ^ `` From Eastern Roman to Byzantine : transformation of Roman culture ( 500 - 800 ) '' . Indiana University Northwest . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sts . Cyril and Methodius '' . Pravmir . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vir apostolicae vitae ... sapientissimus vir '' MGH Epist. , 7 / 2 , 1928 , p. 436 Jump up ^ `` Sv . Gorazd a spoločníci '' ( St. Gorazd and his colleagues ) . Franciscan Friars of Slovakia ( in Slovak ) . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ As is customary , when one becomes a monk in the Eastern Orthodox tradition , one receives a new name . Jump up ^ Житїе Меөодїя ( Life of Methodius ) , title & chap . XVIII - available on - line Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Lives of the Popes , ( HarperCollins , 2000 ) , 144 . Jump up ^ Short Life of Cyril & Methodius . Translated by Ján STANISLAV : Životy slovanských apoštolov Cyrila a Metoda v legendách a listoch . Turčiansky Sv . Martin : Matica slovenská , 1950 , p. 88 . ( Slovak ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Major alphabets of the world , Cyrillic and Glagolitic alphabets , 2008 , O. Ed . `` The two early Slavic alphabets , the Cyrillic and the Glagolitic , were invented by St. Cyril , or Constantine ( c. 827 -- 869 ) , and St. Methodius ( c. 825 -- 884 ) . These men were Greeks from Thessalonica who became apostles to the southern Slavs , whom they converted to Christianity . Jump up ^ Paul Cubberley ( 1996 ) `` The Slavic Alphabets '' Jump up ^ Daniels and Bright , eds . The World 's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507993 - 0 . Jump up ^ Egregiae Virtutis Jump up ^ `` История на България '' , Том 6 Българско Възраждане 1856 -- 1878 , Издателство на Българската академия на науките , София , 1987 , стр. 106 ( in Bulgarian ; in English : `` History of Bulgaria '' , Volume 6 Bulgarian Revival 1856 -- 1878 , Publishing house of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia , 1987 , page 106 ) . Jump up ^ Jubilee speech of the Academician Ivan Yuhnovski , Head of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , held on 23 May 2003 , published in Information Bulletin of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 3 ( 62 ) , Sofia , 27 June 2003 ( in Bulgarian ) . Jump up ^ Announcement about the eleventh session of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia on 24 October 2006 from the official site of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia ( in Macedonian ) . ^ Jump up to : Votruba , Martin . `` Holiday date '' . Slovak Studies Program . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Ljubljana Metropolitan Province '' . 5 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sisters of Saints Cyril and Methodius '' . Sscm.org. 2002 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Jackson , Samuel Macauley , ed. ( 1914 ) . `` article name needed '' . New Schaff -- Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge ( third ed . ) . London and New York : Funk and Wagnalls . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saints Cyril and Methodius . Slavorum Apostoli by Pope John Paul II Cyril and Methodius -- Encyclical letter ( Epistola Enciclica ) , 31 December 1980 by Pope John Paul II Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Sts . Cyril and Methodius '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . `` Equal to Apostles SS . Cyril and Methodius Teachers of Slavs '' , by Prof. Nicolai D. Talberg Catholic Culture Cyril and Methodius at orthodoxwiki Bulgarian Official Holidays , National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria : in English , in Bulgarian Bank holidays in the Czech Republic , Czech National Bank : in English , in Czech 24 May -- The Day Of Slavonic Alphabet , Bulgarian Enlightenment and Culture Lettera Apostolica Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius&oldid=809935701 '' Categories : 815 births 827 births 869 deaths 885 deaths Saints of Byzantine Thessalonica Greek translators Translators of the Bible into Church Slavonic Byzantine theologians Cyrillic script Saints duos Great Moravia Greek saints Public holidays in Russia Creators of writing systems Greek Christian missionaries Slavic culture Medieval Bulgarian saints Old Church Slavonic language 9th - century Byzantine people 9th - century Christian saints Burials at San Clemente Groups of Eastern Orthodox saints Hidden categories : Articles with Latin - language external links CS1 Slovak - language sources ( sk ) Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2017 All articles lacking in - text citations Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles containing Macedonian - language text Articles containing Slovene - language text Articles containing Belarusian - language text Articles containing Bulgarian - language text Articles containing Croatian - language text Articles containing Czech - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Serbian - language text Articles containing Slovak - language text Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Schaff - Herzog with no title parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Schaff - Herzog Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy Nederlands Piemontèis Polski Русиньскый Русский Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who invented an alphabet for the slavic language	[ "Saints Cyril and Methodius (826–869, 815–885; Greek: Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος; Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи[more]) were two brothers who were Byzantine Christian theologians and Christian missionaries. Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title \"Apostles to the Slavs\". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic.[4] After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Orthodox Church as saints with the title of \"equal-to-apostles\". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.[5]", "Saints Cyril and Methodius (826–869, 815–885; Greek: Κύριλλος καὶ Μεθόδιος; Old Church Slavonic: Кѷриллъ и Меѳодїи[more]) were two brothers who were Byzantine Christian theologians and Christian missionaries. Through their work they influenced the cultural development of all Slavs, for which they received the title \"Apostles to the Slavs\". They are credited with devising the Glagolitic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic.[4] After their deaths, their pupils continued their missionary work among other Slavs. Both brothers are venerated in the Orthodox Church as saints with the title of \"equal-to-apostles\". In 1880, Pope Leo XIII introduced their feast into the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1980, Pope John Paul II declared them co-patron saints of Europe, together with Benedict of Nursia.[5]" ]	[ "Cyril", "Methodius" ]
-4844407668943408263	Cascading Style Sheets	Cascading style Sheets - Wikipedia Cascading style Sheets Jump to : navigation , search `` CSS '' redirects here . For other uses , see CSS ( disambiguation ) . `` Pseudo-element '' redirects here . For pseudoelement symbols in chemistry , see Skeletal formula § Pseudoelement symbols . For the use of CSS on Wikipedia , see Help : Cascading Style Sheets . Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) Filename extension . css Internet media type text / css Uniform Type Identifier ( UTI ) public. css Developed by Håkon Wium Lie Bert Bos World Wide Web Consortium Initial release December 17 , 1996 ; 20 years ago ( 1996 - 12 - 17 ) Type of format Style sheet language Standards Level 1 ( Recommendation ) Level 2 ( ditto ) Level 2 Revision 1 ( ditto ) Cascading Style Sheets Style sheet CSS Zen Garden The Zen of CSS Design CSS box model Internet Explorer box model bug CSSTidy Dynamic CSS Comparisons Layout engines Stylesheet languages Web design Tableless `` Holy Grail '' Responsive Cascading Style Sheets HTML HTML Dynamic HTML HTML5 audio canvas video XHTML Basic Mobile Profile C - HTML HTML element span and div HTML attribute HTML frame HTML editor Character encodings Unicode Language code Document Object Model Browser Object Model Style sheets CSS Font family Web colors HTML scripting JavaScript WebGL WebCL W3C Validator WHATWG Quirks mode Web storage Web browser ( layout ) engine Comparisons Document markup languages Web browsers HTML Non-standard HTML HTML5 canvas media XHTML 1.1 Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language . Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML , the language can be applied to any XML document , including plain XML , SVG and XUL , and is applicable to rendering in speech , or on other media . Along with HTML and JavaScript , CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages , user interfaces for web applications , and user interfaces for many mobile applications . CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of presentation and content , including aspects such as the layout , colors , and fonts . This separation can improve content accessibility , provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics , enable multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate . css file , and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content . Separation of formatting and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different rendering methods , such as on - screen , in print , by voice ( via speech - based browser or screen reader ) , and on Braille - based tactile devices . It can also display the web page differently depending on the screen size or viewing device . Readers can also specify a different style sheet , such as a CSS file stored on their own computer , to override the one the author specified . Changes to the graphic design of a document ( or hundreds of documents ) can be applied quickly and easily , by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use , rather than by changing markup in the documents . The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element . In this so - called cascade , priorities ( or weights ) are calculated and assigned to rules , so that the results are predictable . The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) . Internet media type ( MIME type ) text / css is registered for use with CSS by RFC 2318 ( March 1998 ) . The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS documents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Syntax 1.1 Selector 1.2 Declaration block 1.3 Use 1.4 Sources 1.5 Specificity 1.5. 1 Example 1.6 Inheritance 1.6. 1 Example 1.7 Whitespace 1.8 Positioning 1.8. 1 Position property 1.8. 2 Float and clear 2 History 2.1 Difficulty with adoption 2.2 Variations 2.2. 1 CSS 1 2.2. 2 CSS 2 2.2. 3 CSS 2.1 2.2. 4 CSS 3 2.2. 5 CSS 4 3 Browser support 4 Limitations 5 Resolved limitations 6 Advantages 7 CSS frameworks 8 CSS authoring methodologies 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Syntax ( edit ) CSS has a simple syntax and uses a number of English keywords to specify the names of various style properties . A style sheet consists of a list of rules . Each rule or rule - set consists of one or more selectors , and a declaration block . Selector ( edit ) In CSS , selectors declare which part of the markup a style applies to by matching tags and attributes in the markup itself . Selectors may apply to : all elements of a specific type , e.g. the second - level headers h2 elements specified by attribute , in particular : id : an identifier unique within the document class : an identifier that can annotate multiple elements in a document elements depending on how they are placed relative to others in the document tree . Classes and IDs are case - sensitive , start with letters , and can include alphanumeric characters and underscores . A class may apply to any number of instances of any elements . An ID may only be applied to a single element . Pseudo-classes are used in CSS selectors to permit formatting based on information that is not contained in the document tree . One example of a widely used pseudo-class is : hover , which identifies content only when the user `` points to '' the visible element , usually by holding the mouse cursor over it . It is appended to a selector as in a : hover or # elementid : hover . A pseudo-class classifies document elements , such as : link or : visited , whereas a pseudo-element makes a selection that may consist of partial elements , such as : : first - line or : : first - letter . Selectors may be combined in many ways to achieve great specificity and flexibility . Multiple selectors may be joined in a spaced list to specify elements by location , element type , id , class , or any combination thereof . The order of the selectors is important . For example , div . myClass ( color : red ; ) applies to all elements of class myClass that are inside div elements , whereas . myClass div ( color : red ; ) applies to all div elements that are in elements of class myClass . The following table provides a summary of selector syntax indicating usage and the version of CSS that introduced it . Pattern Matches First defined in CSS level an element of type E E : link an E element is the source anchor of a hyperlink of which the target is not yet visited ( : link ) or already visited ( : visited ) E : active an E element during certain user actions E : : first - line the first formatted line of an E element E : : first - letter the first formatted letter of an E element . c all elements with class = `` c '' # myid the element with id = `` myid '' E. warning an E element whose class is `` warning '' ( the document language specifies how class is determined ) E # myid an E element with ID equal to `` myid '' EF an F element descendant of an E element * any element E ( foo ) an E element with a `` foo '' attribute E ( foo = `` bar '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute value is exactly equal to `` bar '' E ( foo ~ = `` bar '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute value is a list of whitespace - separated values , one of which is exactly equal to `` bar '' E ( foo = `` en '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute has a hyphen - separated list of values beginning ( from the left ) with `` en '' E : first - child an E element , first child of its parent E : lang ( fr ) an element of type E in language `` fr '' ( the document language specifies how language is determined ) E : : before generated content before an E element 's content E : : after generated content after an E element 's content E > F an F element child of an E element E + F an F element immediately preceded by an E element E ( foo ^ = `` bar '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute value begins exactly with the string `` bar '' E ( foo $ = `` bar '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute value ends exactly with the string `` bar '' E ( foo * = `` bar '' ) an E element whose `` foo '' attribute value contains the substring `` bar '' E : root an E element , root of the document E : nth - child ( n ) an E element , the n - th child of its parent E : nth - last - child ( n ) an E element , the n - th child of its parent , counting from the last one E : nth - of - type ( n ) an E element , the n - th sibling of its type E : nth - last - of - type ( n ) an E element , the n - th sibling of its type , counting from the last one E : last - child an E element , last child of its parent E : first - of - type an E element , first sibling of its type E : last - of - type an E element , last sibling of its type E : only - child an E element , only child of its parent E : only - of - type an E element , only sibling of its type E : empty an E element that has no children ( including text nodes ) E : target an E element being the target of the referring URI E : enabled a user interface element E that is enabled E : disabled a user interface element E that is disabled E : checked a user interface element E that is checked ( for instance a radio - button or checkbox ) E : not ( s ) an E element that does not match simple selector s E ~ F an F element preceded by an E element Declaration block ( edit ) A declaration block consists of a list of declarations in braces . Each declaration itself consists of a property , a colon ( : ) , and a value . If there are multiple declarations in a block , a semi-colon ( ; ) must be inserted to separate each declaration . Properties are specified in the CSS standard . Each property has a set of possible values . Some properties can affect any type of element , and others apply only to particular groups of elements . Values may be keywords , such as `` center '' or `` inherit '' , or numerical values , such as 200px ( 200 pixels ) , 50vw ( 50 percent of the viewport width ) or 80 % ( 80 percent of the window width ) . Color values can be specified with keywords ( e.g. `` red '' ) , hexadecimal values ( e.g. # FF0000 , also abbreviated as # F00 ) , RGB values on a 0 to 255 scale ( e.g. rgb ( 255 , 0 , 0 ) ) , RGBA values that specify both color and alpha transparency ( e.g. rgba ( 255 , 0 , 0 , 0. 8 ) ) , or HSL or HSLA values ( e.g. hsl ( 000 , 100 % , 50 % ) , hsla ( 000 , 100 % , 50 % , 80 % ) ) . Use ( edit ) Before CSS , nearly all presentational attributes of HTML documents were contained within the HTML markup . All font colors , background styles , element alignments , borders and sizes had to be explicitly described , often repeatedly , within the HTML . CSS lets authors move much of that information to another file , the style sheet , resulting in considerably simpler HTML . For example , headings ( h1 elements ) , sub-headings ( h2 ) , sub-sub - headings ( h3 ) , etc. , are defined structurally using HTML . In print and on the screen , choice of font , size , color and emphasis for these elements is presentational . Before CSS , document authors who wanted to assign such typographic characteristics to , say , all h2 headings had to repeat HTML presentational markup for each occurrence of that heading type . This made documents more complex , larger , and more error - prone and difficult to maintain . CSS allows the separation of presentation from structure . CSS can define color , font , text alignment , size , borders , spacing , layout and many other typographic characteristics , and can do so independently for on - screen and printed views . CSS also defines non-visual styles , such as reading speed and emphasis for aural text readers . The W3C has now deprecated the use of all presentational HTML markup . For example , under pre-CSS HTML , a heading element defined with red text would be written as : < h1 > < font color = `` red '' > Chapter 1 . < / font > < / h1 > Using CSS , the same element can be coded using style properties instead of HTML presentational attributes : < h1 style = `` color : red ; '' > Chapter 1 . < / h1 > The advantages of this may not be immediately clear ( since the second form is actually more verbose ) , but the power of CSS becomes more apparent when the style properties are placed in an internal style element or , even better , an external CSS file . For example , suppose the document contains the style element : < style > h1 ( color : red ; ) < / style > All h1 elements in the document will then automatically become red without any requiring any explicit code . If the author later wanted to make h1 elements blue instead , this could be done by changing the style element to : < style > h1 ( color : blue ; ) < / style > rather than by laboriously going through the document and changing the color for each individual h1 element . The styles can also be placed in an external CSS file , as described below , and loaded using syntax similar to : < link href = `` path / to / file. css '' rel = `` stylesheet '' type = `` text / css '' > This further decouples the styling from the HTML document , and makes it possible to restyle multiple documents by simply editing a shared external CSS file . Sources ( edit ) CSS information can be provided from various sources . These sources can be the web browser , the user and the author . The information from the author can be further classified into inline , media type , importance , selector specificity , rule order , inheritance and property definition . CSS style information can be in a separate document or it can be embedded into an HTML document . Multiple style sheets can be imported . Different styles can be applied depending on the output device being used ; for example , the screen version can be quite different from the printed version , so that authors can tailor the presentation appropriately for each medium . The style sheet with the highest priority controls the content display . Declarations not set in the highest priority source are passed on to a source of lower priority , such as the user agent style . This process is called cascading . One of the goals of CSS is to allow users greater control over presentation . Someone who finds red italic headings difficult to read may apply a different style sheet . Depending on the browser and the web site , a user may choose from various style sheets provided by the designers , or may remove all added styles and view the site using the browser 's default styling , or may override just the red italic heading style without altering other attributes . CSS priority scheme ( highest to lowest ) Priority CSS source type Description Importance The ' ! important ' annotation overwrites the previous priority types Inline A style applied to an HTML element via HTML ' style ' attribute Media Type A property definition applies to all media types , unless a media specific CSS is defined User defined Most browsers have the accessibility feature : a user defined CSS 5 Selector specificity A specific contextual selector ( # heading p ) overwrites generic definition 6 Rule order Last rule declaration has a higher priority 7 Parent inheritance If a property is not specified , it is inherited from a parent element 8 CSS property definition in HTML document CSS rule or CSS inline style overwrites a default browser value 9 Browser default The lowest priority : browser default value is determined by W3C initial value specifications Specificity ( edit ) Specificity refers to the relative weights of various rules . It determines which styles apply to an element when more than one rule could apply . Based on specification , a simple selector ( e.g. H1 ) has a specificity of 1 , class selectors have a specificity of 1 , 0 , and ID selectors a specificity of 1 , 0 , 0 . Because the specificity values do not carry over as in the decimal system , commas are used to separate the `` digits '' ( a CSS rule having 11 elements and 11 classes would have a specificity of 11 , 11 , not 121 ) . Thus the following rules selectors result in the indicated specificity : Selectors Specificity H1 ( color : white ; ) 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 P EM ( color : green ; ) 0 , 0 , 0 , 2 . grape ( color : red ; ) 0 , 0 , 1 , 0 P. bright ( color : blue ; ) 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 P. bright EM. dark ( color : yellow ; ) 0 , 0 , 2 , 2 # id218 ( color : brown ; ) 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 style = '' `` 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 Example ( edit ) Consider this HTML fragment : < ! DOCTYPE html > < html > < head > < meta charset = `` utf - 8 '' > < style > # xyz ( color : red ; ) < / style > < / head > < body > < p id = `` xyz '' style = `` color : blue ; '' > To demonstrate specificity < / p > < / body > < / html > In the above example , the declaration in the style attribute overrides the one in the < style > element because it has a higher specificity . Inheritance ( edit ) Inheritance is a key feature in CSS ; it relies on the ancestor - descendant relationship to operate . Inheritance is the mechanism by which properties are applied not only to a specified element , but also to its descendants . Inheritance relies on the document tree , which is the hierarchy of XHTML elements in a page based on nesting . Descendant elements may inherit CSS property values from any ancestor element enclosing them . In general , descendant elements inherit text - related properties , but box - related properties are not inherited . Properties that can be inherited are color , font , letter - spacing , line - height , list - style , text - align , text - indent , text - transform , visibility , white - space and word - spacing . Properties that can not be inherited are background , border , display , float and clear , height , and width , margin , min - and max - height and - width , outline , overflow , padding , position , text - decoration , vertical - align and z - index . Inheritance can be used to avoid declaring certain properties over and over again in a style sheet , allowing for shorter CSS . Inheritance in CSS is not the same as inheritance in class - based programming languages , where it is possible to define class B as `` like class A , but with modifications '' . With CSS , it is possible to style an element with `` class A , but with modifications '' . However , it is not possible to define a CSS class B like that , which could then be used to style multiple elements without having to repeat the modifications . Example ( edit ) Given the following style sheet : h1 ( color : pink ; ) Suppose there is an h1 element with an emphasizing element ( em ) inside : < h1 > This is to < em > illustrate < / em > inheritance < / h1 > If no color is assigned to the em element , the emphasized word `` illustrate '' inherits the color of the parent element , h1 . The style sheet h1 has the color pink , hence , the em element is likewise pink . Whitespace ( edit ) Whitespace between properties and selectors is ignored . This code snippet : body ( overflow : hidden ; background : # 000000 ; ) is functionally equivalent to this one : body ( overflow : hidden ; background : # 000000 ; ) One common way to format CSS for readability is to indent each property and give it its own line . Positioning ( edit ) CSS 2.1 defines three positioning schemes : Normal flow Inline items are laid out in the same way as the letters in words in text , one after the other across the available space until there is no more room , then starting a new line below . Block items stack vertically , like paragraphs and like the items in a bulleted list . Normal flow also includes relative positioning of block or inline items , and run - in boxes . Floats A floated item is taken out of the normal flow and shifted to the left or right as far as possible in the space available . Other content then flows alongside the floated item . Absolute positioning An absolutely positioned item has no place in , and no effect on , the normal flow of other items . It occupies its assigned position in its container independently of other items . Position property ( edit ) There are four possible values of the position property . If an item is positioned in any way other than static , then the further properties top , bottom , left , and right are used to specify offsets and positions . Static The default value places the item in the normal flow Relative The item is placed in the normal flow , and then shifted or offset from that position . Subsequent flow items are laid out as if the item had not been moved . Absolute Specifies absolute positioning . The element is positioned in relation to its nearest non-static ancestor . Fixed The item is absolutely positioned in a fixed position on the screen even as the rest of the document is scrolled Float and clear ( edit ) The float property may have one of three values . Absolutely positioned or fixed items can not be floated . Other elements normally flow around floated items , unless they are prevented from doing so by their clear property . left The item floats to the left of the line that it would have appeared in ; other items may flow around its right side . right The item floats to the right of the line that it would have appeared in ; other items may flow around its left side . clear Forces the element to appear underneath ( ' clear ' ) floated elements to the left ( clear : left ) , right ( clear : right ) or both sides ( clear : both ) . History ( edit ) Håkon Wium Lie , chief technical officer of the Opera Software company and co-creator of the CSS web standard CSS was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie on October 10 , 1994 . At the time , Lie was working with Tim Berners - Lee at CERN . Several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time , and discussions on public mailing lists and inside World Wide Web Consortium resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation ( CSS1 ) being released in 1996 . In particular , Bert Bos ' proposal was influential ; he became co-author of CSS1 and is regarded as co-creator of CSS . Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized Markup Language ( SGML ) in the 1980s , and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for the web . One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from different sources on the web . Therefore , existing style sheet languages like DSSSL and FOSI were not suitable . CSS , on the other hand , let a document 's style be influenced by multiple style sheets by way of `` cascading '' styles . As HTML grew , it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the demands of web developers . This evolution gave the designer more control over site appearance , at the cost of more complex HTML . Variations in web browser implementations , such as ViolaWWW and WorldWideWeb , made consistent site appearance difficult , and users had less control over how web content was displayed . The browser / editor developed by Tim Berners - Lee had style sheets that were hard - coded into the program . The style sheets could therefore not be linked to documents on the web . Robert Cailliau , also of CERN , wanted to separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe different presentation for printing , screen - based presentations , and editors . Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www - style mailing list . Of these nine proposals , two were especially influential on what became CSS : Cascading HTML Style Sheets and Stream - based Style Sheet Proposal ( SSP ) . Two browsers served as testbeds for the initial proposals ; Lie worked with Yves Lafon to implement CSS in Dave Raggett 's Arena browser . Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in the Argo browser . Thereafter , Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard ( the ' H ' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other markup languages besides HTML ) . Lie 's proposal was presented at the `` Mosaic and the Web '' conference ( later called WWW2 ) in Chicago , Illinois in 1994 , and again with Bert Bos in 1995 . Around this time the W3C was already being established , and took an interest in the development of CSS . It organized a workshop toward that end chaired by Steven Pemberton . This resulted in W3C adding work on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board ( ERB ) . Lie and Bos were the primary technical staff on this aspect of the project , with additional members , including Thomas Reardon of Microsoft , participating as well . In August 1996 Netscape Communication Corporation presented an alternative style sheet language called JavaScript Style Sheets ( JSSS ) . The spec was never finished and is deprecated . By the end of 1996 , CSS was ready to become official , and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in December . Development of HTML , CSS , and the DOM had all been taking place in one group , the HTML Editorial Review Board ( ERB ) . Early in 1997 , the ERB was split into three working groups : HTML Working group , chaired by Dan Connolly of W3C ; DOM Working group , chaired by Lauren Wood of SoftQuad ; and CSS Working group , chaired by Chris Lilley of W3C . The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1 , resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4 , 1997 . It was published as a W3C Recommendation on May 12 , 1998 . CSS level 3 , which was started in 1998 , is still under development as of 2014 . In 2005 the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more strictly . This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1 , CSS 3 Selectors and CSS 3 Text were pulled back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level . Difficulty with adoption ( edit ) The CSS 1 specification was completed in 1996 . Microsoft 's Internet Explorer 3 was released in that year , featuring some limited support for CSS . IE 4 and Netscape 4. x added more support , but it was typically incomplete and had many bugs that prevented CSS from being usefully adopted . It was more than three years before any web browser achieved near - full implementation of the specification . Internet Explorer 5.0 for the Macintosh , shipped in March 2000 , was the first browser to have full ( better than 99 percent ) CSS 1 support , surpassing Opera , which had been the leader since its introduction of CSS support 15 months earlier . Other browsers followed soon afterwards , and many of them additionally implemented parts of CSS 2 . However , even when later ' version 5 ' browsers began to offer a fairly full implementation of CSS , they were still incorrect in certain areas and were fraught with inconsistencies , bugs and other quirks . The inconsistencies and variation in feature support made it difficult for designers to achieve a consistent appearance across browsers and platforms , leading to the use of workarounds such as CSS hacks and filters . Problems with browsers ' patchy adoption of CSS , along with errata in the original specification , led the W3C to revise the CSS 2 standard into CSS 2.1 , which moved nearer to a working snapshot of current CSS support in HTML browsers . Some CSS 2 properties that no browser successfully implemented were dropped , and in a few cases , defined behaviors were changed to bring the standard into line with the predominant existing implementations . CSS 2.1 became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25 , 2004 , but CSS 2.1 was pulled back to Working Draft status on June 13 , 2005 , and only returned to Candidate Recommendation status on July 19 , 2007 . In addition to these problems , the . css extension was used by a software product used to convert PowerPoint files into Compact Slide Show files , so some web servers served all . css as mime type application / x-pointplus rather than text / css . Variations ( edit ) CSS has various levels and profiles . Each level of CSS builds upon the last , typically adding new features and typically denoted as CSS 1 , CSS 2 , CSS 3 , and CSS 4 . Profiles are typically a subset of one or more levels of CSS built for a particular device or user interface . Currently there are profiles for mobile devices , printers , and television sets . Profiles should not be confused with media types , which were added in CSS 2 . CSS 1 ( edit ) The first CSS specification to become an official W3C Recommendation is CSS level 1 , published on December 17 , 1996 . Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos are credited as the original developers . Among its capabilities are support for Font properties such as typeface and emphasis Color of text , backgrounds , and other elements Text attributes such as spacing between words , letters , and lines of text Alignment of text , images , tables and other elements Margin , border , padding , and positioning for most elements Unique identification and generic classification of groups of attributes The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 1 Recommendation . CSS 2 ( edit ) CSS level 2 specification was developed by the W3C and published as a recommendation in May 1998 . A superset of CSS 1 , CSS 2 includes a number of new capabilities like absolute , relative , and fixed positioning of elements and z - index , the concept of media types , support for aural style sheets ( which were later replaced by the CSS 3 speech modules ) and bidirectional text , and new font properties such as shadows . The W3C no longer maintains the CSS 2 recommendation . CSS 2.1 ( edit ) CSS level 2 revision 1 , often referred to as `` CSS 2.1 '' , fixes errors in CSS 2 , removes poorly supported or not fully interoperable features and adds already implemented browser extensions to the specification . To comply with the W3C Process for standardizing technical specifications , CSS 2.1 went back and forth between Working Draft status and Candidate Recommendation status for many years . CSS 2.1 first became a Candidate Recommendation on February 25 , 2004 , but it was reverted to a Working Draft on June 13 , 2005 for further review . It returned to Candidate Recommendation on 19 July 2007 and then updated twice in 2009 . However , because changes and clarifications were made , it again went back to Last Call Working Draft on 7 December 2010 . CSS 2.1 went to Proposed Recommendation on 12 April 2011 . After being reviewed by the W3C Advisory Committee , it was finally published as a W3C Recommendation on 7 June 2011 . CSS 2.1 was planned as the first and final revision of level 2 -- but low priority work on CSS 2.2 began in 2015 . CSS 3 ( edit ) Taxonomy and status of CSS3 modules . Recommendation Candidate Recommendation Last Call Working Draft . `` CSS3 '' redirects here . For other uses , see CSS3 ( disambiguation ) . Unlike CSS 2 , which is a large single specification defining various features , CSS 3 is divided into several separate documents called `` modules '' . Each module adds new capabilities or extends features defined in CSS 2 , preserving backward compatibility . Work on CSS level 3 started around the time of publication of the original CSS 2 recommendation . The earliest CSS 3 drafts were published in June 1999 . Due to the modularization , different modules have different stability and statuses . As of June 2012 , there are over fifty CSS modules published from the CSS Working Group. , and four of these have been published as formal recommendations : 2012 - 06 - 19 : Media Queries 2011 - 09 - 29 : Namespaces 2011 - 09 - 29 : Selectors Level 3 2011 - 06 - 07 : Color Some modules have Candidate Recommendation ( CR ) status and are considered moderately stable . At CR stage , implementations are advised to drop vendor prefixes . Summary of main module - specifications Module Specification title Status Date css3 - background CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 3 Candidate Rec . 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 Sep 2014 css3 - box CSS basic box model Working Draft , 000000002007 - 08 - 01 - 0000 Aug 2007 css - cascade - 3 CSS Cascading and Inheritance Level 3 Candidate Rec . 000000002016 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2016 css3 - color CSS Color Module Level 3 Recommendation 000000002011 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 2011 css3 - content CSS3 Generated and Replaced Content Module Working Draft 000000002016 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 2016 css - fonts - 3 CSS Fonts Module Level 3 Candidate Rec . 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 Oct 2013 css3 - gcpm CSS Generated Content for Paged Media Module Working Draft 000000002014 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2014 css3 - layout CSS Template Layout Module Note 000000002015 - 03 - 01 - 0000 Mar 2015 css3 - mediaqueries Media Queries Recommendation 000000002012 - 06 - 01 - 0000 Jun 2012 css3 - multicol Multi-column Layout Candidate Rec . 000000002011 - 04 - 01 - 0000 Apr 2011 css3 - page CSS Paged Media Module Level 3 Working Draft 000000002013 - 03 - 01 - 0000 Mar 2013 css3 - selectors Selectors Level 3 Recommendation 000000002011 - 09 - 01 - 0000 Sep 2011 css3 - ui CSS Basic User Interface Module Level 3 ( CSS3 UI ) Working Draft 000000002015 - 07 - 01 - 0000 Jul 2015 CSS 4 ( edit ) There is no single , integrated CSS4 specification , because it is split into separate modules . However , there are `` level 4 '' modules . Because CSS3 split the CSS language 's definition into modules , the modules have been allowed to level independently . Most modules are level 3 -- they build on things from CSS 2.1 . A few level - 4 modules exist ( such as Image Values , Backgrounds & Borders , or Selectors ) , which build on the functionality of a preceding level - 3 module . Other modules defining entirely new functionality , such as Flexbox , have been designated as `` level 1 '' . The CSS Working Group sometimes publishes `` Snapshots '' , a collection of whole modules and parts of other drafts that are considered stable , interoperably implemented and hence ready to use . So far , four such best current practices document have been published as Notes , in 2007 , 2010 , 2015 . and 2017 . Browser support ( edit ) Further information : Comparison of layout engines ( Cascading Style Sheets ) Each web browser uses a layout engine to render web pages , and support for CSS functionality is not consistent between them . Because browsers do not parse CSS perfectly , multiple coding techniques have been developed to target specific browsers with workarounds ( commonly known as CSS hacks or CSS filters ) . Adoption of new functionality in CSS can be hindered by lack of support in major browsers . For example , Internet Explorer was slow to add support for many CSS 3 features , which slowed adoption of those features and damaged the browser 's reputation among developers . In order to ensure a consistent experience for their users , web developers often test their sites across multiple operating systems , browsers , and browser versions , increasing development time and complexity . Tools such as BrowserStack have been built to reduce the complexity of maintaining these environments . In addition to these testing tools , many sites maintain lists of browser support for specific CSS properties , including CanIUse and the Mozilla Developer Network . Additionally , the CSS 3 defines feature queries , which provide an @ supports directive that will allow developers to target browsers with support for certain functionality directly within their CSS . CSS that is not supported by older browsers can also sometimes be patched in using Javascript polyfills , which are pieces of Javascript code designed to make browsers behave consistently . These workarounds -- and the need to support fallback functionality -- can add complexity to development projects , and consequently , companies frequently define a list of browser versions that they will and will not support . As websites adopt newer code standards that are incompatible with older browsers , these browsers can be cut off from accessing many of the resources on the web ( sometimes intentionally ) . Many of the most popular sites on the internet are not just visually degraded on older browsers due to poor CSS support , but do not work at all , in large part due to the evolution of Javascript and other web technologies . Limitations ( edit ) Some noted limitations of the current capabilities of CSS include : Selectors are unable to ascend CSS currently offers no way to select a parent or ancestor of an element that satisfies certain criteria . CSS Selectors Level 4 , which is still in Working Draft status , proposes such a selector , but only as part of the `` complete '' selector profile , not the `` fast '' profile used in dynamic CSS styling . A more advanced selector scheme ( such as XPath ) would enable more sophisticated style sheets . The major reasons for the CSS Working Group previously rejecting proposals for parent selectors are related to browser performance and incremental rendering issues . Cannot explicitly declare new scope independently of position Scoping rules for properties such as z - index look for the closest parent element with a position : absolute or position : relative attribute . This odd coupling has undesired effects . For example , it is impossible to avoid declaring a new scope when one is forced to adjust an element 's position , preventing one from using the desired scope of a parent element . Pseudo-class dynamic behavior not controllable CSS implements pseudo-classes that allow a degree of user feedback by conditional application of alternate styles . One CSS pseudo-class , `` : hover `` , is dynamic ( equivalent of JavaScript `` onmouseover '' ) and has potential for abuse ( e.g. , implementing cursor - proximity popups ) , but CSS has no ability for a client to disable it ( no `` disable '' - like property ) or limit its effects ( no `` nochange '' - like values for each property ) . Cannot name rules There is no way to name a CSS rule , which would allow ( for example ) client - side scripts to refer to the rule even if its selector changes . Cannot include styles from a rule into another rule CSS styles often must be duplicated in several rules to achieve a desired effect , causing additional maintenance and requiring more thorough testing . Some new CSS features were proposed to solve this , but ( as of February , 2016 ) are not yet implemented anywhere . Cannot target specific text without altering markup Besides the : first - letter pseudo-element , one can not target specific ranges of text without needing to utilize place - holder elements . Resolved limitations ( edit ) Vertical control limitations Though horizontal placement of elements was always generally easy to control , vertical placement was frequently unintuitive , convoluted , or outright impossible . Simple tasks , such as centering an element vertically or placing a footer no higher than bottom of the viewport required either complicated and unintuitive style rules , or simple but widely unsupported rules . The Flexible Box Module improved the situation considerably and vertical control is much more straightforward and supported in all of the modern browsers . Older browsers still have those issues , but most of those ( mainly Internet Explorer 9 and below ) are no longer supported by their vendors . Absence of expressions There was no standard ability to specify property values as simple expressions ( such as margin - left : 10 % -- 3em + 4px ; ) . This would be useful in a variety of cases , such as calculating the size of columns subject to a constraint on the sum of all columns . Internet Explorer versions 5 to 7 support a proprietary expression ( ) statement , with similar functionality . This proprietary expression ( ) statement is no longer supported from Internet Explorer 8 onwards , except in compatibility modes . This decision was taken for `` standards compliance , browser performance , and security reasons '' . However , a candidate recommendation with a calc ( ) value to address this limitation has been published by the CSS WG and has since been supported in all of the modern browsers . Lack of column declaration Although possible in current CSS 3 ( using the column - count module ) , layouts with multiple columns can be complex to implement in CSS 2.1 . With CSS 2.1 , the process is often done using floating elements , which are often rendered differently by different browsers , different computer screen shapes , and different screen ratios set on standard monitors . All of the modern browsers support this CSS 3 feature in one form or another . Advantages ( edit ) Separation of content from presentation Main article : Separation of presentation and content CSS facilitates publication of content in multiple presentation formats based on nominal parameters . Nominal parameters include explicit user preferences , different web browsers , the type of device being used to view the content ( a desktop computer or mobile Internet device ) , the geographic location of the user and many other variables . Site - wide consistency Main article : Style sheet ( web development ) When CSS is used effectively , in terms of inheritance and `` cascading '' , a global style sheet can be used to affect and style elements site - wide . If the situation arises that the styling of the elements should be changed or adjusted , these changes can be made by editing rules in the global style sheet . Before CSS , this sort of maintenance was more difficult , expensive and time - consuming . Bandwidth A stylesheet , internal or external , specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements selected by class , type or relationship to others . This is much more efficient than repeating style information inline for each occurrence of the element . An external stylesheet is usually stored in the browser cache , and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being reloaded , further reducing data transfer over a network . Page reformatting Main article : Progressive enhancement With a simple change of one line , a different style sheet can be used for the same page . This has advantages for accessibility , as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to different target devices . Furthermore , devices not able to understand the styling still display the content . Accessibility Without CSS , web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as HTML tables that hinder accessibility for vision - impaired users ( see Tableless web design # Accessibility ) . CSS frameworks ( edit ) Main article : CSS framework CSS frameworks are pre-prepared libraries that are meant to allow for easier , more standards - compliant styling of web pages using the Cascading Style Sheets language . CSS frameworks include Foundation , Blueprint , Bootstrap , Cascade Framework and Materialize . Like programming and scripting language libraries , CSS frameworks are usually incorporated as external . css sheets referenced in the HTML < head > . They provide a number of ready - made options for designing and laying out the web page . Although many of these frameworks have been published , some authors use them mostly for rapid prototyping , or for learning from , and prefer to ' handcraft ' CSS that is appropriate to each published site without the design , maintenance and download overhead of having many unused features in the site 's styling . CSS authoring methodologies ( edit ) As the size of CSS resources used in a project increases , the development team needs to decide on a common methodology to keep them organized . The goals are ease of development , ease of collaboration during development and performance of the deployed stylesheets in the browser . Popular methodologies include OOCSS - object oriented CSS , ACSS - atomic CSS , oCSS - organic Cascade Style Sheet , SMACSS - scalable and modular architecture for CSS and BEM - block , element , modifier . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSS developer guide '' . Mozilla Developer Network . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Web - based Mobile Apps of the Future Using HTML 5 , CSS and JavaScript '' . HTMLGoodies . Retrieved October 2014 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` What is CSS ? '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved December 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` W3C CSS validation service '' . Jump up ^ `` W3C CSS2. 1 specification for pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ see the complete definition of selectors at the W3C Web site . Jump up ^ `` Selectors Level 3 '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` W3C CSS2. 1 specification for rule sets , declaration blocks , and selectors '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Full property table '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Color '' . Mozilla Developer Network . 2016 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ W3C HTML Working Group . `` HTML 5 . A vocabulary and associated APIs for HTML and XHTML '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Eric A. ( 2006 ) . Cascading Style Sheets : The Definitive Guide ( 3rd ed . ) . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52733 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Assigning property values , Cascading , and Inheritance '' . Jump up ^ `` Can a CSS class inherit one or more other classes ? '' . StackOverflow . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bos , Bert ; et al. ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` 9.3 Positioning schemes '' . Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 ( CSS 2.1 ) Specification . W3C . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Holzschlag , Molly E ( 2005 ) . Spring into HTML and CSS . Pearson Education , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 185586 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lie , Hakon W ( 10 Oct 1994 ) . `` Cascading HTML style sheets - a proposal '' ( Proposal ) ( 0.92 ) . CERN . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lie , Håkon Wium ; Bos , Bert ( 1999 ) . Cascading Style Sheets , designing for the Web . Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 59625 - 3 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cascading Style Sheets , level 1 '' . World Wide Web Consortium . ^ Jump up to : Bos , Bert ( 14 April 1995 ) . `` Simple style sheets for SGML & HTML on the web '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cascading Style Sheets '' . University of Oslo . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Petrie , Charles ; Cailliau , Robert ( November 1997 ) . `` Interview Robert Cailliau on the WWW Proposal : `` How It Really Happened . '' `` . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Bos , Håkon Wium Lie , Bert ( 1999 ) . Cascading style sheets : designing for the Web ( 2nd ed . ) . Harlow , Essex , England : Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 59625 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bos , Bert ( 31 March 1995 ) . `` Stream - based Style sheet Proposal '' . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nielsen , Henrik Frystyk ( 7 June 2002 ) . `` Libwww Hackers '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yves Lafon '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The W3C Team : Technology and Society '' . World Wide Web Consortium. 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Lou Montulli ; Brendan Eich ; Scott Furman ; Donna Converse ; Troy Chevalier ( 22 August 1996 ) . `` JavaScript - Based Style Sheets '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CSS software '' . W3.org . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anne van Kesteren . `` CSS 2.1 -- Anne 's Weblog '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Archive of W3C News in 2007 '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Nitot , Tristan ( 18 March 2002 ) . `` Incorrect MIME Type for CSS Files '' . Mozilla Developer Center . Mozilla . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ McBride , Don ( 27 November 2009 ) . `` File Types '' . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` css file extension details '' . File extension database . 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bos , / Håkon Wium Lie , Bert ( 1997 ) . Cascading style sheets : designing for the Web ( 1st print . ed . ) . Harlow , England ; Reading , MA. : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 201 - 41998 - X . Jump up ^ W3C : Cascading Style Sheets , level 1 CSS 1 specification Jump up ^ W3C : Cascading Style Sheets level 1 specification CSS level 1 specification Jump up ^ `` Aural style sheets '' . Jump up ^ W3C : Cascading Style Sheets , level 2 CSS 2 specification ( 1998 recommendation ) Jump up ^ W3C : Cascading Style Sheets , level 2 revision 1 CSS 2.1 specification ( W3C Proposed Recommendation ) Jump up ^ W3C : Cascading Style Sheets Standard Boasts Unprecedented Interoperability ^ Jump up to : Bos , Bert ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Descriptions of all CSS specifications '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bos , Bert ( 26 February 2011 ) . `` CSS current work '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Etemad , Elika ( 12 December 2010 ) . `` Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) Snapshot 2010 '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All CSS specifications '' . W3.org. 2014 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Atkins Jr , Tab . `` A Word About CSS4 '' . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` W3C CSS Selectors Level 4 '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module Level 4 '' . Jump up ^ http://dev.w3.org/csswg/css4-images/ Jump up ^ `` CSS Backgrounds and Borders Module Level 4 '' . Jump up ^ Etemad , Elika J. ; Jr. , Tab Atkins ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Selectors Level 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) Snapshot 2007 '' . 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) Snapshot 2010 '' . 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Snapshot 2015 '' . 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Snapshot 2017 '' . 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSS3 Solutions for Internet Explorer -- Smashing Magazine '' . Smashing Magazine . 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Using Feature Queries in CSS Mozilla Hacks -- the Web developer blog '' . hacks.mozilla.org . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Looking at the Web with Internet Explorer 6 , one last time '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Molly Holzschlag ( January 2012 ) . `` Seven Things Still Missing from CSS '' ... net Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Selectors Level 4 -- Determining the Subject of a Selector '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Selectors Level 4 -- Fast vs Complete Selector Profiles '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Snook , Jonathan ( October 2010 ) . `` Why we do n't have a parent selector '' . snook.ca . Jump up ^ `` Pure CSS Popups '' . meyerweb.com . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Tab Atkins Jr . `` CSS apply rule '' . GitHub . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Can I use ... Support tables for HTML5 , CSS3 , etc . '' . CanIUse.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Explorer End of Support '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Dynamic Properties '' . Msdn.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` CSS3 Values and Units '' . W3.org . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Can I use ... Support tables for HTML5 , CSS3 , etc . '' . CanIUse.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CSS Multi-column Layout Module '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved May 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Can I use ... Support tables for HTML5 , CSS3 , etc . '' . CanIUse.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cederholm , Dan ; Ethan Marcotte ( 2009 ) . Handcrafted CSS : More Bulletproof Web Design . New Riders . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 64338 - 4 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Antti , Hiljá . `` OOCSS , ACSS , BEM , SMACSS : what are they ? What should I use ? '' . clubmate.fi . Hiljá . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2012 ) Jeffrey Zeldman ( 2009 ) : Designing With Web Standards , New Riders , ISBN 978 - 0321616951 ( paperback ) ( book 's companion site ) Dan Cederholm ( 2009 ) : Web Standards Solutions , The Markup and Style Handbook , Friends of Ed , ISBN 978 - 1430219200 ( paperback ) ( Author 's site ) Meyer , Eric A. ( 2006 ) . Cascading Style Sheets : The Definitive Guide , Third Edition . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52733 - 0 . More Eric Meyer On CSS ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 7357 - 1425 - 8 Eric Meyer On CSS ( 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 7357 - 1245 - X Meyer , Eric A. ( 2001 ) Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer 's Reference , McGraw - Hill Osborne Media , ISBN 0 - 07 - 213178 - 0 The Zen of CSS Design ( 2005 ) ( co-authored by CSS Zen Garden Owner , Dave Shea , and Molly E. Holzschlag ) , ISBN 0 - 321 - 30347 - 4 Kynn Bartlett : Teach Yourself CSS in 24 Hours , 2nd Edition ( 2006 ) , Sams Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0672329067 Cascading Style Sheets : Designing for the Web ( 2005 ) by Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos , ISBN 0 - 321 - 19312 - 1 Cascading Style Sheets Cascading Style Sheets , PhD thesis , by Håkon Wium Lie -- provides an authoritative historical reference of CSS Keith Schengili - Roberts ( 2003 ) : Core CSS , 2nd Edition , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 009278 - 9 On the Analysis of Cascading Style Sheets , Pierre Geneves , Nabil Layaida , and Vincent Quint , Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on World Wide Web ( WWW'12 ) , pp. 809 -- 818 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Cascading Style Sheets Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cascading Style Sheets . Official website CSS at DMOZ Style sheet languages Modes Desktop publishing Web development User interfaces Standard Cascading ( CSS ) DSSSL Extensible ( XSL ) Non-standard JavaScript ( JSSS ) FOSI Qt Sass Less Stylus SMIL Timesheets PostCSS List Comparison World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C ) Products and standards Recommendations ARIA Canonical XML CDF CSS DOM Geolocation API HTML ( HTML5 ) ITS JSON - LD Linked Data Notifications MathML Micropub OWL P3P PLS RDF RDF Schema SISR SKOS SMIL SOAP SRGS SRI SSML SVG SCXML SPARQL Timed text VoiceXML Web storage WSDL Webmention XForms XHTML XHTML + RDFa XInclude XLink XML XML Base XML Encryption XML Events XML Information Set XML namespace XML Schema XML Signature XOP XPath XPath 2.0 XPointer XProc XQuery XSL XSL - FO XSLT ( elements ) Notes XAdES XHTML + SMIL XUP Working drafts CCXML CURIE EME InkML MSE RIF SMIL Timesheets sXBL WICD XFDL XFrames XBL XMLHttpRequest Guidelines Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Initiative Multimodal Interaction Activity ( MMI ) Markup Validation Service Web Accessibility Initiative WebPlatform Deprecated C - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was css first proposed as a standard by the w3c	[ "CSS was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie on October 10, 1994.[17] At the time, Lie was working with Tim Berners-Lee at CERN.[18] Several other style sheet languages for the web were proposed around the same time, and discussions on public mailing lists and inside World Wide Web Consortium resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation (CSS1)[19] being released in 1996. In particular, Bert Bos' proposal was influential; he became co-author of CSS1 and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.[20]" ]	[ "October 10, 1994" ]
-5693660575165797497	My Fair Lady (film)	My Fair Lady ( film ) - wikipedia My Fair Lady ( film ) My Fair Lady Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold , original illustration by Bob Peak Directed by George Cukor Produced by Jack L. Warner Screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner Based on My Fair Lady by Alan Jay Lerner Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Starring Audrey Hepburn Rex Harrison Stanley Holloway Wilfrid Hyde - White Gladys Cooper Music by Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner Cinematography Harry Stradling Edited by William H. Ziegler Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures , Inc . Release date October 21 , 1964 ( 1964 - 10 - 21 ) Running time 170 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $72 million My Fair Lady is a 1964 American musical film adapted from the Lerner and Loewe eponymous stage musical based on the 1913 stage play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw . With a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner and directed by George Cukor , the film depicts a poor Cockney flower seller named Eliza Doolittle who overhears an arrogant phonetics professor , Henry Higgins , as he casually wagers that he could teach her to speak `` proper '' English , thereby making her presentable in the high society of Edwardian London . The film stars Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle and Rex Harrison as Henry Higgins , with Stanley Holloway , Gladys Cooper and Wilfrid Hyde - White in supporting roles . A critical and commercial success , it won eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture , Best Actor , and Best Director . In 1998 , the American Film Institute named it the 91st greatest American film of all time . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Order of musical numbers 4.2 Dubbing 4.3 Intermission 4.4 Art direction 5 Soundtrack 6 Reception 7 Awards and honors 7.1 Academy Awards : 1964 7.2 Golden Globe Awards 7.3 BAFTA Awards 8 Restoration 9 Planned remake 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) In Edwardian London , Professor Henry Higgins ( Rex Harrison ) , a scholar of phonetics , believes that the accent and tone of one 's voice determines a person 's prospects in society . In Covent Garden one evening , he boasts to a new acquaintance , Colonel Hugh Pickering ( Wilfrid Hyde - White ) , himself an expert in phonetics , that he could teach any person to speak in a way that he could pass them off as a duke or duchess at an embassy ball . Higgins selects as an example a young flower seller , Eliza Doolittle ( Audrey Hepburn ) , who has a strong Cockney accent . Eliza 's ambition is to work in a flower shop , but her thick accent makes her unsuitable . Having come from India to meet Higgins , Pickering is invited to stay with the professor . The following morning , Eliza shows up at Higgins ' home , seeking lessons . Pickering is intrigued and offers to cover all expenses , should the experiment be successful . Eliza 's father , Alfred P. Doolittle ( Stanley Holloway ) , a dustman , shows up three days later , ostensibly to protect his daughter 's virtue , but in reality simply to extract some money from Higgins , and is bought off with £ 5 . Higgins is impressed by the man 's honesty , his natural gift for language , and especially his brazen lack of morals . Higgins recommends Alfred to a wealthy American who is interested in morality . Eliza goes through many forms of speech training , such as speaking with marbles in her mouth , enduring Higgins ' harsh approach to teaching and his treatment of her personally . She makes little progress , but just as she , Higgins , and Pickering are about to give up , Eliza finally `` gets it '' ; she instantly begins to speak with an impeccable upper class accent . As a test , Higgins takes her to Ascot Racecourse , where she makes a good impression initially , only to shock everyone by a sudden lapse into vulgar Cockney while cheering on a horse . Higgins , who dislikes the pretentiousness of the upper class , partly conceals a grin behind his hand . He next has Eliza pose as a mysterious lady at an embassy ball where she dances with a foreign prince . At the ball is Zoltan Karpathy ( Theodore Bikel ) , a Hungarian phonetics expert trained by Higgins . After a brief conversation with Eliza , he certifies that she is not only Hungarian , but of royal blood , declaring her to be a Princess . After all the effort she has put in , however , Eliza 's actions are barely acknowledged , with all the praise going to Higgins . This , and his callous treatment towards her afterwards , especially his indifference to her future , causes her to throw Higgins ' slippers at him , and to walk out on him , leaving him mystified by her ingratitude . Accompanied by Freddy Eynsford - Hill ( Jeremy Brett ) , a young man she met at Ascot and who is charmed by her , Eliza makes an attempt to return to her old life , but finds that she no longer fits in . She meets her father , who has been left a large fortune by the wealthy American to whom Higgins had recommended him , and is resigned to marrying Eliza 's stepmother . Alfred feels that Higgins has ruined him , since he is now bound by morals and responsibility . Eliza kindly refuses an invitation to the wedding and eventually ends up visiting Higgins ' mother ( Gladys Cooper ) , who is outraged at her son 's behaviour . The next day , Higgins finds Eliza gone and searches for her , eventually finding her at his mother 's house . Higgins attempts to talk Eliza into coming back to him . He becomes angered when Eliza announces that she is going to marry Freddy and become Karpathy 's assistant . He makes his way home , stubbornly predicting that she will come crawling back . However , he comes to the realization that he has `` grown accustomed to her face . '' Henry returns to his study to lament his loneliness . As he listens to Eliza 's recorded voice , she reappears in the doorway behind him , turning off the recording and saying in her old Cockney accent , `` I washed my hands and face before I come I did . '' Higgins looks surprised then pleased before asking for his slippers once more as Eliza smiles on behind him , leaving the audience to decide what happens next . Cast ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle Marni Nixon as Eliza 's singing voice ( uncredited ) Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins Stanley Holloway as Alfred P. Doolittle Wilfrid Hyde - White as Colonel Hugh Pickering Gladys Cooper as Mrs. Higgins Jeremy Brett as Freddy Eynsford - Hill Bill Shirley as Freddy 's singing voice ( uncredited ) Theodore Bikel as Zoltan Karpathy Mona Washbourne as Mrs. Pearce , Higgins ' housekeeper Isobel Elsom as Mrs. Eynsford - Hill John Holland as the Butler Uncredited Cast Henry Daniell as the British Ambassador ( in his last film role ) Baroness Rothschild as the Queen of Transylvania Buddy Bryant as Prince Gregor of Transylvania Charles Fredericks as the King in Eliza 's fantasy Lillian Kemble - Cooper as female Ambassador ( in yellow dress ) at Ball Queenie Leonard as Cockney bystander Moyna MacGill as Lady Boxington Alan Napier as gentleman escorting Eliza to the Queen Betty Blythe as Lady at Ball Marjorie Bennett as Cockney with pipe Marni Nixon as Waiter from bar ( Get Me to the Church on Time ) Musical numbers ( edit ) `` Overture '' -- played by orchestra . `` Why Ca n't the English Learn to Speak ? '' -- performed by Rex Harrison , Wilfrid Hyde - White and Audrey Hepburn . `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' -- performed by Audrey Hepburn ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and chorus . `` An Ordinary Man '' -- performed by Rex Harrison . `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' -- performed by Stanley Holloway , John Alderson , John McLiam , and chorus . `` Just You Wait '' -- sung by Audrey Hepburn ( partially dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Charles Fredericks . `` Servants Chorus '' -- sung by Mona Washbourne and chorus . `` The Rain in Spain '' -- performed by Rex Harrison , Wilfrid Hyde - White , and Audrey Hepburn ( partially dubbed by Marni Nixon ) . `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' -- performed by Audrey Hepburn ( mostly dubbed by Marni Nixon ) , Mona Washbourne and chorus . `` Ascot Gavotte '' -- sung by chorus . `` Ascot Gavotte ( Reprise ) '' -- sung by chorus . `` On the Street Where You Live '' -- sung by Jeremy Brett ( dubbed by Bill Shirley ) . `` Intermission '' -- played by orchestra . `` Transylvanian March '' -- played by orchestra . `` Embassy Waltz '' -- played by orchestra . `` You Did It '' -- performed by Rex Harrison , Wilfrid Hyde - White , and chorus . `` Just You Wait ( Reprise ) '' -- sung by Audrey Hepburn . `` On the Street Where You Live '' ( reprise ) -- sung by Jeremy Brett ( dubbed by Bill Shirley ) . `` Show Me '' -- sung by Audrey Hepburn ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Jeremy Brett ( dubbed by Bill Shirley ) . `` Would n't It Be Loverly '' ( reprise ) -- sung by Audrey Hepburn ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and chorus . `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' -- performed by Stanley Holloway , John Alderson , John McLiam , and chorus . `` A Hymn to Him ( Why Ca n't A Woman Be More Like a Man ? ) '' -- performed by Rex Harrison and Wilfrid Hyde - White . `` Without You '' -- sung by Audrey Hepburn ( dubbed by Marni Nixon ) and Rex Harrison . `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' -- performed by Rex Harrison . `` Finale '' -- played by orchestra . Production ( edit ) Cinematographer Harry Stradling poses with Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle on the set of the film The head of CBS , William S. Paley , put up the money for the original Broadway production in exchange for the rights to the cast album ( through Columbia Records ) . When Warner bought the film rights in February 1962 for the then - unprecedented sum of $5 million , it was agreed that the rights to the film would revert to CBS seven years following release . Order of musical numbers ( edit ) The order of the songs in the show was followed faithfully , except for `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' . The song is listed as being the third musical number in the play ; in the film it is the fourth . Onstage , the song is split into two parts sung in two different scenes . Part of the song is sung by Doolittle and his cronies just after Eliza gives him part of her earnings , immediately before she makes the decision to go to Higgins 's house to ask for speech lessons . The second half of the song is sung by Doolittle just after he discovers that Eliza is now living with Higgins . In the film , the entire song is sung in one scene that takes place just after Higgins has sung `` I 'm an Ordinary Man '' . However , the song does have a dialogue scene ( Doolittle 's conversation with Eliza 's landlady ) between verses . The instrumental `` Busker Sequence '' , which opens the play immediately after the Overture , is the only musical number from the play omitted in the film version . However , there are several measures from this piece that can be heard as we see Eliza in the rain , making her way through the cars and carriages in Covent Garden . All of the songs in the film were performed near complete ; however , there were some verse omissions , as there sometimes are in film versions of Broadway musicals . For example , in the song `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' , the verse `` He does not have a Tuppence in his pocket '' , which was sung with a chorus , was omitted , due to space and its length . The original verse in `` Show Me '' was used instead . The stanzas of `` You Did It '' that came after Higgins says `` she is a Princess '' were originally written for the Broadway version , but Harrison hated the lyrics , and refused to perform the song unless and until those lyrics were omitted , which they were in most Broadway versions . However , Cukor insisted that the omitted lyrics be restored for the film version or he would not direct at all , causing Harrison to oblige . The omitted lyrics end with the words `` Hungarian Rhapsody '' followed by the servants shouting `` Bravo '' three times , to the strains of Liszt 's `` Hungarian Rhapsody '' before the servants sing `` Congratulations , Professor Higgins '' . Dubbing ( edit ) Hepburn 's singing was judged inadequate , and she was dubbed by Marni Nixon , who sang all songs except `` Just You Wait '' , where Hepburn 's voice was left undubbed during the harsh - toned chorus of the song and Nixon sang the melodic bridge section . Some of Hepburn 's original vocal performances for the film were released in the 1990s , affording audiences an opportunity to judge whether the dubbing was necessary . Less well known is the dubbing of Jeremy Brett 's songs ( as Freddy ) by Bill Shirley . Harrison declined to pre-record his musical numbers for the film , explaining that he had never talked his way through the songs the same way twice and thus could not convincingly lip - sync to a playback during filming ( as musical stars had , according to Jack L. Warner , been doing for years . `` We even dubbed Rin - Tin - Tin '' ) . George Groves decided to use a wireless microphone , the first such use during filming of a motion picture . The sound department earned an Academy Award for its efforts . Intermission ( edit ) One of the few differences in structure between the stage version and the film is the placement of the intermission . In the stage play , the intermission comes after the embassy ball where Eliza dances with Karpathy . In the film , the intermission comes before the ball , as Eliza , Higgins , and Pickering are seen departing for the embassy . Art Direction ( edit ) Gene Allen , Cecil Beaton , and George James Hopkins won an Academy Award for Best Production Design for art direction of the film . Beaton 's inspiration for the library in Higgins ' home , where much of the action takes place , was a room at the Château de Groussay , Montfort - l'Amaury , in France , which had been decorated opulently by its owner Carlos de Beistegui . Hats were created by Parisian milliner Paulette at Beaton 's request . Soundtrack ( edit ) Original Columbia Records LP All tracks played by the Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra conducted by André Previn . Between brackets the singers . `` Overture '' `` Why Ca n't the English Learn to Speak ? '' ( Rex Harrison , Audrey Hepburn , Wilfrid Hyde - White ) `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' ( Marni Nixon ( for Hepburn ) ) `` I 'm an Ordinary Man '' ( Harrison ) `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' ( Stanley Holloway ) `` Just You Wait '' ( Hepburn , Nixon ) `` The Rain in Spain '' ( Harrison , Hepburn , Nixon , Hyde - White ) `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' ( Nixon , Hepburn ( one line ) ) `` Ascot Gavotte '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' ( Bill Shirley ( for Jeremy Brett ) ) `` You Did It '' ( Harrison , Hyde - White ) ( without the choir `` Congratulations '' ) `` Show Me '' ( Nixon , Shirley ) `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' ( Holloway ) `` A Hymn to Him ( Why Ca n't a Woman Be More Like a Man ? ) '' ( Harrison , Hyde - White ) `` Without You '' ( Nixon , Harrison ) `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' ( Harrison ) Previously unreleased on LP , included on the CD `` The Flower Market '' `` Servants ' Chorus '' `` Ascot Gavotte ( Reprise ) '' `` Intermission '' `` The Transylvanian March '' `` The Embassy Waltz '' `` You Did It '' ( Harrison , Hyde - White ) ( with the servant 's final choir `` Congratulations '' ) `` Just You Wait ( Reprise ) '' ( Audrey Hepburn ) `` On the Street Where You Live ( Reprise ) '' ( Shirley ) `` The Flowermarket '' ( containing the reprise of `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' ) ( Nixon ) `` End Titles '' `` Exit Music '' Reception ( edit ) With a production budget of $17 million , My Fair Lady was the most expensive film shot in the United States up to that time . The film was re-released in 1971 and earned North American rentals of $2 million . It was re-released again in 1994 after a thorough restoration . My Fair Lady currently holds a 96 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 46 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The consensus states : `` George Cukor 's elegant , colorful adaptation of the beloved stage play is elevated to new heights thanks to winning performances by Audrey Hepburn and Rex Harrison . '' Chicago Sun - Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars out of four , and , in 2006 , he put it on his `` Great Movies '' list , praising Hepburn 's performance , and calling the film `` the best and most unlikely of musicals . '' Awards and honors ( edit ) Academy Awards : 1964 ( edit ) My Fair Lady won eight Oscars : Academy Award for Best Picture -- Jack L. Warner Academy Award for Best Director -- George Cukor Academy Award for Best Actor -- Rex Harrison Academy Award for Best Cinematography -- Harry Stradling Academy Award for Best Sound -- George R. Groves , Warner Brothers Studio Academy Award for Best Adaptation or Treatment Score -- André Previn Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Gene Allen , Cecil Beaton , and George James Hopkins Academy Award for Best Costume Design -- Cecil Beaton Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Alan Jay Lerner - Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing -- William Ziegler - Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Stanley Holloway - Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Gladys Cooper - Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) My Fair Lady won three Golden Globes : Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Golden Globe Award for Best Director -- Motion Picture -- George Cukor Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy -- Rex Harrison BAFTA Awards ( edit ) My Fair Lady won the BAFTA Award for Best Film from any source Restoration ( edit ) The film was restored in 1994 by James C. Katz and Robert A. Harris , who had restored Spartacus three years earlier . The restoration was commissioned and financed by CBS , to which the film rights reverted from Warner Bros. in 1971 . CBS would later hire Harris to lend his expertise to a new 4K restoration of the film for a 2015 Blu - ray release , working from 8K scans of the original camera negative and other surviving 65mm elements . Planned remake ( edit ) A new film of the musical was planned in 2008 with a screenplay by Emma Thompson but the project did not materialize . Keira Knightley , Carey Mulligan , and Colin Firth were among those in consideration for the lead roles . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1960s portal List of American films of 1964 Notes ( edit ) ^ The rights of the film were reverted to CBS in 1971 and in 2009 , currently distributed by Paramount Pictures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` My fair lady '' , Box office mojo . Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) '' . IMDB . December 25 , 1964 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NY Times : My Fair Lady '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Metz , Robert ( July 21 , 1975 ) . `` The Biggest Man in Broadcasting '' ( pp. 48 - 50 ) New York Magazine , Vol. 8 , # 29 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Alan Jay ( 1985 ) . The Street Where I Live . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80602 - 9 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Kyle . `` Marni Nixon in My Fair Lady '' , The Arizona Republic , June 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Bill Shirley on IMDb Jump up ^ Stirling , Richard . Julie Andrews : An Intimate Biography. 2007 , Portrait ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 5135 - 1 , p. 127 Jump up ^ George Groves Sound History `` Making of My Fair Lady '' Retrieved on November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Barriors . `` Dangerous Rhythm : Why Movie Musicals Matter '' . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1973 '' , Variety , 9 January 1974 p 19 Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Editors , The ( 2006 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Roger Ebert `` Great Movies '' review `` . Rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The 37th Academy Awards ( 1965 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , William ( August 15 , 1994 ) . `` In ' My Fair Lady , ' Audrey Hepburn Is Singing at Last '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` MORE LOVERLY THAN EVER ! HIGH DEFINITION UPGRADE OF ICONIC BELOVED MUSICAL '' ( Press release ) . HOLLYWOOD , Calif. : Paramount Home Entertainment . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds , `` Knightley in talks for ' My Fair Lady ' , '' Digital Spy ( June 6 , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Keira Knightley is My Fair Lady '' . ComingSoon.net. 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cameron Mackintosh Shares Update on MISS SAIGON & MY FAIR LADY Films -- One is OFF ! broadwayworld.com , Retrieved May 3 , 2014 Bibliography Lees , Gene ( 2005 ) . The Musical Worlds of Lerner and Loewe . Bison Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8040 - 3 . Green , Benny , ed. ( 1987 ) . A Hymn to Him : The Lyrics of Alan Jay Lerner . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 109 - 1 . Lerner , Alan Jay ( 1985 ) . The Street Where I Live . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80602 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : My Fair Lady ( film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to My Fair Lady ( film ) . My Fair Lady at the American Film Institute Catalog My Fair Lady on IMDb My Fair Lady at the TCM Movie Database My Fair Lady at Box Office Mojo My Fair Lady at Rotten Tomatoes My Fair Lady by Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner ( Lerner and Loewe ) Characters Eliza Doolittle Source Pygmalion ( 1912 play ) by George Bernard Shaw Pygmalion ( 1938 film ) by George Bernard Shaw adapted by W.P. Lipscomb and Cecil Lewis Films My Fair Lady ( 1964 film ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Albums My Fair Lady ( 1956 Broadway cast recording ) My Fair Lady ( 1956 Shelly Manne album ) My Fair Lady ( 1958 Oscar Peterson Trio album ) Nat King Cole Sings My Fair Lady ( 1963 album ) My Fair Lady Loves Jazz ( 1964 Billy Taylor album ) The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits ( 1964 Andy Williams album ) Musical numbers `` Would n't It Be Loverly ? '' `` With a Little Bit of Luck '' `` The Rain in Spain '' `` I Could Have Danced All Night '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Get Me to the Church on Time '' `` I 've Grown Accustomed to Her Face '' Television `` My Fair Laddy '' `` One If by Clam , Two If by Sea '' Selfie Related The Street Where I Live Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw Characters Eliza Doolittle Films Everybody 's Woman ( 1924 ) Pygmalion ( 1935 ) Hoi Polloi ( 1935 ) Pygmalion ( 1937 ) Pygmalion ( 1938 ) Half - Wits Holiday ( 1947 ) Pies and Guys ( 1958 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Opening of Misty Beethoven ( 1976 ) Man Pasand ( 1980 ) Musical My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) Television Pygmalion ( 1948 ) Galatea ( 1977 ) Pygmalion ( 1983 ) Totalmente Demais ( 2015 ) See also Pygmalion ( mythology ) Amarilly of Clothes - Line Alley American Princess Ask Any Girl The First Night of Pygmalion Educating Rita Fine Manners Kitty Mighty Aphrodite Never on Sunday Ogo Bodhu Shundori Selfie She 's All That `` Someone to Watch Over Me '' Vapor Pygmalion effect ELIZA Films directed by George Cukor Grumpy ( 1930 ) The Virtuous Sin ( 1930 ) The Royal Family of Broadway ( 1930 ) Tarnished Lady ( 1931 ) Girls About Town ( 1931 ) What Price Hollywood ? 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Fair_Lady_(film)&oldid=856782397 '' Categories : 1964 films English - language films American films 1960s musical films 1960s romantic drama films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films Films directed by George Cukor Films about gender André Previn albums Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films scored by Frederick Loewe Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films based on musicals Films based on works by George Bernard Shaw Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in the 1900s Films set in London Films shot in Los Angeles Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Warner Bros. films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang eliza doolittle in my fair lady	[ "Audrey Hepburn as Eliza Doolittle\nMarni Nixon as Eliza's singing voice (uncredited)" ]	[ "Marni Nixon" ]
-8176257082232026344	List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island	List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island - wikipedia List of colleges and universities in Rhode Island Jump to : navigation , search Map of RI Colleges This is a list of colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Rhode Island . There are currently 12 accredited , degree - granting institutions operating in the state , including two research universities , a community college , and a school of art . The state 's three public institutions are administered by the Rhode Island Board of Governors for Higher Education . The state operates two public universities , the University of Rhode Island and Rhode Island College , as well as the Community College of Rhode Island , which offers degrees at six locations . The Naval War College , operated by the federal United States Navy , is located in Newport . The oldest school in the state is Brown University , a member of the Ivy League and the only Rhode Island institution founded before the American Revolution . The newest is the Community College of Rhode Island , founded in 1964 in Providence as Rhode Island Junior College . Enrollment sizes range from the Naval War College at 550 students to the University of Rhode Island , the state 's flagship public university , which serves over 15,000 students . The institutions included on this list are all accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Institutions 2 Defunct institutions 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Institutions ( edit ) School Location ( s ) Affiliation Type Enrollment ( 2016 ) Founded Brown University Providence Private Doctoral university 9,781 1764 Bryant University Smithfield Private Master 's university 3,698 1863 Community College of Rhode Island 6 locations Public Associate 's college 15,101 1964 Johnson & Wales University Providence Private Master 's university 9,324 1914 Naval War College Newport Public ( Federal ) Master 's university 562 1884 New England Institute of Technology East Greenwich Private Baccalaureate / associate 's college 2,962 1940 Providence College Providence Private ( Catholic ) Master 's university 4,568 1917 Rhode Island College Providence Public Master 's university 8,446 1854 Rhode Island School of Design Providence Private School of art 2,477 1877 Roger Williams University Bristol Private Master 's university 5,624 1956 Salve Regina University Newport Private ( Catholic ) Master 's university 2,746 1934 University of Rhode Island Kingston Public Doctoral university 17,822 1892 Hope College and Manning Hall at Brown University The George E. Bello Center at Bryant University Quadrangle at the University of Rhode Island Clock tower of University Library at Roger Williams University Defunct institutions ( edit ) School Location ( s ) Founded Closed Barrington College Barrington 1900 1985 Gibbs College Cranston 1911 2009 Mount Saint Joseph College Wakefield Rhode Island College of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences Providence 1902 1957 Seminary of Our Lady of Providence Warwick 1939 See also ( edit ) Rhode Island portal Universities portal Higher education in the United States List of American institutions of higher education Notes ( edit ) ^ a The types listed here are as categorized in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . ^ b Enrollment is the total enrollment listed by IPEDS for fall 2016 . ^ d The enrollment count for Johnson & Wales University does not include 799 students in their distance learning programs . ^ d The Naval War College is not categorized by the Carnegie Classification . However , it is comparable to the Naval Postgraduate School , which is categorized as a masters university . ^ e The enrollment count for the Naval War College does not include 5,116 students in their distance learning programs . ^ f The enrollment count for Roger Williams University includes 431 students at the School of Law , which is listed as a separate school in IPEDS . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roster of Institutions '' . New England Association of Schools and Colleges . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS ) '' . U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` History of Brown '' . Brown University . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts About Bryant '' . Bryant University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . Community College of Rhode Island . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Johnson & Wales '' . Johnson & Wales University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts '' . U.S. Naval War College . September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Naval War College . `` NWC History '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eltsworth , Peter ( 2006 - 05 - 10 ) . `` NEIT trains tomorrow 's auto pros '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` College History '' . Providence College . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` About RIC - History '' . Rhode Island College . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` RISD : About RISD '' . Rhode Island School of Design . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History & Traditions '' . Roger Williams University . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts '' . Salve Regina University . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History of the University '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Closed School List '' . Colleges & Universities ( CIHE ) / Commission on Institutions of Higher Education . 2012 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Page 123 , Rhode Island : A Guide to the Smallest State ( Federal Writers ' Program , 1937 ) Jump up ^ Page 244 , The Civic and Architectural Development of Providence , 1636 - 1950 ( John Hutchins Cady , 1957 ) ^ Jump up to : `` History : The Beginnings of Catholicism in Rhode Island '' . Roman Catholic Diocense of Providence . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Department of Education listing of accredited institutions in Rhode Island Colleges and universities in Rhode Island Public institutions Community College of Rhode Island Naval War College Rhode Island College University of Rhode Island Private institutions Brown University Bryant University Johnson & Wales University New England Institute of Technology Providence College Rhode Island School of Design Roger Williams University Salve Regina University Professional schools Alpert Medical School Roger Williams University School of Law Lists of American institutions of higher education States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Rhode_Island&oldid=817593881 '' Categories : Universities and colleges in Rhode Island Lists of universities and colleges by U.S. state Rhode Island education - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 11 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many colleges are there in rhode island	[ "This is a list of colleges and universities in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. There are currently 12 accredited, degree-granting institutions operating in the state, including two research universities, a community college, and a school of art." ]	[ "12" ]
7691066449499653971	Maze Runner (film series)	Maze Runner ( film series ) - wikipedia Maze Runner ( film series ) Maze Runner Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Screenplay by T.S. Nowlin Based on The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Ki Hong Lee Dexter Darden Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment TSG Entertainment ( 1 -- 2 ) Oddball Entertainment ( 3 ) Distributed by 20th Century Fox Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $157 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $949 million Maze Runner is an American film series consisting of science - fiction dystopian action adventure films based on The Maze Runner novels by the American author James Dashner . Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein and distributed by 20th Century Fox , the films star Dylan O'Brien , Kaya Scodelario , Thomas Brodie - Sangster , Ki Hong Lee , Dexter Darden and Patricia Clarkson . Wes Ball directed all three films . The first film , The Maze Runner , was released on September 19 , 2014 and became a commercial success grossing over $348 million worldwide . The second film , Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials was released on September 18 , 2015 , and was also a success , grossing over $312 million worldwide . The film series concluded with the release of the third film , Maze Runner : The Death Cure on January 26 , 2018 . Contents 1 Films 1.1 The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) 1.2 Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) 1.3 Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) 2 Cast and characters 3 Crew 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 References Films ( edit ) The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Maze Runner ( film ) The film features Thomas who wakes up trapped in a maze with a group of other boys . He has no memory of the outside world other than dreams about an organization known as WCKD ( World Catastrophe Killzone Department ) . Only by piecing together fragments of his past with clues he discovers in the maze can Thomas hope to uncover his purpose and a way to escape . Development for the film began in January 2011 when Fox purchased the film rights to Dashner 's novel The Maze Runner . Principal photography began in Baton Rouge , Louisiana in May 2013 and ended in July . It was released on September 19 , 2014 . Maze Runner : the Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials The film features Thomas and his fellow Gladers as they search for clues about the organization known as WCKD . Their journey takes them to the Scorch , a desolate landscape filled with obstacles . Teaming up with resistance fighters , the Gladers take on WCKD 's `` vastly superior '' forces and uncover its plans for them all . Principal photography commenced in Albuquerque , New Mexico , in October 2014 and ended in January 2015 . It was released on September 18 , 2015 . Maze Runner : the Death Cure ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Maze Runner : The Death Cure In the finale to the Maze Runner saga , Thomas leads his group of escaped Gladers on their final and most dangerous mission yet . To save their friends , they must break into the legendary Last City , a WCKD - controlled labyrinth that may turn out to be the deadliest maze of all . Anyone who makes it out alive will get answers to the questions the Gladers have been asking since they first arrived in the maze . In March 2015 , T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , was hired to write Maze Runner : The Death Cure based on the novel The Death Cure . In September 2015 , Ball was hired to direct the film . Ball said that the film would not be split into two films . Principal photography took place in Cape Town , South Africa between March and June 2017 for a January 26 , 2018 release . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Films The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Thomas Dylan O'Brien Teresa Kaya Scodelario Newt Thomas Brodie - Sangster Minho Ki Hong Lee Frypan Dexter Darden Ava Paige Patricia Clarkson Winston Alexander Flores Gally Will Poulter Will Poulter Alby Aml Ameen Chuck Blake Cooper Zart Joe Adler Jeff Jacob Latimore Ben Chris Sheffield Clint Randall D. Cunningham Brenda Rosa Salazar Aris Jacob Lofland Jorge Giancarlo Esposito Janson Aidan Gillen Vince Barry Pepper Harriet Nathalie Emmanuel Sonya Katherine McNamara Mary Cooper Lili Taylor Marcus Alan Tudyk Lawrence Walton Goggins Crew ( edit ) Occupation Film The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Director Wes Ball Producer ( s ) Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Joe Hartwick Jr . Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Joe Hartwick Jr . Wes Ball Lee Stollman Writer ( s ) Noah Oppenheim Grant Pierce Myers T.S. Nowlin T.S. Nowlin Director of photography Enrique Chediak Gyula Pados Editor ( s ) Dan Zimmerman Dan Zimmerman Paul Harb Music ( edit ) Title U.S. release date Composer ( s ) Label The Maze Runner -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) John Paesano Sony Classical Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Production budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide The Maze Runner September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) $102,427,862 $245,891,999 $348,319,861 580 285 $34 million Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) $81,697,192 $230,627,911 $312,325,103 810 337 $61 million Maze Runner : The Death Cure January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) $58,032,443 $230,385,747 $288,418,190 1,377 467 $62 million Total $ 7008242157497000000 ♠ 242,157,497 $ 7008706905657000000 ♠ 706,905,657 $ 7008949063154000000 ♠ 949,063,154 $157 million All Maze Runner films opened at number - one at the North American box - office during their opening weekend . In North America , the Maze Runner film series is the fifth highest grossing film series based on young adult books , after the film series of Harry Potter , The Hunger Games , The Twilight Saga , and The Divergent Series respectively , earning $242 million . Worldwide , it is the fourth highest grossing film series based on young - adult books , after the film series of Harry Potter , The Twilight Saga , and The Hunger Games respectively , earning $949 million from a $157 million total production budget . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Maze Runner 65 % ( 160 reviews ) 57 ( 34 reviews ) A -- Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials 46 % ( 137 reviews ) 43 ( 29 reviews ) B+ Maze Runner : The Death Cure 43 % ( 144 reviews ) 51 ( 37 reviews ) B+ References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Maze Runner Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Young - adult sensation ' The Maze Runner ' gets ready to run the movie gantlet ( Updated ) '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Movie Set '' . jamesdashner.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner Movie Release Date , News , and Updates : 2 New Clips Released in Anticipation of The Premiere '' . hallels.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Sunday : ' Maze Runner ' Finds $32.5 M ; Liam 's ' Walk ' Limps In ; ' Where I Leave You ' No. 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maze Runner Official Twitter ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Maze Runner : Scorch Trials begins filming '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wentz , Brook ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' sequel ' The Scorch Trials ' officially wraps filming '' . Hypable . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dashner , James ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` And like that 's not cool enough , it 's official : THE SCORCH TRIALS movie is coming September 18 , 2015 . Does n't this look sweet : # ScorchTrials '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ; Chi , Paul ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wes Ball Returning to Direct Third ' Maze Runner ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' Finale ' The Death Cure ' Wo n't Be Split Into Two Movies '' . / Film . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Will Restart Production In February '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Ian ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew Of Release Changes & Additions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple Music . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple Music . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Apple Music . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maze Runner Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Maze Runner ' Franchise Off to Strong Start '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze ' and ' Mass ' Top Box Office , but ' Everest ' and ' Sicario ' are the Story '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad Brevet ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' # 1 , ' Jumanji ' & ' Showman ' Hold Strong & ' Padmaavat ' Takes Spot in Top Ten '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Young - Adult Book Adaptations Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maze Runner ( film series ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner_(film_series)&oldid=854229650 '' Categories : English - language films The Maze Runner Action films by series Mystery films by series Science fiction films by series Teen films by series Thriller films by series Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Polski Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 20 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when's the next maze runner movie coming out	[ "The first film, The Maze Runner, was released on September 19, 2014 and became a commercial success grossing over $348 million worldwide. The second film, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials was released on September 18, 2015, and was also a success, grossing over $312 million worldwide. The film series concluded with the release of the third film, Maze Runner: The Death Cure on January 26, 2018.\n" ]	[ "January 26, 2018" ]
9160254735743084456	Goodbye, Farewell and Amen	Goodbye , Farewell and Amen - Wikipedia Goodbye , Farewell and Amen `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' M * A * S * H episode Hawkeye smiles as he sees B.J. 's `` note '' Episode no . Season 11 Episode 16 ( 256th overall ) Directed by Alan Alda Written by Alan Alda Burt Metcalfe John Rappaport Dan Wilcox Thad Mumford Elias Davis David Pollock Karen Hall Production code 9B04 Original air date February 28 , 1983 Guest appearance ( s ) Allan Arbus as Sidney Freedman Episode chronology ← Previous `` As Time Goes By '' Next → -- M * A * S * H ( season 11 ) List of M * A * S * H episodes Goodbye , Farewell and Amen is a television film that served as the 256th and final episode of the American television series M * A * S * H. Closing out the series ' 11th season , the 2 hour episode first aired on CBS on February 28 , 1983 , ending the series ' original run . The episode was written by a large number of collaborators , including series star Alan Alda , who also directed . The episode 's plot chronicles the final days of the Korean War at the 4077th MASH , and features several storylines intended to show the war 's effects on the individual personnel of the unit , and to bring closure to the series . After the ceasefire goes into effect , the members of the 4077th throw a party before taking down the camp for the last time . After tear - filled goodbyes , the main characters go their separate ways , leading to the final scene of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cultural reaction and impact 2.1 Reaction and aftermath 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As peace negotiations continue during the Korean War , Hawkeye Pierce is being treated by Dr. Sidney Freedman at a mental hospital . Sidney is trying to get Hawkeye to release repressed memories of an outing most of the 4077th staff attended at a beach near Incheon which appears to have led to a nervous breakdown . Hawkeye first remembers the trip home as having a party - like atmosphere with him calling for a bottle of whiskey to be passed to a person who `` ca n't wait '' to drink it . He next recalls that the person in question was actually a soldier who needed the bottle . Eventually he remembers that the bottle did not contain whiskey , but plasma , and the soldier was severely wounded . Hawkeye was actually yelling impatiently that `` this guy ca n't wait '' . Further on , Hawkeye recalls that they picked up some refugees and wounded soldiers farther up the road as an enemy patrol was coming . The bus had to hide off the road and the occupants were forced to remain quiet . Before Hawkeye tells more , he lashes out at two of his fellow patients for getting into a loud argument . Hawkeye says they were screaming like chickens , and jokes about chickens taking the bus . Using that as a clue , Sidney digs deeper and Hawkeye remembers a refugee woman who was carrying a chicken that would not stop clucking . Hawkeye insists that he is perfectly fine , but Freedman reminds him that after returning to the 4077th , Hawkeye had accused an anesthesiologist of trying to smother a patient , and then drove a Jeep through a wall in the officers ' club and ordered a double bourbon . After more questioning , Hawkeye remembers telling the refugee to make the chicken be quiet , and then that the woman had killed the chicken to silence it . Hawkeye then breaks down sobbing as he remembers that the refugee woman was not carrying a chicken , but her infant child , and had smothered her baby to death to silence it as Hawkeye had insisted . Hawkeye is initially angry at Sidney for making him remember , but Sidney tells him , `` You had to get it out in the open . Now we 're halfway home . '' Hawkeye initially believes he will be sent home to Maine , but after more sessions , Sidney informs him he must go back to the 4077th and promises to check in on him . Back at the 4077th , the camp is helping to shelter some of the North Korean and Chinese troops surrendering in the final days of the war . Charles Winchester , who is suffering from diarrhea , possibly dysentery , encounters a group of Chinese soldiers on a motorcycle when he is forced to relieve himself in a local creek after the camp 's latrine is destroyed by a runaway tank . The soldiers surrender to him and reveal themselves to be musicians . Winchester brings the soldiers back to camp along with the motorcycle , which B.J. Hunnicutt decides to take for himself and paint yellow . As Winchester is trying to listen to music ( Mozart , Clarinet Quintet in A , K. 581 ) , the Chinese musicians annoy him with their own playing . When Winchester tells them to stop , they recognize the name Mozart and one of the musicians begins playing the same piece to which Winchester was listening . An impressed Winchester decides to teach them how to play it properly , eventually forming a bond with the Chinese POWs . Winchester is also distressed over the future of his career after the end of the war . He tells Margaret Houlihan that he has applied to be chief of thoracic surgery at Mercy Hospital in Boston , which he regards as `` the finest in New England '' , but has been notified by a friend that another , less surgically qualified , but more politically connected surgeon might get the position , instead . Margaret decides to assist Winchester in his application , as a friend of her father 's is the chief of staff at Mercy Hospital . Winchester receives a letter days later that tells him the good news . However , he is told by Klinger that Margaret assisted him , and angry that he did not get it through his own efforts , storms off , and is curt and rude to Houlihan . Klinger has fallen in love with Soon - Lee Han , a local Korean refugee at the camp . Soon - Lee has been searching for her parents , who have gone missing , and has been told they are in Chorwon nearby . Chorwon , however , is the site of ongoing fighting and Klinger does not want Soon - Lee going there . Eventually , he finds out that she has left and chases after her , hoping that she will come back . After she initially refuses , he declares his feelings for her and takes her back to camp . B.J. Hunnicutt has received discharge papers and is excited about going home to finally see his daughter , Erin , whom he has not seen since she was born . Col. Potter is initially unhappy about being without two of his surgeons as Hawkeye has not yet left the mental hospital . However , the colonel agrees after B.J. tells him that he knows of a surgeon who will take his place . Almost immediately thereafter , the camp is attacked with mortars . Several POWs , locked in a makeshift pen in the compound , are stuck in the line of fire and Father Mulcahy goes to let them out . A mortar explodes directly in front of him and knocks him out . B.J. examines Mulcahy and finds that he is suffering from tinnitus and could potentially lose his hearing . Mulcahy , knowing that deafness could result in him being discharged , demands B.J. keep it a secret from the camp , as he does not want to abandon the local orphans for whom he has been caring . The mortar attacks continue and Potter , believing it is because of the abandoned tank that destroyed the latrine and remains in the compound , calls I Corps headquarters , demanding answers . He is told that the tank has to stay at the 4077th until the unit to which it belonged comes back and claims it . Klinger decides to help by draping a tent over the tank so the North Koreans will not see it , but it proves only to be a temporary fix , as the enemy knows the tank is still there and continues to attack . As B.J. is leaving the camp by helicopter , Klinger opens that day 's mail and informs Potter that B.J. 's discharge was rescinded . Potter decides to ignore this , telling Klinger to put any mail on his desk and that he will look at it later . Hawkeye returns shortly thereafter to find a new batch of wounded in the camp and that his roommate and best friend has gone home . Potter calls headquarters while operating and asks where the new surgeon is . The mortar attacks on the 4077th resume worse than before . As everyone is pinned down in the operating room ( OR ) , Hawkeye decides to run out to move the tank . He turns it around , before hitting the OR tent , smashing through the newly built latrine , and finally running the tank into the camp garbage dump , deflecting the shelling away from the hospital . Potter is not amused by this and decides that Hawkeye needs to see Sidney again . That night , an incendiary bomb attack sparks a fire in the nearby forest and the 4077th is in its path , forcing the camp to evacuate and move operations ( `` bug out '' ) . Once the new camp is set up , Potter 's replacement surgeon arrives . To his surprise , it is B.J. , who tells Potter that he got about `` a third of the way home '' before word of his recall to the 4077th got to him in Guam . He apologizes to Hawkeye for not leaving him a note , as he was so rushed the day he left , but Hawkeye brushes it off . Sidney arrives at the new camp site in the middle of a celebration , as the 4077th decides to throw a party in absentia for B.J. 's daughter , who is turning two . A two - year - old orphan girl is picked to take the place of Erin Hunnicutt and B.J. is touched . Hawkeye , however , is saddened and walks off . Sidney follows him , telling him that his tank stunt was the most sensible thing to do , that he should not be afraid of his job anymore , that he is overthinking things , and that his failures might make him a better doctor . A POW exchange takes place later that day , which includes the five Chinese musicians . Winchester tries to keep them with him , but is turned away by a soldier . As the truck taking them leaves , the musicians bid farewell to Winchester by playing the Mozart piece correctly . Moments later , an announcement is relayed to the camp : a ceasefire has been agreed to and , at 10 : 00 that evening , the United States ' involvement in the Korean War will come to an end . Almost on cue , a new batch of wounded arrives at the camp . Potter informs the doctors that this is to be the last set of wounded operated on at the new camp , as headquarters has ordered them back to their original site at Uijeongbu . Once they return , a new batch of wounded arrives at the compound on top of the one they were working on and Winchester is dispatched to perform triage outside . He discovers that one of the deceased patients is one of the Chinese musicians . Winchester also learns that everyone else in the truck carrying the POWs was killed in an attack . Winchester , still in disbelief , returns to the Swamp and listens to his Mozart record , but after a few seconds , he pulls it out of the player and smashes it to bits in anger . As he is finished operating , Hawkeye 's next patient is a young girl who was apparently wounded in a round of shelling . With Sidney observing , Hawkeye hesitates in performing the operation . Although Potter offers to switch with him , Hawkeye decides to operate on the little girl himself . With Hawkeye now apparently back to normal , Sidney decides to depart the 4077th for the last time and Hawkeye thanks him for his treatment . As Sidney leaves , he echoes a statement he made to the doctors in one of his first visits years earlier : `` Ladies and gentlemen , take my advice . Pull down your pants and slide on the ice . '' Once Sidney is out of the OR , the announcement of the ceasefire and the end of the shelling comes over the radio . The doctors pause in wonder at the new peace , then continue operating on the remaining wounded . The camp spends its last night together at a party in the mess tent . Colonel Potter decides to have everyone talk about what they will be doing after the war . Potter is heading home to his wife Mildred in Hannibal , Missouri , where he will still practice medicine part - time . Hawkeye says that he originally wanted to work in a city hospital , but instead everything that has happened to him has changed his mind and that he plans to open a practice in his hometown of Crabapple Cove , Maine . B.J. jokes that he has run off with somebody at the airport bar in Guam , but is really headed back to San Francisco to be reunited with his family . Winchester tells the camp of his new position at Mercy Hospital , but because of the deaths of the Chinese musicians he helped teach , the music that he loved and sought out as a refuge is to remain a reminder of the horrors of war . Margaret was offered two positions abroad through her father 's influence , but has decided to refuse them and take a job in America working in a hospital . Mulcahy has decided to begin working with the deaf and hard - of - hearing , having been inspired by his accident . Klinger surprises everyone by announcing that , after years of trying to receive a section - eight discharge and go home , he is staying in Korea to marry Soon - Lee , who will not leave the country until she finds her parents . The next morning , Father Mulcahy presides over Klinger and Soon - Lee 's wedding with Potter as the best man and Margaret as the matron of honor . After the wedding , the camp starts to be disassembled and various members remove their hometown signs from the camp signpost . Father Mulcahy leaves for the 8063rd , with B.J. continuing to protect the secret of Mulcahy 's hearing loss until the time he leaves . Winchester and Margaret are to leave in the same jeep , but Winchester can not get on because it is overloaded with Margaret 's belongings . Margaret , still upset at Winchester for his ingratitude , decides to disembark , but Winchester tells her to stay and orders Sgt . Rizzo to find him another ride . Winchester makes peace with Margaret and allows her to keep one of his treasured poetry books . She then says goodbye to B.J. , Potter , and Hawkeye , who gives her a long , passionate kiss . After Margaret leaves , the Swamp is struck down as its occupants sarcastically mock its demise . Winchester leaves in a garbage truck , the last vehicle Rizzo has , but not before telling Potter that he hopes to guide his charges in the way Potter guided him and the rest of the camp . He then bids farewell to his tentmates , telling Hawkeye and B.J. that they showed him `` what going home is all about '' . Winchester then boards the garbage truck , commenting , `` what better way to leave a garbage dump '' , and leaves . The next to leave is the colonel , who rides out of camp one last time on his beloved horse Sophie . Once he reaches the 8063rd , he boards a waiting jeep to head towards his flight home , and donates Sophie to the orphanage for the children . Before he goes , he tells B.J. and Hawkeye that he was glad that they all worked together and that he will miss the good laughs they all shared , appreciating them because Hawkeye and B.J. always managed to give him joy when he needed it the most . After Potter climbs onto Sophie , Hawkeye and B.J. offer Potter a salute in appreciation of him . The colonel rides off into the distance , leaving the two Swampmates as the last people at the camp . A chopper then arrives at the helipad to take Hawkeye to his next stop . B.J. offers him a ride on the motorcycle he claimed from the Chinese musicians and takes him up the hill to the helipad . While there , Hawkeye and B.J. have one final conversation . Hawkeye says that he will never be able to `` shake '' B.J. , and the two tell each other that things at home will remind them of each other . The two embrace and say they will miss each other , and Hawkeye boards the chopper . Earlier , Hawkeye had been irritated with B.J. for his apparent inability to say `` goodbye '' as the two would probably never see each other again . Just before B.J. rides off for the last time , he says to Hawkeye that though he will try to find him once they get back to the states , he left Hawkeye a note just in case . The chopper takes off and as it gains altitude , Hawkeye sees that B.J. has arranged a large number of stones to read `` GOODBYE '' on the helipad . Upon seeing that , he smiles , knowing that B.J. was capable of saying goodbye after all , and the chopper flies away from what is left of the 4077th for the last time . The original theme song `` Suicide is Painless '' ( from the 1970 film ) is then played in its entirety . Cultural reaction and impact ( edit ) The anticipation before the airing of Goodbye , Farewell and Amen was almost unprecedented , especially for a regular television series ( in contrast to awards shows , sporting events , or special events ) . Interest from advertisers prompted CBS , the network broadcasting M * A * S * H , to sell 30 - second commercial blocks for $450,000 ( equal to $1,105,680 today ) each -- costlier than even for NBC 's airing of the Super Bowl of that year . On the night the episode aired , large areas of California ( particularly the San Francisco Bay Area ) suffered power outages due to unusually stormy winter weather , which prevented many viewers from watching the series finale . Three weeks later , on March 21 , KPIX , the CBS affiliate in San Francisco , reaired the episode . Reaction and aftermath ( edit ) In the United States , the episode drew 105.97 million total viewers and a total audience of 121.6 million , more than both Super Bowl XVII and the Roots miniseries . The episode surpassed the single - episode ratings record that had been set by the Dallas episode that resolved the `` Who Shot J.R. ? '' cliffhanger . From 1983 until 2010 , Goodbye , Farewell and Amen remained the most watched television broadcast in American history , passed only in total viewership ( but not in ratings or share ) in February 2010 by Super Bowl XLIV . It still stands as the most - watched finale of any television series , as well as the most - watched episode . As M * A * S * H was one of the most successful shows in TV history , in order not to completely lose the franchise , CBS quickly created a new series , AfterMASH , that followed the postwar adventures of Colonel Potter , Max Klinger , and Father Mulcahy in a stateside hospital . Despite wide popularity in its premiere episodes , script problems and constant character changes led to a sharp decline in viewers , and the show was cancelled by CBS after only two seasons . Another would be spin - off , W * A * L * T * E * R , was a pilot made in 1984 that was never picked up . It starred Gary Burghoff , who reprised his M * A * S * H character . Goodbye , Farewell and Amen was not initially included in the syndication package for M * A * S * H 's final season . However , in 1992 , the episode made its syndication premiere in time for its 10th anniversary . Local stations aired it as a part of a Movie of the Week . When M * A * S * H was shown on FX and Hallmark Channel , they aired Goodbye , Farewell and Amen occasionally . Hallmark Channel showed it twice a year , February and August , before dropping M * A * S * H from its schedule . TV Land and MeTV have also shown the episode sporadically , including a Veterans Day broadcast on November 11 , 2015 . In Canada , the cable channel History Television shows the episode in its entirety annually on the Labor Day holiday . In 2011 , the TV Guide Network special TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales ranked this finale as the best . See also ( edit ) M * A * S * H portal List of most watched television broadcasts Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Classic Episode -- Goodbye , Farewell and Amen . MASH4077.co.uk ( Accessed November 12 , 2006 ) Archived November 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Wittebols , James H. ( 2003 ) . Watching M * A * S * H , Watching America . McFarland . pp. 161 -- 166 . ISBN 9780786417018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diffrient , David Scott ( 2008 ) . M * A * S * H. Wayne State University Press . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3347 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints ' win over Colts in Super Bowl XLIV is most - watched television program ever '' . USA Today . February 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` M * A * S * H Did You Know ? '' . MeTV . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Super Bowl LII smallest since 2009 , still massive ; ' This Is Us ' scores big ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` Goodbye , Farewell , and Amen '' Goodbye , Farewell and Amen on IMDb hide M * A * S * H episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` To Market , to Market '' `` Requiem for a Lightweight '' `` Chief Surgeon Who ? '' `` The Moose '' `` Yankee Doodle Doctor '' `` Bananas , Crackers and Nuts '' `` Cowboy '' `` Henry Please Come Home '' `` I Hate a Mystery '' `` Germ Warfare '' `` Dear Dad '' `` Edwina '' `` Love Story '' `` Tuttle '' `` The Ringbanger '' `` Sometimes You Hear the Bullet '' `` Dear Dad ... Again '' `` The Longjohn Flap '' `` The Army - Navy Game '' `` Sticky Wicket '' `` Major Fred C. Dobbs '' `` Ceasefire '' `` Showtime '' Season 2 `` Divided We Stand '' `` 5 O'Clock Charlie '' `` Radar 's Report '' `` For the Good of the Outfit '' `` Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde '' `` Kim '' `` L.I.P. ( Local Indigenous Personnel ) '' `` The Trial of Henry Blake '' `` Dear Dad ... Three '' `` The Sniper '' `` Carry On , Hawkeye '' `` The Incubator '' `` Deal Me Out '' `` Crisis '' `` George '' `` A Smattering of Intelligence '' Season 3 `` Adam 's Ribs '' `` Mad Dogs and Servicemen '' `` The Consultant '' `` House Arrest '' `` Aid Station '' `` Love and Marriage '' `` Big Mac '' `` Payday '' `` White Gold '' `` Abyssinia , Henry '' Season 4 `` Welcome to Korea '' `` The Late Captain Pierce '' `` The Kids '' `` Quo Vadis , Captain Chandler ? '' `` Dear Peggy '' `` Of Moose and Men '' `` Der Tag '' `` The Novocaine Mutiny '' `` The Interview '' Season 5 `` Bug Out `` Margaret 's Engagement '' `` Out of Sight , Out of Mind '' `` Dear Sigmund '' Season 6 `` Fallen Idol '' `` Last Laugh '' `` War of Nerves '' `` The Winchester Tapes '' Season 7 Season 8 `` Good Bye , Radar '' `` Period of Adjustment '' `` Life Time '' `` Dreams '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 `` Hey , Look Me Over '' `` Bombshells '' `` The Moon Is Not Blue '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Goodbye , Farewell and Amen '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodbye,_Farewell_and_Amen&oldid=848094980 '' Categories : American television films American films M * A * S * H ( season 11 ) episodes American television series finales 1983 television films 1983 American television episodes Films directed by Alan Alda Screenplays by Alan Alda February 1983 events Television episodes about weddings 1983 in American television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2009 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many viewers watched the last episode of mash	[ "In the United States, the episode drew 105.97 million total viewers[4] and a total audience of 121.6 million,[5] more than both Super Bowl XVII and the Roots miniseries. The episode surpassed the single-episode ratings record that had been set by the Dallas episode that resolved the \"Who Shot J.R.?\" cliffhanger. From 1983 until 2010, Goodbye, Farewell and Amen remained the most watched television broadcast in American history,[2] passed only in total viewership (but not in ratings or share) in February 2010 by Super Bowl XLIV. It still stands as the most-watched finale of any television series,[4] as well as the most-watched episode.[6]\n" ]	[ "105.97 million" ]
7917501981491236289	Peep and the Big Wide World	Peep and the Big Wide World - wikipedia Peep and the Big Wide World Jump to : navigation , search Peep and the Big Wide World Also known as Peep Created by Kaj Pindal Directed by Rick Marshall Voices of Scott Beaudin Jamie Watson Amanda Soha Narrated by Joan Cusack Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 60 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kate Taylor Producer ( s ) Marisa Wolsky Running time 22 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) WGBH Boston 9 Story Entertainment TVOntario Discovery Kids Distributor Alliance Atlantis American Public Television ( U.S. ) Release Original network TVOKids ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Canada ) Knowledge Kids ( 2017 - Present ) ( Canada ) TLC ( 2004 -- 2008 ) ( U.S. ) Discovery Kids ( 2004 -- 2010 ) ( U.S. ) PBS Kids ( 2004 -- present ) ( U.S. ) Tiny Pop ( 2012 -- 2014 ) ( U.K. ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround Original release April 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 12 ) -- October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) External links Website Peep and the Big Wide World is an animated children 's television series created by Canadian Animator Kaj Pindal and based on the 1988 short film Peep and the Big Wide World produced by the National Film Board of Canada , which itself is based on the 1962 short film The Peep Show , also produced by the National Film Board of Canada . The series premiered on April 12 , 2004 , on Discovery Kids and on TLC as part of their Ready Set Learn children 's block , and on the same day on TVOKids and PBS Kids . It was produced by WGBH Boston and 9 Story Entertainment , in association with TVOntario and Discovery Kids and is distributed by Alliance Atlantis . Carriage on the Discovery children 's networks ended on October 10 , 2010 with the discontinuation of Ready Set Learn and the replacement of Discovery Kids with The Hub . It continues to be offered to public television stations via independent public television distributor American Public Television to the present day . Throughout its run , it has been underwritten by the National Science Foundation , with Northrop Grumman underwriting season four in 2009 . When aired on public television stations , it is followed by a 7 - minute Pocoyo short . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Minor 4 Music composition 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Viewers follow Peep , Chirp , and Quack as they investigate and explore the world around them . Following the 9 - minute animated segment , there is a 2 - minute live - action segment with children exploring and demonstrating the same topic presented in the animated segment . Animation consists of bright colors and simple shapes . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Peep and the Big Wide World episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 April 12 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 12 ) May 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 17 ) 13 May 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 02 ) May 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 18 ) 10 April 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 16 ) September 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 14 ) 6 January 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 31 ) July 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) 5 5 October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) October 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 14 ) Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Peep ( Voiced by Scott Beaudin ) : A male , yellow chicken who is very curious . The show 's title is derived from his name . Peep is female in the original short film . Chirp ( Voiced by Amanda Soha ) : A female , red robin who is also curious , and attempts frequently to fly , with unsatisfying results . She is Peep 's friend . Chirp is male in the original short film . Quack ( Voiced by Jamie Watson ) : A male , blue duck who wears a white sailor 's hat . He frequently boasts about himself and ducks as a whole , and unwittingly makes many discoveries . Quack is purple in the original short film and is now referred to as blue , but is still quite purple . The Narrator ( Voiced by Joan Cusack ) : The Narrator tells the episode 's story , although the characters rarely have any interaction with her . In the episodes `` Dry Duck Part 1 '' the birds did have a short interaction with her and in `` Quack Quiets the Universe '' she and Quack interact as well . Minor ( edit ) Ant ( Voiced by Robert Tinkler ) : A busy male ant who appears in some episodes . Beaver Boy ( Voiced by Tessa Marshall ) : A young naïve male beaver lives in an adjoining pond to Quack 's . He appears in several episodes . Beaver Mom : Beaver Boy 's workaholic mother . Beaver Dad ( Voiced by Phillip Williams ) : Beaver Boy 's businesslike father . Dragonfly ( Voiced by Catherine Disher ) : A quiet dragonfly . Fish : Cohabitants of Quack 's pond . Hoot ( Voiced by Corinne Conley ) : A menacing , but kind purple female owl who lives in the Deep Dark Woods . Nellie ( Voiced by Marium Carvell ) : A red female dog who acts as a seemingly maternal figure for the birds . Newton ( Voiced by Colin Fox ) : An old , male , dark - green turtle who lives under an apple tree . Quack # 2 ( Voiced by Megan Mullally ) : An annoying pink female duck who has her own pond , built by Quack , Peep , Chirp , Beaver Boy and his parents . Rabbit ( Voiced by Jayne Eastwood ) : An excitable and somewhat distracted rabbit . Robin ( Voiced by Holly Hunter ) : An adult robin . Skunk ( Voiced by Adrian Truss ) : A rather deadpan skunk who lives near Quack 's pond . Bat ( Voiced by Ron Rubin ) : A shy bat . Squeak ( Voiced by Kathleen Laskey ) : An anxious pink , female mouse who lives under a brick and always worries about what could go wrong . Tom ( voiced by Matthew Knight ) : A sly , male blue - and - black kitten who often tries to eat Peep , Chirp , and Quack . He is the sole antagonist . Music composition ( edit ) Music for Peep and the Big Wide World is composed by Terry Tompkins and Steve D'Angelo , from Eggplant . The opening theme is performed by Taj Mahal . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Peep and the Big Wide World '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Loren Ruth ( 1997 ) . Canadian Film and Video : A Bibliography and Guide to the Literature , Volume 1 . University of Toronto Press . p. 218 . ISBN 0802029884 . Jump up ^ `` The Peep Show '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Opening video , with lyrics and credits on official page External links ( edit ) Official website Peep and the Big Wide World ( Current series ) on IMDb Peep and the Big Wide World ( 1988 ) on IMDb Kaj Pindal on IMDb WGBH 9 Story Entertainment National Science Foundation grant information Watch the original Peep and the Big Wide World at NFB.ca Read Goodman Research Group 's executive summary of the Peep website evaluation Watch some of the harder to find episodes of Peep and the Big Wide World on Emmaton Entertainment ® . 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( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Luna Around the World ( Fall 2018 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 , TBA ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Muppet Babies ( 1985 ) Muppet Babies ( 1986 ) Muppet Babies ( 1987 ) Muppet Babies ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1989 ) Beetlejuice / The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1990 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1991 ) Rugrats ( 1992 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1993 ) Rugrats ( 1994 ) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1995 ) Animaniacs ( 1996 ) Animaniacs ( 1997 ) Arthur ( 1998 ) Arthur ( 1999 ) Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain ( 2000 ) Arthur ( 2001 ) Madeline ( 2002 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) Little Bill ( 2004 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2005 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2006 ) Arthur ( 2007 ) Curious George ( 2008 ) WordWorld ( 2009 ) Curious George ( 2010 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2011 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2012 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2013 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2014 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peep_and_the_Big_Wide_World&oldid=839495731 '' Categories : 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series 2000s Canadian animated television series 2010s Canadian animated television series 2003 Canadian television series debuts 2011 Canadian television series endings 2003 American television series debuts 2011 American television series endings PBS network shows PBS Kids shows Preschool education television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Television series by 9 Story Media Group Television series by WGBH TVOntario shows American flash animated television series Canadian flash animated television series American television series with live action and animation Canadian television series with live action and animation Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program winners Fictional birds American children 's animated fantasy television series Fictional chickens American children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Discovery Kids shows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Ελληνικά Español Français Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 20 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who narrates peep and the big wide world	[ "The Narrator (Voiced by Joan Cusack): The Narrator tells the episode's story, although the characters rarely have any interaction with her. In the episodes \"Dry Duck Part 1\" the birds did have a short interaction with her and in \"Quack Quiets the Universe\" she and Quack interact as well." ]	[ "Joan Cusack" ]
-7316804870655435754	Jessie (Toy Story)	Jessie ( Toy Story ) - wikipedia Jessie ( Toy Story ) Jump to : navigation , search Jessie Toy Story character Jessie in a promotional image of Toy Story 3 First appearance Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Created by John Lasseter Pete Docter Ash Brannon Andrew Stanton Voiced by Joan Cusack ( films , Toy Story Toons , Toy Story of Terror ! , Toy Story That Time Forgot , video games , merchandise , attractions ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ; Toy Story 2 ) Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity series ) Information Nickname ( s ) Jessie the Yodeling Cowgirl Jess Bazooka Jane Princess of the Prairie Cowgirl Species Humanoid pull - string doll Gender Female Occupation Toy Title Cowgirl Significant other ( s ) Buzz Lightyear Place of origin Woody 's Roundup Jessie The Yodeling Cowgirl is a fictional character from the films Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . At Christmas in 1999 , the Wall Street Journal called Jessie toys among the hottest of the season . In the movie , she is a very rare toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show Woody 's Roundup , where the characters included Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete the Prospector and Bullseye , Woody 's horse . Her hair is formed in a ponytail braid tied with a bow . Jessie the doll has a character very similar to the one portrayed on the television show . She is excitable , brave , and very athletic . The doll , however , carries a great deal of sadness , as she was abandoned by her original owner , which left her somewhat distrustful . Years of being in storage have made her somewhat withdrawn , and noticeably afraid of the dark , to the extent of hyperventilating whenever she is inside dark enclosed spaces , or even at just the thought of being abandoned . But she longs to again be a source of joy to a child , and this wish comes true at the end of Toy Story 2 when Andy accepted her ( and Bullseye ) into his toy collection . In Toy Story 3 , while she still displays signs of the fear of the dark , storage , and being abandoned in the beginning when she and the toys mistakenly believe that they are being thrown away by Andy , throughout the rest of the film , she appears to be more loyal , confident and helpful to others , in the process developing a romantic relationship with Buzz Lightyear . She reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation ( released with Cars 2 ) and Small Fry ( released with The Muppets ) . Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films , while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and `` Woody 's Roundup '' TV - show voice in Toy Story 2 . Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released , so the film was dedicated to her . Jessie also makes a cameo in Monsters , Inc. as one of Boo 's toys that she gives to Sulley . In October 2000 , Jessie received the Patsy Montana Entertainer Award from the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame . She is also portrayed by Devon Dawson live on stage as a guest with Riders in the Sky in their concert and plays the guitar . Jessie is the namesake of version 8 of the Debian operating system . The code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the Toy Story films . This naming tradition came because Bruce Perens was involved in the early development of Debian while working at Pixar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 Toy Story 2 1.1. 2 Toy Story 3 1.2 Other appearances 1.2. 1 Television 1.2. 2 Attractions 1.2. 3 Video games 2 Personality 3 Relationships 4 Merchandising 5 External links 6 References Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Toy Story 2 ( edit ) When Jessie is introduced , she tackles Woody with excitement about finally meeting a Woody doll . She is happy that she and the other toys are finally going to come out of storage and go to the toy museum in Japan that they are destined for . It is Jessie who introduced Woody to the facts about the character on which he is based . She shows him a large array of merchandise based on `` Woody 's Roundup '' and Stinky Pete explains how the show was canceled after the launch of Sputnik and the resulting interest in the Space Race and science fiction , diminishing the popularity of westerns . When Woody indicates that he has no intention of going to Japan , she becomes bitter , and Woody comes to suspect her of attempting to sabotage his escape , including waking Al to prevent Woody from recovering his damaged arm . After Woody is fixed , he learns Jessie 's tragic back story about her previous owner by way of her song , `` When She Loved Me '' . Woody tells Jessie that , if only she knew his owner , Andy , she might understand why he wants to return to his home . He attempts to explain his bond with his owner to her , but she interrupts him , guessing that Woody 's going to say that Andy 's a `` real special kid '' and that Woody feels like he 's alive when Andy 's playing with him because , even though he 's not moving , that 's how Andy sees him . Woody , shocked by the accuracy of her statement , asks how she knows that about him . She says simply : `` Emily was just the same . She was my whole world . '' As the song begins to play , the audience sees that Jessie once had an owner who loved her as much as Andy loves Woody . The flashback shows Emily , her horse - loving young owner , happily playing , laughing , and cuddling with Jessie . The two are clearly inseparable , with Emily even bringing her toy along with her on car rides . Emily 's childhood bedroom is designed with a Wild West - equestrian theme of sorts , with figures of horses , toy guitars , cowhide and plaid patterns , and horseshoes decorating the room . Various Jessie memorabilia , like lunchboxes , alarm clocks , and picture frames , also are present in the room ; Emily even dresses in plaid shirts , denim shorts , cowgirl boots , and a replica of Jessie 's signature cowgirl hat . However , the audience sees that , as the girl grows older into her adolescence , she begins to forget more and more about her childhood interests and begins to explore things like make - up , nail polish , and vinyl records . Jessie , who once always had a spot on the center of Emily 's bed , has now fallen through a crevice and lies underneath it , forgotten . While Emily has once loved playing pretend with her toys , now -- as the audience sees from Jessie 's point of view beneath the bed -- she prefers inviting her friends over , painting each other 's nails , listening to music . Jessie lies on the ground , ignored and unhappy , until one day , Emily finds her under the bed for the first time in several years . She takes the toy along with her to share a day on a car trip , like they did when Emily was a child . Jessie finally feels loved and happy once more , as if things will go back to the way they were . The car comes to a stop , however , and their relaxing day together is put to an end when Emily places Jessie in a donations box on the side of the road , to be given away to charity . The shocked Jessie looks on as her owner drives away and leaves her , and the song draws to a close . Jessie then states , `` You never forget kids like Emily or Andy , but they forget you . '' Woody , realizing he could easily suffer the same fate with Andy , then chooses to stay , which Jessie finds absolutely thrilling , especially when he begins to anticipate his journey to Japan in excitement . Ultimately , it is Stinky Pete that is revealed as the attempted saboteur when Woody finally decides to take Jessie and Bullseye with him back to Andy 's room . Because of Stinky Pete 's sabotage , Al packs the roundup gang into the case and heads for the airport . There , Buzz Lightyear and the toys free Woody and gets rid of the vile Stinky Pete by stuffing him into a backpack belonging to a little girl who loves to decorate her toys . Despite this , Jessie still remains trapped as the case gets loaded into the luggage transporter , while Bullseye manages to escape in time . Buzz and Woody mount Bullseye and chase after the luggage transporter , which Woody climbs onto . Woody follows the case into the plane 's cargo hold and frees Jessie from inside . When Woody offers to take Jessie to Andy 's home with him , she is rather uncertain at first , but eagerly accepts when she learns from Woody that Andy has a baby sister named Molly . However , the two toys become trapped in the cargo hold , but Woody locates another escape hatch . Using his pull - string , Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz just before the plane takes off . At the very end of the film , when Andy returns from camp after the toys return home , he is pleased to have the new toys added into his collection , calling Jessie `` Bazooka Jane , '' and Buzz seems to have developed a romantic interest in her , nervously complimenting her hair . Touched and amused by this comment , Jessie , in return , describes Buzz as `` the sweetest space toy she has ever met . '' Then , Andy 's dog , Buster , has to go outside ... and Jessie finds the toy racetrack , and rides on top of a toy car , yodeling , to the door . Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open . Shortly after , she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Toy Story 3 ( edit ) In Toy Story 3 , after Andy seemingly throws them away , it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare , refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily . She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident , and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding , arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same . Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older , meaning the toys can never be outgrown . She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare , but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish and leaves to return to Andy alone , leaving Jessie hurt and saddened . Shortly after , she and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children , who roughly yet innocently abuse them , as Jessie gets her hair painted green . Afterward , Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room , allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy . They decide to return home , but are instead imprisoned in the daycare by Lotso , who had also reset Buzz into thinking he is a space ranger again and turned him against them . All the toys have left for company is Woody 's hat , which was left behind during his escape . Fearing Lotso had killed Woody , Jessie is left in her cell feeling incredibly guilty . Following another rough play date with the young children , Andy 's toys are reunited with Woody , who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends . Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody , who apologizes in return for leaving . The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self . Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this change , but is quickly won over by his Spanish lover charms . It is also only through this that Buzz finally notices Jessie 's deep romantic feelings for him . When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso , Jessie is heroically rescued from being buried in trash by Buzz , who is then nearly crushed by a falling television set . Jessie despairs over Buzz 's apparent death , but he soon emerges unscathed and with his normal personality restored by the hit . She passionately kisses him on the cheek over and over , happy to see that he is alive and to say thanks for saving her . The toys are then dumped in a landfill and are nearly killed by a trash incinerator because of Lotso 's selfishness . However , the Squeeze Toy Aliens rescue them all using a crane . Once they are safe outside the incinerator , Jessie and Buzz 's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other . While Lotso gets strapped to the grille of a garbage truck as punishment for his deeds , the toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic ; with Woody 's intervention , though , they are instead given to Bonnie , a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away . Andy plays with his toys one last time , giving her the closure to lovingly see her old owner off to college . Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie 's toys and , at one point , decides to take advantage of Buzz 's Spanish side so they can dance together to `` Hay Un Amigo En Mí '' ( a Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ) . Other appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story of Terror , Jessie is forced to confront her nyctophobia and claustrophobia in this half - hour story which features the rest of Bonnie 's toys looking for a disappeared Mr. Potato Head . True to classic tropes in thriller and horror narratives , each member of the search party vanishes one at time as they are hunted by an unseen stalker , with Jessie as the sole surviving `` final girl '' . She returns in Toy Story That Time Forgot Attractions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story Midway Mania , Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch 's outdoor stage and dining area , and Woody 's Roundup Village 's meet and greet area . They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom . Woody and Jessie are featured in the North America Room of It 's a Small World . Video games ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) Jessie is featured as a playable character in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0 , voiced by Kat Cressida . Personality ( edit ) Jessie is depicted as being hyper , hearty , energetic , and outgoing , and noticeably more free - spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody . She is slightly tomboyish and her character in the television series ' Woody 's Roundup ' that spawned merchandising such as dolls like Woody and herself is portrayed as being equally bubbly , rambunctious , and adventurous , aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets . She 's also a talented yodeler . Despite Jessie 's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality , she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background , where she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily over time . She spent years afterward as a collector 's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Stinky Pete and Bull 's - Eye , and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result , thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again . For years , she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved , which she masked with her extreme playfulness , which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy : however , she still appears to be haunted by her lonely past at certain times , such as in the third film of the franchise when Andy was preparing for college ; in this film , she says `` I should have seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . She has green eyes , red yarn hair pulled into a braid , fair plastic skin , rosy cheeks , pink lips , auburn eyebrows and a small nose . She also has a yellow ribbon that tied to the bottom of her braided hair , white long - sleeved western - style shirt with both yellow blouse and cuffs that have red doodles , blue jeans , a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over , brown plastic boots , matching plastic belt with gold plastic buckle , crimson plastic cowgirl hat , and a pull string on her back with a white loop attached to it . Relationships ( edit ) Woody and Jessie share a sibling - like relationship . Since meeting each other in Al 's penthouse , the two share a close bond . The two are shown to have pretty heated arguments from time to time , mostly where Andy is concerned , as he 's fiercely loyal and she 's more reluctant to trust due to her past , but deeply care for each other . Both Bullseye and Jessie bonded in Woody 's Roundup . Since then the two have been inseparable . The two are almost never seen without the other being close behind . Her relationship with Buzz was only hinted at the end of Toy Story 2 when Buzz became instantly infatuated with her looks and her adventurous personality . In Toy Story 3 , their relationship had n't evolved much since Toy Story 2 , but it 's shown that Jessie is fond of Buzz , and he is protective of her . After their `` Operation : Playtime '' plan failed , Buzz gives an exceptionally sad look to Jessie as she climbs out of the box , and he also gives her sympathetic looks when she has panic attacks and when they argue about going to Sunnyside . Before getting taken to Sunnyside , Buzz is shown being a little more concerned over Jessie when she goes into a panic attack and says `` We 're being abandoned ! '' . Even later , in the demo mode which he is put in by Lotso and his henchmen , he remains attracted to Jessie , calling her a `` temptress '' with `` bewitching good looks . '' Then again , after being reset into Spanish Mode , Buzz is still shown to be attracted to her , and openly expresses this , calling her ( in Spanish ) `` my desert flower '' , dancing around her and asking her to join him in his adventures exploring the galaxy , shielding her from Mr. Potato Head when he saw him as a threat , getting jealous when she hugged Woody , showing an obvious desire to impress her , and saving her from not only being pinned under the trash , but from being crushed by a falling TV set . Jessie first shows signs of strong feelings for Buzz during this rescue and when he is first thought to have perished after the TV set falls on him , she is clearly in despair . She even kisses him on the cheek when Buzz woke up . But it is actually during the incinerator scene when they truly realize their feelings for each other , Buzz and Jessie being the first to hold hands , and after the group is rescued , only Buzz and Jessie continue to be holding hands after the claw delivers them all to safety . At the end of Toy Story 3 , the two have finally sealed their relationship , with Jessie taking the initiative for the two to dance an exciting paso doble which ends the movie . Merchandising ( edit ) Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of Toy Story 2 , as she gave them a character that they could market to girls , something the original film did not really provide . Among the items released were : Several 10 '' and 12 '' fashion - style dolls Several plush and rag doll - type dolls Action figures in the Toy Story 2 and Toy Story and Beyond lines . Wallets , purses and other accessories for girls Nightlights and other bedroom accessories Costumes and dress - up sets High - end sculptures and collectibles External links ( edit ) Official character page Jessie on IMDb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Did Stores Do This Season ? Just Two Syllables : Ka - Ching ! '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 27 , 1999 . Accessed October 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Toy Story 2 Archived 2008 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cowgirl Hall of Fame - Special Awards Archived 2011 - 07 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessie_(Toy_Story)&oldid=815292269 '' Categories : Toy Story characters Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Fictional dolls and dummies Fictional yodelers Fictional characters introduced in 1999 1990s toys Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Русский 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice of jessie in toy story 2	[ "Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films, while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and \"Woody's Roundup\" TV-show voice in Toy Story 2. Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released, so the film was dedicated to her." ]	[ "Joan Cusack" ]
8963359284238552792	Seamus Heaney	Seamus Heaney - Wikipedia Seamus Heaney Jump to : navigation , search Seamus Heaney MRIA Seamus Heaney ( 2009 ) ( 1939 - 04 - 13 ) 13 April 1939 Castledawson , Northern Ireland 30 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) ( aged 74 ) Dublin , Republic of Ireland Occupation Poet , playwright , translator Nationality Irish Period 1966 -- 2013 Notable works Death of a Naturalist ( 1966 ) North ( 1975 ) Field Work ( 1979 ) The Spirit Level ( 1996 ) Beowulf ( translation , 1999 ) District and Circle ( 2006 ) Human Chain ( 2010 ) Notable awards Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize , 1968 E.M. Forster Award , 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature , 1995 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres , 1996 Saoi of Aosdána , 1997 Golden Wreath of Poetry , 2001 T.S. Eliot Prize , 2006 The Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry Lifetime Recognition Award , 2012 Spouse Marie Devlin ( 1965 -- 2013 ) Children Michael Christopher Catherine Ann Seamus Justin Heaney , MRIA ( / ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni / ; 13 April 1939 -- 30 August 2013 ) , was an Irish poet , playwright and translator . He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature . Born near Castledawson and Toomebridge , Northern Ireland , the family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy . Heaney became a lecturer at St. Joseph 's College in Belfast in the early 1960s , after attending Queen 's University and began to publish poetry . He lived in Sandymount , Dublin from 1976 until his death . He also lived part - time in the United States from 1981 to 2006 . Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime . Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997 , and its Poet in Residence from 1988 to 2006 . From 1989 to 1994 , he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford . In 1996 , was made a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Other awards that he received include the Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize ( 1968 ) , the E.M. Forster Award ( 1975 ) , the PEN Translation Prize ( 1985 ) , the Golden Wreath of Poetry ( 2001 ) , the T.S. Eliot Prize ( 2006 ) and two Whitbread Prizes ( 1996 and 1999 ) . In 2011 , he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012 , a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust . His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland . American poet Robert Lowell described him as `` the most important Irish poet since Yeats '' , and many others , including the academic John Sutherland , have said that he was `` the greatest poet of our age '' . Robert Pinsky has stated that `` with his wonderful gift of eye and ear Heaney has the gift of the story - teller . '' Upon his death in 2013 , The Independent described him as `` probably the best - known poet in the world . '' One of his best known works is Death of a Naturalist , published in 1966 . His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Mary 's Church , Bellaghy , Northern Ireland . The headstone bears the epitaph `` Walk on air against your better judgement '' , from one of his poems , `` The Gravel Walks '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1957 -- 1969 2.2 1970 -- 84 2.3 1985 -- 99 2.4 2000s 2.5 2010s 2.6 Death 3 Work 3.1 Naturalism 3.2 Politics 3.3 Translation 3.4 Plays and prose 3.5 Use in school syllabuses 4 Influence 5 Publications 5.1 Poetry : main collections 5.2 Poetry : selected editions 5.3 Prose : main collections 5.4 Prose : selected editions 5.5 Plays 5.6 Translations 5.7 Limited editions and booklets ( poetry and prose ) 6 Critical studies of Heaney 7 Selected discography 8 Major prizes and honours 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) From Mid-Term Break Wearing a poppy bruise on the left temple , He lay in the four foot box as in a cot . No gaudy scars , the bumper knocked him clear . A four foot box , a foot for every year . `` '' from `` Mid-term break '' , Death of a Naturalist ( 1966 ) Heaney was born on 13 April 1939 , at the family farmhouse called Mossbawn , between Castledawson and Toomebridge ; he was the first of nine children . In 1953 , his family moved to Bellaghy , a few miles away , which is now the family home . His father , Patrick Heaney ( d . October 1986 ) , was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney . Patrick was a farmer , but his real commitment was to cattle dealing , to which he was introduced by the uncles who had cared for him after the early death of his own parents . Heaney 's mother , Margaret Kathleen McCann ( 1911 -- 1984 ) , who bore nine children , came from the McCann family . Her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill , and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owner 's family . Heaney commented that his parentage contained both the Ireland of the cattle - herding Gaelic past and the Ulster of the Industrial Revolution ; he considered this to have been a significant tension in his background . Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School ; when he was twelve years old , he won a scholarship to St. Columb 's College , a Roman Catholic boarding school situated in Derry . Heaney 's brother , Christopher , was killed in a road accident at the age of four while Heaney was studying at St. Columb 's . The poems `` Mid-Term Break '' and `` The Blackbird of Glanmore '' are related to his brother 's death . Career ( edit ) 1957 -- 1969 ( edit ) For more details on his works during this period , see Death of a Naturalist and Door into the Dark . Seamus Heaney in 1970 From `` Digging '' My grandfather cut more turf in a day Than any other man on Toner 's bog . Once I carried him milk in a bottle Corked sloppily with paper . He straightened up To drink it , then fell to right away Nicking and slicing neatly , heaving sods Over his shoulder , going down and down For the good turf . Digging . The cold smell of potato mould , the squelch and slap Of soggy peat , the curt cuts of an edge Through living roots awaken in my head . But I 've no spade to follow men like them . Between my finger and my thumb The squat pen rests . I 'll dig with it . `` '' from `` Digging '' , Death of a Naturalist ( 1966 ) In 1957 , Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queen 's University Belfast . During his time in Belfast , he found a copy of Ted Hughes 's Lupercal , which spurred him to write poetry . `` Suddenly , the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life , '' he said . He graduated in 1961 with a First Class Honours degree . During teacher training at St Joseph 's Teacher Training College in Belfast ( now merged with St Mary 's , University College ) , Heaney went on a placement to St Thomas ' secondary Intermediate School in west Belfast . The headmaster of this school was the writer Michael McLaverty from County Monaghan , who introduced Heaney to the poetry of Patrick Kavanagh . With McLaverty 's mentorship , Heaney first started to publish poetry in 1962 . Hillan describes how McLaverty was like a foster father to the younger Belfast poet . In the introduction to McLaverty 's Collected Works , Heaney summarised the poet 's contribution and influence : `` His voice was modestly pitched , he never sought the limelight , yet for all that , his place in our literature is secure . '' Heaney 's poem Fosterage , in the sequence Singing School from North ( 1975 ) , is dedicated to him . In 1963 , Heaney became a lecturer at St Joseph 's , and in the spring of 1963 , after contributing various articles to local magazines , he came to the attention of Philip Hobsbaum , then an English lecturer at Queen 's University . Hobsbaum set up a Belfast Group of local young poets ( to mirror the success he had with the London group ) , and Heaney was able to meet other Belfast poets such as Derek Mahon and Michael Longley . In August 1965 , he married Marie Devlin , a school teacher and native of Ardboe , County Tyrone . ( Also a writer , Devlin published Over Nine Waves ( 1994 ) , a collection of traditional Irish myths and legends . ) Heaney 's first book , Eleven Poems , was published in November 1965 for the Queen 's University Festival . In 1966 , Faber and Faber published his first major volume , called Death of a Naturalist . This collection was met with much critical acclaim and won several awards , including the Gregory Award for Young Writers and the Geoffrey Faber Prize . Also in 1966 , Heaney was appointed as a lecturer in Modern English Literature at Queen 's University Belfast . That year his first son , Michael , was born . A second son , Christopher , was born in 1968 . That same year , with Michael Longley , Heaney took part in a reading tour called Room to Rhyme , which increased awareness of the poet 's work . In 1969 , his second major volume , Door into the Dark , was published . 1970 -- 84 ( edit ) For more details on his works during this period , see Wintering Out , North ( poetry collection ) , Field Work ( poetry collection ) , and Selected Poems 1965 - 1975 . After a spell as guest lecturer at the University of California , Berkeley , Heaney returned in 1971 to Queen 's University . In 1972 , Heaney left his lectureship at Belfast , moved to Wicklow in the Republic of Ireland , and began writing on a full - time basis . In the same year , he published Wintering Out . Over the next few years , Heaney began to give readings throughout Ireland , Great Britain and the United States . In 1975 , Heaney published his fourth volume , North . A pamphlet of prose poems entitled Stations was published the same year . He became Head of English at Carysfort College in Dublin in 1976 , and he moved with his family to Sandymount in that city . His next volume , Field Work , was published in 1979 . Selected Poems 1965 - 1975 and Preoccupations : Selected Prose 1968 -- 1978 were published in 1980 . When Aosdána , the national Irish Arts Council , was established in 1981 , Heaney was among those elected into its first group . ( He was subsequently elected a Saoi , one of its five elders and its highest honour , in 1997 ) . Also in 1981 , Heaney traveled to the United States as a visiting professor at Harvard University , where he was affiliated with Adams House . He was awarded two honorary doctorates , from Queen 's University and from Fordham University in New York City ( 1982 ) . At the Fordham commencement ceremony on May 23 , 1982 , Heaney delivered his address as a 46 - stanza poem entitled `` Verses for a Fordham Commencement . '' Born and educated in Northern Ireland , Heaney stressed that he was Irish and not British . Following the success of the Field Day Theatre Company 's production of Brian Friel 's Translations , the founders Brian Friel and Stephen Rea decided to make the company a permanent group . Heaney joined the company 's expanded Board of Directors in 1981 . In autumn 1984 , his mother , Margaret , died . 1985 -- 99 ( edit ) For more details on his works during this period , see Station Island ( poetry ) , The Haw Lantern , The Cure at Troy , and The Spirit Level ( poetry collection ) . Marie and Seamus Heaney at the Dominican Church , Kraków , Poland , 4 October 1996 Heaney received a tenure position at Harvard , becoming Boylston Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard University ( formerly Visiting Professor ) , serving 1985 -- 1997 , and the Ralph Waldo Emerson Poet in Residence at Harvard 1998 -- 2006 . In 1986 , Heaney received a Litt. D. from Bates College . His father , Patrick , died in October the same year . The loss of both parents within two years affected Heaney deeply , and he expressed his grief in poems . In 1988 , a collection of his critical essays , The Government of the Tongue , was published . In 1985 Heaney wrote the poem `` From the Republic of Conscience '' at the request of Amnesty International Ireland . He wanted to `` celebrate United Nations Day and the work of Amnesty . '' The poem inspired the title of Amnesty International 's highest honor , the Ambassador of Conscience Award . In 1988 , Heaney donated his lecture notes to the Manuscripts , Archives , and Rare Book Library ( MARBL ) of Emory University in Atlanta , Georgia , after giving the notable Ellmann Lecture in Modern Literature there . In 1989 , Heaney was elected Professor of Poetry at the University of Oxford , which he held for a five - year term to 1994 . The chair does not require residence in Oxford . Throughout this period , he was dividing his time between Ireland and the United States . He also continued to give public readings . So well attended and keenly anticipated were these events that those who queued for tickets with such enthusiasm were sometimes dubbed `` Heaneyboppers '' , suggesting an almost teenybopper fan base . In 1990 , The Cure at Troy , his play based on Sophocles 's Philoctetes , was published to much acclaim . The next year , he published another volume of poetry , Seeing Things ( 1991 ) . Heaney was named an Honorary Patron of the University Philosophical Society , Trinity College , Dublin , and was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature ( 1991 ) . In 1993 , Heaney guest - edited The Mays Anthology , a collection of new writing from students at the University of Oxford and University of Cambridge . That same year , he was awarded the Dickinson College Arts Award and returned to the Pennsylvania college to deliver the commencement address and receive an honorary degree . He was scheduled to return to Dickinson again to receive the Harold and Ethel L. Stellfox Award -- for a major literary figure -- at the time of his death in 2013 . Irish poet Paul Muldoon was named recipient of the award that year , partly in recognition of the close connection between the two poets . Heaney was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995 for what the Nobel committee described as `` works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth , which exalt everyday miracles and the living past . '' He was on holiday in Greece with his wife when the news broke . Neither journalists nor his own children could reach him until he arrived at Dublin Airport two days later , although an Irish television camera traced him to Kalamata . Asked how he felt to have his name added to the Irish Nobel pantheon of William Butler Yeats , George Bernard Shaw and Samuel Beckett , Heaney responded : `` It 's like being a little foothill at the bottom of a mountain range . You hope you just live up to it . It 's extraordinary . '' He and his wife Marie were immediately taken from the airport to Áras an Uachtaráin for champagne with President Mary Robinson . Heaney 's 1996 collection The Spirit Level won the Whitbread Book of the Year Award ; he repeated the success in 1999 with Beowulf : A New Translation . Heaney was elected a Member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1996 and was admitted in 1997 . In the same year , Heaney was elected Saoi of Aosdána . In 1998 , Heaney was elected Honorary Fellow of Trinity College Dublin . 2000s ( edit ) The Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry , which was officially opened at Queen 's University Belfast in 2004 In 2000 , Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate and delivered the commencement address at the University of Pennsylvania . In 2002 , Heaney was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University and delivered a public lecture on `` The Guttural Muse '' . In 2003 , the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry was opened at Queen 's University Belfast . It houses the Heaney Media Archive , a record of Heaney 's entire oeuvre , along with a full catalogue of his radio and television presentations . That same year , Heaney decided to lodge a substantial portion of his literary archive at Emory University as a memorial to the work of William M. Chace , the university 's recently retired president . The Emory papers represented the largest repository of Heaney 's work ( 1964 -- 2003 ) . He donated these to help build their large existing archive of material from Irish writers including Yeats , Paul Muldoon , Ciaran Carson , Michael Longley and other members of The Belfast Group . In 2003 , when asked if there was any figure in popular culture who aroused interest in poetry and lyrics , Heaney praised American rap artist Eminem from Detroit , saying , `` He has created a sense of what is possible . He has sent a voltage around a generation . He has done this not just through his subversive attitude but also his verbal energy . '' Heaney wrote the poem `` Beacons at Bealtaine '' to mark the 2004 EU Enlargement . He read the poem at a ceremony for the 25 leaders of the enlarged European Union , arranged by the Irish EU presidency . In August 2006 , Heaney suffered a stroke . Although he recovered and joked , `` Blessed are the pacemakers '' when fitted with a heart monitor , he cancelled all public engagements for several months . He was in County Donegal at the time of the 75th birthday of Anne Friel , wife of playwright Brian Friel . He read the works of Henning Mankell , Donna Leon and Robert Harris while in hospital . Among his visitors was former President Bill Clinton . Heaney 's District and Circle won the 2006 T.S. Eliot Prize . In 2008 , he became artist of honour in Østermarie , Denmark , and Seamus Heaney Stræde ( street ) was named after him . In 2009 , Heaney was presented with an Honorary - Life Membership award from the University College Dublin ( UCD ) Law Society , in recognition of his remarkable role as a literary figure . Faber and Faber published Dennis O'Driscoll 's book Stepping Stones : Interviews with Seamus Heaney in 2008 ; this has been described as the nearest thing to an autobiography of Heaney . In 2009 , Heaney was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature . He spoke at the West Belfast Festival 2010 in celebration of his mentor , the poet and novelist Michael McLaverty , who had helped Heaney to first publish his poetry . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Faber published Human Chain , Heaney 's twelfth collection . Human Chain was awarded the Forward Poetry Prize for Best Collection , one of the major poetry prizes Heaney had never previously won , despite having been twice shortlisted . The book , published 44 years after the poet 's first , was inspired in part by Heaney 's stroke in 2006 , which left him `` babyish '' and `` on the brink '' . Poet and Forward judge Ruth Padel described the work as `` a collection of painful , honest and delicately weighted poems ... a wonderful and humane achievement . '' Writer Colm Tóibín described Human Chain as `` his best single volume for many years , and one that contains some of the best poems he has written ... is a book of shades and memories , of things whispered , of journeys into the underworld , of elegies and translations , of echoes and silences . '' In October 2010 , the collection was shortlisted for the T.S. Eliot Prize . Heaney was named one of `` Britain 's top 300 intellectuals '' by The Observer in 2011 , though the newspaper later published a correction acknowledging that `` several individuals who would not claim to be British '' had been featured , of which Heaney was one . That same year , he contributed translations of Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe , an album by Traditional Singer in Residence of the Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry , Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin . In December 2011 , he donated his personal literary notes to the National Library of Ireland . Even though he admitted he would likely have earned a fortune by auctioning them , Heaney personally packed up the boxes of notes and drafts and , accompanied by his son Michael , delivered them to the National Library . In June 2012 , Heaney accepted the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry 's Lifetime Recognition Award and gave a speech in honour of the award . Heaney was compiling a collection of his work in anticipation of Selected Poems 1988 - 2013 at the time of his death . The selection includes poems and writings from Seeing Things , The Spirit Level , the translation of Beowulf , Electric Light , District and Circle , and Human Chain ( fall 2014 ) . In February 2014 , Emory University premiered Seamus Heaney : The Music of What Happens , the first major exhibition to celebrate the life and work of Seamus Heaney since his death . The exhibit holds a display of the surface of Heaney 's personal writing desk that he used in the 1980s as well as old photographs and personal correspondence with other writers . Heaney died in August 2013 , during the exhibition 's curatorial process . Though the exhibit 's original vision to celebrate Heaney 's life and work remains at the forefront , there is a small section commemorating his death and its influence . In September 2015 , it was announced that Heaney 's family would posthumously publish his translation of Book VI of The Aeneid in 2016 . Death ( edit ) Heaney died in the Blackrock Clinic in Dublin on 30 August 2013 , aged 74 , following a short illness . After a fall outside a restaurant in Dublin , he entered hospital for a medical procedure , but died at 7 : 30 the following morning before it took place . His funeral was held in Donnybrook , Dublin , on the morning of 2 September 2013 , and he was buried in the evening at his home village of Bellaghy , in the same graveyard as his parents , young brother , and other family members . His son Michael revealed at the funeral mass that his father texted his final words , `` Noli timere '' ( Latin : `` Do not be afraid '' ) , to his wife , Marie , minutes before he died . The day after his death , a crowd of 81,553 spectators applauded Heaney for three minutes at an All - Ireland Gaelic football semi-final match on 1 September . His funeral was broadcast live the following day on RTÉ television and radio and was streamed internationally at RTÉ 's website . RTÉ Radio 1 Extra transmitted a continuous broadcast , from 8 a.m. to 9 : 15 p.m. on the day of the funeral , of his Collected Poems album , recorded by Heaney in 2009 . His poetry collections sold out rapidly in Irish bookshops immediately following his death . Many tributes were paid to Heaney . President Michael D. Higgins said : ... we in Ireland will once again get a sense of the depth and range of the contribution of Seamus Heaney to our contemporary world , but what those of us who have had the privilege of his friendship and presence will miss is the extraordinary depth and warmth of his personality ... Generations of Irish people will have been familiar with Seamus ' poems . Scholars all over the world will have gained from the depth of the critical essays , and so many rights organisations will want to thank him for all the solidarity he gave to the struggles within the republic of conscience . President Higgins also appeared live from Áras an Uachtaráin on the Nine O'Clock News in a five - minute segment in which he paid tribute to Seamus Heaney . Bill Clinton , former President of the United States , said : Both his stunning work and his life were a gift to the world . His mind , heart , and his uniquely Irish gift for language made him our finest poet of the rhythms of ordinary lives and a powerful voice for peace ... His wonderful work , like that of his fellow Irish Nobel Prize winners Shaw , Yeats , and Beckett , will be a lasting gift for all the world . José Manuel Barroso , European Commission president , said : I am greatly saddened today to learn of the death of Seamus Heaney , one of the great European poets of our lifetime ... The strength , beauty and character of his words will endure for generations to come and were rightly recognised with the Nobel Prize for Literature . Harvard University issued a statement : `` We are fortunate and proud to have counted Seamus Heaney as a revered member of the Harvard family . For us , as for people around the world , he epitomised the poet as a wellspring of humane insight and artful imagination , subtle wisdom and shining grace . We will remember him with deep affection and admiration . '' Poet Michael Longley , a close friend of Heaney , said : `` I feel like I 've lost a brother . '' Thomas Kinsella said he was shocked , but John Montague said he had known for some time that the poet was not well . Playwright Frank McGuinness called Heaney `` the greatest Irishman of my generation : he had no rivals . '' Colm Tóibín wrote : `` In a time of burnings and bombings Heaney used poetry to offer an alternative world . '' Gerald Dawe said he was `` like an older brother who encouraged you to do the best you could do . '' Theo Dorgan said , `` ( Heaney 's ) work will pass into permanence . '' Everywhere I go there is real shock at this . Seamus was one of us . '' His publisher , Faber and Faber , noted that `` his impact on literary culture is immeasurable . '' Playwright Tom Stoppard said , `` Seamus never had a sour moment , neither in person nor on paper '' . Andrew Motion , a former UK Poet Laureate and friend of Heaney , called him `` a great poet , a wonderful writer about poetry , and a person of truly exceptional grace and intelligence . '' Many memorial events were held , including a commemoration at Emory University , Harvard University , Oxford University and the Southbank Centre , London . Leading US poetry organisations also met in New York to commemorate the death . Work ( edit ) From `` Joy Or Night '' : In order that human beings bring about the most radiant conditions for themselves to inhabit , it is essential that the vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative , more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place . The poet who would be most the poet has to attempt an act of writing that outstrips the conditions even as it observes them . `` '' -- from `` Joy Or Night : Last Things in the Poetry of W.B. Yeats and Philip Larkin '' , W.D. Thomas Memorial Lecture delivered by Seamus Heaney at University College of Swansea on 18 January 1993 . Naturalism ( edit ) According to the BBC , at one time , Heaney 's books made up two - thirds of the sales of living poets in the UK . His work often deals with the local surroundings of Ireland , particularly in Northern Ireland , where he was born and lived until young adulthood . Speaking of his early life and education , he commented , `` I learned that my local County Derry experience , which I had considered archaic and irrelevant to ' the modern world ' , was to be trusted . They taught me that trust and helped me to articulate it . '' Death of a Naturalist ( 1966 ) and Door into the Dark ( 1969 ) mostly focus on the details of rural , parochial life . In a number of volumes , beginning with Door into the Dark ( 1969 ) and Wintering Out ( 1972 ) , Heaney also spent a significant amount of time writing on the northern Irish bog . Particularly of note is the collection of bog body poems in North ( 1975 ) , featuring mangled bodies preserved in the bog . In a review by Ciaran Carson , he said that the bog poems made Heaney into `` the laureate of violence -- a mythmaker , an anthropologist of ritual killing ... the world of megalithic doorways and charming noble barbarity . '' Poems such as `` Bogland '' and `` Bog Queen '' addressed political struggles directly for the first time , as well as maintained a natural aesthetic . Politics ( edit ) Allusions to sectarian difference , widespread in Northern Ireland through his lifetime , can be found in his poems . His books Wintering Out ( 1973 ) and North ( 1975 ) seek to interweave commentary on the Troubles with a historical context and wider human experience . While some critics accused Heaney of being `` an apologist and a mythologiser '' of the violence , Blake Morrison suggests the poet has written poems directly about the Troubles as well as elegies for friends and acquaintances who have died in them ; he has tried to discover a historical framework in which to interpret the current unrest ; and he has taken on the mantle of public spokesman , someone looked to for comment and guidance ... Yet he has also shown signs of deeply resenting this role , defending the right of poets to be private and apolitical , and questioning the extent to which poetry , however `` committed '' , can influence the course of history . Shaun O'Connell in the New Boston Review notes that `` those who see Seamus Heaney as a symbol of hope in a troubled land are not , of course , wrong to do so , though they may be missing much of the undercutting complexities of his poetry , the backwash of ironies which make him as bleak as he is bright . '' O'Connell notes in his Boston Review critique of Station Island : Again and again Heaney pulls back from political purposes ; despite its emblems of savagery , Station Island lends no rhetorical comfort to Republicanism . Politic about politics , Station Island is less about a united Ireland than about a poet seeking religious and aesthetic unity . Heaney is described by critic Terry Eagleton as `` an enlightened cosmopolitan liberal '' , refusing to be drawn . Eagleton suggests : `` When the political is introduced ... it is only in the context of what Heaney will or will not say . '' Reflections on what Heaney identifies as `` tribal conflict '' favour the description of people 's lives and their voices , drawing out the `` psychic landscape '' . His collections often recall the assassinations of his family members and close friends , lynchings and bombings . Colm Tóibín wrote , `` throughout his career there have been poems of simple evocation and description . His refusal to sum up or offer meaning is part of his tact . '' Heaney published `` Requiem for the Croppies '' , a poem that commemorates the Irish rebels of 1798 , on the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Easter Rising . He read the poem to both Catholic and Protestant audiences in Ireland . He commented , `` To read ' Requiem for the Croppies ' was n't to say ' up the IRA ' or anything . It was silence - breaking rather than rabble - rousing . '' He stated , `` You do n't have to love it . You just have to permit it . '' He turned down the offer of laureateship of the United Kingdom , partly for political reasons , commenting , `` I 've nothing against the Queen personally : I had lunch at the Palace once upon a time . '' He stated that his `` cultural starting point '' was `` off - centre '' . A much - quoted statement was when he objected to being included in The Penguin Book of Contemporary British Poetry ( 1982 ) . Although he was born in Northern Ireland , his response to being included in the British anthology was delivered in his poem `` An Open Letter '' : Do n't be surprised if I demur , for , be advised My passport 's green . No glass of ours was ever raised To toast The Queen . Translation ( edit ) He was concerned , as a poet and a translator , with the English language as it is spoken in Ireland but also as spoken elsewhere and in other times ; he explored Anglo - Saxon influences in his work and study . Critic W.S. Di Piero noted Whatever the occasion , childhood , farm life , politics and culture in Northern Ireland , other poets past and present , Heaney strikes time and again at the taproot of language , examining its genetic structures , trying to discover how it has served , in all its changes , as a culture bearer , a world to contain imaginations , at once a rhetorical weapon and nutriment of spirit . He writes of these matters with rare discrimination and resourcefulness , and a winning impatience with received wisdom . Heaney 's first translation was of the Irish lyric poem Buile Suibhne , published as Sweeney Astray : A Version from the Irish ( 1984 ) . He took up this character and connection in poems published in Station Island ( 1984 ) . Heaney 's prize - winning translation of Beowulf ( Farrar , Straus & Giroux , 2000 , Whitbread Book of the Year Award ) was considered groundbreaking in its use of modern language melded with the original Anglo - Saxon `` music '' . Plays and Prose ( edit ) His plays include The Cure at Troy : A Version of Sophocles ' Philoctetes ( 1991 ) . Heaney 's 2004 play , The Burial at Thebes , suggests parallels between Creon and the foreign policies of the Bush administration . Heaney 's engagement with poetry as a necessary engine for cultural and personal change is reflected in his prose works The Redress of Poetry ( 1995 ) and Finders Keepers : Selected Prose , 1971 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) . `` When a poem rhymes , '' Heaney wrote , `` when a form generates itself , when a metre provokes consciousness into new postures , it is already on the side of life . When a rhyme surprises and extends the fixed relations between words , that in itself protests against necessity . When language does more than enough , as it does in all achieved poetry , it opts for the condition of overlife , and rebels at limit . '' He continues : `` The vision of reality which poetry offers should be transformative , more than just a printout of the given circumstances of its time and place '' . Often overlooked and underestimated in the direction of his work is his profound poetic debts to and critical engagement with 20th - century Eastern European poets , and in particular Nobel laureate Czesław Miłosz . Use in School syllabuses ( edit ) Heaney 's work is used extensively on school syllabuses internationally , including the anthologies The Rattle Bag ( 1982 ) and The School Bag ( 1997 ) ( both edited with Ted Hughes ) . Originally entitled The Faber Book of Verse for Younger People on the Faber contract , Hughes and Heaney decided the main purpose of The Rattle Bag was to offer enjoyment to the reader : `` Arbitrary riches . '' Heaney commented `` the book in our heads was something closer to The Fancy Free Poetry Supplement . '' It included work that they would have liked to encountered sooner in their own lives , as well as nonsense rhymes , ballad - type poems , riddles , folk songs and rhythmical jingles . Much familiar canonical work was not included , since they took it for granted that their audience would know the standard fare . Fifteen years later , The School Bag aimed at something different . The foreword stated that they wanted `` less of a carnival , more like a checklist . '' It included poems in English , Irish , Welsh , Scots and Scots Gaelic , together with work reflecting the African - American experience . Two of his poems entitled ' Storm on the Island ' and ' Follower ' feature on the new GCSE English Literature course as part of the anthology poetry cluster . Influence ( edit ) Heaney influenced a wide range of poets , including Natasha Trethewey , Kevin Young and Tracy K. Smith . Heaney collaborated with American composer Mohammed Fairouz , who composed Anything Can Happen ( 2012 ) , a setting of the poetry of Heaney and Biblical verses in Arabic , and on campus on 14 April 2012 . Heaney is a favorite of Joe Biden , the former Vice President of the United States , who often quoted his poetry . Publications ( edit ) Poetry : main collections ( edit ) 1966 : Death of a Naturalist , Faber & Faber 1969 : Door into the Dark , Faber & Faber 1972 : Wintering Out , Faber & Faber 1975 : North , Faber & Faber 1979 : Field Work , Faber & Faber 1984 : Station Island , Faber & Faber 1987 : The Haw Lantern , Faber & Faber 1991 : Seeing Things , Faber & Faber 1996 : The Spirit Level , Faber & Faber 2001 : Electric Light , Faber & Faber 2006 : District and Circle , Faber & Faber 2010 : Human Chain , Faber & Faber Poetry : selected editions ( edit ) 1980 : Selected Poems 1965 -- 1975 , Faber & Faber 1990 : New Selected Poems 1966 -- 1987 , Faber & Faber 1998 : Opened Ground : Poems 1966 -- 1996 , Faber & Faber 2014 : New Selected Poems 1988 -- 2013 , Faber & Faber Prose : main collections ( edit ) 1980 : Preoccupations : Selected Prose 1968 -- 1978 , Faber & Faber 1988 : The Government of the Tongue , Faber & Faber 1995 : The Redress of Poetry : Oxford Lectures , Faber & Faber Prose : selected editions ( edit ) 2002 : Finders Keepers : Selected Prose 1971 -- 2001 , Faber & Faber Plays ( edit ) 1990 : The Cure at Troy : A version of Sophocles ' Philoctetes , Field Day 2004 : The Burial at Thebes : A version of Sophocles ' Antigone , Faber & Faber Translations ( edit ) 1983 : Sweeney Astray : A version from the Irish , Field Day 1992 : Sweeney 's Flight ( with Rachel Giese , photographer ) , Faber & Faber 1993 : The Midnight Verdict : Translations from the Irish of Brian Merriman and from the Metamorphoses of Ovid , Gallery Press 1995 : Laments , a cycle of Polish Renaissance elegies by Jan Kochanowski , translated with Stanisław Barańczak , Faber & Faber 1999 : Beowulf , Faber & Faber 1999 : Diary of One Who Vanished , a song cycle by Leoš Janáček of poems by Ozef Kalda , Faber & Faber 2002 : Hallaig , Sorley MacLean Trust 2002 : Arion , a poem by Alexander Pushkin , translated from the Russian , with a note by Olga Carlisle , Arion Press 2004 : The Testament of Cresseid , Enitharmon Press 2004 : Columcille The Scribe , The Royal Irish Academy 2009 : The Testament of Cresseid & Seven Fables , Faber & Faber 2013 : The Last Walk , Gallery Press 2016 : `` Aeneid : Book VI '' , Faber & Faber Limited editions and booklets ( poetry and prose ) ( edit ) 1965 : Eleven Poems , Queen 's University 1968 : The Island People , BBC 1968 : Room to Rhyme , Arts Council N.I. 1969 : A Lough Neagh Sequence , Phoenix 1970 : Night Drive , Gilbertson 1970 : A Boy Driving His Father to Confession , Sceptre Press 1973 : Explorations , BBC 1975 : Stations , Ulsterman Publications 1975 : Bog Poems , Rainbow Press 1975 : The Fire i ' the Flint , Oxford University Press 1976 : Four Poems , Crannog Press 1977 : Glanmore Sonnets , Editions Monika Beck 1977 : In Their Element , Arts Council N.I. 1978 : Robert Lowell : A Memorial Address and an Elegy , Faber & Faber 1978 : The Makings of a Music , University of Liverpool 1978 : After Summer , Gallery Press 1979 : Hedge School , Janus Press 1979 : Ugolino , Carpenter Press 1979 : Gravities , Charlotte Press 1979 : A Family Album , Byron Press 1980 : Toome , National College of Art and Design 1981 : Sweeney Praises the Trees , Henry Pearson 1982 : A Personal Selection , Ulster Museum 1982 : Poems and a Memoir , Limited Editions Club 1983 : An Open Letter , Field Day 1983 : Among Schoolchildren , Queen 's University 1984 : Verses for a Fordham Commencement , Nadja Press 1984 : Hailstones , Gallery Press 1985 : From the Republic of Conscience , Amnesty International 1985 : Place and Displacement , Dove Cottage 1985 : Towards a Collaboration , Arts Council N.I. 1986 : Clearances , Cornamona Press 1988 : Readings in Contemporary Poetry , DIA Art Foundation 1988 : The Sounds of Rain , Emory University 1988 : The Dark Wood , Colin Smythe 1989 : An Upstairs Outlook , Linen Hall Library 1989 : The Place of Writing , Emory University 1990 : The Tree Clock , Linen Hall Library 1991 : Squarings , Hieroglyph Editions 1992 : Dylan the Durable , Bennington College 1992 : The Gravel Walks , Lenoir Rhyne College 1992 : The Golden Bough , Bonnefant Press 1993 : Keeping Going , Bow and Arrow Press 1993 : Joy or Night , University of Swansea 1994 : Extending the Alphabet , Memorial University of Newfoundland 1994 : Speranza in Reading , University of Tasmania 1995 : Oscar Wilde Dedication , Westminster Abbey 1995 : Charles Montgomery Monteith , All Souls College 1995 : Crediting Poetry : The Nobel Lecture , Gallery Press 1996 : Commencement Address , UNC Chapel Hill 1997 : Poet to Blacksmith , Pim Witteveen 1997 : An After Dinner Speech , Atlantic Foundation 1998 : Audenesque , Maeght 1999 : The Light of the Leaves , Bonnefant Press 1999 : Ballynahinch Lake , Sonzogni 2001 : Something to Write Home About , Flying Fox 2001 : Towers , Trees , Terrors , Università degli Studi di Urbino 2002 : The Whole Thing : on the Good of Poetry , The Recorder 2002 : Hope and History , Rhodes University 2002 : A Keen for the Coins , Lenoir Rhyne College 2003 : Eclogues in Extremis , Royal Irish Academy 2003 : Squarings , Arion Press 2004 : Anything can Happen , Town House Publishers 2004 : Room to Rhyme , University of Dundee 2005 : A Tribute to Michael McLaverty , Linen Hall Library 2005 : The Door Stands Open , Irish Writers Centre 2005 : A Shiver , Clutag Press 2007 : The Riverbank Field , Gallery Press 2008 : Articulations , Royal Irish Academy 2008 : One on a Side , Robert Frost Foundation 2009 : Spelling It Out , Gallery Press 2010 : Writer & Righter , Irish Human Rights Commission 2012 : Stone From Delphi , Arion Press Critical Studies of Heaney ( edit ) 1993 : The Poetry of Seamus Heaney , ed. by Elmer Andrews , ISBN 0 - 231 - 11926 - 7 1993 : Seamus Heaney : The Making of the Poet by Michael Parker , ISBN 0 - 333 - 47181 - 4 1995 : The Achievement of Seamus Heaney by John Wilson Foster , Lilliput Press , Dublin , ISBN 1 - 874675 - 71 - 6 1995 : Critical essays on Seamus Heaney , ed. by Robert F. Garratt , ISBN 0 - 7838 - 0004 - 5 1998 : The Poetry of Seamus Heaney : A Critical Study by Neil Corcoran , ISBN 0 - 571 - 17747 - 6 2000 : Seamus Heaney by Helen Vendler , ISBN 0 - 674 - 00205 - 9 , Harvard University Press 2000 : The Poetry of Seamus Heaney , ed. by Elmer Kennedy - Andrews , Icon Books Ltd. , Cambridge CB2 4QF UK ISBN 1 - 84046 - 137 - 3 2003 : Seamus Heaney and the Place of Writing by Eugene O'Brien , University Press of Florida , ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2582 - 6 2004 : Seamus Heaney Searches for Answers by Eugene O'Brien , Pluto Press , London , ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1734 - 0 2007 `` Seamus Heaney : Poet , Critic , Translator '' edited by Ashby Bland Crowder and Jason David Hall , Palgrave Macmillan , Basinnstoke ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 00342 - 2 2007 : Seamus Heaney and the Emblems of Hope by Karen Marguerite Moloney , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1744 - 8 2007 : Seamus Heaney : Creating Irelands of the Mind by Eugene O'Brien , Liffey Press , Dublin , ISBN 1 - 904148 - 02 - 6 2008 `` Seamus Heaney 's Rhythmic Contract '' by Jason David Hall , Palgrave Macmillan , Basinenstoke ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 57488 - 5 2009 : The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney , edited by Bernard O'Donoghue , ISBN 0 - 5215 - 4755 - 5 2010 : Poetry and Peace : Michael Longley , Seamus Heaney , and Northern Ireland by Richard Rankin Russell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 04031 - 4 2010 : Defending Poetry : Art and Ethics in Joseph Brodsky , Seamus Heaney , and Geoffrey Hill by David - Antoine Williams 2010 : `` Working Nation ( s ) : Seamus Heaney 's ' Digging ' and the Work Ethic in Post-Colonial and Minority Writing '' , by Ivan Cañadas 2011 : `` Seamus Heaney and Beowulf , '' by M.J. Toswell , in : Cahier Calin : Makers of the Middle Ages . Essays in Honor of William Calin , ed. by Richard Utz and Elizabeth Emery ( Kalamazoo , MI : Studies in Medievalism , 2011 ) , pp. 18 -- 22 . 2012 : In Gratitude for all the Gifts : Seamus Heaney and Eastern Europe , by Magdalena Kay , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 9781442644984 2016 : `` Seamus Heaney as Aesthetic Thinker : A Study of the Prose '' , by Eugene O'Brien . New York ; Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3460 - 7 . 2016 : `` ' The Soul Exceeds its Circumstances ' : The Later Poetry of Seamus Heaney '' , edited by Eugene O'Brien . Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 10020 - 9 Selected discography ( edit ) 2001 Beowulf -- Seamus Heaney 2003 The Poet & The Piper -- Seamus Heaney & Liam O'Flynn 2009 Collected Poems -- Recording of Heaney reading all of his collected poems Heaney translated Old Irish marginalia for Songs of the Scribe by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin , Traditional Singer in Residence at the Seamus Heaney Centre for poetry at Queen 's University Belfast . Major prizes and honours ( edit ) 1966 Eric Gregory Award 1967 Cholmondeley Award 1968 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize 1975 E.M. Forster Award 1975 Duff Cooper Memorial Prize 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 1997 Elected Saoi of Aosdána 1998 St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates 2001 Golden Wreath of Poetry , the main international award given by Struga Poetry Evenings to a world - renowned living poet for life achievement in the field of poetry 2004 Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement 2005 Irish PEN Award 2006 T.S. Eliot Prize for District and Circle 2007 Poetry Now Award for District and Circle 2009 David Cohen Prize 2011 Poetry Now Award for Human Chain 2011 Griffin Poetry Prize finalist for Human Chain 2011 Bob Hughes Lifetime Achievement Award 2012 Griffin Poetry Prize , Lifetime Recognition Award See also ( edit ) Poetry portal List of Nobel laureates in Literature List of people on stamps of Ireland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Obituary : Heaney ' the most important Irish poet since Yeats ' , Irish Times , 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seamus Heaney obituary , The Guardian , 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Irish Writer Seamus Heaney '' . www.seamusheaney.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2010 . Heaney was born on 13th April 1939 , the eldest of nine children at the family farm called Mossbawn in the Townland of Tamniarn in Newbridge near Castledawson , Northern Ireland , ... Archived at Wayback Engine . Jump up ^ Heaney , Seamus ( 1998 ) . Opened Ground . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 0 - 374 - 52678 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faces of the week '' . BBC News . BBC . 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland , John ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` Seamus Heaney deserves a lot more than £ 40,000 '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Pinsky , Robert . The Eco Press , Hopewell ISBN 088001217X Jump up ^ Craig , Patricia ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Seamus Heaney obituary : Nobel Prize - winning Irish Poet '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Michael ( 1993 ) . Seamus Heaney : The Making of the Poet . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . p. 221 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 398 - 5 . The deaths of his mother in the autumn of 1984 and of his father in October 1986 left a colossal space , one which he has struggled to fill through poetry . Jump up ^ `` A Note on Seamus Heaney '' . inform.orbitaltec.ne . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Seamus Heaney was born on 13 April 1939 , the first child of Patrick and Margaret Kathleen ( née McCann ) Heaney , who then lived on a fifty - acre farm called Mossbawn , in the townland of Tamniarn , County Derry , Northern Ireland . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Nobelprize . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Verdonk , Peter ( 2002 ) . Stylistics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 437240 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parker , Michael ( 1993 ) . Seamus Heaney : The Making of the Poet . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 398 - 5 . Mrs Heaney bore nine children , Seamus , Sheena , Ann , Hugh , Patrick , Charles , Colum , Christopher , and Dan . ^ Jump up to : McCrum , Robert ( 19 July 2009 ) . `` A life of rhyme '' . Mail & Guardian . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heaney , Seamus : Mid-Term Break '' . Litmed.med.nyu.edu. 27 October 1999 . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . British Council . Archived from the original on 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ed . Bernard O'Donoghue The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney ( 2009 ) Cambridge University Press pxiii ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54755 - 0 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Sophia Hillan , New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua , Vol. 9 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 2005 ) , pp. 86 -- 106 Wintered into Wisdom : Michael McLaverty , Seamus Heaney , and the Northern Word - Hoard . University of St. Thomas ( Center for Irish Studies ) Jump up ^ McLaverty , Michael ( 2002 ) Collected short stories Blackstaff Press Ltd pxiii ISBN 0 - 85640 - 727 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . Aosdána . Jump up ^ Blog , News ( 2013 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Fordham Notes : Seamus Heaney 's `` Verses for a Fordham Commencement '' `` . Fordham Notes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Nobel Prize Poet Seamus Heaney Dies Aged 74 - VIDEO '' . Ibtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney , `` Heaney in Public '' by Dennis O'Driscoll ( p56 - 72 ) . ISBN 0 - 5215 - 4755 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Barclay Agency profile '' . Barclayagency.com . Archived from the original on 8 May 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ British Council biography of Heaney . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney , Poet '' . Frontline Defenders . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` From the Republic of Conscience '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 30 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney Exhibit '' , Emory University , January 2014 Jump up ^ `` Heaney ' catches the heart off guard ' '' . Harvard News Office . Harvard University . 2 October 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Over the years , readings by poet Seamus Heaney have been so wildly popular that his fans are called `` Heaneyboppers . '' Jump up ^ `` Play Listing '' . Irish Playography . Irish Theatre Institute . Retrieved 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Society of Literature All Fellows '' . Royal Society of Literature . Archived from the original on 5 March 2010 . Retrieved 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Literature 1995 '' . Nobelprize. 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Clarity , James F. ( 9 October 1995 ) . `` Laureate and Symbol , Heaney Returns Home '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 October 1995 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Beowulf : A New Translation '' . Rambles.net . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney MRIA 1939 - 2013 - A Very Special Academician '' . ria.ie. 30 August 2013 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney '' . aosdána.artscouncil.ie. 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ University of Pennsylvania . Honorary Degree awarded . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rhodes Department of English Annual Report 2002 - 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 14 April 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) from the Rhodes University website . Jump up ^ The Seamus Heaney Centre for Poetry , Queen 's University Belfast website Jump up ^ `` Emory Acquires Nobel Laureate Seamus Heaney Letters '' . press release . Emory University . 24 September 2003 . When I was here this summer for commencement , I came to the decision that the conclusion of President Chace 's tenure was the moment of truth , and that I should now lodge a substantial portion of my literary archive in the Woodruff Library , including the correspondence from many of the poets already represented in its special collections , '' said Heaney in making the announcement . `` So I am pleased to say these letters are now here and that even though President Chace is departing , as long as my papers stay here , they will be a memorial to the work he has done to extend the university 's resources and strengthen its purpose . Jump up ^ `` Poet Heaney donates papers to Emory '' . The Augusta Chronicle. 25 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 September 2003 . Jump up ^ Emory University . Manuscripts , Archives and Rare Book Library ( MARBL ) Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Online collection of The Belfast Group archive . Jump up ^ Eminem , The Way I Am , autobiography , cover sheet . Published 21 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney praises Eminem '' . BBC News . BBC . 30 June 2003 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heaney bid farewell at funeral Belfast Telegraph , 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Today Programme , BBC Radio 4 , 16 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Poet ' cried for father ' after stroke '' . BBC News . BBC . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Antoinette ( 19 July 2009 ) . `` Nobel winner Seamus Heaney recalls secret visit from Bill Clinton : President visit to Heaney 's hospital bed after near - fatal stroke '' . Irish Central . Retrieved 19 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heaney wins TS Eliot poetry prize '' . BBC News . BBC . 15 January 2007 . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of Awards '' . University College Dublin . Jump up ^ `` Stepping Stones : Interviews with Seamus Heaney '' . The Times . 14 November 2008 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Féile an Phobail , Festival of the People , 2010 programme '' . Official website . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Archived at Wayback Engine . ^ Jump up to : Page , Benedicte ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Seamus Heaney wins £ 10k Forward poetry prize for Human Chain '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 6 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Kellaway , Kate ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` Human Chain by Seamus Heaney '' . The Observer . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tóibín , Colm ( 21 August 2010 ) . `` Human Chain by Seamus Heaney -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Naughton , John ( 8 May 2011 ) . `` Britain 's top 300 intellectuals '' . The Observer . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of the Scribe Sung by Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin '' . Journal of Music . 6 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Telford , Lyndsey ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` Seamus Heaney declutters home and donates personal notes to National Library '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Madden , Anne ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Seamus Heaney 's papers go to Dublin , but we do n't mind , insists QUB '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Prize , Griffin Poetry ( 7 June 2012 ) . `` 2012 -- Seamus Heaney '' . Griffin Poetry Prize . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney : The Music of What Happens '' . Emory Library . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney : The Music of What Happens '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woodruff Library Welcomes Seamus Heaney Exhibit '' . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` New Seamus Heaney translation to be published next year '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : HEANEY , Seamus : Death notice The Irish Times , 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Tributes paid to ' keeper of language ' Seamus Heaney '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins to lead mourners at funeral Mass for poet Sunday Indeppendent , 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seamus Heaney laid to rest in Bellaghy , Irish Times , 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney 's last words were ' Noli timere ' , son tells funeral '' , The Guardian , 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Heaney , Mick ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) Mick Heaney : My father 's famous last words ; Seamus Heaney 's son writes about his father 's final message to his family : ' Noli timere ' The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Epic tale goes Dublin 's way '' , Irish Times , 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Funeral of Seamus Heaney to be broadcast live on RTÉ TheJournal.ie , 2013 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Heaney books sell out amid massive demand '' , Irish Times , 2013 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Statement from Áras an Uachtaráin -- Seamus Heaney Archived 25 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Áras an Uachtaráin , 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ President Michael D Higgins pays tribute to his friend Seamus Heaney on YouTube RTÉ News , 2013 - 09 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Tributes to Seamus Heaney BBC News Northern Ireland , 2013 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poet Seamus Heaney dies aged 74 '' . BBC News . 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President and Taoiseach lead tributes to the late Seamus Heaney : Tributes paid to the Nobel Laureate who died this morning at the age of 74 '' . Irish Independent . 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Charlotte ; McDonald , Henry ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Seamus Heaney 's death ' leaves breach in language itself ' : Tributes flow in from fellow writers after poet who won Nobel prize for literature dies in Dublin aged 74 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Tóibín , Colm ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` Seamus Heaney 's books were events in our lives '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heaney deserves place among the pantheon , says Dorgan '' . The Irish Times . 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emory honors literary icon with ' A Tribute to Seamus Heaney ' '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To Seamus Heaney '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seamus Heaney : A Memorial Celebration '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bodleian Library - SPECIAL EVENT : Oxford Tribute to Seamus Heaney '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poets Gather to Remember Seamus Heaney in New York City on November 11 at 7 : 00 p.m '' . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography '' . Poetry Foundation . Jump up ^ O'Donoghue , Bernard ( 2009 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Seamus Heaney . Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Shaun ( 1 February 1985 ) . `` Station Island , Seamus Heaney '' . Boston Review . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Eagleton reviews ' Beowulf ' translated by Seamus Heaney LRB 11 November 1999 '' . Lrb.co.uk . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Potts , Robert ( 7 April 2001 ) . `` The view from Olympia '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 April 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Rahim , Sameer ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` Interview with Seamus Heaney : On the eve of his 70th birthday , Seamus Heaney tells Sameer Rahim about his lifetime in poetry -- and who he thinks would make a good poet laureate '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 20 November 2010 . Jump up ^ McElroy , Steven ( 21 January 2007 ) . `` The Week Ahead : Jan. 21 -- 27 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 21 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Kay , Magdalena . In Gratitude for all the Gifts : Seamus Heaney and Eastern Europe . University of Toronto Press , 2012 . ISBN 1442644982 ^ Jump up to : Heaney , Seamus ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` Bags of enlightenment '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 25 October 2003 . Jump up ^ Trethewey , Natasha . `` How Seamus Heaney Influenced Poet Laureate Natasha Trethewey '' . The Daily Beast . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poet Seamus Heaney Was A Teacher , Critic , Translator '' . NPR.org. 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( ( 0 = 26 May 2013 ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Grinnell Singers to premiere Fairouz work during spring break tour '' . Grinnell College News . Grinnell.edu. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grinnell Singers to perform Apr. 14 campus premiere of commissioned work '' . Grinnell College News . Grinnell.edu. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ https://thinkprogress.org/remembering-seamus-heaney-with-the-cure-at-troy-f6fe97af26ab#.vokcsot1f Jump up ^ Excerpt : Virgil ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Translated by Seamus Heaney . `` From `` The Aeneid '' Book VI `` . The New Yorker . 92 ( 4 ) : 27 . Jump up ^ Cañadas , Ivan ( 2010 ) . `` Working Nation ( s ) : Seamus Heaney 's `` Digging '' and the Work Ethic in Post-Colonial and Minority Writing `` . EESE : Erfurt Electronic Studies in English . Jump up ^ Website of St. Louis Literary Award Jump up ^ Saint Louis University Library Associates . `` Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kenyon Review for Literary Achievement '' . KenyonReview.org . Jump up ^ Newington , Giles ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Heaney wins top Canadian prize '' . The Irish Times . Irish Times Trust . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Seamus Heaney Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seamus Heaney . Heaney 's Nobel acceptance speech Works by or about Seamus Heaney in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Seamus Heaney on IMDb Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Foundation Seamus Heaney at the Poetry Archive Seamus Heaney at the Academy for American Poets Portraits of Heaney at the National Portrait Gallery , London BBC Your Paintings in partnership PCF . Painting by Peter Edwards `` Seamus Heaney collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . Henri Cole ( Fall 1997 ) . `` Seamus Heaney , The Art of Poetry No. 75 '' . The Paris Review . Lannan Foundation reading and conversation with Dennis O'Driscoll , 1 October 2003 . ( Audio / video - 40 mins ) . Prose transcript . 1998 Whiting Writers ' Award Keynote Speech Seamus Heaney : Man of Words and Grace November -- December 2013 . `` History and the homeland '' video from The New Yorker . 15 October 2008 . Paul Muldoon , interviews Heaney. ( 1 hr ) . Archival material at Leeds University Library Works by Seamus Heaney Poetry Death of a Naturalist Door into the Dark Wintering Out Stations North Field Work Station Island The Haw Lantern Seeing Things The Spirit Level Electric Light District and Circle Human Chain Selections Selected Poems 1965 -- 1975 New Selected Poems 1966 -- 1987 Plays The Cure at Troy The Burial at Thebes Translations Sweeney Astray : A version from the Irish Laments Beowulf The Testament of Cresseid & Seven Fables Recordings The Poet and The Piper Collected Poems Awards received by Seamus Heaney Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1901 -- 1925 1901 Sully Prudhomme 1902 Theodor Mommsen 1903 Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson 1904 Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray 1905 Henryk Sienkiewicz 1906 Giosuè Carducci 1907 Rudyard Kipling 1908 Rudolf Eucken 1909 Selma Lagerlöf 1910 Paul Heyse 1911 Maurice Maeterlinck 1912 Gerhart Hauptmann 1913 Rabindranath Tagore 1914 1915 Romain Rolland 1916 Verner von Heidenstam 1917 Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan 1918 1919 Carl Spitteler 1920 Knut Hamsun 1921 Anatole France 1922 Jacinto Benavente 1923 W.B. Yeats 1924 Władysław Reymont 1925 George Bernard Shaw 1926 -- 1950 1926 Grazia Deledda 1927 Henri Bergson 1928 Sigrid Undset 1929 Thomas Mann 1930 Sinclair Lewis 1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt 1932 John Galsworthy 1933 Ivan Bunin 1934 Luigi Pirandello 1935 1936 Eugene O'Neill 1937 Roger Martin du Gard 1938 Pearl S. Buck 1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Johannes V. Jensen 1945 Gabriela Mistral 1946 Hermann Hesse 1947 André Gide 1948 T.S. Eliot 1949 William Faulkner 1950 Bertrand Russell 1951 -- 1975 1951 Pär Lagerkvist 1952 François Mauriac 1953 Winston Churchill 1954 Ernest Hemingway 1955 Halldór Laxness 1956 Juan Ramón Jiménez 1957 Albert Camus 1958 Boris Pasternak 1959 Salvatore Quasimodo 1960 Saint - John Perse 1961 Ivo Andrić 1962 John Steinbeck 1963 Giorgos Seferis 1964 Jean - Paul Sartre ( declined award ) 1965 Mikhail Sholokhov 1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs 1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias 1968 Yasunari Kawabata 1969 Samuel Beckett 1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 1971 Pablo Neruda 1972 Heinrich Böll 1973 Patrick White 1974 Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson 1975 Eugenio Montale 1976 -- 2000 1976 Saul Bellow 1977 Vicente Aleixandre 1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1979 Odysseas Elytis 1980 Czesław Miłosz 1981 Elias Canetti 1982 Gabriel García Márquez 1983 William Golding 1984 Jaroslav Seifert 1985 Claude Simon 1986 Wole Soyinka 1987 Joseph Brodsky 1988 Naguib Mahfouz 1989 Camilo José Cela 1990 Octavio Paz 1991 Nadine Gordimer 1992 Derek Walcott 1993 Toni Morrison 1994 Kenzaburō Ōe 1995 Seamus Heaney 1996 Wisława Szymborska 1997 Dario Fo 1998 José Saramago 1999 Günter Grass 2000 Gao Xingjian 2001 -- present 2001 V.S. Naipaul 2002 Imre Kertész 2003 J.M. Coetzee 2004 Elfriede Jelinek 2005 Harold Pinter 2006 Orhan Pamuk 2007 Doris Lessing 2008 J.M.G. Le Clézio 2009 Herta Müller 2010 Mario Vargas Llosa 2011 Tomas Tranströmer 2012 Mo Yan 2013 Alice Munro 2014 Patrick Modiano 2015 Svetlana Alexievich 2016 Bob Dylan 2017 Kazuo Ishiguro 1995 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Paul J. Crutzen ( Netherlands ) Mario J. Molina ( Mexico ) F. Sherwood Rowland ( United States ) Literature Seamus Heaney ( Ireland ) Peace Joseph Rotblat ( United Kingdom / Poland ) Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs ( Canada ) Physics Martin Lewis Perl ( United States ) Frederick Reines ( United States ) Physiology or Medicine Edward B. Lewis ( United States ) Christiane Nüsslein - Volhard ( Germany ) Eric F. Wieschaus ( United States ) Economic Sciences Robert Lucas , Jr . ( United States ) Nobel Prize recipients 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates Robert Rozhdestvensky ( 1966 ) Bulat Okudzhava ( 1967 ) László Nagy ( 1968 ) Mak Dizdar ( 1969 ) Miodrag Pavlović ( 1970 ) W.H. Auden ( 1971 ) Pablo Neruda ( 1972 ) Eugenio Montale ( 1973 ) Fazıl Hüsnü Dağlarca ( 1974 ) Léopold Sédar Senghor ( 1975 ) Eugène Guillevic ( 1976 ) Artur Lundkvist ( 1977 ) Rafael Alberti ( 1978 ) Miroslav Krleža ( 1979 ) Hans Magnus Enzensberger ( 1980 ) Blaže Koneski ( 1981 ) Nichita Stănescu ( 1982 ) Sachchidananda Vatsyayan ' Ajneya ' ( 1983 ) Andrei Voznesensky ( 1984 ) Yiannis Ritsos ( 1985 ) Allen Ginsberg ( 1986 ) Tadeusz Różewicz ( 1987 ) Desanka Maksimović ( 1988 ) Thomas Shapcott ( 1989 ) Justo Jorge Padrón ( 1990 ) Joseph Brodsky ( 1991 ) Ferenc Juhász ( 1992 ) Gennadiy Aygi ( 1993 ) Ted Hughes ( 1994 ) Yehuda Amichai ( 1995 ) Makoto Ooka ( 1996 ) Adunis ( 1997 ) Liu Banjiu ( 1998 ) Yves Bonnefoy ( 1999 ) Edoardo Sanguineti ( 2000 ) Seamus Heaney ( 2001 ) Slavko Mihalić ( 2002 ) Tomas Tranströmer ( 2003 ) Vasco Graça Moura ( 2004 ) William S. Merwin ( 2005 ) Nancy Morejón ( 2006 ) Mahmoud Darwish ( 2007 ) Fatos Arapi ( 2008 ) Tomaž Šalamun ( 2009 ) Lyubomir Levchev ( 2010 ) Mateja Matevski ( 2011 ) Mongane Wally Serote ( 2012 ) José Emilio Pacheco ( 2013 ) Ko Un ( 2014 ) Bei Dao ( 2015 ) Margaret Atwood ( 2016 ) Charles Simic ( 2017 ) Poetry Now Award Dorothy Molloy ( 2005 ) Derek Mahon ( 2006 ) Seamus Heaney ( 2007 ) Harry Clifton ( 2008 ) Derek Mahon ( 2009 ) Sinéad Morrissey ( 2010 ) Seamus Heaney ( 2011 ) Michael Longley ( 2012 ) Dennis O'Driscoll ( 2013 ) David Cohen Prize 1990s V.S. Naipaul ( 1993 ) Harold Pinter ( 1995 ) Muriel Spark ( 1997 ) William Trevor ( 1999 ) 2000s Doris Lessing ( 2001 ) Beryl Bainbridge and Thom Gunn ( 2003 ) Michael Holroyd ( 2005 ) Derek Mahon ( 2007 ) Seamus Heaney ( 2009 ) 2010s Julian Barnes ( 2011 ) Hilary Mantel ( 2013 ) Tony Harrison ( 2015 ) Beowulf Characters Beowulf Grendel Grendel 's mother Hroðgar Ecgþeow Hygelac Heardred Æschere Onela Wealhþeow Wiglaf Unferð Hygd The Dragon List of Beowulf characters Scholars and translators Michael J. Alexander Nora K. Chadwick P.J. Cosijn Kevin Crossley - Holland Michael D.C. Drout Francis Barton Gummere Seamus Heaney Roy Liuzza William Morris Frederick Klaeber Laurence Nowell Burton Raffel Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin J.R.R. Tolkien Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' Beowulf and the Critics `` On Translating Beowulf '' `` Sellic Spell '' Finn and Hengest Charles Leslie Wrenn Depictions Books Grendel Eaters of the Dead Film Grendel Grendel Grendel Beowulf ( 1999 ) The 13th Warrior No Such Thing Outlander Beowulf & Grendel ( Wrath of Gods ) Grendel Beowulf ( 2007 ) Beowulf : Prince of the Geats Beowulf : Return to the Shieldlands See also Anglo - Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex Irish poetry Topics Irish poetry Chief Ollam of Ireland Irish bardic poetry Irish Literary Revival Metrical Dindshenchas Contention of the bards Aisling Weaver Poets An Gúm Kildare Poems Táin Bó Cúailnge Poets Bardic Mael Ísu Ua Brolcháin Muircheartach Ó Cobhthaigh Gilla Mo Dutu Úa Caiside Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin Giolla Brighde Mac Con Midhe Gofraidh Fionn Ó Dálaigh Flann mac Lonáin Donnchadh Mór Ó Dálaigh Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh Fear Flaith Ó Gnímh Mathghamhain Ó hIfearnáin Cormac Mac Con Midhe Eoghan Carrach Ó Siadhail Fear Feasa Ó'n Cháinte Tadhg Olltach Ó an Cháinte Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa Proinsias Ó Doibhlin Tarlach Rua Mac Dónaill Gilla Cómáin mac Gilla Samthainde Tadhg Dall Ó hÚigínn Niníne Éces Colmán of Cloyne Cináed ua hArtacáin Muireadhach Albanach Ó Dálaigh Cearbhall Óg Ó Dálaigh Máeleoin Bódur Ó Maolconaire Diarmaid Mac an Bhaird Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh Dallán Forgaill Óengus of Tallaght Sedulius Scottus Saint Dungal Maol Sheachluinn na n - Uirsgéal Ó hÚigínn Philip Ó Duibhgeannain 15th / 16th century Tomás Ó Cobhthaigh 17th century Dáibhí Ó Bruadair Piaras Feiritéar Aogán Ó Rathaille 18th century Aogán Ó Rathaille Brian Merriman Jonathan Swift Oliver Goldsmith John Hewitt 19th century Thomas Moore Charles Gavan Duffy James Clarence Mangan Samuel Ferguson William Allingham Douglas Hyde James Henry Antoine Ó Raifteiri Aeneas Coffey Robert Dwyer Joyce Thomas Davis Speranza Katharine Tynan Oscar Wilde 20th century James Joyce Patrick Pearse Joseph Plunkett Thomas MacDonagh Francis Ledwidge Padraic Colum F.R. Higgins Austin Clarke Samuel Beckett Brian Coffey Denis Devlin Thomas MacGreevy Blanaid Salkeld Mary Devenport O'Neill Patrick Kavanagh John Hewitt Louis MacNeice Máirtín Ó Direáin Seán Ó Ríordáin Máire Mhac an tSaoi Michael Hartnett Gabriel Rosenstock Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill Micheál Mac Liammóir Robert Greacen Roy McFadden Padraic Fiacc John Montague Michael Longley Derek Mahon Seamus Heaney Paul Muldoon Thomas Kinsella Michael Smith Trevor Joyce Geoffrey Squires Augustus Young Randolph Healy John Jordan Paul Durcan Michael Hartnett Basil Payne Eoghan Ó Tuairisc Patrick Galvin Cathal Ó Searcaigh Bobby Sands Rita Ann Higgins Eavan Boland Eiléan Ní Chuilleanáin Medbh McGuckian Paula Meehan Dennis O'Driscoll Seán Dunne Anthony Cronin W.F. Marshall W.B. Yeats 21st century Thomas McCarthy John Ennis Pat Boran Mairéad Byrne Ciarán Carson Patrick Chapman Harry Clifton Tony Curtis Pádraig J. Daly Gerald Dawe Greg Delanty Eamon Grennan Vona Groarke Seamus Heaney Pat Ingoldsby Brendan Kennelly Hugh McFadden Sinéad Morrissey Gerry Murphy Bernard O'Donoghue Conor O'Callaghan Caitriona O'Reilly Justin Quinn Maurice Riordan Maurice Scully William Wall Catherine Walsh Poems Anthologies Faber Book of Irish Verse Epics The Wanderings of Oisin Bardic Timna Cathaír Máir Caithréim Cellaig Le dís cuirthear clú Laighean Is acher in gaíth in - nocht ... Is trúag in ces i mbiam Sen dollotar Ulaid ... Sorrow is the worst thing in life ... An Díbirt go Connachta Foraire Uladh ar Aodh A aonmhic Dé do céasadh thrínn A theachtaire tig ón Róimh An sluagh sidhe so i nEamhuin ? Cóir Connacht ar chath Laighean Dia libh a laochruidh Gaoidhiol Pangur Bán Liamuin Buile Shuibhne The Prophecy of Berchán Bean Torrach , fa Tuar Broide 18th century The Traveller Suantraí dá Mhac Tabhartha Mná na hÉireann 19th century Tone 's Grave The Wind That Shakes the Barley Contemporary Love Songs of Connacht Hi Uncle Sam Meeting The British Horse Latitudes Sweeney Astray Prayer Before Birth D - Day Organizations Poetry Ireland Publications Poetry Ireland Review The Lace Curtain Events SoundEye Festival VIAF : 109557338 LCCN : n79099140 ISNI : 0000 0001 2321 5547 GND : 118547410 SELIBR : 208744 SUDOC : 028568338 BNF : cb120378139 ( data ) MusicBrainz : c867c229 - 53a9 - 447e - 8191 - 9cbccd4a827d NLA : 36170680 NDL : 00474775 NKC : jn19990003287 BNE : XX877721 CiNii : DA02220052 IATH : w6z03890 Ireland portal Northern Ireland portal Literature portal Mythology portal Poetry portal Writing portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seamus_Heaney&oldid=812369929 '' Categories : 1939 births 2013 deaths 20th - century writers from Northern Ireland 21st - century writers from Northern Ireland Alumni of Queen 's University Belfast Saoithe David Cohen Prize recipients Essayists from Northern Ireland Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Fellows of St John 's College , Oxford Formalist poets Harvard University faculty Irish translators Nobel laureates from Northern Ireland Nobel laureates in Literature Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath laureates People educated at St Columb 's College People from County Londonderry People from Dublin ( city ) People of the Year Awards winners Poets from Northern Ireland Translators from Irish Translators from Old English Translators from Polish Translators from Scottish Gaelic Translators to English 20th - century British dramatists and playwrights 20th - century poets from Northern Ireland 20th - century male writers Male poets from Northern Ireland 21st - century dramatists and playwrights 21st - century Irish poets Members of the Royal Irish Academy Oxford Professors of Poetry Irish PEN Award for Literature winners 20th - century translators 21st - century translators Male dramatists and playwrights from Northern Ireland Male essayists 20th - century essayists 21st - century essayists Male writers from Northern Ireland Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors : dates CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Use Irish English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Use dmy dates from October 2012 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters AC with 14 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the novel award winning poet laureate	[ "Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA (/ˈʃeɪməs ˈhiːni/; 13 April 1939 – 30 August 2013), was an Irish poet, playwright and translator. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature.[1][2]" ]	[ "Seamus Justin Heaney" ]
-417030862253137338	Party leaders of the United States Senate	Party leaders of the United States Senate - wikipedia Party leaders of the United States Senate Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Current leaders Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Majority Whip John Cornyn ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Minority Whip Dick Durbin ( D ) Party Leaders of the U.S. Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) The Senate Majority and Minority Leaders are two United States Senators and members of the party leadership of the United States Senate . These leaders serve as the chief Senate spokespeople for the political parties respectively holding the majority and the minority in the United States Senate , and manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate . They are elected to their positions in the Senate by their respective party caucuses , the Senate Democratic Caucus and the Senate Republican Conference . By rule , the Presiding Officer gives the Majority Leader priority in obtaining recognition to speak on the floor of the Senate . The Majority Leader customarily serves as the chief representative of their party in the Senate , and sometimes even in all of Congress if the House of Representatives and thus the office of Speaker of the House is controlled by the opposition party . The Assistant Majority and Minority Leaders of the United States Senate ( commonly called Senate Majority and Minority Whips ) are the second - ranking members of each party 's leadership . The main function of the Majority and Minority Whips is to gather votes on major issues . Because they are the second ranking members of the Senate , if there is no floor leader present , the whip may become acting floor leader . Before 1969 , the official titles were Majority Whip and Minority Whip . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current floor leaders 2 History 3 List of party leaders 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links Current floor leaders ( edit ) The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans , 47 Democrats , and 2 independents , both of whom caucus with the Democrats . The current leaders are long - time Senators Mitch McConnell ( R ) from Kentucky and Chuck Schumer ( D ) from New York . The current Assistant Leaders / Whips are long - time Senators John Cornyn ( R ) from Texas and Dick Durbin ( D ) from Illinois . History ( edit ) The Democrats began the practice of electing floor leaders in 1920 while they were in the minority . John W. Kern was a Democratic Senator from Indiana . While the title was not official , he is considered to be the first Senate party leader from 1913 through 1917 ( and in turn , the first Senate Democratic Leader ) , while serving concurrently as Chairman of the Senate Democratic Caucus . In 1925 the majority ( at the time ) Republicans also adopted this language when Charles Curtis became the first ( official ) Majority Leader , although his immediate predecessor Henry Cabot Lodge is considered the first ( unofficial ) Senate Majority Leader . The Constitution designates the Vice President of the United States as President of the United States Senate . The Constitution also calls for a President pro tempore to serve as the leader of the body when the President of the Senate ( the Vice President ) is absent . In practice , neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore -- customarily the most senior ( longest - serving ) Senator in the majority party -- actually presides over the Senate on a daily basis ; that task is given to junior Senators of the majority party . Since the Vice President may be of a different party than the majority and is not a member subject to discipline , the rules of procedure of the Senate give the presiding officer very little power and none beyond the presiding role . For these reasons , it is the Majority Leader who , in practice , manages the Senate . This is in contrast to the House of Representatives where the elected Speaker of the House has a great deal of discretionary power and generally presides over votes on bills . List of party leaders ( edit ) The Democratic Party first selected a leader in 1920 . The Republican Party first formally designated a leader in 1925 . Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip 63rd May 28 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1915 J. Hamilton Lewis None Democratic ← Majority None None 64th March 4 , 1915 -- December 6 , 1915 December 6 , 1915 -- December 13 , 1915 James Wadsworth December 13 , 1915 -- March 4 , 1917 Charles Curtis 65th March 4 , 1917 -- March 4 , 1919 66th March 4 , 1919 -- April 27 , 1920 Peter Gerry Republican Majority → Henry Cabot Lodge Unofficial April 27 , 1920 -- March 4 , 1921 Oscar Underwood 67th March 4 , 1921 -- March 4 , 1923 68th March 4 , 1923 -- December 3 , 1923 December 3 , 1923 -- November 9 , 1924 Joseph Taylor Robinson November 9 , 1924 -- March 4 , 1925 Charles Curtis Acting Wesley Jones Acting 69th March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1927 Charles Curtis Wesley Jones 70th March 4 , 1927 -- March 4 , 1929 71st March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1931 Morris Sheppard James E. Watson Simeon Fess 72nd March 4 , 1931 -- March 4 , 1933 73rd March 4 , 1933 -- January 3 , 1935 J. Hamilton Lewis Democratic ← Majority Charles L. McNary Felix Hebert 74th January 3 , 1935 -- January 3 , 1937 None 75th January 3 , 1937 -- July 14 , 1937 July 22 , 1937 -- January 3 , 1939 Alben W. Barkley 76th January 3 , 1939 -- April 9 , 1939 April 9 , 1939 -- January 3 , 1940 Sherman Minton January 3 , 1940 -- January 3 , 1941 Warren Austin Acting 77th January 3 , 1941 -- January 3 , 1943 J. Lister Hill Charles L. McNary 78th January 3 , 1943 -- February 25 , 1944 Kenneth Wherry February 25 , 1944 -- January 3 , 1945 Wallace H. White Jr . Acting 79th January 3 , 1945 -- January 3 , 1947 Wallace H. White Jr . 80th January 3 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Scott W. Lucas Republican Majority → 81st January 3 , 1949 -- January 3 , 1951 Francis Myers Scott W. Lucas Democratic ← Majority Kenneth S. Wherry Leverett Saltonstall 82nd January 3 , 1951 -- January 3 , 1952 Lyndon B. Johnson Ernest McFarland January 3 , 1952 -- January 3 , 1953 Styles Bridges 83rd January 3 , 1953 -- July 31 , 1953 Earle Clements Lyndon B. Johnson Republican Majority → Robert A. Taft August 3 , 1953 -- January 3 , 1955 William F. Knowland 84th January 3 , 1955 -- January 3 , 1957 Democratic ← Majority 85th January 3 , 1957 -- January 3 , 1959 Mike Mansfield Everett Dirksen 86th January 3 , 1959 -- January 3 , 1961 Everett Dirksen Thomas Kuchel 87th January 3 , 1961 -- January 3 , 1963 Hubert Humphrey Mike Mansfield 88th January 3 , 1963 -- January 3 , 1965 89th January 3 , 1965 -- January 3 , 1967 Russell B. Long 90th January 3 , 1967 -- January 3 , 1969 91st January 3 , 1969 -- September 7 , 1969 Ted Kennedy Hugh Scott September 24 , 1969 -- January 3 , 1971 Hugh Scott Robert Griffin 92nd January 3 , 1971 -- January 3 , 1973 Robert Byrd 93rd January 3 , 1973 -- January 3 , 1975 94th January 3 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1977 95th January 3 , 1977 -- January 3 , 1979 Alan Cranston Robert Byrd Howard Baker Ted Stevens 96th January 3 , 1979 -- November 1 , 1979 November 1 , 1979 -- March 5 , 1980 Ted Stevens Acting March 5 , 1980 -- January 3 , 1981 Howard Baker 97th January 3 , 1981 -- January 3 , 1983 Republican Majority → 98th January 3 , 1983 -- January 3 , 1985 99th January 3 , 1985 -- January 3 , 1987 Bob Dole Alan Simpson 100th January 3 , 1987 -- January 3 , 1989 Democratic ← Majority 101st January 3 , 1989 -- January 3 , 1991 George Mitchell 102nd January 3 , 1991 -- January 3 , 1993 Wendell H. Ford 103rd January 3 , 1993 -- January 3 , 1995 104th January 3 , 1995 -- June 12 , 1996 Tom Daschle Republican Majority → Trent Lott June 12 , 1996 -- January 3 , 1997 Trent Lott Don Nickles 105th January 3 , 1997 -- January 3 , 1999 106th January 3 , 1999 -- January 3 , 2001 Harry Reid 107th January 3 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2001 Democratic ← Majority January 20 , 2001 -- June 6 , 2001 Republican Majority → June 6 , 2001 -- January 3 , 2003 Democratic ← Majority 108th January 3 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2005 Republican Majority → Bill Frist Mitch McConnell 109th January 3 , 2005 -- January 3 , 2007 Dick Durbin Harry Reid 110th January 3 , 2007 -- December 18 , 2007 Democratic ← Majority Mitch McConnell Trent Lott December 19 , 2007 -- January 3 , 2009 Jon Kyl 111th January 3 , 2009 -- January 3 , 2011 112th January 3 , 2011 -- January 3 , 2013 113th January 3 , 2013 -- January 3 , 2015 John Cornyn 114th January 3 , 2015 -- January 3 , 2017 Republican Majority → 115th January 3 , 2017 -- January 3 , 2019 Chuck Schumer Cong - ress Dates Democratic Whip Democratic Leader Majority Republican Leader Republican Whip See also ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives President pro tempore of the United States Senate Vice President of the United States ( President of the United States Senate ) Party divisions of United States Congresses List of political parties in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ No Republican whips were appointed from 1935 to 1944 since only 17 Republicans were in the Senate following the landslide reelection of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936 . Accordingly , the minutes of the Republican Conference for the period state : `` On motion of Senator Hastings , duly seconded and carried , it was agreed that no Assistant Leader or Whip be elected but that the chairman be authorized to appoint Senators from time to time to assist him in taking charge of the interests of the minority . '' A note attached to the conference minutes added : `` The chairman of the conference , Senator McNary , apparently appointed Senator Austin of Vermont as assistant leader in 1943 and 1944 , until the conference adopted Rules of Organization . '' Source : Party Whips Archived 2010 - 03 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Democrats remained in control after November 25 , 2002 , despite a Republican majority resulting from Jim Talent 's special election victory in Missouri . There was no reorganization as the Senate was no longer in session . Party Division in the Senate , 1789 -- present , via Senate.gov External links ( edit ) Majority and Minority Leaders and Party Whips , via Senate.gov Republican Majority Democratic Minority Current leadership of the United States Senate President : Mike Pence ( R ) President pro tempore : Orrin Hatch ( R ) Majority ( Republican ) Minority ( Democratic ) Mitch McConnell ( Leader ) John Cornyn ( Whip ) John Thune ( Conference Chair ) John Barrasso ( Policy Committee Chair ) Roy Blunt ( Conference Vice Chair ) Cory Gardner ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Mike Lee ( Steering Committee Chair ) Mike Crapo ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Chuck Schumer ( Leader and Caucus Chair ) Dick Durbin ( Whip ) Patty Murray ( Assistant Leader ) Debbie Stabenow ( Policy Committee Chair ) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren ( Caucus Vice Chair ) Amy Klobuchar ( Steering Committee Chair ) Bernie Sanders ( Outreach Committee Chair ) Joe Manchin ( Policy Committee Vice Chair ) Tammy Baldwin ( Caucus Secretary ) Chris Van Hollen ( Campaign Committee Chair ) Jeff Merkley ( Chief Deputy Whip ) Patrick Leahy ( Senate President pro tempore emeritus ) United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - 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worded phrases from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the majority political party in the senate now	[ "The Senate is currently composed of 51 Republicans, 47 Democrats, and 2 independents, both of whom caucus with the Democrats." ]	[ "Republicans" ]
-6062914836450809611	Leaning Tower of Pisa	Leaning tower of Pisa - wikipedia Leaning tower of Pisa famous tower in Italy Leaning Tower of Pisa Torre pendente di Pisa Leaning Tower of Pisa Basic information Location Pisa , Italy Geographic coordinates 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E / 43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Coordinates : 43 ° 43 ′ 23 '' N 10 ° 23 ′ 47 '' E / 43.72306 ° N 10.39639 ° E / 43.72306 ; 10.39639 Affiliation Roman Catholic Website www.opapisa.it Architectural description Architect ( s ) Bonanno Pisano Architectural style Romanesque Groundbreaking 1173 Completed 1372 Specifications Height ( max ) 55.86 metres ( 183.3 ft ) Materials marble stone UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Criteria Cultural : i , ii , iv , vi Reference 395 Inscription 1987 ( 11th Session ) The Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italian : Torre pendente di Pisa ) or simply the Tower of Pisa ( Torre di Pisa ( ˈtorre di ˈpiːza ) ) is the campanile , or freestanding bell tower , of the cathedral of the Italian city of Pisa , known worldwide for its unintended tilt . The tower is situated behind the Pisa Cathedral and is the third oldest structure in the city 's Cathedral Square ( Piazza del Duomo ) , after the cathedral and the Pisa Baptistry . The tower 's tilt began during construction in the 12th century , caused by an inadequate foundation on ground too soft on one side to properly support the structure 's weight . The tilt increased in the decades before the structure was completed in the 14th century . It gradually increased until the structure was stabilized ( and the tilt partially corrected ) by efforts in the late 20th and early 21st centuries . The height of the tower is 55.86 metres ( 183.27 feet ) from the ground on the low side and 56.67 metres ( 185.93 feet ) on the high side . The width of the walls at the base is 2.44 m ( 8 ft 0.06 in ) . Its weight is estimated at 14,500 metric tons ( 16,000 short tons ) . The tower has 296 or 294 steps ; the seventh floor has two fewer steps on the north - facing staircase . Prior to restoration work performed between 1990 and 2001 , the tower leaned at an angle of 5.5 degrees , but the tower now leans at about 3.99 degrees . This means the top of the tower is displaced horizontally 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the centre . Contents 1 Architect 2 Construction 2.1 Timeline 2.2 Builders 3 History following construction 4 Guinness World Records 5 Technical information 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Architect There has been controversy about the real identity of the architect of the Leaning Tower of Pisa . For many years , the design was attributed to Guglielmo and Bonanno Pisano , a well - known 12th - century resident artist of Pisa , famous for his bronze casting , particularly in the Pisa Duomo . Pisano left Pisa in 1185 for Monreale , Sicily , only to come back and die in his home town . A piece of cast bearing his name was discovered at the foot of the tower in 1820 , but this may be related to the bronze door in the façade of the cathedral that was destroyed in 1595 . A 2001 study seems to indicate Diotisalvi was the original architect , due to the time of construction and affinity with other Diotisalvi works , notably the bell tower of San Nicola and the Baptistery , both in Pisa . Construction The Pisa Baptistery ( in the foreground ) , the Pisa Cathedral ( in the middleground ) , and the Leaning Tower of Pisa ( in the background ) Leaning Tower of Pisa in 2004 Leaning Tower of Pisa Construction of the tower occurred in three stages over 199 years . Work on the ground floor of the white marble campanile began on August 14 , 1173 during a period of military success and prosperity . This ground floor is a blind arcade articulated by engaged columns with classical Corinthian capitals . The tower began to sink after construction had progressed to the second floor in 1178 . This was due to a mere three - metre foundation , set in weak , unstable subsoil , a design that was flawed from the beginning . Construction was subsequently halted for almost a century , because the Republic of Pisa was almost continually engaged in battles with Genoa , Lucca , and Florence . This allowed time for the underlying soil to settle . Otherwise , the tower would almost certainly have toppled . In 1198 , clocks were temporarily installed on the third floor of the unfinished construction . In 1272 , construction resumed under Giovanni di Simone , architect of the Camposanto . In an effort to compensate for the tilt , the engineers built upper floors with one side taller than the other . Because of this , the tower is curved . Construction was halted again in 1284 when the Pisans were defeated by the Genoans in the Battle of Meloria . The seventh floor was completed in 1319 . The bell - chamber was finally added in 1372 . It was built by Tommaso di Andrea Pisano , who succeeded in harmonizing the Gothic elements of the bell - chamber with the Romanesque style of the tower . There are seven bells , one for each note of the musical major scale . The largest one was installed in 1655 . After a phase ( 1990 -- 2001 ) of structural strengthening , the tower is currently undergoing gradual surface restoration , in order to repair visible damage , mostly corrosion and blackening . These are particularly pronounced due to the tower 's age and its exposure to wind and rain . Timeline On January 5 , 1172 , Donna Berta di Bernardo , a widow and resident of the house of dell'Opera di Santa Maria , bequeathed sixty soldi to the Opera Campanilis petrarum Sancte Marie . The sum was then used toward the purchase of a few stones which still form the base of the bell tower . On August 9 , 1173 , the foundations of the tower were laid . Nearly four centuries later Giorgio Vasari wrote : `` Guglielmo , according to what is being said , in ( this ) year 1174 with Bonanno as sculptor , laid the foundations of the bell tower of the cathedral in Pisa . '' On December 27 , 1233 , the worker Benenato , son of Gerardo Bottici , oversaw the continuation of the construction of the bell tower . On February 23 , 1260 , Guido Speziale , son of Giovanni , a worker on the cathedral Santa Maria Maggiore , was elected to oversee the building of the tower . On April 12 , 1264 , the master builder Giovanni di Simone and 23 workers went to the mountains close to Pisa to cut marble . The cut stones were given to Rainaldo Speziale , worker of St. Francesco . Giorgio Vasari indicated that Tommaso di Andrea Pisano was the designer of the belfry between 1360 and 1370 . Builders One possible known builder of Pisa Tower was Gerardo di Gerardo . His name appears as a witness to the above legacy of Berta di Bernardo as `` Master Gerardo '' , and as a worker whose name was Gerardo . A more probable builder was Diotisalvi , because of the construction period and the structure 's affinities with other buildings in Pisa , but he usually signed his works , and there is no signature by him in the bell tower . Giovanni di Simone was known to be heavily involved in the completion of the tower , under the direction of Giovanni Pisano , who at the time was master builder of the Opera di Santa Maria Maggiore . Di Simone could be the same Giovanni Pisano who completed the belfry tower . History following construction Galileo Galilei is said to have dropped two cannonballs of different masses from the tower to demonstrate that their speed of descent was independent of their mass . However , the only primary source for this is the biography Racconto istorico della vita di Galileo Galilei ( Historical Account of the Life of Galileo Galilei ) , written by Galileo 's secretary Vincenzo Viviani and published in 1717 , long after Viviani 's death . During World War II , the Allies suspected that the Germans were using the tower as an observation post . A U.S. Army sergeant sent to confirm the presence of German troops in the tower was impressed by the beauty of the cathedral and its campanile , and thus refrained from ordering an artillery strike , sparing it from destruction . Numerous efforts have been made to restore the tower to a vertical orientation or at least keep it from falling over . Most of these efforts failed ; some worsened the tilt . On February 27 , 1964 , the government of Italy requested aid in preventing the tower from toppling . It was , however , considered important to retain the current tilt , due to the role that this element played in promoting the tourism industry of Pisa . A multinational task force of engineers , mathematicians , and historians gathered on the Azores islands to discuss stabilisation methods . It was found that the tilt was increasing in combination with the softer foundations on the lower side . Many methods were proposed to stabilise the tower , including the addition of 800 tonnes of lead counterweights to the raised end of the base . The tower and the neighbouring cathedral , baptistery , and cemetery are included in the Piazza del Duomo UNESCO World Heritage Site , which was declared in 1987 . The tower was closed to the public on January 7 , 1990 , after more than two decades of stabilisation studies and spurred by the abrupt collapse of the Civic Tower of Pavia in 1989 . The bells were removed to relieve some weight , and cables were cinched around the third level and anchored several hundred meters away . Apartments and houses in the path of the tower were vacated for safety . The solution chosen to prevent the collapse of the tower was to slightly straighten it to a safer angle by removing 38 cubic metres ( 1,342 cubic feet ) of soil from underneath the raised end . The tower was straightened by 45 centimetres ( 17.7 inches ) , returning to its 1838 position . After a decade of corrective reconstruction and stabilization efforts , the tower was reopened to the public on December 15 , 2001 and was declared stable for at least another 300 years . In total , 70 metric tons ( 77 short tons ) of earth were removed . In May 2008 , engineers announced that the tower had been stabilized such that it had stopped moving for the first time in its history . They stated that it would be stable for at least 200 years . Plaque in memory of Galileo Galilei 's experiments Lead counterweights , 1998 Guinness World Records Two German churches have challenged the tower 's status as the world 's most lop - sided building : the 15th - century square Leaning Tower of Suurhusen and the 14th - century bell tower in the town of Bad Frankenhausen . Guinness World Records measured the Pisa and Suurhusen towers , finding the former 's tilt to be 3.97 degrees . In June 2010 , Guinness World Records certified the Capital Gate building in Abu Dhabi , UAE as the `` World 's Furthest Leaning Man - made Tower '' . The Capital Gate tower has an 18 - degree slope , almost five times more than the Pisa Tower ; however the Capital Gate tower has been deliberately engineered to slant . The Leaning Tower of Wanaka in New Zealand , also deliberately built , leans at 53 degrees to the ground . Technical information An elevation image of the Leaning Tower of Pisa cut with laser scan data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , with source image accurate down to 5 mm ( 0.2 in ) Elevation of Piazza del Duomo : about 2 metres ( 6 feet , DMS ) Height from the ground floor : 55.863 metres ( 183 ft 3 in ) , 8 stories Height from the foundation floor : 58.36 m ( 191 ft 5.64 in ) Outer diameter of base : 15.484 metres ( 50 ft 9.6 in ) Inner diameter of base : 7.368 metres ( 24 ft 2.1 in ) Angle of slant : 3.97 degrees or 3.9 metres ( 12 ft 10 in ) from the vertical Weight : 14,700 metric tons ( 16,200 short tons ) Thickness of walls at the base : 2.44 metres ( 8 ft 0 in ) Total number of bells : 7 , tuned to musical scale , clockwise 1st bell : L'Assunta , cast in 1654 by Giovanni Pietro Orlandi , weight 3,620 kg ( 7,981 lb ) 2nd bell : Il Crocifisso , cast in 1572 by Vincenzo Possenti , weight 2,462 kg ( 5,428 lb ) 3rd bell : San Ranieri , cast in 1719 -- 1721 by Giovanni Andrea Moreni , weight 1,448 kg ( 3,192 lb ) 4th bell : La Terza ( 1st small one ) , cast in 1473 , weight 300 kg ( 661 lb ) 5th bell : La Pasquereccia or La Giustizia , cast in 1262 by Lotteringo , weight 1,014 kg ( 2,235 lb ) 6th bell : Il Vespruccio ( 2nd small one ) , cast in the 14th century and again in 1501 by Nicola di Jacopo , weight 1,000 kg ( 2,205 lb ) 7th bell : Dal Pozzo , cast in 1606 and again in 2004 , weight 652 kg ( 1,437 lb ) Number of steps to the top : 296 About the 5th bell : The name Pasquareccia comes from Easter , because it used to ring on Easter day . However , this bell is older than the bell - chamber itself , and comes from the tower Vergata in Palazzo Pretorio in Pisa , where it was called La Giustizia ( The Justice ) . The bell was tolled to announce executions of criminals and traitors , including Count Ugolino in 1289 . A new bell was installed in the bell tower at the end of the 18th century to replace the broken Pasquareccia . The circular shape and great height ( currently 55.86 m ( 183 ft 3.21 in ) on the lowest side and 56.67 m ( 185 ft 11.10 in ) m on the highest ) of the campanile were unusual for their time , and the crowning belfry is stylistically distinct from the rest of the construction . This belfry incorporates a 14 cm ( 5.5 in ) correction for the inclined axis below . The siting of the campanile within the Piazza del Duomo diverges from the axial alignment of the cathedral and baptistery of the Piazza del Duomo . Gallery View looking up Entrance door to the bell tower External loggia Inner staircase from sixth to seventh floor Inner staircase from seventh to eighth ( the top ) floor View from the top Assunta bell Pasquareccia bell View , looking down from the top A popular photo opportunity with tourists is to pose as if one was either holding up or pushing over the tower See also Leaning Temple of Huma -- Only leaning temple in the world List of leaning towers Leaning Tower of Niles , a replica of the Tower of Pisa Leaning Tower of Zaragoza , was a famous European leaning tower Great Mosque of al - Nuri ( Mosul ) , an ancient leaning tower that stood until 2017 Machang , Kelantan -- home to another leaning tower Round tower ( disambiguation ) , for other types of round towers The Greyfriars Tower -- the remains of a Franciscan monastery in King 's Lynn , nicknamed `` The Leaning Tower of Lynn '' Torre delle Milizie , a tilting medieval tower in Rome Tour de Pise , a rock dome in Antarctica , was named after this tower References Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa Facts '' . Leaning Tower of Pisa . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Saving the Leaning Tower '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2001 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tower of Pisa '' . Archidose.org . June 17 , 2001 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa ( tower , Pisa , Italy ) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` E la Torre di Pisa non oscilla più '' . Scienze.TV . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ tan ( 3.99 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ Controversy about the identity of the architect Archived August 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pierotti , Piero. ( 2001 ) . Deotisalvi -- L'architetto pisano del secolo d'oro . Pisa : Pacini Editore Jump up ^ McLain , Bill ( 1999 ) . Do Fish Drink Water ? . New York : William Morrow and Company , Inc . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 16512 - 5 . Jump up ^ G. Barsali ( 1999 ) , Pisa . History and masterpieces , Bonechi , p. 18 , ISBN 8872041880 Jump up ^ A profile of an engineer employed to straighten the tower Ingenia , March 2005 Jump up ^ Restoration work is mentioned at the official website of the square Jump up ^ Capitular Record Offices of Pisa , parchment n . 248 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , December 27 , 1234 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Opera della Primaziale , February 23 , 1260 Jump up ^ Public Record Offices of Pisa , Roncioni , April 12 , 1265 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Vasari , Jean Paul Richter ( 1855 ) , Lives of the Most Eminent Painters , Sculptors , and Architects , H.G. Bohn , p. 153 Jump up ^ `` Sci Tech : Science history : setting the record straight '' . The Hindu . June 30 , 2005 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vincenzo Viviani on museo galileo Jump up ^ Shrady , Nicholas ( 2003 ) : Tilt : a skewed history of the Tower of Pisa Jump up ^ `` Why I spared the Leaning Tower of Pisa '' . The Guardian . January 12 , 2000 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Securing the Lean In Tower of Pisa '' . The New York Times . November 1 , 1987 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tipping the Balance '' . TIME Magazine . June 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Piazza del Duomo , Pisa '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duff , Mark ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Europe Pisa 's leaning tower ' stabilised ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sunday Telegraph no . 2,406 , July 22 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` German steeple beats Leaning Tower of Pisa into Guinness book '' . The Raw Story . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Not so fast , Pisa ! UAE lays claim to world 's furthest leaning tower '' . CNN news . June 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Leaning and tumbling towers ' on Puzzling World website , viewed 2011 - 07 - 30 Jump up ^ tan ( 3.97 degrees ) * ( 55.86 m + 56.70 m ) / 2 = 3.9 m Jump up ^ `` Leaning Tower of Pisa : 1920 's Photo of Dal Pozzo '' . www.endex.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Davies , Andrew ( 2005 ) . The Children 's Visual World Atlas . Sydney , Australia : The Fog Press . ISBN 1 - 74089 - 317 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Torre pendente '' ( in Italian ) . Lucca turismo . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leaning Tower ( Pisa ) . Opera della Primaziale Pisana -- official site Piazza dei Miracoli digital media archive ( Creative Commons -- licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas ) , data from a University of Ferrara / CyArk research partnership , includes 3D scan data from Leaning Tower . Leaning Tower of Pisa at Structurae Tourism in Pisa Religious Churches Pisa Baptistery Pisa Cathedral S Andrea Forisportam S Antonio Abate S Apollonia S Caterina S Chiara S Cristina S Sepolcro S Domenico S Francesco S Frediano S Michele in Borgo S Giovanni dei Fieri S Paolo a Ripa d'Arno S Paolo all'Orto S Piero a Grado S Jacopo e Filippo S Stefano dei Cavalieri S Martino S Michele degli Scalzi S Sisto S Nicola S Maria della Spina S Zeno Palaces della Carovana del Collegio Puteano delle Vedove Landmarks Leaning Tower of Pisa Navicelli channel Torre dei Gualandi Piazzas Knights ' Square Piazza delle Gondole Piazza dei Miracoli Camposanto Monumentale Museums Domus Galilaeana National Museum of San Matteo Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa Certosa Gardens and parks Orto Botanico Landmarks of Tuscany Basilica of San Frediano Battistero di San Giovanni ( Siena ) Lucca Cathedral Camposanto Monumentale Piazza dei Miracoli Leaning Tower of Pisa Palazzo Pubblico Piazza del Campo Renaissance architecture of Pienza Pistoia Cathedral Prato Cathedral Historical center of San Gimignano Santa Maria della Pieve Siena Cathedral BNF : cb13322870c ( data ) GND : 1047787296 LCCN : sh89006632 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa&oldid=852954124 '' Categories : 1372 establishments in Europe Bell towers in Italy Buildings and structures completed in 1372 Inclined towers Romanesque architecture in Pisa Tourist attractions in Pisa Towers completed in the 14th century Towers in Pisa World Heritage Sites in Italy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles prone to spam from September 2012 Structurae ID different from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 84 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 13 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	in which city is the leaning tower of pisa located	[ "Leaning Tower of Pisa\nTorre pendente di Pisa\nLeaning Tower of PisaBasic informationLocation\nPisa, ItalyGeographic coordinates\n43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639Coordinates: 43°43′23″N 10°23′47″E / 43.72306°N 10.39639°E / 43.72306; 10.39639Affiliation\nRoman CatholicWebsite\nwww.opapisa.itArchitectural descriptionArchitect(s)\nBonanno PisanoArchitectural style\nRomanesqueGroundbreaking\n1173Completed\n1372SpecificationsHeight (max)\n55.86 metres (183.3 ft)Materials\n\nmarble\nstone\n\nUNESCO World Heritage SitePart of\nPiazza del Duomo, PisaCriteria\nCultural: i, ii, iv, viReference\n395Inscription\n1987 (11th Session)\n" ]	[ "Pisa, Italy" ]
-5626421037929411429	Cassie Newman	Cassie Newman - wikipedia Cassie Newman Cassie Newman The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Camryn Grimes Duration 1997 -- 2007 2009 -- 10 2013 -- 14 First appearance March 19 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 19 ) Last appearance October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) Created by William J. Bell Introduced by Edward J. Scott ( 1997 ) John F. Smith ( 2005 -- 06 ) Lynn Marie Latham and Josh Griffith ( 2007 ) Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch ( 2009 -- 10 ) Jill Farren Phelps ( 2013 ) Classification Former , regular Profile Other names Cassidy Ann Newman Cassidy Ann Johnson Cassie Johnson Cassidy Johnson Cassie Collins show Family Family Newman Father Frank Barritt Mother Sharon Newman Adoptive father Nicholas Newman Adoptive mother Alice Johnson ( former ) Sisters Mariah Copeland Half - brothers Noah Newman Half - sisters Summer Newman ( adoptive ) Faith Newman Grandfathers Victor Newman ( adoptive ) Grandmothers Doris Collins Nikki Newman ( adoptive ) Millie Johnson ( former adoptive ) Uncles Dylan McAvoy ( adoptive ) John Abbott III ( adoptive ) Adam Newman ( adoptive ) Aunts Victoria Newman ( adoptive ) Abby Newman ( adoptive ) First cousins Eve Nicole Howard ( adoptive ) Reed Hellstrom ( adoptive ) Johnny Abbott ( adoptive ) Connor Newman ( adoptive ) Katie Newman ( adoptive ) Christian Newman ( adoptive ) Cassie Newman is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless . Portrayed by Camryn Grimes , the character was first introduced in 1997 by William J. Bell as the biological daughter of Sharon Newman ( Sharon Case ) whom she previously gave up for adoption . Grace Turner ( Jennifer Gareis ) , Sharon 's best friend , originally tracked Cassie down in hopes of reuniting her with Sharon , but later decided to keep the girl for herself ; a year passed before Sharon learned Cassie was her daughter , regaining custody with her husband Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , who adopted her and became her father by law . In 2005 , the producers decided to kill off Cassie by having her die from injuries sustained in a car accident . The character 's death was felt in storyline for years to follow , leading to the dissolution of her parents ' marriage and numerous events thereafter . Grimes continued to recur in the role throughout the years following her character 's death , usually in dreams or as a hallucination to the mentally ill . Grimes ' final return as Cassie 's ghost was over the course of 2013 to 2014 , during which the actress would return to The Young and the Restless as a main cast member , as Cassie 's previously unknown twin sister , Mariah Copeland . Grimes was the subject of universal acclaim for her portrayal of Cassie , becoming the youngest recipient of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2000 , at age 10 . Contents 1 Character development 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Character development ( edit ) When she debuted , Cassie was 6 years old , having been born on January 8 , 1991 . She was adopted by Alice Johnson ( Tamara Clatterbuck ) as an infant . However , in 1994 , Alice disappeared and left her in the care of her elderly mother Millie . Sharon 's best friend Grace Turner ( Jennifer Gareis ) later tracked down Cassie and took her for herself . The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette said that Grace wanted Cassie as a `` pet '' despite knowing Sharon was her biological mother . As she grew up , she went from a sweet child to a `` rebellious '' teen who began to lie to her parents . She also wanted to hang out with older kids at school , like Daniel Romalotti ( Michael Graziadei ) and Lily Winters ( Christel Khalil ) . She was grounded because of her `` rebellious streak '' . Cassie was described as a `` good girl '' who wanted to `` fit in '' but began cutting classes , giving her parents attitude and `` a whole host of other angsty teenage pleasantries . '' Cassie died following a car crash on the episode that aired May 24 , 2005 . Grimes said that she has missed the show since leaving , and was shocked to find out that Cassie was killed off . She stated : `` If it 's meant to happen , it 's meant to happen . Everything happens for a reason , I think . '' Of Cassie 's last scene , she said it was `` ridiculously hard ( ... ) If you watch my death scene , where Sharon is crying over me - I 'm supposed to be dead - but I 'm crying . '' If Cassie was n't killed off , Grimes wanted her to have a love interest , stating : `` I always wanted a love interest . If I 'd stayed on the show , I had hoped that was where it would go eventually . Liberty Kontranowski of About.com labeled Cassie 's death as one of the `` saddest and hardest - hitting storylines '' of daytime . After her death , her parents began ' Cassie 's Foundation ' , a movement `` to prevent teenage drinking and driving . '' Storylines ( edit ) Cassie was born in 1991 , when her then sixteen - year - old mother Sharon Collins ( Sharon Case ) was pressured to sleep with her high school boyfriend , Frank Barritt ( Phil Dozois ) , which she did . Sharon gave the child up for adoption , as she and her mother were financially struggling , and Frank wanted nothing to do with the child . Three years later , in 1994 , Sharon moves to Genoa City , where she meets and eventually marries Nicholas Newman ( Joshua Morrow ) , son of wealthy business tycoon Victor Newman ( Eric Braeden ) . In 1997 , Sharon and Nick 's newborn son , Noah Newman ( Robert Adamson ) becomes ill and it is believed that he may die . As a result , Sharon 's best friend Grace Turner ( Jennifer Gareis ) tracks down the baby Sharon gave up for adoption , Cassie , who had been adopted by a woman named Alice Johnson ( Tamara Clatterbuck ) . However , Alice abandoned Cassie , and her frail , elderly mother Millie ended up caring for her . Millie reluctantly allows Grace to bring Cassie to Genoa City . When Noah survives , Grace decides to keep Cassie , wanting to raise the six - year - old with her boyfriend Tony Viscardi ( Nick Scotti ) . Sharon meets Cassie , unaware that she is her daughter . A year later , Sharon learns the truth about Cassie being her daughter . In the process , Grace attempted to run away with Cassie , but her plans are foiled . Cassie is soon adopted by Sharon and Nick . At age eleven , Cassie almost drowns in a frozen pond . In 2003 , Frank Barritt shows up in town , surprising Sharon and Cassie at Fenmore 's Boutique , without divulging to Cassie who he is . Cassie and Frank share another encounter at Crimson Lights . Frank , having read about her near - death in the pond , wants to form a relationship with his daughter . Nick warns Frank to stay away , and Sharon simply tells Cassie that Frank is someone from her past . Later , Cameron Kirsten ( Linden Ashby ) murders Frank and frames Sharon . At the time of his death , Frank had plans to look into his parental rights with Cassie . Nick and Sharon tell Cassie that Frank was her father , and the prospect of never knowing her biological father devastates her . In 2005 , Cassie turns fourteen and yearns to be a part of the `` popular kids '' clique at school . She develops a crush on Daniel Romalotti ( Michael Graziadei ) , who is two years older than her , and socializes with the older teens : Daniel , Lily Winters ( Christel Khalil ) , Colleen Carlton ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) , Devon Hamilton ( Bryton James ) , and Sierra Hoffman ( Asia Ray Smith ) . The five of them laugh behind Cassie 's back at her attempts to act mature around them . Cassie begins rebelling , skipping classes and being rude to her parents . One night , Cassie attends a party , despite telling her parents that she was going to see a movie . At the party , she finds a drunken Daniel passed out , and decides to drive him home to the Newman ranch , where he lives with his mother Phyllis Summers ( Michelle Stafford ) . Cassie , who is under - age and without a license , crashes the car , injuring herself significantly , and Daniel to a lesser extent . Daniel and Cassie are both rushed to the hospital with no memories of the crash , and it is believed that Daniel drove while intoxicated . A severely injured Cassie remembers that she was driving , and staggers out of the hospital to find Daniel and tell him . Nick finds her at Crimson Lights where she collapses , and dies hours later at the hospital with Nick and Sharon by her side ; she manages to tell Nick part of the truth , and promises her parents that they will have another daughter . In grief over her death , Nick cheats on Sharon with Phyllis , resulting in the birth of a daughter , Summer Newman ( Hunter King ) , which ends his marriage to Sharon . After her death , Cassie appears on multiple occasions to both Nick and Sharon as a spirit or in a dream . In 2009 , she visits Sharon in a dream , while she is pregnant with Nick 's child . Sharon gives birth to a daughter , Faith Newman ( Alyvia Alyn Lind ) , who is stolen at birth by Adam Newman ( Michael Muhney ) , and it is believed for six months that she was stillborn . Nick and Sharon are reunited with Faith in 2010 . Before this , Cassie visits Sharon and assures her that she will be reunited with her daughter . In 2013 , Cassie made various appearances as an apparition to Sharon while she was off her bipolar disorder meds , and had altered DNA test results between Nick and Summer in order to get closer to Nick . Cassie continued appearing in dreams and visions to Sharon throughout 2014 . Reception ( edit ) She was awarded the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2000 for her portrayal of Cassie , becoming the youngest winner to receive the award , at age 10 , beating Kimberly McCullough , who won at age 11 . Grimes was credited in 2009 as the medium 's most talented younger actresses right up until the end , and her character 's death is named # 41 in the list of The 100 Most Memorable Moments in Soap History , both recognitions by Soaps Hunks . After Cassie was killed off , fans were upset . According to Akron Beacon Journal , some fans were `` depressed '' and angry that Cassie was killed off . They also hoped that she could possibly be `` brought back to life '' like the character of Taylor Forrester ( Hunter Tylo ) on the show 's sister - soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . Liberty Kontranowski of About.com praised the character , stating `` Cassie was a great character , brilliantly played by the Emmy - winning Camryn Grimes . It was devastating to see her go , but it was a story that will continue to impact the members of Genoa City for years to come . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daily Recaps -- The Young and the Restless '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sharon Case Teases Details on Camryn Grimes ' ' Y&R ' Return ! '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE ! Camryn Grimes Back To Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . July 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Cassie Newman '' . Soap Central . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Young , Restless and Chilly As a Complex Plot Unfolds In An Ersatz Genoa City '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Block Communications . February 15 , 1998 . p. 1 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Mistretta , Amy ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Throwback Thursday Y&R Poll : Cassie 's Death '' . She Knows Soaps . She Knows Entertainment . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kontranowski , Liberty . `` Y&R Do You Remember ? : Cassie Newman 's Death '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless : Soaps.com Catches Up with Camryn Grimes ! - The Young and the Restless News - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shrine to the Soap Hunks : The 100 Most Memorable Moments in Soap History '' . Soaphunks.net . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fans , Cassie of ' Y&R ' Is Likely to Stay Dead '' . Akron Beacon Journal . ( Black Press ) . June 2 , 2005 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Cassidy `` Cassie '' Newman @ soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family The Newman family on The Young and the Restless Main characters : Victor Newman Matt Miller Victoria Newman Nicholas Newman Adam Newman Abby Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Reed Hellstrom Faith Newman Johnny Abbott Connor Newman Katie Newman Spouses : Nikki Newman Chelsea Lawson Stitch Rayburn Former : Julia Newman Ashley Abbott Ryan McNeil Cole Howard J.T. Hellstrom Billy Abbott Sharon Newman Phyllis Summers Deceased : Albert Miller Cora Miller Cassie Newman Hope Adams Diane Jenkins Sabrina Costelana Brad Carlton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cassie_Newman&oldid=834504923 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional adoptees Fictional identical twins Fictional socialites Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 02 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is cassie's father on the young and the restless	[ "Cassie Newman is a fictional character from the CBS daytime soap opera The Young and the Restless. Portrayed by Camryn Grimes, the character was first introduced in 1997 by William J. Bell as the biological daughter of Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) whom she previously gave up for adoption. Grace Turner (Jennifer Gareis), Sharon's best friend, originally tracked Cassie down in hopes of reuniting her with Sharon, but later decided to keep the girl for herself; a year passed before Sharon learned Cassie was her daughter, regaining custody with her husband Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow), who adopted her and became her father by law.\n" ]	[ "Nicholas Newman" ]
2502971001186953838	List of Spanish football champions	List of Spanish football champions - wikipedia List of Spanish football champions Jump to : navigation , search List of Spanish football champions Founded 1929 - 1930 Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Current champions Real Madrid ( 33rd title ) ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most championships Real Madrid ( 33 titles ) 2017 -- 18 season The Spanish football champions are the winners of the primary football competition in Spain , La Liga . The league is contested on a round robin basis and the championship awarded to the team that is top of the league at the end of the season . La Liga , first established in 1929 , originally contained ten teams . Before La Liga 's organization , the Copa del Rey -- a regionalised cup competition -- was effectively the national championship . La Liga is contested in by 20 teams ; the three lowest - placed teams are relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top three teams in that division . Of the founding teams in La Liga , only Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao have not been relegated . The league was cancelled between 1936 and 1939 because of the Spanish Civil War . Real Madrid is the most successful club with 33 titles . The most recent club other than Real Madrid and Barcelona to win the league is Atlético Madrid in the 2013 -- 14 season . With their 30 May Copa del Rey defeat of Athletic Bilbao , Barcelona has won the Spanish version of The Double the most times , having won the league and cup in the same year six times in its history , breaking its tie with Athletic 's five . Barcelona is the only Spanish team that has won the Treble , which includes the UEFA Champions League along with the league and Copa del Rey , and the only UEFA club to have won the treble twice after accomplishing that feat in 2015 . The current champions are Real Madrid , who won the 2016 -- 17 competition . Contents ( hide ) 1 Champions 2 Total titles won 2.1 By city 2.2 By Autonomous Community 3 Notes 4 References Champions ( edit ) Key Champions also won the Copa del Rey that season * Champions also won the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League that season † Champions also won the European Cup / UEFA Champions League that season ‡ Champions also won the UEFA Cup that season The `` Top scorer ( s ) '' column refers to the player who scored the most goals during that season The `` Goals '' column refers to the number of goals scored by the top scorer in the league in that season Season Winner Runner - up Third place Top scorer ( s ) Top scorer 's club ( s ) Goals 1929 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Bienzobas , Paco Paco Bienzobas Real Sociedad 14 1929 -- 30 Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Arenas Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Athletic Bilbao 19 1930 -- 31 Athletic Bilbao Racing Santander Real Sociedad Arana , Agustín Sauto Agustín Sauto Arana Athletic Bilbao 27 1931 -- 32 Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza Athletic Bilbao 12 1932 -- 33 Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Espanyol Olivares , Manuel Manuel Olivares Real Madrid 16 1933 -- 34 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Racing Santander Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 27 1934 -- 35 Real Betis Real Madrid Real Oviedo Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 26 1935 -- 36 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Real Oviedo Langara , Isidro Isidro Lángara Real Oviedo 27 1936 -- 37 Spanish Civil War ( League Cancelled ) 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 Atlético Aviación Sevilla Athletic Bilbao Unamuno , Victor Víctor Unamuno Athletic Bilbao 22 1940 -- 41 Atlético Aviación Athletic Bilbao Valencia Pruden , Pruden Atlético Aviación 30 1941 -- 42 Valencia Real Madrid Atlético Aviación Suarez , Edmundo Edmundo Suárez Valencia 27 1942 -- 43 Athletic Bilbao Sevilla Barcelona Martin , Mariano Mariano Martín Barcelona 32 1943 -- 44 Valencia Atlético Aviación Sevilla Suarez , Edmundo Edmundo Suárez Valencia 27 1944 -- 45 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Aviación Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 19 1945 -- 46 Sevilla Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 24 1946 -- 47 Valencia Athletic Bilbao Atlético Aviación Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Atlético Bilbao 34 1947 -- 48 Barcelona Valencia Atlético Madrid Pahino Pahiño Celta de Vigo 23 1948 -- 49 Barcelona Valencia Real Madrid Alvarez César Rodríguez Álvarez Barcelona 28 1949 -- 50 Atlético Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Valencia Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 25 1950 -- 51 Atlético Madrid Sevilla Valencia Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 38 1951 -- 52 Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Pahino Pahiño Real Madrid 28 1952 -- 53 Barcelona Valencia Real Madrid Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 24 1953 -- 54 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 27 1954 -- 55 Real Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Arza , Juan Juan Arza Sevilla 28 1955 -- 56 Athletic Bilbao Barcelona Real Madrid Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 24 1956 -- 57 Real Madrid Sevilla Barcelona Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 31 1957 -- 58 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Barcelona Badenes , Manuel Manuel Badenes Alfredo Di Stéfano Ricardo Valladolid Real Madrid Valencia 19 1958 -- 59 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Stefano , Alfredo Di Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 23 1959 -- 60 Barcelona Real Madrid Athletic Bilbao Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 26 1960 -- 61 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Zaragoza Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 27 1961 -- 62 Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid Seminario , Juan Juan Seminario Zaragoza 25 1962 -- 63 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Real Oviedo Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 26 1963 -- 64 Real Madrid Barcelona Real Betis Puskas , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 20 1964 -- 65 Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Zaragoza Re , Cayetano Cayetano Ré Barcelona 25 1965 -- 66 Atlético Madrid Real Madrid Barcelona Vava Vavá Elche 19 1966 -- 67 Real Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Machado , Waldo Waldo Machado Valencia 24 1967 -- 68 Real Madrid Barcelona Las Palmas Uriarte , Fidel Fidel Uriarte Athletic Bilbao 22 1968 -- 69 Real Madrid Las Palmas Barcelona Amaro , Amancio Amancio Amaro José Eulogio Gárate Real Madrid Atlético Madrid 14 1969 -- 70 Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao Sevilla Amaro , Amancio Amancio Amaro Luis Aragonés José Eulogio Gárate Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Atlético Madrid 16 1970 -- 71 Valencia Barcelona Atlético Madrid Garate , Jose Eulogio José Eulogio Gárate Carles Rexach Atlético Madrid Barcelona 17 1971 -- 72 Real Madrid Valencia Barcelona Porta , Enrique Enrique Porta Granada 20 1972 -- 73 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Marianin Marianín Real Oviedo 19 1973 -- 74 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Zaragoza Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 20 1974 -- 75 Real Madrid Zaragoza Barcelona Herrero , Carlos Ruiz Carlos Ruiz Herrero Athletic Bilbao 19 1975 -- 76 Real Madrid Barcelona Atlético Madrid Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 21 1976 -- 77 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 24 1977 -- 78 Real Madrid Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Kempes , Mario Mario Kempes Valencia 28 1978 -- 79 Real Madrid Sporting de Gijón Atlético Madrid Krankl , Hans Hans Krankl Barcelona 29 1979 -- 80 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sporting de Gijón Quini , Quini Sporting de Gijón 24 1980 -- 81 Real Sociedad Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Quini , Quini Barcelona 20 1981 -- 82 Real Sociedad Barcelona Real Madrid Quini , Quini Barcelona 26 1982 -- 83 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Rincon , Hipolito Hipólito Rincón Real Betis 20 1983 -- 84 Athletic Bilbao Real Madrid Barcelona Silva , Jorge da Jorge da Silva Juanito Valladolid Real Madrid 17 1984 -- 85 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid 19 1985 -- 86 Real Madrid ‡ Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 22 1986 -- 87 Real Madrid Barcelona Espanyol Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 34 1987 -- 88 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Atlético Madrid Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 29 1988 -- 89 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Baltazar , Baltazar Atlético Madrid 35 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid Valencia Barcelona Sanchez , Hugo Hugo Sánchez Real Madrid 38 1990 -- 91 Barcelona Atlético Madrid Real Madrid Butragueno , Emilio Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 19 1991 -- 92 Barcelona † Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Manolo , Manolo Atlético Madrid 27 1992 -- 93 Barcelona Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Bebeto , Bebeto Deportivo La Coruña 29 1993 -- 94 Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Zaragoza Romario Romário Barcelona 30 1994 -- 95 Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Real Betis Zamorano , Ivan Iván Zamorano Real Madrid 28 1995 -- 96 Atlético Madrid Valencia Barcelona Pizzi , Juan Antonio Juan Antonio Pizzi Tenerife 31 1996 -- 97 Real Madrid Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Ronaldo Ronaldo Barcelona 34 1997 -- 98 Barcelona Athletic Bilbao Real Sociedad Vieri , Christian Christian Vieri Atlético Madrid 24 1998 -- 99 Barcelona Real Madrid Mallorca Raul Raúl Real Madrid 25 1999 -- 2000 Deportivo La Coruña Barcelona Valencia Ballesta , Salva Salva Ballesta Racing Santander 27 2000 -- 01 Real Madrid Deportivo La Coruña Mallorca Raul Raúl Real Madrid 24 2001 -- 02 Valencia Deportivo La Coruña Real Madrid Tristan , Diego Diego Tristán Deportivo La Coruña 21 2002 -- 03 Real Madrid Real Sociedad Deportivo La Coruña Makaay , Roy Roy Makaay Deportivo La Coruña 29 2003 -- 04 Valencia ‡ Barcelona Deportivo La Coruña Ronaldo Ronaldo Real Madrid 25 2004 -- 05 Barcelona Real Madrid Villarreal Forlan , Diego Diego Forlán Villarreal 25 2005 -- 06 Barcelona † Real Madrid Valencia Eto'o , Samuel Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 26 2006 -- 07 Real Madrid Barcelona Sevilla van Nistelrooy , Ruud Ruud van Nistelrooy Real Madrid 25 2007 -- 08 Real Madrid Villarreal Barcelona Guiza , Daniel Daniel Güiza Mallorca 27 2008 -- 09 Barcelona * Real Madrid Sevilla Forlan , Diego Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 32 2009 -- 10 Barcelona Real Madrid Valencia Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 34 2010 -- 11 Barcelona † Real Madrid Valencia Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 40 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid Barcelona Valencia Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 50 2012 -- 13 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 46 2013 -- 14 Atlético Madrid Barcelona Real Madrid Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 31 2014 -- 15 Barcelona * Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 48 2015 -- 16 Barcelona Real Madrid Atlético Madrid Suarez , Luis Luis Suárez Barcelona 40 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid † Barcelona Atlético Madrid Messi , Lionel Lionel Messi Barcelona 37 Total titles won ( edit ) Real Betis Sevilla FC Deportivo de La Coruña Real Sociedad Valencia CF Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid FC Barcelona Real Madrid Location of Spanish football champions Club Winners Runners - up Real Madrid 33 23 Barcelona 24 25 Atlético Madrid 10 8 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 Valencia 6 6 Real Sociedad Deportivo La Coruña Sevilla Real Betis 0 Titles won by club ( % ) Real Madrid -- 33 ( 38 % ) Barcelona -- 24 ( 28 % ) Atlético Madrid -- 10 ( 12 % ) Athletic Bilbao -- 8 ( 9 % ) Valencia -- 6 ( 7 % ) Other clubs ( 6 % ) By city ( edit ) City Championships Clubs Madrid 43 Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) Barcelona 24 Barcelona ( 24 ) Bilbao 8 Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) Valencia 6 Valencia ( 6 ) San Sebastián Real Sociedad ( 2 ) Seville Real Betis ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) A Coruña Deportivo La Coruña ( 1 ) By Autonomous Community ( edit ) Community Championships Clubs Madrid 43 Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) Catalonia 24 Barcelona ( 24 ) Basque Country 10 Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) Valencia 6 Valencia ( 6 ) Andalusia Real Betis ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) Galicia Deportivo La Coruña ( 1 ) Notes ( edit ) A. Atlético Madrid were known as Atlético Aviación from 1939 until 1947 . References ( edit ) Bibliography Cresswell , Peterjon ; Simon Evans ( 1997 ) . European Football , A Fan 's Handbook . Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 256 - X . Citations Jump up ^ Cresswell . European Football , A Fan 's Handbook . p. 489 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 April 2007 ) . `` Athletic Bilbao gets an Easter gift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Doing the Double ! '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 27 November 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Kevin ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Guardiola salutes his treble winners '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain , Final tables 1928 -- '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 28 September 2000 . Retrieved 24 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest Spanish Primera Liga Table '' . Soccerbase . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain - List of topscorers '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Laws of the game ( Law 10 ) '' . Federation Internationale de Futbol Associacion . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2008 . Lists of national association football champions of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions La Liga seasons 1929 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Spanish_football_champions&oldid=835274713 '' Categories : Association football in Spain lists National association football champions La Liga Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Русский Scots Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 17 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most la liga trophies	[ "Real Madrid is the most successful club with 33 titles. The most recent club other than Real Madrid and Barcelona to win the league is Atlético Madrid in the 2013–14 season. With their 30 May Copa del Rey defeat of Athletic Bilbao, Barcelona has won the Spanish version of The Double the most times, having won the league and cup in the same year six times in its history, breaking its tie with Athletic's five.[4] Barcelona is the only Spanish team that has won the Treble, which includes the UEFA Champions League along with the league and Copa del Rey, and the only UEFA club to have won the treble twice after accomplishing that feat in 2015.[5] The current champions are Real Madrid, who won the 2016–17 competition." ]	[ "Real Madrid" ]
4547186891011073706	Economy of India	Economy of India - Wikipedia Economy of India Economy of India Mumbai , Maharashtra is the financial center of India Currency Indian rupee ( INR ) ₹ 1 = 0.015 USD Fiscal year 1 April -- 31 March Trade organisations WTO , WCO , WFTU , G - 20 , BIS , AIIB , ADB , WCO Statistics GDP $2.848 trillion ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $10.385 trillion ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP rank 6th ( nominal ) 3rd ( PPP ) GDP growth 7.7 % ( Q4 , 2017 - 18 ) ( MOSPI ) GDP per capita $2,134 ( nominal ; 2018 est ) $7,783 ( PPP ; 2018 est ) GDP per capita rank 139th ( nominal ) 122nd ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 17.32 % Industry : 29.02 % Services : 53.66 % ( 2016 est . ) Inflation ( CPI ) 4.17 % ( July 2018 ) Base borrowing rate 6.50 % ( as on 6 July 2018 ) Population below poverty line 5.3 % ( May 2018 ) ( World Poverty Clock estimate ) Gini coefficient 33.9 ( 2013 ) Human Development Index 0.624 ( 2015 ) medium ( 131st ) Labour force 520.2 million ( 2017 est . ) Labour force by occupation Agriculture : 47 % Industry : 22 % Services : 31 % ( FY 2014 est . ) Unemployment 8.8 % ( 2017 est . ) Average net salary ₹ 113,000 ( US $1,600 ) ( 2017 - 18 ) Main industries Textiles chemicals food processing steel cement mining petroleum machinery software pharmaceuticals transportation equipment Ease - of - doing - business rank 100 ( 2017 ) External Exports $303.4 billion ( 2017 - 18 ) Export goods Agricultural products 13.2 % Fuels and mining products 15.7 % Manufacturers 68.4 % Others 2.7 % Main export partners European Union 17.6 % United States 16.1 % United Arab Emirates 11.5 % Hong Kong 5.1 % China 3.4 % Other 46.3 % Imports $465.6 billion ( 2017 - 18 ) Import goods Agricultural products 7.1 % Fuels and mining products 33.1 % Manufacturers 47.8 % Other 12 % Main import partners China 17 % European Union 11.3 % United States 5.7 % United Arab Emirates 5.4 % Saudi Arabia 5.2 % Other 55.5 % FDI stock Inward : $377.68 billion Outward : $155.34 billion ( 2017 ) Current account 0.7 % of GDP ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gross external debt $513.4 billion ( 31 December 2017 ) Net international investment position - $429.7 billion ( Dec. 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 67.7 % of GDP ( 2017 ) Budget balance - ₹ 12.25 trillion ( US $180 billion ) ( 2018 ) Revenues ₹ 39.86 trillion ( US $580 billion ) ( 2018 ) Expenses ₹ 52.11 trillion ( US $760 billion ) ( 2018 ) Economic aid $2.68 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : BBB − ( Domestic ) BBB − ( Foreign ) BBB+ ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : Baa2 Outlook : Stable Fitch : BBB − Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $405.8 billion ( 13 July 2018 ) ( 8th ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of India is a developing mixed economy . It is the world 's sixth - largest economy by nominal GDP and the third - largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The country ranks 139th in per capita GDP ( nominal ) with $2,134 and 122nd in per capita GDP ( PPP ) with $7,783 as of 2018 . After the 1991 economic liberalisation , India achieved 6 - 7 % average GDP growth annually . In FY 2015 and 2018 India 's economy became the world 's fastest growing major economy , surpassing China . The long - term growth prospective of the Indian economy is positive due to its young population , corresponding low dependency ratio , healthy savings and investment rates , and increasing integration into the global economy . India topped the World Bank 's growth outlook for the first time in fiscal year 2015 -- 16 , during which the economy grew 7.6 % . Despite previous reforms , economic growth is still significantly slowed by bureaucracy , poor infrastructure , and inflexible labor laws ( especially the inability to lay off workers in a business slowdown ) . India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9 % since 2001 , which contributed to 57 % of GDP in 2012 -- 13 . India has become a major exporter of IT services , Business Process Outsourcing ( BPO ) services , and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017 . This is the fastest - growing part of the economy . The IT industry continues to be the largest private - sector employer in India . India is the third - largest start - up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start - ups in 2014 -- 15 . The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India 's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP ( 17 % in 2013 -- 14 ) . India ranks second worldwide in farm output . The industry ( manufacturing ) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution ( 26 % of GDP in 2013 -- 14 ) . The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles ( mostly two and three - wheelers ) in 2013 -- 14 . India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world 's fastest growing e-commerce markets . Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient and medieval eras 1.1. 1 Indus Valley Civilisation 1.1. 2 West Coast 1.1. 3 Silk Route 1.2 Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) 1.3 British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) 1.4 Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) 1.5 Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) 2 Sectors 3 Agriculture 4 Manufacturing 4.1 Petroleum products and Chemicals 4.2 Pharmaceuticals 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Gems and jewellery 4.5 Textile 4.6 Defence 4.7 Pulp and paper 5 Services 5.1 Aviation 5.1. 1 Nationalisation 5.1. 2 De-regulation 5.2 Banking and financial services 5.3 Financial technology 5.4 Information technology 5.5 Insurance 5.6 Electricity sector 5.7 Infrastructure 5.8 Retail 5.9 Tourism 5.10 Education 5.11 Entertainment industry 5.12 Healthcare 5.13 Logistics 5.14 Printing 5.15 Telecommunications 6 Mining and Construction 6.1 Mining 6.2 Iron and steel 6.3 Construction 7 Foreign trade and investment 7.1 Foreign trade 7.2 Balance of payments 7.3 Foreign direct investment 7.3. 1 Outflows 7.4 Remittances 7.5 Mergers and Acquisitions 8 Currency 9 Income and consumption 9.1 Poverty 10 Employment 11 Economic trends and issues 11.1 Agriculture 11.2 Corruption 11.3 Education 11.4 Economic disparities 12 Security markets 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links History Main articles : Economic history of India and Timeline of the economy of the Indian subcontinent The spice trade between India and Europe was the main catalyst for the Age of Discovery . Tharisapalli plates granted to Saint Thomas Christians by South Indian Chera ruler Sthanu Ravi Varma testify that merchant guilds and trade corporations played a very significant role in the economy and social life during the Kulasekhara period of Kerala , India . Atashgah is a temple built by Indian traders before 1745 , west of the Caspian Sea . The inscription shown , is a Sanskrit invocation of Lord Shiva . The combination of protectionist , import - substitution , Fabian socialism , and social democratic - inspired policies governed India for sometime after the end of British rule . The economy was then characterised by extensive regulation , protectionism , public ownership of large monopolies , pervasive corruption and slow growth . Since 1991 , continuing economic liberalisation has moved the country towards a market - based economy . By 2008 , India had established itself as one of the world 's faster - growing economies . Ancient and medieval eras Indus Valley Civilisation The citizens of the Indus Valley Civilisation , a permanent settlement that flourished between 2800 BC and 1800 BC , practised agriculture , domesticated animals , used uniform weights and measures , made tools and weapons , and traded with other cities . Evidence of well - planned streets , a drainage system and water supply reveals their knowledge of urban planning , which included the first - known urban sanitation systems and the existence of a form of municipal government . For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD , India is the top most economy constituting 35 to 40 % of world GDP . West coast Maritime trade was carried out extensively between South India and Southeast and West Asia from early times until around the fourteenth century AD . Both the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts were the sites of important trading centres from as early as the first century BC , used for import and export as well as transit points between the Mediterranean region and southeast Asia . Over time , traders organised themselves into associations which received state patronage . Historians Tapan Raychaudhuri and Irfan Habib claim this state patronage for overseas trade came to an end by the thirteenth century AD , when it was largely taken over by the local Parsi , Jewish , Syrian Christian and Muslim communities , initially on the Malabar and subsequently on the Coromandel coast . Silk route Other scholars suggest trading from India to West Asia and Eastern Europe was active between the 14th and 18th centuries . During this period , Indian traders settled in Surakhani , a suburb of greater Baku , Azerbaijan . These traders built a Hindu temple , which suggests commerce was active and prosperous for Indians by the 17th century . Further north , the Saurashtra and Bengal coasts played an important role in maritime trade , and the Gangetic plains and the Indus valley housed several centres of river - borne commerce . Most overland trade was carried out via the Khyber Pass connecting the Punjab region with Afghanistan and onward to the Middle East and Central Asia . Although many kingdoms and rulers issued coins , barter was prevalent . Villages paid a portion of their agricultural produce as revenue to the rulers , while their craftsmen received a part of the crops at harvest time for their services . Silver coin of the Maurya Empire , 3rd century BC . Silver coin of the Gupta dynasty , 5th century AD . Mughal era ( 1526 -- 1793 ) Main article : Mughal economy See also : Muslin trade in Bengal and Economy of the Kingdom of Mysore The Indian economy was large and prosperous under the Mughal Empire , up until the 18th century . Sean Harkin estimates China and India may have accounted for 60 to 70 percent of world GDP in the 17th century . The Mughal economy functioned on an elaborate system of coined currency , land revenue and trade . Gold , silver and copper coins were issued by the royal mints which functioned on the basis of free coinage . The political stability and uniform revenue policy resulting from a centralised administration under the Mughals , coupled with a well - developed internal trade network , ensured that India -- before the arrival of the British -- was to a large extent economically unified , despite having a traditional agrarian economy characterised by a predominance of subsistence agriculture , with 64 % of the workforce in the primary sector ( including agriculture ) , but with 36 % of the workforce also in the secondary and tertiary sectors , higher than in Europe , where 65 -- 90 % of its workforce were in agriculture in 1700 and 65 -- 75 % were in agriculture in 1750 . Agricultural production increased under Mughal agrarian reforms , with Indian agriculture being advanced compared to Europe at the time , such as the widespread use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in European agriculture , and higher per - capita agricultural output and standards of consumption . A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin , 18th century . The Mughal Empire had a thriving industrial manufacturing economy , with India producing about 25 % of the world 's industrial output up until 1750 , making it the most important manufacturing center in international trade . Manufactured goods and cash crops from the Mughal Empire were sold throughout the world . Key industries included textiles , shipbuilding , and steel , and processed exports included cotton textiles , yarns , thread , silk , jute products , metalware , and foods such as sugar , oils and butter . Cities and towns boomed under the Mughal Empire , which had a relatively high degree of urbanization for its time , with 15 % of its population living in urban centres , higher than the percentage of the urban population in contemporary Europe at the time and higher than that of British India in the 19th century . In early modern Europe , there was significant demand for products from Mughal India , particularly cotton textiles , as well as goods such as spices , peppers , indigo , silks , and saltpeter ( for use in munitions ) . European fashion , for example , became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles and silks . From the late 17th century to the early 18th century , Mughal India accounted for 95 % of British imports from Asia , and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40 % of Dutch imports from Asia . In contrast , there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India , which was largely self - sufficient . Indian goods , especially those from Bengal , were also exported in large quantities to other Asian markets , such as Indonesia and Japan . At the time , Mughal Bengal was the most important center of cotton textile production and shipbuilding . In the early 18th century , the Mughal Empire declined , as it lost western , central and parts of south and north India to the Maratha Empire , which integrated and continued to administer those regions . The decline of the Mughal Empire led to decreased agricultural productivity , which in turn negatively affected the textile industry . The subcontinent 's dominant economic power in the post-Mughal era was the Bengal Subah in the east. , which continued to maintain thriving textile industries and relatively high real wages . However , the former was devastated by the Maratha invasions of Bengal and then British colonization in the mid-18th century . After the loss at the Third Battle of Panipat , the Maratha Empire disintegrated into several confederate states , and the resulting political instability and armed conflict severely affected economic life in several parts of the country -- although this was mitigated by localised prosperity in the new provincial kingdoms . By the late eighteenth century , the British East India Company had entered the Indian political theatre and established its dominance over other European powers . This marked a determinative shift in India 's trade , and a less - powerful impact on the rest of the economy . British era ( 1793 -- 1947 ) Main articles : Economy of India under Company rule and Economy of India under the British Raj There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis . As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown , India 's share of world income collapsed from 22.6 % in 1700 , almost equal to Europe 's share of 23.3 % at that time , to as low as 3.8 % in 1952 . Indeed , at the beginning of the 20th century , `` the brightest jewel in the British Crown '' was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income . -- Manmohan Singh The global contribution to world 's GDP by major economies from 1 CE to 2003 CE according to Angus Maddison 's estimates . Up until the 18th century , China and India were the two largest economies by GDP output . From the beginning of the 19th century , the British East India Company 's gradual expansion and consolidation of power brought a major change in taxation and agricultural policies , which tended to promote commercialisation of agriculture with a focus on trade , resulting in decreased production of food crops , mass impoverishment and destitution of farmers , and in the short term , led to numerous famines . The economic policies of the British Raj caused a severe decline in the handicrafts and handloom sectors , due to reduced demand and dipping employment . After the removal of international restrictions by the Charter of 1813 , Indian trade expanded substantially with steady growth . The result was a significant transfer of capital from India to England , which , due to the colonial policies of the British , led to a massive drain of revenue rather than any systematic effort at modernisation of the domestic economy . Estimated GDP per capita of India and United Kingdom during 1700 -- 1950 in 1990 US $ according to Maddison . However , Maddison 's estimates for 18th - century India have been criticized as gross underestimates , Bairoch estimates India had a higher GDP per capita in the 18th century , and Parthasarathi 's findings show higher real wages in 18th - century Bengal and Mysore . But there is consensus that India 's per capita GDP and income stagnated during the colonial era , starting in the late 18th century . Under British rule , India 's share of the world economy declined from 24.4 % in 1700 down to 4.2 % in 1950 . India 's GDP ( PPP ) per capita was stagnant during the Mughal Empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule . India 's share of global industrial output declined from 25 % in 1750 down to 2 % in 1900 . At the same time , the United Kingdom 's share of the world economy rose from 2.9 % in 1700 up to 9 % in 1870 . The British East India Company , following their conquest of Bengal in 1757 , had forced open the large Indian market to British goods , which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties , compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed , while in Britain protectionist policies such as bans and high tariffs were implemented to restrict Indian textiles from being sold there , whereas raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton and sold them back to the Indian market . British economic policies gave them a monopoly over India 's large market and cotton resources . India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods . British territorial expansion in India throughout the 19th century created an institutional environment that , on paper , guaranteed property rights among the colonisers , encouraged free trade , and created a single currency with fixed exchange rates , standardised weights and measures and capital markets within the company - held territories . It also established a system of railways and telegraphs , a civil service that aimed to be free from political interference , a common - law and an adversarial legal system . This coincided with major changes in the world economy -- industrialisation , and significant growth in production and trade . However , at the end of colonial rule , India inherited an economy that was one of the poorest in the developing world , with industrial development stalled , agriculture unable to feed a rapidly growing population , a largely illiterate and unskilled labour force , and extremely inadequate infrastructure . The 1872 census revealed that 91.3 % of the population of the region constituting present - day India resided in villages . This was a decline from the earlier Mughal era , when 85 % of the population resided in villages and 15 % in urban centers under Akbar 's reign in 1600 . Urbanisation generally remained sluggish in British India until the 1920s , due to the lack of industrialisation and absence of adequate transportation . Subsequently , the policy of discriminating protection ( where certain important industries were given financial protection by the state ) , coupled with the Second World War , saw the development and dispersal of industries , encouraging rural -- urban migration , and in particular the large port cities of Bombay , Calcutta and Madras grew rapidly . Despite this , only one - sixth of India 's population lived in cities by 1951 . The impact of British rule on India 's economy is a controversial topic . Leaders of the Indian independence movement and economic historians have blamed colonial rule for the dismal state of India 's economy in its aftermath and argued that financial strength required for industrial development in Britain was derived from the wealth taken from India . At the same time , right - wing historians have countered that India 's low economic performance was due to various sectors being in a state of growth and decline due to changes brought in by colonialism and a world that was moving towards industrialisation and economic integration . Several economic historians have argued that real wage decline occurred in the early 19th century , or possibly beginning in the very late 18th century , largely as a result of British imperialism . Economic historian Prasannan Parthasarathi presented earnings data which showed real wages and living standards in 18th century Bengal and Mysore being higher than in Britain , which in turn had the highest living standards in Europe . Mysore 's average per - capita income was five times higher than subsistence level , i.e. five times higher than $400 ( 1990 international dollars ) , or $2,000 per capita . In comparison , the highest national per - capita incomes in 1820 were $1,838 for the Netherlands and $1,706 for Britain . It has also been argued that India went through a period of deindustrialization in the latter half of the 18th century as an indirect outcome of the collapse of the Mughal Empire . Pre-liberalisation period ( 1947 -- 1991 ) Main article : Licence Raj Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience , which was seen as exploitative by Indian leaders exposed to British social democracy and the planned economy of the Soviet Union . Domestic policy tended towards protectionism , with a strong emphasis on import substitution industrialisation , economic interventionism , a large government - run public sector , business regulation , and central planning , while trade and foreign investment policies were relatively liberal . Five - Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union . Steel , mining , machine tools , telecommunications , insurance , and power plants , among other industries , were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s . Change in per capita GDP of India , 1820 -- 2015 . Figures are inflation - adjusted to 1990 International Geary - Khamis dollars . Never talk to me about profit , Jeh , it is a dirty word . -- Nehru , India 's Fabian Socialism - inspired first prime minister to industrialist J.R.D. Tata , when Tata suggested state - owned companies should be profitable Jawaharlal Nehru , the first prime minister of India , along with the statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis , formulated and oversaw economic policy during the initial years of the country 's independence . They expected favourable outcomes from their strategy , involving the rapid development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors , and based on direct and indirect state intervention , rather than the more extreme Soviet - style central command system . The policy of concentrating simultaneously on capital - and technology - intensive heavy industry and subsidising manual , low - skill cottage industries was criticised by economist Milton Friedman , who thought it would waste capital and labour , and retard the development of small manufacturers . The rate of growth of the Indian economy in the first three decades after independence was derisively referred to as the Hindu rate of growth by economists , because of the unfavourable comparison with growth rates in other Asian countries . I can not decide how much to borrow , what shares to issue , at what price , what wages and bonus to pay , and what dividend to give . I even need the government 's permission for the salary I pay to a senior executive . -- J.R.D. Tata , on the Indian regulatory system , 1969 Since 1965 , the use of high - yielding varieties of seeds , increased fertilisers and improved irrigation facilities collectively contributed to the Green Revolution in India , which improved the condition of agriculture by increasing crop productivity , improving crop patterns and strengthening forward and backward linkages between agriculture and industry . However , it has also been criticised as an unsustainable effort , resulting in the growth of capitalistic farming , ignoring institutional reforms and widening income disparities . Subsequently , the Emergency and Garibi Hatao concept under which income tax levels at one point rose to a maximum of 97.5 % -- a world record for non-communist economies -- started diluting the earlier efforts . In the late 1970s , the government led by Morarji Desai eased restrictions on capacity expansion for incumbent companies , removed price controls , reduced corporate taxes and promoted the creation of small - scale industries in large numbers . Post-liberalisation period ( since 1991 ) Main articles : Economic liberalisation in India and Economic development in India P.V. Narasimha Rao Manmohan Singh Economic liberalisation in India was initiated in 1991 by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and his then - Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh . Rao was often referred to as Chanakya for his ability to steer tough economic and political legislation through the parliament at a time when he headed a minority government . The collapse of the Soviet Union , which was India 's major trading partner , and the Gulf War , which caused a spike in oil prices , resulted in a major balance - of - payments crisis for India , which found itself facing the prospect of defaulting on its loans . India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , which in return demanded de-regulation . In response , the Narasimha Rao government , including Finance Minister Manmohan Singh , initiated economic reforms in 1991 . The reforms did away with the Licence Raj , reduced tariffs and interest rates and ended many public monopolies , allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors . Since then , the overall thrust of liberalisation has remained the same , although no government has tried to take on powerful lobbies such as trade unions and farmers , on contentious issues such as reforming labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies . By the turn of the 21st century , India had progressed towards a free - market economy , with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation . This has been accompanied by increases in life expectancy , literacy rates and food security , although urban residents have benefited more than rural residents . The GDP is exponential and almost double every 5 years . Indian GDP growth rate from 1985 to 2016 in red , compared to that of China in green . While the credit rating of India was hit by its nuclear weapons tests in 1998 , it has since been raised to investment level in 2003 by Standard & Poor 's ( S&P ) and Moody 's . India experienced high growth rates , averaging 9 % from 2003 to 2007 . Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis . In 2003 , Goldman Sachs predicted that India 's GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020 , Germany , UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035 , making it the third - largest economy of the world , behind the US and China . India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st - century global economy . Starting in 2012 , India entered a period of reduced growth , which slowed to 5.6 % . Other economic problems also became apparent : a plunging Indian rupee , a persistent high current account deficit and slow industrial growth . Hit by the US Federal Reserve 's decision to taper quantitative easing , foreign investors began rapidly pulling money out of India -- though this reversed with the stock market approaching its all - time high and the current account deficit narrowing substantially . India started recovery in 2013 -- 14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4 % from the previous year 's 5.5 % . The acceleration continued through 2014 - 15 and 2015 -- 16 with growth rates of 7.5 % and 8.0 % respectively . For the first time since 1990 , India grew faster than China which registered 6.9 % growth in 2015 . However the growth rate subsequently decelerated , to 7.1 % and 6.6 % in 2016 - 17 and 2017 - 18 respectively , partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation and the Goods and Services Tax ( India ) . India is ranked 100th out of 190 countries in the World Bank 's 2018 ease of doing business index , up 30 points from the last year 's 130 . This is first time in history where India got into the top 100 rank . In terms of dealing with construction permits and enforcing contracts , it is ranked among the 10 worst in the world , while it has a relatively favourable ranking when it comes to protecting minority investors or getting credit . The strong efforts taken by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion ( DIPP ) to boost ease of doing business rankings at the state level is said to impact the overall rankings of India . Sectors Percent labour employment in India by economic sectors ( 2010 ) . Contribution to GDP of India by economic sectors of Indian economy have evolved between 1951 and 2013 , as its economy has diversified and developed . Historically , India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors : agriculture , industry and services . Agriculture includes crops , horticulture , milk and animal husbandry , aquaculture , fishing , sericulture , aviculture , forestry and related activities . Industry includes various manufacturing sub-sectors . India 's definition of services sector includes its construction , retail , software , IT , communications , hospitality , infrastructure operations , education , healthcare , banking and insurance , and many other economic activities . Agriculture Rice fields near Puri , Odisha on India 's east coast Main articles : Agriculture in India , Forestry in India , Animal husbandry in India , Fishing in India , and Natural resources in India India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry , logging and fishing accounted for 17 % of the GDP and employed 49 % of its total workforce in 2014 . Agriculture accounted for 23 % of GDP , and employed 59 % of the country 's total workforce in 2016 . As the Indian economy has diversified and grown , agriculture 's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011 , yet it is still the country 's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio - economic development . Crop - yield - per - unit - area of all crops has grown since 1950 , due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five - year plans and steady improvements in irrigation , technology , application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India . However , international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30 % to 50 % of the highest average yield in the world . The states of Uttar Pradesh , Punjab , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Bihar , West Bengal , Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture . The state of Punjab led India 's Green Revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket . Amul Dairy Plant at Anand , Gujarat , was a highly successful co-operative started during Operation Flood in the 1970s . India receives an average annual rainfall of 1,208 millimetres ( 47.6 in ) and a total annual precipitation of 4000 billion cubic metres , with the total utilisable water resources , including surface and groundwater , amounting to 1123 billion cubic metres . 546,820 square kilometres ( 211,130 sq mi ) of the land area , or about 39 % of the total cultivated area , is irrigated . India 's inland water resources and marine resources provide employment to nearly six million people in the fisheries sector . In 2010 , India had the world 's sixth - largest fishing industry . India exports more than 100,000 tonnes of processed cashew kernels every year . There are more than 600 cashew processing units in Kollam alone . India is the largest producer of milk , jute and pulses , and has the world 's second - largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011 . It is the second - largest producer of rice , wheat , sugarcane , cotton and groundnuts , as well as the second - largest fruit and vegetable producer , accounting for 10.9 % and 8.6 % of the world fruit and vegetable production , respectively . India is also the second - largest producer and the largest consumer of silk , producing 77,000 tons in 2005 . India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid ( CNSL ) . Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011 -- 12 reached ₹ 4,390 crore ( ₹ 43.9 billion ) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India ( CEPCI ) . 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011 -- 12 . There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam , Kerala . India 's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes ( MT ) during both the 2015 -- 16 and 2014 -- 15 crop years ( July -- June ) . India exports several agriculture products , such as Basmati rice , wheat , cereals , spices , fresh fruits , dry fruits , buffalo beef meat , cotton , tea , coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East , Southeast and East Asian countries . About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade . Manufacturing Industry accounts for 26 % of GDP and employs 22 % of the total workforce . According to the World Bank , India 's industrial manufacturing GDP output in 2015 was 6th largest in the world on current US dollar basis ( $559 billion ) , and 9th largest on inflation - adjusted constant 2005 US dollar basis ( $197.1 billion ) . The industrial sector underwent significant changes due to the 1991 economic reforms , which removed import restrictions , brought in foreign competition , led to the privatisation of certain government - owned public - sector industries , liberalised the foreign direct investment ( FDI ) regime , improved infrastructure and led to an expansion in the production of fast - moving consumer goods . Post-liberalisation , the Indian private sector was faced with increasing domestic and foreign competition , including the threat of cheaper Chinese imports . It has since handled the change by squeezing costs , revamping management , and relying on cheap labour and new technology . However , this has also reduced employment generation , even among smaller manufacturers who previously relied on labour - intensive processes . Petroleum products and chemicals Main article : Oil and gas industry in India An Essar Oil Petrol Station in Khammam , Telangana . Petroleum products and chemicals are a major contributor to India 's industrial GDP , and together they contribute over 34 % of its export earnings . India hosts many oil refinery and petrochemical operations , including the world 's largest refinery complex in Jamnagar that processes 1.24 million barrels of crude per day . By volume , the Indian chemical industry was the third - largest producer in Asia , and contributed 5 % of the country 's GDP . India is one of the five - largest producers of agrochemicals , polymers and plastics , dyes and various organic and inorganic chemicals . Despite being a large producer and exporter , India is a net importer of chemicals due to domestic demands . The chemicals manufacturing industry contributed $141 billion ( 6 % of GDP ) and employed 17.33 million people ( 4 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Pharmaceuticals Main article : Pharmaceutical industry in India The Indian pharmaceutical industry has grown in recent years to become a major manufacturer of health care products to the world . India produced about 8 % of the global pharmaceutical supply in 2011 by value , including over 60,000 generic brands of medicines . The industry grew from $6 billion in 2005 to $36.7 billion in 2016 , a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 17.46 % . It is expected to grow at a CAGR of 15.92 % to reach $55 billion in 2020 . India is expected to become the sixth - largest pharmaceutical market in the world by 2020 . It is one of the fastest - growing industrial sub-sectors and a significant contributor of India 's export earnings . The state of Gujarat has become a hub for the manufacture and export of pharmaceuticals and active pharmaceutical ingredients ( APIs ) . Engineering See also : Automotive industry in India and Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India Mahindra XUV 500 is one of the several indigenously designed and manufactured vehicles Engineering is the largest sub-sector of India 's industrial sector , by GDP , and the third - largest by exports . It includes transport equipment , machine tools , capital goods , transformers , switchgears , furnaces , and cast and forged parts for turbines , automobiles and railways . The industry employs about four million workers . On a value - added basis , India 's engineering subsector exported $67 billion worth of engineering goods in the 2013 -- 14 fiscal year , and served part of the domestic demand for engineering goods . The engineering industry of India includes its growing car , motorcycle and scooters industry , and productivity machinery such as tractors . India manufactured and assembled about 18 million passenger and utility vehicles in 2011 , of which 2.3 million were exported . India is the largest producer and the largest market for tractors , accounting for 29 % of global tractor production in 2013 . India is the 12th - largest producer and 7th - largest consumer of machine tools . The automotive manufacturing industry contributed $79 billion ( 4 % of GDP ) and employed 6.76 million people ( 2 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Gems and jewellery Many famous stones such as the Koh - i - noor and Hope Diamond ( above ) , came from India . India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery ; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold . After crude oil and petroleum products , the export and import of gold , precious metals , precious stones , gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India 's global trade . The industry contributes about 7 % of India 's GDP , employs millions , and is a major source of its foreign - exchange earnings . The gems and jewellery industry , in 2013 , created ₹ 251,000 crore ( US $37 billion ) in economic output on value - added basis . It is growing sector of Indian economy , and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹ 500,000 crore ( US $73 billion ) by 2018 . The gems and jewellery industry has been economically active in India for several thousand years . Until the 18th century , India was the only major reliable source of diamonds . Now , South Africa and Australia are the major sources of diamonds and precious metals , but along with Antwerp , New York , and Ramat Gan , Indian cities such as Surat and Mumbai are the hubs of world 's jewellery polishing , cutting , precision finishing , supply and trade . Unlike other centres , the gems and jewellery industry in India is primarily artisan - driven ; the sector is manual , highly fragmented , and almost entirely served by family - owned operations . The particular strength of this sub-sector is in precision cutting , polishing and processing small diamonds ( below one carat ) . India is also a hub for processing of larger diamonds , pearls and other precious stones . Statistically , 11 out of 12 diamonds set in any jewellery in the world are cut and polished in India . It is also a major hub of gold and other precious - metal - based jewellery . Domestic demand for gold and jewellery products is another driver of India 's GDP . Textile Main article : Textile industry in India Textile industry contributes about 4 per cent to the country 's GDP , 14 per cent of the industrial production , and 17 per cent to export earnings . India 's textile industry has transformed in recent years from a declining sector to a rapidly developing one . After freeing the industry in 2004 -- 2005 from a number of limitations , primarily financial , the government permitted massive investment inflows , both domestic and foreign . From 2004 to 2008 , total investment into the textile sector increased by 27 billion dollars . Ludhiana produces 90 % of woollens in India and is known as the Manchester of India . Tirupur has gained universal recognition as the leading source of hosiery , knitted garments , casual wear and sportswear . Expanding textile centres such as Ichalkaranji enjoy one of the highest per - capita incomes in the country . India 's cotton farms , fibre and textile industry provides employment to 45 million people in India , including some child labour ( 1 % ) . The sector is estimated to employ around 400,000 children under the age of 18 . Defence Main article : Defence industry of India Nuclear capable Agni - II ballistic missile . Since May 1998 , India declared itself to be a full - fledged nuclear state . With strength of over 1.3 million active personnel , India has the third - largest military force and the largest volunteer army . The total budget sanctioned for the Indian military for the financial year 2017 was ( US $53.5 billion ) . Defence spending is expected to rise to US $62 billion by 2022 . Pulp and paper Main article : Pulp and paper industry in India Ancient Sanskrit on hemp based paper . Hemp fiber was commonly used in the production of paper from 200 BCE to the late 1800s . The pulp and paper industry in India is one of the major producers of paper in the world and has adopted new manufacturing technology . Services Hyderabad is a major IT services centre . The services sector has the largest share of India 's GDP , accounting for 57 % in 2012 , up from 15 % in 1950 . It is the seventh - largest services sector by nominal GDP , and third largest when purchasing power is taken into account . The services sector provides employment to 27 % of the work force . Information technology and business process outsourcing are among the fastest - growing sectors , having a cumulative growth rate of revenue 33.6 % between fiscal years 1997 -- 98 and 2002 -- 03 , and contributing to 25 % of the country 's total exports in 2007 -- 08 . Aviation Main articles : Aviation in India and Civil aviation in India Air India became the first Asian carrier to induct a jet aircraft , with the Boeing 707 -- 420 Gauri Shankar . India is the fourth - largest civil aviation market in the world recording an air traffic of 131 million passengers in 2016 . The market is estimated to have 800 aircraft by 2020 . which would account for 4.3 per cent of global volumes . Civil aviation in India traces its beginnings to 18 February 1911 , when Henri Pequet , a French aviator , carried 6,500 pieces of mail on a Humber biplane from Allahabad to Naini . Later on 15 October 1932 , J.R.D. Tata flew a consignment of mail from Karachi to Juhu Airport . His airline later became Air India and was the first Asian airline to cross the Atlantic Ocean as well as first Asian airline to fly jets . Nationalisation In March 1953 , the Indian Parliament passed the Air Corporations Act to streamline and nationalise the then existing privately owned eight domestic airlines into Indian Airlines for domestic services and the Tata group - owned Air India for international services. . The International Airports Authority of India ( IAAI ) was constituted in 1972 while the National Airports Authority was constituted in 1986 . The Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was established in 1987 following the crash of Air India Flight 182 . Deregulation the government de-regularised the civil aviation sector in 1991 when the government allowed private airlines to operate charter and non-scheduled services under the ' Air Taxi ' Scheme until 1994 , when the Air Corporation Act was repealed and private airlines could now operate scheduled services . Private airlines including Jet Airways , Air Sahara , Modiluft , Damania Airways and NEPC Airlines commenced domestic operations during this period . The aviation industry experienced a rapid transformation following deregulation . Several low - cost carriers entered the Indian market in 2004 -- 05 . Major new entrants included Air Deccan , Air Sahara , Kingfisher Airlines , SpiceJet , GoAir , Paramount Airways and IndiGo . Kingfisher Airlines became the first Indian air carrier on 15 June 2005 to order Airbus A380 aircraft worth US $ 3 billion . However , Indian aviation would struggle due to an economic slowdown and rising fuel and operation costs . This led to consolidation , buyouts and discontinuations . In 2007 , Air Sahara and Air Deccan were acquired by Jet Airways and Kingfisher Airlines respectively . Paramount Airways ceased operations in 2010 and Kingfisher shut down in 2012 . Etihad Airways agreed to acquire a 24 % stake in Jet Airways in 2013 . AirAsia India , a low - cost carrier operating as a joint venture between Air Asia and Tata Sons launched in 2014 . As of 2013 -- 14 , only IndiGo and GoAir were generating profits . Banking and financial services Main articles : Banking in India and Finance in India State Bank of India is the largest bank in India . The financial services industry contributed $809 billion ( 37 % of GDP ) and employed 14.17 million people ( 3 % of the workforce ) in 2016 , and the banking sector contributed $407 billion ( 19 % of GDP ) and employed 5.5 million people ( 1 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The Indian money market is classified into the organised sector , comprising private , public and foreign - owned commercial banks and cooperative banks , together known as ' scheduled banks ' ; and the unorganised sector , which includes individual or family - owned indigenous bankers or money lenders and non-banking financial companies . The unorganised sector and microcredit are preferred over traditional banks in rural and sub-urban areas , especially for non-productive purposes such as short - term loans for ceremonies . Prime Minister Indira Gandhi nationalised 14 banks in 1969 , followed by six others in 1980 , and made it mandatory for banks to provide 40 % of their net credit to priority sectors including agriculture , small - scale industry , retail trade and small business , to ensure that the banks fulfilled their social and developmental goals . Since then , the number of bank branches has increased from 8,260 in 1969 to 72,170 in 2007 and the population covered by a branch decreased from 63,800 to 15,000 during the same period . The total bank deposits increased from ₹ 59.1 billion ( US $860 million ) in 1970 -- 71 to ₹ 38,309.22 billion ( US $560 billion ) in 2008 -- 09 . Despite an increase of rural branches -- from 1,860 or 22 % of the total in 1969 to 30,590 or 42 % in 2007 -- only 32,270 of 500,000 villages are served by a scheduled bank . India 's gross domestic savings in 2006 -- 07 as a percentage of GDP stood at a high 32.8 % . More than half of personal savings are invested in physical assets such as land , houses , cattle , and gold . The government - owned public - sector banks hold over 75 % of total assets of the banking industry , with the private and foreign banks holding 18.2 % and 6.5 % respectively . Since liberalisation , the government has approved significant banking reforms . While some of these relate to nationalised banks -- such as reforms encouraging mergers , reducing government interference and increasing profitability and competitiveness -- other reforms have opened the banking and insurance sectors to private and foreign companies . Financial technology Main article : FinTech in India According to the report of The National Association of Software and Services Companies ( NASSCOM ) , India has a presence of around 400 companies in the fintech space , with an investment of about $420 million in 2015 . The NASSCOM report also estimated the fintech software and services market to grow 1.7 times by 2020 , making it worth $8 billion . The Indian fintech landscape is segmented as follows -- 34 % in payment processing , followed by 32 % in banking and 12 % in the trading , public and private markets . Information technology Main articles : Information technology in India and Business process outsourcing in India A BPO ( Business process outsourcing ) hub in DLF Cyber City in Gurgaon , India . The information technology ( IT ) industry in India consists of two major components : IT services and business process outsourcing ( BPO ) . The sector has increased its contribution to India 's GDP from 1.2 % in 1998 to 7.5 % in 2012 . According to NASSCOM , the sector aggregated revenues of US $ 147 billion in 2015 , where export revenue stood at US $ 99 billion and domestic at US $ 48 billion , growing by over 13 % . The growth in the IT sector is attributed to increased specialisation , and an availability of a large pool of low - cost , highly skilled , fluent English - speaking workers -- matched by increased demand from foreign consumers interested in India 's service exports , or looking to outsource their operations . The share of the Indian IT industry in the country 's GDP increased from 4.8 % in 2005 -- 06 to 7 % in 2008 . In 2009 , seven Indian firms were listed among the top 15 technology outsourcing companies in the world . The business process outsourcing services in the outsourcing industry in India caters mainly to Western operations of multinational corporations . As of 2012 , around 2.8 million people work in the outsourcing sector . Annual revenues are around $11 billion , around 1 % of GDP . Around 2.5 million people graduate in India every year . Wages are rising by 10 -- 15 percent as a result of skill shortages . Insurance Main article : Insurance in India India became the tenth - largest insurance market in the world in 2013 , rising from 15th in 2011 . At a total market size of US $66.4 billion in 2013 , it remains small compared to world 's major economies , and the Indian insurance market accounts for 2 % of the world 's insurance business . India 's life and non-life insurance industry has been growing at 20 % , and double - digit growth is expected to continue through 2021 . The market retains about 360 million active life - insurance policies , the most in the world . Of the 52 insurance companies in India , 24 are active in life - insurance business . The life - insurance industry is projected to increase at double - digit CAGR through 2019 , reaching US $1 trillion annual notional values by 2021 . The industry reported a growth rate of around 10 % from 1996 -- 97 to 2000 -- 01 . After opening the sector , growth rates averaged 15.85 % from 2001 -- 02 to 2010 -- 11 . Specialised insurers Export Credit Guarantee Corporation and Agriculture Insurance Company ( AIC ) offer credit guarantee and crop insurance , respectively . AIC , which initially offered coverage under the National Agriculture Insurance Company ( NAIS ) , has now started providing crop insurance on commercial line as well . It has introduced several innovative products such as weather insurance and insurance related to specific crops . The premium underwritten by the non-life insurers during 2010 -- 11 was ₹ 42,576 crore ( ₹ 425 billion ) against ₹ 34,620 crore ( ₹ 346 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . The growth was satisfactory , particularly given across - the - broad cuts in the tariff rates . The private insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 17,424 crore ( ₹ 174 billion ) against ₹ 13,977 crore ( ₹ 140 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 . Public sector insurers underwrote premiums of ₹ 25,151.8 crore ( ₹ 252 billion ) in 2010 -- 11 against ₹ 20,643.5 crore ( ₹ 206 billion ) in 2009 -- 10 , a growth of 21.8 % against 14.5 % in 2009 -- 10 . The Indian insurance business had been under - developed with low levels of insurance penetration . Post liberalisation , the sector has succeeded in raising penetration from 2.3 ( life 1.8 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2000 to 5.1 ( life 4.4 and non-life 0.7 ) in 2010 . Electricity sector Main articles : Electricity sector in India and Energy policy of India NTPC 's Ramagudam Super Thermal Power Station Primary energy consumption of India is the third - largest after China and the US with 5.3 % global share in the year 2015 . Coal and crude oil together account for 85 % of the primary energy consumption of India . India 's oil reserves meet 25 % of the country 's domestic oil demand . As of April 2015 , India 's total proven crude oil reserves are 763.476 million metric tons , while gas reserves stood at 1,490 billion cubic metres ( 53 trillion cubic feet ) . Oil and natural gas fields are located offshore at Bombay High , Krishna Godavari Basin and the Cauvery Delta , and onshore mainly in the states of Assam , Gujarat and Rajasthan . India is the fourth - largest consumer of oil and net oil imports were nearly ₹ 820,000 crore ( US $120 billion ) in 2014 -- 15 , which had an adverse effect on the country 's current account deficit . The petroleum industry in India mostly consists of public sector companies such as Oil and Natural Gas Corporation ( ONGC ) , Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited ( HPCL ) , Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited ( BPCL ) and Indian Oil Corporation Limited ( IOCL ) . There are some major private Indian companies in the oil sector such as Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ) which operates the world 's largest oil refining complex . India became the world 's third - largest producer of electricity in 2013 with a 4.8 % global share in electricity generation , surpassing Japan and Russia . By the end of calendar year 2015 , India had an electricity surplus with many power stations idling for want of demand . The utility electricity sector had an installed capacity of 303 GW as of May 2016 of which thermal power contributed 69.8 % , hydroelectricity 15.2 % , other sources of renewable energy 13.0 % , and nuclear power 2.1 % . India meets most of its domestic electricity demand through its 106 billion tonnes of proven coal reserves . India is also rich in certain alternative sources of energy with significant future potential such as solar , wind and biofuels ( jatropha , sugarcane ) . India 's dwindling uranium reserves stagnated the growth of nuclear energy in the country for many years . Recent discoveries in the Tummalapalle belt may be among the top 20 natural uranium reserves worldwide , and an estimated reserve of 846,477 metric tons ( 933,081 short tons ) of thorium -- about 25 % of world 's reserves -- are expected to fuel the country 's ambitious nuclear energy program in the long - run . The Indo - US nuclear deal has also paved the way for India to import uranium from other countries . Infrastructure Main articles : Indian road network , Indian Railways , Ports in India , and Transport in India Visakhapatnam Port in the Bay of Bengal . India 's infrastructure and transport sector contributes about 5 % of its GDP . India has a road network of over 5,472,144 kilometres ( 3,400,233 mi ) as of 31 March 2015 , the third - largest road network in the world behind United States and China . At 1.66 km of roads per square kilometre of land ( 2.68 miles per square mile ) , the quantitative density of India 's road network is higher than that of Japan ( 0.91 ) and the United States ( 0.67 ) , and far higher than that of China ( 0.46 ) , Brazil ( 0.18 ) or Russia ( 0.08 ) . Qualitatively , India 's roads are a mix of modern highways and narrow , unpaved roads , and are being improved . As of 31 March 2015 , 61.05 % of Indian roads were paved . India has the lowest kilometre - lane road density per 100,000 people among G - 27 countries , leading to traffic congestion . It is upgrading its infrastructure . As of May 2014 , India had completed over 22,600 kilometres ( 14,000 mi ) of 4 - or 6 - lane highways , connecting most of its major manufacturing , commercial and cultural centres . India 's road infrastructure carries 60 % of freight and 87 % of passenger traffic . Indian Railways is the fourth - largest rail network in the world , with a track length of 114,500 kilometres ( 71,100 mi ) and 7,172 stations . This government - owned - and - operated railway network carried an average of 23 million passengers a day , and over a billion tonnes of freight in 2013 . India has a coastline of 7,500 kilometres ( 4,700 mi ) with 13 major ports and 60 operational non-major ports , which together handle 95 % of the country 's external trade by volume and 70 % by value ( most of the remainder handled by air ) . Nhava Sheva , Mumbai is the largest public port , while Mundra is the largest private sea port . The airport infrastructure of India includes 125 airports , of which 66 airports are licensed to handle both passengers and cargo . Retail Main article : Retailing in India Neighbourhood grocery shops handle much of retail trade in India . The retail industry , excluding wholesale , contributed $482 billion ( 22 % of GDP ) and employed 249.94 million people ( 57 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . The industry is the second largest employer in India , after agriculture . The Indian retail market is estimated to be US $600 billion and one of the top - five retail markets in the world by economic value . India has one of the fastest - growing retail markets in the world , and is projected to reach $1.3 trillion by 2020 . India 's retail industry mostly consists of local mom - and - pop stores , owner - manned shops and street vendors . Retail supermarkets are expanding , with a market share of 4 % in 2008 . In 2012 , the government permitted 51 % FDI in multi-brand retail and 100 % FDI in single - brand retail . However , a lack of back - end warehouse infrastructure and state - level permits and red tape continue to limit growth of organised retail . Compliance with over thirty regulations such as `` signboard licences '' and `` anti-hoarding measures '' must be made before a store can open for business . There are taxes for moving goods from state to state , and even within states . According to The Wall Street Journal , the lack of infrastructure and efficient retail networks cause a third of India 's agriculture produce to be lost from spoilage . Tourism Main article : Tourism in India Kerala became a major tourist destination after the state government promoted its natural coastline . Bactrian camel ride at Nubra Valley in Ladakh . The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated ₹ 15.24 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) or 9.4 % of the nation 's GDP in 2017 and supported 41.622 million jobs , 8 % of its total employment . The sector is predicted to grow at an annual rate of 6.9 % to ₹ 32.05 lakh crore ( US $470 billion ) by 2028 ( 9.9 % of GDP ) . Over 10 million foreign tourists arrived in India in 2017 compared to 8.89 million in 2016 , recording a growth of 15.6 % . India earned $21.07 billion in foreign exchange from tourism receipts in 2015 . International tourism to India has seen a steady growth from 2.37 million arrivals in 1997 to 8.03 million arrivals in 2015 . The United States is the largest source of international tourists to India , while European Union nations and Japan are other major sources of international tourists . Less than 10 % of international tourists visit the Taj Mahal , with the majority visiting other cultural , thematic and holiday circuits . Over 12 million Indian citizens take international trips each year for tourism , while domestic tourism within India adds about 740 million Indian travellers . India has a fast - growing medical tourism sector of its health care economy , offering low - cost health services and long - term care . In October 2015 , the medical tourism sector was estimated to be worth US $3 billion . It is projected to grow to $7 -- 8 billion by 2020 . In 2014 , 184,298 foreign patients traveled to India to seek medical treatment . Education Main article : Education in India Entertainment industry Main article : Entertainment industry in India See also : Gambling in India Healthcare Main article : Healthcare in India India 's healthcare sector is expected to grow at a CAGR of 29 % between 2015 and 2020 , to reach US $280 billion , buoyed by rising incomes , greater health awareness , increased precedence of lifestyle diseases , and improved access to health insurance . Logistics The logistics industry in India was worth over $160 billion in 2016 , and grew at a CAGR of 7.8 % in the previous five - year period . The industry employs about 22 million people . India was ranked 35th out of 160 countries in the World Bank 's 2016 Logistics Performance Index . Printing Main article : Printing industry in India Telecommunications Main article : Telecommunications in India INSAT - 1B satellite : Broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on INSAT system . The telecommunication sector generated ₹ 2.20 lakh crore ( US $32 billion ) in revenue in 2014 -- 15 , accounting for 1.94 % of total GDP . India is the second - largest market in the world by number of telephone users ( both fixed and mobile phones ) with 1.053 billion subscribers as of 31 August 2016 . It has one of the lowest call - tariffs in the world , due to fierce competition among telecom operators . India has the world 's third - largest Internet user - base . As of 31 March 2016 , there were 342.65 million Internet subscribers in the country . Industry estimates indicate that there are over 554 million TV consumers in India as of 2012 . India is the largest direct - to - home ( DTH ) television market in the world by number of subscribers . As of May 2016 , there were 84.80 million DTH subscribers in the country . Mining and construction Mining Main article : Mining in India Indian coal production is the 3rd highest in the world according to the 2008 Indian Ministry of Mines estimates . Shown above is a coal mine in Jharkhand . Mining contributed $63 billion ( 3 % of GDP ) and employed 20.14 million people ( 5 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . India 's mining industry was the fourth - largest producer of minerals in the world by volume , and eighth - largest producer by value in 2009 . In 2013 , it mined and processed 89 minerals , of which four were fuel , three were atomic energy minerals , and 80 non-fuel . The government - owned public sector accounted for 68 % of mineral production by volume in 2011 -- 12 . Nearly 50 % of India 's mining industry , by output value , is concentrated in eight states : Odisha , Rajasthan , Chhattisgarh , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka . Another 25 % of the output by value comes from offshore oil and gas resources . India operated about 3,000 mines in 2010 , half of which were coal , limestone and iron ore . On output - value basis , India was one of the five largest producers of mica , chromite , coal , lignite , iron ore , bauxite , barite , zinc and manganese ; while being one of the ten largest global producers of many other minerals . India was the fourth - largest producer of steel in 2013 , and the seventh - largest producer of aluminium . India 's mineral resources are vast . However , its mining industry has declined -- contributing 2.3 % of its GDP in 2010 compared to 3 % in 2000 , and employed 2.9 million people -- a decreasing percentage of its total labour . India is a net importer of many minerals including coal . India 's mining sector decline is because of complex permit , regulatory and administrative procedures , inadequate infrastructure , shortage of capital resources , and slow adoption of environmentally sustainable technologies . Iron and steel Main article : Iron and steel industry in India Durgapur Steel plant . In fiscal year 2014 -- 15 , India was the third - largest producer of raw steel and the largest producer of sponge iron . The industry produced 91.46 million tons of finished steel and 9.7 million tons of pig iron . Most iron and steel in India is produced from iron ore . Construction Main article : Construction industry of India The construction industry contributed $288 billion ( 13 % of GDP ) and employed 60.42 million people ( 14 % of the workforce ) in 2016 . Foreign trade and investment A map showing the global distribution of Indian exports in 2006 as a percentage of the top market ( US at $20.9 billion ) . Further information : Globalisation in India Foreign trade Main article : Foreign trade of India Further information : List of the largest trading partners of India India 's exports ( top ) and imports ( bottom ) , by value , in 2013 -- 14 . Until the liberalisation of 1991 , India was largely and intentionally isolated from world markets , to protect its economy and to achieve self - reliance . Foreign trade was subject to import tariffs , export taxes and quantitative restrictions , while foreign direct investment ( FDI ) was restricted by upper - limit equity participation , restrictions on technology transfer , export obligations and government approvals ; these approvals were needed for nearly 60 % of new FDI in the industrial sector . The restrictions ensured that FDI averaged only around $200 million annually between 1985 and 1991 ; a large percentage of the capital flows consisted of foreign aid , commercial borrowing and deposits of non-resident Indians . India 's exports were stagnant for the first 15 years after independence , due to general neglect of trade policy by the government of that period ; imports in the same period , with early industrialisation , consisted predominantly of machinery , raw materials and consumer goods . Since liberalisation , the value of India 's international trade has increased sharply , with the contribution of total trade in goods and services to the GDP rising from 16 % in 1990 -- 91 to 47 % in 2009 -- 10 . Foreign trade accounted for 48.8 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . Globally , India accounts for 1.44 % of exports and 2.12 % of imports for merchandise trade and 3.34 % of exports and 3.31 % of imports for commercial services trade . India 's major trading partners are the European Union , China , the United States and the United Arab Emirates . In 2006 -- 07 , major export commodities included engineering goods , petroleum products , chemicals and pharmaceuticals , gems and jewellery , textiles and garments , agricultural products , iron ore and other minerals . Major import commodities included crude oil and related products , machinery , electronic goods , gold and silver . In November 2010 , exports increased 22.3 % year - on - year to ₹ 850.63 billion ( US $12 billion ) , while imports were up 7.5 % at ₹ 1,251.33 billion ( US $18 billion ) . The trade deficit for the same month dropped from ₹ 468.65 billion ( US $6.8 billion ) in 2009 to ₹ 400.7 billion ( US $5.8 billion ) in 2010 . India is a founding - member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) and its successor , the WTO . While participating actively in its general council meetings , India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world . For instance , India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour , environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies . Balance of payments Cumulative current account balance 1980 -- 2008 based on IMF data Since independence , India 's balance of payments on its current account has been negative . Since economic liberalisation in the 1990s , precipitated by a balance - of - payment crisis , India 's exports rose consistently , covering 80.3 % of its imports in 2002 -- 03 , up from 66.2 % in 1990 -- 91 . However , the global economic slump followed by a general deceleration in world trade saw the exports as a percentage of imports drop to 61.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . India 's growing oil import bill is seen as the main driver behind the large current account deficit , which rose to $118.7 billion , or 11.11 % of GDP , in 2008 -- 09 . Between January and October 2010 , India imported $82.1 billion worth of crude oil . The Indian economy has run a trade deficit every year from 2002 to 2012 , with a merchandise trade deficit of US $189 billion in 2011 -- 12 . Its trade with China has the largest deficit , about $31 billion in 2013 . India 's reliance on external assistance and concessional debt has decreased since liberalisation of the economy , and the debt service ratio decreased from 35.3 % in 1990 -- 91 to 4.4 % in 2008 -- 09 . In India , external commercial borrowings ( ECBs ) , or commercial loans from non-resident lenders , are being permitted by the government for providing an additional source of funds to Indian corporates . The Ministry of Finance monitors and regulates them through ECB policy guidelines issued by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) under the Foreign Exchange Management Act of 1999 . India 's foreign exchange reserves have steadily risen from $5.8 billion in March 1991 to $318.6 billion in December 2009 . In 2012 , the United Kingdom announced an end to all financial aid to India , citing the growth and robustness of Indian economy . India 's current account deficit reached an all - time high in 2013 . India has historically funded its current account deficit through borrowings by companies in the overseas markets or remittances by non-resident Indians and portfolio inflows . From April 2016 to January 2017 , RBI data showed that , for the first time since 1991 , India was funding its deficit through foreign direct investment inflows . The Economic Times noted that the development was `` a sign of rising confidence among long - term investors in Prime Minister Narendra Modi 's ability to strengthen the country 's economic foundation for sustained growth '' . Foreign direct investment This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2015 ) Main article : Foreign direct investment in India Share of top five investing countries in FDI inflows ( 2000 -- 2010 ) Rank Country Inflows ( million US $ ) Inflows ( % ) Mauritius 50,164 42.00 Singapore 11,275 9.00 US 8,914 7.00 UK 6,158 5.00 5 Netherlands 4,968 4.00 As the third - largest economy in the world in PPP terms , India has attracted foreign direct investment ( FDI ) . During the year 2011 , FDI inflow into India stood at $36.5 billion , 51.1 % higher than the 2010 figure of $24.15 billion . India has strengths in telecommunication , information technology and other significant areas such as auto components , chemicals , apparels , pharmaceuticals , and jewellery . Despite a surge in foreign investments , rigid FDI policies were a significant hindrance . Over time , India has adopted a number of FDI reforms . India has a large pool of skilled managerial and technical expertise . The size of the middle - class population stands at 300 million and represents a growing consumer market . India liberalised its FDI policy in 2005 , allowing up to a 100 % FDI stake in ventures . Industrial policy reforms have substantially reduced industrial licensing requirements , removed restrictions on expansion and facilitated easy access to foreign technology and investment . The upward growth curve of the real - estate sector owes some credit to a booming economy and liberalised FDI regime . In March 2005 , the government amended the rules to allow 100 % FDI in the construction sector , including built - up infrastructure and construction development projects comprising housing , commercial premises , hospitals , educational institutions , recreational facilities , and city - and regional - level infrastructure . Between 2012 and 2014 , India extended these reforms to defence , telecom , oil , retail , aviation , and other sectors . From 2000 to 2010 , the country attracted $178 billion as FDI . The inordinately high investment from Mauritius is due to routing of international funds through the country given significant tax advantages -- double taxation is avoided due to a tax treaty between India and Mauritius , and Mauritius is a capital gains tax haven , effectively creating a zero - taxation FDI channel . FDI accounted for 2.1 % of India 's GDP in 2015 . As the government has eased 87 foreign investment direct rules across 21 sectors in the last three years , FDI inflows hit $60.1 billion between 2016 and 2017 in India . Outflows Since 2000 , Indian companies have expanded overseas , investing FDI and creating jobs outside India . From 2006 to 2010 , FDI by Indian companies outside India amounted to 1.34 per cent of its GDP . Indian companies have deployed FDI and started operations in the United States , Europe and Africa . The Indian company Tata is the United Kingdom 's largest manufacturer and private - sector employer . Remittances Main article : Remittances to India In 2015 , a total of US $68.91 billion was made in remittances to India from other countries , and a total of US $8.476 billion was made in remittances by foreign workers in India to their home countries . The UAE , the US , and Saudi Arabia were the top sources of remittances to India , while Bangladesh , Pakistan and Nepal were the top recipients of remittances from India . Remittances to India accounted for 3.32 % of the country 's GDP in 2015 . Mergers and Acquisitions Between 1985 and 2018 20,846 deals have been announced in , into ( inbound ) and out of ( outbound ) India . This cumulates to a value of 618 bil . USD . In terms of value , 2010 has been the most active year with deals worth almost 60 bil . USD . Most deals have been conducted in 2007 ( 1,510 ) . Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Indian companies participating : Acquiror Name Acquiror Mid Industry Acquiror Nation Target Name Target Mid Industry Target Nation Value of Transaction ( $ mil ) Petrol Complex Pte Ltd Oil & Gas Singapore Essar Oil Ltd Oil & Gas India 12,907.25 Vodafone Grp Plc Wireless United Kingdom Hutchison Essar Ltd Telecommunications Services India 12,748.00 Vodafone Grp PLC - Vodafone Asts Wireless India Idea Cellular Ltd - Mobile Bus Wireless India 11,627.32 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa 11,387.52 Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India Zain Africa BV Wireless Nigeria 10,700.00 BP PLC Oil & Gas United Kingdom Reliance Industries Ltd - 21 Oil Oil & Gas India 9,000.00 MTN Group Ltd Wireless South Africa Bharti Airtel Ltd Wireless India 8,775.09 Shareholders Other Financials India Reliance Inds Ltd - Telecom Bus Telecommunications Services India 8,063.01 Oil & Natural Gas Corp Ltd Oil & Gas India Hindustan Petro Corp Ltd Petrochemicals India 5,784.20 Reliance Commun Ventures Ltd Telecommunications Services India Reliance Infocomm Ltd Telecommunications Services India 5,577.18 Currency The RBI 's headquarters in Mumbai , Maharashtra . Main articles : Indian rupee and Reserve Bank of India Year INR ₹ per US $ ( average annual ) 9.4058 1980 7.8800 1985 12.3640 17.4992 1995 32.4198 2000 44.9401 2005 44.1000 45.7393 2015 64.05 2016 67.09 2017 64.14 The Indian rupee ( ₹ ) is the only legal tender in India , and is also accepted as legal tender in neighbouring Nepal and Bhutan , both of which peg their currency to that of the Indian rupee . The rupee is divided into 100 paisas . The highest - denomination banknote is the ₹ 2,000 note ; the lowest - denomination coin in circulation is the 50 paise coin . Since 30 June 2011 , all denominations below 50 paise have ceased to be legal currency . India 's monetary system is managed by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the country 's central bank . Established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949 , the RBI serves as the nation 's monetary authority , regulator and supervisor of the monetary system , banker to the government , custodian of foreign exchange reserves , and as an issuer of currency . It is governed by a central board of directors , headed by a governor who is appointed by the Government of India . The benchmark interest rates are set by the Monetary Policy Committee . The rupee was linked to the British pound from 1927 to 1946 , and then to the US dollar until 1975 through a fixed exchange rate . It was devalued in September 1975 and the system of fixed par rate was replaced with a basket of four major international currencies : the British pound , the US dollar , the Japanese yen and the Deutsche mark . In 1991 , after the collapse of its largest trading partner , the Soviet Union , India faced the major foreign exchange crisis and the rupee was devalued by around 19 % in two stages on 1 and 2 July . In 1992 , a Liberalized Exchange Rate Mechanism ( LERMS ) was introduced . Under LERMS , exporters had to surrender 40 percent of their foreign exchange earnings to the RBI at the RBI - determined exchange rate ; the remaining 60 % could be converted at the market - determined exchange rate . In 1994 , the rupee was convertible on the current account , with some capital controls . After the sharp devaluation in 1991 and transition to current account convertibility in 1994 , the value of the rupee has been largely determined by market forces . The rupee has been fairly stable during the decade 2000 -- 2010 . In September 2013 , the rupee touched an all - time low 68.27 to the US dollar . Income and consumption Main article : Income in India Gini index of India compared to other countries per World Bank data tables as of 2014 . India 's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002 . It tripled from ₹ 19,040 in 2002 -- 03 to ₹ 53,331 in 2010 -- 11 , averaging 13.7 % growth each of these eight years , with peak growth of 15.6 % in 2010 -- 11 . However growth in the inflation - adjusted per - capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6 % in 2010 -- 11 , down from 6.4 % in the previous year . These consumption levels are on an individual basis . The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011 . According to 2011 census data , India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households . The household size in India has dropped in recent years , the 2011 census reporting 50 % of households have four or fewer members , with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents . These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion . Consumption patterns note : approximately 67 % of households use firewood , crop residue or cow - dung cakes for cooking purposes ; 53 % do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises ; 83 % have water supply within their premises or 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) from the house in rural areas ; 67 % of the households have access to electricity ; 63 % of households have landline or mobile telephone service ; 43 % have a television ; 26 % have either a two - or four - wheel motor vehicle . Compared to 2001 , these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements . One report in 2010 claimed that high - income households outnumber low - income households . Countries by nominal GNI per capita according to the Atlas method ( 2016 ) New World Wealth publishes reports tracking the total wealth of countries , which is measured as the private wealth held by all residents of a country . According to New World Wealth , India 's total wealth increased from $3,165 billion in 2007 to $8,230 billion in 2017 , a growth rate of 160 % . India 's total wealth rose by 25 % from $6.2 trillion in 2016 to $8.23 trillion in 2017 , making it the sixth wealthiest nation in the world . There are 20,730 multimillionaires ( 7th largest in the world ) and 119 billionaires in India ( 3rd largest in the world ) . With 330,400 high net - worth individuals ( HNWI ) , India is home to the 9th highest number of HNWIs in the world . Mumbai is the wealthiest Indian city and the 12th wealthiest in the world , with a total net worth of $950 billion in 2017 . Twenty - eight billionaires reside in the city . As of December 2016 , the next wealthiest cities in India were Delhi ( $450 billion ) , Bangalore ( $320 billion ) , Hyderabad ( $310 billion ) , Kolkata ( $290 billion ) , Chennai ( $150 billion ) and Gurgaon ( $110 billion ) . Poverty Main article : Poverty in India Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2012 , among its states and union territories . In May 2014 , the World Bank reviewed and proposed revisions to its poverty calculation methodology of 2005 and purchasing - power - parity basis for measuring poverty . According to the revised methodology , the world had 872.3 million people below the new poverty line , of which 179.6 million lived in India . With 17.5 % of total world 's population , India had a 20.6 % share of world 's poorest in 2013 . According to a 2005 -- 2006 survey , India had about 61 million children under the age of 5 who were chronically malnourished . A 2011 UNICEF report stated that between 1990 and 2010 , India achieved a 45 percent reduction in under age 5 mortality rates , and now ranks 46th of 188 countries on this metric . Since the early 1960s , successive governments have implemented various schemes to alleviate poverty , under central planning , that have met with partial success . In 2005 , the government enacted the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ( MGNREGA ) , guaranteeing 100 days of minimum wage employment to every rural household in all the districts of India . In 2011 , it was widely criticised and beset with controversy for corrupt officials , deficit financing as the source of funds , poor quality of infrastructure built under the programme , and unintended destructive effects . Other studies suggest that the programme has helped reduce rural poverty in some cases . Yet other studies report that India 's economic growth has been the driver of sustainable employment and poverty reduction , though a sizeable population remains in poverty . Employment See also : Labour in India , Indian labour law , Child labour in India , and Unemployment in India A majority of labour in India is employed by unorganised sector ( unincorporated ) . These include family - owned shops and street vendors . Above is a self - employed child labourer in the unorganised retail sector of India . Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1 % of the total workforce in 2009 -- 10 . While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed , services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3 % of employment in 2012 -- 13 . Of the total workforce , 7 % is in the organised sector , two - thirds of which are in the government - controlled public sector . About 51.2 % of the workforce in India is self - employed . According to a 2005 -- 06 survey , there is a gender gap in employment and salaries . In rural areas , both men and women are primarily self - employed , mostly in agriculture . In urban areas , salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006 . Unemployment in India is characterised by chronic ( disguised ) unemployment . Government schemes that target eradication of both poverty and unemployment -- which in recent decades has sent millions of poor and unskilled people into urban areas in search of livelihoods -- attempt to solve the problem by providing financial assistance for starting businesses , honing skills , setting up public sector enterprises , reservations in governments , etc . The decline in organised employment , due to the decreased role of the public sector after liberalisation , has further underlined the need for focusing on better education and created political pressure for further reforms . India 's labour regulations are heavy , even by developing country standards , and analysts have urged the government to abolish or modify them in order to make the environment more conducive for employment generation . The 11th five - year plan has also identified the need for a congenial environment to be created for employment generation , by reducing the number of permissions and other bureaucratic clearances required . Inequalities and inadequacies in the education system have been identified as an obstacle , which prevents the benefits of increased employment opportunities from reaching all sectors of society . Child labour in India is a complex problem that is rooted in poverty . Since the 1990s , the government has implemented a variety of programs to eliminate child labour . These have included setting up schools , launching free school lunch programs , creating special investigation cells , etc . Author Sonalde Desai stated that recent studies on child labour in India have found some pockets of industries in which children are employed , but overall , relatively few Indian children are employed . Child labour below the age of 10 is now rare . In the 10 -- 14 age group , the latest surveys find only 2 % of children working for wage , while another 9 % work within their home or rural farms assisting their parents in times of high work demand such as sowing and harvesting of crops . India has the largest diaspora around the world , an estimated 16 million people , many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families . The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians . The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians . Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades . In 2009 -- 10 , remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹ 2,500 billion ( US $36 billion ) , the highest in the world , but their share in FDI remained low at around 1 % . Economic trends and issues Commercial office buildings in Gurgaon With 1.27 billion people and the world 's third - largest economy in terms of purchasing power , India 's recent growth and development has been one of the most significant achievements of our times . Over the six and half decades since independence , the country has brought about a landmark agricultural revolution that has transformed the nation from chronic dependence on grain imports into a global agricultural powerhouse that is now a net exporter of food . Life expectancy has more than doubled , literacy rates have quadrupled , health conditions have improved . India will soon have the largest and youngest workforce the world has ever seen . At the same time , the country is in the midst of a massive wave of urbanization as some 10 million people move to towns and cities each year in search of jobs and opportunity . It is the largest rural - urban migration of this century . Massive investments will be needed to create the jobs , housing , and infrastructure to meet soaring aspirations and make towns and cities more livable and green . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 Agriculture Main article : Agriculture in India Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy . At around 1,530,000 square kilometres ( 590,000 sq mi ) , India has the second - largest amount of arable land , after the US , with 52 % of total land under cultivation . Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US , India 's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US , and marginally larger than that of China . However , agricultural output lags far behind its potential . The low productivity in India is a result of several factors . According to the World Bank , India 's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity - enhancing investment . Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs , price risks and uncertainty , and governmental intervention in labour , land , and credit are hurting the market . Infrastructure such as rural roads , electricity , ports , food storage , retail markets and services remain inadequate . The average size of land holdings is very small , with 70 % of holdings being less than one hectare ( 2.5 acres ) in size . Irrigation facilities are inadequate , as revealed by the fact that only 46 % of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016 , resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall , specifically the monsoon season , which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country . In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares ( 20 million hectares ; 50 million acres ) of land under irrigation , various schemes have been attempted , including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme ( AIBP ) which was provided ₹ 80,000 crore ( ₹ 800 billion ) in the union budget . Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure ; a third of India 's agricultural production is lost from spoilage . Corruption Corruption Perceptions Index for India compared to other countries , 2015 Main articles : Corruption in India and Indian black money Corruption has been a pervasive problem in India . A 2005 study by Transparency International ( TI ) found that more than half of those surveyed had first - hand experience of paying a bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a public office in the previous year . A follow - up study in 2008 found this rate to be 40 percent . In 2011 , TI ranked India at 95th place amongst 183 countries in perceived levels of public sector corruption . By 2016 , India saw a reduction in corruption and its ranking improved to 79th place . In 1996 , red tape , bureaucracy and the Licence Raj were suggested as a cause for the institutionalised corruption and inefficiency . More recent reports suggest the causes of corruption include excessive regulations and approval requirements , mandated spending programs , monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government - controlled institutions , bureaucracy with discretionary powers , and lack of transparent laws and processes . Computerisation of services , various central and state vigilance commissions , and the 2005 Right to Information Act -- which requires government officials to furnish information requested by citizens or face punitive action -- have considerably reduced corruption and opened avenues to redress grievances . In 2011 , the Indian government concluded that most spending fails to reach its intended recipients , as the large and inefficient bureaucracy consumes budgets . India 's absence rates are among the worst in the world ; one study found that 25 % of public sector teachers and 40 % of government - owned public - sector medical workers could not be found at the workplace . Similarly , there are many issues facing Indian scientists , with demands for transparency , a meritocratic system , and an overhaul of the bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology . India has an underground economy , with a 2006 report alleging that India topped the worldwide list for black money with almost $1,456 billion stashed in Swiss banks . This would amount to 13 times the country 's total external debt . These allegations have been denied by the Swiss Banking Association . James Nason , the Head of International Communications for the Swiss Banking Association , suggested `` The ( black money ) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in Indian opposition circles , and circulated as gospel truth . However , this story was a complete fabrication . The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report . Anyone claiming to have such figures ( for India ) should be forced to identify their source and explain the methodology used to produce them . '' A recent step taken by Prime Minister Modi , on 8 November 2016 , involved the demonetization of all 500 and 1000 rupee bank notes ( replaced by new 500 and 2000 rupee notes ) in order to return black money into the economy . Education Main article : Education in India University of Calcutta , established on 1857 , was the first multidisciplinary and secular Western - style institution in Asia . India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three - fourths of the population . India 's literacy rate had grown from 52.2 % in 1991 to 74.04 % in 2011 . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty - sixth Amendment of 2002 , and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children . However , the literacy rate of 74 % is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop - out rate . Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region , gender , urban and rural areas , and among different social groups . Economic disparities Main articles : Economic disparities in India and Poverty in India Economic disparities among the states and union territories of India , on GDP per capita , PPP basis in 2011 Poverty rates in India 's poorest states are three to four times higher than those in the more advanced states . While India 's average annual per capita income was $1,410 in 2011 -- placing it among the poorest of the world 's middle - income countries -- it was just $436 in Uttar Pradesh ( which has more people than Brazil ) and only $294 in Bihar , one of India 's poorest states . -- World Bank : India Country Overview 2013 A critical problem facing India 's economy is the sharp and growing regional variations among India 's different states and territories in terms of poverty , availability of infrastructure and socio - economic development . Six low - income states -- Assam , Chhattisgarh , Nagaland , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha and Uttar Pradesh -- are home to more than one - third of India 's population . Severe disparities exist among states in terms of income , literacy rates , life expectancy and living conditions . The five - year plans , especially in the pre-liberalisation era , attempted to reduce regional disparities by encouraging industrial development in the interior regions and distributing industries across states . The results have been discouraging as these measures increased inefficiency and hampered effective industrial growth . The more advanced states have been better placed to benefit from liberalisation , with well - developed infrastructure and an educated and skilled workforce , which attract the manufacturing and service sectors . Governments of less - advanced states have tried to reduce disparities by offering tax holidays and cheap land , and focused on sectors like tourism which can develop faster than other sectors . India 's income Gini coefficient is 33.9 , according to the United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ) , indicating overall income distribution to be more uniform than East Asia , Latin America and Africa . There is a continuing debate on whether India 's economic expansion has been pro-poor or anti-poor . Studies suggest that the economic growth has been pro-poor and has reduced poverty in India . Security markets Bombay Stock Exchange in Mumbai The development of Indian security markets began with the launch of the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) in July 1875 and Ahmedabad Stock exchange in 1894 . Since then , 22 other exchanges have traded in Indian cities . In 2014 , India 's stock exchange market became the 10th largest in the world by market capitalisation , just above those of South Korea and Australia . India 's two major stock exchanges , BSE and National Stock Exchange of India , had a market capitalisation of US $1.71 trillion and US $1.68 trillion as of February 2015 , according to World Federation of Exchanges . The initial public offering ( IPO ) market in India has been small compared to NYSE and NASDAQ , raising US $300 million in 2013 and US $1.4 billion in 2012 . Ernst & Young stated that the low IPO activity reflects market conditions , slow government approval processes and complex regulations . Before 2013 , Indian companies were not allowed to list their securities internationally without first completing an IPO in India . In 2013 , these security laws were reformed and Indian companies can now choose where they want to list first : overseas , domestically , or both concurrently . Further , security laws have been revised to ease overseas listings of already - listed companies , to increase liquidity for private equity and international investors in Indian companies . See also India portal Business and economics portal Economic Advisory Council Economic development in India Make in India -- a government program to encourage manufacturing in India Events : Late - 2000s recession Oil price increases since 2003 Lists : List of companies of India List of the largest trading partners of India Trade unions in India Natural resources of India References Jump up ^ `` Information About Maharashtra , Industries , Economy , Exports of Maharashtra '' . ibef.org . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SUDALAIMUTHU , S. ; RAJ , S.A. ( 2009 ) . Logistics Management for International Business : Text and Cases . PHI Learning . ISBN 9788120337923 . ^ Jump up to : `` India '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . 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Retrieved 6 August 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Datt & Ravallion ( 2011 ) , Has India 's economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms ? , The World Bank Economic Review , 25 ( 2 ) , pp 157 - 189 Jump up ^ Tripathi , Sabyasachi ( December 2013 ) , Has urban economic growth in Post-Reform India been pro-poor between 1993 - 94 and 2009 - 10 ? Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations , MPRA Paper No. 52336 , Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Jump up ^ `` ' Modi Mania ' propels India 's stock market into world 's top 10 '' . The Financial Times . 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BSE Ltd . ( Bombay Stock Exchange ) - Live Stock Market Updates for S&P BSE SENSEX , Stock Quotes & Corporate Information '' . www.BSEIndia.com . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ WFE Archived 17 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : EY Global IPO Trends Global IPO Trends Q4 2013 Ernst & Young ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Listing abroad sans domestic IPO set to be a reality soon '' . Business Standard . 28 July 2013 . Further reading Books Datt , Ruddar ; Sundharam , K.P.M. ( 2009 ) . Indian Economy . New Delhi : S. Chand Group . p. 976 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 219 - 0298 - 4 . Drèze , John ; Sen , Amartya ( 1996 ) . India : Economic Development and Social Opportunity . Oxford University Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 564082 - 3 . Kumar , Dharma ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume II : c. 1757 -- 2003 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 1115 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2710 - 2 . Nehru , Jawaharlal ( 1946 ) . The Discovery of India . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303103 - 1 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2008 ) . India : The Emerging Giant . Oxford University Press . p. 514 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531503 - 5 . Raychaudhuri , Tapan ; Habib , Irfan ( 2004 ) . The Cambridge Economic History of India , Volume I : c. 1200 -- c. 1750 . New Delhi : Orient Longman . p. 543 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 250 - 2709 - 6 . Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) . The Economic History of India 1857 -- 1947 . Oxford University Press . p. 385 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 568430 - 8 . Alamgir , Jalal ( 2008 ) . India 's Open - Economy Policy . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77684 - 4 . Bharadwaj , Krishna ( 1991 ) . `` Regional differentiation in India '' . In Sathyamurthy , T.V. Industry & agriculture in India since independence . Oxford University Press . pp. 189 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564394 - 1 . Papers and reports Bahl , R. , Heredia - Ortiz , E. , Martinez - Vazquez , J. , & Rider , M. ( 2005 ) . India : Fiscal Condition of the States , International Experience , and Options for Reform : Volume 1 ( No. paper05141 ) . International Center for Public Policy , Andrew Young School of Policy Studies , Georgia State University . `` Economic reforms in India : Task force report '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . p. 32 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 February 2009 . `` Economic Survey 2009 -- 10 '' . Ministry of Finance , Government of India . p. 294 . Articles `` Growth of India '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` Milton Friedman on the Nehru / Mahalanobis Plan '' . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . `` Infrastructure in India : Requirements and favourable climate for foreign investment '' . Archived from the original on 13 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 August 2005 . Bernardi , Luigi ; Fraschini , Angela ( 2005 ) . `` Tax System And Tax Reforms in India '' . Working paper n . 51 . Centre for Media Studies ( 2005 ) . `` India Corruption Study 2005 : To Improve Governance Volume -- I : Key Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Transparency International India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Ghosh , Jayati . `` Bank Nationalisation : The Record '' . Macroscan . Archived from the original on 23 October 2005 . Retrieved 5 August 2005 . Gordon , Jim ; Gupta , Poonam ( 2003 ) . `` Understanding India 's Services Revolution '' ( PDF ) . 12 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Panagariya , Arvind ( 2004 ) . `` India in the 1980s and 1990s : A Triumph of Reforms '' . Sachs , D. Jeffrey ; Bajpai , Nirupam ; Ramiah , Ananthi ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding Regional Economic Growth in India '' ( PDF ) . Working paper 88 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007 . Srinivasan , T.N. ( 2002 ) . `` Economic Reforms and Global Integration '' ( PDF ) . 17 January 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 March 2009 . Retrieved 21 June 2009 . Kurian , N.J. `` Regional disparities in india '' . Retrieved 6 August 2005 . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2012 ) . `` India Inc. and its Moral Discontent '' . Economic and Political Weekly . Kaur , Ravinder ( 2015 ) . `` Good Times , Brought to you by Brand Modi '' ( PDF ) . News Ravi S Jha . `` India , the Goliath , Falls with a Thud '' . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . `` India says 21 of 29 states to launch new tax '' . Daily Times . 25 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2009 . `` Economic structure '' . The Economist. 6 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2008 . a `` Regional stock exchanges -- Bulldozed by the Big Two '' . Retrieved 10 August 2005 . `` FinMin considers three single - brand retail FDI proposals '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Economy of India . 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About Wikipedia	which sector of indian economy contributes largest of the gross national product	[ "Economy of India\nMumbai, Maharashtra is the financial center of India[1][2]Currency\nIndian rupee (INR) ₹1 = 0.015 USDFiscal year\n1 April – 31 MarchTrade organisations\nWTO, WCO, WFTU, G-20, BIS, AIIB, ADB, WCOStatisticsGDP\n$2.848 trillion (nominal; 2018 est)[3]$10.385 trillion (PPP; 2018 est)[3]GDP rank\n6th (nominal)3rd (PPP)GDP growth\n 7.7% (Q4, 2017-18) (MOSPI)[4]GDP per capita\n$2,134 (nominal; 2018 est)[3]$7,783 (PPP; 2018 est)[3]GDP per capita rank\n139th (nominal)122nd (PPP)GDP by sector\nAgriculture: 17.32%Industry: 29.02%Services: 53.66% (2016 est.)[5]Inflation (CPI)\n 4.17% (July 2018)[6]Base borrowing rate\n 6.50% (as on 6 July 2018)[7]Population below poverty line\n5.3% (May 2018)[8][9](World Poverty Clock estimate)Gini coefficient\n33.9 (2013)[10]Human Development Index\n 0.624 (2015) medium[11] (131st)Labour force\n520.2 million (2017 est.)[12]Labour force by occupation\nAgriculture: 47%Industry: 22%Services: 31% (FY 2014 est.)[13]Unemployment\n 8.8% (2017 est.)[14]Average net salary\n₹113,000 (US$1,600) (2017-18)[15]Main industries\nTextileschemicalsfood processingsteelcementminingpetroleummachinerysoftwarepharmaceuticalstransportation equipment[16][17]Ease-of-doing-business rank\n 100 (2017)[18]ExternalExports\n$303.4 billion (2017-18)[19]Export goods\nAgricultural products 13.2%Fuels and mining products 15.7%Manufacturers 68.4%Others 2.7%[20]Main export partners\n European Union 17.6% United States 16.1% United Arab Emirates 11.5% Hong Kong 5.1% China 3.4%Other 46.3%[20]Imports\n$465.6 billion (2017-18)[19]Import goods\nAgricultural products 7.1%Fuels and mining products 33.1%Manufacturers 47.8%Other 12%[20]Main import partners\n China 17% European Union 11.3% United States 5.7% United Arab Emirates 5.4% Saudi Arabia 5.2%Other 55.5%[20]FDI stock\nInward: $377.68 billionOutward: $155.34 billion (2017)[21]Current account\n 0.7% of GDP (2016–17)[22][23]Gross external debt\n$513.4 billion (31 December 2017)[24][25]Net international investment position\n-$429.7 billion (Dec. 2017)[26]Public financesPublic debt\n67.7% of GDP (2017)[27]Budget balance\n- ₹12.25 trillion (US$180 billion) (2018)Revenues\n₹39.86 trillion (US$580 billion) (2018)[28]Expenses\n₹52.11 trillion (US$760 billion) (2018)[28]Economic aid\n $2.68 billion (2016)[29]Credit rating\nStandard & Poor's:[30]BBB− (Domestic)BBB− (Foreign)BBB+ (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Stable\nMoody's:[31]Baa2Outlook: Stable\nFitch:[32]BBB−Outlook: Stable\nForeign reserves\n$405.8 billion (13 July 2018)[33] (8th)\n Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars. " ]	[ "Services" ]
8875176695480472938	Government of Malaysia	Government of Malaysia - wikipedia Government of Malaysia federal government of Malaysia Federal Government of Malaysia Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia Formation 16 September 1963 ; 55 years ago ( 1963 - 09 - 16 ) Country Malaysia Website malaysia.gov.my Legislative branch Legislature Parliament Meeting place Houses of Parliament Executive branch Leader Prime Minister Appointer Yang di - Pertuan Agong Headquarters Perdana Putra , Putrajaya Main organ Cabinet Judicial branch Court Federal Court Seat Palace of Justice Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia ( Malay : Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia ) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya . Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy . The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia , the supreme law of the land . The federal government adopts the principle of separation of powers under Article 127 of the Federal Constitution , and has three branches : executive , legislature and judiciary . The state governments in Malaysia also have their respective executive and legislative bodies . The judicial system in Malaysia is a federalised court system operating uniformly throughout the country . Contents 1 Federal government 1.1 Legislature 1.2 Executive 1.3 Judiciary 2 Head of government 3 State governments 4 Local governments 5 Military , police and other governmental bodies 6 Legal system 7 Elections 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Federal government ( edit ) See also : Federalism in Malaysia The federal or central government is the ultimate authority in Malaysia having its base in Putrajaya . It is headed by the Prime Minister of Malaysia who is also known as the head of government . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Malaysia The bicameral parliament consists of the lower house , the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat ( literally the `` Chamber of the People '' ) and the upper house , the Senate or Dewan Negara ( literally the `` Chamber of the Nation '' ) . All seventy Senate members sit for three - year terms ( to a maximum of two terms ) ; twenty - six are elected by the thirteen state assemblies , and forty - four are appointed by the king based on the advice of the Prime Minister . The 222 members of the Dewan Rakyat are elected from single - member districts by universal adult suffrage . The parliament follows a multi-party system and the governing body is elected through a first - past - the - post system . Parliament has a maximum mandate of five years by law . The king may dissolve parliament at any time and usually does so upon the advice of the Prime Minister . Executive ( edit ) Main article : Cabinet of Malaysia While the Monarch remains the Head of State real executive power is vested in the cabinet led by the prime minister as Head of Government ; the Malaysian constitution stipulates that the prime minister must be a member of the Lower House of parliament who , in the opinion of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( YDPA ) , commands a majority in parliament . The cabinet is chosen from among members of both houses of Parliament and is responsible to that body . The Executive branch of the government consists of the Prime Minister as the head of the government , followed by the various ministers of the Cabinet . Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary of Malaysia The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court , followed by the Court of Appeal , and two High Courts , one for Peninsular Malaysia , and one for East Malaysia . The subordinate courts in each of these jurisdictions include Sessions Courts , Magistrates ' Courts , and Courts for Children . Malaysia also has a Special Court to hear cases brought by or against all Royalty . Head of government ( edit ) Main article : Prime Minister of Malaysia The Prime Minister of Malaysia ( Malay : Perdana Menteri Malaysia ) is the indirectly elected head of government ( executive ) of Malaysia . He is officially appointed by the Yang di - Pertuan Agong , the head of state , who in HM 's judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House of Representatives ( Dewan Rakyat ) , the elected lower house of Parliament . He heads the Cabinet , whose members are appointed by the Yang di - Pertuan Agong advice of the prime minister . The Prime Minister and his Cabinet shall be collectively responsible to Parliament . The Prime Minister 's Department ( sometimes referred to as the Prime Minister 's Office ) is the body and ministry in which the Prime Minister exercises its functions and powers . State governments ( edit ) Main articles : State governments of Malaysia and State legislative assemblies of Malaysia Each state governments in Malaysia is created by the respective state constitutions . Each state has a unicameral state legislative chamber ( Malay : Dewan Undangan Negeri ) whose members are elected from single - member constituencies . State governments are led by Chief Ministers ( Menteri Besar in Malay states or Ketua Menteri in states without hereditary rulers ) , who are state assembly members from the majority party in the Dewan Undangan Negeri . They advise their respective sultans or governors . In each of the states with a hereditary ruler , the Chief Minister is required to be a Malay , appointed by the Sultan upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister . Local governments ( edit ) Main article : Local government in Malaysia The local government or local authority ( Malay : kerajaan tempatan or pihak berkuasa tempatan ( PBT ) ) is the lowest level in the system of government in Malaysia -- after federal and state . It has the power to collect taxes ( in the form of assessment tax ) , to create laws and rules ( in the form of by - laws ) and to grant licenses and permits for any trade in its area of jurisdiction , in addition to providing basic amenities , collecting and managing waste and garbage as well as planning and developing the area under its jurisdiction . Local authorities in Malaysia are generally under the exclusive purview of the state governments and headed by a civil servant with the title Yang Di - Pertua ( President ) . Local government areas and the boundaries is usually consistent with district boundaries but there are some places where the boundaries are not consistent and may overlap with adjoining districts especially in urbanised areas . Unlike the federal and state governments , the local governments in Malaysia are not elected but appointed by the state government after local council elections were suspended by the federal government in 1965 . Military , Police and other governmental bodies ( edit ) The Malaysian Armed Forces are the military body of Malaysia and the Royal Malaysian Police are in charge of law enforcement . Legal system ( edit ) Main article : Law of Malaysia The law of Malaysia is mainly based on the common law legal system . This was a direct result of the colonisation of Malaya , Sarawak , and North Borneo by Britain between the early 19th century to 1960s . The supreme law of the land -- the Constitution of Malaysia -- sets out the legal framework and rights of Malaysian citizens . Federal laws enacted by the Parliament of Malaysia apply throughout the country . There are also state laws enacted by the State Legislative Assemblies which applies in the particular state . The constitution of Malaysia also provides for a unique dual justice system -- the secular laws ( criminal and civil ) and sharia laws . Articles 73 to 79 of the Federal Constitution specifies the subject in which the federal and state government may legislate . Parliament has the exclusive power to make laws over matters falling under the Federal List ( such as citizenship , defence , internal security , civil and criminal law , finance , trade , commerce and industry , education , labour , and tourism ) whereas each State , through its Legislative Assembly , has legislative power over matters under the State List ( such as land , local government , Syariah law and Syariah courts , State holidays and State public works ) . Parliament and State legislatures share the power to make laws over matters under the Concurrent List ( such as water supplies and housing ) but Article 75 provides that in the event of conflict , Federal law will prevail over State law . Elections ( edit ) Main article : Elections in Malaysia Elections in Malaysia exist at two levels : national level and state level . National level elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat , the lower house of Parliament , while state level elections are for membership in the various State Legislative Assemblies . The head of the executive branch , the Prime Minister , is indirectly elected . See also ( edit ) Politics of Malaysia Cabinet of Malaysia Prime Minister of Malaysia Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Chief Secretary to the Government of Malaysia List of federal agencies in Malaysia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Formation of Malaysia 16 September 1963 '' . National Archives of Malaysia . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Jeong Chun Hai @ Ibrahim , & Nor Fadzlina Nawi. ( 2012 ) . Principles of Public Administration : Malaysian Perspectives . Kuala Lumpur : Pearson Publishers . ISBN 978 - 967 - 349 - 233 - 6 Jump up ^ `` About the Malaysian Government '' . Government of Malaysia . 28 August 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 44 ^ Jump up to : Constitution of Malaysia : Article 45 ^ Jump up to : `` Malaysia '' . State.gov. 14 July 2010 . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 43 - 2 Jump up ^ Constitution of Malaysia : Article 43 - 1 External links ( edit ) Government of Malaysia portal Federal Government of Malaysia Malaysian Federal Cabinet Executive branch Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Federal Ministries Prime Minister 's Department Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Communications and Multimedia Defence Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Economic Affairs Education Energy , Technology , Science , Climate Change and Environment Entrepreneur Development Finance Foreign Affairs Health Home Affairs Housing and Local Government Human Resources International Trade and Industry Primary Industries Rural Development Territories Tourism , Arts and Culture Transport Water , Land and Natural Resources Women , Family and Community Development Works Youth and Sports Commissions Energy Commission Public Service Commission Securities Commission Election Commission Land Public Transport Commission Companies Commission Departments Audit Broadcasting Immigration Skill Development Wildlife and National Parks Orang Asli Affairs Public Works Road Transport Fire and Rescue Civil Defence Film Prison Other agencies Federal Agricultural and Marketing Authority ( FAMA ) Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Urban Development Authority of Malaysia Highway Authority National Space Agency Malaysian Palm Oil Board Halal Industry Development Corporation ( HDC ) Federal Land Development Authority Bernama RELA Corps Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency National Institute of Public Administration ( INTAN ) Industrial Development Authority Law enforcement Royal Malaysian Customs Royal Malaysia Police Tourist Police Anti-Corruption Commission National Security Council Central bank Bank Negara Malaysia Government of Malaysia Ministries and departments Malaysia articles History Timeline Prehistoric Portuguese Malacca Dutch Malacca British Malaya Straits Settlements Federated Malay States Unfederated Malay States British Borneo Kingdom of Sarawak Crown Colony of Labuan North Borneo Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo British Military Administration ( Malaya / Borneo ) Malayan Union Federation of Malaya Independence Malayan Emergency Crown Colony of Singapore Self - government Crown Colony of Sarawak Self - government Crown Colony of North Borneo Self - government Malaysia Agreement 1962 Singapore referendum Cobbold Commission 18 - point agreement 20 - point agreement Indonesia -- Malaysia confrontation Sarawak Communist Insurgency Proclamation Malaysia Day PAP -- UMNO relations 1964 race riots Singapore in Malaysia Second Malayan Emergency 13 May Incident 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis 1997 Asian financial crisis Geography Cities , towns and villages Districts Divisions East Malaysia Environment Fauna Flora World Heritage Sites Islands Lakes Mountains National parks Peninsular Malaysia Rivers States Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Military Monarchies Parliament Political parties Prime Minister State legislative assemblies Head of state Economy Agriculture Banks Central bank Energy Federal budget Ringgit ( currency ) States by GDP Science and technology Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Unions Society Crime Demographics Malaysians Education Post-secondary Universities Ethnic groups Health Income disparity Languages Poverty Religion Water supply and sanitation Women International rankings Culture Architecture Cinema Cuisine Folklore Mythology Literature Malay lordship Media Music Names Public holidays Sport Symbols Animal Anthem Emblem Flag Flower Pledge Outline Index Book Category Portal Governments of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Book Category Asia portal Malaysia portal Politics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Malaysia&oldid=863069588 '' Categories : Government of Malaysia Asian governments Hidden categories : Articles with short description EngvarB from July 2014 Use dmy dates from July 2014 Articles containing Malay - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages فارسی Français ქართული Bahasa Melayu Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2018 , at 14 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of government is practiced by malaysia	[ "Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia (Malay: Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy. The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.\n", "Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia (Malay: Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy. The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.\n", "Government of Malaysia officially the Federal Government of Malaysia (Malay: Kerajaan Persekutuan Malaysia) based in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and the federal executive based in Putrajaya. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states operating within a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system and is categorised as a representative democracy. The federal government of Malaysia adheres to and is created by the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the supreme law of the land.\n" ]	[ "a federation of 13 states", "a constitutional monarchy under the Westminster parliamentary system", "categorised as a representative democracy" ]
661715133530052829	The Courtship of Eddie's Father	The Courtship of Eddie 's Father - wikipedia The Courtship of Eddie 's Father This article is about the television series . For the 1963 film , see The Courtship of Eddie 's Father ( film ) . The Courtship of Eddie 's Father From left : Bill Bixby , Brandon Cruz and Miyoshi Umeki , 1969 . Genre Family sitcom Created by James Komack Starring Bill Bixby Brandon Cruz Miyoshi Umeki James Komack Kristina Holland Opening theme `` Best Friend '' performed by Harry Nilsson Composer ( s ) George Tipton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 73 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 26 minutes Production company ( s ) MGM Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Release Original network ABC Original release September 17 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 17 ) -- March 1 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 01 ) The Courtship of Eddie 's Father is an American sitcom based on the 1963 movie of the same name , which was based on a novel by Mark Toby ( edited by Dorothy Wilson ) . The series is about a widower , Tom Corbett ( played by Bill Bixby ) , who is a magazine publisher , and his young son , Eddie ( played by Brandon Cruz ) . Eddie believes his father should marry , and manipulates situations surrounding the women his father is interested in . ( Eddie 's matchmaking efforts were the theme of the movie , but gradually became less central to the storylines in the series . ) The series debuted on September 17 , 1969 , and was last broadcast on March 1 , 1972 . Bixby received an Emmy nomination for the show . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Theme Song 3.3 Cancellation 4 Home media 5 Failed spin - offs 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Bixby and Cruz as Tom and Eddie The show centered on Tom Corbett ( Bill Bixby ) , a handsome , thirty - something magazine publisher and widower from Los Angeles . Following the death of his wife Helen , Tom is left to raise his mischievous , freckle - faced son , six - year - old Eddie ( Brandon Cruz ) . Eddie wants a new mother , so to that end , he cleverly manipulates his father 's relationships with women , sometimes even trying to set his father up to fall for women Eddie knows and likes first . The father - son duo 's domestic arrangements are managed , with great discretion , by their Japanese housekeeper , Mrs. Livingston ( Miyoshi Umeki ) . Her sage advice add to the comedic mix in situations where she looks after Eddie , and sometimes helps him further his schemes to marry off his father and find a new mother . Mrs. Livingston addresses her employer , Tom , as `` Mr. Eddie 's Father '' , which hints at who she considers to be the more important member of the pair under her care . Characters from Tom Corbett 's office included Tina Rickles ( Kristina Holland ) , as his secretary , and Norman Tinker ( James Komack ) , as the magazine 's photographer and token radical . Norman , who was also a family man , occasionally served as Eddie 's honorary uncle . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Bill Bixby and Brandon Cruz are the only two actors to appear in every episode of the series . Bill Bixby as Tom Corbett -- A widower and a magazine editor Brandon Cruz as Eddie Corbett -- Tom 's son Miyoshi Umeki as Mrs. Livingston -- Tom 's and Eddie 's housekeeper Kristina Holland as Tina Rickles -- Tom 's secretary James Komack as Norman Tinker -- Tom 's partner at a magazine company Guest cast ( edit ) During its three - season run , many familiar or up - and - coming actors who guest - starred on the show went on to become successful stars , including : Jodie Foster , Sally Struthers , Bruce Kirby , Pat Harrington Jr. , Diana Muldaur , Willie Aames , Warren Berlinger , Suzanne Pleshette , Yvonne Craig , Cicely Tyson , Richard X . Slattery , Tippi Hedren , Trisha Noble , John Fiedler , Alan Oppenheimer , Lou Jacobi , Will Geer , Bill Dana , Jerry Stiller , Anne Meara , Ronny Graham , Lori Saunders , Ann Prentiss , Ron Ely , Carol Lawrence , and George Takei . Future Happy Days stars Pat Morita and Erin Moran also made guest appearances . Established stars also made cameo appearances , such as Eve McVeagh as a grumpy neighbor named Lorraine Karn , Sammy Davis Jr. as an insurance man , and Bixby 's then - wife Brenda Benet as Tom 's girlfriend . Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Comedy producer James Komack served as both the creator and the executive producer of the show . In 1970 , Bill Bixby made his debut as a director , going on to direct eight episodes of the show . Theme song ( edit ) The television show 's theme song , `` Best Friend '' , was written and performed by Harry Nilsson , and was played over opening credits showing Bixby and Cruz in various happy moments . The song has often been used since that time as an iconic indication of father - son bonding . An edited version of Nilsson 's `` Best Friend '' was used as the theme song for the 2006 MTV series Rob & Big . Cancellation ( edit ) The show was cancelled in 1972 , when Bixby had a falling out with James Komack over the show 's direction . Many of the later episodes focused on Norman , Tom , and Eddie rather than on the relationship between Tom and Eddie . Years after the show was cancelled , it became quietly popular as reruns in syndication . Home media ( edit ) Warner Bros. has released all three seasons of The Courtship of Eddie 's Father on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection . These are Manufacture - on - Demand ( MOD ) releases , available via WBShop.com & Amazon.com . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 26 September 27 , 2011 The Complete Second Season 24 October 9 , 2012 The Complete Third Season 23 January 14 , 2014 Failed spin - offs ( edit ) As early as 1999 , Entertainment Weekly reported plans for Nicolas Cage to star in and produce a feature film remake of the series . In a 2011 interview , Brandon Cruz believed Cage was likely no longer interested in the project because Cage 's son Weston , who would have played Eddie , had grown too old for the part . In 2003 , filming began on a new television pilot which starred Ken Marino and Josh Hutcherson , but it was not picked up by a network . The child star of the previous series , Brandon Cruz , played a supporting role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In 1971 Bill Bixby received an Emmy nomination for Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for The Courtship of Eddie 's Father . '' The Courtship of Eddie 's Father Online Jump up ^ `` The Courtship of Eddie 's Father - ' The Complete 1st Season ' is Now Selling from the Warner Archive '' . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Courtship of Eddie 's Father - ' The Complete 2nd Season ' of Bill Bixby 's Show is on DVD Today '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Warner Archive Schedules the 3rd and Final Season for MOD Archived December 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lee , Will ( September 17 , 1999 ) . `` Tube Tied '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Courtship of Eddie 's Father : Brandon Cruz Recalls the Show and His Friend Bill Bixby '' . TVSeriesFinale.com . December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Courtship of Eddie 's Father . The Courtship of Eddie 's Father at TV.com The Courtship of Eddie 's Father on IMDb The Courtship of Eddie 's Father theme song , by Harry Nilsson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Courtship_of_Eddie%27s_Father&oldid=854367428 '' Categories : 1969 American television series debuts 1972 American television series endings 1960s American sitcoms 1970s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Television series by MGM Television Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television programs based on films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2013 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 20 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	sitcom with the theme song you're my best friend	[ "The Courtship of Eddie's Father\nFrom left: Bill Bixby, Brandon Cruz and Miyoshi Umeki, 1969.Genre\nFamily sitcomCreated by\nJames KomackStarring\n\nBill Bixby\nBrandon Cruz\nMiyoshi Umeki\nJames Komack\nKristina Holland\nOpening theme\n\"Best Friend\" performed by Harry NilssonComposer(s)\nGeorge TiptonCountry of origin\nUnited StatesOriginal language(s)\nEnglishNo. of seasons\n3No. of episodes\n73 (list of episodes)ProductionRunning time\n26 minutesProduction company(s)\nMGM TelevisionDistributor\nWarner Bros. TelevisionReleaseOriginal network\nABCOriginal release\nSeptember 17, 1969 (1969-09-17) – March 1, 1972 (1972-03-01)" ]	[ "The Courtship of Eddie's Father" ]
7040499671360833670	Chitty Chitty Bang Bang	Chitty Chitty Bang Bang - wikipedia Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( disambiguation ) . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Original cinema release poster Directed by Ken Hughes Produced by Albert R. Broccoli Screenplay by Roald Dahl Ken Hughes Additional dialogue : Richard Maibaum Based on Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang by Ian Fleming Starring Dick Van Dyke Sally Ann Howes Lionel Jeffries Gert Fröbe Anna Quayle Benny Hill James Robertson Justice Robert Helpmann Music by Irwin Kostal ( score ) Richard M. Sherman ( songs ) Robert B. Sherman ( songs ) Cinematography Christopher Challis Edited by John Shirley Production company Warfield Productions Dramatic Features Distributed by United Artists Release date 16 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 16 ) ( London , premiere ) 17 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 17 ) ( United Kingdom ) 18 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 18 ) ( United States ) Running time 145 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $10 million Box office $7.5 million ( Rentals ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical adventure fantasy film , directed by Ken Hughes and written by Roald Dahl and Hughes , loosely based on Ian Fleming 's 1964 novel Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang : The Magical Car . The film stars Dick Van Dyke , Sally Ann Howes , Adrian Hall , Heather Ripley , Lionel Jeffries , James Robertson Justice , Robert Helpmann and Gert Fröbe . The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli , the regular co-producer of the James Bond series of films ( also based on Ian Fleming novels ) . John Stears supervised the special effects . Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music , while the musical numbers , written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of Mary Poppins , were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood . The song `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' was nominated for an Academy Award . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 4.3 Accolades 5 Soundtrack 6 Home video releases 7 Adaptations 7.1 Novelisation of film 7.2 Comic book adaption 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race it runs in from 1907 through 1908 . However , in its final 1909 race , the car crashes and catches fire , ending its racing career . The car eventually ends up in an old garage in rural England , where two children , Jeremy ( Adrian Hall ) and Jemima Potts ( Heather Ripley ) , have grown fond of it . However , a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner , Mr. Coggins ( Desmond Llewelyn ) , for scrap . The children , who live with their widowed father Caractacus Potts ( Dick Van Dyke ) , an eccentric inventor , and the family 's equally peculiar grandfather , implore their father to buy the car , but Caractacus ca n't afford it . While playing truant from school , they meet Truly Scrumptious ( Sally Ann Howes ) , a beautiful upper - class woman with her own motor car , who brings them home to report their truancy to their father . After she leaves , Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car , but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to . He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down . The next morning , Potts discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute . He tries to sell the `` Toot Sweets '' to Truly 's father , Lord Scrumptious ( James Robertson Justice ) , a major confectionery manufacturer . He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory , resulting in Caractacus 's proposition being rejected . Caractacus next takes his automatic hair - cutting machine to a carnival to raise money , but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer . Potts eludes the man by joining a song - and - dance act . He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it . They name the car `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' for the unusual noise of its engine . In the first trip in the car , Caractacus , the children , and Truly picnic on the beach . Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst ( Gert Fröbe ) , the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria , who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . As Potts tells his story , the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron . All of a sudden , Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat , and they escape Bomburst 's yacht and return to shore . The Baron sends two spies to capture the car , but they capture Lord Scrumptious , then Grandpa Potts ( Lionel Jeffries ) , mistaking each for the car 's creator . Caractacus , Truly , and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship , and they give chase . When they accidentally drive off a cliff , Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly . They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children ; the Baroness Bomburst ( Anna Quayle ) abhors them and imprisons any she finds . Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car , and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being executed . The Potts ' party is hidden by the local Toymaker ( Benny Hill ) , who now works only for the childish Baron . Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle . While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food , the children are caught by the Baroness ' Child Catcher ( Robert Helpmann ) . The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children . They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron . The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life - size dolls for the Baron 's birthday . Caractacus snares the Baron , and the children swarm into the banquet hall , overcoming the Baron 's palace guards and guests . In the ensuing chaos , the Baron , Baroness , and the evil Child Catcher are captured . The Potts family and Truly fly back to England . When they arrive home , Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection . Caractacus , realising that he will be rich , rushes to tell Truly the news . They kiss , and Truly agrees to marry him . As they drive home , he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism , as the car takes off into the air again . Cast ( edit ) The main cast after landing in Vulgaria . The cast includes : Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst Benny Hill as the Toymaker James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious Robert Helpmann as the Child Catcher Barbara Windsor as Blonde Davy Kaye as Admiral Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst 's Army Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins Victor Maddern as Junkman Arthur Mullard as Big Man Max Wall as Inventor Gerald Campion as Minister Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader Alexander Doré as First Spy Bernard Spear as Second Spy Richard Wattis as Sweet Factory Secretary ( uncredited ) Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child ( scene cut ) The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews , to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins . Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould . Instead , Sally Ann Howes was given the role . Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver ! ( which ended up going to Ron Moody ) . Production ( edit ) The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett ; by 1976 , Time magazine , describing Emett 's work , said no term other than `` Fantasticator ... could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky , pink - cheeked Englishman whose pixilations , in cartoon , watercolor and clanking 3 - D reality , range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic . '' Six Chitty - Chitty Bang - Bang cars were created for the film , only one of which was fully functional . At a 1973 auction in Florida , one of them sold for $37,000 , equal to $203,972 today . The original `` hero '' car , in a condition described as fully functional and road - going , was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California - based auction house . The car sold for $805,000 , less than the $1 -- 2 million it was expected to reach . It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson . Locations ( edit ) Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory ( exterior ) -- Kempton Waterworks , Snakey Lane , Hanworth , Middlesex , England . This location now includes a steam museum open to the public . Scrumptious Mansion -- Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath , Buckinghamshire , England . Windmill / Cottage -- Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone , near Turville , Buckinghamshire , England . Duck Pond -- Russell 's Water , Oxfordshire , England . Train scene -- The Longmoor Military Railway . Beach -- Cap Taillat in St. Tropez , France . Bridge ( river ) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty -- Iver Bridge , Iver , Buckinghamshire , England . Bridge ( railway ) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious -- Ilmer Bridge , Ilmer , Buckinghamshire , England . White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse -- The Needles stacks , Isle of Wight , England . White cliffs -- Beachy Head , East Sussex , England . Baron Bomburst 's castle -- Neuschwanstein Castle for the exterior , neighboured Hohenschwangau Castle for the interiors , Bavaria , Germany . Vulgarian village -- Rothenburg ob der Tauber , Germany . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969 . Critical ( edit ) Time began its review saying the film is a `` picture for the ages -- the ages between five and twelve '' and ends noting that `` At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it 's not not all all bad bad '' ; the film 's `` eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn . Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it , but most of the film 's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes 's fantasy scenes , which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility . '' The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote , `` in spite of the dreadful title , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast , dense , friendly children 's musical , with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game '' ; Adler called the screenplay `` remarkably good '' and the film 's `` preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children '' ; she ends her review on the same note as Time : `` There is nothing coy , or stodgy or too frightening about the film ; and this year , when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience 's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost . '' Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film ( Chicago Sun Times , 24 December 1968 ) . He wrote : `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two - hour children 's movie you could hope for , with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of ( scary ) moments . '' In 2008 film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture `` one big Edsel , with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever . '' In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann 's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the `` 50 Most Vile Movie Villains . '' As of March 2014 , the film has a 65 % `` Fresh '' rating ( 17 of 26 reviews ) on Rotten Tomatoes . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the American Film Institute 's 2006 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals list . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original soundtrack album , as was typical of soundtrack albums , presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks . The songs were also edited , with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed , both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs . The soundtrack has been released on CD four times , the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs . The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation . On 24 February 2004 , a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD , Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks , restoring it to its original 1968 LP format . In 2011 , Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album , a 2 - CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks , music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1 , and the Richard Sherman Demos , as well as six Playback Tracks ( including a long version of international covers of the theme song ) . Inexplicably , this release was limited to only 1,000 units . In April 2013 , Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove . Home video releases ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format . In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release . The year 2003 brought a two - disc `` Special Edition '' release . On 2 November 2010 , 20th Century Fox released a two - disc Blu - ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features . The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM / UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20 : 1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio . Adaptations ( edit ) Novelisation of film ( edit ) Novelization of the film by John Burke , published by Pan Books The film did not follow Fleming 's novel closely . A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film 's release . It basically followed the film 's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis , e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife , and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences . It was written by John Burke . Comic Book adaption ( edit ) Gold Key : Chitty Chitty Bang Bang . Gold Key Comics . February 1969 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( U '' . British Board of Film Classification . 18 October 1968 . Retrieved 27 August 2016 . Jump up ^ http://flickfacts.com/movie/117/chitty-chitty-bang-bang Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Films of 1969 '' , Variety , 7 January 1970 p 15 Jump up ^ `` Ian Fleming Centenary , James Bond , Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , Devil may care , Sebastian Faulks new novel , Ian Fleming exhibition '' . Ianflemingcentenary.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chitty Chitty Bang Bang from the MGM website . Jump up ^ Stirling , Richard . Julie Andrews : An Intimate Biography . St. Martin 's Griffin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 56498 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Modern Living : The Gothic - Kinetic Merlin of Wild Goose Cottage '' . Time . 1 November 1976 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Living : Crazy - Car Craze '' . Time . 30 April 1973 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to be Sold at Auction '' . Profiles In History . 25 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'Car Undersells at Auction '' . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson picks up Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . The Dominion Post . Wellington . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Where was ' Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ' filmed ? '' . British Film Locations . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Top Twenty Films . '' The Sunday Times ( London ) 27 Sept. 1970 : 27 . The Sunday Times Digital Archive . accessed 5 Apr. 2014 Jump up ^ `` New Movies : Chug - Chug , Mug - Mug '' . Time . 17 December 1968 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Adler , Renata ( 19 December 1968 ) . `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : Fast , Friendly Musical for Children Bows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Penguin . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0452289789 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Vile Movie Villains '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2008 . Retrieved 5 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . 2005 . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Kritzerland . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ; The Story of the Film '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Key : Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' . Grand Comics Database . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( film ) . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang on IMDb Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the TCM Movie Database Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at AllMovie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the American Film Institute Catalog Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at Rotten Tomatoes Links to related articles Ian Fleming 's Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Characters Caractacus Pott Truly Scrumptious Child Catcher Objects and locations Vulgaria Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( car ) Chitty Bang Bang ( airship ) Media Chitty - Chitty - Bang - Bang : The Magical Car ( 1964 book ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( film ) `` Chitty Chitty Bang Bang '' ( song ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( musical ) Other Chitty Bang Bang ( original car ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Films directed by Ken Hughes Wide Boy ( 1952 ) The Drayton Case ( 1953 ) Black 13 ( 1953 ) The Dark Stairway ( 1953 ) The House Across the Lake ( 1954 ) The Brain Machine ( 1955 ) Little Red Monkey ( 1955 ) Confession ( 1955 ) Timeslip ( 1955 ) Joe MacBeth ( 1955 ) Murder Anonymous ( 1955 ) Wicked as They Come ( 1956 ) The Long Haul ( 1957 ) Jazz Boat ( 1960 ) The Trials of Oscar Wilde ( 1960 ) In the Nick ( 1960 ) The Small World of Sammy Lee ( 1963 ) Of Human Bondage ( 1964 ) Drop Dead Darling ( 1966 ) Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Cromwell ( 1970 ) The Internecine Project ( 1974 ) Alfie Darling ( 1975 ) Sextette ( 1978 ) Night School ( 1981 ) The Sherman Brothers Richard M. Sherman Robert B. Sherman Motion pictures The Parent Trap ( 1961 ) The Absent - Minded Professor ( 1961 ) Greyfriars Bobby ( 1961 ) Bon Voyage ! ( 1962 ) A Symposium on Popular Songs ( 1962 ) In Search of the Castaways ( 1962 ) Big Red ( 1962 ) Moon Pilot ( 1962 ) Summer Magic ( 1963 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Misadventures of Merlin Jones ( 1964 ) The Moon - Spinners ( 1964 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Those Calloways ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) That Darn Cat ! ( 1965 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Follow Me Boys ( 1966 ) The Happiest Millionaire ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin ( 1967 ) The One and Only , Genuine , Original Family Band ( 1968 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Goldilocks ( 1971 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Snoopy , Come Home ( 1972 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1976 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Magic of Lassie ( 1978 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1992 ) The Mighty Kong ( 1998 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Stage musicals and musical revues Victory Canteen ( 1971 ) Over Here ! ( 1974 ) Dawgs ( 1983 ) The Slipper and the Rose ( 1984 ) Busker Alley ( 1994 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 2002 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) Merry - Go - Round workshop ( 2007 ) A Spoonful of Sherman ( 2014 ) Theme park attractions Golden Horseshoe Revue ( 1955 ) King Arthur Carrousel ( 1955 ) Walt Disney 's Enchanted Tiki Room ( 1963 ) It 's a Small World ( 1966 ) Adventure Thru Inner Space ( 1967 ) Walt Disney 's Carousel of Progress ( 1967 ) Main Street Electrical Parade ( 1972 ) America Sings ( 1974 ) America on Parade ( 1975 ) CommuniCore ( 1982 ) Imagination ! ( 1982 ) Magic Journeys ( 1982 ) The World Showcase March ( 1982 ) Japan ( Epcot ) ( 1982 ) Journey into Imagination ( 1983 ) Meet the World ( 1983 ) Innoventions ( 1998 ) Rocket Rods ( 1998 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1999 ) Disneyland Forever ( 2015 ) Books Walt 's Time : from before to beyond ( 1998 ) Moose : Chapters From My Life ( 2013 ) Related The Boys : The Sherman Brothers ' Story ( 2009 ) Saving Mr. Banks ( 2013 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) BNF : cb164598212 ( data ) GND : 4625818 - 8 VIAF : 225062811 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang&oldid=843280154 '' Categories : 1968 films English - language films Chitty Chitty Bang Bang 1960s musical films 1960s fantasy films British films British aviation films British children 's adventure films British children 's fantasy films British musical films Fantasy - comedy films Films about abduction Films about automobiles Films adapted into comics Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films directed by Ken Hughes Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli Films set in a fictional European country Films set in the 1910s Films shot in Bavaria Films shot in England Films shot in Germany Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Saint - Tropez Flying cars in fiction Musical fantasy films Musicals by the Sherman Brothers Screenplays by Roald Dahl United Artists films Varèse Sarabande albums Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Simple English Svenska ייִדיש 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 02 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote music for chitty chitty bang bang	[ "The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, the regular co-producer of the James Bond series of films (also based on Ian Fleming novels). John Stears supervised the special effects. Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, while the musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of Mary Poppins, were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song \"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang\" was nominated for an Academy Award.[4]" ]	[ "Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman" ]
2745432418184373991	Television in the United States	Television in the United States - wikipedia Television in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Mythology Folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Pastimes Sport Media Radio Cinema Television Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal Television is one of the major mass media of the United States . As of 2011 , household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7 % , with approximately 114,200,000 American households owning at least one television set as of August 2013 . The majority of households have more than one set . The peak ownership percentage of households with at least one television set occurred during the 1996 -- 97 season , with 98.4 % ownership . As a whole , the television networks that broadcast in the United States are the largest and most distributed in the world , and programs produced specifically for U.S. - based networks are the most widely syndicated internationally . Due to a recent surge in the number and popularity of critically acclaimed television series during the 2000s and the 2010s to date , many critics have said that American television is currently undergoing a modern golden age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television channels and networks 1.1 Broadcast television 1.1. 1 Major broadcast networks 1.1. 2 Other over-the - air commercial television 1.1. 3 Digital multicast services 1.1. 4 Broadcast television in languages other than English 1.1. 4.1 Spanish 1.1. 4.2 Other languages 1.1. 5 Non-commercial television 1.2 Cable and satellite television 1.3 Internet services 2 The business of television 3 Programming 3.1 News 3.2 Game shows 3.3 Soap operas 3.4 Comedies and dramas 3.5 Reality television 3.6 Talk shows 3.7 Children 's programming 3.8 Professional wrestling 3.9 Sports 3.10 Imported programming 3.11 The life cycle of U.S. television shows 4 Regulation 5 History of American television 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Television channels and networks ( edit ) In the United States , television is available via broadcast ( also known as `` over-the - air '' or OTA ) -- the earliest method of receiving television programming , which merely requires an antenna and an equipped internal or external tuner capable of picking up channels that transmit on the two principal broadcast bands , very high frequency ( VHF ) and ultra high frequency ( UHF ) , in order to receive the signal -- and four conventional types of multichannel subscription television : cable , unencrypted satellite ( `` free - to - air '' ) , direct - broadcast satellite television and IPTV ( internet protocol television ) . There are also competing video services on the World Wide Web , which have become an increasingly popular mode of television viewing since the late 2000s , particularly with younger audiences as an alternative or a supplement to the aforementioned traditional forms of viewing television content . Individual broadcast television stations in the U.S. transmit on either VHF channels 2 through 13 or UHF channels 14 through 51 . During the era of analog television , broadcast stations transmitted on a single universal channel ; however due to the technical complexities of the present digital television standard , most stations now transmit physically on an RF channel ( or `` minor channel '' ) that is mapped to a virtual channel ( or `` major channel '' ) , which -- with some exceptions -- typically differs from their physical allocation and corresponds to the station 's former analog channel . The UHF band originally spanned from channels 14 to 83 , though the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) has twice rescinded the high - end portions of the band from television broadcasting use for emergency and other telecommunications purposes in 1983 ( when channels 70 to 83 were removed ) and 2009 ( when channels 52 to 69 were removed by mandate at the completion of the transition from analog to digital television ) . As in other countries , television stations require a license to broadcast legally ( which any prospective broadcaster can apply for through the FCC ) and must comply with certain requirements ( such as those involving programming of public affairs and educational interest , and regulations prohibiting the airing of indecent content ) in order to retain it ; the FCC 's Board of Commissioners maintains oversight of the renewal of existing station licenses approaching their expiration , with individuals or groups who wish to oppose the granting of a renewal to a licensee based on any disagreement over rule compliance or any other issues inclined to contest it for consideration of revocation . Over-the - air and subscription television networks , however , are not required to file for a license to operate . Over-the - air and free - to - air television do not necessitate any monthly payments , while cable , direct broadcast satellite ( DBS ) and IPTV services require monthly payments that vary depending on the number of channels that a subscriber chooses to pay for in a particular package . Channels are usually sold in groups ( known as `` tiers '' ) , rather than singularly ( or on an a la carte basis ) . Most conventional subscription television services offer a limited basic ( or `` lifeline '' ) tier , a minimum base package that includes only broadcast stations within the television market where the service is located , and public , educational , and government access ( PEG ) cable channels ; in many smaller markets , this tier may offer stations from adjacent markets that act as default network affiliates for areas not served by a local affiliate of one or more of the major broadcast networks ; however , since the digital television transition in the late 2000s , these have been replaced in some cases by digital subchannels that have agreed to provide a particular network 's programming within the local market . Elevated programming tiers commonly start with an expanded basic package , offering a selection of subscription channels intended for wide distribution ( primarily those that launched between the 1970s and the 1990s ) ; since the upspring of digital cable and satellite television during the mid - and late 1990s , additional channels with more limited distribution are offered as add - ons to the basic packages through separate tiers , which are commonly organized based on the programming format of the channels sold in the tier . A la carte subscription services in the U.S. are primarily limited to pay television ( more commonly known as `` premium '' ) channels that are offered as add - ons to any programming package that a customer of a multichannel video programming distributor ( also known as a cable or satellite `` system '' or `` provider '' ) can subscribe to for an additional monthly fee . Broadcast television ( edit ) Main articles : Terrestrial television and List of United States over-the - air television networks The United States has a decentralized , market - oriented television system , particularly in regard to broadcast television . The nation has a national public television service known as the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Local media markets have their own television stations , which may either be affiliated with or owned and operated by a television network . Stations may sign affiliation agreements with one of the national networks for the local rights to carry their programming ; these contracts can last anywhere from one to ten years , although such agreements often last on average between four and six years . Except in very small markets with a limited number of commercial stations ( generally , fewer than five ) , affiliation agreements are usually exclusive : for example , if a station is affiliated with NBC , it consequently would not air programs from ABC , CBS or other networks . Arrangements in which television stations carried more than one network on its main signal ( which often resulted in some network programs being not being cleared to air locally by the station , thereby limiting their national carriage and resulting in viewers having to rely on an out - of - market station receivable in their area that airs the locally pre-empted show through an affiliation with that same network in order to see it ) were more common between the 1940s and the 1960s , although some arrangements continued as late as 2010 . Today , programming from networks other than that with which the station maintains a primary affiliation are usually carried over digital subchannels , which increasingly since the mid-2000s , have allowed one of the major broadcast networks to expand their national coverage to markets where they would have previously either had to settle for a secondary affiliation with a full - power television station ( which maintain transmitting power as high as 1,000 kilowatts and outputs a signal extending as far as 80 miles ( 130 km ) from the transmitter site ) , or an exclusive or primary affiliation with a low - power station with more limited signal coverage ( which maintain a reduced transmitting power not exceeding 100 kilowatts , with a more limited signal radius covering an area 30 -- 60 miles ( 48 -- 97 km ) from the transmitter ) . However unlike in other countries , to ensure local presences in television broadcasting , federal law restricts the amount of network programming that local stations can run . Until the 1970s and 1980s , local stations supplemented network programming with a sizeable amount of their own locally produced shows , which encompassed a broad content spectrum that included variety , talk , music and sports programming . Today however , many ( though not all ) stations produce only local news programs , and in some cases , public affairs programs ( most commonly , in the form of news and / or political analysis shows ) ; the remainder of their schedules are filled with syndicated programs , or material produced independently and sold to individual stations in each local market . The method of most commercial stations -- those that rely , at least partly , on advertising for revenue -- acquiring programs through distributors of syndicated content to fill time not allotted to network and / or local programming differs from other countries worldwide where networks handle the responsibility of programming first - run and syndicated programs , whereas their partner stations are only responsible for the programming of local content . The international programming model is used in the U.S. by some smaller networks and multicast services , which are more cost - effective for their affiliate stations since they require little to no acquired or locally produced programming to fill airtime at the local level . The federal government has imposed limits on how many stations an individual owner can hold . The earliest limits restricted owners from holding more than five stations across the entire country , and no more than one in any given market . As of 2017 , these limits have been relaxed substantially ; an ownership group is now legally allowed to own up to two signals in a market ( which can amount to many more actual channels through digital transmission ) , can use a shell company to circumvent certain ownership restrictions by way of a local marketing agreement , and can cover up to 78 % of the United States with their signals . All four of the major television networks directly own and operate a number of stations , concentrating mostly on the largest metropolitan areas . The largest ownership group in terms of coverage of the U.S. is Ion Television , whose stations cover 65 % of the nation and are entirely centrally operated , with no local programming . Two other ownership groups in particular , Sinclair Broadcast Group and Nexstar Media Group , do not produce network programming ( Sinclair has produced original programs for its stations but not on a full - time network ) but each own over 150 stations , each covering over three - eighths of the country . In terms of number of stations , Nexstar and Sinclair run first and second , with third place held by Gray Television , whose 131 stations cover mostly smaller metropolitan areas reaching only 10 % of the population . Major broadcast networks ( edit ) See also : Big Three television networks , Fourth television network , and Dayparting John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon participate in the first televised presidential debate in Washington , D.C. in 1960 . The five major U.S. broadcast television networks are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , CBS ( formerly known as the Columbia Broadcasting System ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , the Fox Broadcasting Company ( Fox ) and the CW Television Network . The first and elder three ( which are colloquially known as the `` Big Three '' ) began as radio networks : NBC and CBS respectively began operations in 1924 and 1927 , while ABC was spun off from NBC to Edward J. Noble in 1943 as the Blue Network during FCC inquiries over NBC 's dominant share of the American radio market , although the ABC television network would not reach viewership and distribution parity with NBC and CBS until the late 1960s . Fox is a relative newcomer that began operation on October 6 , 1986 with a limited schedule of late - night programming ( the network would launch a weekend - only prime time lineup seven months later on April 9 , 1987 ) , although it is built upon the remnants of the former DuMont Television Network , an earlier attempt at a `` fourth network '' that operated from January 1948 to August 1956 ; the Paramount Television Network also flourished simultaneously , if less successfully . The CW was created in September 2006 when CBS Corporation and Time Warner decided to merge the respective programming assets of the United Paramount Network ( UPN ) and The WB , both of which launched in January 1995 , with The CW also drawing from the latter 's broadcast and cable assets and scheduling model ( The WB 's online assets remained separate , although its former web domain -- which was revamped as a streaming service -- was shut down in December 2013 and replaced with a promotional website for Warner Bros. Television programs ) . All in all , the U.S. broadcasting landscape dramatically evolved towards a conglomeratization of players -- an effect also called concentration of media ownership , which describes the narrowing of competition in modern television broadcasting . NBC logo Weekday schedules on ABC , CBS , and NBC affiliates tend to be similar , with programming choices sorted by dayparts ( Fox does not air network programming outside of prime time other than sports programming that airs on weekends and , on fairly rare occasions , weekdays ) . Typically , these begin with an early - morning national newscast ( such as ABC 's America This Morning ) , followed by a local morning news program ; these are typically followed by a network morning program ( such as NBC 's Today ) , which usually mixes news , weather , lifestyle segments , interviews and music performances . CBS logo Network daytime schedules consist of talk shows and soap operas , although one network -- CBS -- still carries game shows ( a handful of other game shows otherwise air in syndication ) ; local newscasts may air at midday timeslots . Syndicated talk shows are shown in the late afternoon , followed by additional local newscasts in the early evening time period . ABC , CBS and NBC offer network news programs each evening , generally airing at 6 : 30 or 7 : 00 p.m. in the Eastern Time Zone ( 5 : 30 or 6 : 00 p.m. in other areas ) , however these are sometimes subject to pre-emption on weekends and select holidays due to sports programming that overlaps into the time slot , either because the event is scheduled to occur later in the day or extends beyond the set time block ( due to regulations imposed by sports leagues , particularly as a result of the infamous 1968 `` Heidi Bowl '' telecast in which NBC interrupted a National Football League ( NFL ) game between the New York Jets and the Oakland Raiders to air a made - for - television film in its scheduled time slot due to a failure in communications between network executives , most televised sporting events are required to be broadcast until their completion ) . ABC logo Local newscasts or syndicated programs fill the `` prime access '' hour or half - hour ( 7 : 00 to 8 : 00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones , 6 : 30 to 7 : 00 p.m. in other areas ) , and lead into the networks ' prime time schedules , which are the day 's most - watched three hours of television . The traditional prime time schedule runs from 8 : 00 to 11 : 00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 7 : 00 to 10 : 00 p.m. elsewhere , although this varies depending on the network and the day : the four major networks program an additional hour ( running from 7 : 00 to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific , 6 : 00 to 7 : 00 p.m. elsewhere ) on Sunday evenings ( many Spanish language broadcast networks also program this additional hour to begin their prime time lineups on all seven nights of the week ) ; Fox , The CW and MyNetworkTV , in contrast , do not carry any programming during the 10 : 00 / 9 : 00 p.m. hour and leave that hour for their affiliates to provide programming of their own . Typically , family - oriented comedy programs led in the early part of prime time , although in recent years , reality television programs ( such as Dancing with the Stars and American Idol ) , and more adult - oriented scripted programs -- both comedies and dramas -- have largely replaced them . Later in the evening , drama series of various types ( such as NCIS , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit and Grey 's Anatomy ) air . Sunday is the most - watched night on American television , with many of TV 's most popular shows airing on that night . Viewership tends to then decline throughout the week , culminating in the lowest ratings being registered on Friday and Saturday night ; most broadcast networks abandoned the programming of first - run scripted fare on Saturdays by 2004 , in favor of sports , newsmagazines and burn - offs and reruns of other prime time series ; however first - run scripted programming continues to air on Fridays , being mixed in with newsmagazines and / or reality series , depending on the network . Networks , however , pay special attention to Thursday night , which is the last night for advertisers of weekend purchases -- such as cars , movie tickets and home video rentals -- to reach large television audiences . Throughout the 1990s , NBC called its own Thursday night lineup `` Must See TV '' , and during that decade , some of the country 's most watched television shows aired on Thursday nights ( several of which aired on NBC ) , before the re-emergence of Sunday as the top night of prime time programming in the 2000s . At the end of prime time , another local news program is broadcast , usually followed by late - night interview shows ( such as The Late Show with Stephen Colbert or The Tonight Show ) . Rather than sign off in the early pre-dawn hours of the morning ( as was standard practice until the early 1970s in larger markets and until the mid-1980s in smaller ones ) , television stations now fill the time with syndicated programming , reruns of prime time television shows or late local newscasts ( the latter becoming less common since the early 2000s ) , or 30 - minute advertisements , known as infomercials , and in the case of CBS and ABC , overnight network news programs . On some stations , syndicated programming may fill timeslots where local newscasts would traditionally air , either due to the station not programming news in certain time periods or because it does not operate a news department ; similarly , local news programs in the late evening hours may air during the final hour of prime time ( 10 : 00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 9 : 00 p.m. in all others ) and / or during the morning commute period ( 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 or 10 : 00 a.m. in all time zones ) , usually on stations affiliated with networks other than those classified as part of the `` Big Three '' ( ABC , NBC and CBS ) and those without a network affiliation . Saturday mornings usually feature network programming aimed at children ( traditionally these mainly consisted of animated cartoons and in some cases , live - action scripted series and even game shows targeted at the demographic , although live - action lifestyle , science and wildlife programs have become the norm for the timeslot since 2009 , while animated series have primarily been relegated to non-commercial and non-English language networks ) , while Sunday mornings include a form of public affairs program known as the Sunday morning talk shows ( which maintain a `` week - in - review '' format that focuses primarily on political and socioeconomic issues , and if a particular program 's format is more fluid in regards to topical content , other news stories of major interest ) . Both of these help fulfill stations ' legal obligations , respectively to provide educational children 's programs ( through a law passed in 1990 known as the Children 's Television Act , which requires stations to carry a minimum of three hours of programs featuring content benefiting the educational needs of youth each week ) and public service programming . Sports and infomercials ( and on some stations , syndicated feature film packages ) can be found on weekend afternoons , followed again by the same type of prime - time shows aired during the week . Other over-the - air commercial television ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From 1956 to 1986 , the majority of English - language television stations that were not affiliated with the Big Three networks , nor affiliates of National Educational Television nor , arguably , ( from 1956 - 1961 ) the smaller NTA Film Network were `` independent , '' airing only syndicated and some locally produced programming to fill their daily schedules . Many independent stations still exist in the U.S. , usually historically broadcasting on the UHF band ; however the number of them had drastically decreased ( especially within individual markets ) after 1995 due to the formation of newer broadcast networks that were created to compete against the four established competitors . Syndicated shows , often reruns of television series currently in or out of production and movies released as recently as three years prior to their initial syndication broadcast , take up much of their schedules . Fox logo However , in October 1986 , the Fox Broadcasting Company was launched as a challenge to the Big Three networks , with six independent stations that News Corporation ( which acquired the 20th Century Fox the year before ) had acquired from Metromedia as its cornerstone charter outlets , along with many independents owned by other companies . Thanks largely to the success of shows like The Simpsons , Beverly Hills , 90210 and The X-Files , as well as the network 's acquisition of rights to show games from the National Football League 's National Football Conference arm in December 1993 , Fox has established itself as a major player in broadcast television . However , Fox differs from the three older networks in that it does not air daily morning and nightly news programs or have network - run daytime or weeknight late night schedules ( though late night shows do air on Saturday nights , and beforehand , the network made previous failed attempts at late night programming on Monday through Friday evenings between 1986 and 1993 ) . Its nightly prime - time schedule runs only two hours long on Monday through Saturdays and three hours on Sundays ( something the network intentionally did to sidestep FCC regulations for television networks in effect at Fox 's launch ) , and some of its major market affiliates used to broadcast on UHF before the digital transition ( several affiliates though broadcast on VHF pre-transition , primarily as a result of affiliation deals with former longtime Big Three affiliates owned by now - defunct station groups New World Communications and SF Broadcasting that it signed after acquiring the NFL rights ) . Many of its affiliates in mid-size and small markets outsource news production to Big Three affiliates rather produce their own newscasts , and its flagship stations in New York City and Los Angeles do not include the network 's name within their callsigns ( Fox 's owned - and - operated stations in New York City and Los Angeles instead use the respective callsigns WNYW and KTTV ; the WFOX - TV and KFOX - TV calls are respectively used by Fox affiliates in Jacksonville , Florida and El Paso , Texas ) . Fox 's only scheduled news program is Fox News Sunday , which it airs on Sunday mornings ; special news coverage on the network comes from the staff of its sister cable network Fox News Channel ( which launched in August 1996 , around the same time as its affiliate video service Fox NewsEdge ) , though not every affiliate carries breaking news bulletins from Fox News outside of prime time presidential addresses , and national and international events of utmost urgency . Most of Fox 's affiliates now have local newscasts ( only a small number of affiliates , mainly based in larger markets , carried news programming prior to the mid-1990s ) , often scheduled during the final hour of prime time -- an hour earlier than newscasts seen on major network stations -- at which time they compete with network dramas , rather than other local newscasts ( although some news - producing Fox stations also carry newscasts in the traditional late news time period ) , and for one to three additional hours in the morning that overlap with morning news programs on ABC , NBC and CBS . Ion Television logo Three new networks launched in the 1990s : within six days of each other in January 1995 , The WB ( which was originally formed as a venture between Time Warner , Tribune Broadcasting -- which made the majority of its independent stations principal charter affiliates of the network -- and former Fox executive Jamie Kellner , who served as The WB 's original chief executive officer ) and UPN ( created as a programming partnership between Chris - Craft Industries / United Television and Paramount Television , which had been acquired the year prior by Viacom , which would gain full ownership of UPN five years after the network 's launch ) were launched primarily to compete against Fox , targeting the same younger demographic ( teenagers and young adults 12 to 34 ) that network had built its success upon during the first half of the decade . In August 1998 , Paxson Communications ( now Ion Media Networks ) launched Pax TV to counterprogram the four larger networks as well as The WB and UPN , with a focus on family - oriented original and acquired programming ; due to underperforming viewership in its initial format , Pax relaunched as i : Independent Television ( focusing more on reruns and movies aimed at a broader audience ) in July 2005 and then as Ion Television in September 2007 . On September 18 , 2006 , Time Warner and CBS Corporation shut down The WB and UPN to launch a `` merger '' of those networks , The CW ; meanwhile , two weeks earlier on September 5 , News Corporation created MyNetworkTV , originally intended to replace UPN programming on Fox - owned stations that were affiliated with the latter network . The CW logo The CW broadcasts ten hours a week of programming in prime time , all airing only on Monday through Fridays ( the network maintained a three - hour evening lineup on Sundays from 2006 to 2009 , when that time was turned over to its affiliates ) , and five hours on Saturday mornings ( its children 's program block may bleed into the afternoon hours on weekends on a few stations due to other locally scheduled programs ) . The CW is the only major network that operates a fully programmed alternate feed for smaller markets , The CW Plus ( a successor to The WB 's group of cable - only affiliates , The WB 100 + Station Group , which launched in September 1998 to provide the network 's programming to markets where it would otherwise not be able to gain adequate over-the - air coverage ) , which , as a cost - effective method that reduces programming responsibilities on prospective affiliate stations , fills airtime not occupied by CW network programming with syndicated programs and infomercials ; The CW Plus is distributed via digital subchannel and cable - only affiliates , making it also one of the only networks that has local affiliates that do not broadcast over-the - air . MyNetworkTV logo MyNetworkTV originally started as a conventional network with a format primarily consisting of English language telenovelas ; however , after experiencing continued low ratings for its prime time - exclusive schedule ( even after several programming revamps that followed over the next three years after the initial format faltered ) , it converted into a `` broadcast syndication service '' in September 2009 , adopting a format made up of reruns of series originally aired on other networks for ten hours a week on Monday through Fridays . Ion broadcasts 24 hours a day , seven days a week ( though only eighteen hours of its schedule each day consist of entertainment programming , with infomercials and religious programming making up the remainder of the schedule ) , making the Ion network the largest English - language commercial television network to be totally responsible for its affiliates ' programming . Ion differs from other commercial networks in that the majority of its stations are owned - and - operated by its parent company with very few affiliates , and it is distributed exclusively via cable and satellite in markets where the network does not have a local station ; Ion was the last of the seven conventional English language commercial broadcast networks to expand into distribution via digital multicasting , having relied entirely on cable and satellite distribution in markets where it otherwise could not maintain a primary affiliation until 2014 , when it began accepting subchannel - only affiliates through deals with Telemundo Station Group and Media General . Digital multicast services ( edit ) KDOC - TV With the digital television transition , which was completed in two phases in February and June 2009 , the use of digital multicasting has given breed to various networks created for distribution on these multiplexed feeds of new and existing stations . However , for the most part , very few of these networks have been able to gain a national reach on parity with many of the conventional commercial and non-commercial networks , in part due to the fact that many stations transmit high definition programming on their main feed in 1080i , which requires a bitrate less compartmentalized for allowing more than one multicast feed ( which are generally transmitted in standard definition ) without risking diminished picture quality ; some alternately transmit their main feed in 720p , which favors multiplexing of more than two subchannels at a time ( ATSC 3.0 , which began development around the time of the 2009 transition with FCC consideration to replace the current ATSC 1.0 as the technological standard for digital television expected to occur in 2016 , utilizes improved compression technology able to fit additional subchannels on a single programming stream as well as allowing for the transmission of high definition content in the 4K resolution format ) . Cozi TV Retro Television Network was among the first networks to be produced specifically for the digital television market ; Equity Broadcasting created the network in 2005 , originally relying mostly on public domain series before expanding to a broader library of licensed reruns . RTN 's initial success was dented by its owner 's financial collapse and further difficulties pertaining to its successor , current owner Luken Communications . This TV The most popular and widely distributed network that uses digital subchannels as its primary form of distribution is MeTV , a classic television network originally launched by station owner Weigel Broadcasting in 2003 as a programming format on one of its flagship television stations in Chicago , WFBT - CA ( now WWME - CD ) , and evolved into a national network in November 2010 ; Me - TV now has affiliations with primary channels in a number of markets ( WJLP in the New York City market , KJWP in Philadelphia and Delaware , WBBZ - TV in Buffalo ) . Both MeTV and its most prominent rival , Tribune Broadcasting - owned Antenna TV , popularized the format for multicasting that relies on archived programming . This TV ( also part - owned by Tribune and co-founded by Weigel with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer ) used a similar format , focusing on older as well as some relatively recent feature films ; it helped to spawn similar movie - oriented broadcast networks such as Movies ! ( a joint venture between Weigel and Fox Television Stations , which relies primarily on films from the library of the latter 's sister film studio , 20th Century Fox ) and GetTV ( which mainly airs films from the library of owner Sony Pictures Entertainment ) . Escape TV Demographically focused networks were created during the 2010s ; Bounce TV was launched in September 2011 by Martin Luther King III and Andrew Young , featuring a broader general entertainment format aimed at African American adults . Katz Broadcasting , owned by Bounce executive Jonathan Katz , launched two gender - focused networks with specific formats in August 2014 -- Grit ( aimed at men with a lineup heavy on western and action films ) and Escape ( aimed at women and featuring mystery and true crime programs ) -- and a genre - based network in April 2015 , Laff ( featuring a mix of comedic feature films and sitcoms ) . Luken Communications is the largest operator of subchannel networks by total number ( which are largely carried on low - power outlets ) , which in addition to the Retro Television Network include among others country and rural themed Heartland , automotive - centered Rev'n , children 's network PBJ and a modern version of The Family Channel . Men 's network Tuff TV was formerly managed as a Luken network but is now independent . LAFF logo Other subchannel - based networks include those that also rely on archived programming such as Buzzr ( a network focusing of game shows sourced from the programming library of owner Fremantle Media ) and Comet ( launched by the Sinclair Broadcast Group and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer in October 2015 , focusing on science fiction series and films sourced from the MGM library ) , and networks which do not completely if at all rely on archived scripted programming Ion Life ( a network carried on Ion Television stations , which mainly airs lifestyle and home improvement programming ) , WeatherNation TV ( an independently owned 24 - hour weather network which features subchannels as part of its multiplatform distribution model ) , TheCoolTV and The Country Network ( which rely on music videos ) . In smaller cities and rural areas , the major broadcast networks may also rely on digital subchannels to be seen in these areas , as the market may not be populous enough to support a financially independent station for each network . As such FCC regulations govern cable providers must provide basic TV at a reasonable cost ( Since advent of Digital TV equipment cost is responsibility of consumer ) . Broadcast television in languages other than English ( edit ) Spanish ( edit ) See also : List of Spanish - language television networks in the United States Several Spanish language broadcast ( as well as cable ) networks exist , which are the most common form of non-English television broadcasts . These networks are not as widely distributed over-the - air as their English counterparts , available mostly in markets with sizeable Latino and Hispanic populations ; several of these over-the - air networks are alternatively fed directly to cable , satellite and IPTV providers in markets without either the availability or the demand for a locally based owned - and - operated or affiliate station . 3D version of Univision 's 2013 logo . The largest of these networks , Univision , launched in 1986 as a successor to the Spanish International Network ( which debuted in September 1962 , with Spanish language independent stations KMEX - TV in Los Angeles and KCOR - TV ( now KWEX - DT ) in San Antonio , Texas as its charter stations ) . It has risen to become the fifth highest - rated television network in the U.S. ( behind NBC , CBS , ABC and Fox ) and is the dominant Spanish language network in the U.S. , with its ratings having risen to levels where it has beaten at least one of its English language competitors since the late 1990s . Although Univision originally featured programming content from a variety of distributors , the network now relies mainly on programs sourced from Mexico 's dominant broadcaster , Televisa ( which has maintained partial ownership of Univision 's corporate parent on and off throughout its history ) as well as domestically produced programming . Telemundo logo Its major competition is Telemundo ( est. 1986 ) , a sister network of NBC ( which acquired Telemundo in 2001 ) . It was considered an also - ran to Univision until the late 2000s , when parent company NBCUniversal began heavily investing in its news and entertainment programming . Unlike Univision , the majority of Telemundo 's programming is produced specifically for the network . In addition to carrying the traditional programming format for Spanish language broadcasters ( which typically incorporates telenovelas , variety series , news , sports and films imported from Latin American countries ) , also includes dubbed versions of American feature film releases . Estrella TV logo Other popular Spanish - language broadcast networks are Univision - owned UniMás , which was launched in January 2002 and is aimed at a younger Hispanic demographic ; Azteca , the American version of Mexico 's Azteca networks , which debuted in July 2001 ; TeleXitos aimed at Hispanic and Latino Americans , the network airs a mix of dramatic television series from the 1970s to the 2000s and movies , with all programming consisting of shows dubbed into Spanish ; and independent networks Estrella TV ( which began as a programming format on Liberman Broadcasting 's Spanish language independent stations in the early 2000s and eventually launched nationally in September 2009 , featuring a traditional lineup of Latino - focused programming largely produced by Liberman ) and LATV ( which originated in 2002 as a programming format on KJLA in Los Angeles before becoming a national network in September 2007 , and focuses mostly on unscripted music , talk and variety programs ) . V - me ( Spanish pronunciation : ( ˈbeme ) , a pun on veme , `` watch me '' ) is a Spanish broadcast television network formerly carried in association with public television stations created for the United States Hispanic market , which is currently pursuing a pay - TV model . V - me delivers drama , music , current affairs , food , lifestyle , nature and educational pre-school content to its viewers . Other languages ( edit ) French language programming is generally limited in scope , with some locally produced French and creole programming available in the Miami area ( serving refugees from Haiti ) and Louisiana , along with some locales along the heavily populated Eastern Seaboard . Francophone areas near the eastern portion of the Canada -- United States border generally receive television broadcasts presented in the language from French Canadian networks ( such as Ici Radio - Canada Télé and TVA ) , which are widely available over-the - air and on cable in those areas . Many large cities also have television stations that broadcast programming in various Asian languages ( such as KTSF in San Francisco and KYAZ in Houston ) , especially after the digital television transition , which has allowed some smaller stations in areas with heavy populations of Asian immigrants and American natives of Asian origin fluent in one of that continent 's indigenous languages to carry such programming either as primary channel or subchannel affiliations . There have also been a few local stations that have broadcast programming in American Sign Language , accompanied by English closed captioning . Prior to the development of closed captioning , it was not uncommon for some public television programs to incorporate ASL translations by an on - screen interpreter . An interpreter may still be utilized for the deaf and hard - of - hearing community for on - air emergency broadcasts ( such as severe weather alerts given by local governments ) as well as televised press conferences by local and state government officials accompanied by closed captioning . Non-commercial television ( edit ) Public television has a far smaller role in the United States than in most other countries . The federal government , through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , does operate NASA TV ( a service focusing on the U.S. space program with some educational programming ) for public consumption , but only distributes that service via satellite and the Internet and not through terrestrial outlets ; the United States Department of Defense produced the Pentagon Channel ( later renamed DoD News Channel ) , a military news outlet that operated from 2004 to 2015 . In addition , Broadcasting Board of Governors content ( the most well - known being Voice of America ) has been available to U.S. consumers since the partial repeal of the Smith -- Mundt Act in 2013 ; VOA and its sister outlets are likewise restricted to shortwave and Internet broadcasts . The Public Broadcasting Service is the largest public television broadcaster in the United States , originating in October 1970 as the successor of National Educational Television ( which was established in 1954 ) . Unlike the commercial networks , PBS does not officially produce any of its own programming ; instead , individual PBS stations ( most notably , WNET in Newark , New Jersey / New York City , WGBH - TV in Boston and WETA - TV in Washington , D.C. ) , station groups and affiliated producers create programming and provide these through PBS to other affiliates . While it does provide a base slate of programming to its member stations ( which is limited to roughly thirteen hours a week of programming in prime time , airing on Sunday through Fridays with fewer programs on Thursday and Friday evenings , as well as daytime children 's programming during the morning and afternoon ) , PBS does not schedule all programs it supplies in set time slots , giving its members leeway in scheduling these programs in time slots of their choosing . Like the six larger commercial English language broadcast networks , its member stations handle the responsibility of programming time periods where programming supplied by the service is not broadcast , which are filled by cultural and public affairs programming of relevance to their market or region of service , and syndicated programs of various genres . PBS Logo Most ( but , by no means , all ) public television stations are members of PBS , sharing programs such as Sesame Street , NOVA and Masterpiece Theatre . Although many PBS stations operate individually , a number of states -- such as Wisconsin , Maryland , Minnesota , Oklahoma and South Carolina -- have state - owned public broadcasting authorities that operate and fund all public television stations in their respective states . The Alabama Educational Television Commission , licensee for the nine stations comprising Alabama Public Television , was established by the Alabama Legislature in 1953 . In January 1955 , WCIQ on Mount Cheaha began operation as the nation 's ninth non-commercial television station . Four months later in April 1955 with the sign - on of WBIQ in Birmingham , Alabama became the first state in the country with an educational television network . Alabama Public Television was a model for other states in the nation and for television broadcasters in other countries . 25 other states copied Alabama 's system of operation to provide service through multiple , linked television stations , using full - power satellite stations and ( in some cases ) low - power translators to relay the originating station 's programming to other areas . Similar state networks have also been created by commercial broadcasters to relay network programming throughout portions or even the entirety of a state . Nova logo The federal government does subsidize non-commercial educational television stations through the Corporation for Public Broadcasting . The income received from the government is insufficient to cover expenses and stations rely on corporate sponsorships and viewer contributions ( including from private benefactors ) to finance their operations and programming production . Various public television outlets -- albeit not on all individual PBS member and independent public broadcasting stations and PBS member networks simultaneously -- hold pledge drives two to four times per year , which account for a decent portion of the non-government - subsidized income through public and private contributions . American public television stations air programming that commercial stations do not offer , such as educational ( including cultural and arts ) and public affairs programming . There are also a number of syndicators dealing exclusively or primarily with public broadcast stations , both PBS and independent public television stations ( most prominently , American Public Television ) . Additionally , there are a number of smaller networks feeding programming to public stations -- including World , MHz Worldview ( both of which feature news , documentary and discussion programs ) and Create ( focusing on lifestyle , travel , cooking and how - to programs ) -- primarily through digital multicasting ; the German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has also provided blocks of programming to a variety of affiliates in the U.S. , and increasingly feeds from other national broadcasters have been distributed through digital subchannels belonging to public stations in the U.S. New York City 's municipally - owned broadcast service , NYCTV , creates original programming that airs in several markets . Few cities have major municipally - owned stations . Many religious broadcast networks and stations exist , also surviving on viewer contributions and time leased to the programming producers ; the two most prominent are the Trinity Broadcasting Network , which was founded in 1973 by Paul and Jan Crouch as a part - time ministry that leased programming time on KBSA ( now UniMás owned - and - operated station KFTR - DT ) in the Los Angeles exurb of Ontario , California , before moving to KLXA - TV ( now KTBN - TV ) in Fontana , which it began purchasing time on the following year after KBSA was sold ; it gradually became the most widely distributed Christian television network in the world with 20 networks ( including five in the United States that are primarily available through multicasting , The Church Channel , the youth - oriented JUCE TV and Smile of a Child TV , and the Latino - oriented TBN Enlace USA and TBN Salsa ) and several affiliates internationally ; and the Daystar Television Network , founded in 1993 by Marcus and Joni Lamb , when the former 's Word of God Fellowship ministry purchased the license of defunct UHF station KMPX ( now an Estrella TV owned - and - operated station ) in Dallas , Texas . Most of their stations are owned by the television ministries directly or through subsidiary companies ( Community Educational Television and Word of God Fellowship , respectively ) used by them to operate stations that TBN and Daystar can not own outright due to FCC regulations prohibiting individual broadcasting companies from owning television stations reaching more than 39 % of all U.S. television markets . Other religious broadcasters include the Three Angels Broadcasting Network , Cornerstone Television , World Harvest Television ( WHT ) , Hope Channel , Amazing Facts Television , The Word Network , The Worship Network , Total Christian Television and The Inspiration Network ( INSP ) . These networks rely mainly on church services or other religious teaching series for programming , although they also incorporate faith - based children 's programming and at least three such networks -- TBN , Daystar and Cornerstone Television -- also air religious - themed feature - length films . INSP and WHT -- similar to the Christian Broadcasting Network ( CBN ) , which owned independent stations that maintained such a format from the 1960s until 2001 -- also incorporate secular entertainment programs , primarily in the form of classic television series . Public access television is a noncommercial form of television required by law to be offered to cable television consumers , in which members of the public are free to place their programming on the cable service . It is a subset of public , educational and government access . Most popular in the 1980s and early 1990s , the rise of the Internet and satellite TV ( the latter of which is not required to carry public - access TV ) rendered it partially obsolete . Cable and satellite television ( edit ) Main articles : Cable television in the United States and Satellite television in the United States While pay television systems existed as early as the late 1940s , until the early 1970s , cable television only served to distribute distant over-the - air television stations to rural areas not served by stations that are based locally . This role was reflected in the original meaning of the CATV acronym , `` community antenna TV '' . In that decade , national networks that exclusively transmitted via cable and maintained their own individual programming formats began to launch , while cable system franchises began operating in major cities with over-the - air television stations . By the mid-1970s , some form of cable television was available in almost every market that already had over-the - air television service . Today , most American households receive cable television , and cable networks collectively have greater viewership than broadcast networks , even though individual programs on most of the major commercial broadcast networks often have relatively higher viewership than those seen on cable channels . The bottom product is a set - top box , an electronic device which cable subscribers use to connect the cable signal to their television set . Unlike broadcast networks , most cable networks air the same programming nationwide . Top cable networks include USA Network ( which maintains a general entertainment format ) , ESPN and Fox Sports 1 ( which focus on sports programming ) , MTV ( which originally focused on music videos when it launched in April 1981 , but now largely features music - related , original scripted and reality television programming ) , CNN , MSNBC and Fox News Channel ( which are dedicated news channels with some opinion and other feature - driven programming ) , Syfy ( which focuses on science fiction and fantasy programming ) , Freeform ( which launched in September 1977 as the CBN Satellite Service , a religious - based cable arm of the Christian Broadcasting Network , before refocusing on secular family - oriented programming , and since 2001 has also featured shows aimed mainly at teenagers and young adults ) , Disney Channel , Nickelodeon and Cartoon Network ( which focus on children 's programming , although the latter two run nighttime blocks aimed at a teen and adult audience , Nick at Nite and Adult Swim ) , Discovery Channel and Animal Planet ( which focus on reality and documentary programs ) , TBS ( a general entertainment network with a principal focus on comedy ) , TNT and FX ( also general entertainment networks , with some focus on drama ) and Lifetime ( which targets at a female audience , with a mix of television films , and original and acquired comedy , reality and drama series ) . Premium channels -- cable networks that subscribers have to pay an additional fee to their provider to receive -- began launching in the 1970s and initially grew in popularity as it allowed subscribers to watch movies without time or content editing common with over-the - air television broadcasts of theatrically released feature films and without interruptions by advertising . The most well known as well as the oldest - existing pay service is Home Box Office ( HBO ) , which launched on November 8 , 1972 with a mix of movies , music and concert specials ; by the late 1990s , HBO began to be known for groundbreaking first - run series ( such as The Larry Sanders Show , The Sopranos and Sex and the City ) that were edgier and more risque in content than those allowed to air on broadcast networks . Other pay - extra networks launched in subsequent years including Showtime , which launched on September 16 , 1976 with a similar format ; and movie - oriented services such as Star Channel ( which launched in April 1973 , and later became The Movie Channel in November 1979 ) and HBO - owned Cinemax ( which launched on August 1 , 1980 , and later became more known for its late - night softcore pornographic films ) . Although attempts at such services date back to the 1950s , pay - per - view services ( such as Viewer 's Choice and Request TV ) began launching in the mid-1980s , allowing subscribers to purchase movies and events on a one - time - only basis via telephone ; with the advent of digital cable , interactive technologies allowed pay - per - view selections to be purchased by remote . In addition to sports networks that are distributed to a national audience , two other types of sports - oriented television networks exist ; regional sports networks are cable outlets designed to cover a limited geographic region and metropolitan area which carry events from professional and collegiate sports teams as well as team - related programs , and sports news and magazine programs ( the most prominent of these are the Fox Sports Networks , Comcast SportsNet and Root Sports , which comprise multiple networks serving different regions of the United States ; the `` national '' groups hold local RSN exclusivity in most areas , though independently owned regional sports networks exist in some regions served by one of the major groups ) . Out - of - market sports packages , meanwhile , are composed of individual multichannel packages broadcasting events from an individual sport that are carried by regional sports networks , and national and local broadcasters that hold rights to individual teams or sports leagues ; the out - of - market sports package is the most expensive form of a la carte television service , ranging in price from $50 to $75 per month . The national cable television network became possible in the mid-1970s with the launch of domestic communications satellites that could economically broadcast television programs to cable operators anywhere in the continental United States ( some domestic satellites also covered Alaska and Hawaii with dedicated spot beams that reached the contiguous states ) . Until then , cable networks like HBO had been limited to regional coverage through distribution over expensive terrestrial microwave links leased from the telephone companies ( primarily AT&T ) . Satellites were generally used only for international ( i.e. , transoceanic ) communications ; their antennas covered an entire hemisphere , producing weak signals that required large , expensive receiving antennas . The first domestic communications satellite , Westar 1 , was launched in 1974 . By concentrating its signal on the continental United States with a directional antenna , Westar 1 could transmit to TVRO ( `` television receive - only '' ) dishes only a few meters in diameter , well within the means of local cable television operators . HBO became the first cable network to transmit programming via satellite in September 1975 . Satellite TV receiver dishes . Cable system operators now receive programming by satellite , terrestrial optical fiber ( a method used primarily to relay local stations based within metropolitan areas to the franchise , and acts as a backup for the system operator if a broadcast station 's over-the - air signal is affected by a power outage or other technical malfunction involving the main transmitter ) , off the air ( a method used to relay broadcast stations to cable franchises in outlying areas and satellite providers ) , and from in - house sources and relay it to subscribers ' homes . Usually , local governments award a monopoly to provide cable television service in a given area . By law , cable systems must include local broadcast stations in their offerings to customers . Enterprising individuals soon found they could install their own satellite dishes and eavesdrop on the feeds to the cable operators . The signals were transmitted as unscrambled analog FM feeds that did not require advanced or expensive technology . Since these same satellites were also used internally by the television networks , they could also watch programs not intended for public broadcast such as affiliate feeds without commercials and / or intended for another time zone ; raw footage from remote news teams ; advance transmissions of upcoming programs ; and live news and talk shows during breaks when those on camera might not realize that anyone outside the network could hear them . Encrypting was introduced to prevent people from receiving pay content for free , and nearly every pay channel was encrypted by the mid-to - late 1980s ( this did not happen without protest , such as an incident in which a Florida satellite dealer intercepted the signal of HBO during a film telecast in 1986 to transmit a text - based message over color bars objecting to the network 's decision to encrypt its feed ) . Satellite television also began a digital transition , well before over-the - air broadcasting did the same , to increase satellite capacity and / or reduce the size of the receiving antennas ; this also made it more difficult for individuals to intercept these signals . Eventually , the industry began to cater to individuals who wanted to continue to receive satellite television ( and were willing to pay for it ) in two ways : by authorizing the descrambling of the original satellite feeds to the cable television operators , and with new direct broadcast satellite television services using their own satellites . These latter services , which began operating in the mid-1990s , offer programming similar to cable television . DirecTV and Dish Network are the major DBS providers in the country , with 20 and 14 million customers respectively as of February 2014 . Meanwhile , the major cable television providers are Comcast with 22 million customers , Time Warner Cable with 11 million , and Cox Communications , Charter Communications , AT&T U-verse and Verizon FiOS with five to six million each . Although most networks make viewers pay a fee to receive their programming , some networks broadcast using unencrypted feeds . After broadcast television switched to a digital infrastructure , new channels became available on unencrypted satellites to bring more free television to Americans ; some of these are available as a digital subchannel to local broadcasters , this reason may be for the expensive costs of the DVB - S equipment . NASA TV , Pentagon Channel , Antenna TV , This TV , TheCoolTV and the Retro Television Network ( through its affiliates ) are examples , international news channels like NHK World , France 24 , i24news and Al Jazeera English until the launch of Al Jazeera America are commonly watched this way as a result to the lack of availability on cable , DBS and IPTV . Some cable providers use interactive features built into set - top boxes leased to their subscribers to distribute video on demand services within their internal networks . Many providers of subscription television services -- both networks and system operators -- also have TV Everywhere services , which usually mix the video on demand model with live streaming capabilities ( allowing viewers to watch broadcasts from over-the - air networks and stations , and cable channels in near real - time ) , but require password and username authentication through participating pay television providers . Internet services ( edit ) IPTV ( internet protocol television ) is similar to a cable subscription , but instead of the set - top box receiving information via a dedicated wire , video is transmitted over the public Internet or private internet protocol - based network to a set - top box . Hulu logo OTT , or Over-the - top content bypasses multiple system operators entirely , and allows viewing of programs hosted by independent providers . Internet television , also known as web television , began in the 1990s and has become popular in the 2000s onward , resulting in a trend of cord - cutting -- the canceling of cable subscriptions in favor of online content that consumers supplement with either over-the - air broadcasts , DVD rentals or a combination of all three viewing methods . Netflix logo Web television providers in the United States include Hulu , Netflix ( which was originally structured as a mail - order DVD rental service ) , MyTV , and many international websites such as YouTube , Myspace , Newgrounds , Blip and Crackle . Viewers can watch these programs from any web browser , whether on a desktop computer , laptop , tablet or smartphone . Mobile television services also include mobile apps for both traditional and new programming providers , usually optimized for a small screen and mobile bandwidth constraints . Mobile video is available for direct download or streaming ( usually for a one - time download fee ) from the iTunes Store , Google Play and Amazon Video . Amazon Prime Internet - connected video game consoles and dedicated Smart TV boxes are available that connect televisions to internet television and / or online video services . These devices are marketed as more convenient for consumers who would otherwise have trouble connecting a computer to a full - size television and using a web browser to view content . Some televisions have built - in capabilities ; dedicated boxes include Google TV , Apple TV , Roku , Netgear Digital Entertainer , Amkette EvoTV and formerly the Nexus Q. Devices that require a PC and television include Windows Media Center Extender , HP MediaSmart Connect , Boxee and Hauppauge MediaMVP . Aereo provided a cloud - based digital video recorder service for over-the - air broadcasts , which it also streamed ; although it and the similarly structured FilmOn have run into legal problems with broadcasters who accused the services of transmitting programs from broadcast television stations in violation of copyrights . Although Aereo and FilmOn both stated that their use of `` miniature '' antennas for transmission of programs to individual users is legal , following mixed decisions by circuit courts that declared them either legal or in infringement of copyrights , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in July 2014 that Aereo 's business model had an `` overwhelming likeness to cable companies , '' and its transmission of local station signals constituted an unauthorized public performance in violation of copyright rules , forcing Aereo and FilmOn to stop transmitting local stations from several markets . Aereo eventually suspended operations and filed for bankruptcy in November of that year , later choosing to auction off its assets and technology ; FilmOn however remains in operation , offering other free - to - air U.S. - based networks in addition to its own exclusive channels , but was found in contempt by New York district court in July 2014 for briefly continuing to stream U.S. stations after the Supreme Court ruling . Sling Tv logo DirecTV Now Over-the - top subscription services that mirrored cable and TV Everywhere services began emerging in the mid-2010s . In 2015 , Dish Network and Sony respectively launched Sling TV and PlayStation Vue , cable - style online and mobile streaming services priced at lower monthly rates than packages offered by traditional pay television system operators . Each include slimmed down tiers of cable and satellite - originated networks from a relatively limited number of network owners . Sling TV , in an effort to cap programming costs , does not include local broadcast stations or regional sports networks ; conversely , PlayStation Vue does carry ABC - , NBC - , CBS - and Fox - affiliated stations in select cities where the service is available . Conventional broadcast and cable networks also launched OTT services during 2014 and 2015 to primarily reach cord - cutters -- most of which are younger adults , particularly around college age , and to combat online copyright infringement of their programming . These networks include CBS ( launched CBS All Access in October 2014 , featuring both on - demand content and live streams of the network 's owned - and - operated stations and affiliates ) , HBO ( in April 2015 , launched HBO Now , a standalone internet - only subscription service similar to its TV Everywhere service HBO Go ) , and Showtime ( which launched a VOD / live streaming service of the same name in May 2015 ) . The Business of television ( edit ) Play media The main characters in Frasier selling U.S. Treasury Bonds . Over-the - air ( OTA ) commercial stations and networks generate the vast majority of their revenue from advertisements . According to a 2001 survey , broadcast stations allocated 16 to 21 minutes of programming time per hour to commercials . Most cable networks also generate income from advertisements , although most basic cable networks also receive subscription fees , which are the other main source of revenue for the cable operators . However , premium cable networks ( such as HBO ) do not air commercials ; instead , cable television subscribers must pay an extra fee to receive this type of pay television service . Networks traditionally allocate a portion of commercial time during their programs ( usually totaling between five and 61⁄2 minutes per hour , depending on the length of the program being aired , sometimes less during sporting events ) to their local affiliates , which allow the local stations to generate revenue . In the same manner , in addition to subscription fees , cable television providers generate some of their revenue by selling local commercial time ( usually allocating around four minutes per hour ) for each advertiser - supported cable network it carries . However , while much of this time is sold to local and national advertisers , portions of the allocated commercial time are reserved by network affiliates and cable providers for in - house advertising ( cable providers use some of this time to carry commercials for their services , which may also include business solutions , residential telephone and broadband internet services ; network affiliates , as do other commercial broadcast stations , use this reserved time to carry promotions for their programming or station imaging ) . Cable companies are required by the 1992 Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act to negotiate for retransmission consent , usually paying broadcasters for the right to carry their signals . This provision , over time , has resulted in problems between pay television providers and companies that own subscription television services as well as those own and / or operate over-the - air television stations , as disagreements over terms in retransmission contracts sometimes arise during negotiations to renew and ( occasionally ) strike new agreements to carry certain channels . The carriage disputes that occur because of these differences typically result in broadcast stations or cable channels being pulled for a protracted period of time , often due to carriage fee increases that a provider may consider to be too expensive ( since retransmission consent fees are a form of subscriber fee , any increase in fees that a provider carries will be passed on to the subscriber , which providers are hesitant to do out of concern that it may result in subscriber defections due to the resulting rate increases for program packages ) . Programming ( edit ) American television has had very successful programs that have inspired television networks across the world to develop shows of similar types . Some of these shows are still on the air and some have maintained decent runs in syndication . Conversely , many programs produced for U.S. television are also routinely syndicated to broadcasters in other countries , and a number of popular American programs have been based on shows that originated in other countries , especially the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and Canada . News ( edit ) The major networks all offer a morning news program , with CBS 's CBS This Morning , NBC 's Today and ABC 's Good Morning America as standard bearers , as well as an early - evening newscast anchored by the de facto face of the network 's news division like Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather for CBS ; Chet Huntley , David Brinkley and Tom Brokaw for NBC ; and Peter Jennings for ABC . Successful news magazines have included 60 Minutes , 20 / 20 and Dateline NBC in prime time , and Meet the Press , Face the Nation and This Week on Sunday mornings . Local news programming airs on many television stations , with individual markets supporting as few as two or as many as eight television news operations , depending on the number of available viewers that live in the market . Most stations originally aired locally produced newscasts only in evening time periods ( usually at 6 : 00 and 10 : 00 or 11 : 00 p.m. local time ) until the 1970s or as late as the mid-1980s on some stations . During that period , stations began local news programs in the midday and 5 : 00 p.m. time slots , while morning newscasts began to become common during the 1980s ( first on weekdays , with weekend morning newscasts launching in many cities beginning in the early 1990s ) . Two television stations in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , KYW - TV and WPVI - TV , were the respective progenitors of two popular news formats that shaped the modern presentation of television news , Eyewitness News ( which had reporters present their stories instead of having the anchor read them , and became popularized after the format expanded to WABC - TV in New York City in 1968 ) and Action News ( which placed set time limits on story packages presented during the program , in order to cover a broader array of stories ) . WSVN in Miami also served as a pioneer in local news in 1989 , when the station ( which adopted the format in January of that year , after assuming the Fox affiliation from WCIX ( now WFOR - TV ) as a result of a three - way swap resulting from CBS ' purchase of WCIX and NBC 's purchase of longtime CBS affiliate WTVJ ) originated the `` news - intensive '' programming format , which in its typical structure -- which has become common of Fox affiliates , particularly as a result of affiliation deals signed following the network 's acquisition of NFL rights , as well as certain other stations that are either affiliated with a non-Big Three network or operate as independent stations in recent years -- mixes newscasts in traditional time periods with those in non-traditional ones ( most commonly , in time periods that the major networks fill with national morning and evening news programs or prime time programming ) . This format spread to Big Three affiliates in a modified form during the 2000s and 2010s . Cable news channels traditionally carry blocks of more generalized news coverage during the morning and afternoon hours ; programs focusing on politics ( that are similar in format to the Sunday morning talk shows ) and documentaries typically air on these channels during prime time and late night , with general news coverage during that time usually limited to occasional coverage of breaking news events . Game shows ( edit ) The price is right logo Daytime television has been home of many popular game shows over the years , particularly during the 1970s , such as The Price Is Right , Family Feud , Match Game , The Newlywed Game and Concentration . Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy ! have found their greatest success in the early - evening slot preceding primetime . However , game shows that also aired within prime time had great popularity in the 1950s and 1960s such as What 's My Line ? , I 've Got a Secret and To Tell the Truth ; and again , intermittently , in the 2000s with Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , The Weakest Link and Deal or No Deal . The layout of the Jeopardy ! game board since November 26 , 2001 , showing the dollar values used in the first round The Price Is Right , which has aired on CBS since 1972 , and Let 's Make a Deal , which was revived on that same network in October 2009 , are the only daytime game shows remaining on the broadcast networks . Since the mid-1990s , game shows have been commonly found more in syndication , although the number of syndicated game shows overall has decreased during the 2000s and 2010s ; the highest - rated of these are Jeopardy ! and Wheel of Fortune ( which are both distributed by CBS Television Distribution and Sony Pictures Television , and air together on the same station in some markets ) , both of which have consistently ranked among the top ten syndicated programs since they began in the early 1980s , and Family Feud , which has run continuously in daytime syndication since 1999 but saw its viewership rise rapidly in the early 2010s after more risqué questions and new host Steve Harvey were installed . Soap operas ( edit ) General Hospital cast American daytime soap operas have been running on television for over seven decades . Currently as of 2017 , there are four daytime soap operas in production : ABC 's General Hospital , NBC 's Days of Our Lives , and CBS 's The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful . Long - running soaps no longer in production include Search for Tomorrow , Guiding Light , As the World Turns , Another World , One Life to Live and All My Children . The soap opera genre experienced a gradual decline beginning in the 1980s due to the continued migration of women into the workplace , culminating in six soaps being canceled by NBC , CBS and ABC between 2003 and 2011 ( of those , one , Passions , moved to DirecTV - owned network The 101 for one additional season after its cancellation by NBC in 2009 , while All My Children and One Life to Live were revived on Hulu for one additional season in 2013 with those series ' second cancellations resulting from a dispute between originating broadcaster ABC and the production company that acquired them , Prospect Park , over various issues ) . Soap operas have also become common in prime time , which differ from their daytime counterparts as they utilize the traditional weekly format and maintain a visual style traditional of other nighttime network series ( particularly , nighttime soaps are recorded on film in a single - camera setup , whereas daytime soaps are shot on multiple cameras that record the program on videotape ) . Prime time soaps of note have included Peyton Place , Dallas , Dynasty , Beverly Hills , 90210 , Melrose Place , Revenge and Scandal . Comedies and dramas ( edit ) Friends logo Comedy programming on American television has been more noted for situation comedies such as I Love Lucy , The Honeymooners , The Andy Griffith Show , The Dick Van Dyke Show , The Mary Tyler Moore Show , All in the Family , Happy Days , Family Ties , Cheers , The Cosby Show , Seinfeld , Friends , Frasier , Everybody Loves Raymond , The King of Queens , How I Met Your Mother , The Big Bang Theory and Modern Family . However , there have also existed sketch comedy / variety series during prime time such as Texaco Star Theatre , The Carol Burnett Show and Rowan and Martin 's Laugh - In . The most prominent as well as the longest - running sketch comedy program is Saturday Night Live , a late - night series which debuted on NBC in November 1975 , and has spawned the careers of many popular comedic actors ( such as Chevy Chase , Eddie Murphy , Dennis Miller and Will Ferrell ) . The Big Bang Theory logo Dramatic series have taken many forms over the years . Westerns such as Gunsmoke ( the longest - running prime time scripted drama series in U.S. television history , having aired from 1955 to 1975 ) and Bonanza had experienced their greatest popularity in the 1950s and 1960s . Medical dramas such as Marcus Welby , M.D. , St. Elsewhere , ER , House and Grey 's Anatomy have endured success ; as well as family dramas such as The Waltons , Little House on the Prairie and 7th Heaven ; and crime dramas such as Dragnet , Hawaii Five - O , Hill Street Blues , Miami Vice , L.A. Law , 21 Jump Street , Law & Order , JAG , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and NCIS . Desperate Housewives logo Dramedy , a term for a television series that mixes elements of comedy and drama , have seen its popularity grown among viewers , thanks to programs like M * A * S * H , Ally McBeal , Ugly Betty , Desperate Housewives , Psych , Glee , Devious Maids , Jane the Virgin and Crazy Ex-Girlfriend . Television series featuring fantasy and science fiction are also popular with American viewers , since these programs take elements of comedy , drama , adventure , or a combination of all of the above . Among the most notable fantasy series in this genre include Touched by an Angel ( centering on angels helping humans in times of personal crisis ) , Bewitched ( a sitcom centering on a witch adjusting to married life with a mortal male ) , Fantasy Island ( which was set at a resort where people live out their fantasies , but at a price ) , Drop Dead Diva ( focusing on a deceased model inhabiting the body of a lawyer ) and Once Upon a Time ( centering on fairytale characters that are trapped in the present day after the enactment of a curse ) , while Star Trek ( which spawned four spin - off series , two in syndication -- The Next Generation and Deep Space Nine -- and two on network television -- Voyager and Enterprise -- between 1987 and 2005 ) , Battlestar Galactica and the British series Doctor Who rank among the most watched programs in the sci - fi genre . Reality television ( edit ) Reality television has long existed in the United States , both played for laughs ( such as Candid Camera and Real People ) and as drama ( such as COPS and The Real World ) . A new variant -- competition series placing ordinary people in unusual circumstances or in talent contests , generally eliminating at least one participant per week , exploded in popularity in turn of the millennium ( with shows such as Survivor , Big Brother , The Amazing Race , American Idol , America 's Next Top Model , Dancing with the Stars , The Bachelor and its spin - off The Bachelorette , So You Think You Can Dance and The Voice ) . Talk shows ( edit ) New Year 's Eve 1962 , with ( L-R ) Skitch Henderson , Johnny Carson and Ed McMahon . The most successful talk show has been The Tonight Show , particularly during the 30 - year run of third host Johnny Carson . Tonight ushered in a multi-decade period of dominance by one network -- NBC -- in American late - night programming and paved the way for many similar programs combining comedy and celebrity interviews , such as The Merv Griffin Show and Late Night with David Letterman . Despite initial failed attempts during the late 1980s by Fox as well as the success of The Arsenio Hall Show in syndication during its first five - year run beginning in 1989 , the late - night talk show genre would not become a more competitive field until the 1990s , when CBS gained a major foothold in the field with the Late Show with David Letterman ; competition in the genre increased even further as cable networks entered into the genre in the 2000s and 2010s with the rise of parody news show The Daily Show under host Jon Stewart and newer shows such as The Colbert Report , Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and Conan . U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen , chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and his wife , Deborah , appear on The View on Nov 24 , 2010 . Daytime talk show hits have included Live with Kelly and Ryan ( and its previous iterations with Regis Philbin as co-host ) , The Jenny Jones Show , The Oprah Winfrey Show , Rachael Ray ( TV series ) , Dr. Phil , Ricki Lake ( TV series ) , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and Harry ( talk show ) which run the gamut from serious to lighthearted in topicality and format ; a subset of so - called `` trash TV '' talk shows such as The Jerry Springer Show , which hit their peak during the 1990s , also veered into exploitation and titillation . Most daytime talk programs air in syndication , with various attempts airing on network television to mixed results ( among the more notable network efforts are the female - driven panel talk shows The View , The Talk , The Real ( TV series ) and Get It Girl on LATV . Children 's programming ( edit ) Children 's television programs are also quite popular . Early ventures into children 's television in the 1950s aired on weekdays with shows such as Howdy Doody , Captain Kangaroo , Mr. Wizard , and the Mickey Mouse Club . However children 's programing had experienced its greatest success on Saturday mornings from the late 1960s to the early 1990s . Programs shown during these time periods mainly consisted of animated programming including classic cartoons ( such as Looney Tunes , Tom and Jerry and Woody Woodpecker ) , reruns of prime time animated sitcoms ( such as The Flintstones and The Jetsons ) , foreign acquisitions ( such as Astro Boy and Kimba the White Lion ) , animated adaptations of films and television series ( such as Back to the Future , Ghostbusters , Batman , ALF and Star Trek ) , and original programs ( such as The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , Scooby - Doo , Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids , The Smurfs , Alvin and the Chipmunks , Garfield and Friends and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ) . Some locally produced children 's programs -- which often mixed cartoons , special guests and audience - participation games -- also became popular in the local markets where they were broadcast ; one of the most popular was the Bozo the Clown franchise , which became most well known for its Chicago version , which began airing nationally when WGN - TV became a superstation in October 1978 . However , in 1990 , due to concerns regarding commercial advertising and cross-promotion in children 's programs by parental advocacy groups , the Federal Communications Commission passed the Children 's Television Act , legislation that among other provisions requires all broadcast television networks and stations to air at least three hours of educational children 's programming each week . This has made it much harder for broadcast stations to profit from children 's programs than was possible in previous years , eventually leading the major broadcast networks to abandon traditional scripted programs in favor of unscripted educational series with formats appealing to a more generalized audience to fulfill the requirements ; noncommercial networks are exceptions to this new standard , as PBS in particular has long excelled in providing E / I - compliant children 's programs that mix educational and entertainment content ( such as Sesame Street , Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood , Thomas the Tank Engine and Arthur ) . Since the mid-2000s , popular children 's programs have been produced for cable networks such as Nickelodeon , Disney Channel and Cartoon Network that are targeted at the demographic and only provide educational content voluntarily -- in which case , it is primarily aimed at preschool - aged children and relegated to morning hours , unless incorporated full - time as part of the channel 's format , as is the case with the spin - offs of the former two aforementioned networks Nick Jr. and Disney Junior -- as they are not bound by the Children 's Television Act 's guidelines . Professional wrestling ( edit ) Main articles : History of professional wrestling in the United States and List of professional wrestling television series Professional wrestling had been aired on local television during its earliest days and began to be aired in national television during the 1950s . It underwent a resurgence in the 1980s as Vince McMahon 's World Wrestling Federation and Ted Turner 's World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) each built rivalling national wrestling empires . During the Monday Night Wars of the 1990s , WWF and WCW maintained a heated televised rivalry . The boom eventually collapsed by 2001 , leading to McMahon acquiring the WCW , merging it with the WWF . The renamed WWE maintains a dominant presence in professional wrestling , with rivals Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) and Ring of Honor ( ROH ) also having a presence on American television ( the latter primarily as a result of its 2011 acquisition by television station owner Sinclair Broadcast Group ) . Foreign wrestling promotions such as Lucha Underground and New Japan Pro Wrestling have seen increased exposure in the 2010s . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sports in the United States § Sports media in the United States The broadcasting of sports events is a major component of the American commercial television industry . Sports tend to draw a large , wealthy audience that can command large sums of revenue from advertising and subscription fees . In the early days of television , sports quickly became a fixture of American broadcast television . Boxing was carried on almost every television station and network since the beginnings . Boxing remained fairly popular until the 1970s or so , until the rise of pay - per - view and premium channels led to most of the highest - profile matches leaving broadcast outlets for subscription television . While it still maintains a limited ( and rising , thanks to the efforts of Premier Boxing Champions ) presence on American broadcast television , boxing has declined in popularity since the 1990s with mixed martial arts , a more broad - based combat sport , rising to take its place . The major professional sports leagues began regular television broadcasts in the 1950s . The National Football League ( NFL ) 's embrace of television broadcasting at the early onset of the medium helped boost its popularity as a sport , and by the 1960s , the combined success of NFL and American Football League ( AFL ) telecasts helped earn professional football a status as a mainstay of the major television networks . American television pays the NFL billions of dollars each year to maintain their television rights ; the Super Bowl , in return , is a cash windfall for the network which airs it as the broadcaster which holds the rights in a given year ( which is rotated annually among the broadcast networks that hold rights to the league 's regular season and playoff games ) can make hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue from advertising sales alone . Major League Baseball ( MLB ) has been televised on U.S. television since the inception of the medium , most notably by way of a `` Game of the Week '' that has usually aired on Saturdays on various broadcasters since 1954 . The National Hockey League ( NHL ) , in contrast , was much slower to embrace television , due to its initially regional nature and greater reliance on Canadian television , though it would begin broadcasting its events nationally on a wider basis after Fox acquired the rights to the league 's game broadcasts in 1995 ; the NHL has struggled to gain competitive ratings for most of its time on television . College sports have also been a feature of American television . The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) restricted television broadcasts of college football , as well as college basketball , from the early 1950s until 1984 . In the latter year , the Supreme Court struck down the NCAA 's collective television contract as a violation of antitrust law , deregulating the sale of college sports telecasts and allowing individual teams and athletic conferences to negotiate their own deals with broadcast and cable networks . Other sports that have maintained a regular presence on U.S. television include auto racing ( NASCAR , in particular , rose rapidly in television popularity in the 1990s ; the IndyCar series has also had some presence , particularly its signature event , the Indianapolis 500 ) , professional golf ( promintently through the Professional Golfers Association of America ( PGA ) , Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) , and the United States Golf Association ( USGA ) ) , thoroughbred racing ( particularly , the Triple Crown and Breeders Cup ) and ten - pin bowling . Other sports have been televised through anthology series such as ABC 's Wide World of Sports ( that same network would launch a documentary - based anthology , ESPN Sports Saturday , in 2011 ) , CBS Sports Spectacular and NBC SportsWorld , sometimes through time - buy arrangements with event organizers . Sports broadcasts are carried through a number of televised media . Most of the major sports have some presence on commercial broadcast television , including all NFL regular season and most playoff games . National cable networks , beginning with ESPN in 1979 ( along with its later sister channels that gradually launched beginning in the 1990s ) and later joined by competitors such as NBCSN and Fox Sports 1 , carry packages of assorted major professional and college sports . The vast majority of MLB , NHL and National Basketball Association ( NBA ) games are carried through regional sports networks , however the NFL only permits preseason games to air on RSNs on a limited basis ( the league otherwise prohibits regular season and playoff games from airing on regional sports networks , but does permit national cable networks to acquire the rights to air them ) ; the leagues ( as well as the NFL ) restrict the broadcast of their sports on regional networks to specific territories and require any person outside those territories to purchase an out - of - market sports package to watch the majority of their favored team 's games . Regional sports networks can also provide outlets for minor league sports to broadcast their events . Unlike in some other countries , public television does not own any sports rights , nor has it ever been a major factor in sports television . Imported programming ( edit ) While the majority of programs broadcast on American television are produced domestically , some programs carried in syndication , on public television or on cable are imported from other countries -- most commonly , from the primarily English - speaking countries of Canada and the United Kingdom . PBS in particular , is commonly known for its broadcasts of British sitcoms ( such as Monty Python 's Flying Circus , Fawlty Towers , Keeping Up Appearances and Are You Being Served ? ) , which typically air on its member stations on weekend evenings ( although their scheduling is at the discretion of the station as these programs are primarily syndicated on the behalf of outside distributors ) ; PBS was also responsible for bringing the hit period drama Downton Abbey to the U.S. and for initially popularizing the long - running science - fiction series Doctor Who in the country ( the latter show now airs first - run episodes on BBC America , an outlet launched in 1998 that was specifically designed to bring BBC programming direct to the United States , although it continues to be syndicated to public television stations and is also syndicated to commercial digital multicast networks such as the Retro Television Network ) . Many of the programs imported from Canada are children 's programs originally aired by channels such as YTV and Family Channel ( such as Are You Afraid of the Dark ? , Naturally , Sadie and Life with Derek ) . However , other Canadian series aimed at adults or more general audiences have also been syndicated in the United States ; one network , Ion Life ( a spin - off of Ion Television ) , has much of its schedule composed of reruns of since - discontinued Canadian lifestyle series . Among some of the more well - known Canadian television series among American viewers include the Degrassi High franchise ( which aired in Canada on CBC Television , with the later incarnation Degrassi : The Next Generation airing on CTV and presently MuchMusic ) , Rookie Blue , SCTV Network and The Red Green Show . American Spanish - language networks also import much of their programming ; for example , Univision imports much of its programming , especially telenovelas that are broadcast on the network , from Mexican broadcaster Televisa , and MundoMax distributes programming from Colombian broadcaster and network owner RCN Television . The Life cycle of U.S. television shows ( edit ) The cast of I Love Lucy ( L-R ) : Desi Arnaz , Lucille Ball , Vivian Vance , and William Frawley . I Love Lucy has spent over 50 years in reruns after it ended in 1957 . Television production companies either commission teleplays for television pilots or buy spec scripts . Some of these scripts are turned into pilots for proposed television programs . The production company markets those they consider commercially viable to television networks -- or television distributors for first - run syndication ( for example , CBS Television Distribution distributes Dr. Phil in first - run syndication , because that show is syndicated -- it is not carried on a particular network ) . A few things that a television network takes under consideration in deciding to order a show is if the show itself is compatible with the network 's target audience , the cost of production , and if the show is well liked among network executives , and in many cases , test audiences . Networks sometimes preemptively purchase pilots to prevent other networks from controlling them -- and the purchase of a pilot is no guarantee that the network will order additional episodes . In other cases , the network may be forced to commission the pilot in order to avoid shouldering monetary penalties if it is not produced . The producers hire a director and other crew members ( in some cases , using staff employed with an existing series ) to work on the pilot ; in some cases , if the pilot 's concept was pitched by producers that would not write for the proposed show before a script is drafted , writers may also be assigned to pen the script and would be given credit as the series ' creator ( s ) . Pilots that do get `` picked up '' get either a full or partial - season order ( starting with an initial order of between seven and 13 episodes , which may be extended if the program 's viewership is strong during the early run of episodes ) ; the show goes into production , usually establishing itself with permanent sets . Writers , additional directors and some full - time crew members are hired , and work begins -- usually during the late spring and summer before the fall season - series premieres ( shows can also serve as a midseason replacement , meaning they are ordered specifically to fill holes in a network schedule created by the failure and cancellation of shows that premiered in the fall ; Buffy the Vampire Slayer and The Office are examples of successful midseason replacements ) . Unscripted series have a different stage of development , as the program is generally pitched only as a concept , often without a pilot being ordered or already produced . The standard broadcast television season in the United States consists of 22 episodes ( which are typically broadcast over a period of nine months from September to May , depending on the date on which the program begins its season ) , although prior to the 1970s , a single season of a weekly television program consisted of as many as 40 episodes , with few breaks in the show 's airing schedule . Sitcoms may have 24 or more ; animated programs may have more ( or fewer ) episodes ( some are broken up into two 11 - minute shorts , often with separate self - contained storylines , that are folded into a single half - hour episode ) ; cable networks with original programming seem to have settled on about 10 to 13 episodes per season , much in line with British television programming , though there are exceptions ( particularly with cable networks specializing in children 's programming , which utilize the network television model of total per - season episode counts , but spread out the episodes over a single calendar year ) . American soap operas air in the afternoon , five days a week , without any significant break in taping and airing schedules throughout the year . This means that these serials air approximately 260 episodes a year , making their cast and crew members the busiest in show business . These shows are rarely , if ever , repeated ( unless the network chooses not to air a new episode on certain major holidays ) , making it difficult for viewers to `` catch up '' when they miss an episode , though the television networks ' adoption of online streaming during the late 2000s has made it easier for viewers to watch recent episodes of a particular soap . Cable channel SoapNet provided weekly repeats for some broadcasts until it shut down in December 2013 , after which TVGN ( now Pop , and originally a television listings service formerly known under several names including the Prevue Channel ) began airing same - day repeats of some network soaps . Networks use profits from commercials that run during the show to pay the production company , which in turn pays the cast and crew , and keeps a share of the profits for itself ( networks sometimes act as both production companies and distributors , though due to the vertical integration of networks and major media companies since the 1990s , production arms operated by the broadcast networks have largely been absorbed into the existing production arms of their corporate parents ) . As advertising rates are based on the size of the audience , measuring the number of people watching a network is very important . This measurement is known as a show or network 's ratings . Sweeps months ( which occur in November , February , May , and to a lesser extent July ) are important landmarks in the television season -- ratings earned during these periods determine advertising rates until the next sweeps period , therefore shows often have their most exciting plot developments happen during sweeps . Wonder Woman Shows that are successful with audiences and advertisers receive authorization from the network to continue production , until the plotline ends ( only for scripted shows ) or if the contract expires . Those that are not successful are often quickly told to discontinue production by the network , known as `` cancellation '' . There are instances of initially low - rated shows surviving cancellation and later becoming highly popular , but these are rare . For the most part , shows that are not immediately or even moderately successful are cancelled by the end of November sweeps , if not shortly thereafter or earlier . Usually if a show is canceled , there is little chance of it ever coming back again especially on the same network it was canceled from ; the only show in the U.S. to ever come back from cancellation on the same network is Family Guy ( which was cancelled by Fox in 2002 and was revived by the network in 2005 due to the increased popularity of the series through reruns on cable and DVD releases ) . However , canceled shows like Scrubs , Southland , Medium and Wonder Woman have been picked up by other networks , which is becoming an increasingly common practice ; similarly , in the 2010s , some programs cancelled by traditional television networks like Arrested Development , Community and The Mindy Project have been picked up or revived by internet television streaming services . It is also somewhat common for series to continue production for the purpose of completing a DVD set , even if these episodes will never air on television ( these episodes would , in years past , be `` burned off '' by airing them in less - prominent time slots ) . Once a television series reaches a threshold of approximately 88 to 100 episodes , it becomes a candidate to enter reruns in off - network syndication . Reruns are a lucrative business for television producers , who can sell the rights to a `` used '' series without the expenses of producing it ( though they may have to pay royalties to the affected parties , depending on union contracts ) . The sale of previously aired programs to other outlets , including the Internet , television stations outside the United States and traditional off - network syndication , constitutes up to half of an individual show 's revenue stream as of 2017 , with the other half coming from first - run advertising . Sitcoms are traditionally the most widely syndicated reruns and are usually aired in a five - day - a-week strip ( standardly with two episode `` runs '' , separate sets of episodes of a particular program that are usually from different seasons , packaged for stations to air back - to - back or in different time slots ) , and in most cases , with additional weekend runs consisting of two ( or in some cases , four ) additional episodes . Marginally performing shows tend to last less than three to five years in broadcast syndication , sometimes moving to cable channels ( although rerun packages of some series are sold simultaneously into both broadcast syndication and cable , and sometimes to more than one cable network ) or into limited - run barter syndication ( such as through The Program Exchange ) after the end of their syndication runs , while more widely successful series can have a life in syndication that can run for decades ( I Love Lucy , the first series designed to be rerun , remains popular in syndication more than 60 years after its 1951 debut ) . Cable and digital broadcast networks have provided outlets for programming that either has outlived its syndication viability , lacks the number of episodes necessary for syndication , or for various reasons was not a candidate for syndication in the first place . Popular dramas , for instance , have permanent homes on several basic cable channels , often running in marathons ( multiple episodes airing back - to - back for several hours ) , and there are also cable channels devoted to game shows ( Game Show Network and Buzzr ) , soap operas ( the now - defunct SoapNet ) , Saturday morning cartoons ( Boomerang ) and even sports broadcasts ( ESPN Classic ) . Digital broadcast networks specializing in classic television programming that have become popular since the early 2010s have also served as short - term or long - term homes for many older series that have not been syndicated in decades or have ever been aired in reruns . Most reality shows perform poorly in reruns and are rarely seen as a result , other than reruns of series still in production , on the same network on which they air ( almost always cable outlets ) , where they air as filler programming . Regulation ( edit ) Broadcast television is regulated by the Federal Communications Commission . The FCC awards and oversees the renewal of licenses to local stations , which stipulate stations ' commitments to educational and public - interest programming . During the early years of commercial television , the FCC permitted a single company to own a maximum of five television stations nationwide ( later raised to seven stations in 1984 and then to twelve in 1992 ) , although until the 1960s , very few companies outside of the major broadcast networks owned multiple stations . Since a change to its media ownership regulations in 1999 that counted television station ownership maximums by a national market percentage rather than by the number of stations that could be allowed in their portfolio , FCC rules mandate that the total number of television stations owned by any company can only reach a maximum of 39 % of all markets in the U.S. Until 2016 , a `` discount '' allowed a broadcaster to cover up to 78 % of the U.S. with UHF signals ; this loophole was closed in 2016 , although existing companies above the 39 % threshold will be covered under a grandfather clause and , although they will not be allowed to acquire any more stations , they will also not be forced to sell their existing portfolios . Most commercial stations are now owned - and - operated or controlled through outsourcing agreements by group owners ( either independent companies or network - owned subsidiary groups ) , with a relatively limited number of companies that remain which own stations in five or fewer markets ; a series of station purchases that have occurred since 2011 ( when the Sinclair Broadcast Group acquired the Four Points Media Group ) has concentrated the number of station owners even further , as a result of increasing competition between over-the - air broadcasters and subscription television outlets as well as to increase leverage in negotiations with cable and satellite providers for retransmission consent ( which since the early 2000s , has increasingly become a primary form of revenue for broadcast networks , which have required their affiliates to share a portion of the revenue received by pay television providers as an additional source of operational revenue ) . Outsourcing agreements ( known by multiple terms , mainly local marketing agreements ( LMA ) , shared services agreements ( SSA ) or joint sales agreements ( JSA ) , albeit with little differentiation in their structure ) have allowed some broadcasting companies to operate stations that they could otherwise not legally own outright due to in - market ownership regulations ; these arrangements first began in 1991 , when the Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into such an arrangement to run WPTT ( now WPNT ) in Pittsburgh , after it sold the station to its manager Edwin Edwards to acquire Fox affiliate WPGH - TV . However , as companies like Sinclair and the Nexstar Broadcasting Group have used outsourcing as loopholes around ownership regulations at the expense of independent ( and particularly , minority ) ownership , the FCC has made attempts to restrict broadcasters from using them , passing a rule in April 2014 that disallowed all JSAs in which one company sells 15 % of advertising for another station and required all existing ones to be unwound within five years ( the National Association of Broadcasters backed a provision passed as part of a November 2015 Congressional budget bill that extended to the time limit to unwind existing JSAs to ten years ) . The FCC also previously barred companies from owning more than one television station within a single market , unless it operated as a satellite station ( a full - power station that relays programming from its parent station to areas within the market that are not adequately covered if at all by the main signal ) or a low - power station ( either one that maintains its own programming or operates as a translator ) ; however , it eventually allowed operators of public television stations to sign - on or acquire a second station that did not repeat the parent 's signal ( some of which were originally licensed as commercial outlets ) . In August 1999 , the FCC legalized the common ownership of two commercial stations , known as duopolies , if one of them is not among the market 's four highest - rated , and if there are at least eight companies that each own full - power stations within the market . While the parent companies of NBC , ABC , CBS and Fox are not prohibited from owning a second broadcast network ( and all of them , except for ABC , are co-owned with one ) , an FCC law known as the `` dual - network rule '' does disallow a single company from owning two or more of the major networks . The FCC also prohibits the airing of `` indecent '' material over-the - air between 6 : 00 a.m. and 10 : 00 p.m. Broadcast stations can legally air almost anything they want late at night -- and cable networks at all hours . However , nudity and graphic profanity are rare on American television . Though the FCC gives them leeway to air programs containing `` indecent '' material within its designated watershed period , broadcasters are hesitant to do this , concerned that airing such material would alienate advertisers and encourage the federal government to strengthen regulation of television content . Premium cable networks are exceptions , and often air very racy programming at night , though premium channels often air program content with strong to graphic profanity , violence and nudity in some cases during the daytime hours . Such content is common on pay television services , as they are not subjected to FCC regulations and pressure from advertisers , and often require a subscription to view them . Some networks ( such as Playboy TV ) are devoted exclusively to `` adult '' content , specifically pornographic material , and therefore viewers may find scenes of simulated or graphic sexual intercourse and nudity on such channels . Cable television is largely , but not entirely , unregulated . Cable providers must include local over-the - air stations in their offerings on each system ( stations can opt to gain carriage by seeking a must - carry option ) and give them low channel numbers , unless the stations decide to demand compensation of any sort ( through retransmission consent ) . The systems can not carry broadcast network affiliates from other parts of the country ( this regulation has largely been openly ignored in recent years during carriage disputes ) , however cable systems can carry stations from nearby markets if there are no local stations affiliated with one of the major networks ( though this is becoming far less common with the shift , particularly since 2006 , towards over-the - air stations carrying one network affiliation on their main channel and an affiliation with another network on a digital subchannel , thus allowing these network - affiliated digital subchannels to be carried at least via digital cable ) . Cable systems can also air satellite - relayed broadcast stations originating from other areas of the United States , known as superstations ( of which there are currently only five around the country ) , which for the most part are often aired in rural areas and may omit network programming from that station 's network affiliation ; all superstations , are currently affiliated with a broadcast television network : WPIX in New York City , KWGN - TV in Denver and KTLA in Los Angeles are all affiliated with The CW , and WWOR - TV in Secaucus , New Jersey and WSBK - TV in Boston are affiliated with MyNetworkTV . A few of these superstations once had national distribution , carrying a separate feed that aired different programming than that of the local area feed and even some that also aired on the local feed that is SyndEx - proof ( in other words , syndicated programming to which the superstation has obtained full signal rights to air nationally ) ; the two most prominent of these nationally distributed stations were TBS and WGN - TV . TBS , whose former parent Atlanta station WTCG ( now WPCH - TV ) became the first `` basic cable '' network to be uplinked to satellite in December 1976 , had converted its national feed into a conventional cable channel in October 2007 ; WGN - TV in Chicago was uplinked in October 1978 ; its national feed , WGN America , also converted into a traditional cable channel in December 2014 , when it dropped all remaining WGN - TV programming . WWOR - TV also once operated a national feed , which ceased operations in January 1997 , before the station regained national superstation status as a satellite - exclusive service -- through its New York City feed -- a few months later . The FCC has virtually no jurisdiction over the content of programming exclusively broadcast on cable . As a result , anyone is free to create any number of channels or any sort of programming whatsoever without consulting the FCC . The only restrictions are on the ability to secure carriage on cable or satellite ( or , failing that , by streaming on Internet television ) and securing the rights to programming . Because of this lack of restriction , channel drift ( the shift of a channel 's programming format away from that which it originally maintained ) is much more common in the United States than in other countries . Because the United States had relatively weak copyright terms until 1976 , a large body of older television series have lapsed into the public domain and are thus free to redistribute in any form . History of American television ( edit ) Main articles : History of television and List of United States network television schedules American family watching TV , 1958 . After years of experimental broadcasts , television first became commercialized in the United States in New York City on July 1 , 1941 , initially by RCA ( through NBC , which it owned ) via its station WNBT ( now WNBC ) and CBS , via their station WCBW ( now WCBS - TV ) . A number of different broadcast systems had been developed through the end of the 1930s . The National Television Systems Committee ( NTSC ) standardized on a 525 - line broadcast in 1941 that would provide the basis for television across the country through the end of the century . Television development halted with the onset of World War II , but a few pioneer stations remained on the air throughout the war , primarily WNBT , WCBW and WABD ( the former W2XWV , which became commercially licensed in 1944 , owned by the DuMont Television Network , now WNYW ) in New York City , WRGB in Schenectady , New York ( owned by General Electric ) , WPTZ ( now KYW - TV ) in Philadelphia ( owned by Philco ) , W9XBK ( now WBBM - TV ) in Chicago , as well as W6XAO ( now KCBS - TV ) and W6XYZ ( now KTLA ) in Los Angeles . When that conflict ended , these stations expanded their broadcast schedules and many other organizations applied for television station licenses . After a flood of television license applications , the FCC froze the application process for new applicants in 1948 , due to concerns over station interference . At the time , there were only a few dozen stations operating at the end of the decade , concentrated in many ( but not all ) major cities . The FCC began handing out broadcasting licenses to communities of all sizes in the early 1950s ( with the highest concentration of license grants and station sign - ons occurring between 1953 and 1956 ) , spurring an explosion of growth in the medium . A brief dispute over the system to use for color broadcasts occurred at this time , but was soon settled . Half of all U.S. households had television sets by 1955 , though color was a premium feature for many years ( most households able to purchase television sets could only afford black - and - white models , and few programs were broadcast in color until the mid-1960s ) . Many of the earliest television programs were modified versions of well - established radio shows . Barn dances and opries were regular staples of early television , as were the first variety shows . Reruns of film shorts ( such as Looney Tunes , Our Gang and The Three Stooges ) were also staples of early television and to a certain extent remain popular today , well after those film shorts mostly stopped being produced in the 1960s . The 1950s saw the first flowering of the genres that would distinguish television from movies and radio : talk shows like The Jack Paar Show and sitcoms like I Love Lucy . Although sitcoms were a radio fixture since the late 1930s ( many 1940s radio sitcoms jumped directly to television ) , television allowed far greater use of physical comedy , an advantage that early television sitcoms used to its full potential . Other popular genera in early television were westerns , police procedurals , suspense thrillers and soap operas , all of which were adapted from the radio medium . Anthology and wheel series thrived in the so - called `` Golden Age of Television , '' but eventually faded in popularity by the 1970s . The big band remote , for the most part , did not survive ( a victim of the concurrent start of the rock era ) , with two exceptions : The Lawrence Welk Show , a big band - driven musical variety show , ran from 1951 until Welk 's retirement in 1982 and in reruns from then onward ( which eventually moved from commercial to public television syndication ) , and Guy Lombardo 's annual New Year 's Eve big - band remotes ran until 1979 , two years after Lombardo 's death . Game shows were also a major part of the early part of television , aided by massive prizes unheard of in the radio era ; however , the pressure to keep the programs entertaining led to the quiz show scandals , in which it was revealed many of the popular high - stakes games were rigged or outright scripted . The Saturday morning cartoons , animated productions made specifically for television ( and , accordingly , with much tighter budgets and more limited animation ) , also debuted in the late 1950s . Broadcast television stations in the United States were primarily transmitted on the VHF band ( channels 2 - 13 ) in its earliest years ; it was not until the All - Channel Receiver Act of 1964 that UHF broadcasting became a feasible medium . Over the course of the 1960s and 1970s , concurrent with the development of color television , the evolution of television led to an event colloquially known as the rural purge ; genera such as the panel game show , western , variety show , barn dance and rural - oriented sitcom all met their demise in favor of newer , more modern series targeted at wealthier suburban and urban viewers . Around the same time , videotape became a more affordable alternative to film for recording programs . Stations across the country also produced their own local programs . Usually carried live , they ranged from simple advertisements to game shows and children 's shows that often featured clowns and other offbeat characters . Local programs could often be popular and profitable , but concerns about product promotion led them to almost completely disappear by the mid-1970s . The last remaining locally originated shows on American television as of 2016 are local newscasts , public affairs shows and some brokered programming ( such as talk - lifestyle shows ) paid for by advertisers . Subscription television became popular in the early 1980s when cable television began to offer dedicated channels alongside local and out - of - market broadcast stations and service gradually expanded to more metropolitan areas , followed by the emergence of direct - broadcast satellite in the 1990s , and has been growing in significance since then -- spurring the emergence of multinational conglomerates such as Fox . As the number of outlets for potential new television channels increased , this also introduced the threat of audience fracturing , in that it would become more difficult to attain a critical mass of viewers in this highly competitive market ( free - to - air satellite had a brief uptick in popularity during the 1980s , but never achieved mainstream popularity ) . As ratings declined , the number of game shows and soap operas followed , with the former genre almost completely disappearing from American daytime television , to be replaced by much cheaper and more lowbrow tabloid talk shows , many of which in turn were canceled and replaced by televised binding arbitration court shows beginning in the late 1990s . Infomercials were legalized in 1984 , approximately the same time that cable television became widespread . Over the course of the 1980s and 1990s , stations began airing infomercials -- as well as news and entertainment programs -- throughout the night instead of signing off ; infomercials also began to overtake other less - watched dayparts ( such as weekends and during the daytime ) , which forced series that would otherwise be syndicated onto cable networks or off the air entirely . Cable networks have also begun selling infomercial space , usually in multiple - hour blocks in the early morning hours , while some dedicated channels devoted to infomercials have also launched since the early 1990s . Infomercials have earned a reputation as a medium for advertising scams and products of dubious quality , although by the same token , they have proven to be a successful method of selling products . In the late 1990s , the U.S. began to deploy digital television , transitioning it into being the standard transmission method for over-the - air broadcasts . The major broadcast networks began transitioning to recording their programs in high definition ( HD ) ; prime time programs were the first to convert to the format , with daytime shows eventually being converted to HD beginning in the mid-2000s ; the upgrade to full high - definition network schedules , at least among the conventional English language broadcast networks , was fully completed by September 2014 when the last standard - definition programs upgraded to HD . A law passed by Congress in 2006 required over-the - air stations to cease analog broadcasts in 2009 , with the end of analog television arriving on June 12 of that year ( originally set for February 17 , before Congress delayed it due to concerns about national household penetration of digital television by viewers reliant on antennas for receive programming in advance the transition ) . Low - power television stations originally had until September 2015 to terminate analog broadcasts , although this was pushed back to April 2016 ; most have already transitioned to digital as of 2014 , with the exception of the `` 87.7 FM '' outlets , which operate primarily as radio stations by using the audio of analog channel 6 to broadcast to FM radios . There was an uptick in the number of `` 87.7 '' stations after the full - power transition , as low - power stations above channel 51 ( UHF channels 52 to 69 were removed from the television spectrum as part of the transition ) were required to choose a new channel allocation ; many chose channel 6 , as it allowed for the usage of the 87.7 audio channel to reach a wider audience . The late 1990s also saw the invention of digital video recorders . While the ability to record a television program for home viewing was possible with the earlier VCRs , that medium was a bulky mechanical tape medium that was far less convenient than the all - digital technology that DVRs use ( DVD recorders also began to be sold around this time , though this is also less convenient than the DVR technology since DVD discs are somewhat more fragile than videotapes , although both mediums allow to some extent for longer - term viewing than most DVRs ) . DVR technology allowed wide - scale time shifting of programming , which had a negative impact on programming in time slots outside of prime time by allowing viewers to watch their favorite programs on demand . It also put pressure on advertisers , since DVRs make it relatively easy to skip over commercials ( satellite provider Dish Network 's Hopper technology , which eliminates commercials entirely , was even the subject of lawsuits by the major networks during the early and mid-2010s due to fears over diluted advertising revenue ) . During the 2000s , the major development in U.S. television programming was the growth of reality television , which proved to be an inexpensive and entertaining alternative to scripted prime time programming . The process of nonlinear video editing and digital recording allowed for much easier and less expensive editing of mass amounts of video , making reality television more viable than it had been in previous decades . All four major broadcast networks carry at least one long - running reality franchise in their lineup at any given time of the year . See also ( edit ) Television in the United States portal Television portal Big Three television networks Cable television in the United States Communications in the United States Fourth television network High - definition television in the United States List of television stations in the United States List of United States cable and satellite television networks List of United States over-the - air television networks List of United States television markets Satellite television in the United States Television in the United States Television news in the United States United States cable news References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ownership of TV Sets Falls in U.S. '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Seidman ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` List of How Many Homes Each Cable Networks Is In - Cable Network Coverage Estimates As Of August 2013 '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it ( Tribune Digital Ventures ) . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Television Households by Season '' . TV by the Numbers . August 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FCC V - Chip Fact Sheet '' . Federal Communications Commission . July 1 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Barely Keeping Up in TV 's New Golden Age '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to TV 's Second Golden Age '' . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvnewscheck.com/article/103424/fcc-takes-lid-off-national-station-ownership ^ Jump up to : Jessica Seid ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Gilmore Girls ' meet ' Smackdown ' ; CW Network to combine WB , UPN in CBS - Warner venture beginning in September '' . CNNMoney.com . Time Warner . Jump up ^ Dave Itzkoff ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` For TV Fans , Cramming In Sunday 's Best '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melanie McFarland ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` On TV : Thursday night throwdown '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS , NBC Battle for AFC Rights / / Fox Steals NFC Package '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Adler & Shaykin . December 18 , 1993 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Time Warner TV Network to Cover 40 % of Nation '' . The Buffalo News . BH Media . November 2 , 1993 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bill Carter ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` UPN and WB to Combine , Forming New TV Network '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` News Corp. to launch new mini-network for UPN stations '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . February 22 , 2006 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Eggerton ( February 22 , 2006 ) . `` News Corp . Unveils MyNetworkTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information . Jump up ^ Allison Romano ( February 24 , 2006 ) . `` CW Creates Small - Market Service '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Linda Moss ( September 23 , 1996 ) . `` WB will pitch the WeB to cable ops . '' . Multichannel News . Cahners Business Information . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` A Salute to The WB 100 + Station Group on its Fifth Anniversary '' ( PDF ) . TelevisionWeek . September 22 , 2003 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 -- via RussellMyerson.com . Jump up ^ Michael Malone ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` MyNetworkTV Shifts From Network to Programming Service '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` MyNetworkTV Changing Business Model '' ( PDF ) . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Associated Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paige Albiniak ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` MyNetworkTV Shakeup Music to Syndicators Ears '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Reed Business Information . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phil Rosenthal ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Weigel Broadcasting Taking Me - TV National '' . Chicago Tribune ( Tower Ticker ) . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phil Rosenthal ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Tribune Company Launching Digital Subchannel Antenna TV Network '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Jump up ^ `` MGM Launches This TV Channel , Strong On Kids ' Shows , Movies '' . MediaPost . MediaPost Publications . July 29 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duane Dudek ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Weigel Introducing New Movies ! Channel Monday '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( The Dudek Abides ) . Journal Communications . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's GetTV Jumps Into Multicasting Fray '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harry A. Jessell ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Bounce Set To Jump Into the Multicast Game '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grit , Escape Diginets To Launch Aug. 18 '' . TVNewsCheck . NewsCheck Media . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guillermo Gibens ( 2009 ) . `` Univision and Telemundo '' . In Alan Albarran . Handbook of Spanish Language Media . Routledge . pp. 237 + . Jump up ^ `` Consumers wary of Comcast , Time Warner Cable merger '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ; Emily Steel ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Aereo Loses at Supreme Court , in Victory for TV Broadcasters '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily Steel ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Aereo Concedes Defeat and Files for Bankruptcy '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Docket : Aereo Approved to Auction TV Streaming Technology '' . The Wall Street Journal . News Corp . December 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Eggerton ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Court Finds FilmOn in Contempt '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` This is Dish 's Sling TV : an internet TV service that lets you stream ESPN for $20 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Elyse Betters ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Dish Sling TV : What is it , and why is everyone talking about it ? '' . Pocket - lint . Pocket - lint ltd . Jump up ^ Andrew Webster ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` PlayStation Vue expands to Amazon Fire TV '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Jump up ^ Don Kaplan ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` CBS , like HBO , takes on Netflix with a service to deliver TV shows via broadband '' . New York Daily News . Daily News , L.P. Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emily Steel ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Cord - Cutters Rejoice : CBS Joins Web Stream '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeff Baumgartner ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' HBO Now ' Goes Live '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ `` HBO Now coming in April for $14.99 per month , Apple TV price cut to $69 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Leslie Moonves Divulges Details on Showtime 's New Online Streaming Service '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yvonne Villarreal ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Showtime 's stand - alone streaming service launches on Apple , Hulu and elsewhere '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://buffalonews.com/2017/05/19/networks-may-struggling-new-shows-keep-coming/ Jump up ^ `` Amendment of Section 73.658 ( g ) of The Commission 's Rules : The Dual Network Rule '' . Federal Communications Commission . Washington , D.C. Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WTBS to become Peachtree TV '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . American City Business Journals . June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kent Gibbons ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` WGN America Converts to Cable in Five Markets '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jim McConville ( January 6 , 1997 ) . `` N.Y. 's WWOR loses super status ; satellite distributor discontinues service contract with television station '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Cahners Business Information . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Tobias Steiner . `` Under the Macroscope : Convergence in the US Television Market between 2000 and 2014 '' . academia.edu . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Don Jeffrey ( June 5 , 2012 ) . `` Dish 's Ad - Skip Tool May Benefit From Cablevision DVR Case '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Eggerton ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ninth Circuit Wo n't Block Hopper Either '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Museum of Television & Radio Museum of Broadcast Communications : The Encyclopedia of Television Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Now with Bill Moyers : Politics & Media - Big Media - Media Regulation Timeline FCC : Television Technology - A Short History Turner : Cable Primed to Beat Broadcast , by Anthony Crupi , Mediaweek Dec. 7 , 2005 . AAAA / ANA Annual Study Shows TV Clutter Levels Up Across Most Dayparts by the Association of National Advertisers , Feb. 14 , 2002 . Live American TV Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Characteristic impedance Coaxial cable Electromagnetic radiation Electrical cable Free - space optical communication Heaviside condition Loading coil Molecular communication Optical fiber Telegrapher 's equations Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Television in the United States Stations and networks Over-the - air television networks ABC CBS NBC Fox Stations Cable and satellite Networks High - definition Channels Awards and events Emmy Award Primetime Daytime International Sports News & Documentary Technology & Engineering Sylvania Award Directors Guild of America Award Producers Guild of America Award Writers Guild of America Award Golden Globes Screen Actors Guild Award TCA Awards Critics ' Choice TV Award Peabody Award People 's Choice Awards NAACP Image Award Eddie Awards Artios Award American Society of Cinematographers Awards Humanitas Prize ADG Excellence in Production Design Award Hugo Award Visual Effects Society Awards Golden Reel Award GLAAD Media Award MTV Movie & TV Awards MTV Fandom Awards Organizations Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers American Society of Cinematographers Directors Guild of America Federal Communications Commission Motion Picture Association of America National Association of Broadcasters National Cable & Telecommunications Association Paley Center for Media Producers Guild of America SAG - AFTRA Writers Guild of America , East Writers Guild of America , West Television in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_in_the_United_States&oldid=802686168 '' Categories : Television in the United States Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from October 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from February 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 20 : 05 . 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About Wikipedia	when did television started broadcasting 24 hours a day	[ "MyNetworkTV originally started as a conventional network with a format primarily consisting of English language telenovelas; however, after experiencing continued low ratings for its prime time-exclusive schedule (even after several programming revamps that followed over the next three years after the initial format faltered), it converted into a \"broadcast syndication service\" in September 2009, adopting a format made up of reruns of series originally aired on other networks for ten hours a week on Monday through Fridays.[19][20][21] Ion broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week (though only eighteen hours of its schedule each day consist of entertainment programming, with infomercials and religious programming making up the remainder of the schedule), making the Ion network the largest English-language commercial television network to be totally responsible for its affiliates' programming. Ion differs from other commercial networks in that the majority of its stations are owned-and-operated by its parent company with very few affiliates, and it is distributed exclusively via cable and satellite in markets where the network does not have a local station; Ion was the last of the seven conventional English language commercial broadcast networks to expand into distribution via digital multicasting, having relied entirely on cable and satellite distribution in markets where it otherwise could not maintain a primary affiliation until 2014, when it began accepting subchannel-only affiliates through deals with Telemundo Station Group and Media General." ]	[ "September 2009" ]
-8754640966024932740	Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution	Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Amendment XXI in the National Archives The Twenty - first Amendment ( Amendment XXI ) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16 , 1919 . The Twenty - first Amendment was ratified on December 5 , 1933 . It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Implementation 4.1 State and local control 4.2 Court rulings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed . Section 2 . The transportation or importation into any State , Territory , or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors , in violation of the laws thereof , is hereby prohibited . Section 3 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States , as provided in the Constitution , within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress . Background ( edit ) Main articles : Prohibition in the United States and Volstead Act The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had ushered in a period known as Prohibition , during which the manufacture , distribution , and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal . Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the crowning achievement of the temperance movement , but it soon proved highly unpopular . Crime rates soared under Prohibition as gangsters , such as Chicago 's Al Capone , became rich from a profitable , often violent black market for alcohol . The federal government was incapable of stemming the tide : enforcement of the Volstead Act proved to be a nearly impossible task and corruption was rife among law enforcement agencies . In 1932 , wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller , Jr. stated in a letter : When Prohibition was introduced , I hoped that it would be widely supported by public opinion and the day would soon come when the evil effects of alcohol would be recognized . I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result . Instead , drinking has generally increased ; the speakeasy has replaced the saloon ; a vast army of lawbreakers has appeared ; many of our best citizens have openly ignored Prohibition ; respect for the law has been greatly lessened ; and crime has increased to a level never seen before . As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment , a political movement grew for its repeal . However , repeal was complicated by grassroots politics . Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments , only one method had been used up until that time ; and that was for ratification by the state legislatures of three - fourths of the states . However , the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either beholden to or simply fearful of the temperance lobby . For that reason , when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20 , 1933 ( with the requisite two - thirds having voted in favor in each house ; 63 to 21 in the United States Senate and 289 to 121 in the United States House of Representatives ) , it chose the second ratification method established by Article V , that being via state conventions . The Twenty - first Amendment is the only constitutional amendment ratified by state conventions rather than by the state legislatures . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) The Congress proposed the Twenty - first Amendment on February 20 , 1933 . The proposed amendment was adopted on December 5 , 1933 . It is the only amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions , specially selected for the purpose . All other amendments have been ratified by state legislatures . It is also the only amendment that was approved for the explicit purpose of repealing a previously existing amendment to the Constitution . The Twenty - first Amendment ending national prohibition became officially effective on December 15 , though people started drinking openly before that date . The various responses of the 48 states is as follows : The following states ratified the amendment : Michigan ( April 10 , 1933 ) Wisconsin ( April 25 , 1933 ) Rhode Island ( May 8 , 1933 ) Wyoming ( May 25 , 1933 ) New Jersey ( June 1 , 1933 ) Delaware ( June 24 , 1933 ) Indiana ( June 26 , 1933 ) Massachusetts ( June 26 , 1933 ) New York ( June 27 , 1933 ) Illinois ( July 10 , 1933 ) Iowa ( July 10 , 1933 ) Connecticut ( July 11 , 1933 ) New Hampshire ( July 11 , 1933 ) California ( July 24 , 1933 ) West Virginia ( July 25 , 1933 ) Arkansas ( August 1 , 1933 ) Oregon ( August 7 , 1933 ) Alabama ( August 8 , 1933 ) Tennessee ( August 11 , 1933 ) Missouri ( August 29 , 1933 ) Arizona ( September 5 , 1933 ) Nevada ( September 5 , 1933 ) Vermont ( September 23 , 1933 ) Colorado ( September 26 , 1933 ) Washington ( October 3 , 1933 ) Minnesota ( October 10 , 1933 ) Idaho ( October 17 , 1933 ) Maryland ( October 18 , 1933 ) Virginia ( October 25 , 1933 ) New Mexico ( November 2 , 1933 ) Florida ( November 14 , 1933 ) Texas ( November 24 , 1933 ) Kentucky ( November 27 , 1933 ) Ohio ( December 5 , 1933 ) Pennsylvania ( December 5 , 1933 ) Utah ( December 5 , 1933 ) Ratification was completed on December 5 , 1933 . The amendment was subsequently ratified by conventions in the following states : Maine ( December 6 , 1933 ) Montana ( August 6 , 1934 ) The amendment was rejected by the following state : South Carolina ( December 4 , 1933 ) Voters in the following state rejected holding a convention to consider the amendment : North Carolina ( November 7 , 1933 ) The following states took no action to consider the amendment : Georgia Kansas Louisiana Mississippi Nebraska North Dakota Oklahoma South Dakota Implementation ( edit ) After more than ten years of the country going dry , on December 6 , 1932 , Senator John Blaine of Wisconsin submitted a resolution onto the floor of the Senate to submit the amendment to the states for ratification , which followed in February 1933 . The Amendment was quickly ratified , with Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Utah ratifying the amendment on December 5 , 1933 . State and local control ( edit ) The second section bans the importation of alcohol in violation of state or territorial law . This has been interpreted to give states essentially absolute control over alcoholic beverages , and many U.S. states still remained `` dry '' ( with state prohibition of alcohol ) long after its ratification . Mississippi was the last , remaining dry until 1966 ; Kansas continued to prohibit public bars until 1987 . Many states now delegate the authority over alcohol granted to them by this Amendment to their municipalities or counties ( or both ) , which has led to many lawsuits over First Amendment rights when local governments have tried to revoke liquor licenses . Court rulings ( edit ) Section 2 has been the source of every Supreme Court ruling directly addressing Twenty - first Amendment issues . Early rulings suggested that Section 2 enabled states to legislate with exceptionally broad constitutional powers . In State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co. , the Supreme Court recognized that `` Prior to the Twenty - first Amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional '' for a state to require a license and fee to import beer anywhere within its borders . First , the Court held that Section 2 abrogated the right to import intoxicating liquors free of a direct burden on interstate commerce , which otherwise would have been unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause before passage of the Twenty - first Amendment . In its second holding , the Court rejected an equal protection claim because `` A classification recognized by the Twenty - first Amendment can not be deemed forbidden by the Fourteenth . '' Over time , the Court has significantly curtailed this initial interpretation . In Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) , the Supreme Court found that analysis under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had not been affected by the passage of the Twenty - first Amendment . Although the Court did not specify whether the Twenty - first Amendment could provide an exception to any other constitutional protections outside of the Commerce Clause , it acknowledged `` the relevance of the Twenty - first Amendment to other constitutional provisions becomes increasingly doubtful '' . Likewise , it has been held that Section 2 of the Twenty - first Amendment does not affect the Supremacy Clause or the Establishment Clause. Larkin v. Grendel 's Den , Inc. , 459 U.S. 116 , 122 , n . 5 ( 1982 ) However , the Craig v. Boren Court did distinguish two characteristics of state laws permitted by the Amendment , which otherwise might have run afoul of the Constitution . The constitutional issues in each centered or touched upon : ( 1 ) `` importation of intoxicants , a regulatory area where the State 's authority under the Twenty - first Amendment is transparently clear '' ; and ( 2 ) `` purely economic matters that traditionally merit only the mildest review under the Fourteenth Amendment '' . As to the Dormant Commerce Clause in particular , the Court clarified that , while not a pro tanto repeal , the Twenty - First Amendment nonetheless `` primarily created an exception to the normal operation of the Commerce Clause '' . In South Dakota v. Dole ( 1987 ) , the Supreme Court upheld the withholding of some federal highway funds to South Dakota , because beer with an alcohol content below a specified percentage could be lawfully sold to adults under the age of 21 within the state . In a 7 -- 2 majority opinion by Chief Justice Rehnquist , the Court held that the offer of benefits is not coercion that inappropriately invades state sovereignty . The Twenty - first Amendment could not constitute an `` independent constitutional bar '' to the spending power granted to Congress under Article I , section 8 , clause 1 of the Constitution . Justice Brennan , author of the majority opinion in Craig v. Boren , provided a brief but notable dissent based solely on Section 2 . Justice O'Connor also dissented , arguing that `` the regulation of the age of the purchasers of liquor , just as the regulation of the price at which liquor may be sold , falls squarely within the scope of those powers reserved to the States by the Twenty - first Amendment . '' In 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island ( 1996 ) , the Court held states can not use the Twenty - first Amendment to abridge freedom of speech protections under the First Amendment . Rhode Island imposed a law that prohibited advertisements that disclosed the retail prices of alcoholic beverages sold to the public . In declaring the law unconstitutional , the Court reiterated that `` although the Twenty - first Amendment limits the effect of the Dormant Commerce Clause on a State 's regulatory power over the delivery or use of intoxicating beverages within its borders , the Amendment does not license the States to ignore their obligations under other provisions of the Constitution '' . Most recently , however , Granholm v. Heald ( 2005 ) held that the Twenty - first Amendment does not overrule the Dormant Commerce Clause with respect to alcohol sales , and therefore states must treat in - state and out - of - state wineries equally . The Court criticized its earliest rulings on the issue , ( including State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co . ) and promulgated its most limited interpretation to date : The aim of the Twenty - first Amendment was to allow States to maintain an effective and uniform system for controlling liquor by regulating its transportation , importation , and use . The Amendment did not give States the authority to pass nonuniform laws in order to discriminate against out - of - state goods , a privilege they had not enjoyed at any earlier time . In a lengthy dissent , Justice Thomas argued that the plain meaning of Section 2 removed `` any doubt regarding its broad scope , the Amendment simplified the language of the Webb - Kenyon Act and made it clear that States could regulate importation destined for in - state delivery free of negative Commerce Clause restraints '' . In his historical account , Justice Thomas argued the early precedent provided by State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co. was indeed correct , and furthered the original intent of the Twenty - first Amendment to provide a constitutional guarantee authorizing state regulation that might conflict with the Dormant Commerce Clause ( similar to the Webb -- Kenyon Act ) . See also ( edit ) Alcoholic beverage control state List of alcohol laws of the United States by state List of dry communities by U.S. state References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin ( December 5 , 1933 ) , Proclamation 2065 - Repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment Jump up ^ Mark Thornton , The Economics of Prohibition , Salt Lake City : University of Utah Press , 1991 . Jump up ^ Letter on Prohibition - see Daniel Okrent , Great Fortune : The Epic of Rockefeller Center , New York : Viking Press , 2003 . ( pp. 246 / 7 ) . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen or Subject ? '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . `` An Overlooked Reconsideration of a Fundamental Question in U.S. Constitutional Law . '' Gilder , Eric and Hagger , Mervyn . British and American Studies ( University of the West , Timisoara ) 13 ( 2007 ) : 163 - 74 . Jump up ^ Universal Newspaper Newsreel from late 1933 Jump up ^ Everett Somerville Brown , ed. ( 1938 ) , Ratification of the Twenty - first Amendment to the Constitution of the United States : State Convention Records and Laws , Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Press , p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` Something to celebrate : Repeal of Prohibition '' . Msbrew.com. 2007 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Restrictions still rule Kansas industry '' . Findarticles.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co. , 299 U.S. 59 , 62 ( 1936 ) . ^ Jump up to : State Board of Equalization v. Young 's Market Co. , 299 U.S. at 64 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 , 206 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ California Retail Liquor Dealers Assn . v. Midcal Aluminum , Inc. , 445 U.S. 97 , 112 - 114 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 207 ( citing Hostetter v. Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp. 377 U.S. 324 , 330 and n. 9 ( 1964 ) ) Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 207 ( citing Joseph E. Seagram & Sons v. Hostetter , 384 U.S. 35 , 47 - 48 and 50 - 51 ( 1966 ) ; and Williamson v. Lee Optical Co. , 348 U.S. 483 ( 1955 ) ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 206 ( citing Hostetter v. Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corp. , 377 U.S. 324 , 330 & 322 ( 1964 ) ; Carter v. Virginia , 321 U.S. 131 , 139 - 140 ( 1944 ) ( Frankfurter , J. , concurring ) ; Finch & Co. v. McKittrick , 305 U.S. 395 , 398 ( 1939 ) ; Department of Revenue v. James Beam Distilling Co. , 377 U.S. 341 ( 1964 ) ; and Collins v. Yosemite Park & Curry Co. , 304 U.S. 518 ( 1938 ) ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ See 23 U.S.C. § 158 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( 2009 ) ( `` The Secretary ( of Transportation ) shall withhold 10 per centum of the amount required to be apportioned to any State under ( 23 U.S.C. § 104 ( b ) ( 1 ) - ( 2 ) , ( 5 ) - ( 6 ) ) ... in which the purchase or public possession in such State of any alcoholic beverage by a person who is less than twenty - one years of age is lawful . '' ) . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 205 ; accord Griffin v. Sebek , 90 S.D. 692 , 703 - 704 ( 1976 ) ( `` SDCL 35 - 6 - 27 provides : ' No licensee under this chapter shall sell or give any low - point beer to any person who is less than eighteen years old or to any person ... who is intoxicated at the time , or who is known to the seller to be an habitual drunkard . ' '' ) ( quoting S.D. Codified Laws § § 35 - 6 - 27 & 35 - 4 - 78 ( 2 ) ( 1975 ) ) ( Dunn , C.J. , dissenting ) , overruled on other grounds , Walz v. Hudson , 327 N.W. 2d 120 ( S.D. 1982 ) , superseded by statute , S.D. Codified Laws § 35 - 4 - 78 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 211 . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 209 . Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 212 ( `` ( R ) egulation of the minimum age of purchasers of liquor falls squarely within the ambit of those powers reserved to the States by the Twenty - first Amendment . Since States possess this constitutional power , Congress can not condition a federal grant in a manner that abridges this right . The Amendment , itself , strikes the proper balance between federal and state authority . '' ) ( Brennan , J. , dissenting ) ( alteration added ) ( citation omitted ) Jump up ^ Craig , 429 U.S. at 218 ( O'Connor , J. , dissenting ) ( citing Capital Cities Cable , Inc. v. Crisp , 467 U.S. 691 , 716 ( 1984 ) ) . Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , Inc. v. Rhode Island , 517 U.S. 484 , 516 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ 44 Liquormart , 517 U.S. at 516 ( quoting Capital Cities Cable , Inc. v. Crisp , 467 U.S. 691 , 712 ( 1984 ) ) ( quotation omitted ) . Jump up ^ Granholm v. Heald , 544 U.S. 460 , 484 - 485 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Granholm , 544 U.S. at 514 ( Thomas , J. , dissenting ) . 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Johnson Meyer Lansky Lucky Luciano Sam Maceo Owney Madden William McCoy Bugs Moran Carrie Nation Eliot Ness Roy Olmstead The LaMontages brothers Lanzetta Brothers The Purple Gang George Remus Arnold Rothstein Howard Hyde Russell Dutch Schultz Eliza Thompson William Harvey Thompson Andrew Volstead Wayne Wheeler Frances Willard Izzy Einstein and Moe Smith Political parties National Prohibition Party ( UK ) Prohibition Party ( PRO ) Prohibition Party ( Canada ) Scottish Prohibition Party Related Prohibition ( 2011 documentary miniseries ) LCCN : n97009358 VIAF : 184385935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=840922273 '' Categories : 1933 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Prohibition in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) History of drug control Alcohol law in the United States 1933 in American politics 73rd United States Congress Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the amendments that deal with prohibition	[ "The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933.[1] It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions.", "The Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which had mandated nationwide Prohibition on alcohol on January 16, 1919. The Twenty-first Amendment was ratified on December 5, 1933.[1] It is unique among the 27 amendments of the U.S. Constitution for being the only one to repeal a prior amendment and to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions." ]	[ "the Eighteenth Amendment", "The Twenty-first Amendment" ]
-7112083212472128202	History of democracy	History of democracy - wikipedia History of democracy Part of the Politics series Democracy History Types Anticipatory Athenian Cellular Consensus Cosmopolitan Defensive Delegative Deliberative Direct Economic Electronic Empowered Ethnic Grassroots Guided Inclusive Industrial Interactive Jacksonian Jeffersonian Liberal / Illiberal Media Multiparty New Non-partisan Participatory People 's Popular Procedural Radical Representative Religious Christian Islamic Jewish Mormon Sectarian Semi Semi-direct Social Socialist Sociocracy Sovereign Soviet Substantive Totalitarian Workplace Related topics Anarchism Kleroterion Democratic capitalism Democratic centralism Democratic confederalism Democratic republic Democratic socialism Democratization Democracy and economic growth Democracy in Marxism Democracy promotion Liberalism Libertarianism Majoritarianism Motion Ochlocracy People 's democratic dictatorship Polyarchy Populism Sortition Tyranny of the majority Voting Wars between democracies Wave of democracy Politics portal A democracy is a political system , or a system of decision - making within an institution or organization or a country , in which all members have an equal share of power . Modern democracies are characterized by two capabilities that differentiate them fundamentally from earlier forms of government : the capacity to intervene in their own societies and the recognition of their sovereignty by an international legalistic framework of similarly sovereign states . Democratic government is commonly juxtaposed with oligarchic and monarchic systems , which are ruled by a minority and a sole monarch respectively . The oldest known existence of a democratic kingdom ( Ganarajya ) where king was chosen by people 's votes can be traced way back in 599 BC at Vajji , Vaishali in ancient India . It was the birthplace of 24th and last Tirthankara in Jainism , named Mahavira . Democracy is generally associated with the efforts of the ancient Greeks and Romans , who were themselves considered the founders of Western civilization by the 18th century intellectuals who attempted to leverage these early democratic experiments into a new template for post-monarchical political organization . The extent to which these 18th century democratic revivalists succeeded in turning the democratic ideals of the ancient Greeks and Romans into the dominant political institution of the next 300 years is hardly debatable , even if the moral justifications they often employed might be . Nevertheless , the critical historical juncture catalyzed by the resurrection of democratic ideals and institutions fundamentally transformed the ensuing centuries and has dominated the international landscape since the dismantling of the final vestige of empire following the end of the Second World War . Modern representative democracies attempt to bridge the gulf between the Hobbesian ' state of nature ' and the grip of authoritarianism through ' social contracts ' that enshrine the rights of the citizens , curtail the power of the state , and grant agency through the right to vote . While they engage populations with some level of decision - making , they are defined by the premise of distrust in the ability of human populations to make a direct judgement about candidates or decisions on issues . Contents 1 Antiquity 1.1 Historic origins 1.2 Proto - democratic societies 1.2. 1 Mesopotamia 1.2. 2 Indian subcontinent 1.2. 3 Sparta 1.3 Athens 1.3. 1 Solon and the foundations of democracy 1.3. 2 Democracy under Cleisthenes and Pericles 1.3. 3 The birth of political philosophy 1.3. 4 Decline , revival , and criticisms 1.4 Rome 1.4. 1 The Roman Republic 1.4. 2 Transition to empire 1.4. 3 The Roman Empire and late antiquities 2 Institutions in the medieval era 3 Indigenous peoples of the Americas 4 Rise of democracy in modern national governments 4.1 Early Modern Era milestones 4.2 Eighteenth and nineteenth century milestones 4.3 The secret ballot 4.4 Waves of democracy in the 20th century 4.5 Post-World War II 4.6 Decolonisation and civil rights movements 4.7 Late Cold War and after 4.8 Democracy in the 21st century 5 Contemporary trends 6 See also 6.1 Important documents and milestones 6.2 Important figures in the history of democracy 7 Notes 8 Footnotes 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Antiquity ( edit ) Historic origins ( edit ) Anthropologists have identified forms of proto - democracy that date back to small bands of hunter - gatherers that predate the establishment of agrarian , settled , societies and still exist virtually unchanged in isolated indigenous groups today . In these groups of generally 50 - 100 individuals , often tied closely by familial bonds , decisions are reached by consensus or majority and many times without the designation of any specific chief . Given that these dynamics are still alive and well today , it is plausible to assume that democracy in one form or another arises naturally in any well - bonded group or tribe . These types of democracy are commonly identified as tribalism , or primitive democracy . In this sense , a primitive democracy usually takes shape in small communities or villages when there are face - to - face discussions in a village council or with a leader who has the backing of village elders or other cooperative forms of government . This becomes more complex on a larger scale , such as when the village and city are examined more broadly as political communities . All other forms of rule -- including monarchy , tyranny , aristocracy , and oligarchy -- have flourished in more urban centers , often those with concentrated populations . The concepts ( and name ) of democracy and constitution as a form of government originated in ancient Athens circa 508 B.C. In ancient Greece , where there were many city - states with different forms of government , democracy was contrasted with governance by elites ( aristocracy ) , by one person ( monarchy ) , by tyrants ( tyranny ) , etc . Proto - democratic societies ( edit ) In recent decades scholars have explored the possibility that advancements toward democratic government occurred somewhere else ( i.e. other than Greece ) first , as Greece developed its complex social and political institutions long after the appearance of the earliest civilizations in Egypt and the Near East . Mesopotamia ( edit ) The tablet containing the epic of Gilgamesh Studying pre-Babylonian Mesopotamia , Thorkild Jacobsen used Sumerian epic , myth , and historical records to identify what he has called primitive democracy . By this , Jacobsen means a government in which ultimate power rests with the mass of free male citizens , although `` the various functions of government are as yet little specialised ( and ) the power structure is loose '' . In early Sumer , kings like Gilgamesh did not hold the autocratic power that later Mesopotamian rulers wielded . Rather , major city - states functioned with councils of elders and `` young men '' ( likely free men bearing arms ) that possessed the final political authority , and had to be consulted on all major issues such as war . The work has gained little outright acceptance . Scholars criticize the use of the word `` democracy '' in this context since the same evidence also can be interpreted convincingly to demonstrate a power struggle between primitive monarchy and noble classes , a struggle in which the common people function more like pawns rather than any kind of sovereign authority . Jacobsen conceded that the vagueness of the evidence prohibits the separation between the Mesopotamian democracy from a primitive oligarchy . Indian subcontinent ( edit ) Another claim for early democratic institutions comes from the independent `` republics '' of India , sanghas and ganas , which existed as early as the 6th century B.C. and persisted in some areas until the 4th century . The evidence for this is scattered , however , and no pure historical source exists for that period . In addition , Diodorus -- a Greek historian who wrote two centuries after the time of Alexander the Great 's invasion of India -- mentions , without offering any detail , that independent and democratic states existed in India . Modern scholars note the word democracy at the time of the 3rd century B.C. and later suffered from degradation and could mean any autonomous state , no matter how oligarchic in nature . Key characteristics of the gana seem to include a monarch , usually known by the name raja , and a deliberative assembly . The assembly met regularly . It discussed all major state decisions . At least in some states , attendance was open to all free men . This body also had full financial , administrative , and judicial authority . Other officers , who rarely receive any mention , obeyed the decisions of the assembly . Elected by the gana , the monarch apparently always belonged to a family of the noble class of Kshatriya Varna . The monarch coordinated his activities with the assembly ; in some states , he did so with a council of other nobles . The Licchavis had a primary governing body of 7,077 rajas , the heads of the most important families . On the other hand , the Shakyas , Koliyas , Mallas , and Licchavis , during the period around Gautama Buddha , had the assembly open to all men , rich and poor . Scholars differ over how best to describe these governments , and the vague , sporadic quality of the evidence allows for wide disagreements . Some emphasize the central role of the assemblies and thus tout them as democracies ; other scholars focus on the upper - class domination of the leadership and possible control of the assembly and see an oligarchy or an aristocracy . Despite the assembly 's obvious power , it has not yet been established whether the composition and participation were truly popular . The first main obstacle is the lack of evidence describing the popular power of the assembly . This is reflected in the Arthashastra , an ancient handbook for monarchs on how to rule efficiently . It contains a chapter on how to deal with the sangas , which includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders , yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the citizens -- a surprising omission if democratic bodies , not the aristocratic families , actively controlled the republican governments . Another issue is the persistence of the four - tiered Varna class system . The duties and privileges on the members of each particular caste -- rigid enough to prohibit someone sharing a meal with those of another order -- might have affected the roles members were expected to play in the state , regardless of the formality of the institutions . A central tenet of democracy is the notion of shared decision - making power . The absence of any concrete notion of citizen equality across these caste system boundaries leads many scholars to claim that the true nature of ganas and sanghas is not comparable to truly democratic institutions . Sparta ( edit ) Further information : Sparta Bas - relief of Lycurgus , one of 23 great lawgivers depicted in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives Ancient Greece , in its early period , was a loose collection of independent city states called poleis . Many of these poleis were oligarchies . The most prominent Greek oligarchy , and the state with which democratic Athens is most often and most fruitfully compared , was Sparta . Yet Sparta , in its rejection of private wealth as a primary social differentiator , was a peculiar kind of oligarchy and some scholars note its resemblance to democracy . In Spartan government , the political power was divided between four bodies : two Spartan Kings ( diarchy ) , gerousia ( Council of Gerontes ( Elders ) , including the two kings ) , the ephors ( representatives of the citizens who oversaw the Kings ) and the apella ( assembly of Spartans ) . The two kings served as the head of the government . They ruled simultaneously , but they came from two separate lines . The dual kingship diluted the effective power of the executive office . The kings shared their judicial functions with other members of the gerousia . The members of the gerousia had to be over the age of 60 and were elected for life . In theory , any Spartan over that age could stand for election . However , in practice , they were selected from wealthy , aristocratic families . The gerousia possessed the crucial power of legislative initiative . Apella , the most democratic element , was the assembly where Spartans above the age of 30 elected the members of the gerousia and the ephors , and accepted or rejected gerousia 's proposals . Finally , the five ephors were Spartans chosen in apella to oversee the actions of the kings and other public officials and , if necessary , depose them . They served for one year and could not be re-elected for a second term . Over the years , the ephors held great influence on the formation of foreign policy and acted as the main executive body of the state . Additionally , they had full responsibility for the Spartan educational system , which was essential for maintaining the high standards of the Spartan army . As Aristotle noted , ephors were the most important key institution of the state , but because often they were appointed from the whole social body it resulted in very poor men holding office , with the ensuing possibility that they could easily be bribed . The creator of the Spartan system of rule was the legendary lawgiver Lycurgus . He is associated with the drastic reforms that were instituted in Sparta after the revolt of the helots in the second half of the 7th century BCE . In order to prevent another helot revolt , Lycurgus devised the highly militarized communal system that made Sparta unique among the city - states of Greece . All his reforms were directed towards the three Spartan virtues : equality ( among citizens ) , military fitness , and austerity . It is also probable that Lycurgus delineated the powers of the two traditional organs of the Spartan government , the gerousia and the apella . The reforms of Lycurgus were written as a list of rules / laws called Great Rhetra , making it the world 's first written constitution . In the following centuries , Sparta became a military superpower , and its system of rule was admired throughout the Greek world for its political stability . In particular , the concept of equality played an important role in Spartan society . The Spartans referred to themselves as όμοιοι ( Homoioi , men of equal status ) . It was also reflected in the Spartan public educational system , agoge , where all citizens irrespective of wealth or status had the same education . This was admired almost universally by contemporaries , from historians such as Herodotus and Xenophon to philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle . In addition , the Spartan women , unlike elsewhere , enjoyed `` every kind of luxury and intemperance '' including rights such as the right to inheritance , property ownership , and public education . Overall , the Spartans were remarkably free to criticize their kings and they were able to depose and exile them . However , despite these democratic elements in the Spartan constitution , there are two cardinal criticisms , classifying Sparta as an oligarchy . First , individual freedom was restricted , since as Plutarch writes `` no man was allowed to live as he wished '' , but as in a `` military camp '' all were engaged in the public service of their polis . And second , the gerousia effectively maintained the biggest share of power of the various governmental bodies . The political stability of Sparta also meant that no significant changes in the constitution were made . The oligarchic elements of Sparta became even stronger , especially after the influx of gold and silver from the victories in the Persian Wars . In addition , Athens , after the Persian Wars , was becoming the hegemonic power in the Greek world and disagreements between Sparta and Athens over supremacy emerged . These led to a series of armed conflicts known as the Peloponnesian War , with Sparta prevailing in the end . However , the war exhausted both poleis and Sparta was in turn humbled by Thebes at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE . It was all brought to an end a few years later , when Philip II of Macedon crushed what remained of the power of the factional city - states to his South . Athens ( edit ) Further information : Athenian democracy The Acropolis of Athens by Leo von Klenze . Athens is often regarded as the birthplace of democracy and remains an important reference - point for democracy . Athens emerged in the 7th century BCE , like many other poleis , with a dominating powerful aristocracy . However , this domination led to exploitation , creating significant economic , political , and social problems . These problems exacerbated early in the 6th century ; and , as `` the many were enslaved to few , the people rose against the notables '' . At the same time , a number of popular revolutions disrupted traditional aristocracies . This included Sparta in the second half of the 7th century BCE . The constitutional reforms implemented by Lycurgus in Sparta introduced a hoplite state that showed , in turn , how inherited governments can be changed and lead to military victory . After a period of unrest between the rich and poor , Athenians of all classes turned to Solon to act as a mediator between rival factions , and reached a generally satisfactory solution to their problems . Solon and the foundations of democracy ( edit ) Further information : Solon Bust of Solon from the National Museum , Naples Solon ( c. 638 -- c. 558 BC ) , an Athenian ( Greek ) of noble descent but moderate means , was a lyric poet and later a lawmaker ; Plutarch ranked him as one of the Seven Sages of the ancient world . Solon attempted to satisfy all sides by alleviating the suffering of the poor majority without removing all the privileges of the rich minority . Solon divided the Athenians into four property - classes , with different rights and duties for each . As the Rhetra did in Lycurgian Sparta , Solon formalized the composition and functions of the governmental bodies . All citizens gained the right to attend the Ecclesia ( Assembly ) and to vote . The Ecclesia became , in principle , the sovereign body , entitled to pass laws and decrees , elect officials , and hear appeals from the most important decisions of the courts . All but those in the poorest group might serve , a year at a time , on a new Boule of 400 , which was to prepare the agenda for the Ecclesia . The higher governmental posts , those of the archons ( magistrates ) , were reserved for citizens of the top two income groups . The retired archons became members of the Areopagus ( Council of the Hill of Ares ) , which like the Gerousia in Sparta , was able to check improper actions of the newly powerful Ecclesia . Solon created a mixed timocratic and democratic system of institutions . Overall , Solon devised the reforms of 594 BC to avert the political , economic , and moral decline in archaic Athens and gave Athens its first comprehensive code of law . The constitutional reforms eliminated enslavement of Athenians by Athenians , established rules for legal redress against over-reaching aristocratic archons , and assigned political privileges on the basis of productive wealth rather than of noble birth . Some of Solon 's reforms failed in the short term , yet he is often credited with having laid the foundations for Athenian democracy . Democracy under Cleisthenes and Pericles ( edit ) See also : Cleisthenes , Ephialtes , and Pericles The Pnyx with the speaker 's platform , the meeting place of the people of Athens Even though the Solonian reorganization of the constitution improved the economic position of the Athenian lower classes , it did not eliminate the bitter aristocratic contentions for control of the archonship , the chief executive post . Peisistratus became tyrant of Athens three times from 561 BCE and remained in power until his death in 527 BCE . His sons Hippias and Hipparchus succeeded him . After the fall of tyranny ( 510 BCE ) and before the year 508 -- 507 was over , Cleisthenes proposed a complete reform of the system of government , which later was approved by the popular Ecclesia . Cleisthenes reorganized the population of citizens into ten tribes , with the aim to change the basis of political organization from the family loyalties to political ones , and improve the army 's organization . He also introduced the principle of equality of rights for all male citizens , isonomia , by expanding access to power to more citizens . During this period , Athenians first used the word `` democracy '' ( Greek : δημοκρατία -- `` rule by the people '' ) to define their new system of government . In the next generation , Athens entered its Golden Age , becoming a great center of literature and art . Greek victories in Persian Wars ( 499 -- 449 BCE ) encouraged the poorest Athenians ( who participated in the military campaigns ) to demand a greater say in the running of their city . In the late 460s , Ephialtes and Pericles presided over a radicalization of power that shifted the balance decisively to the poorest sections of society , by passing laws which severely limited the powers of the Council of the Areopagus and allowed thetes ( Athenians without wealth ) to occupy public office . Pericles became distinguished as the Athenians ' greatest democratic leader , even though he has been accused of running a political machine . In the following passage , Thucydides recorded Pericles , in the funeral oration , describing the Athenian system of rule : `` Its administration favors the many instead of the few ; this is why it is called a democracy . If we look to the laws , they afford equal justice to all in their private differences ; if no social standing , advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity , class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit ; nor again does poverty bar the way , if a man is able to serve the state , he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition . The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life . '' A bust of Pericles bearing the inscription `` Pericles , son of Xanthippus , Athenian '' . Marble , Roman copy after a Greek original from ca . 430 BCE . The Athenian democracy of Cleisthenes and Pericles was based on freedom of citizens ( through the reforms of Solon ) and on equality of citizens ( isonomia ) - introduced by Cleisthenes and later expanded by Ephialtes and Pericles . To preserve these principles , the Athenians used lot for selecting officials . Casting lots aimed to ensure that all citizens were `` equally '' qualified for office , and to avoid any corruption allotment machines were used . Moreover , in most positions chosen by lot , Athenian citizens could not be selected more than once ; this rotation in office meant that no - one could build up a power base through staying in a particular position . The courts formed another important political institution in Athens ; they were composed of a large number of juries with no judges , and they were selected by lot on a daily basis from an annual pool , also chosen by lot . The courts had unlimited power to control the other bodies of the government and its political leaders . Participation by the citizens selected was mandatory , and a modest financial compensation was given to citizens whose livelihood was affected by being `` drafted '' to office . The only officials chosen by elections , one from each tribe , were the strategoi ( generals ) , where military knowledge was required , and the treasurers , who had to be wealthy , since any funds revealed to have been embezzled were recovered from a treasurer 's private fortune . Debate was open to all present and decisions in all matters of policy were taken by majority vote in the Ecclesia ( compare direct democracy ) , in which all male citizens could participate ( in some cases with a quorum of 6000 ) . The decisions taken in the Ecclesia were executed by the Boule of 500 , which had already approved the agenda for the Ecclesia . The Athenian Boule was elected by lot every year and no citizen could serve more than twice . Overall , the Athenian democracy was not only direct in the sense that decisions were made by the assembled people , but also directest in the sense that the people through the assembly , boule , and courts of law controlled the entire political process and a large proportion of citizens were involved constantly in the public business . And even though the rights of the individual ( probably ) were not secured by the Athenian constitution in the modern sense , the Athenians enjoyed their liberties not in opposition to the government , but by living in a city that was not subject to another power and by not being subjects themselves to the rule of another person . The birth of political philosophy ( edit ) See also : Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle Within the Athenian democratic environment , many philosophers from all over the Greek world gathered to develop their theories . Socrates ( 470 - 399 BCE ) was the first to raise the question , further expanded by his pupil Plato ( died 348 / 347 ) , about the relation / position of an individual within a community . Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BCE ) continued the work of his teacher , Plato , and laid the foundations of political philosophy . The political philosophy developed in Athens was , in the words of Peter Hall , `` in a form so complete that hardly added anyone of moment to it for over a millennium '' . Aristotle systematically analyzed the different systems of rule that the numerous Greek city - states had and divided them into three categories based on how many ruled : the many ( democracy / polity ) , the few ( oligarchy / aristocracy ) , a single person ( tyranny , or today : autocracy / monarchy ) . For Aristotle , the underlying principles of democracy are reflected in his work Politics : `` Now a fundamental principle of the democratic form of constitution is liberty -- that is what is usually asserted , implying that only under this constitution do men participate in liberty , for they assert this as the aim of every democracy . But one factor of liberty is to govern and be governed in turn ; for the popular principle of justice is to have equality according to number , not worth , and if this is the principle of justice prevailing , the multitude must of necessity be sovereign and the decision of the majority must be final and must constitute justice , for they say that each of the citizens ought to have an equal share ; so that it results that in democracies the poor are more powerful than the rich , because there are more of them and whatever is decided by the majority is sovereign . This then is one mark of liberty which all democrats set down as a principle of the constitution . And one is for a man to live as he likes ; for they say that this is the function of liberty , inasmuch as to live not as one likes is the life of a man that is a slave . This is the second principle of democracy , and from it has come the claim not to be governed , preferably not by anybody , or failing that , to govern and be governed in turns ; and this is the way in which the second principle contributes to equalitarian liberty . '' Decline , revival , and criticisms ( edit ) The Athenian democracy , in its two centuries of life - time , twice voted against its democratic constitution ( both times during the crisis at the end of the Pelopponesian War of 431 to 404 BC ) , establishing first the Four Hundred ( in 411 BCE ) and second Sparta 's puppet régime of the Thirty Tyrants ( in 404 BCE ) . Both votes took place under manipulation and pressure , but democracy was recovered in less than a year in both cases . Reforms following the restoration of democracy after the overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants removed most law - making authority from the Assembly and placed it in randomly selected law - making juries known as `` nomothetai '' . Athens restored its democratic constitution again after King Phillip II of Macedon ( reigned 359 - 336 BCE ) and later Alexander the Great ( reigned 336 -- 323 BCE ) unified Greece , but it was politically over-shadowed by the Hellenistic empires . Finally , after the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC , Athens was restricted to matters of local administration . However , democracy in Athens declined not only due to external powers , but due to its citizens , such as Plato and his student Aristotle . Because of their influential works , after the rediscovery of classics during the Renaissance , Sparta 's political stability was praised , while the Periclean democracy was described as a system of rule where either the less well - born , the mob ( as a collective tyrant ) , or the poorer classes held power . Only centuries afterwards , after the publication of A History of Greece by George Grote from 1846 onwards , did modern political thinkers start to view the Athenian democracy of Pericles positively . In the late 20th century scholars re-examined the Athenian system of rule as a model of empowering citizens and as a `` post-modern '' example for communities and organizations alike . Rome ( edit ) See also : Roman Republic Even though Rome is classified as a Republic and not a democracy , its history has helped preserve the concept of democracy over the centuries . The Romans invented the concept of classics and many works from Ancient Greece were preserved . Additionally , the Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries , and today 's modern ( representative ) democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models . The Roman Republic ( edit ) See also : History of the Constitution of the Roman Republic and Elections in the Roman Republic Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate : Cicero attacks Catilina , from a 19th - century fresco . Rome was a city - state in Italy next to powerful neighbors ; Etruscans had built city - states throughout central Italy since the 13th century BCE and in the south were Greek colonies . Similar to other city - states , Rome was ruled by a king . However , social unrest and the pressure of external threats led in 510 BCE the last king to be deposed by a group of aristocrats led by Lucius Junius Brutus . A new constitution was crafted , but the conflict between the ruling families ( patricians ) and the rest of the population , the plebeians continued . The plebs were demanding for definite , written , and secular laws . The patrician priests , who were the recorders and interpreters of the statutes , by keeping their records secret used their monopoly against social change . After a long resistance to the new demands , the Senate in 454 BCE sent a commission of three patricians to Greece to study and report on the legislation of Solon and other lawmakers . When they returned , the Assembly in 451 BCE chose ten men -- a decemviri -- to formulate a new code , and gave them supreme governmental power in Rome for two years . This commission , under the supervision of a resolute reactionary , Appius Claudius , transformed the old customary law of Rome into Twelve Tables and submitted them to the Assembly ( which passed them with some changes ) and they were displayed in the Forum for all who would and could read . The Twelve Tables recognised certain rights and by the 4th century BCE , the plebs were given the right to stand for consulship and other major offices of the state . The political structure as outlined in the Roman constitution resembled a mixed constitution and its constituent parts were comparable to those of the Spartan constitution : two consuls , embodying the monarchic form ; the Senate , embodying the aristocratic form ; and the people through the assemblies . The consul was the highest ranking ordinary magistrate . Consuls had power in both civil and military matters . While in the city of Rome , the consuls were the head of the Roman government and they would preside over the Senate and the assemblies . While abroad , each consul would command an army . The Senate passed decrees , which were called senatus consultum and were official advices to a magistrate . However , in practice , it was difficult for a magistrate to ignore the Senate 's advice . The focus of the Roman Senate was directed towards foreign policy . Though it technically had no official role in the management of military conflict , the Senate ultimately was the force that oversaw such affairs . Also , it managed Rome 's civil administration . The requirements for becoming a senator included having at least 100,000 denarii worth of land , being born of the patrician ( noble aristocrats ) class , and having held public office at least once before . New Senators had to be approved by the sitting members . The people of Rome through the assemblies had the final say regarding the election of magistrates , the enactment of new laws , the carrying out of capital punishment , the declaration of war and peace , and the creation ( or dissolution ) of alliances . Despite the obvious power the assemblies had , in practice , the assemblies were the least powerful of the other bodies of government . An assembly was legal only if summoned by a magistrate and it was restricted from any legislative initiative or the ability to debate . And even the candidates for public office as Livy writes `` levels were designed so that no one appeared to be excluded from an election and yet all of the clout resided with the leading men '' . Moreover , the unequal weight of votes was making a rare practice for asking the lowest classes for their votes . Roman stability , in Polybius ' assessment , was owing to the checks each element put on the superiority of any other : a consul at war , for example , required the cooperation of the Senate and the people if he hoped to secure victory and glory , and could not be indifferent to their wishes . This was not to say that the balance was in every way even : Polybius observes that the superiority of the Roman to the Carthaginian constitution ( another mixed constitution ) at the time of the Hannibalic War was an effect of the latter 's greater inclination toward democracy than to aristocracy . Moreover , recent attempts to posit for Rome personal freedom in the Greek sense -- eleutheria : living as you like -- have fallen on stony ground , since eleutheria ( which was an ideology and way of life in the democratic Athens ) was anathema in the Roman eyes . Rome 's core values included order , hierarchy , discipline , and obedience . These values were enforced with laws regulating the private life of an individual . The laws were applied in particular to the upper classes , since the upper classes were the source of Roman moral examples . Rome became the ruler of a great Mediterranean empire . The new provinces brought wealth to Italy , and fortunes were made through mineral concessions and enormous slave run estates . Slaves were imported to Italy and wealthy landowners soon began to buy up and displace the original peasant farmers . By the late 2nd century this led to renewed conflict between the rich and poor and demands from the latter for reform of the constitution . The background of social unease and the inability of the traditional republican constitutions to adapt to the needs of the growing empire led to the rise of a series of over-mighty generals , championing the cause of either the rich or the poor , in the last century BCE . Transition to Empire ( edit ) See also : History of the Roman Empire A fragment of a bronze equestrian order statue of Augustus , Roman Emperor , 1st century AD . Over the next few hundred years , various generals would bypass or overthrow the Senate for various reasons , mostly to address perceived injustices , either against themselves or against poorer citizens or soldiers . One of those generals was Julius Caesar , where he marched on Rome and took supreme power over the republic . Caesar 's career was cut short by his assassination at Rome in 44 BCE by a group of Senators including Marcus Junius Brutus . In the power vacuum that followed Caesar 's assassination , his friend and chief lieutenant , Marcus Antonius , and Caesar 's grandnephew Octavian who also was the adopted son of Caesar , rose to prominence . Their combined strength gave the triumvirs absolute power . However , in 31 BC war between the two broke out . The final confrontation occurred on 2 September 31 BCE , at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed Antony 's fleet . Thereafter , there was no one left in the Roman Republic who wanted to , or could stand against Octavian , and the adopted son of Caesar moved to take absolute control . Octavian left the majority of Republican institutions intact , though he influenced everything using personal authority and ultimately controlled the final decisions , having the military might to back up his rule if necessary . By 27 BCE the transition , though subtle , disguised , and relying on personal power over the power of offices , was complete . In that year , Octavian offered back all his powers to the Senate , and in a carefully staged way , the Senate refused and titled Octavian Augustus -- `` the revered one '' . He was always careful to avoid the title of rex -- `` king '' , and instead took on the titles of princeps -- `` first citizen '' and imperator , a title given by Roman troops to their victorious commanders . The Roman Empire and late antiquities ( edit ) The Roman Empire had been born . Once Octavian named Tiberius as his heir , it was clear to everyone that even the hope of a restored Republic was dead . Most likely , by the time Augustus died , no one was old enough to know a time before an Emperor ruled Rome . The Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic régime , which , underneath a competent and strong Emperor , could achieve military supremacy , economic prosperity , and a genuine peace , but under a weak or incompetent one saw its glory tarnished by cruelty , military defeats , revolts , and civil war . The Roman Empire was eventually divided between the Western Roman Empire which fell in 476 AD and the Eastern Roman Empire ( also called the Byzantine Empire ) which lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 AD . The Germanic tribal thing assemblies described by Tacitus in his Germania . The Christian Church well into the 6th century AD had its bishops elected by popular acclaim . The collegia of the Roman period : associations of various social , economic , religious , funerary and even sportive natures elected officers yearly , often directly modeled on the Senate of Rome . Institutions in the medieval era ( edit ) Further information : Medieval commune Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker is teaching the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung that the power resides with the people , 1018 , Uppsala , by C. Krogh . Most of the procedures used by modern democracies are very old . Almost all cultures have at some time had their new leaders approved , or at least accepted , by the people ; and have changed the laws only after consultation with the assembly of the people or their leaders . Such institutions existed since before the times of the Iliad or of the Odyssey , and modern democracies are often derived from or inspired by them , or what remained of them . Nevertheless , the direct result of these institutions was not always a democracy . It was often a narrow oligarchy , as in Venice , or even an absolute monarchy , as in Florence , in the Renaissance period ; but during the medieval period guild democracies did evolve . Early institutions included : The continuations of the early Germanic thing : The Witenagemot ( folkmoot ) of Early Medieval England , councils of advisors to the kings of the petty kingdoms and then that of a unified England before the Norman Conquest . The Frankish custom of the Märzfeld or Camp of Mars . In the Iberian Peninsula , in Portuguese , Leonese , Castillian , Aragonese , Catalan and Valencian customs , cortes were periodically convened to debate the state of the Realms . Tynwald , on the Isle of Man , claims to be one of the oldest continuous parliaments in the world , with roots back to the late 9th or 10th century . The Althing , the parliament of the Icelandic Commonwealth , founded in 930 . It consisted of the 39 , later 55 , goðar ; each owner of a goðarð ; and each hereditary goði kept a tight hold on his membership , which could in principle be lent or sold . Thus , for example , when Burnt Njal 's stepson wanted to enter it , Njal had to persuade the Althing to enlarge itself so a seat would become available . But as each independent farmer in the country could choose what goði represented him , the system could be claimed as an early form of democracy . The Alþing has run nearly continuously to the present day . The Althing was preceded by less elaborate `` things '' ( assemblies ) all over Northern Europe . The Thing of all Swedes , which took place annually at Uppsala at the end of February or in early March . As in Iceland , the lawspeaker presided over the assemblies , but the Swedish king functioned as a judge . A famous incident took place circa 1018 , when King Olof Skötkonung wanted to pursue the war against Norway against the will of the people . Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker reminded the king in a long speech that the power resided with the Swedish people and not with the king . When the king heard the din of swords beating the shields in support of Þorgnýr 's speech , he gave in . Adam of Bremen wrote that the people used to obey the king only when they thought his suggestions seemed better , although in war his power was absolute . The Swiss Landsgemeinde . The election of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate ( 7th century ) . The election of Gopala in the Pala Empire ( 8th century ) . The túatha system in early medieval Ireland . Landowners and the masters of a profession or craft were members of a local assembly , known as a túath . Each túath met in annual assembly which approved all common policies , declared war or peace on other tuatha , and accepted the election of a new `` king '' ; normally during the old king 's lifetime , as a tanist . The new king had to be descended within four generations from a previous king , so this usually became , in practice , a hereditary kingship ; although some kingships alternated between lines of cousins . About 80 to 100 túatha coexisted at any time throughout Ireland . Each túath controlled a more or less compact area of land which it could pretty much defend from cattle - raids , and this was divided among its members . The Ibadites of Oman , a minority sect distinct from both Sunni and Shia Muslims , have traditionally chosen their leaders via community - wide elections of qualified candidates starting in the 8th century . They were distinguished early on in the region by their belief that the ruler needed the consent of the ruled . The leader exercised both religious and secular rule . The Papal election , 1061 , The guilds , of economic , social and religious natures , in the later Middle Ages elected officers for yearly terms . The city - states ( republics ) of medieval Italy , as Venice and Florence , and similar city - states in Switzerland , Flanders and the Hanseatic league had not a modern democratic system but a guild democratic system . The Italian cities in the middle medieval period had `` lobbies war '' democracies without institutional guarantee systems ( a full developed balance of powers ) . During late medieval and renaissance periods , Venice became an oligarchy and others became `` Signorie '' . They were , in any case in late medieval times , not nearly as democratic as the Athenian - influenced city - states of Ancient Greece ( discussed above ) , but they served as focal points for early modern democracy . Veche , Wiec -- popular assemblies in Slavic countries . In Poland wiece have developed in 1182 into the Sejm -- the Polish parliament . The veche was the highest legislature and judicial authority in the republics of Novgorod until 1478 and Pskov until 1510 . The elizate system of the Basque Country in which farmholders of a rural area connected to a particular church would meet to reach decisions on issues affecting the community and to elect representatives to the provincial Batzar Nagusiak / Juntos Generales . The rise of democratic parliaments in England and Scotland : Magna Carta ( 1215 ) limiting the authority of powerholders ; first representative parliament ( 1265 ) . The Magna Carta implicitly supported what became the English writ of habeas corpus , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal . The emergence of petitioning in the 13th century is some of the earliest evidence of this parliament being used as a forum to address the general grievances of ordinary people . Indigenous peoples of the Americas ( edit ) See also : Great Law of Peace § Influence on the United States Constitution Historian Jack Weatherford has argued that the ideas leading to the United States Constitution and democracy derived from various indigenous peoples of the Americas including the Iroquois . Weatherford claimed this democracy was founded between the years 1000 -- 1450 , and lasted several hundred years , and that the U.S. democratic system was continually changed and improved by the influence of Native Americans throughout North America . Temple University professor of anthropology and an authority on the culture and history of the Northern Iroquois Elizabeth Tooker has reviewed these claims and concluded they are myth rather than fact . The idea that North American Indians had a democratic culture is several decades old , but not usually expressed within historical literature . The relationship between the Iroquois League and the Constitution is based on a portion of a letter written by Benjamin Franklin and a speech by the Iroquois chief Canasatego in 1744 . Tooker concluded that the documents only indicate that some groups of Iroquois and white settlers realized the advantages of a confederation , and that ultimately there is little evidence to support the idea that eighteenth century colonists were knowledgeable regarding the Iroquois system of governance . What little evidence there is regarding this system indicates chiefs of different tribes were permitted representation in the Iroquois League council , and this ability to represent the tribe was hereditary . The council itself did not practice representative government , and there were no elections ; deceased chiefs ' successors were selected by the most senior woman within the hereditary lineage in consultation with other women in the clan . Decision making occurred through lengthy discussion and decisions were unanimous , with topics discussed being introduced by a single tribe . Tooker concludes that `` ... there is virtually no evidence that the framers borrowed from the Iroquois '' and that the myth is largely based on a claim made by Iroquois linguist and ethnographer J.N.B. Hewitt which was exaggerated and misinterpreted after his death in 1937 . The Aztecs also practiced elections , but the elected officials elected a supreme speaker , not a ruler . Rise of democracy in modern National governments ( edit ) Early modern era milestones ( edit ) The election of Augustus II at Wola , outside Warsaw , Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , in 1697 . Painted by Bernardo Bellotto . Norman Davies notes that Golden Liberty , the Nobles ' Democracy ( Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka ) arose in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . This foreshadowed a democracy of about ten percent of the population of the Commonwealth , consisting of the nobility , who were an electorate for the office of the King . They observed Nihil novi of 1505 , Pacta conventa and King Henry 's Articles ( 1573 ) . See also : Szlachta history and political privileges , Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , Organisation and politics of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Case of Proclamations ( 1610 ) in England decided that `` the King by his proclamation or other ways can not change any part of the common law , or statute law , or the customs of the realm '' and that `` the King hath no prerogative , but that which the law of the land allows him . '' Dr. Bonham 's Case ( 1610 ) , decided that `` in many cases , the common law will control Acts of Parliament '' . The Virginia House of Burgesses , established in 1619 , is the first representative legislative body in the New World . The Mayflower Compact , signed in 1620 , an agreement between the Pilgrims , on forming a government between themselves , based on majority rule . During a period of renewed interest in Magna Carta , the Petition of Right ( 1628 ) was passed by the Parliament of England . It established , among other things , the illegality of taxation without parliamentary consent and of arbitrary imprisonment . The idea of the political party with factions took form in Britain around the time of the English Civil War ( 1642 -- 1651 ) . Soldiers from the Parliamentarian New Model Army and a faction of Levellers freely debated rights to political representation during the Putney Debates of 1647 . The Levellers published a newspaper ( The Moderate ) and pioneered political petitions , pamphleteering and party colours . Later , the pre-war Royalist ( then Cavalier ) and opposing Parliamentarian groupings became the Tory party and the Whigs in the Parliament . English Act of Habeas Corpus ( 1679 ) , safeguarding individual freedom against unlawful imprisonment with right to appeal ; one of the documents integral to the constitution of the United Kingdom and the history of the parliament of the United Kingdom . William Penn wrote his Frame of Government of Pennsylvania in 1682 . The document gave the colony a representative legislature and granted liberal freedoms to the colony 's citizens . A bill of rights is enacted by the Parliament of England in 1689 . The Bill of Rights 1689 set out the requirement for regular parliaments , free elections , rules for freedom of speech in Parliament , and limited the power of the monarch . It ensured ( with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ) that , unlike much of the rest of Europe , royal absolutism would not prevail . Eighteenth and Nineteenth century milestones ( edit ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen approved by the National Assembly of France , 26 August 1789 . 1707 : The first Parliament of Great Britain is established after the merger of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland under the Acts of Union 1707 . From around 1721 -- 42 , Robert Walpole , regarded as the first prime minister of Great Britain , chaired cabinet meetings , appointed all other ministers , and developed the doctrine of cabinet solidarity . 1755 : The Corsican Republic led by Pasquale Paoli with the Corsican Constitution From the late 1770s : new Constitutions and Bills explicitly describing and limiting the authority of powerholders , many based on the English Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) . Historian Norman Davies calls the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth Constitution of May 3 , 1791 `` the first constitution of its kind in Europe '' . The United States : the Founding Fathers rejected ' democracy ' as defined by the Greeks , preferring instead ' a natural aristocracy ' , whereby only the landed gentry were entitled to a place in Congress . The Americans , as with the British , took their cue from the Roman republic model : only the patrician classes were involved in government . 1776 : Virginia Declaration of Rights United States Constitution ratified in 1788 , created bicameral legislature with members of the House of Representatives elected `` by the People of the several states , '' and members of the Senate elected by the state legislatures . The Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote , leaving that to the constituent states , which mostly enfranchised only adult white males who owned land . 1791 : the United States Bill of Rights ratified . 1790s : First Party System in U.S. involves invention of locally rooted political parties in the United States ; networks of party newspapers ; new canvassing techniques ; use of caucus to select candidates ; fixed party names ; party loyalty ; party platform ( Jefferson 1799 ) ; 1800 : peaceful transition between parties 1780s : development of social movements identifying themselves with the term ' democracy ' : Political clashes between ' aristocrats ' and ' democrats ' in Benelux countries changed the semi-negative meaning of the word ' democracy ' in Europe , which was until then regarded as synonymous with anarchy , into a much more positive opposite of ' aristocracy ' . 1789 -- 1799 : the French Revolution Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen adopted on 26 August 1789 which declared that `` Men are born and remain free and equal in rights '' and proclaimed the universal character of human rights . Universal male suffrage established for the election of the National Convention in September 1792 , but revoked by the Directory in 1795 . Slavery abolished in the French colonies by the National Convention on 4 February 1794 , with Black people made equal to White people ( `` All men , without distinction of color , residing in the colonies are French citizens and will enjoy all the rights assured by the Constitution '' ) . Slavery was re-established by Napoleon in 1802 . The establishment of universal male suffrage in France in 1848 was an important milestone in the history of democracy . 1791 : The Haitian Revolution a successful slave revolution , established a free republic . The United Kingdom 1807 : The Slave Trade Act banned the trade across the British Empire after which the U.K. established the Blockade of Africa and enacted international treaties to combat foreign slave traders . 1832 : The passing of the Reform Act , which gave representation to previously under represented urban areas in the U.K. and extended the voting franchise to a wider population . 1833 : The Slavery Abolition Act was passed , which took effect across the British Empire from 1 August 1834 . 1820 : First Cortes Gerais in Portugal under a Constitutional Charter . 1835 : Serbia 's first modern constitution 1848 : Universal male suffrage was re-established in France in March of that year , in the wake of the French Revolution of 1848 . 1848 : Following the French , the Revolutions of 1848 , although in many instances forcefully put down , did result in democratic constitutions in some other European countries , among them Denmark and Netherlands . 1850s : introduction of the secret ballot in Australia ; 1872 in UK ; 1892 in USA 1853 : Black Africans given the vote for the first time in Southern Africa , in the British - administered Cape Province . 1856 : USA -- property ownership requirements were eliminated in all states , giving suffrage to most adult white males . However , tax - paying requirements remained in five states until 1860 and in two states until the 20th century . 1870 : USA -- 15th Amendment to the Constitution , prohibits voting rights discrimination on the basis of race , colour , or previous condition of slavery . 1878 - 80 : William Ewart Gladstone 's UK Midlothian campaign ushered in the modern political campaign . 1893 : New Zealand is the first nation to introduce universal suffrage by awarding the vote to women ( universal male suffrage had been in place since 1879 ) . 1905 : Persian Constitutional Revolution , first parliamentary system in middle east . The secret ballot ( edit ) Main article : Secret ballot A British secret ballot paper , 1880 The notion of a secret ballot , where one is entitled to the privacy of their votes , is taken for granted by most today by virtue of the fact that it is simply considered the norm . However , this practice was highly controversial in the 19th century ; it was widely argued that no man would want to keep his vote secret unless he was ashamed of it . The two earliest systems used were the Victorian method and the South Australian method . Both were introduced in 1856 to voters in Victoria and South Australia . The Victorian method involved voters crossing out all the candidates whom he did not approve of . The South Australian method , which is more similar to what most democracies use today , had voters put a mark in the preferred candidate 's corresponding box . The Victorian voting system also was not completely secret , as it was traceable by a special number . The stone inscriptions in a temple say that ballot elections were held in South India by a method called Kudavolai system . Kudavolai means the ballot sheet of leaf that was put secretly in a pot vessel called `` kudam '' . The details are found inscribed on the walls of the village assembly hall . Actually , the once village - assembly hall is the present temple . The details show that the village had a secret ballot electoral system and a written Constitution , prescribing the mode of elections . Waves of democracy in the 20th century ( edit ) The three 20th century waves of democracy , based on the number of nations 1800 -- 2003 scoring 8 or higher on Polity IV scale , another widely used measure of democracy . The end of the First World War was a temporary victory for democracy in Europe , as it was preserved in France and temporarily extended to Germany . Already in 1906 full modern democratic rights , universal suffrage for all citizens was implemented constitutionally in Finland as well as a proportional representation , open list system . Likewise , the February Revolution in Russia in 1917 inaugurated a few months of liberal democracy under Alexander Kerensky until Lenin took over in October . The terrible economic impact of the Great Depression hurt democratic forces in many countries . The 1930s became a decade of dictators in Europe and Latin America . In 1918 the United Kingdom granted the right to vote to women over 30 who met a property qualification the right to vote , a second one was later passed in 1928 granting women and men equal rights . On August 18 , 1920 the Nineteenth Amendment ( Amendment XIX ) to the United States Constitution was adopted which prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex . French women got the right to vote in 1944 , but did not actually cast their ballot for the first time until April 29 , 1945 . The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full U.S. citizenship to America 's indigenous peoples , called `` Indians '' in this Act . ( The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S. , but only if `` subject to the jurisdiction thereof '' ; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous peoples . ) The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on 2 June 1924 . The act further enfranchised the rights of peoples resident within the boundaries of the United States . Post-world war II ( edit ) World War II was ultimately a victory for democracy in Western Europe , where representative governments were established that reflected the general will of their citizens . However , many countries of Central and Eastern Europe became undemocratic Soviet satellite states . In Southern Europe , a number of right - wing authoritarian dictatorships ( most notably in Spain and Portugal ) continued to exist . MaxRange data has defined and categorised the level of democracy and political regime type to all states and months from 1789 to this day and updating . MaxRange shows a dramatic expansion of democracy , especially from 1989 . The third wave of democracy has been successful and covered major parts of previous autocratic areas . MaxRange can show detailed correlations between success of democracy and many relevant variables , such as previous democratic history , the transitional phase and selection of institutional political system . Even though the number of democratic states has continued to grow since 2006 , the share of weaker electoral democracies has grown significantly . This is the strongest causal factor behind fragile democracies . Japan had moved towards democracy during the Taishō period during the 1920s , but it was under effective military rule in the years before and during World War II . The country adopted a new constitution during the postwar Allied occupation , with initial elections in 1946 . Decolonisation and civil rights movements ( edit ) World War II also planted seeds of democracy outside Europe and Japan , as it weakened , with the exception of the USSR and the United States , all the old colonial powers while strengthening anticolonial sentiment worldwide . Many restive colonies / possessions were promised subsequent independence in exchange for their support for embattled colonial powers during the war . The aftermath of World War II also resulted in the United Nations ' decision to partition the British Mandate into two states , one Jewish and one Arab . On 14 May 1948 the state of Israel declared independence and thus was born the first full democracy in the Middle East . Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system and universal suffrage . India became a Democratic Republic in 1950 after achieving independence from Great Britain in 1947 . After holding its first national elections in 1952 , India achieved the status of the world 's largest liberal democracy with universal suffrage which it continues to hold today . Most of the former British and French colonies were independent by 1965 and at least initially democratic ; those that were formerly part of the British Empire often adopted the Westminster parliamentary system . The process of decolonisation created much political upheaval in Africa and parts of Asia , with some countries experiencing often rapid changes to and from democratic and other forms of government . In the United States of America , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act enforced the 15th Amendment . The 24th Amendment ended poll taxing by removing all tax placed upon voting , which was a technique commonly used to restrict the African American vote . The Voting Rights Act also granted voting rights to all Native Americans , irrespective of their home state . The minimum voting age was reduced to 18 by the 26th Amendment in 1971 . Late cold war and after ( edit ) New waves of democracy swept across Southern Europe in the 1970s , as a number of right - wing nationalist dictatorships fell from power . Later , in Central and Eastern Europe in the late 1980s , the communist states in the USSR sphere of influence were also replaced with liberal democracies . Much of Eastern Europe , Latin America , East and Southeast Asia , and several Arab , central Asian and African states , and the not - yet - state that is the Palestinian Authority moved towards greater liberal democracy in the 1990s and 2000s . Countries highlighted in blue are designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House 's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World '' , covering the year 2016 . An analysis by the U.S. Government funded Freedom House shows that there was not a single liberal democracy with universal suffrage in the world in 1900 , but that in 2000 , 120 of the world 's 192 nations , or 62 % were such democracies . They count 25 nations , or 13 % of the world 's nations with `` restricted democratic practices '' in 1900 and 16 , or 8 % of the world 's nations today . They counted 19 constitutional monarchies in 1900 , forming 14 % of the world 's nations , where a constitution limited the powers of the monarch , and with some power devolved to elected legislatures , and none in the present . Other nations had , and have , various forms of non-democratic rule . While the specifics may be open to debate ( for example , New Zealand actually enacted universal suffrage in 1893 , but is discounted due to a lack of complete sovereignty and certain restrictions on the Māori vote ) , the numbers are indicative of the expansion of democracy during the twentieth century . Democracy in the 21st century ( edit ) In the 21st century , democracy movements have been seen across the world . In the Arab world , an unprecedented series of major protests occurred with citizens of Egypt , Tunisia , Bahrain , Yemen , Jordan , Syria and other countries across the MENA region demanding democratic rights . This revolutionary wave was given the term Tunisia Effect , as well as the Arab Spring . The Palestinian Authority also took action to address democratic rights . In Iran , following a highly disputed presidential vote fraught with corruption , Iranian citizens held a major series of protests calling for change and democratic rights ( see : the 2009 -- 2010 Iranian election protests and the 2011 Iranian protests ) . The 2003 US - led invasion of Iraq led to a toppling of Saddam Hussein and a new constitution with free and open elections . In Asia , the country of Burma ( also known as Myanmar ) had long been ruled by a military junta ; however , in 2011 , the government changed to allow certain voting rights and released democracy - leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest . However , Burma still will not allow Suu Kyi to run for election and still has major human rights problems and not full democratic rights . However , this was later partially abrogated with the election of Suu Kyi 's national league for democracy party and her appointment as the de facto leader of Burma ( Myanmar ) with the title `` state councellor '' , as she is still not allowed to be president and therefore leads through a figurehead , Htin Kyaw . Human rights , however , have not improved . In Bhutan , in December 2005 , the 4th King Jigme Singye Wangchuck announced that the first general elections would be held in 2008 , and that he would abdicate the throne in favor of his eldest son . Bhutan is currently undergoing further changes to allow for a constitutional monarchy . In the Maldives , protests and political pressure led to a government reform which allowed democratic rights and presidential elections in 2008 . These were however undone by a coup in 2018 . Not all movement has been pro-democratic however . In Poland and Hungary , so - called ' illiberal democracies ' have taken hold , with the ruling parties in both countries considered by the EU and civil society to be working to undermine democratic governance . Also in Europe , the Spanish government refused to allow a democratic vote on the future of Catalunya , a decision causing months of instability in the region . Meanwhile in Thailand a military junta twice overthrew democratically elected governments and has changed the constitution in order to increase its own power . The authoritarian regime of Han Sen in Cambodia also dissolved the main opposition party and effectively implemented a one - man dictatorship . There are also large parts of the world such as China , Russia , Central and South East Asia , the Middle East and much of Africa which have consolidated authoritarian rule rather seeing it weaken . Contemporary trends ( edit ) Further information : E-democracy Under the influence of the theory of deliberative democracy , there have been several experiments since the start of the new millennium with what are called deliberative fora , places ( in real life or in cyber space ) where citizens and their representatives assemble to exchange reasons . One type of deliberative forum is called a minpublic : a body of randomly chosen or actively selected citizens that represents the whole population . The use of random selection to form a representative deliberative body is known as sortition . Examples of this are citizens ' assemblies and citizens ' juries . Citizens ' assemblies have been used in Canada ( 2004 , 2006 ) and the Netherlands ( 2006 ) to debate electoral reform , and in Iceland ( 2009 and 2010 ) for broader constitutional change . See also ( edit ) Important documents and milestones ( edit ) Magna Carta of 1215 English Bill of Rights of 1689 Corsican Constitution of 1755 ( see Pasquale Paoli ) Sweden 's Age of Liberty Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 United States Constitution of 1789 Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 Indian Constitution of 1950 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1968 Important figures in the history of democracy ( edit ) Aristotle B.R. Ambedkar Edmund Burke Cornelius Castoriadis Andrew Jackson Anders Chydenius Oliver Cromwell Samuel P. Huntington Thomas Jefferson Martin Luther King , Jr . Hugo Kołłątaj Abraham Lincoln John Locke Niccolò Machiavelli James Madison Nelson Mandela John Stuart Mill John Stewart Karl Marx Simon de Montfort Thomas Paine Pasquale Paoli Plato Cola di Rienzo Maximilien Robespierre Jean - Jacques Rousseau Charles de Secondat , Baron de Montesquieu Amartya Sen Alexis de Tocqueville John Wilkes Woodrow Wilson Notes ( edit ) ^ Literature about the Athenian democracy spans over centuries with the earliest works being The Republic of Plato and Politics of Aristotle , continuing with Discourses of Niccolò Machiavelli . The latest , listed in the References section , include works from scholars such as J. Dunn , J. Ober , T. Buckley , J. Thorley and E.W. Robinson , who examine the origins and the reasons of Athens being the first to developed a sophisticated system of rule that we today call democracy . Despite its flaws ( slavery , no women 's rights ) it is often considered the closest to the ideal democracy and called as classical democracy . It is often compared with modern ( representative ) democracies . ^ The ancient Greeks did not have a word to use for `` rights '' . ^ The United States of America was and is , a republic , not a direct democracy . A direct democracy can be defined as a form of government in which the people decide matters directly , with prime example the Athenian democracy . A democratic republic , is a form of government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them and governing according to law . The delegates who wrote the Constitution were fearful of direct democracy ; in the words of James Madison : `` ( D ) emocracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention : have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property : and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths . '' Nevertheless , the framers recognized that the public is required to impose a check to the government , in Madison words : `` dependence on the people is , no doubt , the primary control on the government '' . By popular usage , however , the word `` democracy '' came to mean a form of government in which the government derives its power from the people and is accountable to them for the use of that power . In this sense the United States can be called a democratic republic . Many states allow for policy questions to be decided directly by the people by voting on ballot initiatives or referendums . ( Initiatives originate with , or are initiated by , the people while referendums originate with , or are referred to the people by a state 's legislative body . ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` democracy , n '' . OED Online . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jalaj 2011 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Morris I . The Measure Of Civilization : How Social Development Decides The Fate Of Nations ( e-book ) . Princeton : Princeton University Press ; 2013 . Available from : eBook Academic Collection ( EBSCOhost ) , Ipswich , MA . Accessed May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , M. ( 1993 ) . Dictatorship , Democracy , and Development . American Political Science Review , 87 ( 03 ) , 567 - 576 . Jump up ^ Political System Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : Democracy Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ Jacobsen , 1943 , pp. 159 -- 172 Jump up ^ Isakhan , B. ( 2007 ) . Engaging `` Primitive Democracy , '' Mideast Roots of Collective Governance . Middle East Policy , 14 ( 3 ) , 97 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Bailkey , 1967 , pp. 1211 -- 1236 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Diodorus 2.39 Jump up ^ Larsen , 1973 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ de Sainte , 2006 , pp. 321 -- 3 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Bongard - Levin , 1996 , pp. 61 -- 106 ^ Jump up to : Sharma 1968 , pp. 109 -- 22 Jump up ^ Trautmann T.R. , Kautilya and the Arthashastra , Leiden 1971 Jump up ^ Ostwald 2000 , pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Cartledge 2001 , p. xii , 276 ^ Jump up to : Dunn , 1994 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Plato , Laws , 712e - d ^ Jump up to : Aristotle , Politics , 1294b Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 149 -- 153 Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Rhodes 1981 , pp. 498 -- 502 Jump up ^ Lycurgus Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Raaflaub 2007 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , pp. 65 -- 85 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , p. 152 Jump up ^ Raaflaub 2007 , pp. 40 -- 1 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 159 -- 164 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 51 Jump up ^ Pomeroy , 1999 , pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Solon , Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Robinson , 2003 , pp. 54 -- 5 , 76 -- 98 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , pp. 60 -- 8 Jump up ^ Robinson , 2003 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , pp. 67 -- 72 Jump up ^ Peisistratus Encyclopædia Britannica Online ^ Jump up to : Cleisthenes Of Athens Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Buckley , 1996 , pp. 138 -- 140 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Raaflaud , 2007 pp. 144 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Clarke , 2001 , pp. 194 -- 201 Jump up ^ Ober , 2008 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Raaflaub , 2008 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War , 2.37. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ M.H. Hansen , J.A. Crook , The Athenian democracy in the age of Demosthenes , University of Oklahoma Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3143 - 8 , Google Books link Jump up ^ L. Carson , B. Martin , Random Selection in Politics , Greenwood Publishing Group , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96702 - 6 , Google Books link Jump up ^ The exception was the Boule of 500 , where the poor could refuse to serve . Jump up ^ Boule ( Ancient Greek Council ) Encyclopædia Britannica Online Jump up ^ Powell , 2001 , pp. 300 -- 4 Jump up ^ Raafaub , 2007 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( 1999 ) . Cities in Civilisation . London : Orion . p. 24 . ISBN 9780753808153 . Jump up ^ `` Aristotle , Politics , Book 6 , section 1317b '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Jump up ^ Plato , Republic Jump up ^ Aristotle , Politics ^ Jump up to : Seminar Notes by Prof. Paul Cartledge at University of Cambridge , The Socratics ' Sparta And Rousseau 's Archived 28 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Institute of Historical Research Jump up ^ Hansen , ( 1992 ) , pp. 14 -- 30 Jump up ^ Ober , 1996 , pp. 15 -- 6 Jump up ^ Watson , 2005 , p. 285 Jump up ^ Livy , 2002 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Watson , 2005 , p. 271 ^ Jump up to : Livy , 2002 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Durant , 1942 , p. 23 Jump up ^ This view was already ancient when Polybius brought it to bear on Rome ( Walbank 2002 : 281 ) . Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , p. 194 ^ Jump up to : Balot , 2009 , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Liv 1.43. 11 Jump up ^ Dion . Ant . Rom. 4.20. 5 Jump up ^ Polyb . 6.51 Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , pp. 164 -- 5 Jump up ^ Balot , 2009 , p. 176 Jump up ^ Gibbon The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , chapters XLIX , LII ; pp. 1685 , 1857 Heritage Club edition ( 1946 ) . For a recent view , see David Nicolle ; Carolingian cavalryman , AD 768 -- 987 , p. 45 ff . Intermediate sources tend to be colored by the `` Free institutions of our Germanic ancestors '' meme . Jump up ^ Burnt Njal 's Saga , tr . Magnus Magnusson , introduction . Jump up ^ JRC Carter , Tribes in Oman , pg. 103 . London : Peninsular Publishers , 1982 . ISBN 0907151027 ^ Jump up to : A Country Study : Oman , chapter 6 Oman -- Government and Politics , section : Historical Patterns of Governance . US Library of Congress , 1993 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 Jump up ^ Donald Hawley , Oman , pg. 201 . Jubilee edition . Kensington : Stacey International , 1995 . ISBN 0905743636 Jump up ^ Kasper , M. Baskische Geschichte Primus : 1997 Jump up ^ `` Origins and growth of Parliament '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Citizen or Subject ? '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford , J. McIver ( 1988 ) . Indian givers : how the Indians of the Americas transformed the world . New York : Fawcett Columbine . p. 133 . ISBN 0 - 449 - 90496 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : cultural fictions and government policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Jump up ^ Professor Norman Davies on the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth -- the Noble Democracy , which deliberately wanted to avoid an Emperor Jump up ^ See for example Chapters 1 -- 2 in Maciej Janowski , Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918 : Before 1918 , Central European University Press , 2004 , ISBN 963 - 9241 - 18 - 0 Jump up ^ `` From legal document to public myth : Magna Carta in the 17th century '' . The British Library . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 ; `` Magna Carta : Magna Carta in the 17th Century '' . The Society of Antiquaries of London . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Charles I and the Petition of Right '' . UK Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's unwritten constitution '' . British Library . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . The key landmark is the Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , which established the supremacy of Parliament over the Crown ... The Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) then settled the primacy of Parliament over the monarch 's prerogatives , providing for the regular meeting of Parliament , free elections to the Commons , free speech in parliamentary debates , and some basic human rights , most famously freedom from ' cruel or unusual punishment ' . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship 1625 - 1789 '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dr Andrew Blick and Professor George Jones -- No 10 guest historian series , Prime Ministers and No. 10 ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` The Institution of Prime Minister '' . Government of the United Kingdom : History of Government Blog . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Byrum E. ( 2015 ) ( 1955 ) . `` The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister '' . Office of the Prime Minister . Princeton University Press . pp. 22 -- 25 . ISBN 9781400878260 . Jump up ^ Davies , Norman ( 1996 ) . Europe : A History . Oxford University Press . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820171 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hoppe , Hans - Hermann ( 2011 - 12 - 31 ) . DemocracyThe God That Failed : The Economics and Politics of Monarchy , Democracy , and Natural Order . Transaction Publishers . p. 103 . ISBN 9781412815291 . Jump up ^ Weir , Robert E. ( 2007 ) . Class in America : H-P . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 566 . ISBN 9780313337215 . Jump up ^ `` ' Natural Aristocracy ' and the U.S. Constitution '' . National Review . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Equality : John Adams to Thomas Jefferson '' . press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson , Adams , and the Natural Aristocracy '' . First Things . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Aughey , Arthur ; Jones , Greta ; Riches , William Terence Martin ( 1992 ) . The Conservative Political Tradition in Britain and the United States . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 114 . ISBN 9780838635001 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Douglas M. ; Reisman , W. Michael ( 2008 ) . The Historical Foundations of World Order . Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 544 . ISBN 9047423933 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy and the Founding Fathers '' . Dynamic Doingness . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion of Rights and Liberties - The Right of Suffrage '' . Online Exhibit : The Charters of Freedom . National Archives . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , George Mason University . `` Decree of the National Convention of 4 February 1794 , Abolishing Slavery in all the Colonies '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ French National Assembly . `` 1848 '' Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil `` '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Stanley L. Engerman , University of Rochester and NBER ; Kenneth L. Sokoloff , University of California , Los Angeles and NBER ( February 2005 ) . `` The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World '' ( PDF ) : 16 , 35 . By 1840 , only three states retained a property qualification , North Carolina ( for some state - wide offices only ) , Rhode Island , and Virginia . In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice . Tax - paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War , but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wiesner - Hanks , Merry E. ; Evans , Andrew D. ; Wheeler , William Bruce ; Ruff , Julius ( 2014 ) . Discovering the Western Past , Volume II : Since 1500 . Cengage Learning . p. 336 . ISBN 1111837171 . Jump up ^ Price , Richard ( 1999 ) . British Society 1680 - 1880 : Dynamism , Containment and Change . Cambridge University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 9780521657013 . Jump up ^ `` MaxRange '' . www.hh.se . Jump up ^ Rummel 1997 , p. 257 . `` A current list of liberal democracies includes : Andorra , Argentina , ... , Cyprus , ... , Israel , ... '' Jump up ^ `` Global Survey 2006 : Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom '' . Freedom House ( 2005 - 12 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2007 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World '' . University of Cambridge . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom in The World report , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . freedomhouse.org . Jump up ^ Freedom House . 1999 . `` Democracy 's Century : A Survey of Global Political Change in the 20th Century . '' Jump up ^ Deeks , Ashley ; Burton , Matthew ( 2007 ) . `` Iraq 's Constitution : A Drafting History '' . Cornell International Law Journal . 40 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 88 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , 1997 , pp. 24 -- 5 Jump up ^ Thorley , 1996 , p. 2 Jump up ^ Dunn , 2006 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strauss , 1994 , p. 32 Jump up ^ Cartledge , 1994 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Ober , 1996 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` The Federalist # 10 '' . constitution.org . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist # 51 '' . constitution.org . Sources ( edit ) Primary Sources Aristotle ( 1912 ) . Politics . translated by William Ellis . Wikisource . Diodorus Siculus ( 1814 ) . Historical Library . translated by G. Booth . Wikisource . Plato . The Republic . translated by Benjamin Jowett . Wikisource . Livy ( 1905 ) . From the Founding of the City . translated by Rev. Canon Roberts . Wikisource . Prints Balot , R.K. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5143 - 9 . Bongard - Levin , G.M. ( 1986 ) . A complex study of Ancient India . South Asia Books . ISBN 81 - 202 - 0141 - 8 . Buckley , T. ( 1996 ) . Aspects of Greek History 750 -- 323 BC : A Source - based Approach . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 09958 - 7 . Cartledge , P. ( 2003 ) . Spartan reflections . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23124 - 4 . Clarke , P. ; Foweraker , J. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 19396 - 6 . Dahl , R. ; Shapiro , I. ; Cheibub , C.A. ( 2003 ) . The Democracy Sourcebook . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54147 - 5 . Dunn , J. ( 1994 ) . Democracy : the unfinished journey 508 BC -- 1993 AD . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 827934 - 5 . Dunn , J. ( 2006 ) . Democracy : a history . Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 0 - 87113 - 931 - 6 . Durant , W. ( 1942 ) . The Story of Civilization . Simon and Schuster . Heideking , J. ; Henretta , J.A. ; Becker , P. ( 2002 ) . Republicanism and Liberalism in America and the German States , 1750 -- 1850 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80066 - 8 . Keane , J. ( 2004 ) . Violence and Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54544 - 7 . Keyssar , A. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02969 - 8 . Lijphart , A. ( 1999 ) . Patterns of Democracy . Government Forms and Performance in Thirty - Six Countries . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07893 - 5 . Livy ; De Sélincourt , A. ; Ogilvie , R.M. ; Oakley , S.P. ( 2002 ) . The early history of Rome : books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044809 - 8 . Macpherson , C.B. ( 1977 ) . The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 289106 - 5 . Manglapus , R.S. ( 1987 ) . Will of the People : Original Democracy in Non-Western Societies . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25837 - 6 . Ober , , J. ; Hedrick , C.W. ( 1996 ) . Dēmokratia : a conversation on democracies , ancient and modern . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01108 - 7 . Ober , , J. ( 2008 ) . Democracy and knowledge : innovation and learning in classical Athens . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13347 - 6 . Ostwald , M. ( 2000 ) . Oligarchia : The Development of a Constitutional Form in Ancient Greece . Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 3 - 515 - 07680 - 8 . Pomeroy , S.B. ; Burstein , S.M. ; Donlan , W. ; Roberts , J.T. ( 1999 ) . Ancient Greece : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509742 - 4 . Powell , A. ( 2001 ) . Athens and Sparta : Constructing Greek Political and Social History from 478 BC . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26280 - 1 . Raaflaub , K.A. ; Ober , J. ; Wallace , R.W. ( 2007 ) . Origin of Democracy in Ancient Greece . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24562 - 8 . Robinson , E.W. ( 1997 ) . The First Democracies : Early Popular Government Outside Athens . Franz Steiner Verlag . ISBN 3 - 515 - 06951 - 8 . Robinson , E.W. ( 2003 ) . Ancient Greek Democracy : Readings and Sources . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 631 - 23394 - 6 . de Sainte , C.G.E.M. ( 2006 ) . The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 1442 - 3 . Sharma , J.P. ( 1968 ) . Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . Thorley , J. ( 1996 ) . Athenian Democracy . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12967 - 2 . Journals Bailkey , N. ( July 1967 ) . `` Early Mesopotamian Constitutional Development '' . American History Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1211 -- 1236 . doi : 10.2307 / 1847791 . JSTOR 1847791 . Cartledge , P. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` Ancient Greeks and Modern Britons '' . History Today . 44 ( 4 ) : 27 . Hansen , M.H. ( Apr 1992 ) . `` The Tradition of the Athenian Democracy A.D. 1750 -- 1990 '' . Greece & Rome . 39 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 30 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500023950 . JSTOR 643118 . Jacobsen , T. ( July 1943 ) . `` Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia '' . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 2 ( 3 ) : 159 -- 172 . doi : 10.1086 / 370672 . Larsen , J.A.O. ( Jan 1973 ) . `` Demokratia '' . Classical Philology. 68 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 46 . doi : 10.1086 / 365921 . Lipset , , S.M. ( Mar 1959 ) . `` Some Social Requisites of Democracy : Economic Development and Political Legitimacy '' . The American Political Science Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 105 . doi : 10.2307 / 1951731 . JSTOR 1951731 . Muhlberger , S. ; Paine , P. ( Spring 1993 ) . `` Democracy 's Place in World History '' . Journal of World History . 4 : 23 -- 45 . JSTOR 20078545 . Strauss , B. ( Apr 1994 ) . `` American Democracy Through Ancient Greek Eyes '' . History Today . 44 ( 4 ) : 32 . Rhodes , P.J. ( 1981 ) . `` The Selection of Ephors at Sparta '' . Historia : Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. 30 ( 4 ) : 498 -- 502 . JSTOR 4435780 . Weingast , B. ( Jun 1997 ) . `` The Political Foundations of the Rule of Law and Democracy '' . The American Political Science Review . 91 ( 2 ) : 245 -- 263 . doi : 10.2307 / 2952354 . JSTOR 2952354 . Further reading ( edit ) Charles , T. ( 2004 ) . Contention and Democracy in Europe , 1650 -- 2000 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53713 - 4 . Corrin , J.P. ( 2002 ) . Catholic Intellectuals and the Challenge of Democracy . University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 02271 - 2 . Diamond , L. ; Plattner , M. ( 1996 ) . The Global Resurgence of Democracy . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5305 - 2 . Kaplan , Temma . Democracy : A World History ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Markoff , J. ( 1996 ) . Waves of Democracy . Pine Forge Press . ISBN 0803990197 . Putnam , R. ; Leonardi , R. ; Nanetti , R.Y. ( 1994 ) . Making Democracy Work : Civic Traditions in Modern Italy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03738 - 8 . Vanhanen , T. ( 1984 ) . The Emergence of Democracy : A comparative study of 119 states , 1850 -- 1979 . Societas Scientiarum Fennica . ISBN 951 - 653 - 122 - 9 . Wood , G.S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73688 - 3 . External links ( edit ) The Official Website of Democracy Foundation , Mumbai - INDIA Freedom House History of the Parliament of the United Kingdom , 1216 -- 2005 Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century Waves of democracy often get reversed , Lipset reminds social scientists Democracy , Our World in Data Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_democracy&oldid=855762919 '' Categories : Political history Democracy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Avañe'ẽ Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית မြန်မာဘာသာ Português Română Русский Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 17 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what was the oldest form on government in greece	[ "Ancient Greece, in its early period, was a loose collection of independent city states called poleis. Many of these poleis were oligarchies.[20] The most prominent Greek oligarchy, and the state with which democratic Athens is most often and most fruitfully compared, was Sparta. Yet Sparta, in its rejection of private wealth as a primary social differentiator, was a peculiar kind of oligarchy[21] and some scholars note its resemblance to democracy.[22][23][24] In Spartan government, the political power was divided between four bodies: two Spartan Kings (diarchy), gerousia (Council of Gerontes (Elders), including the two kings), the ephors (representatives of the citizens who oversaw the Kings) and the apella (assembly of Spartans).\n" ]	[ "oligarchy" ]
-460656998270603593	Balance of power (international relations)	Balance of power ( International relations ) - wikipedia Balance of power ( International relations ) Jump to : navigation , search The balance of power theory in international relations suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others . If one state becomes much stronger than others , the theory predicts that it will take advantage of its strength and attack weaker neighbors , thereby providing an incentive for those threatened to unite in a defensive coalition . Some realists maintain that this would be more stable as aggression would appear unattractive and would be averted if there was equilibrium of power between the rival coalitions . When confronted by a significant external threat , states that wish to form alliances may `` balance '' or `` bandwagon '' . Balancing is defined as allying with others against the prevailing threat , while states that have bandwagoned have aligned with the threat . States may also employ other alliance tactics , such as buck - passing and chain - ganging . There is a longstanding debate among realists with regard to how the polarity of a system impacts on which tactic states use , however , it is generally agreed that bipolar systems as each great power has no choice but to directly confront the other . Along with debates between realists about the prevalence of balancing in alliance patterns , other schools of international relations , such as constructivists , are also critical of the balance of power theory , disputing core realist assumptions regarding the international system and the behavior of states . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 England 1.2 Historical evidence against the balance of power theory and implications 2 Realism and balancing 3 Balancing versus bandwagoning 4 Chain ganging 5 Buck passing and bloodletting 6 Offensive and defensive realism 6.1 Defensive realism 6.2 Offensive realism 7 Balance of threat 8 Soft balancing 9 Significance 10 Preponderance of power 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading History ( edit ) Further information : European balance of power and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) The principle involved in preserving the balance of power as a conscious goal of foreign policy , as David Hume pointed out in his Essay on the Balance of Power , is as old as history , and was used by Greeks such as Thucydides both as political theorists and as practical statesmen . It resurfaced in Renaissance among the Italian city - states in the 15th century . Francesco Sforza , Duke of Milan , and Lorenzo de ' Medici , ruler of Florence , were the first rulers actively to pursue such a policy , with the Italic League , though historians have generally attributed the innovation to the Medici rulers of Florence . Discussion of the Florentine activity can be found in De Bello Italico , by Bernardo Rucellai , a Medici son - in - law . This was a history of the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII of France , and introduced the phrase balance of power to historical analysis . Universalism , which was the dominant direction of European international relations prior to the Peace of Westphalia , gave way to the doctrine of the balance of power . The term gained significance after the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 , where it was specifically mentioned . It was not until the beginning of the 17th century , when the science of international law assumed the discipline of structure , in the hands of Grotius and his successors , that the theory of the balance of power was formulated as a fundamental principle of diplomacy . In accordance with this new discipline , the European states formed a sort of federal community , the fundamental condition of which was the preservation of a balance of power , i.e. , such a disposition of things that no one state , or potentate , should be able absolutely to predominate and prescribe laws to the rest . And , since all were equally interested in this settlement , it was held to be the interest , the right , and the duty of every power to interfere , even by force of arms , when any of the conditions of this settlement were infringed upon , or assailed by , any other member of the community . This balance - of - power principle , once formulated , became an axiom of political science . Fénelon , in his Instructions , impressed the axiom upon the young Louis , Dauphin of France , Duke of Burgundy . Frederick the Great , in his Anti-Machiavel , proclaimed the ' balance of power ' principle to the world . In 1806 Friedrich von Gentz re-stated it with admirable clarity , in Fragments on the Balance of Power . The principle formed the basis of the coalitions against Louis XIV and Napoleon , and the occasion , or the excuse , for most of the wars which Europe experienced between the Peace of Westphalia ( 1648 ) and the Congress of Vienna ( 1814 ) , especially from the British vantage point ( including , in part , World War I ) . During the greater part of the 19th century , the series of national upheavals which remodelled the map of Europe obscured the balance of power . Yet , it underlaid all the efforts of diplomacy to stay , or to direct , the elemental forces of nationalism let loose by the French Revolution . In the revolution 's aftermath , with the restoration of comparative calm , the principle once more emerged as the operative motive for the various political alliances , of which the ostensible object was the preservation of peace . Regarding the era 1848 -- 1914 , English diplomatic historian A.J.P. Taylor argued : Europe has known almost as much peace as war ; and it has owed these periods of peace to the Balance of Power . No one state has ever been strong enough to eat up all the rest , and the mutual jealousy of the Great Powers has preserved even the small states , which could not have preserved themselves . Regarding the last quarter - century of the period outlined by Taylor , his American colleague , diplomatic historian Edward Mead Earle , argued : `` During the quarter - century beginning about 1890 , Europe and the Far East lived under a precarious balance of power with the result ... that the world moved crazily from one crisis to another and finally to catastrophe . '' Earle concludes : `` The balance of power may well land us all in crematory . '' The balance of power theory prepared catastrophe in 1939 as in 1914 , wrote Clarence Streit in his famous Union Now . There is `` no more sterile , illusory , fantastic , exploded and explosive peace policy than the balance of power . '' Since 1945 , the arguments of Streit and Earle has prevailed over that of Taylor . Atomic scientists launched all - out attack on the balance - of - power concept : The balance - of - power system is discredited today . References to it , even by professional historians and international lawyers , commonly imply either that it was a system for war which repeatedly failed or that it was a system for making war which often succeeded in its purpose ... During the period of its dominance as a European system , say , 1648 to 1918 , its record in preventing war was certainly not striking . Indeed , it probably was itself responsible for starting more wars than it prevented . Former German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer interpreted the core of the concept of Europe after 1945 as the rejection of the European balance - of - power principle and the hegemonic ambitions of individual states that had emerged following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 : `` European integration was the response to centuries of a precarious balance of powers on this continent which again and again resulted in terrible hegemonic wars and culminated in the two World Wars between 1914 and 1945 . '' Former US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney expressed the same for Europe and other democracies : `` It is not in our interest or those of the other democracies to return to earlier periods in which multiple military powers balanced one against another in what passed for security structures , while regional , or even global peace hung in the balance . '' NATO Secretary General , Manfred Wörner , outlined the European alternative at the end of the Cold War : Europe has a basic choice : either it lapses back into the old power politics and balance of power diplomacy of past centuries or it moves ahead along the road leading to a new order of peace and freedom , whether this be based on multinational or supranational cooperation . Our choice is clear : we are going forward . England ( edit ) 1866 political cartoon by Honore Daumier , L'Equilibre Europea , representing the balance of power as men in differing military uniforms balancing the earth on bayonetts It has been argued by historians that , in the sixteenth century , England came to pursue a foreign policy which would preserve the equilibrium between Spain and France , which evolved into a balance - of - power policy : The continental policy of England ( after 1525 ) was fixed . It was to be pacific , mediating , favourable to a balance which should prevent any power from having a hegemony on the continent or controlling the Channel coasts . The naval security of England and the balance of power in Europe were the two great political principles which appeared in the reign of Henry VIII and which , pursued unwaveringly , were to create the greatness of England . In 1579 the first English translation of Francesco Guicciardini 's Storia d'Italia ( `` History of Italy '' ) popularised Italian balance of power theory in England . This translation was dedicated to Elizabeth I of England and claimed that `` God has put into your hand the balance of power and justice , to poise and counterpoise at your will the actions and counsels of all the Christian kings of your time '' . Statesman Richard Cobden labeled balance of power `` a chimera '' due to its unclear meaning : `` It is not a fallacy , a mistake , an imposture -- it is an undescribed , indescribable , incomprehensible nothing . '' The only point on which writers on the balance of power agree `` is in the fundamental delusion that such a system was ever acceded to by the nations of Europe . '' They imply long , uninterrupted , peaceful and prosperous co-existence . Instead , for centuries `` Europe has ( with only just sufficient intervals to enable the combatants to recruit their wasted energies ) been one vast and continued battle - field ... '' He criticized Lord Bacon for his adherence to the balance of power as a universal rule : As for the rule of Lord Bacon : were the great enemy of mankind himself to summon a council , to devise a law of nations which should convert this fair earth , with all its capacity for life , enjoyment , and goodness , into vast theater of death and misery , more dismal than his own Pandemonium , the very words of the philosopher would compose that law ! It would reduce us even below the level of animals ... ( T ) his rule would , if acted upon universally , plunged us into a war of annihilation ... nor would the levelling strife cease until either the rule were abrogated , or mankind had been reduced to the only pristine possessions -- teeth and nails ! ( Under such grounds ) the question of the balance of power might be dismissed from further considerations . Sir Esme Howard wrote that England adopted the balance of power as `` a corner - stone of English policy , unconsciously during the sixteenth , subconsciously during the seventeenth , and consciously during the eighteenth , nineteenth and twentieth centuries , because for England it represented the only plan of preserving her own independence , political and economic '' . With the coming of World War II , however , Edward Carr found that today the balance of power badly preserves the independence of England : The size of the units which count effectively in international politics grows steadily larger . There is no longer room in Europe today for those three or four important and strong countries whose more or less equal rivalries enabled Great Britain in the past to secure herself through the policy of the balance of power . Much nonsense has been talked in recent years about the balance of power . But the confusion of thought resulting from the attempt to brand it as a morally reprehensive policy has been less serious than the confusion resulting from the assumption that it is a policy which can be applied at all times and in all circumstances . The principal military reason why ... is that the balance of power in Europe has hopelessly broken down ... The possibility of restoring the balance did not exist after 1919 ; and British policy , based on a false premise , ended in disaster . In 1941 , Winston Churchill was criticized by his rival , Adolf Hitler , for his adherence to the balance of power : Churchill is a man with an out - of - date political idea -- that of the European balance of power . It no longer belongs to the sphere of realities . And yet it 's because of this superstition that Churchill stirred England up to war . On another occasion he added : Without the Wehrmacht , a `` wave would have swept over Europe that would have taken no care of the ridiculous British idea of the balance of power in Europe in all its banality and stupid tradition -- once and for all . '' In fact , Churchill shortly adopted a similar view : Our Russian friends and Allies , he spoke in 1946 , most admire strength and least respect military weakness . `` For that reason the old doctrine of a balance of power is unsound . We can not afford ... to work on narrow margins , offering temptations to a trial of strength . '' If the Western Democracies do not stand together `` then indeed catastrophe may overwhelm us all . '' If , however , `` the population of the English - speaking Commonwealths be added to that of the United States with all that such co-operation implies in the air , on the sea , all over the globe and in science and in industry , and in moral force , there will be no quivering , precarious balance of power to offer its temptation to ambition or adventure . On the contrary , there will be an overwhelming assurance of security . '' Historical evidence against the balance of power theory and Implications ( edit ) In an attempt to disprove the balance of power theory , some realists have pointed to cases in international systems other than modern Europe where balancing failed and a hegemon arose . William Wohlforth , Richard Little and Stuart Kaufman , point to the failure of state like units to balance against Assyria in the first millennium BCE ; the Hellenic successor states of Alexander the Great to balance against Rome ; the Warring States to balance against the Qin dynasty in ancient China and five other cases . This cross-cultural research concludes : Given that the version of the theory we are testing is universalistic in its claims -- that ' hegemony leads to balance ... through all of the centuries we can contemplate ' -- case selection is unimportant . Any significant counterexample falsifies the universal claim ; eight such examples demolish it . Wohlforth , Little and Kaufman state that systemic hegemony is likely under two historically common conditions : First when the rising hegemon develops the ability to incorporate and effectively administer conquered territories . And second , when the boundaries of the international system remain stable , and no new major powers emerge from outside the system . When the leading power can administer conquests effectively so they add to its power and when the system 's borders are rigid , the probability of hegemony is high . The argument of universal reproduction of anarchy can be correct in the European context , `` whereas a systematic survey of world history reveals that multipolarity has frequently given way to unipolarity or hegemony . '' Henry Kissinger , Historian by profession , noted that `` theories of the balance of power often leave the impression that it is the natural form of international relations . In fact , balance - of - power systems have existed only rarely in history . '' Yet based on these rare occurrences , many realists `` elevate a fact of life ... into a guiding principle of world order . '' Earlier , political scientist Martin Wight had drawn a conclusion with unambiguous implication for the modern world : Most states systems have ended in universal empire , which has swallowed all the states of the system . The examples are so abundant that we must ask two questions : Is there any states system which has not led fairly directly to the establishment of a world empire ? Does the evidence rather suggest that we should expect any states system to culminate in this way ? ... It might be argued that every state system can only maintain its existence on the balance of power , that the later is inherently unstable , and that sooner or later its tensions and conflicts will be resolved into a monopoly of power . Still earlier , Quincy Wright , concluded on the balance of power in world history : The predominance of the balance of power in the practice of statesmen for three centuries ... should not obscure the fact that throughout world history periods dominated by the balance - of - power policies have not been the rule . The balance of power scarcely existed anywhere as a conscious principle of international politics before 1500 ... Evoking examples of the ancient Chinese and Roman civilizations , Quincy Wright added : Balance of power systems have in the past tended , through the process of conquest of lesser states by greater states , towards reduction in the number of states involved , and towards less frequent but more devastating wars , until eventually a universal empire has been established through the conquest by one of all those remaining . The post-Cold War period represents an anomaly to the balance of power theory too . Rousseau defined the theoretical limit how far balance of power can be altered : `` Will it be supposed that two or three potentates might enter into agreement to subdue the rest ? Be it so . These three potentates , whoever they may be , will not possess half the power of all Europe . '' Within two - and - a-half centuries , only one potentate possessed half the power of all the world , including Europe . In 2008 , US military expenditures , including supplemental spending , exceeded those of the rest of the world combined . '' Since 2000 , the founder of Neorealism , Kenneth Waltz , confessed that `` the present condition of international politics is unnatural . '' `` Clearly something has changed . '' Wohlforth , Little and Kaufman undertook the above - mentioned historical study after they had coped with what they called the `` puzzle '' of the unipolar stability . Elsewhere , Richard Little wrote : Events since the end of the Cold War `` create a potential anomaly '' for the theory because the outcome has `` left the United States as the sole superpower in a unipolar world ... A major puzzle for realists ... is the fact that unipolarity has not provoked a global alarm to restore a balance of power . '' The same anomaly stressed seventeen other experts on alliances , Stephen Walt , Randall Schweller , Xiaoyu Pu , John Ikenberry , Robert Pape , T.V. Paul , Jack S. Levy , William R. Thompson , John Lewis Gaddis , David A. Lake , Campbell Craig , Fareed Zakaria , John M. , Owen , Michael Mastanduno , Thomas S. Mowle , David H. Sacko and Terry Narramore : To date , at least , there is little sign of a serious effort to forge a meaningful anti-American alliance ... From the traditional perspective of balance - of - power theory , this situation is surely an anomaly. Power in the international system is about as unbalanced as it has ever been , yet balancing tendencies are remarkably mild . It is possible to find them , but one has to squint pretty hard to do it . ( N ) o peer competitor has yet emerged more than a decade after the end of US - Soviet bipolarity to balance against the United States . Contrary to realist predictions , unipolarity has not provided global alarm to restore a balance of power . Resistance has in fact appeared and may be growing . But it is remarkable that despite the sharp shifts in the distribution of power , the other great powers have not yet responded in a way anticipated by balance - of - power theory . Historically , major powers have rarely balanced against the United States and not at all since the 1990s when it has become the sole superpower . Traditional balance of power theory ... fails to explain state behavior in the post-Cold War era . Since the end of the Cold War , the United States has been expanding its economic and political power . More recently , it has begun to engage in increasingly unilateralist military policy ... ( Y ) et despite these growing material capabilities , major powers such as China , France , Germany , India and Russia have not responded with significant increases in their defense spending . Nor have they formed military coalitions to counterveil US power , as traditional balance of power theory would predict . The end of the Cold War and the emergence of the `` unipolar moment '' have generated considerable debate about how to explain the absence of a great - power balancing coalition against the United States ... That the United States , which is generally regarded as the `` greatest superpower ever , '' has not provoked such a balancing coalition is widely regarded as a puzzle for balance of power theory . Whether or not realists got the Cold War right , they have most certainly got the warm peace wrong . A decade after the Berlin Wall collapsed ... their dark vision of the future has not come to pass . The United States remains the world 's only superpower ; unipolarity was not a fleeting moment ... Most important , despite its continued predominance and political activism , and the first rumbling of international opposition in response to missteps in Kosovo , no coalition has emerged to balance against it ... ( T ) he United States today defies the supposedly immutable laws of realpolitik . '' The persistence of American unipolar predominance in the international system since the end of the Cold War has caused a rupture in the American school of Realist ... theory ... Yet the ongoing failure of potential rivals to the US , such as China , Russia , or the EU to develop military capabilities that come anywhere close to those of the US seems to have defied this prediction . Despite the apparently radical imbalance of the international political system , smaller states are not trying to build up their military power to match that of the US or forming formal alliance systems to oppose it ... The absence of balancing against the US constitutes a serious anomaly for neorealist theory . Fareed Zakaria asks , `` Why is no one ganging up against the United States ? '' And John Ikenberry and John M. Owen ask the same question . Prominent Historian of the Cold War , John Lewis Gaddis , poses a more general question and replies : Do the weak always unite against the strong ? `` In theory , yes , but in practice and in history , not necessarily . '' One of the issues the discipline of political science `` has been wrestling with recently is why there is still no anti-American coalition despite the overwhelming dominance of the United States since the end of the Cold War . '' French or Chinese officials publicly denounce `` hyperpower '' and aspire for `` multipolarity '' but refrain from forming a counterbalancing coalition . `` Rhetorically , leaders and publics want the United States to be balanced '' but `` we find very little balancing . '' French academic Michel Winock said : `` Before we could say we were on American side . Not Now . There is no counterbalance . '' Two American Neoconservative thinkers , Robert Kagan and William Kristol , completely agree : `` Today 's international system is built not around a balance of power but around American hegemony . '' Christopher Layne published two articles on the post-Cold War case , `` The Unipolar Illusion ... '' ( 1993 ) and `` The Unipolar Illusion Revisited '' ( 2006 ) . The former predicted imminent anti-American balancing as balance of power theorists expected ; the latter explains `` why balance of power theorists got it wrong . '' Realism and balancing ( edit ) The many redrawn borders in Europe after the 1814 - 1815 Congress of Vienna represent a classic example of trying to achieve a European balance of power . The balance of power theory is a core tenet of both classical and neorealist theory and seeks to explain alliance formation . Due to the neorealist idea of anarchism as a result of the international system , states must ensure their survival through maintaining or increasing their power in a self - help world . With no authority above the state to come to its rescue in the event of an attack by a hegemon , states attempt to prevent a potential hegemon from arising by balancing against it . According to Kenneth Waltz , founder of neorealism , `` balance - of - power politics prevail wherever two , and only two requirements are met : that the order be anarchic and that it be populated by units wishing to survive '' . They can do this either through `` internal balancing '' , where a state uses internal efforts such as moving to increase economic capability , developing clever strategies and increasing military strength , or through `` external balancing '' , which occurs when states take external measures to increase their security by forming allies . States happy with their place in the system are known as `` status quo '' states , while those seeking to alter the balance of power in their favor are generally referred to as `` revisionist states '' and aspire for hegemony , thus repairing the balance . Balancing versus bandwagoning ( edit ) Further information : Bandwagoning States choose to balance for two reasons . First , they place their survival at risk if they fail to curb a potential hegemon before it becomes too strong ; to ally with the dominant power means placing one 's trust in its continued benevolence . Secondly , joining the weaker side increases the likelihood that the new member will be influential within the alliance . States choose to bandwagon because it may be a form of appeasement as the bandwagoner may hope to avoid an attack by diverting it elsewhere -- a defensive reason -- or because it may align with the dominant side in wartime to share the spoils of victory -- an offensive reason . Realists claim that balancing is when states ally against the prevailing threat and results in a more secure world whereas in a bandwagoning world security is scarce as rising hegemons are not kept in check . With bandwagoning , the threatened state abandons hope of preventing the aggressor from gaining power at its expense and instead joins forces with its dangerous foe to get at least some small portion of the spoils of war . The weaker the state the more likely it is to bandwagon than to balance as they do little to affect the outcome and thus must choose the winning side . Strong states may change a losing side into a winning side and thus are more likely to balance . States will be tempted to bandwagon when allies are unavailable , however excessive confidence in allied support encourages weak states to free ride relying on the efforts of others to provide security . Since bandwagoning `` requires placing trust in the aggressors continued forbearance '' some realists believe balancing is preferred to bandwagoning . According to Stephen Walt , states are more likely to balance in peacetime but if they are on the losing side of a war they may defect and bandwagon in the hopes that they will `` share the fruits of victory '' . Chain ganging ( edit ) Further information : Chain ganging Chain - ganging occurs when a state sees its own security tied to the security of its alliance partner . It chains itself by deeming any attack on its ally the equivalent of an attack on itself . This is another aspect of the balance of power theory , whereby the smaller states could drag their chained states into wars that they have no desire to fight . A key example of this was the chain - ganging between states prior to World War I , dragging the entire European continent to war over a dispute between the relatively major power of Austria - Hungary and the minor power of Serbia . Thus states `` may chain themselves unconditionally to reckless allies whose survival is seen to be indispensable to the maintenance of the balance '' . Buck passing and bloodletting ( edit ) Further information : Buck passing Balancing and buck passing are the main strategies for preserving the balance of power and preventing a potential hegemon 's rise . Instead of balancing against an aggressor , some states instead choose to `` pass the buck '' whereby instead of taking action to prevent a potential hegemon 's rise , it will pass the responsibility on to another state . John Mearsheimer , a prominent offensive realist , claims that threatened states can take four measures to facilitate buck passing , including : seeking good diplomatic relations with the aggressor in the hope that it will divert its attention to the `` buck - catcher '' ; maintaining cool relations with the buck - catcher so as not to get dragged into the war with the buck - catcher and as a result possibly increase positive relations with the aggressor ; increasing military strength to deter the aggressive state and help it focus on the buck - catcher ; and facilitating the growth in power of the intended buck - catcher . In the case that a state is an enemy with both the aggressor and the intended buck - catcher , a buck - passer can implement a bait and bleed strategy whereby the state causes two rivals to engage in a protracted war while the baiter remains on the sideline . This form of buck passing enables the state to increase in relative strength at the expense of the two rivals . Bloodletting , a further variant whereby a state does what it can to increase the cost duration of the conflict can further increase the buck - passer 's relative power . Thus , threatened states usually prefer buck - passing to balancing as the buck - passer avoids the costs of fighting the aggressor in the event of war . Some realists believe there is a strong tendency to buck - pass or free - ride within balancing coalitions themselves , usually leaving their alliance partners to assume the heavy burden of wearing down the enemy , leaving the free - rider 's military fresh to win the final battles of the war and thus be in a better position to dictate the peace , such as the UK 's light involvement in the early stages of World War I. Likewise , buck - passers can enter wars late after both sides have been worn down , allowing the buck - passer to dominate the post-war world . A potential drawback of the strategy occurs if the buck - catcher fails to check the aggressor , as the buck - passer will be in a much more vulnerable situation . Proponents of the theory point to the Soviet Union 's role in World War II whereby it passed the buck to the UK and France through the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany . After eliminating France the Germans had no Western front to divide their forces , allowing them to concentrate their forces against the USSR . Offensive and defensive Realism ( edit ) Defensive Realism ( edit ) Main article : Defensive realism Defensive realists emphasize that if any state becomes too powerful , balancing will occur as other powers would build up their militaries and form a balancing coalition . Because this resulting security dilemma would leave the aspiring hegemon less secure , defensive realists maintain that it is in a state 's interest to maintain the status quo rather than maximize its power . Offensive Realism ( edit ) Main article : Offensive realism Offensive realists accept that threatened states usually balance against dangerous foes , however , they maintain that balancing is often inefficient and that this inefficiency provides opportunities for a clever aggressor to take advantage of its adversaries . Buck passing , rather than joining a balancing coalition , is another tactic offensive realists point to when disputing the balance of power theory . Offensive realists believe that internal balancing measures such as increasing defense spending , implementing conscription , are only effective to a certain extent as there are usually significant limits on how many additional resources a threatened state can muster against an aggressor . However , since offensive realists theorize that states are always seeking to maximize their power , states are `` effectively engaged in internal balancing all the time '' . Balance of threat ( edit ) Further information : Balance of threat The balance of threat theory is an offshoot of the balancing , coined in 1985 by Stephen M. Walt in an attempt to explain why balancing against rising hegemons has not always been consistent in history . In contrast to traditional balance of power theorists , Walt suggests that states balance against threats , rather than against power alone . The `` balance - of - power theory is not wrong ; it is merely incomplete . Power is one of the factors that affects the propensity to balance , although it is not the only one nor always the most important . '' The theory acknowledges that power is an extremely important factor in the level of threat posed by a state , but also includes geographic proximity , offensive capabilities , and perceived intentions . Soft balancing ( edit ) Main article : Soft balancing Soft balancing was developed in the 2000s to cope with the current anomaly of the unipolar unbalanced world . Thomas Mowle and David Sacko describe `` soft balancing '' as `` balancing that does not balance at all . '' These theoretical efforts are counter-productive , since Realism and unipolarity are compatible and structural realism should rather develop a set of hypotheses for a unipolar world : `` Scholars do not need to desperately search for signs of balancing , they do not need to soften balancing beyond recognition , and they do not need to stand watch for the first glimmering of a new multipolar dawn . '' Campbell Craig explained the development of soft balancing theory on the Thomas Kuhn 's three - stage model how scholarly communities respond to anomalies that seem clearly to defy their core theoretical predictions : 1 . Leading theorists , wedded to the standard interpretations that allow them to dominate their field , tend first to deny that the anomaly exists ; at most , it is a ' blip ' , an unimportant or transient factor . Initially , structural Realists sought to deny that unipolarity was enduring or important , and predicted its quick demise . Waltz , Mearsheimer , and Layne all predicted in the early 1990s that other powers would soon emerge to balance the US . 2 . As the salience of the anomaly becomes undeniable , theoreticians redefine or shift their theoretical expectations , so as to contend that the anomaly can indeed be explained by their original theory even if their earlier writings ruled it out . More recently , many structural Realists have acknowledged the existence of unipolarity , or at least have acknowledged the absence of traditional balancing against the US , but have altered standard definitions of balancing behavior in order to reconcile this with balance - of - power theory . Thus , Mearsheimer suggested that Iran and North Korea are balancing , even though the `` balance '' is not in sight . 3 . Finally , a band of younger scholars , less invested professionally in the old theory , develops a new interpretation that not only explains the anomaly , but places it at its theoretical center . This new theoretical interpretation supersedes the old one and becomes the new ' paradigm ' for successive inquiry . In this manner Robert Pape , T.S. Paul , and Stephen Walt concede that traditional balancing is not occurring , but argue nevertheless that rivals to the US are engaging in ' soft balancing . ' Significance ( edit ) It is the net effect , or result , produced by a state system in which the independent state as sovereign members are free to join or to refrain from joining alliances and alignments as each seeks to maximize its security and to advance its national interest . Preponderance of power ( edit ) Preponderance of power has been suggested as an alternative to balance of power since World War II . In his 1940 article , `` War , Peace and the Balance of Power '' , Frederick L. Schuman included a chapter titled `` Necessity for Preponderance of Power '' . It argued : ( A ) n overwhelming preponderance of power ( ... ) will remain wholly unattainable unless the Allies win the present war and the United States assumes responsibilities commensurate with its power -- in the war , in the peace after the war and in the maintenance and improvement of the new order after the peace . The necessary preponderance of power is unlikely to emerge from any international combination other than a permanent alliance of the United States , the British Commonwealth of Nations , and the French Republic , with the addition of such Latin American states and such European democracies as may care to join . Such a coalition , if stable and permanent , could put an end to the world balance of power and oblige outside powers to abandon the game of power politics . No other coalition presently in prospect would seem to offer any comparable hope . In 1941 , Alfred Vagts wrote an article , titled `` The United States and the Balance of Power , '' in which he recalled the words of Thomas Jefferson : I wish that all nations may recover and retain their independence ; that those which are overgrown may not advance beyond safe measure of power , that a salutary balance may ever be maintained among nations and that our peace , commerce , and friendship , may be sought and cultivated by all ... Not in our day , but at no distant one , we may shake a rod over the heads of all , which may make the stoutest of them tremble . In 1942 , Robert Strausz - Hupé found that it `` is in the interests of the United States no less than that of humanity '' that the United States should be the only one `` geographical power nucleus '' from which a `` balancing and stabilizing '' power of arbiter be exercised . This `` will pave the way for a new and universal order . '' Writing the same year in Life magazine , Joseph Thorndike tells about `` many observers '' seeking `` preponderant power in the postwar world '' to replace balance of power : Balance of power is indeed the time - honored ( or dishonored ) policy of the European states . But it is not the only policy which has been historically successful . Rome was not a balance of power . It was a preponderant power . There are many observers who think the US and the British Empire , acting together , can hold preponderant power in the postwar world . At the time of the peace conference this may well be the case . However , Thorndike added in the same 1942 article , many may wonder whether , over the years , Russia and China `` will not rival Anglo - America '' . The following year , the founder of the Paneuropean Union , Richard von Coudenhove - Kalergi , also invoked the example of the two - centuries long `` Pax Romana '' which , he suggested , could be repeated if based on the preponderant US air power and inter-regional organization : At the end of the war the crushing superiority of American plane production will be an established fact ... The solution of the problem ... is by no means ideal , nor even satisfactory . But it is the minor evil , compared with the alternative of several competing air forces fighting each other ... ( in wars ) aimed not at the conquest but at the utter annihilation of all enemy towns and lands ... This danger can ... only be prevented by the air superiority of a single power ... This is the only realistic hope for a lasting peace ... The peaceful organization of the postwar world would rest on a double basis : on the working Commonwealth of the World , established on regional grounds , and on the American supremacy in the skies , making international wars almost impossible ... This double - method ... can lead to a long period of peace and prosperity throughout the globe ... The same year , Nathaniel Peffer criticized the idea of preponderance of power : Whatever may be the tendencies and inclinations , it must be emphasized that if America seeks to dictate to other powers their actions and policies , it can do so only by maintaining a preponderance of power manifested in extension of political and economic control ... But in the light of all recent history he who would consciously , deliberately elect that course is either unread , incapable of deductions from his reading or perverse . In self - contradiction , Peffer ended the article recommending for the postwar period a preponderance of power of offensive kind backed by total national effort : The United Stataes will need `` a larger permanent military establishment , '' alliances with other powers having common interests and an alliance with Great Britain that would be not only defensive but also `` outright , unconditional offensive . '' It means full - scale power politics and to it `` must be accommodated and sometimes subordinated everything else in the nation 's life . '' On September 24 , 1946 , Truman 's Special Counsel Clark M. Clifford submitted a report `` American Relations with the Soviet Union ... '' advocating a preponderant power : It must be made apparent to the Soviet Government that our strength will be sufficient to repel any attack and sufficient to defeat the USSR decisively if a war should start . The prospect of defeat is the only sure means of deterring the Soviet Union . In the early Cold War , US Secretary of State Dean Acheson combined the concepts of preponderance and bandwagoning . As he put it , the United States was going to have to be `` the locomotive at the head of mankind , '' while the rest of the world was going to be `` the caboose . '' While arguing that equilibrium was essential to justice , Reinhold Niebuhr asserted that `` nothing but the preponderance of power in the non-Communist world can preserve the peace . '' Melvyn Leffler describes the US strategy throughout the Cold War as a strategy of preponderance . In its last year , he summarized : Backed by strategic preponderance , the United States integrated and rearmed the Eurasian industrial areas , shored up the Eurasian periphery and rolled back the Iron Curtain . Already during the Cold War , some scholars stressed that the pattern accords the preponderance of power rather than balance of power . The balance of power presupposes such a distribution of power in the system that no single state is preponderant . In this sense , during the period 1945 -- 1965 if `` there was any threat to the general balance of power ( ... ) it was from the United States rather than from the Soviet Union that this came . '' Stephen Walt observed in the 1980s that most states , including all developed states , ally with , rather than balance against , the preponderant power . Noting this `` anomaly '' , Walt suggested his balance of threat hypothesis : At first glance , this result would seem to contradict the assertion that states choose alliance partners in order to balance against the strongest . Focusing solely on aggregate power would lead us to expect more states to ally with the Soviet Union , in order to prevent the United States from using its superior overall resources in harmful ways . Judging from the preponderance of aggregate power favoring the West , many states appear to have ' bandwagoned ' rather than balanced by aligning with the United States . This is even more striking when one remembers that the United States was overwhelmingly the world 's most powerful country in the immediate postwar period , yet was able to bring most of the other industrial powers into alignment with rather than against it . In 1986 , still not envisaging the end of the Cold War in sight , Zbigniew Brzezinski emphasized the historical uniqueness of the current period regarding the preponderance of power : `` ( N ) ever before would the eclipse of one of the major rival powers have given to the other effective global preponderance . '' In the first post-Cold War year , Leffler advocated for the United States to continue its strategy of `` preponderance of power '' . Christopher Layne claims that the preponderance of power has been the dominant US strategy during both the Cold War and the post-Cold War periods . `` Preponderance 's strategic imperatives are the same as they were during the post-World War II era : pacification and reassurance in Europe and East Asia , and protection of these regions from instability in the periphery . '' The post-Cold War strategy of preponderance holds that `` only a preponderance of US power ensures peace '' which is `` the result of an imbalance of power in which US capabilities are sufficient , operating on their own , to cow all potential challengers and to comfort all coalition partners . It is not enough consequently to be primus inter pares ( ... ) One must be primus solus . '' Layne since the beginning of the post-Cold war period expects the preponderance of power to trigger counterbalancing . He finds that `` it was the bipolar structure of the postwar system that allowed Washington to pursue a strategy of preponderance successfully '' and thereby smother the emergence of other great powers . But the preponderance of power which `` others found merely irritating in a bipolar world may seem quite threatening in a unipolar world . '' Because of these structural factors , `` an American strategy of preponderance ( ... ) is doomed to failure '' ; it will `` cause other states to balance against the United States '' . Overturning the scholarly conventional wisdom , however , the current preponderant power seems to render inoperative the counterbalancing long central to research in international relations . By the preponderance of American power and the absence of balance of power William Wohlforth explains the peacefulness and stability of the present world order . No distribution of power rules out war . `` The greater the preponderance of power , however , the more extreme the values of other variables must be to produce war ( ... ) '' Campbell Craig believes that `` Power Preponderance theory '' will become one of the dominant American IR schools of the post-Cold War era : ... Power Preponderance is going to replace balance - of - power neorealism and become the dominant brand of American Realism for the foreseeable future . Unipolarity is too central of a problem for neorealism to finesse , especially as confident predictions of its early demise have been proven wrong and the gap between the US and other rivals continues to grow . Expecting anti-American balancing , Waltz drew a much - cited analogy : `` As nature abhors vacuum , so international politics abhors unbalanced power . '' Craig paraphrased : Theory abhors an explanatory vacuum , and Power Preponderance is filling it . The essence of Power Preponderance is its claim that would - be rivals have strong incentives to accept the status quo of American primacy rather than to attempt to overturn the unipolar order ... The argument ... distinguishes itself from deterministic claims made by some structural realists that a balance of power is certain to recur ... US National Security Strategy of 2002 uses repeatedly the term ' balance of power ' favoring freedom . The author of the Preponderance of Power ... ( 1992 ) , Melvyn Leffler , was puzzled : A balance of power is linked historically to the evolution of the Westphalian state system and `` envisions equilibrium , while the Bush administration yearns for hegemony . '' When they invoke the language of power balancing , Bush 's advisers obfuscate more than they clarify : Whose power is to be balanced ? Today , no nation or group challenges American power ... In fact , should the balance of power operate in its classical form , it would trigger countermoves by states seeking to pose a counterweight to America 's expressed ambitions . According to Leffler 's exegesis , Bush has invoked a balance of power vocabulary in purpose to integrate the tradition with the hegemonic dilemma . British Orwell Prize - winning policy analyst , Anatol Lieven , comments : In this conception , however , a phrase `` was a form of Orwellian doublespeak . The clear intention actually was to be so strong that other countries had no choice but to rally to the side of the United States , concentrating all real power and freedom of action in the hands of America . '' The surprising rehabilitation of the balance - of - power term in the 2002 NSS `` can be accounted for in terms of mythopoetic function that the terminology serves in the document . '' It keeps alive the traditional concept in a new unipolar world . Robert Kagan cited Theodore Roosevelt saying after the Spanish War : The United States had become `` more and more the balance of power of the whole globe . '' Colin Gray titled his 2005 chapter by question , `` Where Is the Balance of Power ? '' The chapter opens : `` The short answer is that the United States is the balance of power . '' See also ( edit ) Balance of terror Balance of threat Lateral pressure theory Mutual assured destruction -- a theory in which two or more states are balanced by their ability to effectively completely destroy each other Negarchy Offshore balancing Peace through strength Soft balancing Sphere of influence Superpower In history : Age of Metternich Iran -- Iraq War Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kegley & Wittkopf 2005 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Walt 1987 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2010 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Wendt 1992 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips 1911 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert 1949 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Phillips 1911 cites Emerich de Vattel , Le Droit des gens ( Leiden , 1758 ) Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe ( 1954 ) p xix Jump up ^ Edward Mead Earle , `` Power Politics and American World Policy , '' Review of Nicholas J. Spykman 's America 's Strategy in World Politics , '' Political Science Quarterly , 58 / 1 , ( 1943 ) : p 102 , 103 - 104 . Jump up ^ Clarence Streit , Union Now : The Proposal for Inter-Democracy Federal Union , ( London & New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers , 1940 ) , p 22 . Jump up ^ Jacob Viner , `` The Implications of the Atomic Bomb for International Relations , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , special issue `` Symposium on Atomic Energy and Its Implications , '' 90 / 1 , ( 1946 ) : p 56 . Jump up ^ Joschka Fischer , `` From Confederacy to Federation : Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration '' , ( Berlin : Speech at the Humboldt University , May 12 , 2000 ) , http://ec.europa.eu/dorie/fileDownload.do?docId=192161&cardId=192161 Jump up ^ Dick Cheney , `` Defense Strategy for the 1990s : The Regional Defense Strategy '' , ( January 1993 , Washington DC : Department of Defense , http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/pdf/naarpr_Defense.pdf ) , p 8 . Jump up ^ `` The Atlantic Alliance and the European Security in the 1990s '' , ( Brussels : Address to the Bremer Tabaks Collegium , May 17 , 1990 ) , http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1990/s900517a_e.htm Jump up ^ Pirenne 1963 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Sheehan 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Richard Cobden , `` The Balance of Power , '' 1836 , ( Theory and Practice of the Balance of Power , 1486 - 1914 : Selected European Writings , ed . Moorhead Wright , London : Rowman & Littlefield , 1975 ) , p 110 - 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Balance of Power , '' p 115 - 116 . Jump up ^ Howard 1925 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Conditions of Peace , ( London : Macmillan , 1944 ) , p 190 , 193 . Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler , Hitler 's Table Talk , 1941 - 1944 , His Private Conversations `` '' , trs . Norman Cameron , & R.H. Stevens , New York : Enigma Books , 2000 , p 202 Jump up ^ Hitler , Adolf ( 2004 ) . Domarus , Max , ed . Hitler ; Speeches and Proclamations ( PDF ) . 3 . Bolchazy - Carducci Publishers . p. 2536 . ISBN 0 - 86516 - 228X . Jump up ^ `` The Senews of Peace , '' speech at Westminster College , Fulton , Missouri , March 5 , 1946 , NATO / OTAN Online Library , http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1946/s460305a_e.htm ^ Jump up to : Wohlforth , Little & Kaufman 2007 , pp. 155 -- 185 . Jump up ^ Wohlforth , Little and Kaufman , ( 2007 ) , p 160 . Jump up ^ Richard Little , The Balance of Power in International Relations : Metaphors , Myths , and Models , ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p 268 . Jump up ^ Diplomacy , ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 1994 ) p 21 - 22 . Jump up ^ System of States , ( Leicester : Leicester University Press , 1977 , p 43 - 44 ) . Jump up ^ Quincy Wright , A Study of War , ( Chicago & London : The University of Chicago Press , 1964 ) , p 125 . Jump up ^ Quincy Wright , `` On the Application of Intelligence to World Affairs , '' Bulletin of Atomic Scientists , 4 / 8 , ( August 1 , 1948 ) : p 250 , https://books.google.co.il/books?id=3A0AAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=iw&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ Rousseau , `` Abstract of the Abbe de Saint - Pierres Project for the Perpetual Peace , '' ( 1761 ) , in Theory and Practice of the Balance of power , 1486 - 1914 : Selected European Writings , ( ed . Moorhead Wright , London : Rowman & Littlefield , 1975 ) , p 79 . Jump up ^ Stephen Walt , `` Alliances in a Unipolar World , '' World Politics , 61 / 1 , ( 2009 ) : p 92 . Jump up ^ Stephen Walt , `` Imbalance of Power , '' Foreign Policy , 193 : ( May 12 , 2012 ) : p 1 , http://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/12/imbalance-of-power/ Jump up ^ Kenneth Waltz , `` Globalization and American Power , '' The National Interest , ( Spring 2000 ) , p 56 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Waltz , `` Structural Realism after the Cold War , '' America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , ( ed . John Ikenberry , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 54 . Jump up ^ The Balance of Power in International Relations : Metaphors , Myths , and Models , ( Cambridge , Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p 12 , 252 . Jump up ^ Randall L. Schweller & Xiaoyu Pu , `` After Unipolarity : China 's Visions of International Order in an Era of US Decline , '' International Security , 36 / 1 , ( 2011 ) : p 42 , 44 . Jump up ^ Terry Narramore , `` China and Europe : Engagement , Multipolarity and Strategy , '' The Pacific Review , 21 / 1 , ( 2013 ) : 87 - 108 , http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.548.2787&rep=rep1&type=pdf Jump up ^ Stephen Walt , `` Can the United States Be Balanced ? If So , How ? '' ( Chicago : American Political Science Association , September 2 -- 4 , 2004 , http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/5/9/9/6/pages59968/p59968-1.php ) , p 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Randall Schweller , `` Unanswered Threats : A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing , '' International Security , 29 / 2 , ( 2004 ) : p 160 - 161 . Jump up ^ John Ikenberry , America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 3 . Jump up ^ Robert Pape , `` Soft Balancing against the United States , '' International Security , 30 / 1 , Summer : ( 2005 ) , p 8 . Jump up ^ T.V. Paul , `` Soft Balancing in the Age of US Primacy , '' International Security , 30 / 1 , ( Summer 2005 ) : p 52 - 53 . Jump up ^ Jack S. Levy , & William R. Thompson , `` Balances and Balancing : Concepts , Proposition and Research Design , '' Realism and the Balancing of Power : A New Debate , ( eds . A. Vasques & Colin Elman , New Jersey : Prentice Hall , 2003 ) , p 7 . Jump up ^ David A. Lake , `` Ulysses ' Triumph : American Power and the New World Order , '' Security Studies , 8 / 4 , ( 1999 ) : p 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Campbell Craig , `` American Power Preponderance and the Nuclear Revolution , '' Review of International Studies , 35 / 1 , ( 2009 ) : p 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrogant Empire , '' Newsweek , ( March 24 , 2003 ) , p 37 , http://europe.newsweek.com/arrogant-empire-132751?rm=eu Jump up ^ America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , ( Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 3 . Jump up ^ `` Transnational Liberalism and American Primacy ; or , Benignity Is in the Eye of the Beholder , '' America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , ( ed . Ikenberry , John G. , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 239 . Jump up ^ `` A Grand Strategy of Transformation , '' Foreign Policy , 133 , ( 2003 ) : p 52 . Jump up ^ Michael Mastanduno , `` Incomplete Hegemony and Security Order in the Asia - Pacific , '' America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , ( ed . John Ikenberry , Ithaca & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Thomas S. Mowle & David H. , Sacko , The Unipolar World : An Unbalanced Future , ( New York : Macmillan , 2007 ) , p 149 . Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen Walt , `` Keeping the World ' Off Balance : ' Self Restraint and US Foreign Policy , '' ( ed . John Ikenberry , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 125 . Jump up ^ `` The Present Danger , '' The National Interest , 39 , ( Spring 2000 ) : p 57 - 58 . Jump up ^ `` The Unipolar Illusion : Why New Great Powers Will Rise ? '' International Security , 17 / 4 , ( 1993 ) : p 5 - 51 . Jump up ^ `` The Unipolar Illusion Revisited : The Coming End of the United States ' Unipolar Moment '' , International Security , 31 / 2 , ( 2006 ) : p 7 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Christopher Layne , ( 2009 ) . `` The Waning of US Hegemony -- Myth or Reality ? A Review Essay , '' International Security , 34 / 1 : p 150 . Jump up ^ Waltz 1979 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Waltz 1979 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2010 , p. 79 . ^ Jump up to : Mearsheimer 2010 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Walt 1987 , pp. 21 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Walt 1987 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Walt 1987 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Christensen & Snyder 1990 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Christensen & Snyder 1990 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , pp. 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2001 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Mearsheimer 2010 , pp. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Mearsheimer 2010 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Walt 1987 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen Walt , `` Keeping the World ' Off Balance : ' Self Restraint and US Foreign Policy , '' ( ed . John Ikenberry , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 134 . Jump up ^ The Unipolar World : An Unbalanced Future , ( New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2007 ) , p 147 , 158 . Jump up ^ Campbell Craig , `` American Power Preponderance and the Nuclear Revolution , '' Review of International Studies , 35 / 1 , ( 2009 ) : p 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences , 210 : p 80 . Jump up ^ Alfred Vagts , `` The United States and the Balance of Power , '' Journal of Politics , 3 / 4 , ( 1941 ) : p 416 . Jump up ^ Robert Strausz - Hupé , Geopolitics : The Struggle for Space and Power , ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1942 ) , p 194 - 195 . Jump up ^ `` Geopolitics : The Lurid Career of a Scientific System which the Briton Invented , the Germans Used and the Americans Need to Study '' , Life , ( December 21 ) , p 115 , https://books.google.nl/books?id=NVEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=2#v=onepage&q&f=false Jump up ^ Crusade for Pan-Europe , ( New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1943 ) , p 298 - 304 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Place in the Postwar World , '' Political Science Quarterly , 58 / 1 , ( 1943 ) : p 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Place in the Postwar World , '' p 23 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Lewis Gaddis , `` The Strategy of Containment , '' Containment : Documents on American Policy and Strategy , 1945 - 1950 , ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1978 ) , p 66 . Jump up ^ Cited in Robert Kagan , New Republic , ( May 27 , 2014 ) , https://newrepublic.com/article/117859/superpowers-dont-get-retire Jump up ^ Cited in Inis L. Claude , `` The Balance of Power Revisited , '' Review of International Studies , 15 / 2 , ( 1989 ) : p 79 . Jump up ^ A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War , ( Stanford University Press , Stanford , 1992 ) , p 517 . Jump up ^ Hedley Bull , `` The Great Irresponsibilities ? The United States , the Soviet Union , and World Order '' , International Journal , 35 , ( 1979 / 80 ) : p 440 . Jump up ^ `` Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power '' , International Security , 9 / 4 , ( 1985 ) , p 35 . Jump up ^ Game Plan : A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the US - Soviet Contest , ( Boston & New York : The Atlantic Monthly Press , 1986 ) , p 27 . Jump up ^ A Preponderance of Power , p 518 . Jump up ^ `` From Preponderance to Offshore Balancing ; America 's Future Grand Strategy '' , International Security , 22 / 1 , ( 1997 ) : p 92 . Jump up ^ Also The Peace of Illusions : American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present , ( Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Barry Posen & Andrew L. Ross , `` Competing Visions for US Grand Strategy '' , International Security , 21 / 3 , ( 1996 / 7 ) : 32 . Jump up ^ `` The Unipolar Illusion : Why New Great Powers Will Rise ? '' International Security , 17 / 4 , ( 1993 ) : p 34 - 35 . Jump up ^ `` The Unipolar Illusion '' , p 51 . Jump up ^ Stephen G. Brooks & , William C. Wohlforth , World Out of Balance : International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy , Princeton & Oxford : Princeton University Press , 2008 ) , p 3 . Jump up ^ `` US Strategy in a Unipolar World '' , America Unrivaled : The Future of the Balance of Power , ( ed . John Ikenberry , Ithaka & London : Cornell University Press , 2002 ) , p 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Stability of a Unipolar World '' , International Security , 24 / 1 , ( 1999 ) , p 25 . Jump up ^ Campbell Craig , `` American Power Preponderance and the Nuclear Revolution , '' Review of International Studies , 35 / 1 , ( 2009 ) : p 30 . Jump up ^ `` Structural Realism after the Cold War , '' International Security `` '' , 25 / 1 , ( 2000 ) : p 28 . Jump up ^ `` American Power Preponderance and the Nuclear Revolution , '' p 30 . Jump up ^ Melvyn P. Leffler , `` 9 / 11 and the Past and Future of American Foreign Policy , '' Royal Institute of International Affairs , ( 79 / 5 , October 2003 ) , p 1058 , http://www.jstor.org/stable/3568953 Jump up ^ `` 9 / 11 and the Past and Future of American Foreign Policy , '' p 1061 , 1063 . Jump up ^ `` America Right or Wrong : An Anatomy of American Nationalism , '' The Geopolitics Reader , ( eds . Gearoid O'Tauthail , & Simon Dalby , London & New York : Routledge , 2004 , p 172 . Jump up ^ Richard Little , The Balance of Power in International Relations : Metaphors , Myths , and Models , ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , p 82 , 84 . Jump up ^ `` Superpowers Do n't Get to Retire : What Our Tired Country Still Owes the World , '' New Republic , ( May 27 , 2014 ) , https://newrepublic.com/article/117859/superpowers-dont-get-retire Jump up ^ `` How Has War Changed Since the End of the Cold War ? '' US Army War College , 35 / 1 , ( 2005 ) : p 16 . References ( edit ) Christensen , Thomas J. ; Snyder , Jack ( 1990 ) , `` Chain Gangs and Passed Bucks : Predicting Alliance Patterns in Multipolarity '' , International Organization , 44 : 138 -- 140 , doi : 10.1017 / s0020818300035232 Gilbert , Felix ( 1949 ) . `` Bernardo Rucellai and the Orti Oricellari : A Study on the Origin of Modern Political Thought '' . Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes . Warburg Institute . 12 : 101 -- 131 . doi : 10.2307 / 750259 . JSTOR 750259 . Howard , Sir Esme ( May 1925 ) , `` British Policy and the Balance of Power '' , The American Political Science Review , 19 ( 2 ) : 261 , doi : 10.2307 / 2938920 Kegley , Charles W. ; Wittkopf , Eugene R. ( 2005 ) , World Politics : Trends and Transformation ( 10th ed . ) , p. 503 Mearsheimer , John ( 2010 ) , `` Structural Realism '' , in Dunne , Tim ; Kurki , Milja ; Smith , Steve , International Relations Theories , New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 79 -- 85 Mearsheimer , John ( 2001 ) , The Tragedy of Great Power Politics , New York : Norton , pp. 139 -- 161 Pirenne , J. ( 1963 ) , The Tides of History : From the Expansion of Islam to the Treaties of Westphalia , II , London , p. 429 Sheehan , Michael ( 2000 ) , The Balance of Power : History & Theory , Routledge , p. 35 Waltz , Kenneth N. ( 1979 ) , Theory of International Politics , Reading , MA : Addison - Wesley , pp. 118 , 121 Walt , Stephen M. ( 1987 ) , The Origins of Alliances , New York : Cornell University Press , pp. 5 , 17 -- 29 Wendt , Alexander ( 1992 ) , `` Anarchy Is What States Make of It : The Social Construction of international Politics '' , International Organization , p. 397 Wohlforth , W.C. ; Little , R. ; Kaufman , S.J. ; et al. ( 2007 ) , `` Testing Balance - Of - Power Theory in World History '' , European Journal of International Relations , 13 : 155 -- 185 , doi : 10.1177 / 1354066107076951 Attrition This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Phillips , Walter Alison ( 1911 ) . `` Balance of Power '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Waltz , K.N. ( 1979 ) . Theory of International Politics . New York : Random House . Waltz described IR in a systemic way , consisting of an anarchic structure and interacting units . His BOP - theory says that ( smaller , weaker ) states will balance the power or preponderance of more powerful ones to ensure that the latter do not become too powerful and dominate all other . For Waltz , a bipolar structure , as given in the Cold War , seems to be the best , i.e. the most peaceful one . Most relevant for his theory are Chapters 1 and 4 -- 6 . Walt , S. ( 1987 ) . The Origins of Alliances . Walt puts the BOP - theory on a new basis and calls it balance - of - threat ( BOT ) theory , since some states do not balance each other , because they do not perceive one another as threats ( e.g. the West in the Cold War , worked together against the Warsaw Pact , but did n't balance each other ) . Mearsheimer , J.J. ( 2001 ) . The Tragedy of Great Power Politics . New York : W.W. Norton . Mearsheimer tries to mend BOP theory after it was unable to predict or explain the end of the Cold War . He describes himself as an `` offensive realist '' and believes that states do not simply balance , but because they want to survive in an anarchical system they get frequently aggressive . This is in contrast to Waltz , whom he describes as `` defensive realist '' , who says that states primarily seek survival through balancing . Mearsheimer is an ardent critic of other IR theories ( such as neoliberalism , constructivism etc . ) and warns heavily of the Chinese rise in their relative power position . T.V. Paul , Michel Fortman , and James J. Wirtz . Balance of Power : Theory and Practice in the 21st Century . ( Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 8047 - 5016 - 5 . Balance of power theory has been severely criticized since the end of the Cold War . Regions where BOP dynamic would have been expected , Central Asia for example after the Soviet left , did not experience it . This book analysis the theoretical and historical criticisms of balance of power theory and test whether the theory is still valid in the 21st century . Virginia.edu - ' Balance of Power ' , Dictionary of the History of Ideas Hedley Bull , Anarchial Society ( United States of America : Macmillan Ltd , 1977 ) . John Lewis Gaddis , Surprise , Security and the American Experience ( United States of America : Harvard University Press , 2004 ) . Ernst B. Haas , `` The balance of power : prescription , concept , or propaganda '' , World Politics , Vol. 5 , No. 4 , ( 1953 ) , pp. 442 -- 477 . Lawrence Kaplan & William Kristol , The War Over Iraq ( San Francisco : Encounter Books , 2003 ) . William Keylor , A World of Nations ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . Little , Richard , The Balance of Power in International Relations . Metaphors , Myths and Models ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) Hans Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations : The struggle for Power and Peace : Fourth Edition ( New York : Knofp , 1967 ) . Randall Schweller. 2016 . `` The Balance of Power in World Politics '' in the Oxford Encyclopaedia of Politics . Paul W. Schroeder , `` The Nineteenth century system : balance of power or political equilibrium ? '' , Review of International Studies , 15 , ( 1989 ) , pp. 135 -- 153 . Schroeder argues that the BOP system is inherently unstable and conflict - prone because particular nations tend to have differing conceptions of what constitutes a `` balance '' ; he contends that the equilibrium achieved in Europe between 1815 and 1854 rested not upon a BOP but upon a generally recognized system of British and Russian hegemonies . Michael Sheehan , The Balance of Power : History and Theory ( London : Routledge , 2000 ) . Power in international relations Types Economic Energy Food Hard National Power politics Realpolitik Smart Soft Status Emerging Small Middle Regional Great Super Hyper Geopolitics American Asian British Chinese Indian Pacific History List of ancient great powers List of medieval great powers List of modern great powers International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Theory Balance of power European Center of power Hegemonic stability theory Philosophy of power Polarity Power projection Power transition theory Second Superpower Sphere of influence Superpower collapse Superpower disengagement Studies Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power Organizations and groups by region or regions affected Africa African Union Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- Asia Arab League Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Americas Mercosur North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Organization of American States ( OAS ) Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) Asia Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summits Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) Europe Council of Europe ( CE ) European Union ( EU ) Nordic Council Visegrád Group Eurasia Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) Eurasian Economic Union ( EaEU ) Turkic Council North America -- Europe North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) Arctic Council Africa -- Asia -- Europe Union for the Mediterranean Africa -- South America South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Oceania - Pacific Australia -- New Zealand -- United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) Polynesian Leaders Group ( PLG ) Non-regional Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) Commonwealth of Nations Francophonie Colombia -- Indonesia -- Vietnam -- Egypt -- Turkey -- South Africa ( CIVETS ) E7 E9 G4 G7 G8 G8 + 5 G20 G24 G77 India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Mexico -- Indonesia -- Nigeria -- Turkey ( MINT ) Next Eleven ( N - 11 ) Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Uniting for Consensus Global United Nations ( UN ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balance_of_power_(international_relations)&oldid=816847438 '' Categories : Political realism International security International relations theory Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 03 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who came up with the balance of power theory	[ "The principle involved in preserving the balance of power as a conscious goal of foreign policy, as David Hume pointed out in his Essay on the Balance of Power, is as old as history, and was used by Greeks such as Thucydides both as political theorists and as practical statesmen.[6]" ]	[ "David Hume" ]
10003618852960556	World energy consumption	World energy consumption - Wikipedia World energy consumption Jump to : navigation , search See also : World energy resources and Worldwide energy supply This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2014 ) The world 's energy consumption ( 2015 data ) Total primary consumption in the world , by fuel ( 2015 ) . World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization . Typically measured per year , it involves all energy harnessed from every energy source applied towards humanity 's endeavours across every single industrial and technological sector , across every country . It does not include energy from food , and the extent to which direct biomass burning has been accounted for is poorly documented . Being the power source metric of civilization , World Energy Consumption has deep implications for humanity 's socio - economic - political sphere . Institutions such as the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) , the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , and the European Environment Agency record and publish energy data periodically . Improved data and understanding of World Energy Consumption may reveal systemic trends and patterns , which could help frame current energy issues and encourage movement towards collectively useful solutions . Closely related to energy consumption is the concept of total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , which - on a global level - is the sum of energy production minus storage changes . Since changes of energy storage over the year are minor , TPES values can be used as an estimator for energy consumption . However , TPES ignores conversion efficiency , overstating forms of energy with poor conversion efficiency ( e.g. coal , gas and nuclear ) and understating forms already accounted for in converted forms ( e.g. photovoltaic or hydroelectricity ) . The IEA estimates that , in 2013 , total primary energy supply ( TPES ) was 1.575 × 10 Wh ( = 157.5 PWh , 5.67 × 10 joules , or 13,541 Mtoe ) . From 2000 -- 2012 coal was the source of energy with the largest growth . The use of oil and natural gas also had considerable growth , followed by hydropower and renewable energy . Renewable energy grew at a rate faster than any other time in history during this period . The demand for nuclear energy decreased , in part due to nuclear disasters ( e.g. Three Mile Island 1979 , Chernobyl 1986 , and Fukushima 2011 ) . In 2011 , expenditures on energy totalled over 6 trillion USD , or about 10 % of the world gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Europe spends close to one - quarter of the world 's energy expenditures , North America close to 20 % , and Japan 6 % . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Energy supply , consumption and electricity 1.2 Trends 1.3 Emissions 2 By source 2.1 Fossil fuels 2.1. 1 Coal 2.1. 2 Oil 2.1. 3 Natural Gas 2.2 Nuclear power 2.3 Renewable energy 2.3. 1 Hydro 2.3. 2 Marine energy 2.3. 3 Wind 2.3. 4 Solar 2.3. 5 Geothermal 2.3. 6 Bio energy 3 By country 3.1 Oil 3.2 Coal 3.3 Natural gas 3.4 Wind power 4 By sector 4.1 European Union 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Further information : Total primary energy supply and List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production Energy supply , consumption and electricity ( edit ) Key figures ( TWh ) Year Primary energy supply ( TPES ) Final energy consumption Electricity generation Ref 1973 71,013 ( Mtoe 6,106 ) 54,335 ( Mtoe 4,672 ) 6,129 1990 102,569 -- 11,821 -- 2000 117,687 -- 15,395 -- 147,899 ( Mtoe 12,717 ) 100,914 ( Mtoe 8,677 ) 21,431 2011 152,504 ( Mtoe 13,113 ) 103,716 ( Mtoe 8,918 ) 22,126 2012 155,505 ( Mtoe 13,371 ) 104,426 ( Mtoe 8,979 ) 22,668 2013 157,482 ( Mtoe 13,541 ) 108,171 ( Mtoe 9,301 ) 23,322 2014 155,481 ( Mtoe 13,369 ) 109,613 ( Mtoe 9,425 ) 23,816 2015 168,519 ( Quad BTU 575 ) converted from Mtoe into TWh ( 1 Mtoe = 11.63 TWh ) and from Quad BTU into TWh ( 1 Quad BTU = 293.07 TWh ) World total primary energy supply ( TPES ) , or `` primary energy '' differs from the world final energy consumption because much of the energy that is acquired by humans is lost as other forms of energy during the process of its refinement into usable forms of energy and its transport from its initial place of supply to consumers . For instance , when oil is extracted from the ground it must be refined into gasoline , so that it can be used in a car , and transported over long distances to gas stations where it can be used by consumers . World final energy consumption refers to the fraction of the world 's primary energy that is used in its final form by humanity . In 2014 , world primary energy supply amounted to 155,481 terawatt - hour ( TWh ) or 13,541 Mtoe , while the world final energy consumption was 109,613 TWh or about 29.5 % less than the total supply . World final energy consumption includes products as lubricants , asphalt and petrochemicals which have chemical energy content but are not used as fuel . This non-energy use amounted to 9,404 TWh ( 809 Mtoe ) in 2012 . By the end of 2014 , the total installed global power generating capacity is nearly 6.142 TW ( million MW ) which does not include the DG sets not connected to local electricity grids . In 2014 , world energy consumption for electricity generation was coal 40.8 % , natural gas 21.6 % , nuclear 10.6 % , hydro 16.4 % , ' others ' ( solar , wind , geothermal , biomass , etc . ) 6.3 % and oil 4.3 % . Coal and natural gas were the most popular energy fuels for generating electricity . The world 's electricity consumption was 18,608 TWh in 2012 . This figure is about 18 % smaller than the generated electricity , due to grid losses , storage losses , and self - consumption from power plants ( gross generation ) . Cogeneration ( CHP ) power stations use some of the energy that is otherwise wasted for heating buildings or in industrial processes . 2014 World electricity generation ( 23,816 TWh ) by source ( IEA , 2016 ) Coal / Peat ( 40.8 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.6 % ) Hydro ( 16.4 % ) Nuclear ( 10.6 % ) Oil ( 4.3 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 6.3 % ) The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources . For 2013 , estimated world energy consumption was 5.67 × 10 joules , or 157,481 TWh . According to the IEA the total world energy consumption was 143,851 TWh in 2008 , 133,602 TWh in 2005 , 117,687 TWh in 2000 , and 102,569 TWh in 1990 . Total world electricity consumption was 19,504 TWh in 2013 , 16,503 TWh in 2008 , 15,105 TWh in 2005 , and 12,116 TWh in 2000 . In 2012 approximately 22 % of world energy was consumed in North America , 5 % was consumed South and Central America , 23 % was consumed in Europe and Eurasia , 3 % was consumed in Africa , and 40 % was consumed in the Asia Pacific region . Recently there has been a large increase in international agreements and national Energy Action Plans , such as the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive , to increase the use of renewable energy due to the growing concerns about pollution from energy sources that come from fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas . One such initiative was the United Nations Development Programme 's World Energy Assessment in 2000 that highlighted many challenges humanity would have to overcome in order to shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources . From 2000 -- 2012 renewable energy grew at a rate higher than any other point in history , with a consumption increase of 176.5 million tonnes of oil . During this period , oil , coal , and natural gas continued to grow and had increases that were much higher than the increase in renewable energy . The following figures illustrate the growth in consumption of fossil fuels such as oil , coal , and natural gas as well as renewable sources of energy during this period . Trends ( edit ) World primary energy consumption in quadrillion Btu Energy intensity of different economies : The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries . GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation . GDP and energy consumption in Japan , 1958 -- 2000 : The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use ; however , it also shows that this link can be broken . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan 's GDP continued to grow , after 1985 , under the influence of the then much cheaper oil , energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP . The energy consumption growth in the G20 slowed down to 2 % in 2011 , after the strong increase of 2010 . The economic crisis is largely responsible for this slow growth . For several years now , the world energy demand is characterized by the bullish Chinese and Indian markets , while developed countries struggle with stagnant economies , high oil prices , resulting in stable or decreasing energy consumption . According to IEA data from 1990 to 2008 , the average energy use per person increased 10 % while world population increased 27 % . Regional energy use also grew from 1990 to 2008 : the Middle East increased by 170 % , China by 146 % , India by 91 % , Africa by 70 % , Latin America by 66 % , the USA by 20 % , the EU - 27 block by 7 % , and world overall grew by 39 % . In 2008 , total worldwide primary energy consumption was 132,000 terawatt - hours ( TWh ) or 474 exajoules ( EJ ) . In 2012 , primary energy demand increased to 158,000 TWh ( 567 EJ ) . Energy consumption in the G20 increased by more than 5 % in 2010 after a slight decline of 2009 . In 2009 , world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years by 1.1 % , or about 130 million tonnes of oil equivalent ( Mtoe ) , as a result of the financial and economic crisis , which reduced world GDP by 0.6 % in 2009 . This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends : Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries , specifically in Asia ( + 4 % ) . Conversely , in OECD , consumption was severely cut by 4.7 % in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels . In North America , Europe and the CIS , consumptions shrank by 4.5 % , 5 % and 8.5 % respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity . China became the world 's largest energy consumer ( 18 % of the total ) since its consumption surged by 8 % during 2009 ( up from 4 % in 2008 ) . Oil remained the largest energy source ( 33 % ) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time . Coal posted a growing role in the world 's energy consumption : in 2009 , it accounted for 27 % of the total . Most energy is used in the country of origin , since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials . In 2008 , the share export of the total energy production by fuel was : oil 50 % ( 1,952 / 3,941 Mt ) , gas 25 % ( 800 / 3,149 bcm ) and hard coal 14 % ( 793 / 5,845 Mt ) . Most of the world 's high energy resources are from the conversion of the sun 's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet . Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy , some is directly or indirectly usable ; for example , via solar PV / thermal , wind , hydro - or wave power . The total solar irradiance is measured by satellite to be roughly 1361 watts per square meter ( see solar constant ) , though it fluctuates by about 6.9 % during the year due to the Earth 's varying distance from the sun . This value , after multiplication by the cross-sectional area intercepted by the Earth , is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet ; about half , 89,000 TW , reaches the Earth 's surface . The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary , with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 yottajoule ( YJ ) or 4 × 10 joules , and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ . Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable . The total power flux from the sun intercepting the Earth is 5.5 YJ per year , though not all of this is available for human consumption . The IEA estimates for the world to meet global energy demand for the two decades from 2015 to 2035 it will require investment of $48 trillion and `` credible policy frameworks . '' According to IEA ( 2012 ) the goal of limiting warming to 2 ° C is becoming more difficult and costly with each year that passes . If action is not taken before 2017 , CO emissions would be locked - in by energy infrastructure existing in 2017 . Fossil fuels are dominant in the global energy mix , supported by $523 billion subsidies in 2011 , up almost 30 % on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewables . Regional energy use ( kWh / capita & TWh ) and growth 1990 -- 2008 ( % ) kWh / capita Population ( million ) Energy use ( 1,000 TWh ) Region 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth USA 89,021 87,216 − 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 % EU - 28 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 % Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 % China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 % Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 % Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 % India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 % Others * 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 % The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 % Source : IEA / OECD , Population OECD / World Bank Energy use = kWh / capita * Mrd . capita ( population ) = 1000 TWh Others : Mathematically calculated , includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia . The use of energy varies between the `` other countries '' : E.g. in Australia , Japan , or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma . Emissions ( edit ) Global warming emissions resulting from energy production are an environmental problem . Efforts to resolve this include the Kyoto Protocol , which is a UN agreement aiming to reduce harmful climate impacts , which a number of nations have signed . Limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius , thought to be a risk by the SEI , is now doubtful . To limit global temperature to a hypothetical 2 degrees Celsius rise would demand a 75 % decline in carbon emissions in industrial countries by 2050 , if the population is 10 billion in 2050 . Across 40 years , this averages to a 2 % decrease every year . In 2011 , the emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem . Hypothetically , according to Robert Engelman ( Worldwatch institute ) , in order to prevent collapse , human civilization would have to stop increasing emissions within a decade regardless of the economy or population ( 2009 ) . Greenhouse gases are not the only emissions of energy production and consumption . Large amounts of pollutants such as sulphurous oxides ( SO ) , nitrous oxides ( NO ) , and particulate matter ( PM ) are produced from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass ; the World Health Organisation estimates that 7 million premature deaths are caused each year by air pollution . Biomass combustion is a major contributor . In addition to producing air pollution like fossil fuel combustion , most biomass has high CO emissions . By source ( edit ) Total primary energy supply of 13,699 mega-toe by source in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) Oil ( 31.3 % ) Coal / Peat / Shale ( 28.6 % ) Natural Gas ( 21.2 % ) Biofuels and waste ( 10.3 % ) Hydro Electricity ( 2.4 % ) Others ( Renew . ) ( 1.4 % ) Nuclear ( 4.8 % ) Fossil fuels ( edit ) Main article : Fossil fuel The twentieth century saw a rapid twenty-fold increase in the use of fossil fuels . Between 1980 and 2006 , the worldwide annual growth rate was 2 % . According to the US Energy Information Administration 's 2006 estimate , the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 , was divided as given in the table above , with fossil fuels supplying 86 % of the world 's energy : Coal ( edit ) Main articles : Coal and List of countries by coal production In 2000 , China accounted for 28 % of world coal consumption , other Asia consumed 19 % , North America 25 % and the EU 14 % . The single greatest coal - consuming country is China . Its share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and rose to 48 % in 2009 . In contrast to China 's ~ 70 % increase in coal consumption , world coal use increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009 . In practice , the majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia . China 's energy consumption is mostly driven by the industry sector , the majority of which comes from coal consumption . World annual coal production increased 1,905 Mt or 32 % in 6 years in 2011 compared to 2005 , of which over 70 % was in China and 8 % in India . Coal production was in 2011 7,783 Mt , and 2009 6,903 Mt , equal to 12.7 % production increase in two years . If production and consumption of coal continue at the rate as in 2008 , proven and economically recoverable world reserves of coal would last for about 150 years . This is much more than needed for an irreversible climate catastrophe . Coal is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the world . According to James Hansen the single most important action needed to tackle the climate crisis is to reduce CO emissions from coal . Indonesia and Australia exported together 57.1 % of the world coal export in 2011 . China , Japan , South Korea , India and Taiwan had 65 % share of all the world coal import in 2011 . Regional coal supply ( TWh ) , share 2010 ( % ) and share of change 2000 -- 2010 Region 2000 2008 2009 * 2010 * % * Change 2000 -- 2009 * North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16 % − 1.2 % Asia excl . China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19 % 18.9 % China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48 % 85.5 % EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8 % − 3.8 % Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3 % 0.4 % Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3 % − 2.0 % Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4 % 2.2 % Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100 % 47.9 % Source : IEA , * in 2009 , 2010 BP * Change 2000 -- 2009 : Region 's share of the world change + 12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009 Top 10 coal exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Indonesia 162 309 29.7 % 383 Australia 298 285 27.4 % 302 Russia 89 99 9.5 % 103 US 57 85 8.2 % 106 5 Colombia 68 76 7.3 % 82 6 South Africa 68 70 6.7 % 72 7 Kazakhstan 33 34 3.3 % 32 8 Canada 24 24 2.3 % 25 9 Vietnam 21 23 2.2 % 18 10 Mongolia 17 22 2.1 % 22 x Others 19 14 1.3 % Total ( Mt ) 856 1,041 1,168 Top ten 97.8 % 98.7 % Oil ( edit ) Main articles : Petroleum , List of countries by oil production , and List of countries by oil consumption Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century . With the advent of the automobile , aeroplanes and the spreading use of electricity , oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century . The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973 . After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 , during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel , there was a shift away from oil . Coal , natural gas , and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency . In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon . Japan , which bore the brunt of the oil shocks , made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world . From 1965 to 2008 , the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased . From 2003 to 2008 , coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel . It is estimated that between 100 and 135 billion tonnes of oil has been consumed between 1850 and the present . Natural gas ( edit ) Main articles : Natural Gas , List of countries by natural gas production , and List of countries by natural gas consumption In 2009 , the world use of natural gas grew 31 % compared to 2000 . 66 % of this growth was outside EU , North America , Latin America , and Russia . Others include the Middle East , Asia , and Africa . The gas supply increased also in the previous regions : 8.6 % in the EU and 16 % in the North America 2000 -- 2009 . Regional gas supply ( TWh ) and share 2010 ( % ) Land 2000 2008 2009 % North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27 % Asia excl . China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 % China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 % EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 % Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 % Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 % Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 % Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 % Source : IEA , in 2009 , 2010 BP Nuclear power ( edit ) Main article : Nuclear Power As of 1 July 2016 , the world had 444 operable grid - electric nuclear power reactors with 62 others under construction . Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s , 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid , although two were connected in 2009 . Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007 , decreasing 1.8 % in 2009 to 2558 TWh , and another 1.6 % in 2011 to 2518 TWh , despite increases in production from most countries worldwide , because those increases were more than offset by decreases in Germany and Japan . Nuclear power met 11.7 % of the world 's electricity demand in 2011 . Source : IEA / OECD Renewable energy ( edit ) Main articles : Renewable energy , List of renewable energy topics by country , and Renewable energy commercialization Strong public support for renewables worldwide in 2011 Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources that are not significantly depleted by their use , such as sunlight , wind , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy is gradually replacing conventional fuels in four distinct areas : electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural ( off - grid ) energy services . Based on REN21 's 2014 report , renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013 , respectively . This energy consumption is divided as 9 % coming from traditional biomass , 4.2 % as heat energy ( non-biomass ) , 3.8 % hydro electricity and 2 % electricity from wind , solar , geothermal , and biomass . Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US $214 billion in 2013 , with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind , hydro , solar and biofuels . Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas , in contrast to other energy sources , which are concentrated in a limited number of countries . Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security , climate change mitigation , and economic benefits . In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power . At the national level , at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply . National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond . The following table shows increasing nameplate capacity , and has capacity factors that range from 11 % for solar , to 40 % for hydropower . Selected renewable energy global indicators 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Investment in new renewable capacity ( annual ) ( 10 USD ) 182 178 237 279 256 232 270 285 Renewables power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 1,140 1,230 1,320 1,360 1,470 1,578 1,712 1,849 Hydropower capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 885 915 945 970 990 1,018 1,055 1,064 Wind power capacity ( existing ) ( GWe ) 121 159 198 238 283 319 370 433 Solar PV capacity ( grid - connected ) ( GWe ) 16 23 40 70 100 138 177 227 Solar hot water capacity ( existing ) ( GWth ) 130 160 185 232 255 373 406 435 Ethanol production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 67 76 86 86 83 87 94 98 Biodiesel production ( annual ) ( 10 litres ) 12 17.8 18.5 21.4 22.5 26 29.7 30 Countries with policy targets for renewable energy use 79 89 98 118 138 144 164 173 Source : The Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century ( REN21 ) -- Global Status Report Renewable energy 2000 - 2013 ( TWh ) 2000 2013 North - America 1,973 2,237 2,443 EU 1,204 2,093 2,428 Russia 245 239 271 China 2,613 3,374 3,847 Asia ( - China ) 4,147 4,996 5,361 Africa 2,966 3,930 4,304 Latin America 1 502 2,127 2,242 Other 567 670 738 Total renewable 15,237 19,711 21,685 Total energy 116,958 148,736 157,485 Share 13.0 % 13.3 % 13.8 % Total nonrenewable 101,721 129,025 135,800 From 2000 to 2013 the total renewable energy use has increased 6,450 TWh and total energy use 40,500 TWh . Hydro ( edit ) Main articles : Hydroelectricity and Hydropower Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower ; the production of electrical power through the use of the kinetic energy of falling or flowing water . In 2015 hydropower generated 16.6 % of the world 's total electricity and 70 % of all renewable electricity , which continues the rapid rate of increase experienced between 2003 and 2009 . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia - Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 2,600 PJ ( 721 TWh ) of production in 2010 , representing around 17 % of domestic electricity use . There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW : the Three Gorges Dam in China , Itaipu Dam in Brazil , and Guri Dam in Venezuela . Nine of the worlds top 10 renewable electricity producers are primarily hydroelectric , one is wind . Marine energy ( edit ) Main article : Ocean energy Marine energy , also known as ocean energy and marine and hydrokinetic energy ( MHK ) includes tidal and wave power and is a relatively new sector of renewable energy , with most projects still in the pilot phase , but the theoretical potential is equivalent to 4 -- 18 million tonne of oil equivalent ( toe ) . MHK development in U.S. and international waters includes projects using devices such as , wave energy converters in open coastal areas with significant waves , tidal turbines placed in coastal and estuarine areas , in - stream turbines in fast - moving rivers , ocean current turbines in areas of strong marine currents , and ocean thermal energy converters in deep tropical waters . Wind ( edit ) Main articles : Wind power and Wind power by country Wind power is growing at the rate of 17 % annually , with a worldwide installed capacity of 432,883 megawatts ( MW ) at the end of 2015 , and is widely used in Europe , Asia , and the United States . Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration , such as 21 % of stationary electricity production in Denmark , 18 % in Portugal , 16 % in Spain , 14 % in Ireland and 9 % in Germany in 2010 . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis . Continuing strong growth , by 2016 wind generated 3 % of global power annually . Solar ( edit ) Main articles : Solar energy , Solar power , and Solar power by country Solar energy , radiant light and heat from the sun , has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever - evolving technologies . Solar energy technologies include solar heating , solar photovoltaics , concentrated solar power and solar architecture , which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces . The International Energy Agency projected that solar power could provide `` a third of the global final energy demand after 2060 , while CO emissions would be reduced to very low levels . '' Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture , convert and distribute solar energy . Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy . Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun , selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties , and designing spaces that naturally circulate air . From 2012 to 2016 solar capacity tripled and now provides 1.3 % of global energy . Geothermal ( edit ) Main articles : Geothermal energy and Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries . In 2004 , 200 petajoules ( 56 TWh ) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources , and an additional 270 petajoules ( 75 TWh ) of geothermal energy was used directly , mostly for space heating . In 2007 , the world had a global capacity for 7010100000000000000 ♠ 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 7010280000000000000 ♠ 28 GW of direct heating , including extraction by geothermal heat pumps . Heat pumps are small and widely distributed , so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 7011100000000000000 ♠ 100 GW . Bio energy ( edit ) Main articles : Biomass , Biogas , and Biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel , today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply . Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005 . Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100 % in Germany , Hungary , the Netherlands , Poland , and Spain . A further 220 GW was used for heating ( in 2004 ) , bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW . The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded . World production of bioethanol increased by 8 % in 2005 to reach 33 gigalitres ( 8.7 × 10 US gal ) , with most of the increase in the United States , bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil . Biodiesel increased by 85 % to 3.9 gigalitres ( 1.0 × 10 US gal ) , making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005 . Over 50 % is produced in Germany . By country ( edit ) Main article : List of renewable energy topics by country See also : Energy by country , Worldwide energy supply , and List of countries by energy consumption per capita World total final consumption of 13,699 Mtoe by region in 2014 ( IEA , 2016 ) OECD ( 38.4 % ) Middle East ( 5.3 % ) Non-OECD Eurasia ( 8.2 % ) China ( 22.4 % ) Rest of Asia ( 12.7 % ) Non-OECD Americas ( 4.7 % ) Africa ( 5.6 % ) Bunkers ( 2.7 % ) Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate , but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries , such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person . In developing countries , particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India , the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW . Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person . The US consumes 25 % of the world 's energy with a share of global GDP at 22 % and a share of the world population at 4.59 % . The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China , which has been growing at 5.5 % per year over the last 25 years . Its population of 1.3 billion people ( 19.6 % of the world population ) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person . One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity . This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product . The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) The World Bank : PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent ( 2011 ) Oil ( edit ) Main article : Petroleum Saudi Arabia , Russia and the United States accounted for 34 % of oil production in 2011 . Saudi Arabia , Russia and Nigeria accounted for 36 % of oil export in 2011 . Top 10 oil producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 517 12.9 % 544 Russia 470 485 494 502 510 12.7 % 520 United States 307 300 320 336 346 8.6 % 387 Iran 205 214 206 227 215 5.4 % 186 5 China 183 190 194 200 203 5.1 % 206 6 Canada 143 155 152 159 169 4.2 % 182 7 UAE nd 136 120 129 149 3.7 % 163 8 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 148 3.7 % 162 9 Mexico 188 159 146 144 144 3.6 % nd 10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 139 3.5 % nd x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd nd 152 x Iraq nd nd 114 140 nd nd 148 x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd nd nd Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 4,011 100 % Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62 % 63 % Top 10 oil exporters ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2011 Share % 2011 2012 Saudi Arabia 333 17.0 % Russia 246 12.5 % Nigeria 129 6.6 % Iran 126 6.4 % 5 UAE 105 5.4 % 6 Iraq 94 4.8 % 7 Venezuela 87 4.4 % 8 Angola 84 4.3 % 9 Norway 78 4.0 % 10 Mexico 71 3.6 % x Others 609 31.0 % Total ( Mt ) 1,962 Coal ( edit ) Main article : Coal Top 10 coal producers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 2012 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 3,576 46 % 3,549 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 1,004 13 % 935 India 430 521 561 571 586 8 % 595 Australia 372 397 399 420 414 5 % 421 5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 376 5 % 443 6 Russia 222 323 297 324 334 4 % 354 7 South Africa 315 236 247 255 253 3 % 259 8 Germany nd nd nd nd 189 2 % 197 9 Poland 160 144 135 134 139 2 % 144 10 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 117 2 % 126 11 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 % nd nd Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 7,783 100 % 7,831 Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88 % nd 90 % * include hard coal and brown coal Top 10 coal importers ( Mt ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 China 25 nd 114 157 177 Japan 178 186 165 187 175 South Korea 77 100 103 119 129 India 37 58 66 88 101 5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63 66 6 Germany 38 46 38 45 41 7 UK 44 43 38 26 32 8 Turkey nd 19 20 27 24 9 Italy 24 25 19 22 23 10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19 21 x Spain 25 19 16 nd nd x France nd 21 nd nd nd x US 28 nd nd nd nd Total 778 778 819 949 1,002 Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79 % 79 % Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 % 13 % * 2005 -- 2010 hard coal Natural gas ( edit ) Main article : Natural gas Top 10 natural gas producers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Russia 627 657 589 637 677 20.0 % US 517 583 594 613 651 19.2 % Canada 187 175 159 160 160 4.7 % Qatar nd 79 89 121 151 4.5 % 5 Iran 84 121 144 145 149 4.4 % 6 Norway 90 103 106 107 106 3.1 % 7 China nd 76 90 97 103 3.0 % 8 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 92 2.7 % 9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 92 2.7 % 10 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 81 2.4 % x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd nd x UK 93 nd nd nd nd nd Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 % 3,388 Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 67 % bcm = billion cubic meters Top 10 natural gas importers ( bcm ) Rank Nation 2005 2008 2009 2011 Share % 2011 Japan 81 95 93 99 116 13.9 % Italy 73 77 69 75 70 8.4 % Germany 91 79 83 83 68 8.2 % US 121 84 76 74 55 6.6 % 5 South Korea 29 36 33 43 47 5.6 % 6 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 44 5.3 % 7 Turkey 27 36 35 37 43 5.2 % 8 France 47 44 45 46 41 4.9 % 9 UK nd 26 29 37 37 4.4 % 10 Spain 33 39 34 36 34 4.1 % x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd nd Total 838 783 749 820 834 100 % Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 67 % Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 % bcm = billion cubic meters Wind power ( edit ) Top 10 countries by nameplate windpower capacity ( 2011 year - end ) Country Windpower capacity ( MW ) provisional % world total China 62,733 26.3 United States 46,919 19.7 Germany 29,060 12.2 Spain 21,674 9.1 India 16,084 6.7 France 6,800 2.8 Italy 6,747 2.8 United Kingdom 6,540 2.7 Canada 5,265 2.2 Portugal 4,083 1.7 ( rest of world ) 32,446 13.8 World total 238,351 MW 100 % Top 10 countries by windpower electricity production ( 2010 totals ) Country Windpower production ( TWh ) % world total United States 95.2 27.6 China 55.5 15.9 Spain 43.7 12.7 Germany 36.5 10.6 India 20.6 6.0 United Kingdom 10.2 3.0 France 9.7 2.8 Portugal 9.1 2.6 Italy 8.4 2.5 Canada 8.0 2.3 ( rest of world ) 48.5 14.1 World total 344.8 TWh 100 % By sector ( edit ) World energy use by sector , 2012 Sector 10 Btu Petawatt - hours percentage Residential 53.0 15.5 13 Commercial 29.3 8.6 7 Industrial 222.3 65.1 54 Transportation 104.2 30.5 26 Total * 408.9 119.8 100 Source : US DOE . PWh from 0.293 times Btu column . Numbers are the end use of energy The table to the right shows the amounts of energy consumed worldwide in 2012 by four sectors , according to the Energy Information Administration of the US Department of Energy : Residential ( heating , lighting , and appliances ) Commercial ( lighting , heating and cooling of commercial buildings , and provision of water and sewer services ) Industrial users ( agriculture , mining , manufacturing , and construction ) Transportation ( passenger , freight , and pipeline ) Of the total 120 PWh ( 7020432000000000000 ♠ 120 × 10 Wh ) consumed , 19.4 were in the form of electricity , but this electricity required 61.7 PWh to produce . Thus the total energy consumption was around 160 PWh ( ca 7020580280718941000 ♠ 550 × 10 Btu ) . The efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38 % . The new generation of gas - fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55 % . Coal is the most common fuel for the world 's electricity plants . Another report gives different values for the sectors , apparently due to different definitions . According to this , total world energy use per sector in 2008 was industry 28 % , transport 27 % and residential and service 36 % . Division was about the same in the year 2000 . World energy use per sector Year 2000 2008 2000 2008 Sector TWh % * Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8 Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3 Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0 Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9 Total * 81,970 98,022 100 100 Source : IEA 2010 , Total is calculated from the given sectors Numbers are the end use of energy Total world energy supply ( 2008 ) 143,851 TWh European Union ( edit ) The European Environmental Agency ( EEA ) measures final energy consumption ( does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation ) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.8 % of final energy consumption , households 26.2 % , industry 25.6 % , services 13.5 % and agriculture 2.9 % in 2012 . The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions ( 79 % ) , with the energy sector representing 31 % , transport 19 % , industry 13 % , households 9 % and others 7 % . While efficient energy use and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues , more than 70 % of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32 -- 40 % . Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40 -- 45 % at newer plants . However , according to an impact assessment by the European Commission , this is still below the best available technological ( BAT ) efficiency levels of 46 -- 49 % . With gas - fired power plants the average efficiency is 52 % compared to 58 -- 59 % with best available technology ( BAT ) , and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36 % efficiency ( BAT delivers 47 % ) . According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission , raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants , through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions , to an average generation efficiency of 51.5 % in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 km ( 3.6 cu mi ) of natural gas and 25 Mt ( 25,000,000 long tons ; 28,000,000 short tons ) of coal . See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal Energy portal Sustainable development portal Comparisons of life - cycle greenhouse gas emissions Cubic mile of oil Domestic Energy Consumption Earth 's energy budget Electricity generation Electric energy consumption Energy development Energy intensity Energy policy Environmental impact of aviation Energy security and renewable technology Environmental tariff Feed - in Tariff Kardashev scale Peak oil Renewable energy commercialization Renewable energy by country Sustainable energy A Thousand Barrels a Second : The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing an Energy Dependent World ( book ) Regional Energy by country European countries by fossil fuel use ( % of total energy ) European countries by electricity consumption per person Energy use and conservation in the United Kingdom Energy use in the United States Asian brown cloud Making Sweden an Oil - Free Society Lists List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions List of countries by electricity consumption List of countries by electricity production List of countries by energy consumption and production List of countries by energy consumption per capita List of countries by energy intensity List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions List of countries by renewable electricity production References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BP : Statistical Review of World Energy , Workbook ( xlsx ) , London , 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Key world energy statistics , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World Energy Assessment ( WEA ) . UNDP , United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , World Energy Council , New York Jump up ^ Nathalie Desbrosses , World Energy Expenditures , Leonardo Energy , Nov. 28 2011 ( accessed 30 January 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2012 . pp. 6 , 24 , 28 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2013 . pp. 6 , 24 , 26 , 28 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . www.iea.org . IEA. 2014 . pp. 6 , 38 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 05 - 28 . pp. 27 , 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key World Energy Statistics '' ( PDF ) . IEA. 2017 - 05 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2017 '' ( PDF ) . 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Trittin , ed . `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change '' ( pdf ) . Luebeck , Germany : 59 -- 80 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects '' . United Nations . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 , gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` GWEC Global Wind Statistics 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Global Wind Energy Commission . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Electricity Production From Renewable Energy Sources : Stats and Figures Series : Thirteenth Inventory -- Edition 2011 '' ( PDF ) . 2.2 Electricity Production From Wind Sources : Main Wind Power Producing Countries -- 2010 ( text & table ) : Observ'ER . 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Jump up ^ Eva Hoos European Commission 2011 . A new Directive on Energy Efficiency . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : European Commission 2011 . Impact Assessment Accompanying the document Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on energy efficiency and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2004 / 8 / EC and 2006 / 32 / EC . p. 106 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . 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-1045351235981342340	I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)	I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do that ) - wikipedia I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do that ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' US commercial cassette single Single by Meat Loaf featuring Lorraine Crosby from the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell Released September 15 , 1993 Format Vinyl CD cassette Recorded Ocean Way Recording ( Los Angeles , California , US ) Genre Progressive rock hard rock Length 12 : 01 ( Album version ) 7 : 38 ( Video version ) 5 : 25 ( Single version ) Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Meat Loaf singles chronology `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( 1993 ) `` Bat Out of Hell '' ( 1993 ) `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' ( 1986 ) `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( 1993 ) `` Bat Out of Hell '' ( re-release ) ( 1993 ) `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' is a song written by Jim Steinman , and recorded by Meat Loaf with Lorraine Crosby . The song was released in 1993 as the first single from the album Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell . The last six verses feature a female singer who was credited only as `` Mrs. Loud '' in the album notes . She was later identified as Lorraine Crosby . However , she does not appear in the video , in which her vocals are lip - synched by Dana Patrick . Meat Loaf promoted the single with US vocalist Patti Russo . The power ballad was a commercial success , reaching number one in 28 countries . The single was certified platinum in the United States and became Meat Loaf 's first number - one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and on the UK singles chart , and was the best - selling single of 1993 in the United Kingdom . The song earned Meat Loaf a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance , Solo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and lyrics 1.1 Duet coda 1.2 Perceived ambiguity of `` that '' 1.3 Length 2 Recording 3 Music video 3.1 Synopsis 4 Use in media 5 Track listing 6 Reception 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Decade - end charts 8 References 9 External links Music and lyrics ( edit ) The timings in this article refer to the original album version . There are many shorter single and radio edits . The song opens with a guitar played to sound like a revving motorcycle . Roy Bittan 's piano begins to play along with the guitars . The vocals begin at the 1 : 50 point . The opening vocals are accompanied by piano and backing vocals . The song then becomes much louder as the band , predominantly piano , plays the main melody for twenty seconds . An instrumental section follows the first verse and chorus , lasting over 45 seconds , with piano playing the title melody , accompanied by guitar and wordless background vocals by Todd Rundgren , Rory Dodd and Kasim Sulton . The lead vocals recommence with another verse . The phrase `` sex , drugs and rock ' n ' roll '' was changed to `` Some days I just pray to the god of sex and drums and rock and roll '' on the recording , although Meat Loaf occasionally sings the more familiar phrase in concert . Duet coda ( edit ) At the 9 : 28 point , the song transforms into a duet coda . The structure of the verses remains , but the woman now asks what the man would do . He answers in the affirmative for the first four sections . Woman : Will you make me some magic with your own two hands ? Can you build an emerald city with these grains of sand ? Can you give me something I can take home ? Man : I can do that ! The song 's tone changes for the final two sections , in which the woman , Lorraine Crosby on the original recorded version , predicts that the man would eventually do things to upset her and their relationship . Both times , he denies it . The duet part was and still is performed regularly on stage by Meat Loaf with his current featured female vocalist Patti Russo . However , with the passing years and the consequent greater maturity of both singers , their interplay during the coda has gradually taken on ironic overtones , if not overtly comedic ones , which were totally absent from the original album version . For example , in the 2007 show 3 Bats Live , after Russo sings `` After a while you 'll forget everything , it was a brief interlude and a midsummer night 's fling '' , Meat Loaf stops the band and asks her ( half - sung , half - spoken ) : `` Why do you say this to me ? Why do you keep saying these things to me every single night ? '' , and she replies innocently ( again half - sung ) : `` It 's in the lyrics '' . More funny exchanges of the same kind occur during their other live duets , such as the famous Bat Out of Hell track `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' . Perceived ambiguity of `` that '' ( edit ) Meat Loaf says that the question , `` What is ' that ' ? '' is one of the most popular questions he is asked . Each verse mentions two things that the man would do for love , followed by one thing that he will not do . The title phrase repetition reasserts that he `` wo n't do that '' . Each mention of `` that '' is a reference to the particular promise that he made earlier in the same verse . The four things he says he will never do are : `` forget the way you feel right now '' `` forgive myself if we do n't go all the way tonight '' `` do it better than I do it with you '' `` stop dreaming of you every night of my life '' At the song 's conclusion , the woman predicts two things that he will do : `` You 'll see that it 's time to move on '' , and `` You 'll be screwing around '' . To both of these , the male emphatically responds , `` I wo n't do that ! '' In his 1998 VH1 Storytellers special , Meat Loaf even explained it on stage using a blackboard and a pointing stick . In a 1993 promotional interview , Steinman states that the definition of `` that '' is fully revealed in the song in each of the several verses in which it is mentioned . This sense would have been more clear if the lyric had been `` and I wo n't do that '' instead of `` but I wo n't do that . '' It is the use of `` but '' instead of `` and '' that leads to the ambiguity . It sort of is a little puzzle and I guess it goes by - but they 're all great things . ' I wo n't stop doing beautiful things and I wo n't do bad things . ' It 's very noble . I 'm very proud of that song because it 's very much like out of the world of Excalibur . To me , it 's like Sir Lancelot or something - very noble and chivalrous . That 's my favorite song on the record - it 's very ambitious . Meat Loaf believed that the lyrics were unambiguous , but Steinman predicted that they would cause confusion . An early episode of the VH1 program Pop - up Video made this claim at the end of the song 's video : `` Exactly what Meat Loaf wo n't do for love remains a mystery to this day . '' A reviewer writing for AllMusic commented that `` The lyrics build suspense by portraying a romance - consumed lover who pledges to do anything in the name of love except ' that , ' a mysterious thing that he will not specify . '' Frank O'day says the lyrics provide `` an enlightening example of how listeners project their own thoughts , values , and concerns onto the meaning of the song with misconstrued lyrics . '' Steinman had previously used the line `` I 'd do anything for love , but I wo n't do that '' as part of the lyrics of the track `` Getting So Excited '' on Bonnie Tyler 's album Faster Than the Speed of Night . Length ( edit ) Steinman 's songs are usually long , and `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' is no exception . The song is a full 12 minutes , and Steinman was deeply upset when executives advised him that he had to cut it down to get radio play . Manager Allen Kovac warned that any song over five minutes would not be played on radio , saying that if Steinman and the group did not make the cuts then the stations would . Even after they made the cuts , Steinman sent his own version to the stations . The single version was edited down to five minutes and 25 seconds , with the motorcycle introduction omitted . The video version was whittled down to seven minutes and 38 seconds , with part of the motorcycle intro remaining . In the video version and single version the lengthy instrumental break is completely omitted . In the video and single versions the refrain is abridged as well , Lorraine Crosby sings six verses in the complete song . In the video version the second and third verses are omitted . In the single version the second , third , and fifth verses are omitted . Recording ( edit ) Lorraine Crosby , a singer from England , was the guest singer , though AllMusic incorrectly attributes the female vocals to Ellen Foley . Crosby and her partner Stuart Emerson had moved to Los Angeles to work with Jim Steinman , who became their manager . He secured them a contract with Meat Loaf 's recording label MCA . While visiting the company 's recording studios on Sunset Boulevard , Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf , who was recording `` I 'd Do Anything for Love '' . Crosby recalls , `` in I went and sang it twice and I never thought anything more of it until six months later when I got a phone call saying , ' Would you mind if we used your vocals ? ' '' Cher , Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler had been considered for the role . However , as Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals , she did not receive any royalties from the song . Music video ( edit ) Michael Bay directed the music video . He also directed the videos for `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' and `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' , also from Bat Out of Hell II . Filming took place in Los Angeles County , California in July 1993 ; the opening chase was filmed at Chávez Ravine , with the interior mansion scenes filmed at Greystone Mansion in Beverly Hills . The cinematographer was Daniel Pearl , particularly known for filming The Texas Chain Saw Massacre in 1973 . Pearl says that this video `` is one of my personal all - time favorite projects ... I think the cinematography is pure , and it tells a story about the song . '' The video is based on Beauty and the Beast and The Phantom of the Opera . Bob Keane did Meat Loaf 's make - up , which took up to two hours to apply . The make - up was designed to be simple and scary , yet `` with the ability to make him sympathetic . '' It went over budget , and was filmed in 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) heat , across four days . According to one executive , it `` probably had the budget of Four Weddings and a Funeral . '' It is the abridged seven - minute single version , rather than the twelve - minute ( 11 : 58 ) album version . The actress in the video , Dana Patrick , is miming to Crosby 's vocals ; she did the same for Patti Russo 's vocals in the 1995 song `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' . According to the captions aired on Pop - Up Video , Patrick received several offers for record deals after the video aired , from executives who assumed she was actually singing in the video . Synopsis ( edit ) The video 's climax : Dana Patrick , as `` Beauty '' , confronts Meat Loaf , as `` The Beast '' The story begins with the opening credits saying : `` I have travelled across the universe through the years to find her . Sometimes going all the way is just a start . '' We then see `` The Beast '' character -- a deformed man portrayed by Meat Loaf , on a motorbike being chased by police officers and a helicopter . As the chase continues into night , the Beast passes through into a graveyard and into what appears to be a very ornate mausoleum hiding from his pursuers . He mournfully examines his deformed hands and features ; as the officers enter and examine the mausoleum he crashes through the wall with his motorbike and he accidentally knocks down a police officer ( whose shotgun goes off ) and causes one of the chandeliers on the ceiling to fall and kill the officer . In desperation the Beast flees into the nearby woods where he comes across a beautiful woman bathing / cooling herself by a fountain . Oddly enough , the woman appears to be in sunny daylight , while the rest of the woods and castle clearly show that it is night - time , although this may be a symbolic representation of the woman being the light to the Beast 's own mental torture or `` darkness '' or a romance cliché . The woman looks into a mirror and glimpses the Beast watching her . She turns and he flees leaving only an amulet hanging on a branch . The woman picks it up and pursues him . As she approaches the castle , the Beast is watching her movements through the reflection of his drink . As she comes into the castle the Beast hurriedly removes himself . The woman sits in his chair and rests by the fire . The beast watches her from his hall of mirrors and contemplates approaching her but is ashamed of his appearance . She later is seen having a bath interspersed with the police officers finding the dead officer 's body and preparing to raid the castle . She is later seen trying to sleep while being seduced by 3 vampy women while the Beast sits in a chair ( a reference to Dracula and the Brides ) . The Beast leaves the room and , seeing his reflection , begins to smash up the mirrors . The woman , hearing the noise , comes out and follows him into a presumable living room . The Beast observes her from above and levitates the chaise she is sitting on . The Beast , then hearing the officers are near moves away , pulls the chaise back down breaking a lamp . The two run away and the woman removes the Beast 's hood so she can look at him clearly . She accepts him and caresses his face while they embrace . As they pull away , the Beast is returned to his human form , and the two disappear just before the police catch them . The woman and the transformed Beast finally ride off into the sunrise on his motorbike . Use in media ( edit ) In 2013 , the song was covered in an M&M 's commercial which aired during Super Bowl XLVII . The song is featured in the animated comedy Sausage Party and on its soundtrack . Again was used in a 2017 commercial for Carvana Track listing ( edit ) The single cover is a cropped version of the painting Leavetaking by fantasy illustrator Michael Whelan , who also painted the Bat Out of Hell II cover . All tracks written by Jim Steinman . UK CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' 7 : 52 2 . `` Back into Hell '' 2 : 45 3 . `` Everything Louder than Everything Else '' ( live ) 9 : 18 US 45 RPM / Cassette single No . Title Length 1 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( single edit ) 5 : 09 2 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( edit ) 6 : 36 Reception ( edit ) The song reached number one in the charts in 28 countries . In most countries , it was Meat Loaf 's first and only number one solo single . It was number one in the US for five weeks and sold over 1.4 million copies there . In the UK , it topped the singles chart , and at seven minutes and 52 seconds , `` I 'd Do Anything for Love '' becoming the longest song on top there since The Beatles ' hit `` Hey Jude '' . This was then broken when Oasis released their 1997 hit `` All Around the World '' , clocking in at 9 minutes and 20 seconds . In the UK , this was the biggest hit of 1993 , selling 761,200 copies and staying at number one for seven weeks . As a result of its success , `` Bat Out of Hell '' was reissued in the UK , this time reaching the top ten ( which it did n't achieve on its first release in 1979 ) , meaning Meat Loaf achieved the rare feat of having two singles in the UK top ten at the same time . In Germany , the song is the 7th best - selling pop hymn ever . Critical reaction was mixed . AllMusic said that `` Meat Loaf sells the borderline - campy lyrics with a full - throated vocal whose stirring sense of conviction brings out the heart hidden behind the clever phrases . '' Meat Loaf won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance , Solo for the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Australia United Kingdom United States 36 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 40 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Lorraine Crosby 's biography '' . Lorraine Crosby.com . Archived from the original ( archived copy from the Internet Archive ) on 2007 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . ^ Jump up to : Producers : Gina & Jerry Newson ( 1995 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Marketing Meat Loaf '' . The Music Biz . Season 1 . Episode 4 . BBC2 . ^ Jump up to : Bader , Anne ( 2007 ) . `` Media myths in popular love songs '' . In Galician , Mary - Lou ; Merskin , Debra L. Critical thinking about Sex , love , and romance in the mass media : media literacy applications . London : Routledge . pp. 155 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5615 - 3 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( commentary ) ( 2004 ) . Meat Loaf Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( DVD ) . Melbourne : Warner Music Vision . ^ Jump up to : `` Meat Loaf '' , VH1 Storytellers , ( DVD ) Jump up ^ Jim Steinman ( 1993 ) . Back into Hell : Meat Loaf & Jim Steinman interview ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ `` The Artist 's Mind '' . jimsteinman.com . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Loaf , Meat ; David Dalton ( 2000 ) . To Hell and Back : An Autobiography . London : Virgin Publishing . pp. 203 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0443 - X . Jimmy always said , `` You know what ? Nobody 's gon na get it . '' And he was right . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 5 '' . Pop - up Video . VH1 . ^ Jump up to : Guarisco , Donald A. `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Video available on Bat out of Hell II : Collector 's Edition , Virgin ^ Jump up to : Holt , Pauline ( Dec 7 , 2003 ) . `` All on her own '' . Sunday Sun . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Looks Forward to Future , 25 Years after Texas Chainsaw Massacre '' . International Cinematographers Guild . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Meat Loaf ( 1993 ) . Back into Hell : Meat Loaf & Jim Steinman interview ( DVD ) . Virgin Records . Jump up ^ `` http://www.bustle.com/articles/177909-meat-loaf-sings-in-sausage-party-its-as-hilarious-as-youd-expect '' . www.bustle.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Leavetaking '' . Gallery Collection . The Art of Michael Whelan . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) ( Alex CD Single ) - Meat Loaf Credits '' . AllMusic. 1993 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1993 '' . Billboard . BPI Communications . 106 ( 3 ) : 73 . January 15 , 1994 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly World News '' . 15 ( 10 ) . Dec 7 , 1993 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . songfacts.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RTL Fernsehprogramm von heute - aktuelles TV Programm '' . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards : Best Rock Vocal Solo Performance '' . Rock on the Net . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 58 , No. 16 , October 30 , 1993 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Meat Loaf Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 45 , 1993 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Meat Loaf -- I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1993 - 10 - 23 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Meat Loaf . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Meat Loaf . Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Meat Loaf . Jump up ^ Geoff Mayfield ( December 25 , 1999 ) . 1999 The Year in Music Totally ' 90s : Diary of a Decade - The listing of Top Pop Albums of the ' 90s & Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The River of Dreams '' by Billy Joel Australian ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 4 , 1993 - October 23 , 1993 Succeeded by `` Mr Vain '' by Culture Beat Preceded by `` Relight My Fire '' by Take That featuring Lulu UK Singles Chart number - one single October 17 , 1993 for 7 weeks Succeeded by `` Mr Blobby '' by Mr Blobby Preceded by `` Boom ! Shake the Room '' by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 17 , 1993 for 6 weeks Succeeded by `` Please Forgive Me '' by Bryan Adams Preceded by `` Dreamlover '' by Mariah Carey Billboard Hot 100 number - one single November 6 , 1993 - December 4 , 1993 Succeeded by `` Again '' by Janet Jackson Preceded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Austrian number - one single November 14 , 1993 - January 30 , 1994 Succeeded by `` U Got 2 Let the Music '' by Cappella Preceded by `` What 's Up ? '' by 4 Non Blondes Swiss number - one single November 21 , 1993 - January 16 , 1994 Succeeded by `` U Got 2 Let the Music '' by Cappella Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Do_Anything_for_Love_(But_I_Won%27t_Do_That)&oldid=797541649 '' Categories : 1993 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Meat Loaf songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Jim Steinman UK Singles Chart number - one singles Vocal duets Hard rock ballads Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman Music videos directed by Michael Bay MCA Records singles 1993 songs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Magyar Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 18 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang i will do anything for love with meatloaf	[ "\"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)\" is a song written by Jim Steinman, and recorded by Meat Loaf with Lorraine Crosby. The song was released in 1993 as the first single from the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell. The last six verses feature a female singer who was credited only as \"Mrs. Loud\" in the album notes. She was later identified[when?] as Lorraine Crosby. However, she does not appear in the video, in which her vocals are lip-synched by Dana Patrick. Meat Loaf promoted the single with US vocalist Patti Russo." ]	[ "Lorraine Crosby" ]
2038230452068152566	Jem and the Holograms (film)	Jem and the Holograms ( film ) - wikipedia Jem and the Holograms ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Jem and the Holograms Theatrical release poster Directed by Jon M. Chu Produced by Jason Blum Scooter Braun Jon M. Chu Stephen Davis Brian Goldner Bennett Schneir Written by Ryan Landels Based on Jem by Christy Marx Starring Aubrey Peeples Stefanie Scott Hayley Kiyoko Aurora Perrineau Ryan Guzman Molly Ringwald Juliette Lewis Music by Nathan Lanier Cinematography Alice Brooks Edited by Jillian Twigger Moul Production companies Allspark Pictures Blumhouse Productions Hasbro Studios SB Projects Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) Running time 118 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $5 million Box office $2.3 million Jem and the Holograms is a 2015 American musical fantasy drama film co-produced and directed by Jon M. Chu , written by Ryan Landels , and starring Aubrey Peeples as the title character , Stefanie Scott , Hayley Kiyoko , Aurora Perrineau , Ryan Guzman , Molly Ringwald , and Juliette Lewis . Borrowing elements from the 1980s animated television series Jem by Christy Marx , the film was produced by Hasbro Studios and Blumhouse Productions . Chu 's interest in developing a film adaptation of Jem is based on having grown up watching the original animated series with his sisters . He had attempted to make the film 11 years earlier , but was rejected by Universal due to the cost . Jem and the Holograms was theatrically released on October 23 , 2015 by Universal Pictures and was a box office failure , ultimately grossing only $2.3 million worldwide on a $5 million budget and receiving negative reviews from critics and fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Theatrical 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Teenage songwriter Jerrica Benton and her younger sister Kimber live with their Aunt Bailey and two foster sisters , Aja and Shana . The four girls frequently videotape themselves playing music and wearing colorful 80 's outfits just for fun , but Jerrica is too shy to sing on camera . Jerrica learns one day that due to Aunt Bailey 's financial problems their house will be auctioned . She vents her emotions by recording a song with the video camera Kimber uses to post blogs . She disguises herself by calling herself Jem , her deceased father 's nickname for her . She is interrupted just before deleting the video and an Internet - obsessed Kimber posts it onto YouTube . The video attracts millions of views in a single day . Jerrica is offered a record deal by Starlight Productions and travels to LA with her sisters . They meet music producer Erica Raymond and her son Rio . Erica is polite and courteous with the four girls but shows particular interest in Jerrica , who she sees as a potential superstar . The girls settle down in LA and discuss their next move . They 've brought along a small robot called 51N3RG. Y ( pronounced synergy ) built by the Benton sisters ' deceased father , Emmett . The robot suddenly activates itself and leads them on a scavenger hunt . Each clue represents something Jerrica did or wanted to do with her father . The objective is to find several missing pieces designed to fit into the robot so that it can be fully activated . The girls find the first piece in the Santa Monica Pier . They find the second clue in a guitar once owned by Jerrica 's father when , by coincidence , the band plays a concert . Rio and Jerrica begin to develop feelings for each other , much to Erica 's dismay . Erica signs Rio off to another singer in an attempt to keep him away from Jerrica . Aunt Bailey tells Jerrica via FaceTime that their house is going for auction in a few days . Desperate to save the home , Jerrica asks Erica for an advance . Erica says she will oblige if Jerrica agrees to leave her sisters and start a solo contract . Jerrica relents , believing she is doing it for the family . Her sisters discover the truth about the contract , denounce her for leaving them out of the deal , and leave . After a dull solo performance , Jerrica becomes depressed over her mistake and goes to visit the LA house where she used to live with Kimber and her father . Her sisters arrive to visit her at the old house and make amends . They vow to help her finish the scavenger hunt and Rio goes along too . Jerrica realizes that the last piece is the earrings her dad told her to wear , but Erica made her take them off when she first went to Starlight . The earrings are now stored in Erica 's office . Rio and the girls break into Starlight headquarters , almost getting caught by Erica , but succeed . The reward for finishing the hunt is a final hologram message from Jerrica and Kimber 's father . They also discover Rio 's late father 's will , which gives him a majority of shares in Starlight and effectively puts him in control of the company . With the house safe , Jem and her sisters play in their concert together . Rio chats with a woman called Lindsey Pierce at the concert . She offers to give the band the cover of Rolling Stone , and asks Rio what to call the band ; he suggests `` Jem and the Holograms . '' In a mid-credits scene , Erica , now terminated from Starlight , arrives in a seedy junkyard , where she attempts to recruit a group of punkish young women into a band to rival the Holograms . They decline , saying that Erica dropped them the first time they were signed with Starlight . They change their minds when the leader , Pizzazz , discovers that Rio is dating Jem , and take Erica inside . The graffiti on the side of their trailer reveals their name as the Misfits . Cast ( edit ) Aubrey Peeples as Jerrica `` Jem '' Benton Isabella Rice as young Jerrica Stefanie Scott as Kimber Benton Hayley Kiyoko as Aja Aurora Perrineau as Shana Wynter Perrineau as young Shana Juliette Lewis as Erica Raymond Ryan Guzman as Rio Raymond Molly Ringwald as Aunt Bailey Nathan Moore as Zipper Barnaby Carpenter as Emmet Benton Ryan Hansen as Stephen the Guard Quddus as VJ Kesha as Pizzazz Eiza González as Jetta Jimmy Fallon as himself Dwayne Johnson as himself Alicia Keys as herself Chris Pratt as himself Cameo appearances from the original TV series cast include : Samantha Newark , the voice of the original Jem , as a hairstylist ; Britta Phillips as a stage manager ; and Jem 's creator Christy Marx as Lindsey Pierce . Production ( edit ) With the recent successes of the live - action reboots of G.I. Joe and Transformers , Hasbro was rumored to be considering a live - action film with Universal Studios . Hasbro and Universal had signed a six - film contract in 2010 , or a new incarnation of the animated series . On March 20 , 2014 , a live - action motion picture adaptation of Jem and the Holograms was announced , to be directed by Jon M. Chu . Chu has said he had spent ten years developing the film with producer Jason Blum . The film 's musical producer , Scooter Braun , stated that he drew influence from his work on the career of Justin Bieber . It was later revealed that the original Jem writer Christy Marx was not involved in any part of the film 's production . In response to her having no part or consultation on the film , Marx defended Chu 's sense of ambition for the project via Facebook and left it up to the fans to decide whether or not the project was a `` smart decision '' . In April 2014 , it was announced that Aubrey Peeples had been cast as Jem , with Stefanie Scott as Kimber , Hayley Kiyoko as Aja , and Aurora Perrineau as Shana . Peeples had admitted being initially unfamiliar with the franchise although she subsequently became familiar with it and became a fan quickly . Other parts were announced throughout the next couple of months with actor Ryan Guzman cast as Rio announced on April 30 Juliette Lewis 's involvement on May 19 . and Molly Ringwald on May 20 . Principal photography began on April 22 , 2014 in Van Nuys , later on May 19 , shooting was underway in Los Angeles . Shooting ended on May 24 , 2014 . On October 23 , 2015 , Chu confirmed his intentions to make a crossover film between Jem and the Holograms with Transformers and G.I. Joe , but due to the film 's disastrous reception combined with Chu 's personal retrospective view on the film , plans to make a crossover film have likely been abandoned . Soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack for the film , featuring original compositions and also songs by Hailee Steinfeld and Dawin , was released in North America by Silent Records and Republic Records on October 23 , 2015 . Jem and the Holograms ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Youngblood '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples and Stefanie Scott ) Hilary Duff & Jem and the Holograms 3 : 04 2 . `` Hit Me Up '' ( featuring Stefanie Scott ) Jem and the Holograms 3 : 36 3 . `` Alone Together '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples ) Jem and the Holograms 2 : 08 4 . `` Cold Blooded '' Ida Maria 3 : 35 5 . `` Mi Mi Mi '' Serebro 3 : 12 6 . `` We Got Heart '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples , Aurora Perrineau , Stefanie Scott and Ryan Guzman ) Jem and the Holograms 2 : 57 7 . `` Youngblood '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples and Stefanie Scott ) Jem and the Holograms 2 : 58 8 . `` Love Myself '' Hailee Steinfeld 3 : 38 9 . `` Movie Star '' Hayley Kiyoko 3 : 18 10 . `` The Way I Was '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples ) Jem and the Holograms 3 : 43 11 . `` Life of the Party '' Dawin 3 : 26 12 . `` I 'm Still Here '' ( featuring Aubrey Peeples , Aurora Perrineau and Stefanie Scott ) Jem and the Holograms 3 : 44 13 . `` Got It '' Marian Hill 3 : 12 Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) On February 25 , 2015 , the first official image from the film was released , featuring Peeples as Jem , Scott as Kimber , and Kiyoko as Aja performing on stage . On May 12 , 2015 , director Chu revealed the first official film poster . The next day , on May 13 , a trailer was released online . On August 11 , a second trailer was released , this time featuring the robot 51N3RG. Y ( pronounced as synergy ) which itself was based on the supercomputer of the original cartoon series , which generates and holographically projects the band 's images and creates their special effects during stage performances . Critics responded negatively to the May 2015 trailer for the film , noting that the reboot seems to share little with its animated predecessor . Hillary Crosley Coker of Jezebel commented that the film `` looks like a less interesting version of Beyond the Lights '' . Uproxx noted the trailer 's low rating on its official YouTube page , while The Huffington Post in Canada wrote that the changes to the original plot have `` disappointed ' 80s kids everywhere '' , then highlighted multiple negative fan reactions . Williesha Morris , also writing for The Huffington Post , criticized the film 's re-imagining of the Jerrica character , stating that the original cartoon `` represented female empowerment , not angst '' . Actress Scott , who plays Kimber , and producer Blum have both addressed the negative reactions by asking fans to reserve judgment until the film is released . Scott stated that `` I think that they have to see the movie to understand that things that they think are missing are in there . '' Blum has described the film as being `` a hundred percent true to the spirit of Jem '' . Theatrical ( edit ) Jem and the Holograms was theatrically released on October 23 , 2015 by Universal Pictures . Home Media ( edit ) Jem and the Holograms received a DVD and Blu - ray / DVD combo release on January 19 , 2016 . Special features include 12 deleted scenes , an audio commentary by director Chu , a gag reel , a music video for `` Youngblood '' , and a featurette titled `` Glam , Glitter , Fashion , and Fame : The Reinvention of Jem '' . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film was released in North America on October 23 , 2015 , alongside The Last Witch Hunter , Paranormal Activity : The Ghost Dimension , and Rock the Kasbah , along with the wide release of Steve Jobs . Initially projected to gross $5 million in its opening weekend , projections were lowered to $3 million after only grossing $34,000 during its Thursday night previews ( $36 per theater average ) . It ultimately opened fifteenth at the box office with $1.4 million , the worst opening of 2015 and the fourth worst opening ever for a film screening in more than 2,000 theaters , and the worst ever for a film released by a major studio . On November 10 , 2015 , just over two weeks after release , Universal removed Jem from theaters entirely , after grossing $2.2 million . Jason Guerrasio of Business Insider described the pull from theaters as `` an unheard of move for a movie that was in theaters nationwide . '' The film 's international roll - out began on October 22 , where it debuted to a fourth - place finish in Slovenia . It debuted in 9 screens and had a weekend gross of $2,064 . The total was $3,046 . In its second weekend , the film dropped 37 % to finish at fifth place with $1,297 . Its third week resulted in a steep 84 % decline to $210 . Its three - week total is $6,886 . The film opened in Croatia on October 29 , where it debuted in fifth - place with $1,421 from 11 screens . The film dropped over 40 % in its second week with $870 from 7 screens , but the third week saw its screen count increase to 13 and it suffered a scant 8 % decline to end the weekend with $801 . The film 's three - week total was $3,744 . The film opened in Iceland a day later , where it made $1,197 on opening weekend from 6 screens . The film retained its screen count for the next week , seeing a 41 % drop to end with $698 . The following week saw the film take in $195 from 1 screen , a substantial drop of 72 % . Its three week - total was $2,862 . The film opened in Norway on November 6 . It placed number four at the box office with $14,764 from 62 screens . Its two - week total was $20,046 . The film opened in Singapore on November 26 where it grossed $9,311 from 8 screens for a 13th - place finish . Release dates for other parts of Europe was December ; the film opened in the UK on 12 February 2016 and grossed $12,869 . The film was released in France in April 2016 . The film never made it to cinemas in Australia ; instead , it went straight to DVD there in mid-March , 2016 . As of 30 December 2015 , the film grossed $142,526 internationally , bringing the worldwide gross to $2.3 million . Critical reception ( edit ) `` I get fans sending me hate mail , I get death threats , I get racist remarks -- it 's a really fun business ... Reviewers have been harsh , to say it lightly . '' -- Jon M. Chu , Director The film received generally negative reviews from critics and fans of the original animated series . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film has a rating of 19 % based on 73 reviews ; the average rating is 3.7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Jem and the Holograms ignores its source material 's goofy charm in favor of bland by - the - numbers drama . '' Metacritic gives the film a score of 42 out of 100 , based on 16 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Footage of celebrities and fans talking about the Jem animated series was edited into the film in such a manner that the fans appeared to be talking about the film 's version of the characters . The fans who submitted the footage were not informed as to how it would be used in the film , resulting in many being upset by the manipulation of their perspectives on the character and series . Geoff Berkshire of Variety praised Peeples ' performance as Jem , noting that she `` keeps the film watchable '' , as well as Lewis as `` a nonsensical bitch - on - wheels caricature with offbeat line readings and live - wire energy '' , and noted that `` a generally unremarkable tech package -- cinematography , sound , costuming & makeup , etc. -- at least provides a modest showcase for costume designer Soyon An , makeup head Mary Klimek and hairstylist Vanessa Price , who come the closest to channeling the vibrant spirit of the Jem cartoons that originally made fans fall in love . '' Matt Zoller Seitz , editor - in - chief of RogerEbert.com , gave the film 3 out of 4 stars , stating that the film `` is one of the weirdest big screen adaptations of a cheap TV cartoon that I 've seen '' , giving his observation that the film even sometimes evokes the films of Terrence Malick , a filmmaker known for his films ' lush cinematography and reflective nature . Seitz 's overall conclusion is that `` ( the film is ) not a good film in terms of plot or tonal consistency , and it offers almost nothing in the way of true conflict , but it 's always an observant and sincere movie , and occasionally a beautiful and deep one . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` JEM AND THE HOLOGRAMS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only ' Goosebumps ' Will Prevail In Five - Pic Logjam -- Box Office Preview '' . deadspin.com . Jump up ^ `` Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen . `` How Justin Bieber Insipred ' Jem and the Holograms ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jem 's Samantha Newark : Still Truly Outrageous '' . The Advocate . Here Media . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Jem and the Holograms Coming to the Big Screen ? '' . Pajiba.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Blum , Scooter Braun Prods & Jon M. Chu Team With Hasbro On ' Jem And The Holograms ' Video '' . Deadline.com. 2014 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' Director on Film Bombing , Getting `` Death Threats '' From Show Fans `` . The Hollywood Reporter. 2015 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Braun , Scooter ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Scooter Braun on How Justin Bieber Inspired ' Jem and the Holograms ' ( Q&A ) '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Rebecca Ford . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem And The Holograms ' Creator Christy Marx Shut Out Of Live Action Movie '' . ComicsAlliance.com . March 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marx , Christy . `` Christy Marx Clubhouse '' . Facebook . Christy Marx Clubhouse . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' cast revealed '' . Usatoday.com. 2014 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Mark . `` NEWS / Jem and the Holograms Star Aubrey Peeples Teases Movie 's Music , Fashion and Possible Sequel '' . E !. Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' Finds Its Rio '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Jen Yamato ( 2014 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Jem And The Holograms ' Adds Juliette Lewis In Mystery Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) . `` Molly Ringwald , Juliette Lewis Join Cast of ' Jem and the Holograms ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Christine ( 2014 - 04 - 22 ) . `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' begins filming in Los Angeles ! '' . OnLocationVacations.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 5 / 27 / 14 : Johnny Depp Starrer ' Black Mass ' Starts For Warner Bros. , ' Jem and the Holograms ' Wraps '' . StudioSystemNews.com. 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ John Chu wants to make a crossover film with G.I. Joe , Transformers , and Jem By B.G. Henne Oct 23 , 2015 12 : 49 PM Jump up ^ ' TRANSFORMERS ' : CROSSOVER WITH OTHER HASBRO PROPERTIES POSSIBLE ; ' G.I. JOE , ' ' JEM THE HOLOGRAM ' INCLUDED ; HINTED BY DIRECTOR JON CHU MOVIENEWS , MOVIES / OCT 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jon M. Chu on the Failure of the Jem and The Holograms Movie - Denofgeek.com . Retrieved July 05 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Director Jon Chu Gives Brutally Honest Talk Day After ' Jem and the Holograms ' Bombs - IndieWire . Retrieved July 05 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Jem and the Holograms ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists on iTunes '' . Apple Inc . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' Movie : First Photo Released '' . Variety . 2015 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jon M. Chu on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Jem And The Holograms ' Trailer Features More Than Just Music And Make - Up '' . BuzzFeed . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Second JEM & THE HOLOGRAMS Trailer Has Arrived '' . Nerdist News . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' trailer is n't as magical as you expected '' . CNN . 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Coker , Hillary Crosley . `` Here 's the New Jem and the Holograms Trailer . I Think I Hate It '' . Jezebel . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh . `` The Internet 's Reaction To The ' Jem And The Holograms ' Trailer Is Truly Outrageously Bad '' . Uproxx . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) Trailer 1 ( HD ) Universal Pictures '' . YouTube . Universal Pictures Australia . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Zamon , Rebecca . `` Jem And The Holograms Trailer Disappoints ' 80s Kids Everywhere '' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Morris , Williesha . `` More Than Missing Misfits : 3 Reasons Why ' Jem & The Holograms ' Is Hollywood 's Worst Cartoon - Based Flick '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Producer , Star Both Defend Awful ' Jem ' Trailer '' . The Frisky. 2015 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jem and the Holograms '' . Blu-ray.com . November 30 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Martian ' Returning To No. 1 Above Five - Pic Logjam ; ' Jem ' & ' Kasbah ' Crashing '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` WORST WIDE OPENINGS 1982 -- present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem ' , ' Kasbah ' & ' Witch Hunter ' Flop Putting ' The Martian ' Back On Top '' . Box Office Mojo . Jem and the Holograms brought in an estimated $1.3 million , the fourth worst opening for a film in more than 2,000 theaters and the worst for a film playing in more than 2,400 theaters . Jump up ^ `` This movie did so terribly that Universal has pulled it from over 2,000 theaters '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia Box Office for Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Jem-and-the-Holograms#tab=summary Jump up ^ `` Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jem and the Holograms Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Last Witch Hunter ' , ' Paranormal Activity ' Opening - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . The film 's B+ CinemaScore does n't mean anything : Very few were in the theater . Jump up ^ `` How the ' Jem and the Holograms ' Movie Manipulates Its Biggest Fans '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jem and the Holograms ' Review : ' 80s Cartoon Comes to Life '' . Geoff Berkshire . Variety . October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Jem and the Holograms Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . 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Chu Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) G.I. Joe : Retaliation ( 2013 ) Justin Bieber 's Believe ( 2013 ) Jem and the Holograms ( 2015 ) Now You See Me 2 ( 2016 ) Crazy Rich Asians ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jem_and_the_Holograms_(film)&oldid=831929268 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s teen drama films American films American musical drama films American musical fantasy films American teen drama films American teen musical films Blumhouse Productions films Films about musical groups Films about orphans Films based on Hasbro toys Films directed by Jon M. 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About Wikipedia	who plays jem in jem and the holograms	[ "Jem and the Holograms is a 2015 American musical fantasy drama film co-produced and directed by Jon M. Chu, written by Ryan Landels, and starring Aubrey Peeples as the title character, Stefanie Scott, Hayley Kiyoko, Aurora Perrineau, Ryan Guzman, Molly Ringwald, and Juliette Lewis. Borrowing elements from the 1980s animated television series Jem by Christy Marx, the film was produced by Hasbro Studios and Blumhouse Productions. Chu's interest in developing a film adaptation of Jem is based on having grown up watching the original animated series with his sisters.[5] He had attempted to make the film 11 years earlier, but was rejected by Universal due to the cost." ]	[ "Aubrey Peeples" ]
-2663783122631395873	Statue of Liberty	Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page ( hide ) Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic - Copake Falls Area Taconic - Rudd Pond Area Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. 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MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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7182641816219777028	San Francisco Giants	San Francisco Giants - wikipedia San Francisco Giants Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the baseball team formerly known as the New York Giants . For other uses , see New York Giants ( disambiguation ) . San Francisco Giants 2017 San Francisco Giants season Established in 1883 Based in San Francisco since 1958 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1883 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Colors Orange , black , gold , cream Name San Francisco Giants ( 1958 -- present ) New York Giants ( 1886 -- 1957 ) New York Gothams ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Other nicknames The Orange and Black , Los Gigantes , The G - Men , The Boys from the Bay Ballpark AT&T Park ( 2000 -- present ) Candlestick Park ( 1960 -- 1999 ) Seals Stadium ( 1958 -- 1959 ) Hilltop Park ( 1911 ) Polo Grounds III ( 1891 -- 1957 ) Polo Grounds II ( 1889 -- 1890 ) St. George Cricket Grounds ( 1889 ) Oakland Park ( 1889 ) Polo Grounds I ( 1883 -- 1888 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 NL Pennants ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 West Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Front office Owner ( s ) San Francisco Baseball Associates LLC Manager Bruce Bochy General Manager Bobby Evans President of Baseball Operations Brian Sabean The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco , California . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later to the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . The Giants compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . As one of the longest - established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions -- both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall ( New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record - holders ) with 11 , the Oakland Athletics with 9 , and the Boston Red Sox also with 8 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times -- 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco -- but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players like Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest - standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season . The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco . Those three championships have come in 2010 , 2012 , and most recently in 2014 , having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series . As of 2014 , the Giants are currently the only major professional sports team to play in the City and County of San Francisco , following the San Francisco 49ers relocation to Santa Clara , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Early days and the John McGraw era 1.2 1930 -- 57 : Five pennants in 28 seasons 1.2. 1 1951 : The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1.2. 2 Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series 1.2. 3 New York Giants of the 1950s 1.2. 4 1957 : Move to California 1.3 1958 -- present : History as the San Francisco Giants 1.3. 1 1958 -- 61 : Seals Stadium and Candlestick Park 1.3. 2 1962 World Series 1.3. 3 1963 -- 84 1.3. 4 1985 -- 89 1.3. 5 1989 : Will the `` Thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake 1.3. 6 1992 : Farewell San Francisco ? 1.3. 7 1993 : `` The last pure pennant race '' 1.3. 8 1994 -- 96 seasons 1.3. 9 1997 -- 99 : Rebuilding 1.3. 9.1 1997 1.3. 9.2 1998 1.3. 9.3 1999 : Final season at Candlestick Park 1.3. 10 2000 -- present : AT&T Park 1.3. 10.1 2002 : National League Championship season and World Series 1.3. 10.2 2003 : Wire to wire 1.3. 10.3 2004 -- 06 : Playoff drought 1.3. 10.4 2007 -- 09 : Losing ways and milestones 1.3. 10.4. 1 2007 : End of the Bonds era 1.3. 10.4. 2 2008 : Without Bonds and golden anniversary 1.3. 10.4. 3 2009 : A mix of old & new and a no - hitter 1.3. 10.5 2010 -- 2016 : A dynasty emerges 1.3. 10.5. 1 2010 : First Championship in San Francisco 1.3. 10.5. 2 2011 : Back to square one 1.3. 10.5. 3 2012 : Champions again 1.3. 10.5. 4 2013 : Inconsistent struggles 1.3. 10.5. 5 2014 : Third World Series Championship in San Francisco 1.3. 10.5. 6 2015 : Odd year curse 1.3. 10.5. 7 2016 : End of even year dynasty 1.3. 10.5. 8 2017 2 Rivalries 2.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 2.2 Oakland Athletics 2.3 Historical rivalry 2.3. 1 New York Yankees 3 Baseball Hall of Famers 3.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.2 Other 3.3 Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 4 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers 5 Retired numbers 5.1 Out of circulation , but not retired 5.2 Also honored 6 Team captains 7 Season records 8 Current roster 9 Minor league affiliations 10 Radio and television 10.1 Home run call glitch 11 See also 12 References 12.1 General reference 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Early days and the John McGraw ERA ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) 1888 New York Giants The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie . The Gothams , as the Giants were originally known , entered the National League in 1883 , while their other club , the Metropolitans played in the American Association . Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans , whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited . While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club , Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the Gothams , and in 1888 the team won its first National League pennant , as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in a pre-modern - era World Series . They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn `` Bridegrooms '' . A contemporaneous account claims that after one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies , Mutrie , who was also the team 's manager , strode into the dressing room and exclaimed , `` My big fellows ! My giants ! '' From then on , the club was known as the Giants . The Giants ' original home stadium , the Polo Grounds , dates from this early era . It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets , in Harlem in upper Manhattan . After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season , they moved further uptown to various fields they also named the Polo Grounds located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights , playing in the Washington Heights Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season , when they moved to San Francisco . 1904 - 07 1908 -- 16 , 1919 -- 22 , 1928 -- 29 1923 -- 27 , 1930 -- 31 , 1947 -- 54 1954 -- 57 . This version was later adopted by the New York Mets . The Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s , winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889 . But nearly all of the Giants ' stars jumped to the upstart Players ' League , whose New York franchise was also named the Giants , in 1890 . The new team even built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds . With a decimated roster , the National League Giants finished a distant sixth . Attendance took a nosedive , and the financial strain affected Day 's tobacco business as well . The Players ' League dissolved after the season , and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants ' principal backer , Edward Talcott . As a condition of the sale , Day had to fire Mutrie as manager . Although the Giants rebounded to third in 1891 , Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the season . Four years later , Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman , a real estate developer with ties to the Tammany Hall political machine running New York City . Freedman was one of the most detested owners in baseball history , getting into heated disputes with other owners , writers , and his own players , most famously with star pitcher Amos Rusie , author of the first Giants no - hitter . When Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 to play in 1896 , the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season . Attendance fell off throughout the league without Rusie , prompting the other owners to chip in $50,000 to get him to return for 1897 . Freedman hired former owner Day as manager for part of 1899 . In 1902 , after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 531⁄2 games behind , Freedman signed John McGraw as player - manager , convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates . McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932 , one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports . Hiring `` Mr. McGraw '' , as his players referred to him , was one of Freedman 's last significant moves as owner of the Giants , since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush . McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants ( in 1904 - 05 , 1911 -- 13 , 1917 , and 1921 - 24 ) and three World Series championships ( in 1905 and 1921 -- 22 ) , with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player - manager successor , Bill Terry . The Giants already had their share of stars in the 1880s and 1890s , such as `` Smiling '' Mickey Welch , Roger Connor , Tim Keefe , Jim O'Rourke , and John Montgomery Ward , the player - lawyer who formed the renegade Players ' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts . McGraw , in his three decades managing the Giants , cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson , `` Iron Man '' Joe McGinnity , Jim Thorpe , Red Ames , Casey Stengel , Art Nehf , Edd Roush , Rogers Hornsby , Bill Terry , and Mel Ott . The Giants under McGraw famously snubbed their first modern World Series chance in 1904 , refusing the invitation to play the reigning world champion Boston Americans , by then known as the `` Red Sox '' , because McGraw considered the new American League as little more than a minor league and disliked its president , Ban Johnson . He also resented his Giants ' new intra-city rival New York Highlanders , who lost the pennant to Boston on the last day of the season , and stuck by his refusal to play whoever won the 1904 AL pennant . Of note , McGraw had managed the franchise in their first two seasons , 1901 and 1902 , when they were the Baltimore Orioles . The ensuing criticism resulted in Brush 's taking the lead to formalize the rules and format of the World Series . The Giants won the 1905 World Series over Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics , with Christy Mathewson nearly winning the series single - handedly with a still - standing record three complete - game shutouts and 27 consecutive scoreless innings in that one World Series , a feat unlikely ever to be duplicated . The Giants then had several frustrating years . In 1908 , they finished in a tie with the Chicago Cubs due to a late - season tie game with the Cubs resulting from the Fred Merkle baserunning `` boner '' . Harry Pulliam , the National League President , had ordered the game replayed if the teams otherwise ended the season in a tie , and after disgruntled Giants fans had set fire to the Polo Grounds stands the morning of the game , the Giants lost to the Cubs , who went on to win their second consecutive World Series . That post-season game was further darkened by a story that someone on the Giants had attempted to bribe umpire Bill Klem . This could have been a disastrous scandal for baseball , but because Klem was honest and the Giants lost the duel between Christy Mathewson and Mordecai `` Three - Fingered '' Brown 4 - 2 , it faded over time . The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s , losing three straight World Series in 1911 -- 13 to the A 's , Red Sox and A 's again . Two seasons later , both the Giants and the A 's , decimated by the short - lived Federal League signings of many of their stars , finished in eighth ( last ) place . After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox ( the last Chisox Series win until 2005 ) , the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s , winning the first two over their Polo Grounds tenants , the Yankees who won the first two of their many pennants and were led by young slugger Babe Ruth , then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after Yankee Stadium had opened that May . They also lost in 1924 , when the Washington Senators won their only World Series in D.C. 1930 -- 57 : five pennants in 28 seasons ( edit ) McGraw handed over the team to Bill Terry after the 1932 season , and Terry played for and managed the Giants for ten years , winning three pennants , defeating the Senators in the 1933 World Series but swept by the Yankees in consecutive fall classics , 1936 and 1937 . Aside from Terry himself , the other stars of the era were slugger Mel Ott and southpaw hurler Carl Hubbell . Known as `` King Carl '' and `` The Meal Ticket '' , Hubbell gained fame in the first two innings of the 1934 All - Star Game , coincidentally played at the Polo Grounds , by striking out five future AL Hall of Famers in a row : Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Jimmie Foxx , Al Simmons , and Joe Cronin . Ott succeeded Terry as manager in 1942 , but the war years proved to be difficult for the Giants . Midway during the 1948 season Leo Durocher left as Dodgers skipper to manage the Giants , not without controversy . Not only was such a midseason managerial switch unprecedented , but Durocher had been accused of gambling in 1947 and subsequently suspended for that whole season by Commissioner Happy Chandler . Durocher 's ensuing eight full seasons managing the Giants proved some of the most memorable for their fans , particularly because of the arrival of five - tool superstar Willie Mays , their two pennants in 1951 and 1954 , their unexpected sweep of the powerful ( 111 - 43 ) Cleveland Indians in the 1954 World Series , and arguably the two most famous plays in Giants history . 1951 : the `` Shot heard ' round the World '' ( edit ) Main article : Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' , or Bobby Thomson 's come - from - behind ninth - inning walk - off home run that won the National League pennant for the Giants over their bitter rivals , the Brooklyn Dodgers , in the deciding game of a three - game playoff series ending one of baseball 's most memorable pennant races . The Giants had been 13 1 / 2 games behind the league - leading Dodgers in August , but under Durocher 's guidance and with a 16 - game winning streak , got hot and caught the Dodgers to tie for the lead on the next - to - last day of the season . Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series ( edit ) Main article : The Catch ( baseball ) In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series at the Polo Grounds against the Cleveland Indians Willie Mays made `` The Catch '' , a dramatic over-the - shoulder catch of a fly ball by Vic Wertz after sprinting with his back to the plate on a dead run to deepest center field . At the time the game was tied 2 -- 2 in the eighth inning with runners on first and second and nobody out . Mays caught the ball 450 ft ( 140 m ) from the plate , spun around and threw the ball to the infield keeping the lead runner , Larry Doby , from scoring . Although Doby took third after the catch , he was stranded there and the Giants won 5 - 2 on Dusty Rhodes ' tenth - inning pinch - hit walk - off home run , bringing in 2 other runners . The underdog Giants went on to sweep the series in four straight games despite the Indians ' American League 111 - 43 regular season . The 1954 World Series title was their last appearance in the World Series as the New York Giants , with the team moving to San Francisco to start the 1958 season . New York Giants of the 1950s ( edit ) In addition to Bobby Thomson and Willie Mays , other memorable New York Giants of the 1950s include Hall of Fame manager Leo Durocher , coach Herman Franks , Hall of Fame outfielder Monte Irvin , outfielder and runner - up for the 1954 NL batting championship ( won by Willie Mays ) Don Mueller , Hall of Fame knuckleball relief pitcher Hoyt Wilhelm , starting pitchers Larry Jansen , Sal Maglie , Jim Hearn , Marv Grissom , Dave Koslo , Don Liddle , Max Lanier , Rubén Gómez , Al Worthington , and Johnny Antonelli , catcher Wes Westrum , catchers Ray Katt and Sal Yvars , shortstop Alvin Dark , third baseman Hank Thompson , first baseman Whitey Lockman , second basemen Davey Williams and Eddie Stanky , outfielder - pitcher Clint Hartung and utility men Johnny Mize , Bill Rigney , Daryl Spencer , Bobby Hofman , Joey Amalfitano , Tookie Gilbert , and 1954 Series hero Dusty Rhodes , among others . In the late 1950s and after the move to San Francisco two Hall of Fame first basemen , Orlando Cepeda and Willie McCovey , joined the team . 1957 : move to California ( edit ) The Giants ' final three years in New York City were unmemorable . They reached third place the year after the World Series win in 1954 after which attendance fell off precipitously . While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds the owners began to contemplate a move from New York , initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota , which was home to their top farm team , the Minneapolis Millers . Under the rules of the time the Giants ' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area . The Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At that time , the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher . Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson , majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers ' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles . O'Malley had been told that the Dodgers could not move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California . He pushed Stoneham toward relocation , and so in the summer of 1957 both the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California , ending the three - team golden age of baseball in New York City . New York remained a one - team town with the New York Yankees until 1962 , when Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city . Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant , who became the Mets ' chairman , had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants ' move to California . The `` NY '' script on the Giants ' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms , along with the blue background used by the Dodgers , was adopted by the Mets , honoring their New York National League forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue . 1958 -- present : history as the San Francisco Giants ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article History of the San Francisco Giants . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the San Francisco Giants As with the New York years , the Giants ' fortune in San Francisco has been mixed . Though recently the club has enjoyed sustained success there have also been prolonged stretches of mediocrity along with two instances when the club 's ownership threatened to move the team away from San Francisco . Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1958 -- 82 Giants Logo 1958 -- 76 Giants Logo 1977 -- 82 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1994 -- present Giants Logo 1994 -- 99 Giants Logo 2000 -- present 1958 -- 61 : Seals stadium and Candlestick Park ( edit ) When the Giants moved to San Francisco , they played in Seals Stadium for their first two seasons . The stadium , located at 16th & Bryant Streets across from Stempel 's Bakery , had been the home of the Pacific Coast League San Francisco Seals in their last years the AAA minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox , 1931 -- 1957 . In 1958 , first - baseman Orlando Cepeda won Rookie of the Year honors . In 1959 , Willie McCovey won the same award . In 1960 , the Giants moved to Candlestick Park , nicknamed `` The ' Stick '' , a stadium built on Candlestick Point in San Francisco 's southeast corner overlooking San Francisco Bay . The new stadium quickly became known for its strong , swirling winds , cold temperatures and thick evening fog that made for a formidable experience for brave fans and players , as well as its built - in radiant heating system which did not work . Candlestick 's reputation was sealed in the ninth inning of the first 1961 All - Star Game ( two All - Star Games per season were played from 1959 to 1962 ) when after a day of calm conditions the winds picked up and a strong gust caused Giants relief pitcher Stu Miller to slip off the pitching rubber during his delivery , resulting in a balk , and a baseball legend that Miller was `` blown off the mound '' . Despite the event , the National League won the game . 1962 World Series ( edit ) Main article : 1962 World Series In 1962 after another memorable pennant chase with the Dodgers which resulted in a second three - game playoff series with the Dodgers , which the Giants again won by coming from behind with four runs in the ninth inning of Game 3 , the Giants brought a World Series to San Francisco only to lose it four games to three to the New York Yankees . The seventh game went to the bottom of the ninth inning , with the Yankees ahead 1 -- 0 . With Matty Alou on first base and two out , Willie Mays sliced a double down the right field line . Right fielder Roger Maris quickly got to the ball and rifled a throw to the infield preventing Alou from scoring the tying run and keeping him at third base . With Mays on second , well known for his speed , any base hit by the next batter Willie McCovey would likely have won the series for the Giants . McCovey hit a line drive right at second baseman Bobby Richardson who caught it after taking one step , bringing the game and series to a sudden end . Earlier in the inning , a failed sacrifice bunt by Felipe Alou with nobody out had ultimately kept his brother Matty -- who could n't advance to second -- from scoring on Mays ' two - out double . Finally , Richardson was not originally well - positioned to catch the drive until he moved three steps to his left in reaction to a McCovey 's foul smash on the preceding pitch . Giants fan ( and resident of nearby Santa Rosa ) Charles Schulz made a reference to the real world in one of his Peanuts comic strips soon afterward . In the first three panels of his 12 / 22 / 62 strip , Charlie Brown and Linus are sitting on a porch step , looking glum . In the last panel , Charlie Brown cried to the heavens , `` Why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just three feet higher ? '' Some weeks later , the same scene reappeared in the strip with Charlie Brown exclaiming , `` Or why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just TWO feet higher ? '' 1963 -- 84 ( edit ) Giants pitcher Ron Herbel in a 1963 issue of Baseball Digest . Although the Giants did not play in another World Series until 1989 , the teams of the 1960s continued to be pennant contenders thanks to several future Hall - of - Famers . These included Gaylord Perry , who pitched a no - hitter with the Giants in 1968 ; Juan Marichal , a pitcher with a memorable high - kicking delivery ; McCovey , who won the National League MVP award in 1969 , and Mays , who hit his 600th career home run in 1969 . A Giants highlight came in 1963 when Jesús Alou joined the team , and along with Felipe and Matty , for one late inning of one game , formed the first all - brother outfield in major league history . In 1967 , pitcher Mike McCormick became the first Giants Cy Young Award winner . The Giants ' next appearance in the postseason came in 1971 . After winning their division , they were defeated in the League Championship Series by the Pittsburgh Pirates and Roberto Clemente , who then went on to beat the Baltimore Orioles in the World Series four games to three . In 1972 , the field at Candlestick Park was converted from grass to Astroturf . During this decade , the Giants gave up many players who became successful elsewhere , including Garry Maddox , George Foster , Dave Kingman and Gaylord Perry . Two Giants became Rookies of the Year -- outfielder Gary Matthews Sr. in 1973 and no - hit pitcher John Montefusco in 1975 . In 1976 Bob Lurie bought the team , saving it from being moved to Toronto . Toronto was awarded an expansion team called the Blue Jays , but San Francisco baseball fans ' worries about losing their beloved Giants had not completely gone away just yet . The rest of the 1970s was a generally disappointing time for the Giants , as they finished no higher than third place in any season . This was in 1978 , thanks to young star slugger Jack Clark , veteran slugging first baseman Willie McCovey , star hitter second baseman Bill Madlock who was acquired from the Chicago Cubs , shortstops Johnnie LeMaster and Roger Metzger , and slugging third baseman Darrell Evans . Veteran pitchers Vida Blue , John Montefusco , Ed Halicki and Bob Knepper rounded out the starting rotation with Vida Blue leading the way with eighteen victories . The most memorable moment of that 1978 season occurred on May 28 , 1978 . With the Giants trailing 3 - 1 in the sixth inning , pinch hitter Mike Ivie , acquired from the San Diego Padres during the offseason for Derrel Thomas , hit a towering grand slam off of Dodgers pitching ace Don Sutton before Candlestick Park 's highest paid attendance of 58,545 . They led the National League West for most of the season until slugger Dusty Baker , rookie pitcher Bob Welch and the rest of the Dodgers got hot late , winning the West and then beating the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League Championship Series for the pennant . The field at Candlestick was converted back to natural grass for the 1979 season . In 1981 , the Giants became the first National League team to hire a black manager , Frank Robinson , although he lasted less than four years and was generally unsuccessful . The Giants finished a game over . 500 in the strike - shortened 1981 season . The next season , the Giants acquired veterans Joe Morgan and Reggie Smith , got hot late and ended up in a three - team pennant race with the Dodgers and Braves . The day after the Dodgers eliminated them , Morgan hit a homer against the Dodgers on the last day of the season , giving the NL West to Atlanta . In 1984 , the Giants hosted the All - Star Game for the second and last time at Candlestick Park , which the NL won as it did at Candlestick in 1961 when Stu Miller was blown off the mound by a gust of wind . 1985 -- 89 ( edit ) The 1987 Giants , pictured above at Candlestick , led the club to its first postseason appearance since 1971 . In 1985 , owner Bob Lurie threatened to move the team out of the city of San Francisco to another location in the San Francisco Bay Area . Locations under consideration were Redwood City , San Jose , and Milpitas . The 1985 Giants lost 100 games , the most in franchise history , under unsuccessful rookie manager Jim Davenport , and Lurie responded by hiring Al Rosen as general manager and Roger Craig as field manager . Rosen began in 1986 by bringing up promising rookies such as Will Clark and Robby Thompson , which inspired the promotional radio jingle `` Ya got ta watch these Giants ! You got ta like these kids ! ! '' and followed up in 1987 with canny trades for stars like Kevin Mitchell , Dave Dravecky , Candy Maldonado , and Rick Reuschel . Craig , renowned as the `` Humm Baby '' because he often said it , managed the Giants from late 1985 to 1992 . In his first five full seasons with the Giants , the team had winning records . The Giants won 83 games in 1986 and won the National League Western Division title in 1987 , losing the 1987 National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . The one bright spot in that defeat was their slugging outfielder Jeffrey Leonard , who was named the Most Valuable Player for the series in a losing effort . In Leonard 's own faltering words , the prize money ( $50,000 ) meant nothing to him , but only the win that eluded him and his team . He would have given anything to be going up north to play the Minnesota Twins , and his former teammate outfielder Dan Gladden , traded to the Twins at the start of the season , in the 1987 World Series . 1989 : Will the `` thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 1989 San Francisco Giants season Although the team used fifteen different starting pitchers in the regular season , the 1989 Giants won the National League pennant . They were led by 1989 National League All - Star Game starting pitcher Rick Reuschel , closer and 1989 National League ERA leader Scott Garrelts , 1989 National League Most Valuable Player Kevin Mitchell , and Will Clark . The Giants beat the Chicago Cubs in the National League Championship Series , four games to one . In Game 1 , first baseman Will Clark hit a grand slam off Greg Maddux in the fourth inning after reading Maddux 's lips telling his catcher which pitch he was going to throw . In Game 5 , Clark , who was the Most Valuable Player in the series for batting . 650 with eight RBIs , came through in the clutch with a bases - loaded , two - out single off hard - throwing lefty closer Mitch Williams to break a 1 -- 1 tie in the bottom of the eighth inning . With two outs in the top of the 9th inning , Giants closer Steve Bedrosian gave up three straight singles and a run before getting the dangerous Ryne Sandberg on a harmless first - pitch groundout straight to Robby Thompson at second , who threw easily to Clark for the final out , stranding the tying run at second , as longtime Giants radio voice Hank Greenwald proclaimed , `` 27 years of waiting have come to an end . The Giants have won the pennant ! '' After dispatching the Cubs four games to one , the Giants faced the Oakland Athletics in the unforgettable `` Bay Bridge Series '' , best remembered by the October 17 , 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake which struck at 5 : 04 p.m. just before the scheduled Game 3 at Candlestick Park . After a ten - day delay , Oakland finished its sweep of the Giants , winning Games 3 & 4 at San Francisco . The Giants never led in any of the games , and never even managed to send the tying run to the plate against A 's closer Dennis Eckersley in their last at - bat of Game 4 . The Giants and A 's had played three World Series before when John McGraw 's Giants were in New York and Connie Mack 's A 's were in Philadelphia , the Giants winning in 1905 on Christy Mathewson 's record three complete - game shutouts and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 behind Home Run Baker and Eddie Collins . 1992 : farewell San Francisco ? ( edit ) Will Clark preparing to bat for the Giants at Candlestick Park in 1992 . That year , the Giants came close to relocation , with an empty stadium ready to be filled in Tampa . In the wake of that disappointing 1989 World Series sweep , a local ballot initiative to fund a new stadium in San Francisco failed , threatening the franchise 's future in the city . After the 1992 season , owner Bob Lurie , who had previously saved the franchise from moving to Toronto in 1976 , put the team up for sale . A group of investors from St. Petersburg led by Vince Naimoli reached an agreement to purchase the team and move them to the Tampa Bay area , but the National League owners voted against the acquisition . Wally Haas , the owner of the Oakland Athletics at the time , agreed to grant the Giants exclusive rights to the South Bay so the Giants could explore all potential local sites for a new stadium and at least help to keep the team in the Bay Area . The team was instead sold to an ownership group including managing general partner Peter Magowan , former CEO of supermarket chain Safeway , and Harmon and Sue Burns . In addition to the anticipated move to downtown San Francisco , the Giants ' ownership also made a major personnel move to solidify fan support . Before even hiring a new general manager or officially being approved as the new managing general partner , Magowan signed superstar slugger free agent Barry Bonds away from the Pittsburgh Pirates , a move which was initially blocked by Major League Baseball until terms were negotiated to protect Lurie and Bonds in case the sale failed . 1993 : `` the last pure pennant race '' ( edit ) The Barry Bonds era began auspiciously as Bonds put up the numbers for the third MVP of his career : 46 home runs , 129 runs , 123 runs batted in , . 336 batting average , . 458 on - base percentage , . 677 slugging percentage , 1.135 on base plus slugging . All exceeded his numbers from previous years . Matt Williams excelled as well ( 38 home runs , 110 runs batted in , . 294 batting average ) , with veterans Robby Thompson and Will Clark , the latter in his last season with the Giants , providing additional offensive support . John Burkett and Bill Swift won more than twenty games apiece , and closer Rod Beck was dominant with 48 saves and a 2.16 ERA . All this led the Giants to a 103 -- 59 record in Dusty Baker 's first year as manager , which earned him the Manager of the Year award . But despite the Giants ' great record , the Atlanta Braves -- fueled by solid seasons from David Justice , Ron Gant , Deion Sanders and their key midseason acquisition of Fred McGriff from the San Diego Padres -- came back from a ten - game deficit to pass the Giants win the NL West by a single game . The Braves also had two 20 + - game winners , Tom Glavine and Cy Young Award - winning Greg Maddux . Desperately needing a win against the Dodgers in the final game of the year to force a one - game playoff with the Braves in San Francisco , the controversial choice of rookie pitcher Salomón Torres proved disastrous for the Giants as he gave up three runs in the first four innings of a 12 -- 1 rout . The only other rested Giants starter , Scott Sanderson , was not chosen because he was considered a fly - ball pitcher and the Dodgers were a fly - ball - hitting team . After the major leagues ' establishment of the three - division playoff format with a fourth wild card entry after the 1993 season , New York Times sports columnist Dave Anderson captured the feeling of many baseball purists regarding the thrilling -- and for Giants fans , heartbreaking -- winner - take - all outcome of the last two - division National League West when he characterized the 1993 National League regular season as `` the last pure pennant race . '' 1994 -- 96 seasons ( edit ) The 1994 to 1996 seasons were not good for the Giants , punctuated by the strike that canceled the rest of the 1994 baseball season and the World Series . The strike denied Matt Williams a chance to beat Roger Maris 's single season home run record : He had 43 home runs in the Giants ' first 115 games , and was thus on pace for 60 when the strike hit with 47 games left to play . But the rest of the team was n't as good as their two sluggers , with no other player having even 10 home runs or even 40 RBI that late into the season although they were still in contention , not far from the division lead , when the strike ended play in mid-August . When Commissioner Bud Selig refused to budge in negotiations with the owners , a radio sports talk - show host quipped , `` Hitler , Mussolini and Tojo could n't cancel the World Series ( in World War II ) , but Selig did ! '' The Giants finished a dismal last in both 1995 and 1996 , crippled by key injuries and slumps. 1995 had a strange feeling about it , with many fans not coming back after the strike - shortened 1994 season , something that kept attendances notably lower until the McGwire - Sosa record - breaking home run chase of 1998 . Bonds continued as the Giants ' driving force , posting fantastic numbers , with the highest WAR among position players in the National League ( 33 HR , 104 RBI , 109 R and 120 BB in 144 games ) . Matt Williams and Glenallen Hill were the only other Giants with at least 20 home runs , and the rest of the team had mediocre offensive numbers . The pitching staff was poor , with Mark Leiter leading the way with ten wins , going 10 -- 12 with a 3.82 earned run average . Closer Rod Beck had 33 saves but nine blown saves and a 4.45 earned run average . Candlestick Park 1996 was highlighted by Bonds ' joining the 40 -- 40 club as only the second member , after the A 's José Canseco in 1988 , with 42 home runs and 40 stolen bases , along with 129 runs batted in , 151 walks , and a . 308 batting average . Rookie Bill Mueller also provided hope for the future of the club with a . 330 average , with 66 hits in 200 at bats over 55 games . The pitching was scarcely better than in 1995 . Only Mark Gardner had more than 10 wins , going 12 -- 7 with a 4.42 earned run average , and Rod Beck had 35 saves and a 3.34 ERA but nine losses and the rest of the bullpen was woeful . The low point came in late June when the Giants , after surging to three games over . 500 and second place in the National League West , lost 10 straight games en route to a 68 -- 94 record . Their long - time radio voice , Hank Greenwald , retired after the season . 1997 -- 99 : rebuilding ( edit ) 1997 ( edit ) Main article : 1997 San Francisco Giants season After three consecutive losing seasons , the Giants named Brian Sabean as their new general manager for 1997 , replacing Bob Quinn . Sabean may have been acting as GM even before the announcement , and was rumored to have engineered the deal to get southpaw starter Kirk Rueter from the Montreal Expos . His tenure began with controversy . In his first official trade , he shocked Giants fans by trading Matt Williams to Cleveland for what newspapers referred to as a ' bunch of spare parts ' , with a negative reaction great enough for him to explain publicly , `` I did n't get to this point by being an idiot ... I 'm sitting here telling you there is a plan . '' Sabean was proven right : The Giants acquired for Williams -- slugging second baseman Jeff Kent , shortstop José Vizcaíno and bullpen setup man Julián Tavárez , along with Joe Roa and the $1 million in cash that enabled them to sign center fielder and leadoff hitter Darryl Hamilton -- and a subsequent trade with Anaheim for clutch - hitting , slick - fielding first baseman J.T. Snow -- turned out to be major contributors , leading the Giants to their first National League West title of the decade in 1997 . Snow , Kent , and Bonds each had over 100 runs batted in , and pitcher Shawn Estes ' 19 wins against only 5 losses led the team . Rod Beck had his usual fine season with 37 saves . 1997 also saw the introduction of interleague play to major league baseball , with the division - winning Giants going 10 - 6 against the four American League West teams : Seattle Mariners , Texas Rangers , Anaheim Angels and Oakland A 's . On June 12 the Giants beat the Rangers 4 - 3 in the first regular season interleague game in major league history . But the wild - card Florida Marlins ended the Giants ' season with a 3 -- 0 sweep in the first round of the playoffs . 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 San Francisco Giants season In 1998 , the Giants were fueled by good seasons from sluggers Jeff Kent and Barry Bonds , both with 30 + HR and 100 + RBI , and from starters Kirk Rueter ( 16 -- 9 W-L record , 4.36 ERA ) , Mark Gardner ( 13 -- 6 , 4.33 ) and newly acquired Orel Hershiser ( 11 -- 10 , 4.41 ) . New closer Robb Nen had 40 saves . A hot September stretch tied them for the NL wild card , but they lost a one - game playoff at Chicago 's Wrigley Field . 1999 : final season at Candlestick Park ( edit ) Main article : 1999 San Francisco Giants season 1999 saw the Giants finish second in the NL West with an 86 -- 76 record . Barry Bonds 's production dropped as he hit . 262 , his lowest average in a decade . He did , however , hit 34 home runs even though he missed more than a third of the season due to injury , and other team regulars put up very good supporting numbers including Snow , Kent , shortstop Rich Aurilia and outfielder Ellis Burks , all with 20 + HR and 80 + RBI . Marvin Benard also had a career year in center field with 16 home runs , 64 RBIs and a career - and team - high 27 stolen bases . The pitching staff was paced by Russ Ortiz ( 18 -- 9 , 3.81 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 15 -- 10 , 5.41 ) . With the knowledge that their days in Candlestick Park were numbered , the 1999 season ended with a series of promotions and tributes . After the final game of the season , a loss to the Dodgers , home plate was ceremoniously removed and taken by CHP helicopter to the new grounds where the downtown stadium was being built . ( Candlestick Park remained the home of the San Francisco 49ers football team through the 2013 season . ) 2000 -- present : AT&T Park ( edit ) In 2000 , after 40 years , the Giants bade farewell to Candlestick Park and , as long advocated , moved into a privately financed downtown stadium ( AT&T Park , originally Pacific or `` Pac '' Bell Park and later renamed SBC Park ) on that part of the shoreline of China Basin known to Giants fans as McCovey Cove , at the corner of 3rd and King Streets ( with an official address of 24 Willie Mays Plaza in honor of the longtime Giants superstar ) , ushering in a new era for the Giants and their fans . AT&T Park The Giants routinely sell out their new nearly 43,000 - seat state - of - the - art stadium built for the 21st century , whereas paltry paid attendances of less than 10,000 were not uncommon in Candlestick despite its nearly 60,000 seating capacity , although by the 1999 season the Giants did manage to draw about 25,000 fans per game . The team in its striking new location annually vies for highest MLB season attendance in contrast to often having had the lowest attendance in the NL ( or close to it ) previously . Still quite breezy in summer compared to other MLB parks , AT&T Park has been a consensus success despite its reputation as a `` pitcher 's park '' stingy for power hitters . Its state - of - the - art design minimizes wind - chill , it is well served by mass transit and has spectacular views of the bay and the city skyline , traits all lacking at Candlestick especially after it was redesigned in the early 1970s to accommodate the NFL 49ers . AT&T Park is the centerpiece of a renaissance in San Francisco 's South Beach and Mission Bay neighborhoods , known for what has been called sustainable design . Despite inaugural game festivities at the new ballpark , the Dodgers spoiled the 2000 season opener with an unexpected three - HR outburst by little - known , light - hitting shortstop Kevin Elster . But the Giants rebounded after losing their first six games in their new home with a solid effort all season long , culminating with not only the NL West Division title but the best record in the major leagues . Kent paced the attack with clutch hits ( 33 HR , 125 RBI ) en route to being elected MVP over runner - up Bonds with 49 HR & 106 RBI . The pitching staff was not great but certainly decent , five starters earning at least ten wins : Liván Hernández ( 17 -- 11 , 3.75 ) , Russ Ortíz ( 14 -- 12 , 5.01 ) , Kirk Rueter ( 11 -- 9 , 3.96 ) , Shawn Estes ( 15 -- 6 , 4.26 ) and Mark Gardner ( 11 -- 7 , 4.05 ) . Closer Robb Nen was nearly perfect , with 41 saves and a minute 1.50 ERA . The Giants lost the 2000 division series to the New York Mets three games to one after a solid win in Game 1 on the postseason clutch pitching of Liván Hernández . But the Mets won the next three games despite decent starts by Estes , Ortíz and Mark Gardner . Game 2 in particular ended tumultuously but disappointingly . Down 4 -- 1 in the ninth , Snow smacked a three - run home run to tie the game ; but the Mets won in the tenth with a run off Félix Rodríguez , Bonds making the last out , stranding two runners , on a controversial called third strike . In 2001 , the Giants were eliminated from playoff contention on the next - to - last day of the season . Slugging shortstop Rich Aurilia put up stellar numbers ( 37 HR , 97 RBI , . 324 BA ) in support of Bonds , who once again gave fans something to cheer about with his single - season record 73 home runs , surpassing Mark McGwire 's 70 in 1998 . The pitching staff was good but not great , with Russ Ortíz ( 17 -- 9 , 3.29 ) leading a staff that also had Liván Hernández ( 13 -- 15 , 5.24 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 14 -- 12 , 4.42 ) . Shawn Estes and Mark Gardner had subpar years , but a notable late - season acquisition from the Pirates was superstar starter Jason Schmidt ( 7 -- 1 , 3.39 ) . Robb Nen continued as a dominant closer ( 45 saves , 3.01 ERA ) . 2002 : National League championship season and World Series ( edit ) Main articles : 2002 National League Division Series , 2002 National League Championship Series , and 2002 World Series In 2002 , the Giants finished second in the NL West behind the Arizona Diamondbacks , bolstered by another MVP season for Bonds ( 46 HR , 110 RBI , . 370 BA , a then - record 198 walks and a . 582 OBP ) and Kent ( 37 HR , 108 RBI and . 313 BA ) . Additional roster support was provided by decent seasons from veteran catcher Benito Santiago and Aurilia , aided by new acquisitions third baseman David Bell , slugging outfielder Reggie Sanders and fleet - footed outfielder Tsuyoshi Shinjo , ( generally known by last name only ) , who spent only one season with the Giants before returning to Japan . The pitching staff again proved solid , with five starters winning 12 or more including Jason Schmidt in his first full season in San Francisco . Closer Robb Nen had 43 saves and a 2.20 ERA , and setup men Felix Rodríguez and Tim Worrell were solid out of the bullpen . The Giants made the playoffs as the NL wild card in the last weekend of the season . They began by defeating the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS three games to two , with Ortíz winning Games 1 and 5 in Atlanta . With the tying runs on base in the bottom of the 9th inning , Snow ending the deciding game with a spectacular double play ending in a rundown between first and second . In the NLCS , they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to one with wins by Rueter , Schmidt and two by Worrell in relief . Santiago , particularly for his late clutch game - turning and - winning home run in Game 4 , was elected MVP of the NLCS . The Giants then faced the American League champion Anaheim Angels ( now known as the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) in the World Series , marking the first World Series between two wild - card teams . The Giants split the first two ( one - run ) games in Anaheim , were beaten 10 - 4 by the visiting Angels in Game 3 , then won Games 4 & 5 in Pac Bell Park , 4 - 3 and 16 - 4 . The Series shifted back to Anaheim for Game 6 . With the Giants leading the Series three - games - to - two and leading 5 - 0 with one out in the bottom of the 7th inning , manager Dusty Baker removed starter Russ Ortíz after he gave up two straight singles and handed him what Baker hoped would be the `` game ball '' as he walked off the mound . Moments later , after fouling off numerous fastballs , the Angels ' Scott Spiezio hit a three - run home run off reliever Félix Rodríguez . The Giants ' closer Robb Nen , pitching `` on fumes and guts '' with an injured right shoulder , gave up an eighth - inning two - run double to Troy Glaus , who was the Most Valuable Player for the series , and the Angels won the game 6 -- 5 and capture the momentum in the Series . The following night , Anaheim cruised to a 4 -- 1 victory behind an early three - run double by Garret Anderson off Hernández to claim the Series . After 2002 , the Giants went through many personnel changes . Baker 's managerial contract was not renewed after ten seasons . Closer Nen 's damaged shoulder ended his career , forcing him into early retirement ; and Kent , moving on to the Houston Astros in his native Texas , was not re-signed . He had aroused front - office ire earlier in the season with an off - field injury when he fell off the roof of his vehicle while shining it , and by getting into a public scrap with Bonds in the dugout in the middle of a game . Position players David Bell , Reggie Sanders , Tsuyoshi Shinjo and Kenny Lofton , as well as pitchers Liván Hernández , Russ Ortiz and southpaw reliever Aaron Fultz ( winner of 2002 World Series Game 4 ) , all went to other teams in 2003 as well . 2003 : wire to wire ( edit ) In the 2003 season the Giants , under new manager Felipe Alou , won 100 games for the seventh time in franchise history and the third time in San Francisco , winning their division for the third time in seven seasons and spending every day of the season in first place , the ninth team to accomplish that feat in baseball history . Their offense was paced by yet another MVP season from Bonds ( 45 HR , 90 RBI , . 341 BA , 148 BB and an OBP of . 529 ) . Decent offensive support was provided by Rich Aurilia , Marquis Grissom , José Cruz Jr. , Edgardo Alfonzo , Benito Santiago , Pedro Felíz and Andrés Galarrága . The pitching staff was led by Jason Schmidt ( 17 -- 5 , 2.34 ERA ) and Kirk Rueter ( 10 -- 5 , 4.53 ) , but dropped off after that , no other starter earning ten wins . Once again in the playoffs , and just like in 1997 , the Giants faced the eventual - world - champion Florida Marlins in the NLDS . Schmidt won Game 1 in San Francisco with a low - scoring complete game outdueling Josh Beckett ; but the Marlins won the next three games , and the series three games to one , as the Giants bullpen faltered after Game 2 starter Sidney Ponson imploded , blowing a big early Giants lead . As usually reliable outfielder Fred Snodgrass blew the deciding game of the 1912 World Series on the road with the Giants one run ahead going into the last of the tenth with a notorious `` muff '' of a fly ball by the leadoff hitter ending with the home team Boston Red Sox scoring two runs for a come - from - behind walk - off win , exactly the same scenario happened in the last of the tenth in Florida in Game 3 of the 2003 NLDS with a muff of another easy leadoff fly ball by otherwise slick - fielding José Cruz , Jr , ending with Iván Rodríguez 's two - out , two - run , come - from - behind bases - loaded walk - off win for the Marlins off closer Tim Worrell . 2004 -- 06 : playoff drought ( edit ) In 2004 , Bonds broke his own records with 232 walks and a . 609 OBP en route to his 7th and last NL MVP award ( 45 HR , 101 RBI , . 362 BA ) . The team also had a solid but not stellar supporting cast including Marquís Grissom ( 22 , 90 , . 279 ) and Pedro Felíz ( 22 , 84 , . 276 ) , along with decent hitting by Ray Durham , Edgárdo Alfónzo , Michael Tucker and AJ Pierzynski . Jason Schmidt was the star of the staff ( 18 -- 7 , 3.20 ERA , 251 SO ) , but the team was constantly looking for a new closer ( Matt Herges and Dustin Hermanson sharing the role during the season ) . After sitting out most of the first half of the season with an injury , Snow led the league in hitting after the All - Star Break . The Giants ' 2005 season was the least successful of the decade in their new stadium . Bonds missed almost the entire season with a knee injury , erratic closer Armando Benítez was injured for four months , and ace Jason Schmidt struggled after numerous injuries . But management took advantage of the off - year to give playing time to numerous young players , including pitchers Noah Lowry , Brad Hennessey , Kevin Correia , Scott Munter , Matt Cain and Jeremy Accardo , as well as first baseman Lance Niekro and outfielders Jason Ellison and Todd Linden . The acquisition of veteran outfield contact hitter Randy Winn from the Seattle Mariners was invaluable in the stretch run . On May 25 , the Giants held a celebration for Baseball Hall of Famer Juan Marichal . A statue of Marichál was dedicated on the plaza outside the stadium . Leonel Fernández , the President of the Dominican Republic , attended . In the two games following the ceremonies , the Giants wore uniforms with the word GIGANTES ( Spanish for `` Giants '' ) on the front of their jerseys . On July 14 , 2005 , the franchise won its 10,000 th game , defeating their longtime rival Dodgers , 4 -- 3 and thereby becoming the first professional sports franchise to have a five - figure win total . On September 28 , the Giants were officially eliminated from the NL West race after losing to the division champion San Diego Padres , finishing a distant third at 75 -- 87 , their worst , and first losing , season since 1996 . Despite the disappointing finish , the Giants extended manager Felipe Alou 's contract for another year . The Giants were expected to contend in 2006 with a strong starting staff . Despite a losing streak in May , and the worst batting performance by Barry Bonds in about 15 years the Giants did contend in the less - than - stellar Western Division and by July 23 were in first place . A 3 -- 16 stretch ensued , with nine one - run losses , and combined with a season - ending eight losses in nine games , the team finished in third place with a 76 -- 85 record . On October 2 , 2006 , the day after the end of the regular season , the Giants announced that they would not renew manager Felipe Alou 's contract but still offer him the opportunity to stay with them in an advisory role to the general manager and to baseball operations . 2007 -- 09 : losing ways and milestones ( edit ) 2007 : end of the Bonds ERA ( edit ) Main article : 2007 San Francisco Giants season With eleven free agents ( excluding Jason Schmidt ) who signed with the Dodgers for roughly $15 million a year , a new manager on board ( Bruce Bochy , division rival San Diego manager since the mid-1990s who left the Padres to manage the Giants ) , and the loss of veteran catcher Mike Matheny due to complications ( cumulative trauma ) resulting from concussions sustained during his career , the Giants ' prospects for the 2007 season were less than favorable as 2006 came to an end . They then made several deals , re-signing infielders Pedro Feliz , Ray Durham and longtime fan favorite Rich Aurilia , and picking up catcher Bengie Molina , slugger Ryan Klesko and outfielder Dave Roberts . They also signed free - agent pitcher Barry Zito to a lucrative seven - year contract worth $126 million with an $18 million option for an eighth year , the richest pitcher 's contract in baseball history at the time . On January 9 , 2007 , they re-signed pitcher Russ Ortiz to compete for the fifth starting position in spring training , which he won by late March due to his outstanding spring . The 2007 team during spring training They got off to a slow start in the regular season , with spurts of promise but more often stretches of mediocre play at best . Pitching was often inconsistent or the offense nonexistent ( such as in a pair of 1 -- 0 losses for young star starter Matt Cain , for whom lack of run support was a frequent problem ) . The season was memorable in some regards , such as the Giants -- Red Sox series in Fenway Park , their first appearance there since they lost the deciding game of the 1912 World Series with two errors in the last of the tenth after scoring a go - ahead run in the top of the tenth , and their hosting of the 2007 MLB All - Star Game . Much more notable , however , was Bonds ' march toward Hank Aaron 's 755 career home run record that brought heavy media attention to the San Francisco Giants . Leading off in the top of the second before a sellout crowd at Petco Park in San Diego in Game 2 of that series , Bonds hit a high fastball off the facing of the upper deck in left field for an off - field jack , tying the score at 1 - 1 and Aaron at 755 , although they lost 3 - 2 in extra innings . In the bottom of the fifth at home against the Washington Nationals on the night of August 7 , he smashed number 756 into the deep center field bleachers , causing a melee in the crowd scrambling for the ball , which later earned six figures at auction for the young man who came up with it . Aaron , appearing on the big screen , congratulated him personally , but the luckless Giants lost the game , 8 - 6 . On August 9 , 2007 , left - handed pinch - hitter Mark Sweeney was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for AA second baseman Travis Denker , marking the first trade between the Giants and the Dodgers since 1985 . The 2007 season continued discouraging for the Giants , with solid pitching but often without run support . Rookie starter Tim Lincecum , for instance , held the Chicago Cubs to two hits through eight innings on August 21 , but the team scored only one run in a 5 - 1 loss . On September 22 , 2007 , the Giants officially announced they would not re-sign Barry Bonds for the 2008 season . After much speculation and debate , owner Peter Magowan announced Bonds ' departure at a press conference , stressing the need for youth and offense throughout the lineup . Bonds played the last game of his career on September 26 , 2007 . He went 0 for 3 , driving a ball that was caught at the warning track in left - center field in his final at - bat and then leaving on his own although he had another at - bat coming had he stayed in the game . 2008 : without Bonds and golden anniversary ( edit ) Main article : 2008 San Francisco Giants season Tim Lincecum 2008 Cy Young Award Winner . 2008 , the 51st season for the Giants in San Francisco , was their first without Barry Bonds since 1992 . Their first big move was to sign gutsy Philadelphia Phillies center fielder Aaron Rowand to a 5 - year , $60 million contract . Barry Zito , in his second year as a Giant , once again got off to a poor start , losing his first eight decisions ; but the team found hope with Tim Lincecum in his first full season . After going 7 -- 5 as a rookie in 2007 , he exploded as a sophomore starter , winning four straight before his first loss on April 29 , 2008 , to the Colorado Rockies . Lincecum was selected to the 2008 MLB All - Star Game at Yankee Stadium , but was hospitalized with flulike symptoms and could n't pitch in the midsummer classic . He soon recovered , however , and even went on to win the 2008 NL Cy Young Award , finishing at 18 -- 5 and becoming the first Giant to win that prestigious trophy since Mike McCormick won it in 1967 . The Giants finished the season in fourth place in the NL West with a record of 72 -- 90 . 2009 : a mix of old & New and a no - hitter ( edit ) During the 2008 - 09 off - season , the Giants strengthened their pitching staff with veteran starting pitcher Randy Johnson and relievers Bob Howry and Jeremy Affeldt . They also signed infielders Édgar Rentería and Juan Uribe . Bill Neukom also became the new managing partner . Despite lingering questions about their struggling offense , they were a surprising 49 -- 39 by the 2009 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , good enough for second place in the NL West . In addition to the Giants ' overall performance as a team , the first half of 2009 was memorable for several individuals : Johnson became the 24th major league pitcher to win 300 games , and phenomally gifted but perpetually struggling young southpaw starter Jonathan Sánchez tossed a nearly perfect no - hitter against the San Diego Padres on July 10 ( the only Padre baserunner reached on Juan Uribe 's late infield error , following the distant footsteps of Giants immortal Christy Mathewson , whose 1905 no - no was blemished by only two errors ) , the first Giants no - hitter since 1976 . Incredibly , Sánchez accomplished his feat spot - starting in place of injured Randy Johnson and returning to the rotation after a brief demotion to the bullpen , striking out a career - high eleven hitters to boot . It was his first major league complete game and shutout , on only 110 pitches for an 8 - 0 Giants romp , and the first no - hitter ever thrown at AT&T Park . In fact , 2009 's starting rotation was one of the strongest in Giants history , two of whom went to the All - Star Game including successfully defending Cy Young champ Tim Lincecum , who started the game . He won his second straight NL Cy Young Award even though he won only 15 games in 2009 , finishing at 15 - 7 , becoming the only pitcher to capture the Cy Young Award in each of his first two full major league seasons . But tragically on July 19 , Sue Burns , the team 's senior general partner who was a virtual fixture in her seat adjacent to the Giants ' dugout , died early that Sunday morning of cancer . She was the widow of Harmon Burns , a Bay area financier who was a key member of the investor group that had saved the team from moving to Tampa at the end of the 1992 season . The Giants honored her with a pregame ceremony with Barry Bonds in attendance . On July 20 , the Giants traded one of their top prospects , AA pitcher Tim Alderson , for Pittsburgh Pirates second baseman Freddy Sánchez . Alderson was the first round pick in the 2007 draft and was ranked prospect number four in the Giants ' organization by Baseball America , but Sánchez provided a much needed jump for their offense , batting . 293 with 41 RBI and 22 walks for the season . On September 11 , the Giants added another key player when they brought up their first - round draft pick , young catcher Buster Posey , from their AAA affiliate the Fresno Grizzlies . Although the 2009 Giants finished only 14 games above . 500 , they won 16 more games than in 2008 . With the emergence of star slugger Pablo Sandoval to provide solid offensive support for their dominant pitching staff , they looked forward to making the playoffs next year for the first time since 2003 . 2010 -- 2016 : a dynasty emerges ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more neutral presentation , with details put in their proper context . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( October 2014 ) 2010 : first championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main articles : 2010 San Francisco Giants season , 2010 National League Division Series , 2010 National League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series Pat Burrell in the Giants ' 2010 World Series victory parade . At the start of the 2010 season , Jim Caple of ESPN.com was the only baseball writer or pundit to pick the Giants to reach the World Series , although he later recanted his pick before the National League Championship Series , saying the Philadelphia Phillies would beat the Giants and advance to the World Series . Most did not expect San Francisco even to make the playoffs . The Giants won the National League Western Division for the first time since 2003 , after trailing the San Diego Padres for most of the season . In the 2010 National League Division Series , the Giants defeated the Atlanta Braves three games to one . In the 2010 National League Championship Series , the Giants defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 , and advanced to face the Texas Rangers in the 2010 World Series . Behind Tim Lincecum , the Giants wrapped up the World Series with a 3 - 1 Game 5 win for their first world championship in San Francisco and the first for the Giants franchise since 1954 . Édgar Rentería was named World Series Most Valuable Player . The championship firsts were : Giants : First world championship since 1954 , while still in New York . First world championship since the move to San Francisco in 1958 . City of San Francisco : First World Series championship . First major sports championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995 . San Francisco Bay Area : First World Series championship since the Oakland Athletics swept the Giants in 1989 . First major sports world championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX . With their victory in the 2010 World Series , the Giants also became the second Major League Baseball team ( after the St. Louis Cardinals ) to win a world championship in three different centuries : 1800s , 1900s , and 2000s . On November 15 , 2010 , Giants ' catcher Buster Posey was named NL Rookie of the Year . 2011 : back to square one ( edit ) Main article : 2011 San Francisco Giants season 2011 began on a dark note when Giants fan paramedic Bryan Stow suffered a life - threatening head injury and was permanently disabled in an attack by two Dodgers fans in the Dodgers Stadium parking lot on Opening Day after they had insulted and threatened him in the stands during the game . Further tragedy ensued on May 25 in extra innings when Florida utility man Scott Cousins crashed into the Giants ' Rookie of the Year catcher Buster Posey as he slid home with the eventual Marlin winning run , fracturing Posey 's ankle and ending his season . The Giants fought on without Posey and through a morass of injuries to position players largely on the strength of their pitching both starting and in relief . Four starters , Tim Lincecum ( ERA 2.74 ) , Matt Cain ( ERA 2.88 ) , Ryan Vogelsong ( ERA 2.71 ) and Madison Bumgarner ( ERA 3.21 ) and a lights out bullpen kept the Giants in first place until the second week of August . San Francisco finished the 2011 season with an 86 -- 76 record , winding up in second place in the NL West eight games behind the division - winning Arizona Diamondbacks for lack of hitting and other key injuries ( such as to second baseman Freddy Sánchez in late May shortly before Posey 's injury , and to closer Brian Wilson in August ) . 2012 : Champions again ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco Giants season The Giants started the season playing barely above . 500 , trailing the Dodgers in second place for most of the first half of the season and falling to 7.5 games back near the end of May . But a June 17 -- 10 record by the Giants ( including a home sweep of the Dodgers ) while the Dodgers slumped to 11 -- 17 put the Giants as division leaders ahead by one game at the end of the month . On June 13 , Matt Cain pitched the first perfect game in the 130 - year history of the franchise , against the Houston Astros , at AT&T Park . The Giants and Dodgers continued to trade places at the top until August 20 , at which point another sweep of the Dodgers gave the Giants the lead for good . Melky Cabrera was named the Most Valuable Player of the All - Star Game , while Matt Cain was the starting and winning pitcher and Sandoval became the first player in All - Star Game history to hit a bases - loaded triple . At the trade deadline , the Giants acquired right fielder Hunter Pence from the Philadelphia Phillies and second baseman Marco Scutaro from the Colorado Rockies . On August 15 , Cabrera was suspended by Major League Baseball for 50 games for testing positive for a performance - enhancing drug . Despite the loss of Cabrera and the Dodgers making several blockbuster trades , the Giants still won the 2012 NL West Division , led by Scútaro 's 20 - game hit streak in the last twenty games of the regular season for a . 306 average and NL MVP - to - be Buster Posey 's league - leading . 336 . In the 2012 NLDS , the Giants became the first NL team to come back from a 2 - 0 deficit to beat the Cincinnati Reds in three straight games , and were also the first major league team to take a best - of - five postseason series by winning the last three on the road . The St. Louis Cardinals won three out of the first four games in the 2012 NLCS . The Giants won the next three games to advance to the 2012 World Series , and Scútaro was chosen MVP of the NLCS with his . 500 average . The Giants finished a 4 - 0 sweep over the Tigers for their seventh all - time World Series title , and their second in the previous three years . Pablo Sandoval , who hit home runs in his first three at - bats in Game 1 , and had a . 500 average in the World Series , was named the World Series MVP . 2013 : inconsistent struggles ( edit ) Early in the 2013 season , the Giants were in first place in the National League West . However , in May , during a road trip to Toronto , the Giants began a slide into last place . They struggled both offensively and defensively due to several players being injured throughout the season , most notably Ángel Pagán , who suffered a hamstring injury mid-season and was out for 12 weeks , and were no - hit against the Cincinnati Reds . Buster Posey , who had won the previous year 's National League batting title , experienced a significant drop - off , hitting just 15 home runs ( and just two in the second half of the season ) and slumping to a . 294 average . Although the Giants won the season series over every team in their own division , including going 11 - 8 over the rival Dodgers , who won the division , they went only 32 - 54 outside of their division , including an MLB second worst 6 - 14 record in inter-league play , with their only season series victory outside of the National League West being over the Atlanta Braves . In several series , the Giants scored 5 runs or fewer , such as against the Red Sox ( outscored 21 - 4 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Yankees ( outscored 12 - 3 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Cardinals in St. Louis ( outscored 17 - 5 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Blue Jays in San Francisco ( outscored 5 - 2 , split series 1 - 1 ) , and against the Cubs in San Francisco ( outscored 6 - 3 , swept ) . This slide lasted until mid-August when the Giants began to play efficiently again ( highlighted by a 19 - 3 romp over the rival Dodgers in Los Angeles ) and ended the season in a tie for 3rd place with the San Diego Padres after a brief resurgence . At the conclusion of the season the Giants also signed right fielder Hunter Pence to a five - year , $90 million contract . The Giants finished the 2013 season with a 76 - 86 record . The Giants ' . 469 record marked their first losing record since 2008 and one of the worst records ever for a team that had won the World Series the previous year , behind only the 1998 Florida Marlins . One notable highlight was Tim Lincecum throwing his first no - hitter against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park in a 9 - 0 victory . A notable oddity happened during a doubleheader with the Cincinnati Reds on July 23 in which the Reds were the designated home team for Game 2 even though the Giants were playing at home . The Reds won Game 1 , 9 - 3 , and the Giants prevailed in Game 2 , 5 - 3 . 2014 : third World Series championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main article : 2014 San Francisco Giants season The Giants acquired outfielder Michael Morse and starting pitcher Tim Hudson in the offseason . At one point , the Giants had twice as many wins as they had losses , sporting a 42 - 21 record . However , their 9.5 game lead over the Dodgers dissipated . Lincecum pitched his second no - hitter , also against the Padres . With a won - loss record of 12 - 9 , Lincecum achieved more wins than his previous 2 seasons , though second - half struggles put Lincecum out of the starting rotation . The Giants finished the season with an 88 - 74 record , the first time in baseball 's modern era that they had reached the postseason with under 90 wins . The Giants defeated the Pirates in the 2014 National League Wild Card Game , 8 - 0 , with Madison Bumgarner pitching a complete game and Brandon Crawford hitting a grand slam off of Pirates starter Edinson Vólquez , the first in MLB postseason history by a shortstop . The Giants won the 2014 NLDS , defeating the Nationals and passing the Cincinnati Reds ' Big Red Machine for a new National League record in consecutive postseason victories . The Giants played the Cardinals in the 2014 NLCS rematch , winning in five games . Travis Ishikawa hit a game winning walk - off 3 run homer in game 5 . Madison Bumgarner was named MVP of the series . The Giants faced the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series , defeating the AL Champions in 7 games , winning 4 games to 3 . Madison Bumgarner was also named the World Series MVP . The championship was the Giants ' third in a five - year span , spurring debate over whether the Giants could be considered a modern - day baseball dynasty . 2015 : odd year curse ( edit ) During the 2015 offseason , the Giants lost two key contributors , Pablo Sandoval and Michael Morse , who both became free agents and signed with the Boston Red Sox and the Miami Marlins respectively . After Sandoval 's departure , there was talk of moving Buster Posey to third base , Sandoval 's position . Marco Scutaro , the Giants injury - plagued second baseman , was also released , with Joe Panik taking his position . Over the offseason , Giants dealt for Casey McGehee and Nori Aoki to replace Sandoval and Morse respectively , avoided arbitration with Brandon Belt and Brandon Crawford , re-signed Sergio Romo and Jake Peavy , had free - agent Ryan Vogelsong come back , and looked forward to the returns of Matt Cain and Ángel Pagán . Despite the team remaining mostly the same , some concerns existed . The rotation was one of the oldest in the major leagues , and except for Madison Bumgarner , no starting pitcher ended with a winning record in 2014 . Many believed McGehee and Aoki could n't make up for the power lost from the departures Sandoval and Morse . However , the Giants remained in high hopes entering 2015 , looking to break the odd - year `` curse '' established in 2011 and 2013 . Indeed , the season began poorly for the team , and included an eight - game losing streak . However , a home sweep of the archrival Dodgers lifted the Giants ' outlook , and an additional sweep of the Los Angeles Angels in the opening days of May , with Lincecum winning the final game of the series , further improved their prospects . By mid-May the team welcomed Hunter Pence , who had broken his arm in spring training , back to the lineup , with a fine debut performance in a lopsided win in Cincinnati . The victory gave the Giants a winning record and another boost to their morale . On June 9 , 2015 , Chris Heston pitched the 17th no - hitter in Giants history against the New York Mets , making 110 pitches , striking out 11 including three called strikeouts in the 9th inning , with the only baserunners being 3 hit batsmen . Heston also had two hits and drove in two runs in the game . The no - hitter was the third by a Giants rookie and the first by a visiting pitcher at Citi Field . On June 15 , 2015 the Giants set a record for most consecutive home losses at AT&T Park at nine straight games with a 5 - 1 loss to the Seattle Mariners . This losing streak was the Giants ' longest since an 11 - game home loss streak at the Polo Grounds in New York in 1940 . Despite injuries to Aoki , Pagan , Pence , Panik , and Leake , the Giants remained deep in the playoff hunt , due to contributions by rookies Chris Heston and Matt Duffy , as well as Buster Posey 's MVP - like season . However , with Hunter Pence out again with an oblique strain in the middle of a brutal stretch in the schedule , the Giants faced a major uphill battle . They acquired outfielder Marlon Byrd to deal with Pagan and Pence 's absences ; he made an immediate impact , almost hitting for the cycle in a 6 - 4 win against the Wild Card - leading Pirates . However , the Giants still finished 84 - 78 and missed the playoffs . 2016 : end of even year dynasty ( edit ) In 2016 , the Giants started off strong , ending their first half at the All - Star break with the best record in the majors at 57 - 33 . However , due to a struggling bullpen in the second half , they just barely qualified for the 2016 postseason in the 2nd NL Wild Card spot . In the process they blew an 8 - game lead to the rival Los Angeles Dodgers , who were missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for 2 1 / 2 months . The Giants ' run at even - year championships ended with a game 4 loss to the eventual World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the 2016 NLDS . In Game 4 , the Giants led 5 -- 2 before they were eliminated after allowing four runs to the Cubs in the 9th . They previously held an MLB - record 10 - game winning streak when facing elimination in the postseason . Brandon Crawford , Joe Panik and Buster Posey all received Gold Glove awards at the close of the season . 2017 ( edit ) On December 6 , 2016 , the Giants signed closer Mark Melancon to a 4 - year , $62 million contract . The deal was briefly the largest in MLB history for a relief pitcher , until the signing of Aroldis Chapman to the New York Yankees for 5 years , $86 million later that offseason . On April 2 , 2017 , Madison Bumgarner became the first pitcher in MLB history to hit two home runs in an Opening Day matchup , in what would be a 6 -- 5 loss on the road to the Arizona Diamondbacks . On April 20 , 2017 , Madison Bumgarner crashed a dirt bike on an off day in Colorado , injuring his shoulder and removing him from the Giants ' rotation until late July . Many point their fingers at his injury as being a key part of the Giants ' less than desirable season . Despite the Giants ' recent post-season successes and posting the 7th highest payroll in the league in 2017 , they finished 64 - 98 and 5th in the NL west . Rivalries ( edit ) The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers dates back to when the two teams were based in New York , as does their rivalry with the New York Yankees . Their rivalry with the Oakland Athletics dates back to when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia and played each other in the 1905 , 1911 , & 1913 World Series , and was renewed in 1968 when the Athletics moved from Kansas City and the teams again played each other in the earthquake - interrupted 1989 Bay Bridge World Series . The 2010 NLCS inaugurated a Giants rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies after confrontations between Jonathan Sánchez and Chase Utley , and between Ramón Ramírez and Shane Victorino . However , with the Philadelphia Phillies dropping off as one of the premier teams of the National League , this rivalry has died down since 2010 and 2011 . Another rivalry that has intensified recently is with the St. Louis Cardinals , whom the team has faced 4 times in the NLCS . The rivalry between the New York Giants and Chicago Cubs in the early twentieth century was once regarded as one of the most heated in baseball , with Merkle 's Boner leading to a 1908 season - ending matchup in New York of particular note . That historical rivalry was revisited when the Giants beat the Cubs in the 1989 NL playoffs , in their one - game playoff in Chicago at the end of the 1998 season , and on June 6 , 2012 in a `` Turn Back The Century '' game in which both teams wore replica 1912 uniforms . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The Giants - Dodgers rivalry is one of the greatest and longest - standing rivalries in team sports , and has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball . The Giants - Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City , with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham ( who was considering moving his team to Minnesota ) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been competitors in economic , cultural and political arenas , their new California venues became fertile ground for transplantation of the ancient rivalry . Both teams ' having endured for over a century while leaping across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's growth from cross-city to cross-state , have led to its being considered one of the greatest in sports history . The Giants - Dodgers rivalry has been marked by the Giants ' slightly better success . While the Giants have more total wins , head - to - head wins , National League pennants and World Series titles in their franchise histories , the Dodgers have won the National League West 5 more times than the Giants since the start of division play in 1969 . Both teams have made the postseason as a National League wild card twice . The Giants won their first world championship in California in 2010 , while the Dodgers won their last world title in 1988 . As of the end of the 2014 baseball season , the Los Angeles Dodgers lead the San Francisco Giants in California World Series triumphs , 5 - 3 , whereas in 20th century New York , the Giants led the Dodgers in World Series championships , 5 - 1 . The combined franchise histories give the Giants an 8 - 6 edge in MLB championships , overall . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Bay Bridge Series A geographic rivalry with the cross-Bay American League Athletics greatly increased with the 1989 World Series , nicknamed the `` Battle of the Bay '' , which Oakland swept ( and which was interrupted by the Loma Prieta earthquake moments before the scheduled start of Game 3 in San Francisco ) . In addition , the introduction of interleague play in 1997 has pitted the two teams against each other for usually six games every season since 1997 , three in each city ( but only four in 2013 , two in each city ) . Before 1997 , they played each other only in Cactus League spring training . Their interleague play wins and losses ( 53 - 50 in favor of the A 's after a Giants sweep of an interleague series from July 24 -- 26 , 2015 ) have been fairly evenly divided despite differences in league , style of play , stadium , payroll , fan base stereotypes , media coverage and World Series records , all of which have heightened the rivalry in recent years . The intensity of the rivalry and how it is understood varies among Bay Area fans . A 's fans generally view the Giants as a hated rival , while Giants fans generally view the A 's as a friendly rival much lower on the scale . This is most likely due to the A 's lack of a historical rival , while the Giants have their heated rivalry with the Dodgers . Some Bay Area fans are fans of both teams . The `` split hats '' that feature the logos of both teams best embodies the shared fan base . Other Bay Area fans view the competition between the two teams as a `` friendly rivalry '' , with little actual hatred compared to similar ones such as the Subway Series ( New York Mets vs. New York Yankees ) , the Red Line Series ( Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox ) and the Freeway Series ( Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) . The Giants and A 's enjoyed a limited rivalry at the start of the 20th century before the Yankees began to dominate after the acquisition of Babe Ruth in 1920 , when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia . The teams were managed by legendary leaders John McGraw and Connie Mack , who were considered not only friendly rivals but the premier managers during that era , especially in view of their longevity ( Mack for 50 years , McGraw for 30 ) since both were majority owners . Each team played in five of the first 15 World Series ( tying them with the Red Sox and Cubs for most World Series appearances during that time period ) . As the New York Giants and the Philadelphia A 's , they met in three World Series , with the Giants winning in 1905 and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 . After becoming the San Francisco Giants and Oakland A 's , they met in a fourth Series in 1989 resulting in the A 's last world championship ( as of 2016 ) . Historical rivalry ( edit ) New York Yankees ( edit ) Main articles : Giants -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series Though in different leagues , the Giants have also been historical rivals of the Yankees , starting in New York before the Giants moved to the West Coast . Before the institution of interleague play in 1997 , the two teams had little opportunity to play each other except in seven World Series : 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 and 1962 , the Yankees winning last five of the seven Series . The teams have met four times in regular season interleague play as of the end of the 2016 season : in 2002 at old Yankee Stadium , in 2007 at AT&T Park , in 2013 at new Yankee Stadium , and in 2016 also at new Yankee Stadium . In game two of the teams ' September 2013 meeting , Alex Rodriguez hit a Grand Slam , breaking Lou Gehrig 's grand slam record . In his July 4 , 1939 farewell speech ending with the renowned `` Today , I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth '' , Yankee slugger Lou Gehrig , who played in 2,130 consecutive games , declared that the Giants were a team he `` would give his right arm to beat , and vice versa . '' Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame has inducted 66 representatives of the Giants ( 55 players and 11 managers ) into the Hall of Fame , more than any other team in the history of baseball . San Francisco Giants Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum New York Gothams / Giants Dave Bancroft Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Dan Brouthers Jesse Burkett Roger Connor George Davis Leo Durocher Buck Ewing Frankie Frisch Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Rogers Hornsby Waite Hoyt Carl Hubbell Monte Irvin Travis Jackson Tim Keefe Willie Keeler George Kelly King Kelly Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Ernie Lombardi Rube Marquard Christy Mathewson Joe McGinnity John McGraw Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Hank O'Day Jim O'Rourke Mel Ott Edd Roush Amos Rusie Ray Schalk Red Schoendienst Bill Terry John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Hoyt Wilhelm Hack Wilson Ross Youngs San Francisco Giants Steve Carlton Gary Carter Orlando Cepeda Rich Gossage Randy Johnson Juan Marichal Willie Mays Willie McCovey Joe Morgan Gaylord Perry Duke Snider Warren Spahn Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Giants or Gothams cap insignia . -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia -- depicted without a cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes New York Gothams / Giants as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as player , also managed Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as manager , also played for Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as umpire , also played for Giants or was player - manager Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) San Francisco Giants Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Ernie Harwell Russ Hodges Tim McCarver Jon Miller Lindsey Nelson Lon Simmons Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Giants . * Played as Giants Other ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Hall of Fame played or managed for the Giants , but either played for the Giants and were inducted as a manager having never managed the Giants , or managed the Giants and were inducted as a player having never played for the Giants : Cap Anson -- inducted as player , managed Giants in 1898 . Hughie Jennings -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1924 to 1925 . Bill McKechnie -- inducted as manager , played for Giants in 1916 . Frank Robinson -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1981 to 1984 . Casey Stengel -- inducted as manager , played for Giants from 1921 to 1923 . Broadcasters Russ Hodges , Lon Simmons , and Jon Miller are permanently honored in the Hall 's `` Scribes & Mikemen '' exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1980 , 2004 , and 2010 respectively . As with all Frick Award winners , none are officially recognized as an inducted member of the Hall of Fame . Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Bob Lurie Owner 1976 -- 1993 Born in San Francisco -- Peter Magowan Owner / President 1993 -- 2008 Attended Stanford University 1 , 18 Bill Rigney IF Manager 1946 -- 1953 1956 -- 1960 , 1976 Born and raised in Alameda Dick Bartell SS 1935 -- 1938 1941 -- 1943 , 1946 Grew up in Alameda Ernie Lombardi 1943 -- 1947 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , grew up in Oakland 6 Tony Lazzeri 2B 1939 Elected mainly on his performance with New York Yankees , born and raised in San Francisco 8 Joe Morgan 2B 1981 -- 1982 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , raised in Oakland 9 , 10 , 60 Matt Williams 3B 1987 -- 1996 12 Dusty Baker OF Manager 1984 1993 -- 2002 14 Vida Blue 1978 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's 16 Lefty O'Doul LF 1928 1933 -- 1934 Born in San Francisco 19 , 33 Dave Righetti Coach 1991 -- 1993 2000 -- present Born and raised in San Jose 20 Frank Robinson Manager 1981 -- 1984 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds and Baltimore Orioles 21 Jeff Kent 2B 1997 -- 2002 Attended UC Berkeley 22 Will Clark 1B 1986 -- 1993 24 Willie Mays CF 1951 -- 1952 1954 -- 1972 25 Barry Bonds LF 1993 -- 2007 Grew up in San Carlos 27 Juan Marichal 1960 -- 1973 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1958 -- 1966 36 Gaylord Perry 1962 -- 1971 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1959 -- 1973 1977 -- 1980 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers ( edit ) Further information : San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame Felipe Alou Gary Lavelle Jim Barr Johnnie LeMaster Willie Mays Rod Beck Jeffrey Leonard Vida Blue Kirt Manwaring Willie McCovey Bobby Bolin Juan Marichal Jeff Brantley Jack Clark Mike McCormick Bob Brenly John Burkett Stu Miller Bobby Bonds Orlando Cepeda Randy Moffitt Greg Minton Kevin Mitchell Will Clark Mike Krukow Jim Davenport John Montefusco Chili Davis Matt Williams Robb Nen Dick Dietz Gaylord Perry Darrell Evans Jim Ray Hart Rick Reuschel J.T. Snow Tito Fuentes Kirk Rueter Scott Garrelts Robby Thompson Tom Haller Chris Speier Atlee Hammaker Jeff Kent Rich Aurilia Shawn Estes Marvin Benard Jason Schmidt Barry Bonds Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Giants have retired ten numbers in the history of the franchise , most recently Monte Irvin 's number 20 in 2010 . Christy Mathewson Honored 1988 McGraw 3B Mgr Honored 1988 Bill Terry 1B Mgr , GM Retired 1984 Mel Ott RF Mgr Retired 1949 Carl Hubbell Retired 1944 Monte Irvin LF Retired June 26 , 2010 . Willie Mays CF Retired May 12 , 1972 Juan Marichal Retired Orlando Cepeda 1B Retired July 11 , 1999 Gaylord Perry Retired July 23 , 2005 Willie McCovey 1B Retired September 21 , 1980 Jackie Robinson * -- All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 * Retired throughout the major leagues ; Robinson actually was traded to the Giants , but retired before playing a game for them . Of the Giants whose numbers have been retired , all have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . In 1944 , Carl Hubbell ( # 11 ) became the first National Leaguer to have his number retired by his team . Bill Terry ( # 3 ) , Mel Ott ( # 4 ) , and Hubbell played and / or managed their entire careers for the New York Giants . Willie Mays ( # 24 ) began his career in New York , moving with the Giants to San Francisco in 1958 ; he did not play in most of 1952 and all of 1953 due to his service in the Korean War . Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) Although not officially retired , the team has not reissued number 25 since Barry Bonds left the team following the 2007 season . Also honored ( edit ) John McGraw ( 3B , 1902 -- 06 ; Manager , 1902 -- 32 ) and Christy Mathewson ( P , 1900 -- 16 ) , who were members of the New York Giants before the introduction of uniform numbers , have the letters `` NY '' displayed in place of a number . Broadcasters Lon Simmons ( 1958 -- 73 , 1976 -- 78 , 1996 -- 2002 & 2006 ) , Russ Hodges ( 1949 -- 70 ) , and Jon Miller ( 1997 -- current ) are each represented by an old - style radio microphone displayed in place of a number . The Giants present the Willie Mac Award annually to the player that best exemplifies the spirit and leadership shown by Willie McCovey throughout his career . Team captains ( edit ) Jack Doyle 1902 Larry Doyle 1908 -- 1916 Gus Mancuso 1937 -- 1938 Mel Ott 1939 -- 1947 Alvin Dark 1950 -- 1956 Willie Mays 1961 -- 1972 Willie McCovey 1977 -- 1980 Darrell Evans 1980 -- 1983 Jack Clark 1984 Season records ( edit ) Further information : List of San Francisco Giants seasons All - time regular season record : 11,015 -- 9,513 (. 537 ) ( through 2017 season ) Current roster ( edit ) San Francisco Giants 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers -- Tyler Beede 50 Ty Blach 40 Madison Bumgarner 59 Kyle Crick 47 Johnny Cueto 49 Sam Dyson -- Julian Fernandez 62 Cory Gearrin 67 Roberto Goméz -- Joan Gregorio -- Tyler Herb 86 Chase Johnson -- Pierce Johnson 64 Derek Law 41 Mark Melancon 54 Reyes Moronta 32 Steven Okert 61 Josh Osich 29 Jeff Samardzija 13 Will Smith -- D.J. Snelten 34 Chris Stratton 60 Hunter Strickland Catchers -- Aramis Garcia -- Nick Hundley 28 Buster Posey Infielders 22 Christian Arroyo 9 Brandon Belt 35 Brandon Crawford 52 Miguel Gómez 63 Ryder Jones 12 Joe Panik 48 Pablo Sandoval 37 Kelby Tomlinson Outfielders 66 Gorkys Hernández 6 Jarrett Parker 8 Hunter Pence 53 Austin Slater 2 Denard Span 51 Mac Williamson Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Coaches 17 José Alguacil ( first base ) -- Chad Chop ( special assistant ) 21 Shawon Dunston ( special assistant ) -- Matt Herges ( bullpen ) 31 Hensley Meulens ( bench ) -- Alonzo Powell ( hitting ) -- Rick Schu ( assistant hitting ) 99 Taira Uematsu ( bullpen catcher ) 88 Eli Whiteside ( bullpen catcher ) 23 Ron Wotus ( third base ) -- Curt Young ( pitching ) 40 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 19 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of San Francisco Giants minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Sacramento River Cats Pacific Coast League West Sacramento , California AA Richmond Flying Squirrels Eastern League Richmond , Virginia Advanced A San Jose Giants California League San Jose , California Augusta GreenJackets South Atlantic League North Augusta , South Carolina Short Season A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Northwest League Keizer , Oregon Rookie AZL Giants Arizona League Scottsdale , Arizona DSL Giants Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Giants ' television telecasts are split between NBC - owned KNTV ( broadcast ) and NBC Sports Bay Area ( cable ) . KNTV 's broadcast contract with the Giants began in 2008 , one year after the team and KTVU mutually ended a relationship that dated to 1961 . Jon Miller regularly calls the action on KNTV , while the announcing team for NBCSBA telecasts is Mike Krukow and Duane Kuiper , affectionately known as `` Kruk and Kuip '' ( pronounced `` Kruke '' and `` Kype '' ) . During the 2016 season , the Giants had an average 4.71 rating and 117,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts . The Giants ' flagship radio station is KNBR ( 680 AM ) . KNBR 's owner , Cumulus Media , is a limited partner in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP , the owner of the team . Jon Miller and Dave Flemming are the regular play - by - play announcers . In addition to KNBR , the Giants can be heard throughout Northern California and parts of Nevada , Oregon , and Hawaii on the Giants Radio Network . When games are televised on KNTV , Kuiper replaces Miller on the radio , and Miller goes to television . Erwin Higueros and Tito Fuentes handle Spanish - language radio broadcasts on KXZM ( 93.7 FM ) . Home run call glitch ( edit ) On May 28 , 2006 , Flemming called the 715th career home run of Barry Bonds , which moved Bonds into second on the all - time home run list . Unfortunately , the power from Flemming 's microphone to the transmitter cut off while the ball was in flight , so the radio audience heard only crowd noise . Greg Papa took over the broadcast and apologized to listeners . Kuiper 's TV call was submitted to the Baseball Hall of Fame as an artifact , instead of the usual radio call . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal San Francisco Bay Area portal List of San Francisco Giants team records List of San Francisco Giants broadcasters San Francisco Giants general managers and managers History of the New York Giants ( NL ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Giants Uniforms and Logos '' . San Francisco Giants . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ `` NLDS 2002 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 League Championship Series -- San Francisco Giants over St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 League Division Series -- Florida Marlins over San Francisco Giants ( 3 - 1 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 San Francisco Giants Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 San Francisco Giants Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giants catcher Mike Matheny announces retirement SFGiants.com : Official Info '' . Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` Giants make deal with rival Dodgers , sending Sweeney to L.A '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Curry , Jack ( September 22 , 2007 ) . `` Bonds Goes From Out of the Park to Out of a Job '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NL Cy Young Award goes to Lincecum '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lincecum 's the one ; that makes two Cys '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bonds , Giants honor Burns '' . ESPN . Associated Press . July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Santo , Michael ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` SF Giants Acquire Freddy Sanchez , Trade Tim Alderson '' . Huliq.com . Jump up ^ `` MLB Standings -- 2003 '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` ESPN predicts the 2010 baseball season -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com pundits weigh in with predictions MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 MLB Preseason Experts Picks '' . CNN . March 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Laurence ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Giants Bring World Series Championship to West Coast '' . NBCBayArea.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Giants win the Series ! Giants win the Series ! Edgar Rentaria went on to win the 2010 World Series MVP award '' . mlb.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants win first World Series since 1954 '' . Foxsports.com . November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walker , Ben ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Giants win World Series behind Lincecum , Renteria '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` Rookie 's Gem Has Giants On Verge of Championship '' . New York Times . p . D1 . The Giants ... secure the Bay Area 's first title since ... the 49ers won the Super Bowl . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( 2010 ) . `` Posey catches NL Rookie of the Year honors '' . mlb.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants fan beaten after Dodgers Stadium game '' . CBC News . April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klopman , Michael ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Buster Posey Injury : Giants Catcher Injured In Brutal Collision With Marlins ' Scott Cousins ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 National League Season Summary '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Standings and Games on June 30 , 2012 '' . Baseball Reference.com . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroner , Steve ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Cain throws perfect game as Giants win 10 - 0 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( 11 July 2012 ) . `` Giants trample any All - Star doubts '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Giants claim NL West title with sixth straight win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giants slam their way to historic NLCS berth '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` Marco Scutaro MVP of NLCS '' . ESPN . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . He batted . 500 with two walks , scored six runs and drove in four . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Sandoval 's homer trifecta gives Giants Game 1 win '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( October 29 , 2012 ) `` Most Valuable Panda ! Pablo Sandoval named World Series MVP '' , Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Giants top Tigers in the 10th for World Series sweep '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SBNation.com . `` From World 's Champions to last place in one easy winter '' . SBNation.com . 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The Washington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Giants pitcher Madison Bumgarner wins NLCS MVP '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Madison Bumgarner pitches Giants to World Series championship in classic Game 7 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silva , Drew ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Madison Bumgarner named World Series MVP ... obviously '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Sean ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dynasty ! San Francisco Giants Win It All '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` With three non-consecutive titles in five years , are Giants a dynasty ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` The slumping Giants have MLB 's worst second - half record '' . ftw.usatoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Giants -- Posey , Panik , Crawford -- win Gold Glove awards '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giants sign free agent closer Mark Melancon '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees sign Aroldis Chapman to 5 - year deal '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bumgarner sets record with 2 Opening Day HRs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ A Cunning Kind of Play : The Cubs - Giants Rivalry , 1876 -- 1932 by Warren N. Wilbert Jump up ^ `` Giants , Cubs commemorate 1912 SFGiants.com : News '' . Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H05 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head record for Oakland Athletics against the listed opponents from 1997 to 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Jump up ^ Neft , David ( 2006 ) . The Sports Encyclopedia : Baseball 2006 . St. Martin 's Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 35001 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Brian ( 1984 ) . The Book of Sports Trophies . Cornwall Books . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig 's Farewell Speech '' . LouGehrig.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants retire No. 20 uniform of Monte Irvin '' . Associated Press . ESPN.com . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ott , Tim ( June 18 , 2003 ) . `` Gehrig 's No. 4 was first retired number '' . MLB . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` No one 's getting Lincecum 's No. 55 anytime soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` List of Major League Baseball retired numbers '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Kroner , Steve ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Giants are moving to KNTV '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ Cumulus Media , Inc . ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Notes to consolidated financial statements '' . Annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10 - K. p. F - 14 . General Reference ( edit ) Hynd , Noel ( 1988 ) . The Giants of the Polo Grounds : The Glorious Times of Baseball 's New York Giants . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23790 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco Giants . Official Website San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia Baseball Reference Sports E-Cyclopedia San Francisco Giants Page History and Pictures Robert Lurie talks at the Commonwealth Club in 1976 about the process of keeping the Giants in San Francisco ( from the Commonwealth Club records at the Hoover Institution ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the giants were in the world series	[ "In 2016, the Giants started off strong, ending their first half at the All-Star break with the best record in the majors at 57-33. However, due to a struggling bullpen in the second half, they just barely qualified for the 2016 postseason in the 2nd NL Wild Card spot. In the process they blew an 8-game lead to the rival Los Angeles Dodgers, who were missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for 2 1/2 months.[88] The Giants' run at even-year championships ended with a game 4 loss to the eventual World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the 2016 NLDS. 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-675791561614940216	A Song of Ice and Fire	A Song of Ice and Fire - wikipedia A Song of Ice and Fire Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For the television adaptation , see Game of Thrones . A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire book collection box set cover A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( forthcoming ) A Dream of Spring ( forthcoming ) Author George R.R. Martin Country United States Language English Genre Epic fantasy Publisher Bantam Books ( US , Canada ) Voyager Books ( UK , Australia ) Published August 1996 -- present Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) audiobook A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R.R. Martin . He began the first volume of the series , A Game of Thrones , in 1991 and had it published in 1996 . Martin , who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy , has published five out of a planned seven volumes . The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011 , A Dance with Dragons , took Martin five years to write . He is still writing the sixth novel , The Winds of Winter . A Song of Ice and Fire takes place on the fictional continents Westeros and Essos . The point of view of each chapter in the story is a limited perspective of a range of characters growing from nine , in the first novel , to thirty - one by the fifth . Three main stories interweave a dynastic war among several families for control of Westeros , the rising threat of the supernatural Others in the northernmost reaches of Westeros , and the ambition of Daenerys Targaryen , the deposed king 's exiled daughter , to assume the Iron Throne . Martin 's inspirations included the Wars of the Roses and the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon . A Song of Ice and Fire received praise for its diverse portrayal of women and religion , as well as its realism . An assortment of disparate and subjective points of view confronts the reader , and the success or survival of point of view characters is never assured . Within the often morally ambiguous world of A Song of Ice and Fire , questions concerning loyalty , pride , human sexuality , piety , and the morality of violence frequently arise . As of April 2015 , the books have sold more than 60 million copies worldwide and , as of January 2017 , have been translated into 47 languages . The fourth and fifth volumes reached the top of The New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases . Among the many derived works are several prequel novellas , a TV series , a comic book adaptation , and several card , board , and video games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot synopsis 2 Publishing history 2.1 Overview 2.2 First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) 2.3 Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 2.4 Planned novels and future 2.4. 1 The Winds of Winter 2.4. 2 A Dream of Spring 2.4. 3 TV series and other writings 3 Inspiration and writing 3.1 Genre 3.2 Writing process 3.3 Narrative structure 3.4 Character development 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Sales 5.3 Fandom 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Derived works 6.1 Novellas 6.2 TV series 6.3 Other works 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot synopsis ( edit ) Further information : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters and World of A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire takes place in a fictional world in which seasons last for years and end unpredictably . Nearly three centuries before the events of the first novel ( see backstory ) , the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros were united under the Targaryen dynasty by Aegon I and his sisters Visenya and Rhaenys , with Aegon Targaryen becoming the first king of the whole of the continent of Westeros , save for the southerly Dorne . At the beginning of A Game of Thrones , 15 peaceful years have passed since the rebellion led by Robert Baratheon deposed and killed the last Targaryen king , Aerys II , and proclaimed Robert king of the Seven Kingdoms , with a nine year long summer coming to an end . The principal story chronicles the power struggle for the Iron Throne among the great Houses of Westeros following the death of King Robert in A Game of Thrones . Robert 's heir apparent , the 13 - year old Joffrey , is immediately proclaimed king through the machinations of his mother , Queen Cersei Lannister . When Lord Eddard `` Ned '' Stark , Robert 's chief advisor , discovers that Joffrey and his siblings are the product of incest between Cersei and her twin brother Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' Lannister , Eddard is executed for treason . In response , Robert 's brothers Stannis and Renly both lay separate claims to the throne . During this period of instability , two of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros attempt to become independent from the Iron Throne : Eddard 's eldest son Robb is proclaimed King in the North , while Balon Greyjoy desires to recover the sovereignty of his region , the Iron Islands . The so - called `` War of the Five Kings '' is in full progress by the middle of the second book , A Clash of Kings . The second story takes place in the far north of Westeros , where an 8,000 - year - old wall of ice , simply called `` the Wall '' , defends the Seven Kingdoms from the Others . The Wall 's sentinels , the Sworn Brotherhood of the Night 's Watch , also protect the realm from the incursions of the `` wildlings '' or `` Free Folk '' , who are humans living north of the Wall . The Night 's Watch story is told primarily through the point of view of Jon Snow , Eddard 's bastard son . Jon follows the footsteps of his uncle Benjen Stark and joins the Watch at a young age , rising quickly through the ranks , eventually becoming Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . In the third volume , A Storm of Swords , the Night 's Watch storyline becomes increasingly entangled with the War of the Five Kings . The third story follows Daenerys Targaryen , daughter of Aerys , the last Targaryen king . On the continent of Essos , east of Westeros across the Narrow Sea , Daenerys is married off by her elder brother Viserys Targaryen to a powerful warlord , but slowly becomes an independent and intelligent ruler in her own right . Her rise to power is aided by the historic birth of three dragons , hatched from eggs given to her as wedding gifts . The three dragons soon become not only a symbol of her bloodline , but also devastating weapons of war . Publishing history ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Books in the Ice and Fire series are first published in hardcover and are later re-released as paperback editions . In the UK , Harper Voyager publishes special slipcased editions . The series has also been translated into more than 30 languages . All page totals given below are for the US first editions . # Title Pages Chapters Words Audio US release A Game of Thrones 694 73 292,727 33h 53m August 1996 A Clash of Kings 768 70 318,903 37h 17m February 1999 A Storm of Swords 973 82 414,604 47h 37m November 2000 A Feast for Crows 753 46 295,032 31h 10m November 2005 5 A Dance with Dragons 1040 73 414,788 48h 56m July 2011 6 The Winds of Winter Forthcoming 7 A Dream of Spring Forthcoming Total 4,228 344 1,736,054 198h 53m First three novels ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) George R.R. Martin at Archipelacon in Mariehamn , 2015 . George R.R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci - fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series . Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977 . By the mid-1990s , he had won three Hugo Awards , two Nebula Awards , and other awards for his short fiction . Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community , his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s . He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990 , but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts . He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made and that TV - related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes . This pushed Martin back towards writing books , where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination . Admiring the works of J.R.R. Tolkien in his childhood , he wanted to write an epic fantasy , though he did not have any specific ideas . When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991 , he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon . After three chapters , he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man 's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow , which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones . Putting Avalon aside , Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story . After a few more chapters , Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story and started making maps and genealogies . However , the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired . `` The first scene ... chapter one of the first book , the chapter where they find the direwolf pups ... just came to me out of nowhere . I was ... at work on a different novel , and suddenly I saw that scene . It did n't belong in the novel I was writing , but it came to me so vividly that I had to sit down and write it , and by the time I did , it led to a second chapter , and the second chapter was the Catelyn chapter where Ned has just come back . '' -- George R.R. Martin in 2014 In 1994 , Martin gave to his agent , Kirby McCauley , the first 200 pages and a two - page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow . When Martin had still not reached the novel 's end at 1400 manuscript pages , he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long , which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story . Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title : Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for `` Ice and Fire '' , whereas the word `` song '' had previously appeared in Martin 's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing , stemming from his obsessions with songs . Martin also named Robert Frost 's 1920 poem `` Fire and Ice '' and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series ' title . The revised finished manuscript for A Game of Thrones was 1088 pages long ( without the appendices ) , with the publication following in August 1996 . Wheel of Time author Robert Jordan had written a short endorsement for the cover that was influential in ensuring the book 's and hence series ' early success with fantasy readers . Blood of the Dragon , a pre-release sample novella drawn from Daenerys 's chapters , went on to win the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella . The 300 pages removed from the A Game of Thrones manuscript served as the opening of the second book , entitled A Clash of Kings . It was released in February 1999 in the United States , with a manuscript length ( without appendices ) of 1184 pages . A Clash of Kings was the first book of the Ice and Fire series to make the best - seller lists , reaching 13 on The New York Times Best Seller list in 1999 . After the success of The Lord of the Rings films , Martin received his first inquiries to the rights of the Ice and Fire series from various producers and filmmakers . Martin was several months late turning in the third book , A Storm of Swords . The last chapter he had written was about the `` Red Wedding '' , a pivotal scene notable for its violence ( see Themes : Violence and death ) . A Storm of Swords was 1521 pages in manuscript ( without appendices ) , causing problems for many of Martin 's publishers around the world . Bantam Books published A Storm of Swords in a single volume in the United States in November 2000 , whereas some other - language editions were divided into two , three , or even four volumes . A Storm of Swords debuted at number 12 in the New York Times bestseller list . Bridging the timeline gap ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) After A Game of Thrones , A Clash of Kings , and A Storm of Swords , Martin originally intended to write three more books . The fourth book , tentatively titled A Dance with Dragons , was to focus on Daenerys Targaryen 's return to Westeros and the associated conflicts . Martin wanted to set this story five years after A Storm of Swords so that the younger characters could grow older and the dragons grow larger . Agreeing with his publishers early on that the new book should be shorter than A Storm of Swords , Martin set out to write the novel closer in length to A Clash of Kings . A long prologue was to establish what had happened in the meantime , initially just as one chapter of Aeron Damphair on the Iron Islands at the Kingsmoot . Since the events on the Iron Islands were to have an impact in the book and could not be told with existing POV characters , Martin eventually introduced three new viewpoints . In 2001 , Martin was still optimistic that the fourth installment might be released in the last quarter of 2002 . However , the five - year gap did not work for all characters during writing . On one hand , Martin was unsatisfied with covering the events during the gap solely through flashbacks and internal retrospection . On the other hand , it was implausible to have nothing happen for five years . After working on the book for about a year , Martin realized he needed an additional interim book , which he called A Feast for Crows . The book would pick up the story immediately after the third book , and Martin scrapped the idea of a five - year gap . The material of the written 250 - page prologue was mixed in as new viewpoint characters from Dorne and the Iron Islands . These expanded storylines and the resulting story interactions complicated the plot for Martin . The manuscript length of A Feast for Crows eventually surpassed A Storm of Swords . Martin was reluctant to make the necessary deep cuts to get the book down to publishable length , as that would have compromised the story he had in mind . Printing the book in `` microtype on onion skin paper and giving each reader a magnifying glass '' was also not an option for him . On the other hand , Martin rejected the publishers ' idea of splitting the narrative chronologically into A Feast for Crows , Parts One and Two . Being already late with the book , Martin had not even started writing all characters ' stories and also objected to ending the first book without any resolution for its many viewpoint characters as in previous books . With the characters spread out across the world , a friend suggested that Martin divide the story geographically into two volumes , of which A Feast for Crows would be the first . This approach would give Martin the room to complete his commenced story arcs as he had originally intended , which he still felt was the best approach years later . Martin moved the unfinished characters ' stories set in the east ( Essos ) and north ( Winterfell and the Wall ) into the next book , A Dance with Dragons , and left A Feast for Crows to cover the events on Westeros , King 's Landing , the Riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands . Both books begin immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords , running in parallel instead of sequentially , and involve different casts of characters with only little overlap . Martin split Arya 's chapters into both books after having already moved the three other most popular characters ( Jon Snow , Tyrion , and Daenerys ) into A Dance with Dragons . Upon its release in October 2005 in the UK and November 2005 in the US , A Feast for Crows went straight to the top of The New York Times bestseller list . Among the positive reviewers was Lev Grossman of Time , who dubbed Martin `` the American Tolkien '' . However , fans and critics alike were disappointed with the story split that left the fates of several popular characters unresolved after A Storm of Swords ' cliffhanger ending . With A Dance with Dragons said to be half - finished , Martin mentioned in the epilogue of A Feast for Crows that the next volume would be released by the next year . However , planned release dates were repeatedly pushed back . Meanwhile , HBO acquired the rights to turn Ice and Fire into a dramatic series in 2007 and aired the first of ten episodes covering A Game of Thrones in April 2011 . With around 1600 pages in manuscript length , A Dance with Dragons was eventually published in July 2011 after six years of writing , longer in page count and writing time than any of the preceding four novels . The story of A Dance with Dragons catches up and goes beyond A Feast for Crows around two - thirds into the book , but nevertheless covers less story than Martin had intended , omitting at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliff - hangers . Martin attributed the delay mainly to his untangling `` the Meereenese knot '' , which the interviewer understood as `` making the chronology and characters mesh up as various threads converged on ( Daenerys ) '' . Martin also acknowledged spending too much time on rewriting and perfecting the story , but soundly rejected the theories of some of his critics that he had lost interest in the series or would bide his time to make more money . Planned novels and future ( edit ) Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1500 manuscript pages each . The sixth book will be called The Winds of Winter , taking the title of the last book of the originally planned trilogy . Displeased with the provisional title A Time for Wolves for the final volume , Martin ultimately announced A Dream of Spring as the title for the seventh book in 2006 . Martin said in March 2012 that the final two novels will take readers farther north than any of the previous books , and that the Others will appear in the book . The Winds of Winter ( edit ) Further information : The Winds of Winter The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and `` will open with the two big battles that ( the fifth book ) was building up to , the battle in the ice and the battle ( ... ) of Slaver 's Bay . And then take it from there . '' By the middle of 2010 , Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark , Arya Stark , Arianne Martell , and Aeron Greyjoy , accumulating to around 100 completed pages . After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012 . He spent the meantime on book tours , conventions , and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella . In December 2011 , Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy ; several other chapters have been made public since . Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012 , although Martin considers only 200 as `` really finished '' ; the rest needs revising . In 2011 , Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace , but said ultimately the book `` will be done when it 's done '' , acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past . Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again . In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end - of - year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season . He added that there was `` a lot still left to write '' and that completion of the book was `` months away still ... if the writing goes well . '' Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015 , and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end - of - year deadline achievable . He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones . In February 2016 , Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards , and that he would not be writing any teleplays , screenplays , short stories , introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter . During the Guadalajara International Book Fair in Mexico in early December 2016 , Martin offered the following hint as to the tone of this book : There are a lot of dark chapters right now ... I 've been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming . Winter is the time when things die , and cold and ice and darkness fill the world , so this is not going to be the happy feel - good that people may be hoping for . Some of the characters ( are ) in very dark places . A Dream of Spring ( edit ) Martin is firm about ending the series with the seventh novel `` until I decide not to be firm '' . With his stated goal of telling the story from beginning to end , he will not truncate the story to fit into an arbitrary number of volumes . He knows the ending in broad strokes as well as the future of the main characters , and will finish the series with bittersweet elements where not everyone will live happily ever after . Martin hopes to write an ending similar to The Lord of the Rings that he felt gave the story a satisfying depth and resonance . On the other hand , Martin noted the challenge to avoid a situation like the finale of the TV series Lost , which left some fans disappointed by deviating too far from their own theories and desires . In 2015 , Martin said that he was not writing A Dream of Spring together with The Winds of Winter , and in early 2016 , he said he did not believe A Dream of Spring would be published before the last season of the HBO show . Martin offered the following hint as to how the series would conclude during a Q&A at the Guadalajara International Book Fair . `` I 'm not going to tell you how I 'm going to end my book , but I suspect the overall flavor is going to be as much bittersweet as it is happy . '' TV series and other writings ( edit ) Early during the development of the TV series , Martin told major plot points to producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . ( The New York Times reported in 2011 that , at age 62 , Martin was by all accounts in robust health . ) Martin was confident he would have published at least The Winds of Winter before the TV series overtook him . Nevertheless , there was general concern about whether Martin would be able to stay ahead of the show . As a result , head writers Benioff and Weiss learned more future plot points from Martin in 2013 to help them set up the show 's new possible seasons . This included the end stories for all the core characters . Deviations from the books ' storylines are also being considered , but a two - year show hiatus to wait for new books is not an option for them as the child actors continue to grow and the show 's popularity would wane . Martin indicated he would not permit another writer to finish the book series . On January 2 , 2016 , Martin confirmed that the sixth volume would not be published before the start of the sixth season of the HBO series . Regarding A Song of Ice and Fire as his magnum opus , Martin is certain never to write anything on this scale again and would only return to this fictional universe in the context of stand - alone novels . He prefers to write stories about characters from other Ice and Fire periods of history such as his Tales of Dunk and Egg project , instead of continuing the series directly . A possible future side project is a prequel set during Aegon 's conquest of Westeros . Martin said he would love to return to writing short stories , novellas , novelettes , and stand - alone novels from diverse genres such as science fiction , horror , fantasy , or even a murder mystery . However , he will see if his audience follows him after publishing his next project . Inspiration and writing ( edit ) Genre ( edit ) Further information : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin believes the most profound influences to be the ones experienced in childhood . Having read H.P. Lovecraft , Robert E. Howard , Robert A. Heinlein , Eric Frank Russell , Andre Norton , Isaac Asimov , Fritz Leiber , and Mervyn Peake in his youth , Martin never categorized these authors ' literature into science fiction , fantasy , or horror and will write from any genre as a result . Martin classified A Song of Ice and Fire as `` epic fantasy '' , and specifically named Tad Williams as very influential for the writing of the series . One of his favorite authors is Jack Vance , although Martin considered the series not particularly Vancean . `` ( Martin 's Ice and Fire series ) was groundbreaking ( at least for me ) in all kinds of ways . Above all , the books were extremely unpredictable , especially in a genre where readers have come to expect the intensely predictable . ( ... ) A Game of Thrones was profoundly shocking when I first read it , and fundamentally changed my notions about what could be done with epic fantasy . '' -- Fantasy writer Joe Abercrombie in 2008 The medieval setting has been the traditional background for epic fantasy . However , where historical fiction leaves versed readers knowing the historical outcome , original characters may increase suspense and empathy for the readers . Yet Martin felt historical fiction , particularly when set during the Middle Ages , had an excitement , grittiness , and a realness to it that was absent in fantasy with a similar backdrop . Thus , he wanted to combine the realism of historical fiction with the magic appeal of the best fantasies , subduing magic in favor of battles and political intrigue . He also decided to avoid the conventional good versus evil setting typical for the genre , using the fight between Achilles and Hector in Homer 's Iliad , where no one stands out as either a hero or a villain , as an example of what he wants to achieve with his books . Martin is widely credited with broadening the fantasy fiction genre for adult content , including incest , paedophilia , and adultery . For The Washington Post 's Writing for The Atlantic , Amber Taylor assessed the novels as hard fantasy with vulnerable characters to which readers become emotionally attached . CNN found in 2000 that Martin 's mature descriptions were `` far more frank than those found in the works of other fantasy authors '' , although Martin assessed the fantasy genre to have become rougher - edged a decade later and that some writers ' work was going beyond the mature themes of his novels . Adam Roberts called Martin 's series the most successful and popular example of the emerging subgenre of grimdark fantasy , influencing other writers associated with that style , such as Joe Abercrombie . Writing process ( edit ) Setting out to write something on an epic scale , Martin projected to write three books of 800 manuscript pages in the very early stages of the series . His original 1990s contract specified one - year deadlines for his previous literary works , but Martin only realized later that his new books were longer and hence required more writing time . In 2000 , Martin planned to take 18 months to two years for each volume and projected the last of the planned six books to be released five or six years later . However , with the Ice and Fire series evolving into the biggest and most ambitious story he has ever attempted writing , he still has two more books to write as of 2016 . Martin said he needed to be in his own office in Santa Fe , New Mexico to immerse himself in the fictional world and write . As of 2011 , Martin was still typing his fiction on a DOS computer with WordStar 4.0 software . He begins each day at 10 am with rewriting and polishing the previous day 's work , and may write all day or struggle to write anything . Excised material and previous old versions are saved to be possibly re-inserted at a later time . The Ice and Fire series was partly inspired by the Wars of the Roses , a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England . This painting by Richard Burchett portrays Edward IV demanding that his defeated enemies be taken from Tewkesbury Abbey . Martin set the Ice and Fire story in a secondary world inspired by Tolkien 's writing . Unlike Tolkien , who created entire languages , mythologies , and histories for Middle - earth long before writing The Lord of the Rings , Martin usually starts with a rough sketch of an imaginary world that he improvises into a workable fictional setting along the way . He described his writing as coming from a subconscious level in `` almost a daydreaming process '' , and his stories , which have a mythic rather than a scientific core , draw from emotion instead of rationality . Martin employs maps and a cast list topping 60 pages in the fourth volume , but keeps most information in his mind . His imagined backstory remains subject to change until published , and only the novels count as canon . Martin does not intend to publish his private notes after the series is finished . Martin drew much inspiration from actual history for the series , having several bookcases filled with medieval history for research and visiting historic European landmarks . For an American who speaks only English , the history of England proved the easiest source of medieval history for him , giving the series a British rather than a German or Spanish historic flavor . For example , Ned and Robb Stark resemble Richard , 3rd Duke of York and his son Edward IV , and Queen Cersei resembles both Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville . Martin immersed himself in many diverse medieval topics such as clothing , food , feasting , and tournaments , to have the facts at hand if needed during writing . The series was in particular influenced by the Hundred Years ' War , the Crusades , the Albigensian Crusade , and the Wars of the Roses , although Martin refrained from making any direct adaptations . Martin was also inspired by the French historical novels The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon , which are about the French monarchy in the 13th and 14th centuries . The story is written to follow principal landmarks with an ultimate destination , but leaves Martin room for improvisation . On occasion , improvised details significantly affected the planned story . By the fourth book , Martin kept more private notes than ever before to keep track of the many subplots , which became so detailed and sprawling by the fifth book as to be unwieldy . Martin 's editors , copy editors , and readers monitor for accidental mistakes , although some errors have slipped into publication . For instance , Martin has inconsistently referred to certain characters ' eye colors , and has described a horse as being of one sex and then another . Narrative structure ( edit ) Number of chapters per point - of - view character ( show ) POV character Game Clash Storm Feast Dance ( Winds ) Sum Bran Stark 7 7 -- 21 Catelyn Stark 11 7 7 -- -- 25 Daenerys Targaryen 10 5 6 -- 10 31 Eddard Stark 15 -- -- -- -- 15 Jon Snow 9 8 12 -- 13 42 Arya Stark 5 10 13 ≥ 1 33 Tyrion Lannister 9 15 11 -- 12 ≥ 2 47 Sansa Stark 6 8 7 -- ≥ 1 24 Davos Seaworth -- 6 -- 13 Theon Greyjoy -- 6 -- -- 7 ≥ 1 13 Jaime Lannister -- -- 9 7 17 Samwell Tarly -- -- 5 5 -- 10 Cersei Lannister -- -- -- 10 12 Brienne of Tarth -- -- -- 8 -- 8 Aeron Greyjoy -- -- -- -- ≥ 1 Areo Hotah -- -- -- ≥ 1 Asha Greyjoy -- -- -- Arys Oakheart -- -- -- -- Victarion Greyjoy -- -- -- ≥ 1 Arianne Martell -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Quentyn Martell -- -- -- -- Jon Connington -- -- -- -- Melisandre -- -- -- -- Barristan Selmy -- -- -- -- ≥ 2 Prologue / Epilogue 1 / -- 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / -- 1 / 1 1 / 7 Total ( characters ) 73 ( 9 ) 70 ( 10 ) 82 ( 12 ) 46 ( 13 ) 73 ( 18 ) TBD 344 ( 31 ) The books are divided into chapters , each one narrated in the third person limited through the eyes of a point of view character , an approach Martin learned himself as a young journalism student . Beginning with nine POV characters in A Game of Thrones , the number of POV characters grows to a total of 31 in A Dance with Dragons ( see table ) . The short - lived one - time POV characters are mostly restricted to the prologue and epilogue . David Orr of The New York Times noted the story importance of `` the Starks ( good guys ) , the Targaryens ( at least one good guy , or girl ) , the Lannisters ( conniving ) , the Greyjoys ( mostly conniving ) , the Baratheons ( mixed bag ) , the Tyrells ( unclear ) and the Martells ( ditto ) , most of whom are feverishly endeavoring to advance their ambitions and ruin their enemies , preferably unto death '' . However , as Time 's Lev Grossman noted , readers `` experience the struggle for Westeros from all sides at once '' , such that `` every fight is both triumph and tragedy ( ... ) and everybody is both hero and villain at the same time '' . Modeled on The Lord of the Rings , the Ice and Fire story begins with a tight focus on a small group ( with everyone in Winterfell , except Daenerys ) and then splits into separate stories . The storylines are to converge again , but finding the turning point in this complex series has been difficult for Martin and has slowed down his writing . Depending on the interview , Martin is said to have reached the turning point in A Dance with Dragons , or to not quite have reached it yet in the books . The series ' structure of multiple POVs and interwoven storylines was inspired by Wild Cards , a multi-authored shared universe book series edited by Martin since 1985 . As the sole author , Martin begins each new book with an outline of the chapter order and may write a few successive chapters from a single character 's viewpoint instead of working chronologically . The chapters are later rearranged to optimize character intercutting , chronology , and suspense . Influenced by his television and film scripting background , Martin tries to keep readers engrossed by ending each Ice and Fire chapter with a tense or revelational moment , a twist or a cliffhanger , similar to a TV act break . Scriptwriting has also taught him the technique of `` cutting out the fat and leaving the muscle '' , which is the final stage of completing a book , a technique that brought the page count in A Dance with Dragons down almost eighty pages . Dividing the continuous Ice and Fire story into books is much harder for Martin . Each book shall represent a phase of the journey that ends in closure for most characters . A smaller portion of characters is left with clear - cut cliffhangers to make sure readers come back for the next installment , although A Dance with Dragons had more cliffhangers than Martin originally intended . Both one - time and regular POV characters are designed to have full character arcs ending in tragedy or triumph , and are written to hold the readers ' interest and not be skipped in reading . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not rely on the hero to come through unscathed and will instead feel the character 's fear with each page turn . The unresolved larger narrative arc encourages speculation about future story events . According to Martin , much of the key to Ice and Fire 's future lies over a dozen years in the fictional past , of which each volume reveals more . Events planned from the beginning are foreshadowed , although Martin is careful not to make the story predictable . The viewpoint characters , who serve as unreliable narrators , may clarify or provide different perspectives on past events . Therefore , what the readers believe to be true may not necessarily be true . Character development ( edit ) Main article : List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters Regarding the characters as the heart of the story , Martin planned the epic Ice and Fire fantasy to have a large cast of characters and many different settings from the beginning . A Feast for Crows has a 63 - page list of characters , with many of the thousands of characters mentioned only in passing or disappearing from view for long stretches . When Martin adds a new family to the ever - growing number of genealogies in the appendices , he devises a secret about the personality or fate of the family members . However , their backstory remains subject to change until written down in the story . Martin drew most character inspiration from history ( without directly translating historical figures ) and his own experiences , but also from the manners of his friends , acquaintances , and people of public interest . Martin aims to `` make my characters real and to make them human , characters who have good and bad , noble and selfish well - mixed in their natures '' . Jeff VanderMeer of the Los Angeles Times remarked that `` Martin 's devotion to fully inhabiting his characters , for better or worse , creates the unstoppable momentum in his novels and contains an implied criticism of Tolkien 's moral simplicity '' ( see Themes : Moral ambiguity ) . Martin deliberately ignored the writing rule of never giving two characters names starting with the same letter . Instead , character names reflect the naming systems in various European family histories , where particular names were associated with specific royal houses and where even the secondary families assigned the same names repeatedly . The Ice and Fire story therefore has children called `` Robert '' in honor of King Robert of House Baratheon , a `` Brandon '' in every other generation of the Starks in commemoration of Brandon the Builder ( of the Wall ) , and the syllable `` Ty '' commonly occurring in given names of House Lannister . Confident that readers would pay attention , Martin distinguished people sharing a given name by adding numbers or locations to their given names ( e.g. Henry V of England ) . The family names were designed in association with ethnic groups ( see backstory ) : the First Men in the North of Westeros had very simply descriptive names like Stark and Strong , whereas the descendants of the Andal invaders in the South have more elaborate , undescriptive house names like Lannister or Arryn , and the Targaryens and Valyrians from the Eastern continent have the most exotic names with the letter Y . All characters are designed to speak with their own internal voices to capture their views of the world . The Atlantic pondered whether Martin ultimately intended the readers to sympathize with characters on both sides of the Lannister -- Stark feud long before plot developments force them to make their emotional choices . Contrary to most conventional epic fantasies , the Ice and Fire characters are vulnerable so that , according to The Atlantic , the reader `` can not be sure that good shall triumph , which makes those instances where it does all the more exulting . '' Martin gets emotionally involved in the characters ' lives during writing , which makes the chapters with dreadful events sometimes very difficult to write . Seeing the world through the characters ' eyes requires a certain amount of empathy with them , including the villains , all of whom he has said he loves as if they were his own children . Martin found that some characters had minds of their own and took his writing in different directions . He returns to the intended story if it does not work out , but these detours sometimes prove more rewarding for him . Arya Stark , Tyrion Lannister , Jon Snow , and Daenerys Targaryen generate the most feedback from readers . Martin has stated that Tyrion is his personal favorite , as the grayest of the gray characters , with his cunning and wit making him the most fun to write . Martin has also said that Bran Stark is the hardest character to write . As the character most deeply involved in magic , Bran 's story needs to be handled carefully within the supernatural aspects of the books . Bran is also the youngest viewpoint character , and has to deal with the series ' adult themes like grief , loneliness , and anger . Martin set out to have the young characters grow up faster between chapters , but , as it was implausible for a character to take two months to respond , a finished book represents very little time passed . Martin hoped the planned five - year break would ease the situation and age the children to almost adults in terms of the Seven Kingdoms , but he later dropped the five - year gap ( see section Bridging the timeline gap ) . Themes ( edit ) Main article : Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire Although involving dragons and sorcery , the Ice and Fire series de-emphasizes magic as compared to many other epic fantasy works ( emblem of J. Allen St. John 's 1905 fantasy work The Face in the Pool ) . Although modern fantasy may often embrace strangeness , the Ice and Fire series is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort of medieval realism . Believing that magic should be used moderately in the epic fantasy genre , Martin set out to make the story feel more like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy , with less emphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles , political intrigue , and the characters . Though the amount of magic has gradually increased throughout the story , the series is still to end with less overt magic than most contemporary fantasies . In Martin 's eyes , literary effective magic needs to represent strange and dangerous forces beyond human comprehension , not advanced alien technologies or formulaic spells . As such , the characters understand only the natural aspects of their world , but not the magical elements like the Others . Since Martin drew on historical sources to build the Ice and Fire world , Damien G. Walter of The Guardian saw a strong resemblance between Westeros and England in the period of the Wars of the Roses . The Atlantic 's Adam Serwer regarded A Song of Ice and Fire as `` more a story of politics than one of heroism , a story about humanity wrestling with its baser obsessions than fulfilling its glorious potential '' , where the emergent power struggle stems from the feudal system 's repression and not from the fight between good and evil . Martin not only wanted to reflect the frictions of the medieval class structures in the novels , but also explore the consequences of the leaders ' decisions , as general goodness does not automatically make competent leaders and vice versa . A common theme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil , which Martin rejects for not mirroring the real world . Attracted to gray characters , Martin instead endorses William Faulkner 's view that only the human heart in conflict with itself was worth writing about . Martin explores the questions of redemption and character change in the Ice and Fire series . The multiple viewpoint structure allows characters to be explored from many sides , such that the supposed villains can provide their viewpoint . Although fantasy comes from an imaginative realm , Martin sees an honest necessity to reflect the real world where people die sometimes ugly deaths , even beloved people . Main characters are killed off so that the reader will not expect the supposed hero to survive , and instead will feel the same tension and fear that the characters might . The novels also reflect the substantial death rates in war . The deaths of supernumerary extras or orcs have no major effect on readers , whereas a friend 's death has much more emotional impact . Martin prefers a hero 's sacrifice to say something profound about human nature . According to Martin , the fantasy genre rarely focuses on sex and sexuality , instead often treating sexuality in a juvenile way or neglecting it completely . Martin , however , considers sexuality an important driving force in human life that should not be excluded from the narrative . Providing sensory detail for an immersive experience is more important than plot advancement for Martin , who aims to let the readers experience the novels ' sex scenes , `` whether it 's a great transcendent , exciting , mind blowing sex , or whether it 's disturbing , twisted , dark sex , or disappointing perfunctory sex . '' Martin was fascinated by medieval contrasts where knights venerated their ladies with poems and wore their favors in tournaments while their armies mindlessly raped women in wartime . The non-existent concept of adolescence in the Middle Ages served as a model for Daenerys ' sexual activity at the age of 13 in the books . The novels also allude to the incestuous practices in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Ancient Egypt to keep their bloodlines pure . Martin provides a variety of female characters to explore the place of women in a patriarchal society . Writing all characters as human beings with the same basic needs , dreams , and influences , his female characters are to cover the same wide spectrum of human traits as the males . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Science Fiction Weekly stated in 2000 that `` few would dispute that Martin 's most monumental achievement to date has been the groundbreaking A Song of Ice and Fire historical fantasy series '' , for which reviews have been `` orders of magnitude better '' than for his previous works , as Martin described to The New Yorker . In 2007 , Weird Tales magazine described the series as a `` superb fantasy saga '' that `` raised Martin to a whole new level of success '' . Shortly before the release of A Dance with Dragons in 2011 , Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post was sure that `` no work of fantasy has generated such anticipation since Harry Potter 's final duel with Voldemort '' , and Ethan Sacks of Daily News saw the series turning Martin into a darling of literary critics as well as mainstream readers , which was `` rare for a fantasy genre that 's often dismissed as garbage not fit to line the bottom of a dragon 's cage '' . Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard stated : The success is all the more remarkable because ( the series debuted ) without mass market publicity or any kind of buzz in the fantasy / SF scene . George R.R. Martin earned his following the hard way , by word of mouth , by hooking his characters into the psyche of his readers to an extent that most writers of fantasy only dream of . Publishers Weekly noted in 2000 that `` Martin may not rival Tolkien or Robert Jordan , but he ranks with such accomplished medievalists of fantasy as Poul Anderson and Gordon Dickson . '' After the fourth volume came out in 2005 , Time 's Lev Grossman considered Martin a `` major force for evolution in fantasy '' and proclaimed him `` the American Tolkien '' , explaining that , although Martin was `` ( not ) the best known of America 's straight - up fantasy writers '' at the time and would `` never win a Pulitzer or a National Book Award ... his skill as a crafter of narrative exceeds that of almost any literary novelist writing today '' . As Grossman said in 2011 , the phrase American Tolkien `` has stuck to ( Martin ) , as it was meant to '' , being picked up by the media including The New York Times ( `` He 's much better than that '' ) , the New Yorker , Entertainment Weekly ( `` an acclaim that borders on fantasy blasphemy '' ) , The Globe and Mail , and USA Today . Time magazine named Martin one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 , and USA Today named George R.R. Martin their Author of the Year 2011 . According to The Globe and Mail 's John Barber , Martin manages simultaneously to master and transcend the genre so that `` Critics applaud the depth of his characterizations and lack of cliché in books that are nonetheless replete with dwarves and dragons '' . Publishers Weekly gave favorable reviews to the first three Ice and Fire novels at their points of release , saying that A Game of Thrones had `` superbly developed characters , accomplished prose and sheer bloody - mindedness '' , that A Clash of Kings was `` notable particularly for the lived - in quality of ( their fictional world and ) for the comparatively modest role of magic '' , and that A Storm of Swords was one `` of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy '' . However , they found that A Feast For Crows as the fourth installment `` sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Their review for A Dance with Dragons repeated points of criticism for the fourth volume , and said that , although `` The new volume has a similar feel to Feast '' , `` Martin keeps it fresh by focusing on popular characters ( who were ) notably absent from the previous book . '' According to the Los Angeles Times , `` Martin 's brilliance in evoking atmosphere through description is an enduring hallmark of his fiction , the settings much more than just props on a painted stage '' , and the novels captivate readers with `` complex storylines , fascinating characters , great dialogue , perfect pacing , and the willingness to kill off even his major characters '' . CNN remarked that `` the story weaves through differing points of view in a skillful mix of observation , narration and well - crafted dialogue that illuminates both character and plot with fascinating style '' , and David Orr of The New York Times found that `` All of his hundreds of characters have grace notes of history and personality that advance a plot line . Every town has an elaborately recalled series of triumphs and troubles . '' Salon. com 's Andrew Leonard `` could n't stop reading Martin because my desire to know what was going to happen combined with my absolute inability to guess what would happen and left me helpless before his sorcery . At the end , I felt shaken and exhausted . '' The Christian Science Monitor advised reading the novels with an A Song of Ice and Fire encyclopedia at hand to `` catch all the layered , subtle hints and details that ( Martin ) leaves throughout his books . If you pay attention , you will be rewarded and questions will be answered . '' Among the most critical voices were Sam Jordison and Michael Hann , both of The Guardian . Jordison detailed his misgivings about A Game of Thrones in a 2009 review and summarized `` It 's daft . It 's unsophisticated . It 's cartoonish . And yet , I could n't stop reading ... Archaic absurdity aside , Martin 's writing is excellent . His dialogue is snappy and frequently funny . His descriptive prose is immediate and atmospheric , especially when it comes to building a sense of deliciously dark foreboding ( of the long impending winter ) . '' Hann did not consider the novels to stand out from the general fantasy genre , despite Martin 's alterations to fantasy convention , although he rediscovered his childhood 's views : That when things are , on the whole , pretty crappy ( in the real world ) , it 's a deep joy to dive headfirst into something so completely immersive , something from which there is no need to surface from hours at a time . And if that immersion involves dragons , magic , wraiths from beyond death , shapeshifting wolves and banished princes , so be it . Sales ( edit ) Sales performance of the Ice and Fire series in the New York Times combined print and e-book fiction bestseller list in 2011 between the airing of the Game of Thrones pilot episode and the publication of A Dance with Dragons . The reported overall sales figures of the A Song of Ice and Fire series vary . The New Yorker said in April 2011 ( before the publication of A Dance with Dragons ) that more than 15 million Ice and Fire books had been sold worldwide , a figure repeated by The Globe and Mail in July 2011 . Reuters reported in September 2013 that the books including print , digital and audio versions have sold more than 24 million copies in North America . The Wall Street Journal reported more than six million sold copies in North America by May 2011 . USA Today reported 8.5 million copies in print and digital overall in July 2011 , and over 12 million sold copies in print in December 2011 . The series has been translated into more than 20 languages ; USA Today reported the fifth book to be translated into over 40 languages . Forbes estimated that Martin was the 12th highest - earning author worldwide in 2011 at $15 million . Martin 's publishers initially expected A Game of Thrones to be a best - seller , but the first installment did not even reach any lower positions in bestseller list . This left Martin unsurprised , as it is `` a fool 's game to think anything is going to be successful or to count on it '' . However , the book slowly won the passionate advocacy of independent booksellers and the book 's popularity grew by word of mouth . The series ' popularity skyrocketed in subsequent volumes , with the second and third volume making The New York Times Best Seller lists in 1999 and 2000 , respectively . The series gained Martin 's old writings new attention , and Martin 's American publisher Bantam Spectra was to reprint his out - of - print solo novels . The fourth installment , A Feast for Crows , was an immediate best - seller at its 2005 release , hitting number one on `` The New York Times '' hardcover fiction bestseller list November 27 , 2005 , which for a fantasy novel suggested that Martin 's books were attracting mainstream readers . The paperback edition of A Game of Thrones reached its 34th printing in 2010 , surpassing the one million mark . Before it even premiered , the TV series had boosted sales of the book series , with Ice and Fire approaching triple - digit growth in year - on - year sales . Bantam was looking forward to seeing the tie - ins boost sales further , and Martin 's British publisher Harper Voyager expected readers to rediscover their other epic fantasy literature . With a reported 4.5 million copies of the first four volumes in print in early 2011 , the four volumes re-appeared on the paperback fiction bestseller lists in the second quarter of 2011 . At its point of publication in July 2011 , A Dance with Dragons was in its sixth print with more than 650,000 hardbacks in print . It also had the highest single and first - day sales of any new fiction title published in 2011 at that point , with 170,000 hardcovers , 110,000 e-books , and 18,000 audio books reportedly sold on the first day . A Dance with Dragons reached the top of The New York Times bestseller list on July 31 , 2011 . Unlike most other big titles , the fifth volume sold more physical than digital copies early on , but nevertheless , Martin became the tenth author to sell 1 million Amazon Kindle e-books . All five volumes and the four - volume boxed set were among the top 100 best - selling books in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . The TV series has contributed significantly boosting sales of both the books and collectibles like box - sets , merchandise , and other items . The TV series also contributed in increasing the geographic coverage of the books , introducing new customers in emerging countries like India and Brazil to the book series . All this has significantly increased the overall book sales . Fandom ( edit ) Main article : A Song of Ice and Fire fandom During the 1980s and early 1990s , Martin 's novels had slowly earned him a reputation in science fiction circles , although he said to only have received a few fans ' letters a year in the pre-internet days . The publication of A Game of Thrones caused Martin 's following to grow , with fan sites springing up and a Trekkie - like society of followers evolving that meet regularly . Westeros.org , one of the main Ice and Fire fansites with about seventeen thousand registered members as of 2011 , was established in 1999 by a Swedish - based fan of Cuban - American descent , Elio M. García , Jr. , and his girlfriend ; their involvement with Martin 's work has now become semi-professional . The Brotherhood Without Banners , an unofficial fan club operating globally , was formed in 2001 . Their founders and other longtime members are among Martin 's good friends . Martin runs an official website and administers a lively blog with the assistance of Ty Franck . He also interacts with fandom by answering emails and letters , although he stated in 2005 that their sheer numbers might leave them unanswered for years . Since there are different types of conventions nowadays , he tends to go to three or four science - fiction conventions a year simply to go back to his roots and meet friends . He does not read message boards anymore , so that his writing will not be influenced by fans foreseeing twists and interpreting characters differently from what he intended . `` After all , as some of you like to point out in your emails , I am sixty years old and fat , and you do n't want me to ' pull a Robert Jordan ' on you and deny you your book . Okay , I 've got the message . You do n't want me doing anything except A Song of Ice and Fire . Ever . ( Well , maybe it 's okay if I take a leak once in a while ? ) '' -- George R.R. Martin on his blog in 2009 While Martin calls the majority of his fans `` great '' , and enjoys interacting with them , some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons . A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009 , creating sites such as Finish the Book , George and Is Winter Coming ? . When fans ' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after , Martin issued a statement called `` To My Detractors '' on his blog that received media attention . The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either . The New Yorker called this `` an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love . Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) -- Locus Award winner , World Fantasy Award and Nebula Award nominee , 1997 A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) -- Locus Award winner , Nebula Award nominee , 1999 A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and Nebula Awards nominee , 2001 A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) -- Hugo , Locus , and British Fantasy Awards nominee , 2006 A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) -- Locus Award winner , Hugo Award and World Fantasy Award nominee , 2012 Derived works ( edit ) Novellas ( edit ) Martin has written several prequel novellas . The Tales of Dunk and Egg series , three novellas set ninety years before the events of the novel series , feature the adventures of Ser Duncan the Tall and his squire `` Egg '' , the later King Aegon V Targaryen . The stories have no direct connection to the plot of A Song of Ice and Fire , although both characters are mentioned in A Storm of Swords and A Feast For Crows , respectively . The first installment , The Hedge Knight , was published in the 1998 anthology Legends . The Sworn Sword followed in 2003 , published in Legends II . Both were later adapted into graphic novels . The third novella , titled The Mystery Knight , was first published in the 2010 anthology Warriors , and is planned to be adapted as a graphic novel as well . Martin planned to release the first three novellas as one collection in 2014 . Up to eight further Dunk and Egg installments are planned . The novella The Princess and the Queen or , the Blacks and the Greens appeared in Tor Books 's 2013 anthology Dangerous Women , and explains some of the Targaryen backstory two centuries before the events of the novels . The Rogue Prince , or , the King 's Brother , published in the 2014 anthology Rogues , is itself a prequel to the events of The Princess and the Queen . Chapter sets from the novels were also compiled into three novellas that were released between 1996 and 2003 by Asimov 's Science Fiction and Dragon : Blood of the Dragon ( July 1996 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Game of Thrones . Path of the Dragon ( December 2000 ) , taken from the Daenerys chapters in A Storm of Swords . Arms of the Kraken ( March 2003 ) , based on the Iron Islands chapters from A Feast for Crows . TV series ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones With the popularity of the series growing , HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007 . A pilot episode was produced in late 2009 , and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010 . The series , titled Game of Thrones , premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings ( see Game of Thrones : Reception ) . The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later . Shortly after the conclusion of the first season , the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series , winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage 's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister . HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012 , ten days after the season 2 premiere . Due to the length of the corresponding book , the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords . Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013 , the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season , which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons . Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3 . Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014 , HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season . Season 5 premiered on April 12 , 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year , winning 12 out of 24 nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers , setting a record number for the series . The sixth season premiered on April 24 , 2016 . These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23 , winning 12 , including the award for Outstanding Drama Series . Other works ( edit ) Main article : Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire A Song of Ice and Fire spawned an industry of spin - off products . Fantasy Flight Games released a collectible card game , a board game , and two collections of artwork inspired by the Ice and Fire series . Various roleplaying game products were released by Guardians of Order and Green Ronin . Dynamite Entertainment adapted A Game of Thrones into a same - titled monthly comic in 2011 . Several video games are available or in production , including A Game of Thrones : Genesis ( 2011 ) and Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) by Cyanide ; both received mediocre ratings from critics . A social network game titled Game of Thrones Ascent ( 2013 ) by Disruptor Beam allows players to live the life of a noble during the series ' period setting . Random House released an official map book called The Lands of Ice and Fire , which includes old and new maps of the Ice and Fire world . The companion book The World of Ice & Fire by Martin and the Westeros.org owners Elio M. García Jr. and Linda Antonsson was published in October 2014 . Other licensed products include full - sized weapon reproductions , a range of collectable figures , Westeros coinage reproductions , and a large number of gift and collectible items based on the HBO television series . The popularity of the HBO series has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise . See also ( edit ) Book : A Song of Ice and Fire Outline of A Song of Ice and Fire franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flood , Alison ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` George RR Martin : Barbarians at the gate '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Milne , Ben ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones : The cult French novel that inspired George RR Martin '' . BBC . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamin , Debra ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` The Jewish legacy behind Game of Thrones '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . They struck gold , however , with their next attempt : a television series based on a French fantasy series which in turn was based on a seven - part set of stories by a French Jewish immigrant . Maurice Druon was born in France in 1918 to Jewish immigrants from Russia and first made a name for himself in the realm of academic journals . 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Martin shows us what the Iron Throne REALLY looks like '' . Blastr.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Behold the Iron Throne the Way George R.R. Martin Intended It '' . Wired . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Song of Ice and Fire George R.R. Martin 's Official Website So Spake Martin , Collection of statements , correspondences and interviews by George R.R. Martin . A Song of Ice and Fire series listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Song of Ice and Fire at the Internet Book List A Song of Ice and Fire at DMOZ George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways VIAF : 258305993 LCCN : n95101054 GND : 1024427412 SUDOC : 183641272 BNF : cb161841362 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire&oldid=800636780 '' Categories : A Song of Ice and Fire Death in fiction Death games in fiction Fantasy novel series High fantasy novels Incest in fiction Novels adapted into comics Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction Works about women in war Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2016 Use mdy dates from May 2014 Good articles Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 19 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last game of thrones book released	[ "A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in 1991 and had it published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons, took Martin five years to write. He is still writing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winter." ]	[ "2011" ]
-4155597534223812760	Second Act (film)	Second Act ( film ) - wikipedia Second Act ( film ) Second Act Teaser poster Directed by Peter Segal Produced by Jennifer Lopez Elaine Goldsmith - Thomas Justin Zackham Benny Medina Written by Justin Zackham Elaine Goldsmith - Thomas Starring Jennifer Lopez Vanessa Hudgens Leah Remini Annaleigh Ashford Freddie Stroma Dan Bucatinsky Milo Ventimiglia Treat Williams Larry Miller Music by Michael Andrews Cinematography Ueli Steiger Edited by Jason Gourson Production company STXfilms Distributed by STXfilms Release date November 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 21 ) Country United States Language English Second Act is an upcoming American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and written by Elaine Goldsmith - Thomas and Justin Zackham . It stars Jennifer Lopez , Leah Remini , Annaleigh Ashford , Vanessa Hudgens , Dan Bucatinsky , Freddie Stroma , Milo Ventimiglia , Treat Williams and Larry Miller . It is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) Stuck in a low - paying job , a woman gets a chance to fulfill her career ambitions when a private finance firm is misled into believing that she 's an accomplished consultant and hire her to handle a major business deal . Cast ( edit ) Jennifer Lopez as Maya Vanessa Hudgens as Zoe Leah Remini as Joan Annaleigh Ashford as Hildy Freddie Stroma as Ron Dan Bucatinsky as Arthur Milo Ventimiglia as Trey Treat Williams as Anderson Clarke Larry Miller as Weiskopf Charlyne Yi Dave Foley as Felix Herman Alan Aisenberg as Chase Dierdre Friel as Ant John James Cronin as Otto Production ( edit ) In June 2017 , Jennifer Lopez signed on to star . In October 2017 , Leah Remini , Annaleigh Ashford , Vanessa Hudgens , Dan Bucatinsky and Freddie Stroma joined the cast of the film . In November 2017 , Milo Ventimiglia , Treat Williams , Larry Miller , Dave Foley , Charlyne Yi and Alan Aisenberg joined the cast of the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on October 23 , 2017 , in Queens , New York and has continued in The Bronx and Manhattan , including Michael Jordan 's Steakhouse in Grand Central Terminal . Filming wrapped on December 15 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) The film is scheduled to be released by STXfilms on November 21 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez Boards STX 's ' Second Act ' With Director Peter Segal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` Leah Remini Has Joined Jennifer Lopez In STXfilms ' ' Second Act ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens & Annaleigh Ashford Board Jennifer Lopez - Starring Film ' Second Act ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Dan Bucatinsky Joins Jennifer Lopez - Starrer ' Second Act ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Skyler Bible Joins ' First Man ' ; Freddie Stroma Cast In ' Second Act ' ; Jonathan Goldsmith Boards ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Star Milo Ventimiglia Joins Jennifer Lopez In ' Second Act ' From STX '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Treat Williams , Larry Miller Join Cast Of STXfilms ' Romantic Comedy ' Second Act '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Dave Foley Joins Jennifer Lopez Rom - Com ' Second Act ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Charlyne Yi Boards ' Second Act ' ; Molly Ringwald Cast In YA Film ' Kingfish ' ; Robert Scott Wilson Joins ' Relic ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Evan Handler Cast In ' Foster Boy ' ; Alan Aisenberg Joins ' Second Act ' ; Nicholas Galitzine Boards Pippa Bianco film '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jenny From The Value Shop ! Jennifer Lopez sports a budget supermarket vest as she larks around with BFF Leah Remini on first day of filming Second Act in NYC '' . DailyMail . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegler , Mark . J. Lo 's new movie closes down steakhouse . New York Post , November 20 , 2017 . ( 1 ) Retrieved November 21 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Second Act '' . BoxOfficeMojo . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Second Act on IMDb Films directed by Peter Segal Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult ( 1994 ) Tommy Boy ( 1995 ) My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Smart ( 2008 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) Second Act ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Act_(film)&oldid=851030333 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s romantic comedy films American films American romantic comedy films Films directed by Peter Segal Films shot in New York City STX Entertainment films Upcoming comedy films Upcoming romance films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 16 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the movie second act coming out	[ "Second Act is an upcoming American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and written by Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas and Justin Zackham. It stars Jennifer Lopez, Leah Remini, Annaleigh Ashford, Vanessa Hudgens, Dan Bucatinsky, Freddie Stroma, Milo Ventimiglia, Treat Williams and Larry Miller. It is scheduled to be released in the United States on November 21, 2018.\n" ]	[ "November 21, 2018" ]
-503246203160722639	Boo! A Madea Halloween	Boo ! A Madea Halloween - wikipedia Boo ! A Madea Halloween Jump to : navigation , search Boo ! A Madea Halloween Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Ozzie Areu Will Areu Written by Tyler Perry Starring Tyler Perry Cassi Davis Patrice Lovely Bella Thorne Liza Koshy Diamond White Lexy Panterra Yousef Erakat Andre Hall Brock O'Hurn Music by Elvin Ross Cinematography Richard Vialet Edited by Larry Sexton Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $74.8 million Tyler Perry 's Boo ! A Madea Halloween is a 2016 American comedy horror film directed , written , starring and co-produced by Tyler Perry . The idea for the film originated from a fictitious Madea Halloween movie that was mentioned in Chris Rock 's 2014 film Top Five . It is the ninth in the Madea series and the second Madea film ( the first is Madea 's Witness Protection ) to not be adapted from a stage play . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 , by Lionsgate , received generally negative reviews , and grossed $74 million , making it the second - highest grossing Madea film . A sequel , titled Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , was released on October 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jonathan and his fraternity brothers invite Tiffany and her friends Aday , Rain , and Leah to a Halloween party . Tiffany 's father Brian ( `` Uncle Joe '' Simmons 's son ) forbids her from attending , and later is aghast at her sexually forward video chat with Jonathan . That night , Madea ( Brian 's paternal aunt ) and `` Aunt Bam '' distribute candy to trick - or - treaters , though Bam steals candy back from the children . Joe dresses as a clown to frighten the women , with their friend Hattie as his accomplice . Brian arranges for Madea to stay at his house to prevent Tiffany from attending the party , but Tiffany and Aday invent a ghost story that leads the superstitious adults to hide in the bedrooms . Madea realizes the girls are at the party , so she crashes it but is ejected . Bam shuts the party down by calling the police and reporting the presence of the underage Tiffany . Aday overhears the brothers planning revenge against Madea and her friends . The boys pose as the ghost from Tiffany 's story ; Madea , Bam , and Hattie flee the house , pursued by brothers and partygoers dressed as zombies . First , Bam is in the bathroom and turns off the hot water tap , but turns back on by itself , then writing appears on the mirror , warning her to leave . Hattie is in the room and turns off the TV , but switches back on by itself . Then she hears the voice of Mr. Wilison and she leaves . All of them hear noises coming from the attic and they argue over who will go check until Madea decides to go . Madea checks it and she knocks out a frat boy dressed as a deranged clown . The ladies go to the car and Joe stays at the house and knocks out the clown . Madea gets a call , asking her to get to church . The car breaks down in the woods and the boys dressed as zombies chase the gang . Madea runs into a church where Aday 's parents are ministers ; Madea comes to believe the supernatural threats are punishment for her sins , and hopes salvation will protect her . Aday reveals the nature of Jonathan 's scheme ; Aday , Madea , Hattie , and Bam plan a comeuppance for the fraternity . Brian confronts Tiffany over her disobedience and disrespect , which is the legacy of lax parenting that Joe passed on to Brian . The older women force the issue ; Brian and Tiffany have a frank conversation and Tiffany agrees to follow Brian 's rules . Police arrive and arrest Tiffany in connection with Aday 's disappearance , the older Rain and Leah are arrested for bringing Tiffany and Aday to the party , and the fraternity brothers are arrested when Aday 's murdered corpse is found in their house , with her throat slit . Everyone fights on a prison bus until Aday comes out of the house , revealing that her slit throat was just makeup ; the arrests were a prank to punish everyone 's misbehavior . Jonathan apologizes . Brian , a federal prosecutor , reveals that the police officers are real , not actors ; the police find marijuana in the fraternity house and an officer recognizes Madea ; she and the brothers flee as the film ends . Cast ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons , Brian Simmons , and Uncle Joe Simmons Cassi Davis as Betty Ann `` Aunt Bam '' Murphy Patrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love Diamond White as Tiffany Simmons Liza Koshy as Aday Walker Yousef Erakat as Jonathan Bella Thorne as Rain Mathison Lexy Panterra as Leah Devereaux Andre Hall as Quinton Brock O'Hurn as Horse Kian Lawley as Bean Boy JC Caylen as Mikey Jimmy Tatro as Sean Tyga as Himself Mike Tornabene as Dino Bradley Martyn as Frat Boy # 9 Mario Rodriguez as Frat Boy # 10 Production ( edit ) Production on Boo ! A Madea Halloween began in mid-January 2016 in Atlanta , Georgia ; filming completed within six days . On March 4 , 2016 , Lionsgate released a teaser trailer for the film , and on July 14 , 2016 , the official trailer was released , as well as a parody poster of Halloween ( 1978 ) . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Boo ! A Madea Halloween grossed $73.2 million in North America and $1.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $74.8 million , against a production budget of $20 million . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 , and opened alongside Ouija : Origin of Evil , Keeping Up with the Joneses and Jack Reacher : Never Go Back , and was expected to gross $15 -- 17 million from 2,260 theaters in its opening weekend . The film grossed $9.4 million on its first day ( including $855,000 from Thursday night previews ) and an above - expected $27.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing first at the box office and ranking as the fourth - best debut for a Perry film . In its second weekend the film grossed $17.2 million ( a drop of only 39.6 % ) and remained first at the box office , despite facing competition with the newcomer Inferno ( $14.9 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 23 % based on 35 reviews , with an average rating of 3.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween wo n't win Tyler Perry 's long - running franchise many new converts -- but at nine films and counting , it hardly needs to . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 30 out of 100 , based on reviews from 14 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Accolades ( edit ) Award Subject Result Golden Raspberry Awards ( 37th ) Worst Actress Tyler Perry Nominated Worst Director Nominated Worst Screen Combo Nominated That same old worn out wig Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween In May 2017 , Lionsgate announced that a sequel , titled Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween , would be released on October 20 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ' to battle ' Ouija ' sequel and ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ http://pro.boxoffice.com/tag/boo-a-madea-halloween/ Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Lionsgate Slates ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' Based On ' Top Five ' Idea '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Bella Thorne Joins Tyler Perry 's ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.projectcasting.com/news/tyler-perry-filmed-a-madea-halloween-in-only-six-days Jump up ^ Lionsgate Movies ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) . Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 Movie -- Tyler Perry ) -- Official Teaser Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/trailers/702509-tyler-perrys-boo-a-madea-halloween-trailer-and-poster#/slide/1 Jump up ^ `` Can Ben Affleck 's ' The Accountant ' Be An Asset For Weak Fall Box Office ? -- Preview '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Boo : A Madea Halloween ' scares up a win at the box office while ' Jack Reacher ' nabs a close second '' . Los Angeles Times . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Madea ' To Push Well Past $27 M As ' Jack Reacher ' Takes $22 M to $23 M ; ' Joneses ' Ca n't Keep Up -- Sun . AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Inferno ' Takes on the World Series as ' Doctor Strange ' Debuts Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boo ! A Madea Halloween '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office Forecast : ' Jack Reacher ' , Madea 's ' Boo ! ' and ' Ouija 2 ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Lionsgate Sets ' Tyler Perry 's Boo 2 : A Madea Halloween ' for October '' . Variety . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Boo ! A Madea Halloween on IMDb Boo ! A Madea Halloween at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boo!_A_Madea_Halloween&oldid=835127221 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2016 horror films 2010s comedy films American films American comedy horror films Ghost films Zombie films Films directed by Tyler Perry Films shot in Atlanta Lions Gate Entertainment films Screenplays by Tyler Perry Films about Halloween Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays hattie in boo a madea halloween	[ "\nTyler Perry as Mabel \"Madea\" Simmons, Brian Simmons, and Uncle Joe Simmons\nCassi Davis as Betty Ann \"Aunt Bam\" Murphy\nPatrice Lovely as Hattie Mae Love\nDiamond White as Tiffany Simmons\nLiza Koshy as Aday Walker\nYousef Erakat as Jonathan\nBella Thorne as Rain Mathison[5]\nLexy Panterra as Leah Devereaux\nAndre Hall as Quinton\nBrock O'Hurn as Horse\nKian Lawley as Bean Boy\nJC Caylen as Mikey\nJimmy Tatro as Sean\nTyga as Himself\nMike Tornabene as Dino\nBradley Martyn as Frat Boy #9\nMario Rodriguez as Frat Boy #10\n" ]	[ "Patrice Lovely" ]
935719127213939974	Honda Crosstour	Honda Crosstour - wikipedia Honda Crosstour For the Honda motorcycle , see Honda Crosstourer . Honda Crosstour Overview Manufacturer Honda Also called Honda Accord Crosstour ( 2010 -- 2011 model year ) Production September 2009 -- August 2015 Model years 2010 -- 2015 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , USA ( ELAP ) Guangzhou , China Body and chassis Class Mid-size luxury crossover SUV Body style 5 - door station wagon / fastback Layout Front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive Related Honda Accord Acura TL Powertrain Engine 2.4 - liter K24A I4 3.0 - liter J30A5 V6 ( China - only ) 3.5 - liter J35Z V6 ( 2010 - 12 ) 3.5 - liter J35Y V6 ( 2013 - 15 ) Transmission 5 - speed automatic ( 4 - cylinder , 2010 - 2012 V6 ) 6 - speed automatic ( 2013 - 15 V6 ) Wheelbase 110.1 in ( 2,797 mm ) Length 195.8 in ( 4,973 mm ) Width 74.7 in ( 1,897 mm ) Height 65.7 in ( 1,669 mm ) Curb weight 4,105 lb ( 1,862 kg ) Chronology Predecessor Honda Accord wagon Successor Honda Avancier ( China ) The Honda Crosstour ( initially branded the Accord Crosstour ) is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured by Japanese automaker Honda . Sales began in November 2009 for the 2010 model year , and was discontinued for the 2016 model year due to slow sales , along with the Element ( which was discontinued in the second year of the Crosstour ) . 2010 Honda Accord Crosstour EX-L Honda Crosstour facelift ( China ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 Facelift 3 Discontinuation 4 Safety 4.1 IIHS 4.2 NHTSA 5 Sales figures 6 References 7 External links Design ( edit ) The Crosstour slotted below the Pilot in size in Honda 's SUV lineup ; the Crosstour was longer but had two rows of seating compared to the Pilot 's three and had approximately 50cu ft less interior space . The Crosstour was a hatchback / wagon variation of the Accord and shared the same platform . The Crosstour was powered by a 3.5 - liter V6 engine or the optional 2.4 - liter 4 - cylinder engine ( front - wheel drive only ) and a choice of either front - wheel or all - wheel drive , with prices starting at $29,670 , above those of the Accord sedan ( which starts at just under $23,000 ) . The Crosstour was a competitor to the , now discontinued , Toyota Venza , a wagon based upon the Accord 's perennial competitor , the Camry . And like the Venza , which was meant to replace the Camry wagon , the Crosstour did the same to the Accord wagon . For the 2012 model year , Honda removed the `` Accord '' prefix , making the name just `` Crosstour '' , and gave its front grille a restyle . An I4 engine for front - wheel - drive models was released in late 2011 and put on sale in early 2012 . The Crosstour was sold in the US , Canada , Mexico , China , Middle East , Southeast Asia , and Russia . The Crosstour had been built and marketed in China by GAC - Honda since October , 2010 . Facelift ( edit ) For the 2013 model year , Honda refreshed the Crosstour . A concept vehicle of the Crosstour was unveiled at the New York International Auto Show on April 4 , 2012 . The revised 2013 Crosstour went on sale on November 20 with a $500 reduction in price along with increased standard content . The interior was redesigned , with a more powerful and fuel efficient J35Y V6 engine coupled to a 6 - speed automatic replacing the previous J35Z V6 and 5 - speed automatic . Fuel economy for V6 models is improved to an EPA - estimated 20 / 30 / 23 mpg ( city / highway / combined ) for front - wheel - drive and 19 / 28 / 22 mpg for all - wheel - drive . Inside a 10 - way power ( 2 - way lumbar ) driver 's seat and auto - dimming rearview mirror also became standard on all trims . 2013 Honda Crosstour concept Discontinuation ( edit ) On April 8 , 2015 , Honda announced that it was discontinuing production on the Crosstour at the end of the 2015 model year due to slow sales . Final production date was August 31 , 2015 . Another factor in Honda 's decision is to free up space on the production line for the CR - V , Acura RDX and also the Acura MDX in 2017 . Safety ( edit ) The 2013 Crosstour was available with a Forward Collision and Lane Departure Warning Systems . A rear - view backup camera was standard on all 2012 models , a more sophisticated rear camera with wide and top view angles was optional . Excluding the base EX trim a new LaneWatch camera mounted in the passenger side mirror was standard on 2013 models . IIHS ( edit ) The 2010 Accord Crosstour EX-L crash - tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) IIHS scores : Moderate overlap frontal offset Good Side impact Good Roof strength Marginal ( 2010 - 12 models ) Roof strength Good ( 2013 -- 2015 ) NHTSA ( edit ) NHTSA 2010 Crosstour : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Rear Passenger : Rollover FWD : / 12.7 % Rollover AWD : / 11.8 % Sales figures ( edit ) Calendar year Total sales ( U.S. ) 2009 2,564 28,851 2011 17,974 2012 20,848 2013 16,847 2014 11,802 2015 9,104 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honda Accord Crosstour officially confirmed for Fall 2009 as 2010 model '' . Auto Blog . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Accord Crosstour Styling Conceals Surprising Versatility '' . News Wire . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Honda Pilot Specifications '' . Honda Automobiles . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Honda Crosstour Specifications '' . Honda Automobiles . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Preview '' . JB car pages . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Honda Accord Crosstour Review '' . Automoblog.net . Jump up ^ `` Honda Crosstour to be Discontinued After 2015 Model Year '' from Automobile ( April 8 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Honda killing off Crosstour in big production shift '' from USA Today ( April 8 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` 2012 Honda Crosstour Drops Accord From Name , Gets More Equipment '' . caranddriver.com . Jump up ^ http://www.iihs.org/ratings/ratingsbyseries.aspx?id=736 Jump up ^ [email protected] ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Ratings '' . NHTSA . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' . hondanews.com . External links ( edit ) Honda Crosstour - Official US site Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Civic Type R Crider Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V WR - V Vans Acty Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Shuttle Stepwgn Tambor Vamos / Vamos Hobio Historic and discontinued 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Spocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Winner Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Honda HI15TT Honda HI16TT Honda HI17TT Honda HI18TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Honda Malaysia Racing Team Commons hide Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Clarity Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Civic Type R Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Crosstour&oldid=849852870 '' Categories : Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hatchbacks Honda vehicles Cars introduced in 2009 2010s automobiles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 20 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is the honda crosstour a car or suv	[ "The Honda Crosstour (initially branded the Accord Crosstour) is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured by Japanese automaker Honda. Sales began in November 2009 for the 2010 model year, and was discontinued for the 2016 model year due to slow sales[1][2], along with the Element (which was discontinued in the second year of the Crosstour).\n" ]	[ "SUV" ]
4729177302614924117	Do not go gentle into that good night	Do not go gentle into that good night - wikipedia Do not go gentle into that good night Jump to : navigation , search `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' is a poem in the form of a villanelle , and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas ( 1914 -- 1953 ) . Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951 , it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family . It was published , along with other stories previously written , as part of Thomas ' In Country Sleep , And Other Poems of 1952 . It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas ' dying father , although the last did not die until just before Christmas 1952 . It has no title other than its first line , `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' , a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain , `` Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' . The poem currently remains under copyright , although the text is available on - line . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable use in popular culture 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Notable Use in popular culture ( edit ) The poem was used as the text for the 1954 In Memoriam Dylan Thomas ( Dirge - Canons and Song ) for tenor and chamber ensemble , by Igor Stravinsky . The piece was written soon after Thomas ' death and first performed in 1954 . It was the inspiration for three paintings by Swansea - born painter and print - maker Ceri Richards , who drew them in 1954 , 1956 , and 1965 respectively . The title of George R.R. Martin 's 1977 novel Dying of the Light references a line from the poem . It is the subject of a 1979 tone poem for wind ensemble by Elliot del Borgo . In the 1986 film Back to School , Thornton Melon , played by Rodney Dangerfield , recites the poem during an exam board . John Cale set the poem to orchestral music for his album Words for the Dying , released in 1989 . In the 1996 film Independence Day , the President makes a rousing speech as he prepares to lead the attack against the alien invaders , adapting Thomas ' line , saying , `` We will not go quietly into the night . '' The black metal band Anaal Nathrakh has a song called `` Rage , rage against the dying of the light '' from the 2004 album Domine Non Es Dignus . The poem is used as a main inspiration for the protagonist of the 2010 Ally Condie book Matched . The refrain is cited by English synth - pop duo Hurts in the song `` Somebody to Die For '' on their 2013 album Exile . In Christopher Nolan 's 2014 movie Interstellar , the poem is used repeatedly by Michael Caine 's character Professor John Brand , as well as by several other supporting characters . In the same movie , leading actors Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway are sent into hyper sleep with the final words `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' In the song `` Even My Dad Does Sometimes '' on his 2014 album X , Ed Sheeran paraphrases one of the poem 's lines . In 2015 episode of Doctor Who , `` The Magician 's Apprentice '' , Clara Oswald , played by Jenna Coleman , quotes the first line of this poem when she discovers where the Doctor is and what he is up to . The phrase `` rage against the dying of the light '' is used in the Metric song `` Lie Lie Lie '' from the 2015 album Pagans in Vegas . The poem is cited by G - Eazy in `` Intro '' on his 2015 album When It 's Dark Out . In 2017 Irish broadcaster RTÉ Sport used the poem in a promotion for the World Cup qualifier second leg between Republic Of Ireland and Denmark , with Brendan Gleeson reading it as footage of famous Irish sporting moments were shown . The champion Lux in the popular video game League of Legends says the phrase `` Rage against the dying of the light '' on one of her skins , Elementalist Lux . In the Rise Against song `` Sudden Life '' , from their 2014 album The Black Market , the poem is referenced in the final two verses . Issue 50 of The Transformers : More than Meets the Eye is the beginning of a story arc titled `` The Dying of the Light '' . The titles of the stories in subsequent issues are taken from lines in the poem . In 2014 , Noel Gallagher 's High Flying Birds released the album Chasing Yesterday , which contains the song `` The Dying of the Light '' . This is a direct reference to this poem . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ COPYRIGHT : from The Poems of Dylan Thomas , published by New Directions . Copyright © 1952 , 1953 Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1937 , 1945 , 1955 , 1962 , 1966 , 1967 the Trustees for the Copyrights of Dylan Thomas . Copyright © 1938 , 1939 , 1943 , 1946 , 1971 New Directions Publishing Corp . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan Thomas '' . Academy of American Poets . He took his family to Italy , and while in Florence , he wrote In Country Sleep , And Other Poems ( Dent , 1952 ) , which includes his most famous poem , `` Do not go gentle into that good night . '' Jump up ^ Ferris , Paul ( 1989 ) . Dylan Thomas , A Biography . New York : Paragon House . p. 283 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 215 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Thomas : Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' . BBC Wales . 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ * Thomas , David N. ( 2008 ) . Fatal Neglect : Who Killed Dylan Thomas ? . Seren . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85411 - 480 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Do not go gentle into that good night Academy of American Poets '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Keller , Hans ( 1955 ) . `` In Memoriam Dylan Thomas : Strawinsky 's Schoenbergian Technique '' . Tempo ( 35 ) : 13 -- 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ceri Richards : ' Do not go gentle into that good night ' 1956 '' . tate.org.uk/ . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night '' , copyright 1979 , Shawnee Press . Jump up ^ Schaeffer , John ( 27 October 2015 ) . `` Five Songs For Dylan Thomas '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Mair , Jan ( 1998 ) . `` American rules , OK : Difference and otherness in ' Independence Day ' '' . Futures . 30 ( 10 ) : 981 -- 991 . doi : 10.1016 / s0016 - 3287 ( 98 ) 00100 - 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Wade , Chris ( 5 November 2014 ) . `` '' Do not go gentle into that good night '' in Interstellar , Back to School , and many other movies : the supercut ( VIDEO ) `` . Slate . Jump up ^ `` The Magician 's Apprentice : The Fact File '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ben ( 6 December 2015 ) . `` G - Eazy : When It 's Dark Out review -- almost a crossover home run '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Denmark v Republic of Ireland preview - Rage against the dying of the light ... on YouTube External links ( edit ) Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article : Do Not Go Gentle into that Good Night ( in the public domain in Canada ) Dylan Thomas ( works ) Works A Child 's Christmas in Wales Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog Under Milk Wood ( radio play ) Rebecca 's Daughters ( screenplay ) Poems 18 Poems Deaths and Entrances `` And death shall have no dominion '' `` Do not go gentle into that good night '' `` Fern Hill '' `` In my Craft or Sullen Art '' `` The Force That Through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower '' Related Caitlin Thomas ( wife ) Aeronwy Thomas ( daughter ) Gwilym Marles ( paternal granduncle ) The Kardomah Gang Cultural depictions The Boathouse Dylan Thomas Centre Dylan Thomas Theatre Dylan Thomas Trail Laugharne Set Fire to the Stars ( 2014 film ) A Poet in New York ( 2014 television film ) Dominion ( 2016 film ) Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night&oldid=835453501 '' Categories : Anglo - Welsh literature 1951 poems Poetry by Dylan Thomas Works originally published in Italian magazines Works originally published in literary magazines Poems about death Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with Bibliowiki links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	dylan thomas fight against the dying of the light	[ "It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas' dying father, although the last did not die until just before Christmas 1952.[3][4] It has no title other than its first line, \"Do not go gentle into that good night\", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, \"Rage, rage against the dying of the light\"." ]	[ "Do not go gentle into that good night" ]
-5360365020554267922	List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders	List of major league baseball progressive single - season home run leaders - Wikipedia List of major league baseball progressive single - season home run leaders The Major League Baseball single - season record for the number of home runs hit by a batter has changed many times over the years . Contents 1 Single - season records 2 Progression 3 Home runs per game 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Single - season records ( edit ) Batter Team Age Year HR Reign Record breaker George Hall Philadelphia Athletics 27 1876 5 3 years -- Charley Jones Boston Red Caps 29 1879 9 4 years 6th on July 31 off George Bradley Harry Stovey Philadelphia Athletics 27 1883 14 1 year 10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 27 1884 27 35 years 15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley Babe Ruth Boston Red Sox 24 1919 29 1 year 28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey Babe Ruth New York Yankees 25 1920 54 1 year 30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr Babe Ruth New York Yankees 26 1921 59 6 years 55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne Babe Ruth New York Yankees 32 1927 60 34 years 60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary Roger Maris New York Yankees 27 1961 61 37 years 61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard Mark McGwire St. Louis Cardinals 35 1998 70 3 years 62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel Barry Bonds San Francisco Giants 36 73 17 years 71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park Sammy Sosa hit his 66th home run on September 25 , 1998 , breaking McGwire 's then standing record of 65 home runs . McGwire tied that record less than an hour later and then hit two home runs on each of the next two days to achieve his 70 home run record . Progression ( edit ) Summarized from The Baseball Encyclopedia for older information , and from various news stories for newer information : Four baseball bats that were used in setting single - season home run records . From left to right : bat used by Babe Ruth to hit his 60th home run during the 1927 season , bat used by Roger Maris to hit his 61st home run during the 1961 season , bat used by Mark McGwire to hit his 70th home run during the 1998 season , and the bat used by Sammy Sosa for his 66th home run during the same season . 5 , by George Hall , Philadelphia Athletics ( NL ) , 1876 ( 70 game schedule ) 9 , by Charley Jones , Boston Red Stockings ( NL ) , 1879 ( 84 game schedule ) 14 , by Harry Stovey , Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) , 1883 ( 98 game schedule ) 27 , by Ned Williamson , Chicago White Stockings ( NL ) , 1884 ( 112 game schedule ) Williamson benefited from a very short outfield fence in his home ballpark , Lakeshore Park . During the park 's previous years , balls hit over the fence in that park were ground - rule doubles , but in 1884 ( its final year ) they were credited as home runs . Williamson led the pace , but several of his Chicago teammates also topped the 20 HR mark that season . Of Williamson 's total , 25 were hit at home , and only 2 on the road . Noticing the fluke involved , fans of the early 20th century were more impressed with Buck Freeman 's total of 25 home runs in 1899 or Gavvy Cravath 's 1915 total of 24 . 29 , by Babe Ruth , Boston Red Sox ( AL ) , 1919 ( 140 game schedule ) Even with that relatively small quantity , and still pitching part - time , Ruth alone hit more home runs than did 10 of the 15 other major league clubs . The second - highest individual total was 12 , by Gavvy Cravath of the Philadelphia Phillies . Ruth homered in every park in the league , the first time anyone had achieved that distinction . Ruth was a pitcher by trade , and the ultimate exception to the axiom that pitchers ca n't hit . Ruth had led the league with 11 in 1918 , despite playing only 95 games , and still in the `` dead - ball '' era . By 1919 , after the War , the materials for baseballs began to improve and became naturally `` livelier '' . 54 , Babe Ruth , New York Yankees ( AL ) , 1920 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth hit just a few more home runs on the road ( 26 ) than he had the previous year ( 20 ) , but he hit far more ( 29 ) in the Polo Grounds in New York ( where the Yankees played at the time ) than he had in Fenway Park ( 9 ) in Boston the year before , as he took full advantage of the nearby right field wall , although he also hit many long drives at the Polo Grounds . Of the other 15 major league clubs , only the Philadelphia Phillies exceeded Ruth 's single - handed total , hitting 64 in their bandbox ballpark Baker Bowl . The second - highest individual total was the St. Louis Browns ' George Sisler 's 19 . Ruth 's major - league record slugging percentage ( total bases / at bats ) of . 847 stood for the next 80 years . 59 , by Ruth , New York ( AL ) , 1921 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth 's slugging percentage was just . 001 less than his record - setting average the previous year . 60 , by Ruth , New York ( AL ) , 1927 ( 154 game schedule ) Ruth hit more home runs in 1927 than any of the other seven American League teams . His closest rival was his teammate Lou Gehrig , who hit 47 homers that year . 61 , by Roger Maris , New York ( AL ) , 1961 ( 162 game schedule ) Pushing Maris that year was teammate Mickey Mantle ; slowed by an injury late in the season , Mantle finished with 54 . With the season being eight games longer than in previous years , leading to the suggestion that official record keepers place an `` asterisk '' next to the record , many observers derided this situation as a major public relations gaffe by major league baseball . 70 , by Mark McGwire , St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) , 1998 ( 162 game schedule ) After an epic battle between McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. , who both got into the 50s in 1997 , many expected the two to take on Maris in 1998 . However , the player that competed for the record with McGwire in 1998 was Sammy Sosa of the Chicago Cubs , who propelled himself into the race with a record - setting 20 home runs that June . He would finish with 66 that season and actually led McGwire for approximately 45 minutes after hitting his 66th , until McGwire hit his own 66th , and four more in his final three games of the season . McGwire broke the old records in 144 games -- fewer than even the old 154 game season . That removed season - length as a source of `` asterisk '' controversy , but McGwire 's connection to the steroid scandal introduced a new call for asterisks on this and other records set in this era . On January 11 , 2010 McGwire admitted using steroids during the 1998 season . McGwire claimed to use steroids to help heal an ailing body and denied they helped him to hit a baseball . 73 , by Barry Bonds , San Francisco Giants ( NL ) , 2001 ( 162 game schedule ) In part due to 9 / 11 terrorist attacks , the then - recently set record of only three years by McGwire , and Bonds ' poor relationship with the media and some fans , Bonds ' record setting was not as publicized as the previous chases . Bonds was initially chased closely by Sosa and Luis Gonzalez of the Arizona Diamondbacks , but Gonzalez faded late and finished with 57 , while Sosa finished closer with 64 to become the first player to exceed 60 home runs in three separate seasons . McGwire was not a factor during what would be his final major league season , as the injuries that had plagued him for much of his career finally took their toll , although he still hit at a pace that would have put him near 50 if he had played a full season . Bonds ' slugging percentage of . 863 broke the major league record set by Ruth in 1920 . As happened with McGwire 's record , Bonds ' connection to steroids resulted in his being among the accomplishments questioned in the era . Home runs per game ( edit ) Number of home runs in the season divided by number of games in schedule ( not games played ) Average Name 0.451 Barry Bonds 0.430 Mark McGwire 0.390 Babe Ruth ( 1 ) 0.383 Babe Ruth ( 2 ) 0.377 Roger Maris 0.350 Babe Ruth ( 3 ) 0.240 Ned Williamson 0.200 Babe Ruth ( 4 ) 0.140 Harry Stovey 0.100 Charley Jones 0.070 George Hall See also ( edit ) The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ham , Eldon ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sosa - McGwire : The Shock & Awe Summer Of 1998 '' . CBS Chicago . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Michael Wilbon ( December 4 , 2004 ) . `` Tarnished Records Deserve an Asterisk '' . Washington Post . p . D10 . External links ( edit ) Progressive Leaders & Records for Home Runs -- Baseball-Reference.com Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Career records Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Game Triple plays Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_progressive_single-season_home_run_leaders&oldid=865344517 '' Categories : Major League Baseball records Baseball record progressions Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 10 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has the most single season home runs	[ "\n\n\nBatter\nTeam\nAge\nYear\nHR\nReign\nRecord breaker\n\n\nGeorge Hall\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n27\n1876\n5\n3 years\n—\n\n\nCharley Jones\nBoston Red Caps\n29\n1879\n9\n4 years\n6th on July 31 off George Bradley\n\n\nHarry Stovey\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n27\n1883\n14\n1 year\n10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle\n\n\nNed Williamson\nChicago White Stockings\n27\n1884\n27\n35 years\n15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley\n\n\nBabe Ruth\nBoston Red Sox\n24\n1919\n29\n1 year\n28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey\n\n\nBabe Ruth\nNew York Yankees\n25\n1920\n54\n1 year\n30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr\n\n\nBabe Ruth\nNew York Yankees\n26\n1921\n59\n6 years\n55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne\n\n\nBabe Ruth\nNew York Yankees\n32\n1927\n60\n34 years\n60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary\n\n\nRoger Maris\nNew York Yankees\n27\n1961\n61\n37 years\n61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard\n\n\nMark McGwire\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n35\n1998\n70\n3 years\n62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel\n\n\nBarry Bonds\nSan Francisco Giants\n36\n2001\n73\n17 years\n71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park\n" ]	[ "Barry Bonds" ]
-1263619543279237733	Problem statement	Problem statement - wikipedia Problem statement Jump to : navigation , search A problem statement is a concise description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be improved upon . It identifies the gap between the current ( problem ) state and desired ( goal ) state of a process or product . Focusing on the facts , the problem statement should be designed to address the 5 W 's -- who , what , where , when , and why . The first condition of solving a problem is understanding the problem , which can be done by way of a problem statement . Problem statements are widely used by businesses and organizations to execute process improvement projects . A simple and well - defined problem statement will be used by the project team to understand the problem and work toward developing a solution . It will also provide management with specific insights into the problem so that they can make appropriate project - approving decisions . As such , it is crucial for the problem statement to be clear and unambiguous . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 2 Defining the problem 3 Writing the problem statement 4 Example 5 References Purpose ( edit ) The main purpose of the problem statement is to identify and explain the problem . This includes describing the existing environment , where the problem occurs , and what impacts it has on users , finances , and ancillary activities . Additionally , the problem statement is used to explain what the expected environment looks like . Defining the desired condition provides an overall vision for the process or product . It makes clear the purpose for initiating the improvement project and the goals that it is meant to accomplish . Another important function of the problem statement is to be used as a communication device . It helps with obtaining buy - in from those involved in the project . Before the project begins , the stakeholders verify the problem and goals are accurately described in the problem statement . Once this approval is received , the project team reviews it to ensure everyone understands the issue at hand and what they are trying to accomplish . This also helps define the project scope , which keeps the project concentrated on the overall goal . The problem statement is referenced throughout the project to establish focus within the project team and verify they stay on track . At the end of the project , it is revisited to confirm the implemented solution indeed solves the problem . A well - defined problem statement can also aid in performing root - cause analysis to understand why the problem occurred and ensure measures can be taken to prevent it from happening in the future . It is important to note that the problem statement does not define the solution or methods of reaching the solution . The problem statement simply recognizes the gap between the problem and goal states . It can be said that , `` a problem well stated is half solved . '' However , there are often multiple , viable solutions to a problem . Only after the problem statement is written and agreed upon should the solution ( s ) be discussed and the resulting course of action determined . Defining the problem ( edit ) Before the problem statement can be crafted , the problem must be defined . It is human nature to want to begin working on a solution as soon as possible and neglecting the definition of the true problem to be solved . However , a poorly defined problem increases the risk of implementing a solution that does not fully meet the expected results . A problem can not be solved if it is not completely understood . As the wise Albert Einstein once stated , `` If I had one hour to save the world I would spend 55 minutes defining the problem and 5 minutes solving it . '' The process of defining the problem is often a group effort . It starts with meeting with the stakeholders , customers , and / or users affected by the issue ( if possible ) and learning about their pain points . Since people often struggle with effectively communicating their issues , particularly to someone outside of the process , it is helpful to ask a series of `` why '' questions until the underlying reasoning is identified . This method , known as the `` 5 Why 's '' , helps drill down to the core problem as many of the experienced frustrations could be mere symptoms of the actual problem . Asking these additional questions as well as paraphrasing what the stakeholder had said demonstrates a degree of empathy and understanding of the problem . The information collected from these initial interviews is only one part of problem analysis . Many times the problem extends to multiple areas or functions to which the stakeholders , customers , and users are unaware . They may also be familiar with what is happening on the surface but not necessarily the underlying cause . Therefore , it is just as essential to gather knowledge , information , and insights from project team members and subject matter experts concerning the problem . Additional research materials , including work instructions , user manuals , product specifications , workflow charts , and previous project plans may also need to be consulted . Like most other stages in the process improvement project , defining the problem is often iterative as several rounds of discussions may be needed to get the full picture . Once the problem is understood and the circumstances driving the project initiation are clear , it is time to write the problem statement . Writing the problem statement ( edit ) The problem statement will be used to gain project support and approval from stakeholders . As such , it must action - oriented . More importantly , the problem statement must be written clearly and accurately in order to deliver successful results . A poorly crafted or incorrect problem statement will lead to a faulty solution , as well as wasted time , money , and resources . There are several basic elements that can be built into every problem statement to decrease the risk of project failure . First , the problem statement must focus on the end user . A common mistake is focusing on `` how '' a problem will be solved rather than the current gap . Second , the problem statement should n't be too broad . A benefit of using the `` 5 Why 's '' approach is that it avoids over-simplicity by providing the details needed for understanding the problem and developing an appropriate solution . Finally , the problem statement should n't be too narrow . Solution - bias stifles the creativity that arises while brainstorming a solution , which may result in a less - than - optimal experience for the user . It is useful to design and follow a specific format when writing a problem statement . While there are several options for doing this , the following is a simple and straightforward template often used in Business Analysis to maintain focus on defining the problem . IDEAL : This section is used to describe the desired or `` to be '' state of the process or product . It identifies the goals of the stakeholders and customers as well as assists in defining scope . At large , this section should illustrate what the expected environment would look like once the solution is implemented . REALITY : This section is used to describe the current or `` as is '' state of the process or product . It explains the pain points expressed by the stakeholders and customers . It should also include the insights and expertise of the project team and subject matter experts provided during problem analysis . CONSEQUENCES : This section is used to describe the impacts on the business if the problem is not fixed or improved upon . This includes costs associated with loss of money , time , productivity , competitive advantage , and so forth . The magnitude of these effects will also help determine the priority of the project . PROPOSAL : This section is used to describe potential solutions . Once the ideal , reality , and consequences sections have been completed , understood , and approved , the project team can start offering options for solving the problem . It can also include suggestions by the stakeholders and customers , although further discussions and research will be needed before a specific course of action can be determined . Following this format will result in a workable document that can be used by all parties to understand the problem and elicit requirements that will lead to a winning solution . Example ( edit ) Problem statements can vary in length , depending on the complexity of the problem . The following is an example of a simple problem statement for the creation of a Single Sign On capability : IDEAL Ideally our users would be able sign into their laptops and then automatically have access to all of the applications they need to use . REALITY In reality we use at least three applications every day to accomplish our work . Each application is protected by a password with different requirements for username & password length . Passwords also expire at different times . CONSEQUENCES 1 ) Users waste approximately 2 minutes per day logging in to multiple applications ( 500 users * 2 minutes per day = 1000 minutes in lost productivity ; 1000 minutes = 16.67 hrs per day * $75 / hr = $1250 per day ) . 2 ) Helpdesk resolves approximately 6000 calls per year to reset forgotten passwords & unlock accounts . 3 ) Security risk as users will continue to write usernames & passwords on sticky notes at their desk . PROPOSAL Have S / W Dev , Network Administration and business stakeholders collaborate to evaluate potential solutions for a Single Sign On capability . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kush , Max ( June 2015 ) . `` The Statement Problem '' . Quality Progress . 48 ( 6 ) . ^ Jump up to : Annamalai , Nagappan ; Kamaruddin , Shahrul ; Azid , Ishak Abdul ; Yeoh , TS ( September 2013 ) . `` Importance of Problem Statement in Solving Industry Problems '' . Applied Mechanics and Materials . Zurich . 421 -- via ProQuest . ^ Jump up to : Gygi , Craig ; DeCarlo , Neil ; Williams , Bruce ( 2015 ) . Six sigma for dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 76 -- 78 . ^ Jump up to : Lindstrom , Chris ( 2011 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How To Write A Problem Statement '' . www.ceptara.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Randy ; Bacon , David ( 2010 ) . Commercializing Great Products with Design for Six Sigma . Prentice Hall . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Deb ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) . `` How to Write a Problem Statement '' . ProProject Manager . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , David ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Cooking Up Business Analysis Success '' . BA Times . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Widen , Steven ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Take These Steps To Define Your UI / UX Problem And Avoid Haphazard Changes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Problem_statement&oldid=838972914 '' Categories : Problem solving Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 April 2018 , at 13 : 19 . About Wikipedia	purpose of statement of the problem in research	[ "A problem statement is a concise description of an issue to be addressed or a condition to be improved upon. It identifies the gap between the current (problem) state and desired (goal) state of a process or product. Focusing on the facts, the problem statement should be designed to address the 5 W’s – who, what, where, when, and why. The first condition of solving a problem is understanding the problem, which can be done by way of a problem statement.[1]" ]	[ "identifies the gap between the current (problem) state and desired (goal) state" ]
5212939041143491379	James Dyson	James Dyson - wikipedia James Dyson Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Dyson , see James Dyson ( disambiguation ) . Sir James Dyson OM CBE FRS FREng James Dyson at the Royal Society admissions day in London , July 2015 Provost of the Royal College of Art In office 1 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 01 ) -- 1 July 2017 Preceded by Sir Terence Conran Succeeded by Sir Jonathan Ive as Chancellor Personal details ( 1947 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1947 ( age 70 ) Norfolk , England Citizenship United Kingdom Nationality English Spouse ( s ) Deirdre Hindmarsh ( m . 1968 ) Children Two sons , one daughter Alma mater Byam Shaw School of Art Royal College of Art Occupation Industrial designer , academic administrator Awards Order of Merit ( 2016 ) Knight Bachelor ( 2007 ) Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( 1998 ) Fellow of the Royal Society ( 2015 ) Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( 2005 ) Website dyson.co.uk jamesdysonaward.org jamesdysonfoundation.com Sir James Dyson OM CBE FRS FREng ( born 2 May 1947 ) is a British inventor , industrial designer and founder of the Dyson company . He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner , which works on the principle of cyclonic separation . According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2017 , his net worth is £ 7.8 billion . He served as the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017 , and opened a new University on Dyson 's Wiltshire Campus in September 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early inventions 3 Vacuum cleaners 4 Other inventions 5 Research and development 6 Europe 7 James Dyson Foundation 8 Honours and awards 9 Personal life 10 References 11 External links Early life and education ( edit ) James Dyson was born 2 May 1947 in Cromer , Norfolk , one of three children . He was educated at Gresham 's School , an independent boarding school in Holt , Norfolk , from 1956 to 1965 , when his father died of cancer . He excelled at long distance running : `` I was quite good at it , not because I was physically good , but because I had more determination . I learnt determination from it . '' He spent one year ( 1965 -- 1966 ) at the Byam Shaw School of Art , and then studied furniture and interior design at the Royal College of Art ( 1966 -- 1970 ) before moving into engineering . Early inventions ( edit ) Dyson helped design the Sea Truck in 1970 while studying at the Royal College of Art . His first original invention , the Ballbarrow , was a modified version of a wheelbarrow using a ball instead of a wheel . This was featured on the BBC 's Tomorrow 's World television programme . Dyson stuck with the idea of a ball , inventing the Trolleyball , a trolley that launched boats . He then designed the Wheelboat , which could travel at speeds of 64 kilometres per hour ( 40 mph ) on both land and water . Vacuum cleaners ( edit ) DC07 bagless Dyson vacuum cleaner In the late 1970s , Dyson had the idea of using cyclonic separation to create a vacuum cleaner that would not lose suction as it picked up dirt . He became frustrated with his Hoover Junior 's diminishing performance : the dust bag kept becoming clogged with loads of dust thus reducing suction . The cyclone idea came from a sawmill that used cyclone technology ( qv . History of Dyson Ltd ) . Partly supported by his wife 's salary as an art teacher , and after five years and about 5,100 prototypes , Dyson launched the `` G - Force '' cleaner in 1983 . However , no manufacturer or distributor would handle his product in the UK , as it would have disturbed the valuable market for replacement dust bags , so Dyson launched it in Japan through catalogue sales . Manufactured in bright pink , the G - Force sold for the equivalent of £ 2,000 . It won the 1991 International Design Fair Prize in Japan . He obtained his first US patent on the idea in 1986 ( U.S. Patent 4,593,429 ) . After failing to sell his invention to the major manufacturers , Dyson set up his own manufacturing company , Dyson Ltd . In June 1993 , he opened his research centre and factory in Malmesbury , Wiltshire . Dyson 's breakthrough in the UK market came more than ten years after the initial idea , through a TV advertising campaign in which it was emphasised that , unlike most of its rivals , the Dyson vacuum did not require the continuing purchase of replacement bags . At that time , the UK market for disposable cleaner bags was £ 100 million . The slogan `` say goodbye to the bag '' proved more attractive to the buying public than a previous emphasis on the suction efficiency that its technology delivers . Ironically , the previous step change in domestic vacuum cleaner design had been the introduction of the disposable bag -- users being prepared to pay extra for the convenience . The Dyson Dual Cyclone became the fastest - selling vacuum cleaner ever made in the UK , and outsold those of some of the companies that rejected his idea , becoming one of the most popular brands in the UK . In early 2005 , it was reported that Dyson cleaners had become the market leaders in the United States by value ( though not by number of units sold ) . Dyson licensed the technology in North America from 1986 to 2001 to Fantom Technologies , after which Dyson entered the market directly . Following his success , other major manufacturers began to market their own cyclonic vacuum cleaners . In 1999 , Dyson sued Hoover ( UK ) for patent infringement . The High Court ruled that Hoover had deliberately copied a fundamental part of his patented designs in making its Triple Vortex bagless vacuum cleaner range . Hoover agreed to pay damages of £ 4 million . In 2005 , Dyson incorporated the wheel ball from his Ballbarrow concept into a vacuum cleaner , creating the Dyson Ball . This ball , rather than the static wheels on existing vacuums , enabled it to become more steerable , which was more useful for navigating around obstacles and corners . In mid-2014 , Dyson personally appeared in Tokyo to introduce his `` 360 Eye '' robotic vacuum cleaner . Dyson 's initial entry into this market segment features 360 ° scanning and mapping for navigation , cyclonic dust separation , a custom - designed digital motor for high suction , tank treads for traction , a full - width brushroll bar , and user interface via a free iOS or Android app . Other inventions ( edit ) In 2000 , Dyson expanded his appliance range to include a washing machine called the ContraRotator , which had two rotating drums moving in opposite directions . The range was decorated in the usual bright Dyson colours , rather than the traditional white , grey or black of most other machines . The item was not a commercial success , and is no longer available . In 2002 , Dyson created a realisation of the optical illusions depicted in the lithographs of Dutch artist M.C. Escher . Engineer Derek Phillips was able to accomplish the task after a year of work , creating a water sculpture in which the water appears to flow up to the tops of four ramps arranged in a square , before cascading to the bottom of the next ramp . The creation titled Wrong Garden , was displayed at the Chelsea Flower Show in 2003 . The illusion is accomplished with water containing air bubbles pumped through a chamber underneath the transparent glass ramps to a slit at the top from which the bulk of the water cascades down . This makes it appear that the water is flowing up , when really , a small amount of water diverted from the slit at the top flows back down the ramps in a thin layer . Dyson Airblade hand dryer In October 2006 Dyson launched the Dyson Airblade , a fast hand dryer that uses a thin sheet of moving air as a squeegee to remove water , rather than attempting to evaporate it with heat . This allows faster drying , while using much less energy than traditional electrical hand dryers . Another product is a fan without external blades , which he calls the `` Air Multiplier '' . In addition to a cooling fan , a model which distributes electrically produced heat and an ultrasonic humidifier model are also available . In April 2016 , Dyson launched the Dyson Supersonic , a hair dryer with a smaller motor located in the handle so as to provide better balance and smaller size , as well as quieter operation . Commenting on the launch Vogue magazine said `` as the first product to launch from Dyson 's new UK state - of - the - art hair laboratory , we have high hopes for the future of our blow - dries . '' Research and development ( edit ) In 2017 Dyson is spending £ 7m a week on research and development of new products . The company is the UK 's biggest investor in robotics and artificial intelligence research , employing over 3,500 engineers and scientists , and engaging in more than 40 university research programmes . Speaking to the Daily Telegraph , Sir James Dyson said , `` We 're looking at more non-domestic products but we are not rushing to do lots of different things , '' he said . `` We are a private company so we can do it when we are ready . '' In February 2002 , Dyson announced that assembly was being shifted to Malaysia leaving 560 workers redundant in 2002 for economic reasons and because of difficulty acquiring land for expansion . The company 's headquarters and research facilities remained in Malmesbury and have expanded significantly since . In November 2014 , Dyson announced plans to invest a further £ 1.5 bn into the research and development of new technology , including funding for an expanded campus at the Dyson UK headquarters in Malmesbury which will create up to 3,000 jobs . Former Prime Minister David Cameron , said : `` Dyson is a great British success story and the expansion of the Malmesbury campus will create thousands of new jobs , providing a real boost to the local economy and financial security for more hardworking families . Investment on this scale shows confidence in our long - term economic plan to back business , create more jobs and secure a brighter future for Britain . '' . On 1 March 2016 James Dyson announced a second new multi million - pound research and development centre on a 517 - acre former Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) site at Hullavington , Wiltshire . The technology and electronics company said it aimed to double its UK based workforce in the next five or six years . Sir James said : `` After 25 years of UK growth , and continuing expansion globally , we are fast outgrowing our Malmesbury Campus . To win in the world stage you have to develop new technology and develop great products and that 's what we 're doing here . '' . In September 2017 Dyson announced plans to produce an electric vehicle , aiming to be launched in 2020 , investing £ 2bn of his own money . He has assembled a team of more than 400 people for the project while still seeking more recruits . The vehicle will reportedly be powered by a solid - state battery , possibly provided by Sakti3 . In September 2017 Sir James Dyson started the first phase of his own university , the Dyson Institute of Engineering and Technology ( informally referred to as DIET ) . The cohort is reportedly composed mainly of Oxbridge rejects aiming to excel the traditional university students in engineering expertise . Europe ( edit ) Dyson demonstrating his ContraRotator washing machine . Dyson was one of the most prominent UK business leaders to publicly support Brexit before the referendum in June 2016 . Since the EU referendum , Dyson has stated that Britain should leave the EU Single Market and that this would `` liberate '' the economy and allow Britain to strike its own trade deals around the world . During 2016 , 19 % of Dyson Ltd exports went to EU countries ( at WTO tariffs ) , compared with 81 % to non-EU countries . In 2017 , Dyson suggested that the UK should leave the EU without an interim deal and that `` uncertainty is an opportunity '' . Previously , in 2014 , Dyson had said he would be voting to leave the European Union to avoid being `` dominated and bullied by the Germans '' . In November 2017 , Dyson was critical of the UK government Brexit negotiations and stated `` we should just walk away and they will come to us '' . In November 2015 , Dyson lost his case against EU energy labelling laws in the European General Court , however a subsequent appeal in the European Court of Justice said that the previous ruling had `` distorted the facts '' and `` erred in law '' . In 1998 , Dyson was one of the chairmen and chief executives of the twenty FTSE 100 companies who signed a statement published in The Financial Times calling on the government for early British membership of the Eurozone . He claimed that failure to join the euro would lead to the destruction of the British manufacturing base and said : `` It does not mean that the jobs will go tomorrow but will drift abroad over a period and the longer - term future of Britain as a manufacturing nation will be blighted . Ministers had better understand that if we delay entry too long there may be nothing left to save . '' James Dyson Foundation ( edit ) Dyson in 2013 at Sydney , Australia Dyson set up the Foundation in 2002 to support design and engineering education -- it now operates in UK , US and Japan . The Foundation 's aim is to inspire young people to study engineering and become engineers by encouraging students to think differently and to make mistakes . The Foundation supports engineering education in schools and universities , as well as medical and scientific research in partnership with charities . It achieves this by funding different resources such as the `` Engineering Box '' , a box filled with activities for a school to use as a teaching aid . The Foundation loans the boxes to schools for four weeks free of charge , they are suitable for Key Stage 4 and above . The Engineering Box enables students to take apart and examine a Dyson DC22 Telescope vacuum cleaner . In addition , a school is allowed to retain a James Dyson Foundation teacher pack , and a copy of Genius of Britain , a Channel 4 TV series featuring Dyson , and design engineering posters . Other resources are also available . In May 2014 , the Foundation announced an £ 8m donation to create a technology hub at the University of Cambridge . A new four - storey building will house 1,200 postgraduate engineers and support world - leading research . The donation will also allow for a design and making lab to be developed for undergraduate engineering students . In March 2015 , the James Dyson Foundation pledged a £ 12m donation to Imperial College London to allow the purchase of an iconic Post Office building ( located on Exhibition Road ) from the Science Museum . Imperial College will open the Dyson School of Design Engineering in this building , and teach a new four - year Masters course in design engineering , developing a new cohort of creative and theoretical engineers . The Foundation also supports the work of young designers through the James Dyson Award . This is an international design award that `` celebrates , encourages and inspires the next generation of design engineers '' . It is run in twenty countries and is open to recent graduates in product design , industrial design , and engineering . Honours and awards ( edit ) In 1997 , Dyson was awarded The Prince Philip Designers Prize . Dyson was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1998 New Year Honours . In 2000 , he received the Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Award . He received an Honorary DEng degree from the University of Bath in 2000 . In 2005 , he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering ( FREng ) . He was knighted in the 2007 New Year Honours . Since 2011 he has been Provost of the Royal College of Art . Dyson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society ( FRS ) in 2015 . In the 2016 New Year Honours , Dyson 's appointment to the Order of Merit ( OM ) was announced for `` contributions and achievements in industrial design '' . 2017 : IEEE Honorary Membership . In March 2017 Dyson was voted the most reputable company in the UK followed by Aston Martin . Personal life ( edit ) Dyson married Deirdre Dyson ( née Hindmarsh ) in 1968 . The couple have three children . In 2003 , Dyson paid £ 15 million for Dodington Park , a 300 - acre ( 1.2 km ) Georgian estate in South Gloucestershire close to Chipping Sodbury . He and his wife also own Domaine des Rabelles , near Tourtour , France , and a townhouse in Chelsea , London . His vessel Nahlin is the largest British - flagged and owned super yacht with an LOA of 91 metres ( 299 ft ) , and was ranked 36th in a 2013 survey of the world 's 100 biggest yachts . Dyson was Provost of the Royal College of Art in London until July 1 , 2017 , having succeeded Sir Terence Conran in August 2011 , and is Patron of the Design & Technology Association . He was chair of the board of trustees of the Design Museum , `` the first in the world to showcase design of the manufactured object '' , until suddenly resigning in September 2004 , stating the museum had `` become a style showcase '' instead of `` upholding its mission to encourage serious design of the manufactured object '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DYSON , Sir James . ukwhoswho.com . Who 's Who . 2015 ( online Oxford University Press ed . ) . A & C Black , an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 2015 ) . `` Sir James Dyson CBE FREng FRS '' . royalsociety.org . London : Royal Society . One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where : `` All text published under the heading ' Biography ' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . '' -- `` Royal Society Terms , conditions and policies '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Watts , Robert ( 7 May 2017 ) . `` Brexit brings bonanza for billionaires '' . The Sunday Times . pp. 1 -- 2 . Sir James Dyson , the inventor who initially found success with his bagless vacuum cleaner , is one of the year 's biggest risers . His fortune has increased to £ 7.8 bn -- up from £ 5 bn last year . Jump up ^ `` Sir James Dyson '' . Royal College of Art . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Jony Ive Named Royal College of Art Chancellor Architectural Digest '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Dyson launches new university to bridge engineering skills gap '' . Guardian . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyson , James ; Coren , Giles ( 1997 ) . Against The Odds ( 1st ed . ) . London , UK : Orion Publishing . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 0981 - 4 . Jump up ^ Clark , Hannah . `` James Dyson Cleans Up '' . Forbes . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Dyson '' . Jump up ^ `` About Dyson '' . 2015 . Jump up ^ Issue : The Journal of Business and Design , vol. 8 , no . 1 Jump up ^ `` James Dyson Cleans Up '' . Forbes . 1 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Dyson , James ; Coren , Giles ( 1997 ) . Against The Odds ( 1st ed . ) . London , UK : Orion Publishing . pp. 134 , 135 , 244 . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 0981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson cleans up in patent battle with rival Hoover '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson 360 Eye TM robot '' . Dyson . Archived from the original on 26 March 2015 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson declines to commit to controversial Contrarotator '' . 11 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC notice of Dyson 's water sculpture Wrong Garden with photos and diagram . Jump up ^ `` How does Dyson make water go uphill ? '' . BBC News . 21 May 2003 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson air multiplier fan '' . Dyson.com . Jump up ^ `` The Dyson Supersonic TM hair dryer '' . www.dyson.com . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blown Away '' . Vogue. 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Telegraph . 27 March 2017 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/03/27/sir-james-dyson-remain-controls-dyson-reports-record-results/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dyson to plough £ 1bn into R&D '' . Financial Times . 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson founder ploughs £ 1.5 bn into product invention and new campus '' . The Guardian . 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson founder ploughs £ 1.5 bn into product invention and new campus '' . Wiltshire and Gloucester Standard . 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson to open second tech campus in Hullavington '' . BBC . 1 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dyson 's car faces low barriers to entry but high barriers to success '' . The Economist. 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ P.M. ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Will solid - state batteries power us all ? '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Ruddick , Graham ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Sir James Dyson upbeat about Brexit as company invests in expansion '' -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Now Sir James Dyson urges single market exit , just months after losing a nasty battle in Brussels '' . Independent.co.uk. 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Alison ( 10 June 2016 ) . `` Sir James Dyson : ' So if we leave the EU no one will trade with us ? Cobblers ... ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Sir James Dyson : ' Make a clean break from Europe without an interim deal ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dyson : Britain should leave Europe to avoid being ' dominated by Germans ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wood , Zoe ( 19 November 2017 ) . `` How Brexity is your vacuum cleaner ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Dyson loses EU battle over vacuum cleaners '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Tovey , Alan ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Dyson seizes victory in European courts over Brussels vaccum ( sic ) cleaner rules '' -- via The Telegraph . Jump up ^ Brown , Kevin ( 23 November 1998 ) . `` Business leaders give big boost to pro-euro lobby '' . Financial Times . London . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Gow , David ( 16 February 2000 ) . `` Strong pound puts Dyson in a spin : Entrepreneur threatens to take production abroad '' . The Guardian . London . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` The James Dyson Foundation donates £ 8m to fuel invention powerhouse '' . University of Cambridge . 6 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chancellor and James Dyson launch Imperial 's design engineering school '' . Imperial College London . 23 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Dyson Award '' . jamesdysonaward.org . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prince Philip Designers Prize : 1989 -- 1998 '' . Design Council . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary Graduates 1989 to present '' . University of Bath . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of Fellows '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 61470 '' . The London Gazette. 13 January 2016 . p. 546 . Jump up ^ `` Easyjet 's Carolyn McCall and James Dyson on New Year Honours list '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Companies ' reputations hinge on corporate governance , now more than ever , according to a new poll '' . CityAM . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Dyson '' . nndb.com . Jump up ^ James Dyson works at DODINGTON PARK MANAGEMENT LLP since 15 June 2010 currently as a Member of a Limited Liability Partnership -- http://www.cbetta.com/director/james-dyson-20 Jump up ^ `` Survival , Dyson style '' . thisismoney.co.uk. 21 March 2004 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Miranda ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Abramovich sunk in battle of superyachts : Emir 's 180 - metre vessel trumps Chelsea owner 's as world 's biggest '' . Evening Standard . London . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Ben ( 14 August 2013 ) . `` Emir knocks Abramovich off top of mega-yacht league table '' . The Times . London . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Sir James Dyson to Succeed Sir Terence Conran as Provost of the Royal College of Art '' . Royal College of Art . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A voice for subjects '' . The Council for Subject Associations. 13 October 2009 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Demetriou , Danielle ( 28 September 2004 ) . `` Dyson quits ' style over substance ' Design Museum '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) James Dyson profile at Forbes.com Engineering the Difference Dyson 's Richard Dimbleby Lecture in 2004 James Dyson interview on Design at Core77.com All of James Dyson 's patents and patent applications Dyson People James Dyson Products Ballbarrow Dyson Airblade List of Dyson products Related articles James Dyson Award Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2015 Fellows Mark Achtman Ali Alavi Allan Balmain Kamal Bawa Stephen Brown Jane Clarke Clifford Cocks Rory Collins Andy Cooper Stephen Cusack Anne Cutler Ben Davis Annette Dolphin Philip Donoghue Daniel Drucker James Dyson A.W.F. Edwards Yvonne Elsworth Alison Etheridge Jeremy Farrar Zoubin Ghahramani Mike Goddard Michael Hausser Laurence Hurst Jane Langdale Andy Mackenzie Philip Maini Jens Marklof Gero Miesenböck Ketan Patel David Phillips Jonathan Pila Roger Powell John Rarity Andrew Read Alan Roberts John Robertson Roger Sheldon Julia Slingo Scott Sloan Henry Snaith Ajay Sood Natalie Strynadka Richard Thomas Bryan Turner Frank Uhlmann Colin Wilson Honorary Lisa Jardine Robin Saxby Foreign Alain Aspect Zdeněk Bažant Linda Buck Andrew Knoll John Kuriyan Jiayang Li Sue Lindquist Gail Martin William Miller John Spence VIAF : 22366808 LCCN : nb90779182 ISNI : 0000 0001 2123 9406 GND : 121941876 SUDOC : 070941572 BNF : cb144689033 ( data ) ULAN : 500261400 NDL : 00956377 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Dyson&oldid=816216750 '' Categories : 1947 births Living people People from Cromer People from Malmesbury British people of English descent People educated at Gresham 's School Alumni of the Royal College of Art Alumni of the Byam Shaw School of Art Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Knights Bachelor Members of the Order of Merit English inventors British inventors Product designers Industrial designers English industrial designers British industrial designers Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering 20th - century British businesspeople 21st - century British businesspeople Businesspeople awarded knighthoods English philanthropists British Eurosceptics English farmers British farmers English landowners British landowners Founders of academic institutions English billionaires James Dyson Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from February 2017 Use dmy dates from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 39 . About Wikipedia	who invented the worlds first bag less vacuum cleaner	[ "Sir James Dyson OM CBE FRS FREng[2] (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial designer and founder of the Dyson company. He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, which works on the principle of cyclonic separation. According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2017, his net worth is £7.8 billion.[3] He served as the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017,[4][5] and opened a new University on Dyson's Wiltshire Campus in September 2017.[6] " ]	[ "Sir James Dyson" ]
-7738516975837416828	NXT Women's Championship	NXT Women 's championship - wikipedia NXT Women 's championship Jump to : navigation , search NXT Women 's Championship The NXT Women 's Championship belt with default side plates ( 2017 -- present ) Details Promotion WWE Brand NXT Date established April 5 , 2013 Current champion ( s ) Vacant Past design ( s ) ( show ) Statistics First champion ( s ) Paige Most reigns All titleholders ( 1 ) Longest reign Asuka ( 510 days ) Shortest reign Sasha Banks ( 192 days ) Oldest winner Asuka ( 7004126060000000000 ♠ 34 years , 188 days ) Youngest winner Paige ( 7003761200000000000 ♠ 20 years , 307 days ) Heaviest champion Asuka 137 lbs ( 62 kg ) Lightest champion Sasha Banks 114 lbs ( 52 kg ) The NXT Women 's Championship is a women 's professional wrestling championship created and promoted by the American professional wrestling promotion WWE on their developmental brand , NXT . Introduced on April 5 , 2013 , the inaugural champion was Paige . The championship is currently vacant , as former champion Asuka vacated the title due to injury on August 24 , 2017 ( aired on September 6 , 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Inaugural championship tournament ( 2013 ) 1.2 Second championship tournament ( 2014 ) 2 Reigns 3 Combined reigns 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) The inaugural NXT Women 's Champion Paige The championship was first introduced on April 5 , 2013 , at WrestleMania Axxess . It was announced at the May 30 , 2013 tapings ( broadcast on the June 5 episode ) of NXT , by Stephanie McMahon that there would be a tournament , featuring four developmental Divas and four Divas from the main roster competing to be crowned as the inaugural NXT Women 's Champion in a knockout system format . The first NXT Women 's Champion was crowned on June 20 , 2013 ( aired on tape delay on July 24 , 2013 ) , with Paige defeating Emma in the tournament finals . Paige successfully defended her title at NXT Arrival against Emma using her new Scorpion Cross-Lock , but General Manager John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield stripped Paige of the title on the April 24 , 2014 episode of NXT in order to give the Divas on NXT a chance , as Paige had been brought up to the main roster upon defeating AJ Lee for the WWE Divas Championship . A new tournament was started the following week . The finals occurred at NXT TakeOver and Charlotte defeated Natalya to win the vacant NXT Women 's Championship . On the September 16 , 2015 episode of NXT , General Manager William Regal announced that Bayley would defend her title against Sasha Banks in the main event at NXT TakeOver : Respect on October 7 in the first ever 30 - minute Iron Woman match in WWE history . At the event , Bayley defeated Banks to retain the championship , scoring the win with 3 falls to 2 . On April 1 , 2017 , at WrestleMania Axxess , NXT General Manager William Regal announced that all of the NXT title belts would be redesigned . The new title belts were unveiled at NXT TakeOver : Orlando that same night and given to the winners of their respective matches . Coming in line with the women 's championships of the main roster , the new design features removable side plates with the WWE logo as default plates , which are customized with the current champion 's logos as a similarity of the name plate feature . Inaugural championship tournament ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final Tamina Snuka Paige Pin Paige Pin Alicia Fox Bayley Alicia Fox Pin Paige Pin Emma Sasha Banks Summer Rae Pin Summer Rae Emma Pin Emma Sub Aksana Second championship tournament ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final Bayley Sasha Banks Sub Sasha Banks Natalya Sub Layla Natalya Sub Natalya Charlotte Pin Alicia Fox Alexa Bliss Pin Alexa Bliss Charlotte Pin Charlotte Pin Emma Reigns ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2017 , there have been five champions , two of which won tournaments to become the champion -- Paige and Charlotte . The title has only had two vacancies . Paige was the inaugural champion after she defeated Emma in a tournament final on June 20 , 2013 , during the NXT tapings , which aired on tape delay on July 24 , 2013 . Asuka is the longest reigning champion at 510 days , beginning on April 1 , 2016 and ending on August 24 , 2017 , however , WWE recognizes the reign as 523 days , with it ending on September 6 , 2017 , the date that the episode in which she vacated the title aired . Sasha Banks holds the shortest reign at 192 days . Paige is the youngest champion , winning it at the age of 20 , while Asuka is the oldest when she won the championship at 34 . The championship is currently vacant , after Asuka relinquished it during an NXT taping on August 24 , 2017 , which aired on September 6 , 2017 . The next champion will be determined in a fatal four - way match at NXT TakeOver : WarGames on November 18 , 2017 . As a reward for winning the inaugural Mae Young Classic , Kairi Sane was entered into the match . The other three spots were filled by Ember Moon , Nikki Cross , and Peyton Royce in qualification matches on NXT . Reign The reign number for the specific wrestler listed Location The city in which the title was won Event The event promoted by the respective promotion in which the title was won + Indicates the current reign is changing daily . No . Wrestler Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Paige 000000002013 - 06 - 20 - 0000 June 20 , 2013 308 Winter Park , FL NXT Defeated Emma in the tournament final to become the inaugural champion . WWE recognizes Paige 's reign as lasting 274 days , beginning on July 24 , 2013 , when the episode aired on tape delay . -- Vacated -- 000000002014 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2014 -- Baltimore , MD NXT NXT General Manager John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield stripped Paige of the title when she moved on to the main roster after winning the WWE Divas Championship . Charlotte 000000002014 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2014 258 Winter Park , FL NXT TakeOver Defeated Natalya in the tournament final to win the vacant championship . Sasha Banks 000000002015 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2015 192 Winter Park , FL NXT TakeOver : Rival This was a fatal four - way match , also involving Bayley and Becky Lynch . Bayley 000000002015 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 , 2015 223 Brooklyn , NY NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn WWE recognizes Bayley 's reign as lasting 224 days . 5 Asuka 000000002016 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2016 510 Dallas , TX NXT TakeOver : Dallas WWE recognizes Asuka 's reign as lasting 523 days , ending on September 6 , 2017 , when the episode aired on tape delay . -- Vacated -- 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2017 -- Winter Park , FL NXT After suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III , Asuka relinquished the title . Aired on tape delay on September 6 , 2017 . Combined reigns ( edit ) The longest reigning NXT Women 's Champion Asuka , whose reign lasted for 510 days , although WWE recognizes it as 523 days As of October 11 , 2017 . † Indicates the current champion Rank Wrestler No. of reigns Combined days Combined days recognized by WWE Asuka ! Asuka 510 523 Paige ! Paige 308 274 Charlotte ! Charlotte 258 259 Bayley ! Bayley 223 224 5 Banks , Sasha Sasha Banks 192 See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal WWE Women 's Championship ( 1956 -- 2010 ) WWE Divas Championship WWE Raw Women 's Championship WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship List of current champions in WWE References ( edit ) General `` Official NXT Women 's Championship title history '' . WWE . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ WWE officially recognizes it as 523 days . Specific Jump up ^ Caldwell , James . `` WWE NEWS : McMahon 's Friday tweet - anti-smoking , Stephanie introduces NXT Women 's Title ( w / Pic ) , Cena check - in , Ross new blog , Dupree wins title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Namako , Jason . `` WWE NXT Results - 5 / 30 / 13 ( # 1 Contender Battle Royal ) '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James , Justin . `` James 's WWE NXT results 5 / 29 & 6 / 5 : Wyatts defend Tag Titles , NXT Women 's Title introduced , # 1 contender battle royal , Parade of released NXT wrestlers in matches '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` WWE News : NXT spoilers summer episodes - first NXT Women 's champ , Flair , more , plus NXT TV in the U.S. ? '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James , Justin ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` James 's WWE NXT report 9 / 16 - Week 180 : Bayley returns to Full Sail as Women 's champ , big set - up for `` Takeover , '' Dusty Tag Classic continues , Adam Rose dumps on NXT , more ; Overall Reax `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` NXT Women 's Champion Bayley vs. Sasha Banks ( 30 - Minute WWE Iron Man Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Trionfo , Richard ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` WWE NXT TakeOver Respect report : Sasha Banks and Bayley go 30 minutes , the first Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic winners crowned , Asuka makes her NXT in ring debut ( poor Dana ) , and more '' . PWInsider . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ WWE ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : WWE NXT General William Regal arrives at WrestleMania Axxess with a HUGE announcement regarding NXT TakeOver : Orlando ! '' . Facebook . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Asuka becomes longest reigning NXT Women 's Champion ever '' . WWE.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Bryan ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Kairi Sane wins Mae Young Classic , will challenge for NXT Women 's title '' . Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Kairi Sane wins Mae Young Classic and a title shot '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Sean ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` NXT Recap : Adam Cole makes strong in - ring debut against Eric Young '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paige Relinquishes the NXT Women 's Championship : WWE NXT '' . WWE. April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte 's first reign '' . WWE . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Justin ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` James ' WWE NXT TakeOver Report 2 / 11 '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bayley 's first reign '' . WWE . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asuka '' . WWE . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Complete WWE NXT Spoilers from Full Sail University '' . PWInsider . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Asuka relinquishes NXT Women 's Title '' . WWE . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . NXT Women 's Champions Paige Charlotte Sasha Banks Bayley Asuka Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal ( reigns ) Intercontinental ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) SmackDown WWE ( reigns ) United States ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) NXT NXT ( reigns ) United Kingdom ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Trophy Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NXT_Women%27s_Championship&oldid=804916592 '' Categories : WWE NXT championships Women 's professional wrestling championships WWE Diva Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the longest reigning nxt women's champion	[ "As of October 11, 2017, there have been five champions, two of which won tournaments to become the champion — Paige and Charlotte. The title has only had two vacancies. Paige was the inaugural champion after she defeated Emma in a tournament final on June 20, 2013, during the NXT tapings, which aired on tape delay on July 24, 2013. Asuka is the longest reigning champion at 510 days, beginning on April 1, 2016 and ending on August 24, 2017, however, WWE recognizes the reign as 523 days, with it ending on September 6, 2017, the date that the episode in which she vacated the title aired.[9] Sasha Banks holds the shortest reign at 192 days. Paige is the youngest champion, winning it at the age of 20, while Asuka is the oldest when she won the championship at 34." ]	[ "Asuka" ]
1692065857859378655	Galactic year	Galactic year - wikipedia Galactic year Approximate orbit of the Sun ( yellow circle ) around the Galactic Centre The galactic year , also known as a cosmic year , is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy . Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years . The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km / h ( 230 km / s ) or 514,000 mph ( 143 mi / s ) within its trajectory around the galactic center , a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth 's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds ; that speed corresponds to approximately one 1300th of the speed of light . The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together . By contrast , a `` billion - year '' scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events , and a `` million - year '' scale requires some rather large numbers . Timeline of the universe and Earth 's history in galactic years ( edit ) Main articles : Timeline of the formation of the Universe , Timeline of natural history , and Timeline of the far future The following list assumes that 1 galactic year is 225 million years . About 61.32 galactic years ago Big Bang About 54 galactic years ago Birth of the Milky Way 20.44 galactic years ago Birth of the Sun 17 -- 18 galactic years ago Oceans appear on Earth 16.889 galactic years ago Life begins on Earth 15.555 galactic years ago Prokaryotes appear 12 galactic years ago Bacteria appear 10 galactic years ago Stable continents appear 6.8 galactic years ago Multicellular organisms appear 6.666 galactic years ago Eukaryotes appear 2.4 galactic years ago Cambrian explosion occurs 2 galactic years ago The first brain structure appears in worms 1.11 galactic year ago Permian -- Triassic extinction event 0.2935 galactic years ago Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event Present day 1 galactic year from now All the continents on Earth may fuse into a supercontinent . Three potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed Amasia , Novopangaea , and Pangaea Ultima . 2 -- 3 galactic years from now Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from Earth that total solar eclipses are no longer possible 4 galactic years from now Carbon dioxide levels fall to the point at which C4 photosynthesis is no longer possible . Multicellular life dies out 12 galactic years from now The Earth 's magnetic field shuts down and charged particles emanating from the Sun gradually deplete the atmosphere 15 galactic years from now Surface conditions on Earth are comparable to those on Venus today 22 galactic years from now The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide 25 galactic years from now Sun ejects a planetary nebula , leaving behind a white dwarf 30 galactic years from now The Milky Way and Andromeda complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy called Milkomeda or Milkdromeda 500 galactic years from now The Universe 's expansion causes all galaxies beyond the Milky Way 's Local Group to disappear beyond the cosmic light horizon , removing them from the observable universe 2000 galactic years from now Local Group of 47 galaxies coalesces into a single large galaxy Visualisation of the orbit of the Sun ( yellow dot and white curve ) around the Galactic Centre ( GC ) in the last galactic year . The red dots correspond to the positions of the stars studied by the European Southern Observatory in a monitoring programme . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosmic Year Archived 2014 - 04 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , Fact Guru , University of Ottawa Jump up ^ Leong , Stacy ( 2002 ) . `` Period of the Sun 's Orbit around the Galaxy ( Cosmic Year ) '' . The Physics Factbook . Jump up ^ http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question18.html NASA -- StarChild Question of the Month for February 2000 Jump up ^ Geologic Time Scale -- as 18 galactic rotations Jump up ^ Williams , Caroline ; Nield , Ted ( 20 October 2007 ) . `` Pangaea , the comeback '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Franck , S. ; Bounama , C. ; Von Bloh , W. ( November 2005 ) . `` Causes and timing of future biosphere extinction '' ( PDF ) . Biogeosciences Discussions 2 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1679 . Bibcode : 2005BGD ... 2.1665 F . doi : 10.5194 / bgd - 2 - 1665 - 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Luhmann , J.G. ; Johnson , R.E. ; Zhang , M.H.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolutionary impact of sputtering of the Martian atmosphere by O+ pickup ions '' . Geophysical Research Letters 19 ( 21 ) : 2151 -- 2154 . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19.2151 L . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL02485 . Jump up ^ Quirin Shlermeler ( 3 March 2005 ) . `` Solar wind hammers the ozone layer '' . nature news . doi : 10.1038 / news050228 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cox , J.T. ; Loeb , Abraham ( 2007 ) . `` The Collision Between The Milky Way And Andromeda '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 386 ( 1 ) : 461 . arXiv : arXiv : 0705.1170 . Bibcode : 2008MNRAS. tmp ... 333C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2008. 13048. x . Jump up ^ Loeb , Abraham ( 2011 ) . `` Cosmology with Hypervelocity Stars '' . Harvard University. arXiv : 1102.0007 . Jump up ^ `` The Local Group of Galaxies '' . University of Arizona . Students for the Exploration and Development of Space . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Fred C. ; Laughlin , Gregory ( April 1997 ) . `` A dying universe : the long - term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects '' . Reviews of Modern Physics 69 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 372 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9701131 . Bibcode : 1997RvMP ... 69 ... 337A . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 69.337 . Jump up ^ `` Milky Way Past Was More Turbulent Than Previously Known '' . ESO News . European Southern Observatory . 2004 - 04 - 06 . After more than 1,000 nights of observations spread over 15 years , they have determined the spatial motions of more than 14,000 solar - like stars residing in the neighbourhood of the Sun . Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Yellow Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Oscillating Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Hypothetical stars Boson star Black dwarf Exotic Electroweak star Quark Strange Preon Planck Dark matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Symbiotic Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Icarus ( most distant individual star ) Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Chronology Key topics Archaeology Astronomy Geology History Paleontology Time Eras Epochs Calendar eras Human Era Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Byzantine era Seleucid era Spanish era Before Present Hijri Egyptian Sothic cycle Hindu units of time ( Yuga ) Mesoamerican Long Count Short Count Tzolk'in Haab ' Regnal year Canon of Kings Lists of kings Limmu Era names Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese Calendars Pre-Julian / Julian Pre-Julian Roman Original Julian Proleptic Julian Revised Julian Gregorian Gregorian Proleptic Gregorian Old Style and New Style dates Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Dual dating Astronomical Lunisolar Solar Lunar Astronomical year numbering Others Chinese sexagenary cycle Geologic Calendar Hebrew Iranian Islamic ISO week date Mesoamerican Maya Aztec Winter count ( Plains Indians ) Astronomic time Cosmic Calendar Ephemeris Galactic year Metonic cycle Milankovitch cycles Geologic time Concepts Deep time Geological history of Earth Geological time units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age ( GSSA ) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point ( GSSP ) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope geochemistry Law of superposition Luminescence dating Samarium -- neodymium dating Chronological dating Absolute dating Amino acid racemisation Archaeomagnetic dating Dendrochronology Ice core Incremental dating Lichenometry Paleomagnetism Radiometric dating Radiocarbon Uranium -- lead Potassium -- argon Tephrochronology Luminescence dating Thermoluminescence dating Relative dating Fluorine absorption Nitrogen dating Obsidian hydration Seriation Stratigraphy Genetic methods Molecular clock Linguistic methods Glottochronology Related topics Chronicle New Chronology Periodization Synchronoptic view Timeline Year zero Circa Floruit Terminus post quem ASPRO chronology Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galactic_year&oldid=839481695 '' Categories : Milky Way Units of time Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Boarisch Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Zazaki 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 18 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how long for sun to rotate around galaxy	[ "The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.[1] Estimates of the length of one orbit range from 225 to 250 million terrestrial years.[2] The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 828,000 km/h (230 km/s) or 514,000 mph (143 mi/s) within its trajectory around the galactic center,[3] a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately one 1300th of the speed of light." ]	[ "225 to 250 million terrestrial years" ]
5385333243084446	This Is Us (TV series)	This Is Us ( TV series ) - Wikipedia This Is Us ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This Is Us Genre Comedy - drama Family drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Composer ( s ) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhode Island Ave . Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Original release September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) -- present External links Website www.nbc.com/this-is-us This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20 , 2016 . The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch , Logan Shroyer , Hannah Zeile , Mackenzie Hancsicsak , Parker Bates , Eris Baker , and Faithe Herman . It is about the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different . The series has received positive reviews since its premiere , receiving nominations for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . The cast has received accolades , with Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz receiving Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress , and Sterling K. Brown receiving a SAG nomination for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series . In 2017 , the series received ten Emmy nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27 , 2016 , NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . In January 2017 , NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each . The second season premiered on September 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series follows siblings Kate , Kevin and Randall as their lives intertwine . Kate and Kevin were originally part of a triplet pregnancy , conceived in the bathroom of Froggy 's , a bar , during Super Bowl XIV . Their due date was October 12 , 1980 , but they were born six weeks early on August 31 ; their biological brother was stillborn . Their parents , Jack and Rebecca , having expected to bring home three babies , decide to adopt another newborn : Randall , a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station . Episodes weave through the stories of the past and present of the characters , with most scenes taking place in 1980 , 1989 -- 1995 , and the present day ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . Flashback scenes take place in Pittsburgh , while current scenes are typically split between Los Angeles , New Jersey , and New York City . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) TBA TBA TBA Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of This Is Us characters Main cast members ( L -- R ) Jones , Watson , Brown , Ventimiglia , Moore , Hartley , Metz , and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Main ( edit ) Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson : Rebecca 's husband , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's father . Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson ( née Malone ) : Jack 's wife , and Kate , Kevin , & Randall 's mother . Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Kevin 's brother . Also played by Niles Fitch ( age 15 ) and Lonnie Chavis ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's daughter , and Kevin & Randall 's sister . Also played by Hannah Zeile ( age 15 ) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson : Jack & Rebecca 's son , and Kate & Randall 's brother . Also played by Logan Shroyer ( age 15 ) and Parker Bates ( ages 8 -- 10 ) . Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson : Randall 's wife , and mother of Tess and Annie . Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon : Kate 's fiancé . Ron Cephas Jones as William H. Hill ( aka Shakespeare ) : Randall 's biological father . Also played by Jermel Nakia as a youth . Jon Huertas as Miguel : Jack 's best friend and Rebecca 's second husband . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie : Kate 's childhood best friend as well as Kevin 's childhood love and ex-wife . Also played by Amanda Leighton ( age 15 ) and Sophia Coto ( age 10 ) . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson : Randall and Beth 's older daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson : Randall and Beth 's younger daughter . ( recurring season 1 ; main season 2 -- present ) Recurring ( edit ) Gerald McRaney as Dr. Nathan Katowski ( aka Dr. K ) : An elderly widower , who delivers Kate and Kevin . Janet Montgomery as Olivia Maine : Kevin 's former stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Milana Vayntrub as Sloane Sandburg : Kevin 's stage partner and ex-girlfriend . Ryan Michelle Bathe as Yvette : A family friend of the Pearsons . Denis O'Hare as Jesse : William 's friend and former romantic partner . Adam Bartley as Duke : The stable worker at the weight - loss camp Kate attends . Jill Johnson as Laurie : A member of Toby and Kate 's weight - loss support group . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan '' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days '' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World '' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick '' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip '' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas '' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do '' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences '' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage '' George Tillman Jr . Kay Oyegun February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson 's Son '' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now ? '' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : This Is Us ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 19 `` A Father 's Advice '' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 20 `` A Manny - Splendored Thing '' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 21 `` Déjà Vu '' TBA TBA October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 2AZC03 TBD 22 `` Still There '' TBA TBA October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 2AZC04 TBD Release ( edit ) Home Media ( edit ) In May 2017 , Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu , in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 89 % approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 based on 56 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Featuring full - tilt heartstring - tugging family drama , This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Season 2 received a 92 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B , calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness '' . Moreover , they praised all the actors , specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence , authenticity , and charisma '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 10 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 2 , 11 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( 3 -- 10 , 12 -- 18 ) 18 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 10.07 March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 12.84 2016 -- 17 6 14.70 4.6 / 16 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 18 September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 12.94 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 African - American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards TV Program of the Year This Is Us Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman ( for `` Pilot '' ) Won Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis ( Jack and Randall at Karate ) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children 's programs This Is Us Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor : Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show : Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert ( for `` The Trip '' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry Nominated Gerald McRaney Won Denis O'Hare Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Elizabeth Hoel - Chang , Judith Lynn Staats , John Damiani Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Grand Prize This Is Us Won Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017 , Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow '' was primarily set in the 1970s , violating the TV Academy 's rule that `` more than 50 percent '' of the episode must be contemporary ( within 25 years of the air date ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bianco , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) , `` Review : ' This is Us ' is heartfelt ( if sweet - toothed ) family drama '' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' Gets Full - Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Game Plan '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 5 . October 25 , 2016 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Big Day '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 12 . January 17 , 2017 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . This is Us . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 20 , 2016 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Alexandra Breckenridge , & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Scream Queens ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Flash ' and ABC comedies adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up , ' Chicago Fire , ' ' SHIELD ' and ' Real O'Neals ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , final World Series numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' Chicago Fire , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' adjusts up , all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' American Housewife ' adjust up , ' No Tomorrow ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mick ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Bones ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Fire ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' The Wall , ' ' This Is Us , ' FOX comedies all adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' Tough Mudder ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' NCIS , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finishes with season highs : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 203 ) `` Déjà Vu '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 204 ) `` Still There '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` This Is Us : Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 2 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` This Is Us : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 - Honorees '' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : People v. O.J. , Night Manager , This Is Us , black - ish Lead Early TV Nominees '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us , ' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane , Ruth ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Dan ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Manchester by the Sea ' leads film SAG Award nominations '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello , McKenna ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.com . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Scott ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Emmys : ' This Is Us ' Nomination Revoked ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us ' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards '' . KBS World . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	this is us what is this show about	[ "This Is Us is an American television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016.[1] The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, Ron Cephas Jones, Jon Huertas, Alexandra Breckenridge, Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Eris Baker, and Faithe Herman. It is about the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday and the ways in which they are similar and different.[1]" ]	[ "the family lives and connections of several people who all share the same birthday" ]
-8819229729697573152	James Forrestal	James Forrestal - wikipedia James Forrestal Jump to : navigation , search James V. Forrestal 1st United States Secretary of Defense In office September 17 , 1947 -- March 28 , 1949 President Harry S. Truman Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Louis A. Johnson 48th United States Secretary of the Navy In office May 19 , 1944 -- September 17 , 1947 President Franklin Delano Roosevelt Harry S. Truman Preceded by Frank Knox Succeeded by John L. Sullivan Personal details James Vincent Forrestal ( 1892 - 02 - 15 ) February 15 , 1892 Matteawan , New York , U.S. May 22 , 1949 ( 1949 - 05 - 22 ) ( aged 57 ) Bethesda , Maryland , U.S. Cause of death fall suicide ( disputed ) Resting place Arlington National Cemetery Section 30 Lot 674 Grid X-39 38 ° 53 ′ 02 '' N 77 ° 03 ′ 55 '' W / 38.8837738 ° N 77.0653458 ° W / 38.8837738 ; - 77.0653458 ( Arlington National Cemetery ) Political party Democratic Spouse ( s ) Josephine Stovall Ogden ( formerly Stovall ) ( 1926 ) Children Michael Forrestal Peter Forrestal Alma mater Dartmouth College Princeton University Profession Investment banker Politician Signature Military service Service / branch United States Navy Rank Lieutenant Battles / wars World War I James Vincent Forrestal ( February 15 , 1892 -- May 22 , 1949 ) was the last Cabinet - level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense . Forrestal was a supporter of naval battle groups centered on aircraft carriers . In 1954 , the world 's first supercarrier was named USS Forrestal in his honor , as is the James V. Forrestal Building , which houses the headquarters of the United States Department of Energy . He is also the namesake of the Forrestal Lecture Series at the United States Naval Academy , which brings prominent military and civilian leaders to speak to the Brigade of Midshipmen , and of the James Forrestal Campus of Princeton University in Plainsboro Township , New Jersey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and private employment 2 Political career 2.1 Secretary of the Navy 2.2 Secretary of Defense 2.3 Post-war 2.4 Resignation as Secretary of Defense 3 Psychiatric treatment 4 Death 4.1 Assassination theories 5 Publication of diaries 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Early life and private employment ( edit ) Forrestal was born in Matteawan , New York , ( now part of Beacon , New York ) , the youngest son of James Forrestal , an Irish immigrant who dabbled in politics . His mother , the former Mary Anne Toohey ( herself the daughter of another Irish immigrant ) raised him as a devout Roman Catholic . He was an amateur boxer . After graduating from high school at the age of 16 , in 1908 , he spent the next three years working for a trio of newspapers : the Matteawan Evening Journal , the Mount Vernon Argus and the Poughkeepsie News Press . Forrestal entered Dartmouth College in 1911 , but transferred to Princeton University in his sophomore year . He served as an editor for The Daily Princetonian . The senior class voted him `` Most Likely to Succeed '' , but he left just prior to completing work on a degree . Forrestal married the former Josephine Stovall ( née Ogden ) , a Vogue writer , in 1926 . She eventually developed alcohol and mental problems . Forrestal went to work as a bond salesman for William A. Read and Company ( later renamed Dillon , Read & Co . ) in 1916 . When the USA entered World War I , he enlisted in the Navy and ultimately became a Naval Aviator , training with the Royal Flying Corps in Canada . During the final year of the war , Forrestal spent much of his time in Washington , D.C. , at the office of Naval Operations , while completing his flight training . He eventually reached the rank of Lieutenant . After the war , Forrestal returned to working in finance and made his fortune on Wall Street . He became a partner ( 1923 ) , vice-president ( 1926 ) , and president of the company ( 1937 ) . He also acted as a publicist for the Democratic Party committee in Dutchess County , New York helping politicians from the area win elections at both the state and national level . One of those individuals aided by his work was a neighbor , Franklin D. Roosevelt . By some accounts , Forrestal was a compulsive workaholic , skilled administrator , pugnacious , introspective , shy , philosophic , solitary , and emotionally insecure . Political career ( edit ) Secretary of the Navy ( edit ) President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Forrestal a special administrative assistant on June 22 , 1940 . Six weeks later , he nominated him for the newly established position , Undersecretary of the Navy . In his nearly four years as undersecretary , Forrestal proved highly effective at mobilizing domestic industrial production for the war effort . Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Ernest J. King , wanted to control logistics and procurement , but Forrestal prevailed . In September 1942 , to get a grasp on the reports for materiel his office was receiving , he made a tour of naval operations in the Southwest Pacific and a stop at Pearl Harbor . Returning to Washington , D.C. , he made his report to President Roosevelt , Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson , and the cabinet . In response to Forrestal 's elevated request that materiel be sent immediately to the Southwest Pacific area , Stimson ( who was more concerned with supplying Operation Torch in North Africa ) , told Forrestal , `` Jim , you 've got a bad case of localitis . '' Forrestal shot back in a heated manner , `` Mr. Secretary , if the Marines on Guadalcanal were wiped out , the reaction of the country will give you a bad case of localitis in the seat of your pants '' . He became Secretary of the Navy on May 19 , 1944 , after his immediate superior Secretary Frank Knox died from a heart attack . Forrestal led the Navy through the closing year of the war and the painful early years of demobilization that followed . As Secretary , Forrestal introduced a policy of racial integration in the Navy . Forrestal traveled to combat zones to see naval forces in action . He was in the South Pacific in 1942 , present at the Battle of Kwajalein in 1944 , and ( as Secretary ) witnessed the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945 . After five days of pitched battle , a detachment of Marines was sent to hoist the American flag on the 545 - foot summit of Mount Suribachi on Iwo Jima . This was the first time in the war that the U.S. flag had flown on Japanese soil . Forrestal , who had just landed on the beach , claimed the historic flag as a souvenir . A second , larger flag was run up in its place , and this second flag - raising was the moment captured by Associated Press photographer Joe Rosenthal in his famous photograph . Forrestal , along with Secretary of War Henry Stimson and Under Secretary of State Joseph Grew , in the early months of 1945 , strongly advocated a softer policy toward Japan that would permit a negotiated armistice , a ' face - saving ' surrender . Forrestal 's primary concern was not the resurgence of a militarized Japan , but rather `` the menace of Russian Communism and its attraction for decimated , destabilized societies in Europe and Asia , '' and , therefore , keeping the Soviet Union out of the war with Japan . So strongly did he feel about this matter that he cultivated negotiation efforts that some regarded as approaching insubordination . His counsel on ending the war was finally followed , but not until the atomic bombs had been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The day after the Nagasaki attack , the Japanese sent out a radio transmission saying that it was ready to accept the terms of the allies ' Potsdam Declaration , `` with the understanding that said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a sovereign ruler . '' That position still fell short of the U.S. `` unconditional surrender '' demand , retaining the sticking point that had held up the war 's conclusion for months . Strong voices within the administration , including Secretary of State James Byrnes , counseled fighting on . At that point , `` Forrestal came up with a shrewd and simple solution : Accept the offer and declare that it accomplishes what the Potsdam Declaration demanded . Say that the Emperor and the Japanese government will rule subject to the orders of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . This would imply recognition of the Emperor while tending to neutralize American public passions against the Emperor . Truman liked this . It would be close enough to ' unconditional . ' '' After the war , Forrestal urged Truman to take a hard line with the Soviets over Poland . He also strongly influenced the new Wisconsin Senator , Joseph McCarthy , concerning infiltration of the government by Communists . Upon McCarthy 's arrival in Washington in December 1946 , Forrestal invited him to lunch . In McCarthy 's words , `` Before meeting Jim Forrestal I thought we were losing to international Communism because of incompetence and stupidity on the part of our planners . I mentioned that to Forrestal . I shall forever remember his answer . He said , ' McCarthy , consistency has never been a mark of stupidity . If they were merely stupid , they would occasionally make a mistake in our favor . ' This phrase struck me so forcefully that I have often used it since . '' Secretary of Defense ( edit ) In 1947 , President Harry S. Truman appointed him the first United States Secretary of Defense . Forrestal continued to advocate for complete racial integration of the services , a policy eventually implemented in 1949 . During private cabinet meetings with President Truman in 1946 and 1947 , Forrestal had argued against partition of Palestine on the grounds it would infuriate Arab countries who supplied oil needed for the U.S. economy and national defense . Instead , Forrestal favored a federalization plan for Palestine . Outside the White House , response to Truman 's continued silence on the issue was immediate . President Truman received threats to cut off campaign contributions from wealthy donors , as well as hate mail , including a letter accusing him of `` preferring fascist and Arab elements to the democracy - loving Jewish people of Palestine . '' Appalled by the intensity and implied threats over the partition question , Forrestal appealed to Truman in two separate cabinet meetings not to base his decision on partition , whatever the outcome , on the basis of political pressure . In his only known public comment on the issue , Forrestal stated to J. Howard McGrath , Senator from Rhode Island : `` ... no group in this country should be permitted to influence our policy to the point it could endanger our national security . '' Forrestal 's statement soon earned him the active enmity of some congressmen and supporters of Israel . Forrestal was also an early target of the muckraking columnist and broadcaster Drew Pearson , an opponent of foreign policies hostile to the Soviet Union , who began to regularly call for Forrestal 's removal after President Truman named him Secretary of Defense . Pearson told his own protege , Jack Anderson , that he believed Forrestal was `` the most dangerous man in America '' and claimed that if he was not removed from office , he would `` cause another world war . '' Upon taking office as Secretary of Defense , Forrestal was surprised to learn that the administration did not budget for defense needs based on military threats posed by enemies of the United States and its interests . According to historian Walter LaFeber , Truman was known to approach defense budgetary requests in the abstract , without regard to defense response requirements in the event of conflicts with potential enemies . The president would begin by subtracting from total receipts the amount needed for domestic needs and recurrent operating costs , with any surplus going to the defense budget for that year . The Truman administration 's willingness to slash conventional readiness needs for the Navy and Marine Corps soon caused fierce controversies within the upper ranks of their respective branches . During the Reagan years , Paul Nitze reflected upon the qualities which made a Secretary of Defense great : the ability to work with Congress , the ability for `` big - time management , '' and an ability at war planning . Nitze felt that Forrestal was the only one who possessed all three qualities together . Post-war ( edit ) At the close of World War II , millions of dollars of serviceable equipment had been scrapped or abandoned rather than having funds appropriated for its storage costs . New military equipment en route to operations in the Pacific theater was scrapped or simply tossed overboard . Facing the wholesale demobilization of most of the US defense force structure , Forrestal resisted President Truman 's efforts to substantially reduce defense appropriations , but was unable to prevent a steady reduction in defense spending , resulting in major cuts not only in defense equipment stockpiles , but also in military readiness . By 1948 , President Harry Truman had approved military budgets billions of dollars below what the services were requesting , putting Forrestal in the middle of a fierce tug - of - war between the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Forrestal was also becoming increasingly worried about the Soviet threat . His 18 months at Defense came at an exceptionally difficult time for the U.S. military establishment : Communist governments came to power in Czechoslovakia and China ; the Soviets imposed a blockade on West Berlin prompting the U.S. Berlin Airlift to supply the city ; the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War followed the establishment of Israel ; and negotiations were going on for the formation of NATO . Dwight D. Eisenhower recorded he was in agreement with Forrestal 's theories on the dangers of Soviet and International communist expansion . Eisenhower recalled that Forrestal had been `` the one man who , in the very midst of the war , always counseled caution and alertness in dealing with the Soviets . '' Eisenhower remembered on several occasions , while he was Supreme Allied Commander , he had been visited by Forrestal , who carefully explained his thesis that the Communists would never cease trying to destroy all representative government . Eisenhower commented in his personal diary on 11 June 1949 , `` I never had cause to doubt the accuracy of his judgments on this point . '' Forrestal also opposed the unification of the military services proposed by the Truman officials . Even so , he helped develop the National Security Act of 1947 that created the National Military Establishment ( the Department of Defense was not created as such until August 1949 ) . With the former Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson retiring to private life , Forrestal was the next choice . Resignation as Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Governor of New York Thomas E. Dewey was expected to win the presidential elections of 1948 . Forrestal met with Dewey privately , and it was agreed he would continue as Secretary of Defense under a Dewey administration . Unwittingly , Forrestal would trigger a series of events that would not only undermine his already precarious position with President Truman but would also contribute to the loss of his job , his failing health , and eventual demise . Weeks before the election , Pearson published an exposé of the meetings between Dewey and Forrestal . In 1949 , angered over Forrestal 's continued opposition to his defense economization policies , and concerned about reports in the press over his mental condition , Truman abruptly asked Forrestal to resign . By March 31 , 1949 , Forrestal was out of a job . He was replaced by Louis A. Johnson , an ardent supporter of Truman 's defense retrenchment policy . Psychiatric treatment ( edit ) In 1949 , exhausted from overwork , Forrestal entered psychiatric treatment . The attending psychiatrist , Captain George N. Raines , was handpicked by the Navy Surgeon General . The regimen was as follows : 1st week : narcosis with sodium amytal . 2nd -- 5th weeks : a regimen of insulin sub-shock combined with psycho - therapeutic interviews . According to Dr. Raines , the patient overreacted to the insulin much as he had to the amytal and this would occasionally throw him into a confused state with a great deal of agitation and confusion . 4th week : insulin administered only in stimulating doses ; 10 units of insulin four times a day , morning , noon , afternoon and evening . According to Dr. Raines , `` We considered electro - shock but thought it better to postpone it for another 90 days . In reactive depression if electro - shock is used early and the patient is returned to the same situation from which he came there is grave danger of suicide in the immediate period after they return ... so strangely enough we left out electro - shock to avoid what actually happened anyhow '' . Death ( edit ) Although Forrestal told associates he had decided to resign , he was shattered when Truman abruptly asked for his resignation . His letter of resignation was tendered on March 28 , 1949 . On the day of Forrestal 's resignation from office , he was reported to have gone into a strange daze and was flown on a Navy airplane to the estate of Under Secretary of State Robert A. Lovett in Hobe Sound , Florida , where Forrestal 's wife , Josephine , was vacationing . Dr. William C. Menninger of the Menninger Clinic in Kansas was consulted and he diagnosed `` severe depression '' of the type `` seen in operational fatigue during the war . '' The Menninger Clinic had successfully treated similar cases during World War II , but Forrestal 's wife , his friend and associate Ferdinand Eberstadt , Dr. Menninger and Navy psychiatrist Captain Dr. George N. Raines decided to send the former Secretary of Defense to the National Naval Medical Center ( NNMC ) in Bethesda , Maryland , where it would be possible to deny his mental illness . He was checked into NNMC five days later . The decision to house him on the 16th floor instead of the first floor was justified in the same way . Forrestal 's condition was officially announced as `` nervous and physical exhaustion , '' his lead doctor , Captain Raines , diagnosing his condition as `` depression '' or `` reactive depression . '' As a person who prized anonymity and once stated that his hobby was `` obscurity , '' Forrestal and his policies had been the constant target of vicious personal attacks from columnists , including Drew Pearson and Walter Winchell . Pearson 's protégé , Jack Anderson , later asserted that Pearson `` hectored Forrestal with innuendos and false accusations . '' National Naval Medical Center Forrestal seemed to be on the road to recovery , having regained twelve pounds since his entry into the hospital . However , in the early morning hours of May 22 , his body , clad only in the bottom half of a pair of pajamas , was found on a third - floor roof below the sixteenth - floor kitchen across the hall from his room . Forrestal 's alleged last written statement , touted in the contemporary press and later biographers as an implied suicide note , was part of a poem from W.M. Praed 's translation of Sophocles ' tragedy Ajax : Fair Salamis , the billows ' roar , Wander around thee yet , And sailors gaze upon thy shore Firm in the Ocean set . Thy son is in a foreign clime Where Ida feeds her countless flocks , Far from thy dear , remembered rocks , Worn by the waste of time -- Comfortless , nameless , hopeless save In the dark prospect of the yawning grave ... Woe to the mother in her close of day , Woe to her desolate heart and temples gray , When she shall hear Her loved one 's story whispered in her ear ! `` Woe , woe ! ' will be the cry -- No quiet murmur like the tremulous wail Of the lone bird , the querulous nightingale -- The official Navy review board , which completed hearings on May 31 , waited until October 11 , 1949 , to release only a brief summary of its findings . The announcement , as reported on page 15 of the October 12 New York Times , stated only that Forrestal had died from his fall from the window . It did not say what might have caused the fall , nor did it make any mention of a bathrobe sash cord that had first been reported as tied around his neck . According to the full report , which was not released by the Department of the Navy until April 2004 , the official findings of the board were as follows : After full and mature deliberation , the board finds as follows : FINDING OF FACTS That the body found on the ledge outside of room three eighty - four of building one of the National Naval Medical Center at one - fifty a.m. and pronounced dead at one fifty - five a.m. , Sunday , May 22 , 1949 , was identified as that of the late James V. Forrestal , a patient on the Neuropsychiatric Service of the U.S. Naval Hospital , National Naval Medical Center , Bethesda , Maryland . That the late James V. Forrestal died on or about May 22 , 1949 , at the National Naval Medical Center , Bethesda , Maryland , as a result of injuries , multiple , extreme , received incident to a fall from a high point in the tower , building one , National Naval Medical Center , Bethesda , Maryland . That the behavior of the deceased during the period of his stay in the hospital preceding his death was indicative of a mental depression . That the treatment and precautions in the conduct of the case were in agreement with accepted psychiatric practice and commensurate with the evident status of the patient at all times . That the death was not caused in any manner by the intent , fault , negligence or inefficiency of any person or persons in the naval service or connected therewith . James Forrestal is buried in Section 30 Lot 674 Grid X-39 of Arlington National Cemetery . Assassination theories ( edit ) Doubts have existed from the beginning about Forrestal 's death , especially allegations of homicide . The early doubts are detailed in the book The Death of James Forrestal ( 1966 ) by Cornell Simpson , which received virtually no publicity . As Simpson notes ( pp. 40 -- 44 ) , a major reason for doubt is the fact that the Navy kept the full transcript of its official hearing and final report secret . Additional doubt has been raised by the 2004 release of that complete report , informally referred to as the Willcutts Report , obtained by researcher David Martin through use of the Freedom of Information Act . The name refers to Admiral Morton D. Willcutts , the head of NNMC , who convened the review board . There were unsubstantiated reports in the press of paranoia and of involuntary commitment to the hospital , as well as suspicions about the detailed circumstances of his death , which have fed a variety of conspiracy theories as well as legitimate questions . If it is Forrestal 's handwriting in the poem , according to some intelligence sources , then he could not scribble the word `` nightingale '' in the poem because it was the code name of the Ukrainian Nazi elite unit Nachtigall Brigade , which Forrestal had helped to smuggle to the United States to supplant Kim Philby 's failed ABN ( Anti Bolshevik Nationals ) , an MI6 Soviet émigré fascist group . There was also broken glass found on Forrestal 's bed , a fact that had not been previously reported . Theories as to who might have murdered Forrestal range from Zionist or Soviet agents to U.S. government operatives sent to silence him for his knowledge of UFOs . Forrestal 's single known public statement regarding pressure from interest groups , and his cabinet position opposing the partition of Palestine has been significantly magnified by later critics into a portrayal of Forrestal as a dedicated anti-Zionist who led a concerted campaign to thwart the cause of the Jewish people in Palestine . These critics tend to characterize Forrestal as a mentally unhinged individual , a hysteric with deep anti-Zionist and anti-Jewish feelings . Forrestal himself maintained that he was being shadowed by `` foreign men , '' which some critics and authors quickly interpreted to mean either Soviet NKVD agents or proponents of Zionism . Author Arnold Rogow supported the theory that Forrestal committed suicide over fantasies of being chased by Zionist agents , largely relying on information obtained in interviews conducted with some of Forrestal 's fiercest critics inside and outside the Truman administration . However , those who see Zionist designs behind Forrestal 's unexplained death note Rogow 's footnote to his work : `` While those beliefs reflect the fact that Forrestal was a very ill man in March 1949 , it is entirely possible that he was ' shadowed ' by Zionist agents in 1947 and 1948 . A close associate of his at the time recalls that at the height of the Palestine controversy , his ( the associate 's ) official limousine was followed to and from his office by a blue sedan containing two men . When the police were notified and the sedan apprehended , it was discovered that the two men were photographers employed by a Zionist organization . They explained to the police that they had hoped to obtain photographs of the limousine 's occupant entering or leaving an Arab embassy in order to demonstrate that the official involved was in close contact with Arab representatives . '' Columnists Drew Pearson and Walter Winchell led a press campaign -- which many would today find libelous -- against Forrestal to make him appear paranoid . But official evaluations of his psychiatric state never mentioned paranoia . One of Pearson 's most spectacular claims was that at Hobe Sound , Florida , shortly before he was hospitalized , Forrestal was awakened by a siren in the middle of the night and ran out into the street exclaiming , `` The Russians are attacking . '' No one who was there that night confirmed this claim . Captain George Raines , the Navy doctor in charge of Forrestal 's treatment , called it an outright fabrication . The first US ambassador to Israel , James G. McDonald , writing in 1951 , describes the attacks on Forrestal as `` unjustifiable '' , `` persistent and venomous '' and `` among the ugliest example of the willingness of politicians and publicists to use the vilest means -- in the name of patriotism -- to destroy self - sacrificing and devoted public servants . '' Publication of diaries ( edit ) Forrestal 's diaries from 1944 to March 1949 were serialised in the New York Herald Tribune in 1951 , and published as a 581 - page book The Forrestal Diaries , edited by Walter Millis in October 1951 . They were censored prior to publication . Adam Matthew Publications Ltd publishes a micro-film of the complete and unexpurgated diaries from the originals preserved in the Seeley G Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University . An example of censorship is the removal of the following account of a conversation with Truman : `` He referred to Hitler as an egomaniac . The result is we shall have a Slav Europe for a long time to come . I do n't think it is so bad . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The James V. Forrestal Building in Washington , D.C. , completed in 1969 , is named for him . The J.V. Forrestal Elementary School at 125 Liberty Street in Beacon , N.Y. , his hometown , is named for him . In the 1994 television movie , Roswell , Forrestal is portrayed by Eugene Roche . He is depicted as sitting on a commission concerning the Roswell UFO incident and advocating the eventual release of information to the public . The film treats his death and classified diary as highly suspicious . An opera concerning the conspiracy theories behind Forrestal 's death , Nightingale : The Last Days of James Forrestal composed by Evan Hause with a libretto by Gary Heidt , premiered in New York City at the Present Company Theatorium on May 19 , 2002 . In The Golden Age , a DC Comics Elseworlds `` imaginary story '' four - issue prestige format mini-series by James Robinson ( writer ) and Paul Smith ( artist ) , Forrestal 's death is shown to have been a murder . Forrestal is pushed from the window of his Bethesda Naval Hospital room by the Golden Age Robotman . In the PC game Area 51 one of the secret documents the player can collect talks about the Majestic 12 initiative being threatened with `` receiving the same punishment as his last secretary , Forrestal '' , implying the murder of Forrestal was to cover his operation from the public . In the Anime OVA series Mobile Suit Gundam 0083 : Stardust Memory , a secret document is briefly viewable in the eighth episode that mentions the death of a Secretary Forrestal . It goes on to say that a `` vacancy '' was left due to his death until he was replaced by an unnamed general . In the 2002 HBO TV movie Path to War , Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ( portrayed by Alec Baldwin ) hauntingly recounts the story of James Forrestal 's dismissal and suicide to speechwriter Richard Goodwin ( portrayed by James Frain ) . In the 2006 film Flags of Our Fathers , Forrestal was played by Michael Cumpsty . The story of James Forrestal is prominently featured in Chapter 4 of the Oliver Stone popular documentary series Oliver Stone 's Untold History of the United States which aired on Showtime in 2012 -- 13 . The later part of Forrestal 's life , including his marriage , and his death are a large part of Majic Man by Max Allan Collins . See also ( edit ) World War I portal USS Forrestal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` James V. Forrestal - Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . ^ Jump up to : `` James Vincent Forrestal . '' Dictionary of American Biography , Supplement 4 : 1946 -- 1950 . American Council of Learned Societies , 1974 . Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Michigan : Gale , 2009 . http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley , `` Driven Patriot : The Life and Times of James Forrestal , Naval Institute Press , 1992 , page 7 Jump up ^ Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley , `` Driven Patriot : The Life and Times of James Forrestal , Naval Institute Press , 1992 , pages 42 -- 8 , 47 , 131 -- 5 , 216 -- 218 , 427 , 432 , 479 Jump up ^ Albion , Robert Greenhalgh ; Robert Howe Connery ( 1962 ) . Forrestal and the Navy . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 104 -- 106 . Jump up ^ Potter , Elmer Belmont ( 1976 ) . Nimitz . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . pp. 186 -- 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hall , Bennett , `` Memories of Iwo Jima , '' gazettetimes.com , Tuesday , February 1 , 2011 . http://www.gazettetimes.com/news/local/article_5273af3a-2ddc-11e0-9497-001cc4c03286.html Jump up ^ Hoopes and Brinkley , pp. 205 -- 214 . The quoted line is from p. 208 Jump up ^ Rear Admiral Ellis M. Zacharias , `` How We Bungled the Japanese Surrender , '' Look Magazine , June 6 , 1950 Jump up ^ J. Robert Moskin , Mr. Truman 's War ( 1996 ) , pp. 311 -- 313 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Joseph ( 1952 ) . McCarthyism -- The Fight For America . Jump up ^ Donovan , Robert J. ( 1996 ) . Conflict and Crisis : The Presidency of Harry S. Truman , 1945 -- 1948 . University of Missouri Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1066 - 1 . Visibly upset , Truman gave the letter to an aide , stating that he was far too angry to answer it in a polite manner . Jump up ^ Donovan , Robert J. , Conflict and Crisis : The Presidency of Harry S. Truman , 1945 -- 1948 , University of Missouri Press ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1066 - X , 9780826210661 , pp. 325 -- 335 Jump up ^ ( The Forrestal Diaries , 1951 ) ^ Jump up to : Time Magazine , Washington Head - Hunters , New York : Time Publications , 24 January 1949 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1980 ( 7th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Blair , Clay , The Forgotten War : America in Korea , 1950 -- 1953 , Naval Institute Press ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Shultz , George P. Turmoil and Triumph , p. 705 ^ Jump up to : Hess , Jerry N. ; Felix E. Larkin ( 1972 ) ( September 18 , 1972 and October 23 , 1972 ) . `` Oral History Interview '' . Truman Library . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ See Whittaker Chambers to confirm that his concerns on the domestic front were quite legitimate Jump up ^ Immerman , James. `` The CIA in Guatemala . '' U. of Texas Press : 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from James Forrestal to Chan Gurney '' . Committee on Armed Services , Records of the U.S. Senate . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . March 4 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Spencer Zimmerman The Epoch Point , pp. 193 -- 4 , Mill City Press Inc. , 2008 ISBN 978 - 1 - 934248 - 93 - 5 Jump up ^ Admiral M.D. Willcutts Report , p. 34 , 41 , 1949 , released to the public 2004 Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes Dark Sun , p. 354 , Simon & Schuster , 1996 ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82414 - 7 Jump up ^ Akashah , Mary ; Donald Tennant ( 1980 ) . `` Madness and Politics : The Case of James Forrestal '' ( PDF ) . Proceeding of the Oklahoma Academy of Science . 60 : 89 -- 92 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Seeley G. Mudd Library , ( 1 ) , in searchable htm here Jump up ^ Townsend Hoopes Driven Patriot , p. 464 , Naval Institute Press , 2000 ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 334 - 3 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Willcutts Report Jump up ^ Townsend Hoopes The Driven Patriot , p. 469 , Naval Institute Press , 2000 ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 334 - 3 Jump up ^ Thomas E. Devine / Richard M. Daley Eyewitness , pp. 53 -- 4 , Primer Publishers , 1987 ISBN 978 - 0 - 939650 - 48 - 4 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Donald A. Ritchie Reporting from Washington , p. 140 , Oxford University Press US , 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517861 - 6 Jump up ^ Jerrold M. Post When Illness Strikes the Leader , p. 113 , Yale University Press , 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 06314 - 1 Jump up ^ John Loftus / Mark Aarons The Secret War Against the Jews , p. 214 , Macmillan , 1997 ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 15648 - 0 Jump up ^ Carl Jung , Flying Saucers ; A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Sky , Princeton University Press , 1979 ISBN 0 - 691 - 01822 - 7 Jump up ^ The Death of James Forrestal ^ Jump up to : Rogow , Arnold , James Forrestal , A Study of Personality , Politics , and Policy , p. 181 Jump up ^ Hoopes and Brinkley , pp. 455 -- 456 Jump up ^ McDonald , James G. ( 1951 ) My mission to Israel . 1948 -- 1951 . Victor Gollancz , London . Page 12 Jump up ^ The Forrestal Diaries Jump up ^ http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/collections_az/DiariesJVForr/highlights.aspx ^ Jump up to : http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/faculty/trachtenberg/documents/forrestal.html Further reading ( edit ) Mary Akashah and Donald Tennant ( 1980 ) . `` Madness and Politics : The Case of James Forrestal '' ( PDF ) . Proceeding of the Oklahoma Academy of Science 60 : 89 -- 92 . Retrieved on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Refutes the idea that Forrestal 's `` policies and positions were somehow the products of a diseased mind . '' Robert G. Albion and Robert H. Connery , Forrestal and the Navy ( 1962 ) Carl W. Borklund , Men of the Pentagon : From Forrestal to McNamara ( 1966 ) Demetrios Caraley , The Politics of Military Unification ( 1966 ) Robert H. Connery , The Navy and Industrial Mobilization in World War II ( 1951 ) Jeffrey M. Dorwart , Eberstadt and Forrestal , A National Security Partnership , 1909 -- 1949 ( College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press , 1991 ) Forrestal Papers , Princeton Univ . Lib . Paul Y. Hammond , Organizing for Defense : The American Military Establishment in the Twentieth Century ( 1961 ) . Alan Hart , Zionism , the Real Enemy of the Jews , vol. 1 , The False Messiah , Chapter 12 , `` The Forrestal ' Suicide ' '' ( Clarity Press , Inc. , 2009 ) Townsend Hoopes and Douglas Brinkley , Driven Patriot , the Life and Times of James Forrestal ISBN 0 - 7366 - 2520 - 8 ( 1992 ) M.J. Meaker , Sudden Endings , 13 Profiles in Depth of Famous Suicides ( Garden City , NY : Doubleday & Company , Inc. , 1964 ) , p. 46 -- 66 : `` Patriot 's Record : James Forrestal '' Walter Millis ed. , The Forrestal Diaries ( New York : Viking , 1951 ) Walter Millis and E.S. Duffield ( editors ) , The Forrestal Diaries , Kessinger Publishing , 2007 ISBN 0 - 548 - 38607 - 2 Arnold Rogow , James Forrestal , A Study of Personality , Politics , and Policy ( Macmillan Publishers , 1963 ) Quinn , Peter . Looking for Jimmy . New York : Overlook Press ( 2007 ) . ISBN 1 - 58567 - 870 - 8 James Forrestal biography at pp. 39 -- 41 . Cornell Simpson The Death of James Forrestal ( Western Islands Publishers , 1966 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Forrestal . DoD biography ( includes more details of DoD formation process and budget negotiations ) Annotated bibliography for James Forrestal from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues `` James Forrestal '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funeral , 1921 -- 1969 , CHAPTER V , Former Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal , Official Funeral , 22 -- 25 May 1949 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark . United States Army Center of Military History . Admiral M.D. Willcutts Report , 1949 ( pdf ) . Or in searchable html . Diaries of James V. Forrestal , 1944 -- 1949 James V. Forrestal Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University Arnold A. Rogow Papers on James V. Forrestal at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library , Princeton University Media The short film `` GRASSHOPPER '' PLANES ON BOUGAINVILLE ETC. ( 1944 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT RETURNS TO WASHINGTON ETC. ( 1944 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film A GERMAN IS TRIED FOR MURDER ETC. ( 1945 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Sunset in the Pacific ( 1945 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film First Pictures Atomic Blast ! , 1946 / 07 / 08 ( 1946 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Army - Navy Agree On Merger , 1947 / 01 / 20 ( 1947 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive History.com H2 video , Hangar 1 The UFO Files : Shadow Government , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Premiere Date : April 18 , 2014 . Examining a theory of Sec . Forrestal 's involvement in and knowledge of a secret government organization 's concealment of information about UFOs . Government offices Preceded by New office Under Secretary of the Navy August 22 , 1940 -- May 16 , 1944 Succeeded by Ralph Austin Bard Preceded by Frank Knox United States Secretary of the Navy ( cabinet ) 1944 -- 1947 Succeeded by John L. Sullivan ( DoD ) Political offices Preceded by New office U.S. Secretary of Defense Served under : Harry S. Truman 1947 -- 1949 Succeeded by Louis A. Johnson United States Department of the Navy Secretaries Cabinet level Stoddert Smith Hamilton Jones Crowninshield S Thompson Southard Branch L. Woodbury Dickerson Paulding Badger Upshur Henshaw Gilmer Mason Bancroft Mason Preston Graham Kennedy Dobbin Toucey Welles Borie Robeson R Thompson Goff Hunt Chandler Whitney Tracy Herbert Long Moody Morton Bonaparte Metcalf Newberry Meyer Daniels Denby Wilbur Adams Swanson Edison Knox Forrestal Dept. of Defense Sullivan Matthews Kimball Anderson Thomas T. Gates Franke Connally Korth Nitze Ignatius Chafee Warner Middendorf Claytor Hidalgo Lehman Webb Ball Garrett O'Keefe Dalton Danzig England Winter Mabus Spencer Under Secretaries Forrestal Bard A. Gates Sullivan Kenney Kimball Whitehair Thomas T. Gates Franke Bantz Fay BeLieu Baldwin Baird Warner Sanders Middendorf Potter Macdonald Woolsey Murray Goodrich Garrett Howard Danzig Hultin Pirie Livingstone Aviles Work Davidson Assistant Secretaries Pre -- 1954 Fox Faxon Soley McAdoo T. Roosevelt Sr . Allen Hackett Darling Newberry Satterlee Winthrop F. Roosevelt G. Woodbury T. Roosevelt Jr . Robinson Jahncke H. Roosevelt Edison Compton Bard Hensel Kenney Andrews Koehler Askins Fogler Post -- 1954 Financial Management and Comptroller Installations and Environment Manpower and Reserve Affairs Research , Development and Acquisitions General Counsel of the Navy defunct : Air Installations and Logistics Material Research and Development Research , Engineering and Systems Shipbuilding and Logistics United States Secretaries of Defense Forrestal Johnson Marshall Lovett Wilson McElroy T. Gates McNamara Clifford Laird Richardson Schlesinger Rumsfeld Brown Weinberger Carlucci Cheney Aspin Perry Cohen Rumsfeld R. Gates Panetta Hagel Carter Mattis Cabinet of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) Vice President John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 41 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 45 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Secretary of State Cordell Hull ( 1933 -- 44 ) Edward R. Stettinius Jr. ( 1944 -- 45 ) Secretary of the Treasury William Hartman Woodin ( 1933 -- 34 ) Henry Morgenthau Jr. ( 1934 -- 45 ) Secretary of War George H. Dern ( 1933 -- 36 ) Harry H. Woodring ( 1936 -- 40 ) Henry L. Stimson ( 1940 -- 45 ) Attorney General Homer S. Cummings ( 1933 -- 39 ) Frank Murphy ( 1939 -- 40 ) Robert H. Jackson ( 1940 -- 41 ) Francis B. Biddle ( 1941 -- 45 ) Postmaster General James A. Farley ( 1933 -- 40 ) Frank C. Walker ( 1940 -- 45 ) Secretary of the Navy Claude A. Swanson ( 1933 -- 39 ) Charles Edison ( 1940 ) Frank Knox ( 1940 -- 44 ) James V. Forrestal ( 1944 -- 45 ) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes ( 1933 -- 45 ) Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace ( 1933 -- 40 ) Claude Raymond Wickard ( 1940 -- 45 ) Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper ( 1933 -- 38 ) Harry L. Hopkins ( 1938 -- 40 ) Jesse H. Jones ( 1940 -- 45 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1945 ) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins ( 1933 -- 45 ) Cabinet of President Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 53 ) Vice President None ( 1945 -- 49 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 53 ) Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius Jr. ( 1945 ) James F. Byrnes ( 1945 -- 47 ) George C. Marshall ( 1947 -- 49 ) Dean G. Acheson ( 1949 -- 53 ) Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr. ( 1945 ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1945 -- 46 ) John W. Snyder ( 1946 -- 53 ) Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson ( 1945 ) Robert P. Patterson ( 1945 -- 47 ) Kenneth C. Royall ( 1947 ) Secretary of Defense James V. Forrestal ( 1947 -- 49 ) Louis A. Johnson ( 1949 -- 50 ) George C. Marshall ( 1950 -- 51 ) Robert A. Lovett ( 1951 -- 53 ) Attorney General Francis B. Biddle ( 1945 ) Tom C. Clark ( 1945 -- 49 ) J. Howard McGrath ( 1949 -- 52 ) James P. McGranery ( 1952 -- 53 ) Postmaster General Frank C. Walker ( 1945 ) Robert E. Hannegan ( 1945 -- 47 ) Jesse Monroe Donaldson ( 1947 -- 53 ) Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal ( 1945 -- 47 ) Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes ( 1945 -- 46 ) Julius A. Krug ( 1946 -- 49 ) Oscar Littleton Chapman ( 1949 -- 53 ) Secretary of Agriculture Claude Raymond Wickard ( 1945 ) Clinton P. Anderson ( 1945 -- 48 ) Charles F. Brannan ( 1948 -- 53 ) Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace ( 1945 -- 46 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 -- 48 ) Charles Sawyer ( 1948 -- 53 ) Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins ( 1945 ) Lewis B. Schwellenbach ( 1945 -- 48 ) Maurice J. Tobin ( 1948 -- 53 ) VIAF : 20482758 LCCN : n86114299 ISNI : 0000 0001 0959 1319 GND : 119090279 SUDOC : 069157979 NDL : 00757603 IATH : w6m90c4v Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Forrestal&oldid=798354717 '' Categories : 1892 births 1949 deaths People from Beacon , New York New York ( state ) Democrats United States Secretaries of Defense United States Secretaries of the Navy Truman administration cabinet members Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal ( United States ) United States Navy officers United States Naval Aviators American military personnel of World War I American people of World War II American anti-communists Battle of Iwo Jima Dartmouth College alumni Deaths by defenestration Princeton University alumni American people of Irish descent American politicians who committed suicide Suicides by jumping in the United States Suicides in Maryland American investment bankers Anti-Zionism Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members 20th - century American politicians People from Hobe Sound , Florida Hidden categories : Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first secretary of defense for the united states	[ "James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was the last Cabinet-level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense." ]	[ "James Vincent Forrestal" ]
-6913126007069988619	Test cricket	Test cricket - wikipedia Test cricket A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005 . The two men wearing black trousers are the umpires . Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and usually with a red ball -- a pink ball in day / night Tests . Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard . Test matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined and conferred by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The two teams of 11 players each play a four - innings match , which may last up to five days ( or longer in some historical cases ) . It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams ' playing ability and endurance . The name Test stems from the long , gruelling match being both mentally and physically testing . The first officially recognised Test match took place on 15 -- 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , where Australia won by 45 runs . A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne on 12 -- 17 March 1977 , in which Australia beat England by 45 runs -- the same margin as that first Test . In October 2012 , the ICC recast the playing conditions for Test matches , permitting day / night Test matches . The first day / night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , on 27 November -- 1 December 2015 . The equivalent for women is Women 's Test cricket , which is played over four days with slight differences in format from men 's Tests . Part of a series on Cricket Forms of cricket ( hide ) Test cricket One Day International Twenty20 International First - class cricket Limited overs cricket List A cricket Twenty20 100 - ball cricket Club cricket History of cricket ( hide ) History of cricket to 1725 History of cricket ( 1726 -- 1763 ) Contents 1 Test status 2 Teams with Test status 3 Conduct of the game 3.1 Playing time 3.2 Play 4 Competitions 4.1 International Test Rankings 4.2 Test Championship 5 Early history 6 Perpetual trophies 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Test status ( edit ) Test matches are the highest level of cricket , although , statistically , their data form part of first - class cricket . Matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined by the International Cricket Council . As of June 2017 , twelve national teams have Test status , the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017 . Zimbabwe 's Test status was voluntarily suspended , because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011 ; it returned to competition in August 2011 . In January 2014 , during an ICC meeting in Dubai , the pathway for new potential Test nations was laid out with the winners of the next round of the ICC Intercontinental Cup playing a 5 - day match against the bottom ranked Test nation . If the Associate team defeats the Test nation , then they could be added as the new Test country and granted full membership . A list of matches , defined as `` Tests '' , was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s . Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891 -- 92 ( in Australia and South Africa ) and 1929 -- 30 ( in the West Indies and New Zealand ) are deemed to have `` Test status '' . In 1970 , a series of five `` Test matches '' was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI . These matches , originally scheduled between England and South Africa , were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their government 's policy of apartheid . Although initially given Test status ( and included as Test matches in some record books , including Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ) , this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations ( although the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have since 1928 been permitted to field a coalition side ) . Despite this , in 2005 , the ICC ruled that the six - day Super Series match that took place in October 2005 , between Australia and a World XI , was an official Test match . Some cricket writers and statisticians , including Bill Frindall , ignored the ICC 's ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records . The series of `` Test matches '' played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971 / 72 do not have Test status . The commercial `` Supertests '' organised by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between `` WSC Australia '' , `` WSC World XI '' and `` WSC West Indies '' from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as official Test matches . Teams with Test status ( edit ) There are currently twelve Test - playing men 's teams . The teams all represent individual , independent nations , except for England , the West Indies , and Ireland . Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council . Teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup , specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests . The teams are listed below with the date of each team 's Test debut : England ( 15 March 1877 ) Australia ( 15 March 1877 ) South Africa ( 12 March 1889 ) West Indies ( 23 June 1928 ) New Zealand ( 10 January 1930 ) India ( 25 June 1932 ) Pakistan ( 16 October 1952 ) Sri Lanka ( 17 February 1982 ) Zimbabwe ( 18 October 1992 ) Bangladesh ( 10 November 2000 ) Ireland ( 11 May 2018 ) Afghanistan ( 14 June 2018 ) In the mid 2010s , the ICC evaluated proposals for dividing Test cricket into two tiers , with promotion and relegation between Tier - 1 and Tier - 2 . These proposals were supported by some national cricket govening bodies , but opposed by others . These proposals were ulimately not implemented . Timeline of Test status of Teams ( show ) Conduct of the game ( edit ) Playing time ( edit ) See also : Playing time ( cricket ) A standard day of Test cricket consists of three sessions of two hours each , the breaks between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch and 20 minutes for tea . However the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances : if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break , the break may be taken immediately ; if there has been a loss of playing time , for example because of bad weather , the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time ; if the batting side is nine wickets down at the scheduled tea break , then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is all out ; the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day 's play ( subject to any reduction for adverse weather ) ; the final session may be extended by 30 minutes ( except on the 5th day ) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time . Today , Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days . However , in the early days of Test cricket , matches were played for three or four days . Four - day Test matches were last played in 1973 , between New Zealand and Pakistan . Until the 1980s , it was usual to include a ' rest day , ' often a Sunday . There have also been ' Timeless Tests ' , which did not end after a predetermined maximum time . In 2005 , Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI , which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match , though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day . In October 2017 , the ICC approved a request for a four - day Test match , between South Africa and Zimbabwe , which started on 26 December 2017 and ended on the second day , 27 December . The ICC will trial the four - day Test format until the 2019 Cricket World Cup . There have been attempts by the ICC , the sport 's governing body , to introduce day - night Test matches . In 2012 , The International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day - night Test matches . The first day - night Test took place during New Zealand 's tour to Australia in November 2015 . Play ( edit ) Further information : Cricket § Rules and game - play Test cricket is played in innings ( the word denotes both the singular and the plural ) . In each innings , one team bats and the other bowls ( or fields ) . Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match , and each team bats twice and bowls twice . Before the start of play on the first day , the two team captains and the match referee toss a coin ; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first . In the following scenarios , the team that bats first is referred to as Team A and their opponents as Team B . Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings . Thus , Team A will bat ( and Team B will bowl ) until its innings ends , and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl . When Team B 's innings ends , Team A begin their second innings , and this is followed by Team B 's second innings . The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings . A team 's innings ends in one of the following ways : The team is `` all out '' . This typically occurs when a team has lost ten wickets ( ten of the eleven batsmen having been dismissed ) and are `` bowled out '' . It may occasionally occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batsmen are unavailable to bat ( through injury , for example ) . The team 's captain declares the innings closed , usually because they believe they have enough runs . A declaration before the innings starts is called an innings forfeiture . The team batting fourth score the required number of runs to win . The prescribed time for the match expires . If , at the completion of its first innings , Team B 's first innings total is 200 or more fewer than Team A 's , the captain of Team A may ( but is not required to ) order Team B to have their second innings next . This is called enforcing the follow on . In this case , the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed : Team A will bat in the fourth innings . It is rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match . In Test cricket it has only happened three times , although over 285 follow - ons have been enforced : Australia was the losing team on each occasion , twice to England , in 1894 and in 1981 , and once to India in 2001 . If the whole of the first day 's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light , then Team A may enforce the follow on if Team B 's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A 's . During the 2nd Test between England and New Zealand at Headingley in 2013 , England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain . New Zealand , batting second , scored 180 runs fewer than England , meaning England could have enforced the follow on , though chose not to . This is similar to four - day first - class cricket , where the follow on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or fewer . If the Test is 2 days or fewer then the `` follow - on '' value is 100 runs . After 80 overs , the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball , although this is not required. The captain will usually take the new ball : being harder and smoother than an old ball , a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably . The roughened , softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers , or those using reverse swing . The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners ( because the pitch favours spin ) . After a new ball has been taken , should an innings last a further 80 overs , then the captain will have the option to take another new ball . A Test match may end in one of six results : All four innings are complete . The team batting fourth are all out before overtaking the other team , usually before matching the other team 's score . The team that batted third are the winners by a margin equal to the difference in the aggregate runs scored by the two teams ( for example , `` Team A won by 95 runs '' ) . Very rarely ( in over 2,000 Test matches played , it has only happened twice ) the scores can end level , resulting in a tie . The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team 's run total . The match ends , and the team batting fourth is the winner by a margin equal to the number of wickets still to fall in the innings ( for example , `` Team B won by five wickets '' ) . The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once . The match ends without playing a fourth innings . The team that batted only once is the winner by a margin equal to `` an innings '' plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams ( for example , `` Team B won by an innings and 26 runs '' ) . Time for the match expires without a result being reached . This usually occurs at the end of the last day of the match . The result is a draw : there is no winner , no matter how superior the position of one of the sides . Rain causing a loss of playing time is a common factor in drawn matches , although matches may be drawn even without interference from the weather : usually as a result of poor time management or an intentional effort on the part of one team to avoid losing . The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play . This has occurred three times , resulting each time in a draw being declared : England v Australia at Headingley , Leeds , 1975 ( vandalism ) ; West Indies v England at Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica , 1998 ( dangerous ground ) ; West Indies v England at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , 2009 ( dangerous ground ) . The match is awarded through a forfeiture . If a team refuses to take the field of play , the umpires may award the match to the opposing team . This has only happened once in Test cricket , in the 2006 Fourth Test between England and Pakistan . Competitions ( edit ) Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries , with all matches in the series taking place in the same country ( the host ) . Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner , the most famous of which is the Ashes contested between England and Australia . There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket : the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a three - way competition between England , Australia and South Africa ( hosted by England ) , and the Asian Test Championship , an event held in 1998 -- 99 and 2001 -- 02 . The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven . Up until the early 1990s , Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with umpires provided by the home team . With the entry of more countries into Test cricket , and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of one - day cricket , a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six - year cycle , and an official ranking system ( with a trophy held by the highest - ranked team ) . In this system , umpires are provided by the ICC . An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established , and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test - playing country . The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches , usually not Tests involving their home country . International Test rankings ( edit ) ICC Test Championship Rank Team Matches Points Rating India 38 4,397 116 South Africa 35 3,712 106 England 45 4,772 105 New Zealand 23 2,354 102 5 Australia 36 3,663 102 6 Sri Lanka 38 3,668 97 7 Pakistan 24 2,271 95 8 West Indies 32 2,432 76 9 Bangladesh 19 1,268 67 10 Zimbabwe 8 12 -- Ireland * 0 0 -- Afghanistan * 0 0 * Countries that have not played enough matches to gain an official ranking Reference : ICC Rankings , 19 October 2018 `` Matches '' is no. matches + no. series played in the 12 -- 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . Test Championship ( edit ) There has been no World Cup for Test Match conducted thus far by the ICC , since it is the longest format of the game , due to which the Championship might go on for years together . However , of late , the ICC is holding discussions to conduct a World Test Championship over a span of 2 years ( starting its first Championship from 2019 - 2021 ) , after failing to execute their plan of conducting this tournament twice , once during 2013 and another time during 2017 . The schedule for 2019 -- 21 Test Championship is a set of typical bilateral series in various countries put together , where one team is the host and other team is the visitor . The length of the series would vary between 2 matches to 5 matches . The result of each match carries a weighting of the points depending upon the length of the series : a single match in a 5 - match series will account for 20 % of the series points , while a match in a 2 - match series will account for 50 % of the series points . Early history ( edit ) Main articles : History of cricket , History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883 , History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 , and History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900 Sides designated as `` England '' began to play in the late 18th century , but these teams were not truly representative . Early international cricket was disrupted by the French Revolution and the American Civil War . The earliest international cricket match was between USA and Canada , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . This has never been officially considered a `` Test match '' . Tours of national English sides abroad took place , particularly to the USA , Australia and New Zealand . The Australian Aborigines team became the first organised overseas cricketers to tour England in 1868 . Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877 , with James Lillywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one . Grace 's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite 's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876 -- 77 . Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches . The first match was won by Australia , by 45 runs , and the second by England . After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket , The Ashes was established as an ongoing competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882 . Surprisingly beaten , a mock obituary of English cricket was published in the Sporting Times the following day : the phrase `` The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn . The series of 1884 -- 85 was the first to be held over five matches : Shaw , writing in 1901 , considered the side to be `` the best ever to have left England '' . South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888 -- 89 , when they hosted a tour by an under - strength England side . Perpetual trophies ( edit ) The following are the perpetual trophies in Test cricket . Name of trophy Team 1 Team 2 First contested Remarks The Ashes England Australia 1882 -- 83 Anthony De Mello Trophy India England 1951 For series played in India Frank Worrell Trophy West Indies Australia 1960 -- 61 Wisden Trophy West Indies England 1963 Trans - Tasman Trophy New Zealand Australia 1985 -- 86 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy India Australia 1996 -- 97 Southern Cross Trophy Australia Zimbabwe 1999 -- 2000 Sir Vivian Richards Trophy West Indies South Africa 2000 -- 01 Clive Lloyd Trophy West Indies Zimbabwe Basil D'Oliveira Trophy South Africa England 2004 -- 05 Pataudi Trophy India England 2007 For series played in England Warne -- Muralidaran Trophy Sri Lanka Australia 2007 -- 08 Freedom Trophy India South Africa 2015 -- 16 Sobers -- Tissera Trophy West Indies Sri Lanka 2015 -- 16 Ganguly -- Durjoy Trophy India Bangladesh 2017 See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Toss ( cricket ) ICC Test Championship List of Test cricket grounds List of Test cricket records List of Test cricketers One Day International Twenty20 International Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Test cricket : Does the oldest form of the game have a future ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 '' . ESPN CricInfo. 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lifeless pitches should not be accepted , The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight 's return to proving ground , Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 , ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Rundell , Michael ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Cricket . London : A&C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 7915 - 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australia v England 1st Test 1876 / 1877 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ Australia v England Centenary Test -- ESPNcricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC paves way for Day - Night Tests '' . Wisden India . 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First day - night Test for Adelaide Oval '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council '' . BBC News . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Cricket Side Resume International Test Play After Six - Year Break -- Voice of America . Jump up ^ `` Ireland and Scotland to get Test chance as ICC approves play - off '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NZC ' big supporter ' of two - tier Test system '' . ESPNcricinfo. 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Afghanistan ready to play Tests - ACB chief executive '' . ESPNcricinfo. 4 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BCB vice-president against two - tier Test system '' . ESPNcricinfo. 27 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI against four - day Tests , two - tier system '' . ESPNcricinfo. 31 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC planning two Test divisions amid major overhaul '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two - tier proposal shelved at ICC meeting '' . ESPNcricinfo. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - style conference structure proposed for Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 15.8 '' . Lords.org . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Standard Test Match Playing Conditions ( '' Playing Conditions `` ) cl 16.1. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playing Conditions cl 16.2 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cremer senses opportunity in shorter contest '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Test , ODI leagues approved by ICC Board '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa to play Zimbabwe in inaugural four - day Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord 's could host first day night Test in May 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LAW 13 - INNINGS '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 22 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law 14 -- The follow - on '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HowSTAT ! Winning after Following - On '' . Howstat.com . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : England v New Zealand at Leeds , May 24 -- 28 , 2013 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law 4 -- The ball '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : 19 August '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test : West Indies v England at Kingston , Jan 29 -- Feb 2 , 1998 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : West Indies v England at North Sound , Feb 13 -- 17 , 2009 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law 16 -- The result '' . MCC . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded abandoned Oval Test ' win ' '' . The Guardian . London . 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test abandoned after ball dispute '' . BBC News . 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England , Seventh Test , 1970 -- 71 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajesh , S. ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Neutral umpires '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ United States of America v Canada 1844 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` India - England series played for Anthony De Mello trophy : BCCI '' . 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Trophy , 1999 / 00 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Test trophy to be named after Clive Lloyd '' . 28 July 2001 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Bangladesh 2016 Test series to be named Ganguly - Durjoy Trophy '' . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ground Rules -- A Celebration of Test Cricket , Barney Spender & David Gower , Dakini Books Ltd ( Nov 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 6 - 6 The Wisden Book of Test Cricket , Sir Donald Bradman ( Foreword ) , Bill Frindall ( Editor ) , Headline Book Publishing ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 7472 - 1118 - 3 Marylebone Cricket Club ( 2003 ) , The Laws of Cricket . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . International Cricket Council ( 2008 ) , Standard Test Match Playing Conditions . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do you get a new ball in test cricket	[ "After 80 overs, the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball, although this is not required.[32]The captain will usually take the new ball: being harder and smoother than an old ball, a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably. The roughened, softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers, or those using reverse swing. The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners (because the pitch favours spin). After a new ball has been taken, should an innings last a further 80 overs, then the captain will have the option to take another new ball.\n" ]	[ "After 80 overs" ]
-8262756650648263227	Battle of Goliad	Battle of Goliad - wikipedia Battle of Goliad Jump to : navigation , search For the March 1836 battle , see Battle of Coleto and Goliad massacre . Battle of Goliad Part of the Texas Revolution Date October 10 , 1835 Location Presidio La Bahía , Goliad Result Texian victory Belligerents Texian rebels Mexico Commanders and leaders George Collinsworth Juan López Sandoval Strength 125 militia 50 infantry Casualties and losses 1 wounded 1 killed 3 wounded ( hide ) Texas Revolution Gonzales Goliad Concepción Lipantitlán Grass Fight Béxar San Patricio Agua Dulce The Alamo Refugio Coleto San Jacinto The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution . In the early - morning hours of October 9 , 1835 , Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía , a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad . La Bahía lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers ( at Presidio San Antonio de Bexar ) and the then - important Texas port of Copano . In September , Texians began plotting to kidnap Mexican General Martín Perfecto de Cos , who was en route to Goliad to attempt to quell the unrest in Texas . The plan was initially dismissed by the central committee coordinating the rebellion . However , within days of the Texian victory at the Battle of Gonzales , Captain George Collinsworth and members of the Texian militia in Matagorda began marching towards Goliad . The Texians soon learned that Cos and his men had already departed for San Antonio de Béxar but continued their march . The garrison at La Bahía was understaffed and could not mount an effective defense of the fort 's perimeter . Using axes borrowed from townspeople , Texians were able to chop through a door and enter the complex before the bulk of the soldiers were aware of their presence . After a 30 - minute battle , the Mexican garrison , under Colonel Juan López Sandoval , surrendered . One Mexican soldier had been killed and three others wounded , while only one Texian had been injured . The majority of the Mexican soldiers were instructed to leave Texas , and the Texians confiscated $10,000 worth of provisions and several cannons , which they soon transported to the Texian Army for use in the Siege of Béxar . The victory isolated Cos 's men in Béxar from the coast , forcing them to rely on a long overland march to request or receive reinforcements or supplies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Further reading Background ( edit ) Main article : Texas Revolution In 1835 , Mexico operated two major garrisons within its Texas territory , the Alamo at San Antonio de Béxar and Presidio La Bahía near Goliad . Béxar was the political center of Texas , and Goliad laid halfway between it and the major Texas port of Copano . Military and civilian supplies and military personnel were usually sent by sea from the Mexican interior to Copano Bay and then could be transported overland to the Texas settlements . General Martín Perfecto de Cos In early 1835 , as the Mexican government transitioned from a federalist model to centralism , wary colonists in Texas began forming Committees of Correspondence and Safety . A central committee in San Felipe de Austin coordinated their activities . The Texians staged a minor revolt against customs duties in June ; these Anahuac Disturbances prompted Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna to send additional troops to Texas . In July , Colonel Nicolas Condelle , led 200 men to reinforce Presidio La Bahía . The following month , a contingent of soldiers arrived in Béxar with Colonel Domingo de Ugartechea . Fearing that stronger measures were needed to quell the unrest , Santa Anna ordered his brother - in - law , General Martín Perfecto de Cos to `` repress with strong arm all those who , forgetting their duties to the nation which has adopted them as her children , are pushing forward with a desire to live at their own option without subjection to the laws '' . Cos landed at Copano Bay on September 20 with approximately 500 soldiers . Cos briefly toured the port at Copano Bay and the small garrison at nearby Refugio and left small groups of soldiers to reinforce each of these locations . The main body of soldiers arrived in Goliad on October 2 . Unbeknownst to Cos , as early as September 18 , several Texians , including James Fannin , Philip Dimmitt , and John Linn , had independently begun advocating a plan to seize Cos at either Copano or Goliad . As soon as Cos 's warships were spotted approaching Copano Bay , Refugio colonists sent messengers to San Felipe de Austin and Matagorda to inform the other settlements of Cos 's imminent arrival . Concerned that a lack of artillery would make the presidio at Goliad impossible to capture , the central committee chose not to order an assault . Although Fannin , Dimmitt , and Linn continued to push for an attack on Goliad , Texian attention soon shifted towards Gonzales , where a small group of Texians were refusing to obey orders from Ugartechea . Colonists eagerly rushed to assist , and on October 2 the Battle of Gonzales officially opened the Texas Revolution . After learning of the Texian victory , Cos made haste for Béxar . He left with the bulk of his soldiers on October 5 , but because he was unable to find adequate transportation most of his supplies remained at La Bahía . Prelude ( edit ) This map marks the location of Goliad in Texas . The battle took place near the town . On October 6 , members of the Texian militia in Matagorda convened at the home of Sylvanus Hatch . As their first order of business they elected George Collinsworth as their captain ; Dr. William Carleton was then named first lieutenant and D.C. Collinsworth became the unit 's second lieutenant . After appointing their leaders , the men decided to march on La Bahía . They intended to kidnap Cos and , if possible , steal the estimated $50,000 that was rumored to accompany him . The Texians sent messengers to alert nearby settlements of their quest . By afternoon , 50 Texians were ready to march from Matagorda . During the march , for unknown reasons the men fired Carleton and appointed James W. Moore as the new first lieutenant . The following day the expedition stopped at Victoria , where they were soon joined by English - speaking settlers from other settlements and 30 Tejanos led by Plácido Benavides . Although no accurate muster rolls were kept , historian Stephen Hardin estimated that the Texian ranks swelled to 125 men . Forty - nine of them signed a `` Compact of Volunteers under Collinsworth '' on October 9 . These men pledged that they were loyal to the Mexican federal government and would harm no one who remained loyal to the federalist cause . One of the new arrivals , merchant Philip Dimmitt , received a missive from the Goliad customs agent with news that Cos and his war chest had already departed La Bahía to travel to San Antonio de Béxar . Undeterred , the group marched out on October 9 . Ira Ingram led the vanguard , which halted 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) outside Goliad . The events that follow are not very clear . According to the memoirs of Mexican General Vicente Filisola , who was not in Texas in 1835 , the Texians plotted to draw the presidio commander , Colonel Juan López Sandoval , and his officers from the fort . The Texians allegedly planned a dance in Goliad on October 9 and invited the Mexican officers . Although Sandoval , Captain Manuel Sabriego , and Lieutenant Jesus de la Garza briefly attended the dance , they suspected mischief and returned to the fort . No Texian source mentions such a plot . Several of the Texians , including Dimmitt , did enter the town that evening to try to find guides and support for the effort . Dimmitt 's efforts were successful , and several of the Tejanos who lived near Goliad joined the Texian force . They reported that Sandoval commanded only 50 men -- far fewer than the number necessary to defend the entire perimeter of the fort -- and provided directions to the fort . Milam joins the Texan soldiers The main body of Texian soldiers , under Collinsworth , became disoriented in the dark and wandered from the road . They were soon tangled in a mesquite thicket . While working their way back towards the road , the Texians met Ben Milam , a Texas colonist who had recently escaped from prison in Monterrey . Milam joined the militia as a private , and the group soon rejoined the vanguard . Battle ( edit ) As the combined Texian force prepared for battle , they sent a messenger to instruct the alcalde of the city to surrender . At 11 pm , the alcade responded that the town would remain neutral , neither surrendering nor fighting . Several of the locals did , however , supply axes to the Texian militia . The Texians divided themselves into four groups , each assigned a different approach to the presidio . In the pre-dawn hours of October 10 , the Texians attacked . The lone sentinel managed to give the alarm but was immediately shot dead . The Texians quickly hacked through a door on the north wall of the fortress and ran to the interior courtyard . Hearing the commotion , the Mexican soldiers had lined the walls to defend the fort . The Mexican soldiers opened fire , hitting Samuel McCulloch , a former slave whom George Collinsworth had freed , in the shoulder . Texians returned fire for approximately 30 minutes . During a pause in the fighting , a Texian spokesman yelled out that they would `` massacre everyone of you , unless you come out immediately and surrender '' . The Mexican garrison immediately surrendered . Aftermath ( edit ) McCulloch was the only Texian soldier to be wounded , and he later claimed to be the `` first whose blood was shed in the Texas War for Independence '' . This distinction earned him a permanent home ; a later law prohibited any freed slave from residing in the Republic of Texas , but in 1840 the Texas legislature specifically excluded McCulloch , his family , and his descendants from its enforcement . The exclusion was reward for McCulloch 's service and his injury . Estimates of Mexican casualties range from one to three soldiers killed and from three to seven wounded . Approximately 20 soldiers escaped . They warned the garrisons at Copano and Refugio of the advancing Texians ; those garrisons abandoned their posts and joined the soldiers at Fort Lipantitlán . Milam escorted the remaining Mexican soldiers to Gonzales , where the newly formed Texian Army was located . The Texian Army commander , Stephen F. Austin , later released all of the men , on the condition that they leave Texas and vow to stop fighting Texas residents . One wounded Mexican soldier was allowed to remain in Goliad , as was Captain Manuel Sabriego , who was married to a local woman . In secret , Sabriego began organizing a group of settlers in the Goliad area who sympathized with Mexico . Texian troops confiscated the provisions they found at the fort . Although they found 300 muskets , most of them were broken and unable to be repaired . Dimmitt hired two gunsmiths who were able to bring the remaining weapons into service . The food , clothing , blankets , and other provisions were valued at US $10,000 . The new quartermaster at the fort , John J. Linn , reported that 175 barrels of flour were confiscated , along with a large supply of sugar , coffee , whiskey , and rum . For the next three months , the provisions were parceled out among companies in the Texian Army . The Texians also gained control of several cannons . Over the next several days , more Texian settlers joined the group at La Bahía . Many of them were from Refugio , a sprawling settlement that was furthest from Matagorda . Historian Hobart Huson speculates that these men were the last to receive word of the planned attack . Austin ordered that 100 men remain at Goliad , under the command of Dimmitt , while the rest should join the Texian Army in marching on Cos 's troops in Béxar . Collinsworth returned to Matagorda to recruit additional soldiers , but on October 14 the remaining Texians at Goliad began the march towards Béxar . The loss of Goliad meant that Cos lost his means of communicating with Copano Bay , the closest port to Béxar . The Mexican troops garrisoned at Béxar would now need to get supplies and reinforcements overland . See also ( edit ) Texas portal List of Texas Revolution battles Timeline of the Texas Revolution Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Roell ( 1994 ) , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Roell , Craig H. , Goliad Campaign of 1835 , Handbook of Texas , retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1994 ) , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ An alcalde is roughly equivalent to a mayor . ^ Jump up to : Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 2000 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Roell ( 1994 ) , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Huson ( 1974 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Hardin ( 1994 ) , p. 19 . References ( edit ) Hardin , Stephen L. ( 1994 ) . Texian Iliad -- A Military History of the Texas Revolution . Austin , Texas : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 73086 - 1 . OCLC 29704011 . Huson , Hobart ( 1974 ) . Captain Phillip Dimmitt 's Commandancy of Goliad , 1835 -- 1836 : An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas , Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution . Austin , Texas : Von Boeckmann - Jones Co . Roell , Craig H. ( 1994 ) . Remember Goliad ! A History of La Bahia . Fred Rider Cotten Popular History Series . Austin , Texas : Texas State Historical Association . ISBN 0 - 87611 - 141 - X . Scott , Robert ( 2000 ) . After the Alamo . Plano , Texas : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 22788 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Winders , Richard Bruce ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` '' This Is A Cruel Truth , But I Cannot Omit It `` : The Origin and Effect of Mexico 's No Quarter Policy in the Texas Revolution '' . Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 120 ( 4 ) : 412 -- 439 . ISSN 1558 - 9560 . doi : 10.1353 / swh. 2017.0000 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 -- via Project MUSE . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Coordinates : 28 ° 38 ′ 48 '' N 97 ° 22 ′ 54 '' W / 28.64667 ° N 97.38167 ° W / 28.64667 ; - 97.38167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Goliad&oldid=790007206 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1835 1835 in Texas Battles of the Texas Revolution Battles involving Mexico October 1835 events Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Interlingua Italiano 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2017 , at 00 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was involved in the battle of goliad	[ "The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution. In the early-morning hours of October 9, 1835, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. La Bahía lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers (at Presidio San Antonio de Bexar) and the then-important Texas port of Copano.", "The Battle of Goliad was the second skirmish of the Texas Revolution. In the early-morning hours of October 9, 1835, Texas settlers attacked the Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad. La Bahía lay halfway between the only other large garrison of Mexican soldiers (at Presidio San Antonio de Bexar) and the then-important Texas port of Copano." ]	[ "Texas settlers", "Mexican Army soldiers garrisoned at Presidio La Bahía, a fort near the Mexican Texas settlement of Goliad" ]
-5205709303315199948	Polonius	Polonius - wikipedia Polonius Jump to : navigation , search Polonius behind the curtain by Jehan Georges Vibert , 1868 Polonius is a character in William Shakespeare 's Hamlet . He is chief counsellor of the king , and the father of Laertes and Ophelia . Generally regarded as wrong in every judgment he makes over the course of the play , Polonius is described by William Hazlitt as a `` sincere '' father , but also `` a busy - body , ( who ) is accordingly officious , garrulous , and impertinent '' . In Act II Hamlet refers to Polonius as a `` tedious old fool '' and taunts him as a latter day `` Jeptha '' . Polonius connives with Claudius to spy on Hamlet . Hamlet unknowingly kills Polonius , provoking Ophelia 's fit of madness , ultimately resulting in her early death and the climax of the play : a duel between Laertes and Hamlet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 Sources 3 Name 4 Stage and film portrayals 5 Famous lines 6 Notable portrayals 7 References Character ( edit ) Father of Ophelia and Laertes , and counselor to King Claudius , he is described as a windbag by some and a rambler of wisdom by others . It has also been suggested that he only acts like a `` foolish prating knave '' to keep his position and popularity safe and to keep anyone from discovering his plots for social advancement . It is important to note that throughout the play , Polonius is characterised as a typical Renaissance `` new man '' , who pays much attention to appearances and ceremonious behaviour . Some adaptations show him conspiring with Claudius in the murder of King Hamlet . In Act 1 , Scene 3 , Polonius gives advice to his son Laertes , who is leaving for France , in the form of a list of sententious maxims . He finishes by giving his son his blessing , and is apparently at ease with his son 's departure . However , in Act 2 , Scene 1 , he orders his servant Reynaldo to travel to Paris and spy on Laertes and report if he is indulging in any local vice . Laertes is not the only character Polonius spies upon . He is fearful that Hamlet 's relationship with his daughter will hurt his reputation with the king and instructs Ophelia to `` lock herself from ( Hamlet 's ) resort '' . He later suspects that Ophelia 's rejection of Hamlet 's attention has caused the prince to lose his wits , and informs Gertrude and Claudius of his suspicion , claiming that his reason for commanding Ophelia to reject Hamlet was that the prince was above her station . He and the king test his hypothesis by spying on and interrogating Ophelia . In his last attempt to spy on Hamlet , Polonius hides himself behind an arras in Gertrude 's room . Hamlet deals roughly with his mother , causing her to cry for help . Polonius echoes the request for help and is heard by Hamlet , who then mistakes the voice for Claudius ' and stabs through the arras and kills him . Polonius ' death at the hands of Hamlet causes Claudius to fear for his own life , Ophelia to go mad , and Laertes to seek revenge , which leads to the duel in the final act . Sources ( edit ) The literary origins of the character may be traced to the King 's counselor found in the Belleforest and William Painter versions of the Hamlet legend . However , at least since the 19th century scholars have also sought to understand the character in terms of Elizabethan court politics . Polonius was first proposed as a parody of Queen Elizabeth 's leading counsellor , Lord Treasurer , and Principal Secretary William Cecil , Lord Burghley in 1869 . Israel Gollancz also suggested that Polonius might have been a satire on Burghley . The theory was often finessed with supplementary arguments , but also disputed . Arden Hamlet editor Harold Jenkins , for example , criticised the idea of any direct personal satire of Burghley as `` unlikely '' and `` uncharacteristic of Shakespeare '' . Name ( edit ) A stained glass representation of Polonius Gollancz proposed that the source for the character 's name and sententious platitudes was De optimo senatore , a book on statesmanship by the Polish courtier Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki , which was widely read after it was translated into English and published in 1598 under the title The Counsellor . `` Polonius '' is Latin for `` Polish '' or `` a / the Polish man . '' The English translation of the book refers to its author as a statesman of the `` polonian empyre '' . In the first quarto of Hamlet , Polonius is named `` Corambis '' . It has been suggested that this derives from `` crambe '' or `` crambo '' , derived from a Latin phrase meaning `` reheated cabbage '' , implying `` a boring old man '' who spouts trite rehashed ideas . Whether this was the original name of the character or not is debated . Various suggestions have been made to explain this . G.R. Hibbard argues that the name was originally Polonius , but was changed because Q1 derives from a version of the play to be performed in Oxford and Cambridge , and the original name was too close to that of Robert Polenius , founder of Oxford University . Since Polonius is a parody of a pompous pseudo-intellectual , the name might have been interpreted as a deliberate insult . The title page of Q1 specifically states that the play was recently performed in London , Oxford and Cambridge . Stage and film portrayals ( edit ) In most productions of the 20th century , up to about 1980 , Polonius was played as a somewhat senile , garrulous man of about seventy - five or so , eliciting a few laughs from the audience by the depiction . More recent productions have tended to play him as a slightly younger man , and to emphasise his shiftiness rather than pompous senility , harking back to the traditional manner in which Polonius was played before the 20th century . Until the 1900s there was a tradition that the actor who plays Polonius also plays the quick - witted gravedigger in Act V . This bit suggests that the actor who played Polonius was an actor used to playing clowns much like the Fool in King Lear : not a doddering old fool , but an alive and intelligent master of illusion and misdirection . Polonius adds a new dimension to the play and is a controlling and menacing character . One key to the portrayal is a producer 's decision to keep or remove the brief scene with his servant , Reynaldo , which comes after his scene of genial , fatherly advice to Laertes . He instructs Reynaldo to spy on his son , and even suggest that he has been gambling and consorting with prostitutes , to find out what he has really been up to . The inclusion of this scene portrays him in a much more sinister light ; most productions , including Laurence Olivier 's famous 1948 film version , choose to remove it . The respective productions starring Richard Burton and Kenneth Branagh both include it . Although Hume Cronyn plays Polonius mostly for laughs in the Burton production , Polonius is more sinister than comic in Branagh 's version . Famous lines ( edit ) Polonius 's most famous lines are found in Act 1 Scene 3 ( `` Neither a borrower nor a lender be '' ; `` To thine own self be true '' ) and Act 2 Scene 2 ( `` Brevity is the soul of wit '' ; and `` Though this be madness , yet there is method i n't '' ) while others have become paraphrased aphorisms ( `` Clothes make the man '' ; `` Old friends are the best friends '' ) . Also , the line he speaks when he is killed by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 ( `` O , I am slain ! '' ) has been subject to much parody and ridicule due to its relative obviousness . Notable portrayals ( edit ) Hume Cronyn won a Tony Award for playing Polonius opposite Richard Burton 's Hamlet in John Gielgud 's 1964 Broadway production . No other actor has ever won an award for playing Polonius in any professional American stage version of Hamlet , nor for playing him in a film version of the play . In `` The Producer '' , an 1966 episode of Gilligan 's Island , Polonius ' `` Neither a borrower nor a lender be '' speech is performed satirically , first by series regular Alan Hale Jr. as The Skipper playing the role of Polonius ( with Dawn Wells as Mary Ann playing Laertes ) in a musical production of Hamlet by the castaways , then by Phil Silvers guest - starring as a famous stage producer who finds himself on the island . Actors who have played Polonius on film and television include Hans Junkermann , Ian Holm , Michael Redgrave , Ian Richardson , Oliver Ford Davies , Bill Murray , and Richard Briers . References ( edit ) England portal Theatre portal Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polonius . Jump up ^ ' Hamlet ' in William Hazlitt , Characters of Shakespeare 's Plays . Jump up ^ `` Polonius at Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamlet Act II scene ii -- William Shakespeare . Jump up ^ 2.2. 346 Jump up ^ French , George Russell . `` Notes on Hamlet . '' Archived 10 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . In Shakspeareana Genealogica . London : Macmillan & Co. , 1869 . pp. 299 -- 310 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Lilian Winstanley , Hamlet and the Scottish Succession , 1921 , 112 ; 114 -- 118 ; John Dover Wilson , The Essential Shakespeare , 1937 , 104 ; Joel Hurstfield , The Queen 's Wards , 1958 , 257 ; A.L. Rowse William Shakespeare : A Biography , 1963 , 323 ; Shakespeare The Man , 1973 185 , 186 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Harold , ed . Hamlet ( 1982 ) , 142 . Jump up ^ Daniel H. Cole , `` From Renaissance Poland to Poland 's Renaissance : The Struggle for Constitutionalism in Poland by Mark Brzezinski , '' Michigan Law Review , Vol. 97 , No. 6 , 1999 Jump up ^ William Shakespeare , Philip Edwards ( ed ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Courtney , Krystyna Kujawinska . `` Shakespeare in Poland : selected Issues '' Internet Shakespeare Editions , University of Victoria , 2003 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ G.R. Hibbard ( ed ) , Hamlet , Oxford University Press , 1998 , p. 69 - 75 . Jump up ^ `` See all of Polonius 's lines '' . Opensourceshakespeare.org . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Abele ( 20 November 2013 ) . Home Front Heroes : The Rise of a New Hollywood Archetype , 1988 -- 1999 . McFarland . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7333 - 5 . William Shakespeare 's Hamlet Characters Hamlet Claudius Gertrude Ghost Polonius Laertes Ophelia Horatio Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Fortinbras The Gravediggers Yorick Soliloquies `` To be , or not to be '' `` Mortal coil '' `` What a piece of work is a man '' `` Speak the speech '' Words and phrases `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' `` Thy name is '' `` Primrose path '' Terminology Dumbshow Induction Quiddity Substitution Sources Criticism Legend of Hamlet The Spanish Tragedy Ur - Hamlet Critical approaches Bibliographies Horwendill Saxo Grammaticus House of Gonzaga Damon and Pythias Influence Common phrases from Hamlet Hamlet in popular culture References to Ophelia Language of flowers Human skull symbolism Performances Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Richard Burton ( 1964 ) On screen 1900 1907 1908 1912 1913 1917 1921 1935 1948 1954 1961 1964 1969 2000 2011 Adaptations Films The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) Ophelia ( 1963 ) Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) Strange Brew ( 1983 ) Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) The Banquet ( 2006 ) Tardid ( 2009 ) Karmayogi ( 2012 ) Haider ( 2014 ) Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Novels Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) Something Rotten ( 2007 ) Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) Plays Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) Fortinbras ( 1991 ) Musicals Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) Television Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) Parodies 15 - Minute Hamlet The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Io , Amleto The Klingon Hamlet `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure Songs `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) Opera / classical Hamlet ( Thomas ) Amleto ( Faccio ) Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) Tristia ( Berlioz ) Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) Hamlet ( Dean ) Story within a story Films To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) Three Days ( 2012 ) Plays Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) Stage Blood ( 1974 ) I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) Novels Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) Theatre of War ( 1994 ) `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) Television `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) Art Ophelia Affe mit Schädel Video game Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Hamlet ( 2010 ) Intertextuality Asterix and the Great Crossing The Seagull Sharpe 's Havoc Related Hamlet and Oedipus Hamlet Had an Uncle Hamlet and His Problems Hebenon Hamlet Q1 Ostalo je ćutanje The Chronicles of Amber `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) War Highlander II : The Quickening The Hobart Shakespeareans Gertrude -- The Cry Poor Murderer Something Rotten ! `` The Conscience of the King '' `` Born to Be King '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polonius&oldid=814509275 '' Categories : Characters in Hamlet Fictional viziers Fictional nobility Fictional Danish people Male Shakespearean characters Fictional actors Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia བོད ་ ཡིག فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who said neither a borrower or a lender be	[ "Polonius's most famous lines are found in Act 1 Scene 3 (\"Neither a borrower nor a lender be\"; \"To thine own self be true\") and Act 2 Scene 2 (\"Brevity is the soul of wit\"; and \"Though this be madness, yet there is method in't\") while others have become paraphrased aphorisms (\"Clothes make the man\"; \"Old friends are the best friends\"). Also, the line he speaks when he is killed by Hamlet in Act 3 scene 4 (\"O, I am slain!\") has been subject to much parody and ridicule due to its relative obviousness.[12]" ]	[ "Polonius" ]
3768922700263815017	Tin Pan Alley	Tin Pan Alley - wikipedia Tin Pan Alley Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Tin Pan Alley ( film ) . For the play , see The Tin Pan Alley Rag . For the band , see Haruomi Hosono . Coordinates : 40 ° 44 ′ 44 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 22.5 '' W / 40.74556 ° N 73.989583 ° W / 40.74556 ; - 73.989583 Buildings of Tin Pan Alley , 1910 The same buildings , 2011 Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century . The name originally referred to a specific place : West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan , and a plaque exists ( see below ) on the sidewalk on 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth commemorates it . The start of Tin Pan Alley is usually dated to about 1885 , when a number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan . The end of Tin Pan Alley is less clear cut . Some date it to the start of the Great Depression in the 1930s when the phonograph , radio , and motion pictures supplanted sheet music as the driving force of American popular music , while others consider that Tin Pan Alley continued into the 1950s when earlier styles of American popular music were upstaged by the rise of rock & roll , which was centered on the Brill Building . The origins of the name `` Tin Pan Alley '' are unclear . One account claims that it was a derogatory reference to the sound of many pianos ( comparing them to the banging of tin pans ) . Others claim it arose from songwriters modifying their pianos to produce a more percussive sound . After many years , the term came to refer to the U.S. music industry in general . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the name 2 Origin of song publishing in New York City 3 In its prime 4 Influence on law and business 5 Contributions to World War II 6 Composers and lyricists 7 Notable hit songs 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Origin of the name ( edit ) Various explanations have been advanced to account for the origins of the term `` Tin Pan Alley '' . The most popular account holds that it was originally a derogatory reference by Monroe H. Rosenfeld in the New York Herald to the collective sound made by many `` cheap upright pianos '' all playing different tunes being reminiscent of the banging of tin pans in an alleyway . This article has not been found . Simon Napier - Bell quotes an account of the origin of the name which was published in a 1930 book about the music business . In this version , popular songwriter Harry von Tilzer was being interviewed about the area around 28th Street and Fifth Avenue , where many music publishers had their offices . Von Tilzer had modified his expensive Kindler & Collins piano by placing strips of paper down the strings to give the instrument a more percussive sound . The journalist told von Tilzer , `` Your Kindler & Collins sounds exactly like a tin can . I 'll call the article ' Tin Pan Alley ' . '' With time , this nickname was popularly embraced and came to describe the American music publishing industry in general . The term then spread to the United Kingdom , where `` Tin Pan Alley '' is also used to describe Denmark Street in London 's West End . In the 1920s the street became known as `` Britain 's Tin Pan Alley '' because of its large number of music shops . These buildings and others on West 28th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan housed the sheet - music publishers that were the center of American popular music in the early 20th century Origin of song publishing in New York City ( edit ) In the mid-19th century , copyright control of melodies was not as strict , and publishers would often print their own versions of the songs popular at the time . With stronger copyright protection laws late in the century , songwriters , composers , lyricists , and publishers started working together for their mutual financial benefit . Songwriters would literally bang on the doors of Tin Pan Alley businesses to get new material . The commercial center of the popular music publishing industry changed during the course of the 19th century , starting in Boston and moving to Philadelphia , Chicago and Cincinnati before settling in New York City under the influence of new and vigorous publishers which concentrated on vocal music . The two most enterprising New York publishers were Willis Woodard and T.B. Harms , the first companies to specialize in popular songs rather than hymns or classical music . Naturally , these firms were located in the entertainment district , which , at the time , was centered on Union Square . Witmark was the first publishing house to move to West 28th Street as the entertainment district gradually shifted uptown , and by the late 1890s most publishers had followed their lead . The biggest music houses established themselves in New York City , but small local publishers -- often connected with commercial printers or music stores -- continued to flourish throughout the country , and there were important regional music publishing centers in Chicago , New Orleans , St. Louis , and Boston . When a tune became a significant local hit , rights to it were usually purchased from the local publisher by one of the big New York firms . In its prime ( edit ) I 'm a Yiddish Cowboy ( 1908 ) The song publishers who created Tin Pan Alley frequently had backgrounds as salesmen . The background of Isadore Witmark was selling water filters . Leo Feist had sold corsets , and Joe Stern and Edward B. Marks had sold neckties and buttons respectively . The music houses in lower Manhattan were lively places , with a steady stream of songwriters , vaudeville and Broadway performers , musicians , and `` song pluggers '' coming and going . Aspiring songwriters came to demonstrate tunes they hoped to sell . When tunes were purchased from unknowns with no previous hits , the name of someone with the firm was often added as co-composer ( in order to keep a higher percentage of royalties within the firm ) , or all rights to the song were purchased outright for a flat fee ( including rights to put someone else 's name on the sheet music as the composer ) . An extraordinary number of East European immigrants became the music publishers and song writers on Tin Pan Alley - the most famous being Irving Berlin . Songwriters who became established producers of successful songs were hired to be on the staff of the music houses . `` Song pluggers '' were pianists and singers who represented the music publishers , making their living demonstrating songs to promote sales of sheet music . Most music stores had song pluggers on staff . Other pluggers were employed by the publishers to travel and familiarize the public with their new publications . Among the ranks of song pluggers were George Gershwin and Harry Warren . A more aggressive form of song plugging was known as `` booming '' : it meant buying dozens of tickets for shows , infiltrating the audience and then singing the song to be plugged . At Shapiro Bernstein , Louis Bernstein recalled taking his plugging crew to cycle races at Madison Square Garden : `` They had 20,000 people there , we had a pianist and a singer with a large horn . We 'd sing a song to them thirty times a night . They 'd cheer and yell , and we kept pounding away at them . When people walked out , they 'd be singing the song . They could n't help it . '' When vaudeville performers played New York City , they would often visit various Tin Pan Alley firms to find new songs for their acts . Second - and third - rate performers often paid for rights to use a new song , while famous stars were given free copies of publisher 's new numbers or were paid to perform them , the publishers knowing this was valuable advertising . Initially Tin Pan Alley specialized in melodramatic ballads and comic novelty songs , but it embraced the newly popular styles of the cakewalk and ragtime music . Later on jazz and blues were incorporated , although less completely , as Tin Pan Alley was oriented towards producing songs that amateur singers or small town bands could perform from printed music . In the 1910s and 1920s Tin Pan Alley published pop - songs and dance numbers created in newly popular jazz and blues styles . Plaque commemorating Tin Pan Alley Influence on law and business ( edit ) A group of Tin Pan Alley music houses formed the Music Publishers Association of the United States on June 11 , 1895 , and unsuccessfully lobbied the federal government in favor of the Treloar Copyright Bill , which would have changed the term of copyright for published music from 24 to 40 years , renewable for an additional 20 instead of 14 years . The bill would also have included music among the subject matter covered by the Manufacturing clause of the International Copyright Act of 1891 . The American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers ( ASCAP ) was founded in 1914 to aid and protect the interests of established publishers and composers . New members were only admitted with sponsorship of existing members . The term and established business methodologies associated with Tin Pan Alley persisted into the 1960s when innovative artists like Bob Dylan helped establish new norms . Referring to the dominant conventions of music publishers of the early 20th century , `` Tin Pan Alley is gone , '' Bob Dylan proclaimed in 1985 , `` I put an end to it . People can record their own songs now . '' Contributions to World War II ( edit ) During the Second World War , Tin Pan Alley and the federal government teamed up to produce a war song that would inspire the American public to support the fight against the Axis , something they both `` seemed to believe ... was vital to the war effort . '' The Office of War Information was in charge of this project , and believed that Tin Pan Alley contained `` a reservoir of talent and competence capable of influencing people 's feelings and opinions '' that it `` might be capable of even greater influence during wartime than ( George M. Cohan 's `` Over There '' during World War I ) . '' The song `` Over There '' can be said to be the most popular and resonant patriotic song associated with World War I. Due to the large fan base of Tin Pan Alley , the government believed that this sector of the music business would be far - reaching in spreading patriotic sentiments . In the United States Congress , congressman quarrelled over a proposal to exempt musicians and other entertainers from the draft in order to remain in the country to boost morale . Stateside , these artists and performers were continuously using available media to promote the war effort and to demonstrate a commitment to victory . However , the proposal was contested by those who strongly believed that only those who provided more substantial contributions to the war effort should benefit from any draft legislation . As the war progressed , those in charge of writing the would - be national war song began to understand that the interest of the public lay elsewhere . Since the music would take up such a large amount of airtime , it was imperative that the writing be consistent with the war message that the radio was carrying throughout the nation . In her book , God Bless America : Tin Pan Alley Goes to War , Kathleen E.R. Smith writes that `` escapism seemed to be a high priority for music listeners , '' leading `` the composers of Tin Pan Alley ( to struggle ) to write a war song that would appeal both to civilians and the armed forces . '' By the end of the war , no such song had been produced that could rival hits like `` Over There '' from World War I . Whether or not the number of songs circulated from Tin Pan Alley between 1939 and 1945 was greater than during the First World War is still debated . In his book The Songs That Fought the War : Popular Music and the Home Front , John Bush Jones cites Jeffrey C. Livingstone as claiming that Tin Pan Alley released more songs during World War I than it did in World War II . Jones , on the other hand , argues that `` there is also strong documentary evidence that the output of American war - related songs during World War II was most probably unsurpassed in any other war . '' Composers and lyricists ( edit ) Leading Tin Pan Alley composers and lyricists include : Milton Ager Thomas S. Allen Harold Arlen Ernest Ball Irving Berlin Bernard Bierman George Botsford Shelton Brooks Nacio Herb Brown Irving Caesar Sammy Cahn Hoagy Carmichael George M. Cohan Con Conrad J. Fred Coots Gussie Lord Davis Buddy DeSylva Walter Donaldson Paul Dresser Dave Dreyer Al Dubin Dorothy Fields Ted Fio Rito Max Freedman Cliff Friend George Gershwin Ira Gershwin Oscar Hammerstein II E.Y. `` Yip '' Harburg Charles K. Harris Lorenz Hart James P. Johnson Isham Jones Scott Joplin Gus Kahn Bert Kalmar Jerome Kern Al Lewis Sam M. Lewis Frank Loesser Jimmy McHugh F.W. Meacham Johnny Mercer Halsey K. Mohr Theodora Morse Ethelbert Nevin Bernice Petkere Maceo Pinkard Lew Pollack Cole Porter Andy Razaf Richard Rodgers Harry Ruby Al Sherman Lou Singer Sunny Skylar Ted Snyder Kay Swift Edward Teschemacher Albert Von Tilzer Harry Von Tilzer Fats Waller Harry Warren Richard A. Whiting Harry M. Woods Jack Yellen Vincent Youmans Joe Young Hy Zaret Notable hit songs ( edit ) Tin Pan Alley 's biggest hits included : `` A Bird in a Gilded Cage '' ( Harry Von Tilzer , 1900 ) `` After the Ball '' ( Charles K. Harris , 1892 ) `` Ai n't She Sweet '' ( Jack Yellen & Milton Ager , 1927 ) `` Alabama Jubilee '' ( Jack Yellen & George L. Cobb , 1915 ) `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' ( Irving Berlin , 1911 ) `` All Alone '' ( Irving Berlin , 1924 ) `` At a Georgia Campmeeting '' ( Kerry Mills , 1897 ) `` Baby Face '' ( Benny Davis & Harry Akst , 1926 ) `` Bill Bailey , Wo n't You Please Come Home '' ( Huey Cannon , 1902 ) `` By the Light of the Silvery Moon '' ( Gus Edwards & Edward Madden , 1909 ) `` Carolina in the Morning '' ( Gus Kahn & Walter Donaldson , 1922 ) `` Come Josephine in My Flying Machine '' ( Fred Fisher & Alfred Bryan , 1910 ) `` Down by the Old Mill Stream '' ( Tell Taylor , 1910 ) `` Everybody Loves My Baby '' ( Spencer Williams , 1924 ) `` For Sentimental Reasons '' ( Al Sherman , Abner Silver & Edward Heyman , 1936 ) `` Give My Regards to Broadway '' ( George M. Cohan , 1904 ) `` God Bless America '' ( Irving Berlin , 1918 ; revised 1938 ) `` Happy Days Are Here Again '' ( Jack Yellen & Milton Ager , 1930 ) `` Hearts and Flowers '' ( Theodore Moses Tobani , 1899 ) `` Hello Ma Baby ( Hello Ma Ragtime Gal ) '' ( Emerson , Howard , & Sterling , 1899 ) `` I Cried for You '' ( Arthur Freed & Nacio Herb Brown , 1923 ) `` In the Baggage Coach Ahead '' ( Gussie L. Davis , 1896 ) `` In the Good Old Summer Time '' ( Ren Shields & George Evans , 1902 ) `` In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree '' ( Harry Williams & Egbert van Alstyne , 1905 ) `` K-K-K - Katy '' ( Geoffrey O'Hara , 1918 ) `` Let Me Call You Sweetheart '' ( Beth Slater Whitson & Leo Friedman , 1910 ) `` Lindbergh ( The Eagle of the U.S.A. ) '' ( Al Sherman & Howard Johnson , 1927 ) `` Lovesick Blues '' ( Cliff Friend & Irving Mills , 1922 ) `` Mighty Lak ' a Rose '' ( Ethelbert Nevin & Frank L. Stanton , 1901 ) `` Mister Johnson , Turn Me Loose '' ( Ben Harney , 1896 ) `` My Blue Heaven '' ( Walter Donaldson & George Whiting , 1927 ) `` Now 's the Time to Fall in Love '' ( Al Sherman & Al Lewis , 1931 ) `` Oh , Donna Clara '' ( Irving Caesar , 1928 ) `` Oh by Jingo ! '' ( Albert Von Tilzer , 1919 ) `` On the Banks of the Wabash , Far Away '' ( Paul Dresser 1897 ) `` Over There '' ( George M. Cohan , 1917 ) `` Peg o ' My Heart '' ( Fred Fisher & Alfred Bryan , 1913 ) `` Shine Little Glow Worm '' ( Paul Lincke & Lilla Cayley Robinson , 1907 ) `` Shine on Harvest Moon '' ( Nora Bayes & Jack Norworth , 1908 ) `` Some of These Days '' ( Shelton Brooks , 1911 ) `` Swanee '' ( George Gershwin , 1919 ) `` Sweet Georgia Brown '' ( Maceo Pinkard , 1925 ) `` Take Me Out to the Ball Game '' ( Albert Von Tilzer , 1908 ) `` The Band Played On '' ( Charles B. Ward & John F. Palmer , 1895 ) `` The Darktown Strutters ' Ball '' ( Shelton Brooks , 1917 ) `` The Little Lost Child '' ( Marks & Stern , 1894 ) `` The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo '' ( Charles Coborn , 1892 ) `` The Sidewalks of New York '' ( Lawlor & Blake , 1894 ) `` The Japanese Sandman '' ( 1920 ) `` There 'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight '' ( Joe Hayden & Theodore Mertz , 1896 ) `` Warmest Baby in the Bunch '' ( George M. Cohan , 1896 ) `` Way Down Yonder in New Orleans '' ( Creamer & Turner Layton , 1922 ) `` Whispering '' ( 1920 ) `` Yes , We Have No Bananas '' ( Frank Silver & Irving Cohn , 1923 ) `` You Gotta Be a Football Hero '' ( Al Sherman , Buddy Fields & Al Lewis , 1933 ) In popular culture ( edit ) In the 1959 -- 1960 television season , NBC aired a sitcom Love and Marriage , based on the fictitious William Harris Music Publishing Company set in Tin Pan Alley . William Demarest , Stubby Kaye , Jeanne Bal , and Murray Hamilton co-starred in the series , which aired 18 episodes . In the song `` Bob Dylan 's Blues '' from Bob Dylan 's 1963 album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan , he introduces the song , saying , `` Unlike most of the songs nowadays that have been written up town in Tin Pan Alley , that 's where most of the folk songs come from nowadays , this , this is a song , this was n't written up there , this was written down somewhere in the United States . '' In the song `` Bitter Fingers '' from the 1975 autobiographical `` concept album '' Captain Fantastic and the Brown Dirt Cowboy , Elton John refers to himself and his longtime song - writing partner , lyricist Bernie Taupin , as the `` Tin Pan Alley Twins '' . Neil Diamond 's liner notes ( `` ... tin pan alley died hard , but there was always the music to keep you going ... '' ) indicate that the album Beautiful Noise ( 1976 ) was intended as a tribute to his days there . Tin Pan Alley is mentioned in the song It Never Rains ( 1982 ) by Dire Straits The Bob Geddins blues song `` Tin Pan Alley ( aka The Roughest Place in Town ) '' , recorded by Jimmy Wilson , was a top 10 hit on the R&B chart in 1953 and became a popular song among West Coast blues performers . The song was also covered by Stevie Ray Vaughan The song `` Tin Pan Alley '' by The Apples in Stereo . Tin Pan Alley of the 1960s was discussed by Robbie Robertson of The Band in the Martin Scorsese film of The Band 's final concert in 1976 , The Last Waltz . The song `` Who Are You '' by The Who has the stanza `` I stretched back and I hiccupped / And looked back on my busy day / Eleven hours in the Tin Pan / God , there 's got to be another way '' , which references a long legal meeting with music publisher Allen Klein . See also ( edit ) Brill Building Music Row Printer 's Alley Radio Row The Tin Pan Alley Rag Denmark Street - known as `` Britain 's Tin Pan Alley '' References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The Parlor Songs Academy , In Search of Tin Pan Alley . http://parlorsongs.com/insearch/tinpanalley/tinpanalley.php Jump up ^ Charlton ( 2011 ) , p. 3 Quote : the `` term Tin Pan Alley referred to the thin , tinny tone quality of cheap upright pianos used in music publisher 's offices . '' ^ Jump up to : Hamm ( 1983 ) , p. 341 Jump up ^ Brackett , David ( 2005 ) . The Pop , Rock , and Soul Reader : Histories and Debates . Irvington , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195125711 . Jump up ^ Naper - Bell , Simon , Ta - ra - ra - Boom - de-ay : The Beginning of the Music Business , ( 2014 ) , p. 7 : quoted from Goldberg , Isaac and George Gershwin , Tin Pan Alley : A Chronicle of the American Popular Music Racket , ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ Daley , Dan ( January 8 , 2004 ) . `` Pop 's street of dreams '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . `` We used to think of Tin Pan Alley , which is what they called Denmark Street years ago when all the music publishers were there , as rather old - fashioned , '' recalls Peter Asher Jump up ^ `` Tin Pan Alley ( London ) '' , musicpilgrimages.com , 2009 - 11 - 07 Jump up ^ Hischak , Thomas S. `` Tin Pan Alley . '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press. url = http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2257382?q=Tin+pan+alley&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1#firsthit Jump up ^ Whitcomb , Ian ( 1973 ) After the Ball . Allen Lane , p. 44 Jump up ^ Naper - Bell , Simon , Ta - ra - ra - Boom - de-ay : The Beginning of the Music Business , ( 2014 ) , p. 6 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan , Titan Of American Music , Wins 2016 Nobel Prize In Literature '' . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen E.R. Smith , God Bless America : Tin Pan Alley Goes to War ( Lexington : University Press of Kentucky , 2003 ) , 2 -- 6 Jump up ^ Hajduk , John ( Dec 2003 ) . `` Tin Pan Alley on the March : Popular Music , World War II , and the Quest for a Great War Song '' . Popular Music and Society . 26 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : John Bush Jones , God Bless America : Tin Pan Alley Goes to War ( Lebanon : University Press of Kentucky , 2003 ) 32 -- 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Song for Hard Times '' , Harvard Magazine , May -- June 2009 Jump up ^ Santelli , Robert ( 2001 ) . Penguin Books , p. 524 Jump up ^ Herzhaft , Gérard ( 1992 ) . Encyclopedia of the Blues . University of Arkansas Press , p. 475 Bibliography Bloom , Ken . The American Songbook : The Singers , the Songwriters , and the Songs . New York : Black Dog and Leventhal , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 448 - 8 OCLC 62411478 Charlton , Katherine ( 2011 ) . Rock music style : a history . New York : McGraw Hill . Forte , Allen . Listening to Classic American Popular Songs . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2001 . Furia , Philip ( 1990 ) . The Poets of Tin Pan Alley : A History of America 's Great Lyricists . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507473 - 4 ... Furia , Philip and Lasser , Michael ( 2006 ) . The American 's Songs : The Stories Behind the Songs of Broadway , Hollywood , and Tin Pan Alley . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99052 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) . Goldberg , Isaac . Tin Pan Alley , A Chronicle of American Music . New York : Frederick Ungar , ( 1930 ) , 1961 . Hajduk , John C. `` Tin Pan Alley on the March : Popular Music , World War II , and the Quest for a Great War Song . '' Popular Music and Society 26.4 ( 2003 ) : 497 - 512 . Hamm , Charles . Music in the New World . New York : Norton , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95193 - 6 Jasen , David A. Tin Pan Alley : The Composers , the Songs , the Performers and Their Times . New York : Donald I. Fine , Primus , 1988 . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 099 - 5 OCLC 18135644 Jasen , David A. , and Gene Jones . Spreadin ' Rhythm Around : Black Popular Songwriters , 1880 -- 1930 . New York : Schirmer Books , 1998 . Jones , John Bush ( 2015 ) . Reinventing Dixie : Tin Pan Alley 's Songs and the Creation of the Mythic South . Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 9780807159446 . OCLC 894313622 . Marks , Edward B. , as told to Abbott J. Liebling . They All Sang : From Tony Pastor to Rudy Vallée . New York : Viking Press , 1934 . Morath , Max . The NPR Curious Listener 's Guide to Popular Standards . New York : Penguin Putnam , Berkley Publishing , a Perigree Book , 2002 . ISBN 0399527443 Napier - Bell , Simon ( 2014 ) . Ta - ra - ra - Boom - de-ay : The Beginning of the Music Business . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78352 - 031 - 2 . Sanjek , Russell . American Popular Music and Its Business : The First Four Hundred Years , Volume III , From 1900 to 1984 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . Sanjek , Russell . From Print to Plastic : Publishing and Promoting America 's Popular Music , 1900 -- 1980 . I.S.A.M. Monographs : Number 20 . Brooklyn : Institute for Studies in American Music , Conservatory of Music , Brooklyn College , City University of New York , 1983 . Smith , Kathleen E.R. God Bless America : Tin Pan Alley Goes to War . Lexington , Ky : University Press of Kentucky , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2256 - 2 OCLC 50868277 Tawa , Nicholas E. The Way to Tin Pan Alley : American Popular Song , 1866 -- 1910 . New York : Schirmer Books , 1990 . ISBN 0028725417 Whitcomb , Ian After the Ball : Pop Music from Rag to Rock . New York : Proscenium Publishers , 1986 , reprint of Penguin Press , 1972 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21468 - 3 OCLC 628022 Wilder , Alec . American Popular Song : The Great Innovators , 1900 -- 1950 . London : Oxford University Press , 1972 . Zinsser , William . Easy to Remember : The Great American Songwriters and Their Songs . Jaffrey , NH : David R. Godine , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 56792 - 147 - 7 OCLC 45080154 Further reading Scheurer , Timothy E. , American Popular Music : The nineteenth century and Tin Pan Alley , Bowling Green State University , Popular Press , 1989 ( Volume I ) Scheurer , Timothy E. , American Popular Music : The age of rock `` , Bowling Green State University , Popular Press , 1989 ( Volume II ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tin Pan Alley . Parlor Songs : History of Tin Pan Alley VIAF : 154393540 GND : 7661620 - 4 MusicBrainz : ea0544f4 - 9dd1 - 4f25 - 97a7 - 08bb8d16c927 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin_Pan_Alley&oldid=797486173 '' Categories : American styles of music Music industry associations Music of New York City Cultural history of New York City Popular music Vaudeville tropes History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 10 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what new york city neighborhood did tin pan alley once exist	[ "Tin Pan Alley is the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The name originally referred to a specific place: West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan, and a plaque exists (see below) on the sidewalk on 28th Street between Broadway and Sixth commemorates it." ]	[ "West 28th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan" ]
4620429257026717624	Tropical rainforests of India	Tropical rainforests of India - wikipedia Tropical rainforests of India Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX Tropical rainforests of India are found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , the Western Ghats , which fringe the Arabian Sea , the coastline of peninsular India , and the greater Assam region in the north - east . Small remnants of rainforest are found in Odisha state . Semi-evergreen rainforest is more extensive than the evergreen formation partly because evergreen forests tend to degrade to semi-evergreen with human interference . There are substantial differences in both the flora and fauna between the three major rainforest regions . The Western Ghats monsoon forests occur both on the western ( coastal ) margins of the ghats and on the eastern side where there is less rainfall . These forests contain several tree species of great commercial significance ( e.g. Indian rosewood ( Dalbergia latifolia ) , Malabar Kino ( Pterocarpus marsupium ) , teak ( Tectona grandis ) and Indian laurel ( Terminalia crenulata ) ) , but they have now been cleared from many areas . In the rainforests , there is an enormous number of tree species ; at least 60 percent of the trees of the upper canopy are of species which individually contribute not more than one percent of the total number . Clumps of bamboo occur along streams or in poorly drained hollows throughout the evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of south - west India , probably in areas once cleared for transporting agriculture . The tropical vegetation of north - east India ( which includes the states of Assam , Nagaland , Manipur , Mizoram , Tripura and Meghalaya as well as the plain regions of Arunachal Pradesh ) typically occurs at elevations up to 900 metres ( 3,000 ft ) . It embraces evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests , moist deciduous monsoon forests , riparian forests , swamps and grasslands . Evergreen rainforests are found in the Assam Valley , the foothills of the eastern Himalayas and the lower parts of the Naga Hills , Meghalaya , Mizoram and Manipur , where the rain fall exceeds 2,300 mm ( 91 in ) per annum . In the Assam Valley the giant Hollong ( Dipterocarpus macrocarpus ) and Shorea assamica occur singly , occasionally attaining a girth of up to 7 metres ( 23 ft ) and a height of up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . The monsoon forests are mainly moist sal ( Shorea robusta ) forests , which occur widely in this region . The Andaman and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rainforests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon forests . The dominant species of Keruing wood is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas , while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago . The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood ( Pterocarpus dalbergioides ) and Terminalia spp . Tropical forests in India 's east present a total contrast with the pine and coniferous woodland of the Western Himalayas . The natural cover of India varies with altitude ; these evergreen forests are bounded with high alpine meadows nearer to the snowline and temperate forests of short stout trees at lower elevations . In the Himalayan foothills are deciduous trees , with shrubs , bamboo , ferns and grass . India 's northern plains , the course of the holy rivers Ganges and Yamuna ; the Thar Desert in the west ; the Sundarbans , the marshy swamplands , in the delta of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra , in the east ; the Deccan Plateau , lying in the rain shadow of the hills and the Western Ghats with their dense ; luxuriant forests -- all provide fascinating variations in habitats . These forests sustain 350 species of mammals , 2,100 kinds of birds ( both local and migratory ) , nearly 350 species of reptile and countless insects . Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems - water , air and soil . It helps reserve the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species . The need for conservation of the environment and the forests has exercised the minds of Indian rulers from the earliest of times . In recent times , it was the administrators and princely rulers who demarcated and reserved forests as private preserves . Today many of the forested regions form the nucleus of India 's wildlife sanctuaries and parks . Still , increasing population , hunting and encroachments continues to threaten India 's forest lands . See also ( edit ) Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andaman and Nicobar Islands coordinates : 11 ° 41 ′ N 92 ° 46 ′ E / 11.68 ° N 92.77 ° E / 11.68 ; 92.77 ( Andaman and Nicobar Islands ) Jump up ^ Western Ghats coordinates : 10 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 01 '' E / 10.167 ° N 77.067 ° E / 10.167 ; 77.067 ( The Western Ghats ) Jump up ^ Assam coordinates : 26 ° 08 ′ N 91 ° 46 ′ E / 26.14 ° N 91.77 ° E / 26.14 ; 91.77 ( Assam ) Jump up ^ Odisha coordinates : 20 ° 09 ′ N 85 ° 30 ′ E / 20.15 ° N 85.50 ° E / 20.15 ; 85.50 ( Odisha ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1986 Rodges and Panwar , 1988 ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1991 ) Jump up ^ ( IUCN , 1986 ) Jump up ^ `` Forest in India , Tropical Forest in India , Rain Forest India , Indian Forests '' . Wild-india.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Rainforest , India Rainforests , Rainforest Travel , Rain Forest , Rainforests in India '' . Indianwildlifeportal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropical_rainforests_of_India&oldid=839317569 '' Categories : Forests of India Geography of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Tropical rainforests of India Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are tropical evergreen forest found in india	[ "The Andaman and Nicobar islands have tropical evergreen rainforests and tropical semi-evergreen rainforests as well as tropical monsoon forests.[3] The dominant species of Keruing wood is Dipterocarpus grandiflorus in hilly areas, while Dipterocarpus kerrii is dominant on some islands in the southern parts of the archipelago. The monsoon forests of the Andamans are dominated by the Andaman Redwood (Pterocarpus dalbergioides) and Terminalia spp.[4][better source needed]" ]	[ "The Andaman and Nicobar islands" ]
-6752334322212847188	Mary Had a Little Lamb	Mary had a Little lamb - wikipedia Mary had a Little lamb Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nursery rhyme . For other uses , see Mary Had a Little Lamb ( disambiguation ) . `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' Illustration by William Wallace Denslow Nursery rhyme Published May 24 , 1830 Songwriter ( s ) Sarah Josepha Hale , John Roulstone `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' is an English language nursery rhyme of the early nineteenth - century American origin . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7622 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Text 3 Influence 4 Media 5 Uses of the music 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) The Redstone School ( 1798 ) , now in Sudbury , Massachusetts , is believed to be the schoolhouse mentioned in the nursery rhyme . The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh , Capen & Lyon , as a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24 , 1830 , and was possibly inspired by an actual incident . There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem . One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines , less childlike than the first , were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale ; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem . As a young girl , Mary Sawyer ( later Mary Tyler ) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother . A commotion naturally ensued . Mary recalled : `` Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone , a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen , who was then settled in Sterling . It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers , and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle . The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb ; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem ... '' Mary Sawyer 's house , located in Sterling , Massachusetts , was destroyed by arson on August 12 , 2007 . A statue representing Mary 's Little Lamb stands in the town center . The Redstone School , which was built in 1798 , was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow 's Wayside Inn in Sudbury , Massachusetts . Text ( edit ) In the 1830s , Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses , starting with `` Mary had a little lamb , little lamb , little lamb , Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow . Influence ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William Wallace Denslow 's illustrations for Mary had a little lamb , from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose The rhyme was the first audio recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877 . It was the first instance of recorded verse . In 1927 , Edison reenacted the recording , which still survives . The earliest recording ( 1878 ) was retrieved by 3D imaging equipment in 2012 . Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both recorded the song : Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy 's version in his 1983 debut album , Texas Flood , with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme , `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' , into the song . In 1972 , Paul McCartney released a version of the song . Just as he had done with the 16th - century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles ' Abbey Road LP in 1969 , he added his own melody to the lyrics . The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists . McCartney played the song during Wings ' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special . It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP . Media ( edit ) Note : This melody is the British version , which is slightly different from the American version . Mary Had a Little Lamb Male singing the first verses of `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Uses of the music ( edit ) The first Korean musical road , created using grooves cut into the ground and intended to help motorists stay alert and awake plays `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' and took four days to construct . It can be found close to Anyang , Gyeonggi , South Korea . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Find more aboutMary Had a Little Lambat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity List of nursery rhymes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Full text of Poems for our children : including Mary had a little lamb : designed for families , Sabbath schools , and infant schools : written to inculcate moral truths and virtuous sentiments Jump up ^ Mary Had A Little Lamb . Song Facts Jump up ^ Roulstone , John ; Mary ( Sawyer ) and her friends ( 1928 ) . The Story of Mary 's Little Lamb . Dearborn : Mr. & Mrs. Henry Ford . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling fire called arson '' . Worcester Telegram & Gazette News . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bronze of lamb . The 2 - foot - tall statue and historical marker are on the town common in Sterling , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ `` LOWELL MASON , `` Mary Lamb '' ( music ) in Juvenile Lyre , Or , Hymns and Songs , Religious , Moral , and Cheerful , Set to Appropriate Music , For the Use of Primary and Common Schools , Boston : Richardson , Lord & Holbrook ; Hartford , H. & F.J. Huntington , -- Richards `` . Forgotten Chapters of Boston 's Literary History . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Rubery , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . Audiobooks , Literature , and Sound Studies . Routledge . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 88352 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas Edison ( 30 November 1926 ) . `` Mary had a little lamb '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Grondahl , Paul ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Hear the earliest known recording of voice , music '' . Timesunion.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' . Jump up ^ Choo , Joohee ; Lee , Rebecca ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Singing Streets and Melody Roads '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb&oldid=842679356 '' Categories : Songs about sheep Fictional sheep Children 's songs American nursery rhymes Songs about women Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം 日本語 Português Русский Simple English 粵語中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 23 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the poem mary had a little lamb	[ "The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh, Capen & Lyon, as a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24, 1830, and was possibly inspired by an actual incident.[1]" ]	[ "Sarah Josepha Hale" ]
5779083672526192297	Bobby's World	Bobby 's World - wikipedia Bobby 's World Jump to : navigation , search Bobby 's World Genre Comedy Fantasy Created by Howie Mandel Developed by Jim Staahl Jim Fisher Starring Howie Mandel Gail Matthius Edie McClurg Charity James Tino Insana Kevin Smets Pamela Segall Rob Paulsen Gary Owens Frank Welker Debi Derryberry Theme music composer John Tesh Composer ( s ) John Tesh ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Mark Koval ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Robby Merkin ( musical director ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 81 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Phil Roman Lee Mendelson Howie Mandel Producer ( s ) Mitch Schauer Gary Conrad Production company ( s ) Film Roman Alevy Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Saban International ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Buena Vista Television ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Splash Entertainment ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Fox Kids CITV Audio format Stereo ( Season 1 -- 5 ) Dolby Surround ( Season 6 -- 8 ) Original release September 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) -- February 23 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 23 ) External links Website www.bobbysworld.net Production website www.filmroman.com Bobby 's World ( originally known as The World According to Bobby , to parody The World According to Garp ) is an American animated television series , which ran from 1990 to 1998 , on Fox Kids . It was about the daily life of Bobby Generic ( / ˈdʒɛnərɪk / GEN - er - ic ) and his very overactive imagination on how he sees the world . The show was created by Canadian actor - comedian Howie Mandel . Mandel also provided the voice of both Bobby and his father Howard Generic . It was produced by Film Roman for Mandel 's company - Alevy Productions - and Fox Kids Productions . The theme song for Bobby 's World was composed by John Tesh , along with Michael Hanna . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible revival 2 Show format 3 Characters 3.1 Bobby Generic 3.2 Generic family members 3.3 Recurring characters 4 Episodes 5 Home video releases 6 Video game 7 Broadcast history 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Howie Mandel said that he accidentally created the voice that would be later used to voice Bobby when he was choking on a piece of cake . Two of Mandel 's friends Jim Fisher and Jim Staahl signed an agreement with the Fox Corporation 's then newly created television division in 1989 . Fisher and Staahl asked Mandel to join them in creating a show based on Mandel 's Bobby character and voice . Mandel said that he believed Fox did not think his stand - up routines were `` family entertainment . '' He , Fisher , and Staahl ( co-producers ) recalled stories from their childhoods as they discussed the formation of the show . Mandel stated `` that was the seed of Bobby 's World . '' Later stories from the childhoods of writers Dianne and Peter Tilden along with Mitch Schauer were used as the basis of many of the stories . The other characters on the show were mixes of characteristics of the creators ' parents ' friends and relatives . Specifically , Uncle Ted was based on Fisher and Staahl 's former comedy partner in a comedy trio formed by the three after leaving Chicago 's Second City , called The Graduates . Amazingly , that partner Tino Insana read for and won the part of Uncle Ted . During his standup routines , Mandel would commonly go into character with the same voice as Bobby , often conversing with an unseen `` parent '' . The voices of Kelly Generic ( Bobby 's sister ) and Martha Generic ( Bobby 's mother ) are based on two recurring characters Gail Matthius played when she was a cast member on Saturday Night Live in 1980 . Martha is based on the character Roweena , a chain smoking hair stylist with an Upper Midwestern accent who gets into arguments with her best customer Nadine ( Denny Dillon ) , while Kelly Generic is based on the character Vicky , a valley girl who annoys others with her shallow questions and rambling stories and often is seen with her friend Debbie ( also Dillon ) . Mitch Schauer drew the designs for the main characters . Bobby 's character design was based on Schauer 's then four - year - old son . In the United States , starting in 1996 , the show was open - captioned ; this was intended as an aid to help younger children learn to read . According to a stand up video posted on YouTube , Mandel mentions that they are working on new episodes . On February 12 , 2007 , the character Bobby made a surprise appearance on an episode of Deal or No Deal . Episodes can occasionally be seen in syndication , on a variety of websites , on Netflix or on Comcast 's On Demand service . Possible revival ( edit ) In an April 2006 online interview , Mandel expressed his desire for a possible re-launch of the series . In November 2014 , it was announced that Mandel told a crowd at Comikaze that plans to revive the series were in motion . Show format ( edit ) Episodes often consist of a short live - action segment either before or after the main story ( and sometimes both before and after ) . The segment would include Mandel describing some aspect of the story and often relating it back to his personal childhood . Often very similar . Sometimes during these segments , the character of Bobby would appear in animated form and converse with Mandel . Other times , a live action child would appear and exchange words with Mandel . Endings of the show also featured Mandel breaking the `` fourth wall '' by talking to viewers about the preceding episode . In some part of the episode , Bobby will break the fourth wall by telling the audience his perspective on life . Characters ( edit ) Bobby Generic ( edit ) Robert Adelvice `` Bobby '' Generic ( voiced by Howie Mandel using the same voice he used for Skeeter in Muppet Babies ) is the main character of the series , a four - ( five - in seasons 2 through 6 , then six - in seasons 7 and 8 ) year - old little boy with huge imaginations . An imaginative Bobby claims however that he came from a magical place called `` Bobbyland '' where he ruled everything . Scenes with Bobby most often involve elaborate literal interpretations of the popular or colloquial sayings uttered by other characters during the show ( i.e. a `` traffic jam '' becomes Traffic Jam , as Bobby imagines spreading tiny cars and trucks on a piece of bread and taking a bite ) . When he enters contests , he tends to end up losing because Bobby ends up being himself instead of using his common sense . Bobby has spiky black hair . In `` Bobbyland '' , he wears a white sailor - like hat with a black tassels , white shirt with short sleeves , blue navy sailor collar with white stripes , blue shorts with two white buttons , white socks and black Mary Jane shoes . On earth , he wears a white shirt with red short sleeves , red shorts and blue sneakers . Generic family members ( edit ) The Generic family 's surname is pronounced `` JEN - uh - rick '' to make it sound like the word `` general '' , but uttered as `` jin - AIR - ic ! '' ( as in the prescription classification ) by other characters . Howard Generic -- Bobby 's father . ( modeled upon and also voiced by Howie Mandel using his regular voice ) Martha Generic -- Bobby 's mother , who has red hair and is often seen wearing a sky - blue track suit . She speaks with a heavy North Central American English / Scandinavian accent , in stereotypical Minnesotan / Great Lakes style , and often punctuates her speech with phrases like `` Fer corn sakes '' , `` Fer cryin ' in the mud '' , `` gee golly '' , `` gosh darn '' and `` do n't ' cha know '' . ( voiced by Gail Matthius and based on her Saturday Night Live character , Roweena , a chain - smoking hair dresser ) Kelly Generic -- Bobby 's 15 - year - old tomboyish bully sister , the eldest Generic sibling , sporting a shag haircut , purple eye shadow , striped tights , and a valley girl accent / demeanor and often uses her catch phrase `` Get real ! '' ( voiced by Charity James and based on another character Matthius played on SNL : `` Vicky the Valley Girl '' ) . Derek Generic -- Bobby 's 10 - year - old brother , also something of a bully , with a rat - tail hairdo , slashed jeans , and a sarcastic manner . He always teases and insults Bobby and tends to call him a `` dork '' . Bobby has a bad habit of listening to him ( voiced by Kevin Michaels seasons 1 -- 6 and Pamela Segall season 7 -- 8 ) . The Generic Twins ( Jake & Alex ) -- Identical twins who were introduced in Season 4 but mentioned in Seasons 2 and 3 as Martha was pregnant with them . Bobby 's infant brothers . Aunt Ruth -- Bobby 's aunt and Martha 's sister ( voice of Edie McClurg ) She is a blonde , amply contoured lady with a sweet , pretty face , hair in a bun , and kindly ways . She is loving and affectionate toward her small nephew and particularly likes to pinch his cheeks , which Bobby really does n't go for . Part of her signature attire is knee - high stockings rolled into a ring at the cuffs . Uncle Ted ( Ted `` Teddy '' Sven ) -- Bobby 's uncle and Martha and Ruth 's brother . He is a blond , large - bodied gentleman with a deep rough voice and his signature garment is a yellow shirt printed with red hearts . Uncle Ted is a fun - loving fellow who loves to give noogies to Bobby and is a collector of various things , one of which is a novelty item called Socks in a Can . His last name is revealed to be Sven . He is also affectionate toward his little nephew and often calls him by the nickname `` Bob - O '' . Bobby likes hanging out with Uncle Ted because he thinks of all kinds of fun stuff to do ( voice of Tino Insana ) . Roger -- the Generic family dog ( voiced by Frank Welker ) . Recurring characters ( edit ) George - Boyfriend of Kelly Generic . ( voiced by Pauly Shore ) Jackie -- Bobby 's cute girlfriend / next door neighbor / classmate with the floor - length pigtails who has a crush on Bobby . She always kisses him ( which he hates ) and hugs him ( which he loves ) . She speaks with a monotonic voice . ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) Charlotte -- Rambunctious and sassy , Charlotte was the fun - loving adventurous girl who was famous for her dislike of chocolate and her ability to tease Bobby incessantly over small things he does . Meeker and Snurd - A bumbling duo seen doing various jobs around town , whether it be mall cops , paramedics , or stage hands . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Bobby 's World episodes Home video releases ( edit ) From 1994 to 1998 , Fox Kids Video released VHS titles of the series . Volume 1 -- Uncle Ted 's Excellent Adventure / The Visit To Aunt Ruth 's Volume 2 -- Bobby 's Big Move / Bobby 's Big Broadcast Volume 3 -- Swim By Me / Jets , Choo Choos & Cars Fish Tales / Generics Under Construction Me & Roger In 2004 , Anchor Bay Entertainment released two best - of compilations - Classic Scratch ' n ' Sniff Episodes and The Signature Episodes on DVD in Region 1 . These releases have been discontinued and are now out of print . On December 15 , 2011 , it was announced that MoonScoop Group had acquired the rights to the series and planned to release all eight seasons of Bobby 's World on DVD in Region 1 via Amazon. com 's CreateSpace program in early 2012 . These are manufacture - on - demand releases , available exclusively through Amazon.com . All seasons were made available for purchase on March 13 , 2012 . Video game ( edit ) A video game adaptation of Bobby 's World was made for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995 . It was developed by Riedel Software Productions and published by Hi Tech Entertainment . In the game , Bobby 's mother tells him to clean his room . As he is cleaning his room , Bobby starts daydreaming about a toy . After beating a level , Bobby has another daydream about another toy that he puts away . Due to the bankruptcy of Hi Tech Entertainment later in 1995 , the game was cancelled . Broadcast history ( edit ) During its original run , Bobby 's World was seen on Fox Kids . After it was cancelled in 1998 , reruns began airing on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) until 2001 . The series was available in its entirety on Netflix instant streaming and Kabillion as well . It 's now available on Amazon Prime Instant Video . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mandel , Howie . `` Howie Mandel Stand Up Bobby 's World Voice '' . Youtube . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ FisherII Jump up ^ `` Interview with Howie . '' Bobby 's World Official Website . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cawley , John ( July 26 , 1990 ) . `` How To Create Animation : Interviews by John Cawley '' . USA : cataroo . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Steve ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` Mania : Animated Shorts , Oct. 23 , 1998 '' . USA : Mania . Archived from the original on April 27 , 1999 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . But things really took off for Schauer in the early 90 's . At that time he was working at Film Roman , where he was put in charge of design for their new series , Bobby 's World . In fact , the character of Bobby is actually based on Schauer 's then four - year - old son , not series co-creator Howie Mandel . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Howie Stand Up Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` Taffy Pulls Into MIPTV With New Fantastic Four & Bobby 's World Deals '' . USA : AWN . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The TV Squad Interview : Howie Mandel -- TV Squad Jump up ^ O'Connell , Ryan ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` Howie Mandel Bringing 90s Cartoon ' Bobby 's World ' Back to TV '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Bobbys-World-DVDs-Planned/16320 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Bobbys-World-Seasons-1-through-7/16607 Jump up ^ SNES Central : Bobby 's World External links ( edit ) United States portal Animation portal Television portal `` BobbysWorld.net '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Bobby 's World at the Wayback Machine ( archived November 4 , 1996 ) . Fox Kids Bobby 's World on IMDb Bobby 's World at the Big Cartoon DataBase Bobby 's World at TV.com Bobby 's World at TV.com Toon Tracker Audio File -- The Bobby 's World Theme at the Wayback Machine ( archived September 27 , 2007 ) Bobby 's World at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby%27s_World&oldid=802488463 '' Categories : Fox network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television 1990s American animated television series Fox Kids YTV shows 1990 American television series debuts 1998 American television series endings Super Nintendo Entertainment System games American children 's animated television series American children 's fantasy television series American children 's television sitcoms Animated children 's television sitcoms Television series set in the 1980s Television series with live action and animation English - language television programs Film Roman television series Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Unfit url Use mdy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 13 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who voiced uncle ted on bobby's world	[ "Howie Mandel said that he accidentally created the voice that would be later used to voice Bobby when he was choking on a piece of cake.[1] Two of Mandel's friends Jim Fisher and Jim Staahl signed an agreement with the Fox Corporation's then newly created television division in 1989. Fisher and Staahl asked Mandel to join them in creating a show based on Mandel's Bobby character and voice. Mandel said that he believed Fox did not think his stand-up routines were \"family entertainment.\" He, Fisher, and Staahl (co-producers) recalled stories from their childhoods as they discussed the formation of the show. Mandel stated \"that was the seed of Bobby's World.\" Later stories from the childhoods of writers Dianne and Peter Tilden along with Mitch Schauer were used as the basis of many of the stories. The other characters on the show were mixes of characteristics of the creators' parents' friends and relatives. Specifically, Uncle Ted was based on Fisher and Staahl's former comedy partner in a comedy trio formed by the three after leaving Chicago's Second City, called The Graduates. Amazingly, that partner Tino Insana read for and won the part of Uncle Ted.[2][3]" ]	[ "Tino Insana" ]
6695339853998089784	Clavicle	Clavicle - wikipedia Clavicle hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2015 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Clavicle ( collarbone ) Collarbone ( shown in red ) Human collarbone Details Identifiers Latin Clavicula MeSH D002968 TA A02. 4.02. 001 FMA 13321 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone . There are two clavicles , one on the left and one on the right . The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally . Together with the shoulder blade it makes up the shoulder girdle . It is a palpable bone and in people who have less fat in this region , the location of the bone is clearly visible , as it creates a bulge in the skin . It receives its name from the Latin : clavicula ( `` little key '' ) because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted . The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone . It can easily be fractured due to impacts to the shoulder from the force of falling on outstretched arms or by a direct hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Medial end 1.2 Lateral end 1.3 Shaft 1.3. 1 Medial two - thirds of the shaft 1.3. 2 Lateral third of the shaft 1.4 Development 1.5 Variation 2 Functions 2.1 Muscle 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Collarbone fracture 4 Other animals 4.1 In dinosaurs 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The collarbone is a large doubly curved long bone that connects the arm to the trunk of the body . Located directly above the first rib it acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm can hang freely . Medially , it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum ( breastbone ) at the sternoclavicular joint . At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion , a process of the scapula ( shoulder blade ) at the acromioclavicular joint . It has a rounded medial end and a flattened lateral end . Right clavicle -- from below , and from above Left clavicle -- from above , and from below From the roughly pyramidal sternal end , each collarbone curves laterally and anteriorly for roughly half its length . It then forms an even larger posterior curve to articulate with the acromion of the scapula . The flat acromial end of the collarbone is broader than the sternal end . The acromial end has a rough inferior surface that bears a ridge , the trapezoid line , and a slight rounded projection , the conoid tubercle ( above the coracoid process ) . These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder . It can be divided into three parts : medial end , lateral end and shaft . Medial end ( edit ) The medial end is quadrangular and articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint . The articular surface extends to the inferior aspect for attachment with the first costal cartilage . It gives attachments to : fibrous capsule joint , all around articular disc , superoposteriorly interclavicular ligament , superiorly Lateral end ( edit ) The lateral end is flat from above downward . It bears a facet for attachment to the acromion process of the scapula , forming the acromioclavicular joint . The area surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule . The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward . Shaft ( edit ) The shaft is divided into the medial two - thirds and the lateral one third . The medial part is thicker than the lateral . Medial two - thirds of the shaft ( edit ) The medial two - thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders . The anterior surface is convex forward and gives origin to the pectoralis major . The posterior surface is smooth and gives origin to the sternohyoid muscle at its medial end . The superior surface is rough at its medial part and gives origin to the sternocleidomastoid muscle . The inferior surface has an oval impression inferior to its medial end for the costoclavicular ligament and is called costal tuberosity . At the lateral side of the inferior surface , there is a subclavian groove for insertion of the subclavius muscle . At the lateral side of the subclavian groove , the nutrient foramen lies . The medial part is quadrangular in shape where it makes a joint with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint . The margins of the subclavian groove give attachment to the clavipectoral fascia . Lateral third of the shaft ( edit ) The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces . the anterior border is concave forward and gives origin to the deltoid muscle . the posterior border is convex and gives attachment to the trapezius muscle . the superior surface is subcutaneous . the inferior surface has a ridge called the trapezoid line and a tubercle ; the conoid tubercle for attachment with the trapezoid and the conoid ligament , part of the coracoclavicular ligament that serves to connect the collarbone with the coracoid process of the scapula . Development ( edit ) The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification ( laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix ) during development of the embryo , during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation . However , it is one of the last bones to finish ossification at about 21 -- 25 years of age . A study measuring 748 males and 252 females saw a difference in collarbone length between age groups 18 -- 20 and 21 -- 25 of about 6 and 5 mm ( 0.24 and 0.20 in ) for males and females respectively . Its lateral end is formed by intramembranous ossification while medially it is formed by endochondral ossification . It consists of a mass of cancellous bone surrounded by a compact bone shell . The cancellous bone forms via two ossification centres , one medial and one lateral , which fuse later on . The compact forms as the layer of fascia covering the bone stimulates the ossification of adjacent tissue . The resulting compact bone is known as a periosteal collar . Even though it is classified as a long bone , the collarbone has no medullary ( bone marrow ) cavity like other long bones , though this is not always true . It is made up of spongy cancellous bone with a shell of compact bone . It is a dermal bone derived from elements originally attached to the skull . Variation ( edit ) The shape of the clavicle varies more than most other long bones . It is occasionally pierced by a branch of the supraclavicular nerve . In males it is thicker and more curved and the sites of muscular attachments are more pronounced . The left clavicle is usually longer and not as strong as the right clavicle . In males the clavicle is larger , longer , heavier and generally more massive than that of females . Clavicle form is a reliable criterion for sex determination . The collarbones are sometimes partly or completely absent in cleidocranial dysostosis . The levator claviculae muscle , present in 2 -- 3 % of people , originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle . Functions ( edit ) The collarbone serves several functions : It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb suspended ; an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement . Acting as a flexible , crane - like strut , it allows the scapula to move freely on the thoracic wall . Covering the cervicoaxillary canal , it protects the neurovascular bundle that supplies the upper limb . Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton . Muscle ( edit ) Muscles and ligaments that attach to the collarbone include : Attachment on collarbone Muscle / Ligament Other attachment Superior surface and anterior border Deltoid muscle deltoid tubercle , anteriorly on the lateral third Superior surface Trapezius muscle posteriorly on the lateral third Inferior surface Subclavius muscle subclavian groove Inferior surface Conoid ligament ( the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament ) conoid tubercle Inferior surface Trapezoid ligament ( the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament ) trapezoid line Anterior border Pectoralis major muscle medial third ( rounded border ) Posterior border Sternocleidomastoid muscle ( clavicular head ) superiorly , on the medial third Posterior border Sternohyoid muscle inferiorly , on the medial third Posterior border Trapezius muscle lateral third Clinical significance ( edit ) Acromioclavicular dislocation ( `` AC Separation '' ) Degeneration of the clavicle Osteolysis Sternoclavicular dislocations A vertical line drawn from the mid-clavicle called the mid-clavicular line is used as a reference in describing cardiac apex beat during medical examination . It is also useful for evaluating an enlarged liver , and for locating the gallbladder which is between the mid-clavicular line and the transpyloric plane . Collarbone fracture ( edit ) Main article : Clavicle fracture Clavicle fractures ( colloquially , a broken collarbone ) occur as a result of injury or trauma . The most common type of fractures occur when a person falls horizontally on the shoulder or with an outstretched hand . A direct hit to the collarbone will also cause a break . In most cases , the direct hit occurs from the lateral side towards the medial side of the bone . Fractures of the clavicle typically occur at the angle , where the greatest change in direction of the bone occurs . This results in the sternocleidomastoid muscle lifting the medial aspect superiorly , which can result in perforation of the overlying skin . Other animals ( edit ) The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish , where it is associated with the pectoral fin ; they also have a bone called the cleithrum . In such fish , the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side , and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish 's underside . They are , however , absent in cartilaginous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish , including all of the teleosts . The earliest tetrapods retained this arrangement , with the addition of a diamond - shaped interclavicle between the base of the clavicles , although this is not found in living amphibians . The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles , and is not found in any living amniotes , but the interclavicle is present in most modern reptiles , and also in monotremes . In modern forms , however , there are a number of variations from the primitive pattern . For example , crocodilians and salamanders lack clavicles altogether ( although crocodilians do retain the interclavicle ) , while in turtles , they form part of the armoured plastron . The interclavicle is absent in marsupials and placental mammals . In many mammals , the clavicles are also reduced , or even absent , to allow the scapula greater freedom of motion , which may be useful in fast - running animals . Though a number of fossil hominin ( humans and chimpanzees ) clavicles have been found , most of these are mere segments offering limited information on the form and function of the pectoral girdle . One exception is the clavicle of AL 333x6 / 9 attributed to Australopithecus afarensis which has a well - preserved sternal end . One interpretation of this specimen , based on the orientation of its lateral end and the position of the deltoid attachment area , suggests that this clavicle is distinct from those found in extant apes ( including humans ) , and thus that the shape of the human shoulder dates back to less than 3 to 4 million years ago . However , analyses of the clavicle in extant primates suggest that the low position of the scapula in humans is reflected mostly in the curvature of the medial portion of the clavicle rather than the lateral portion . This part of the bone is similar in A. afarensis and it is thus possible that this species had a high shoulder position similar to that in modern humans . In dinosaurs ( edit ) In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula ( shoulder blade ) and the coracoid , both of which directly articulated with the clavicle . The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs . The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus ( upper bone of the forelimb ) is the called the glenoid . The clavicles fused in some theropod dinosaurs to form a furcula , which is the equivalent to a wishbone . In birds , the clavicles and interclavicle have fused to form a single Y - shaped bone , the furcula or `` wishbone '' which evolved from the clavicles found in coelurosaurian theropods . Additional images ( edit ) Position of collarbone ( shown in red ) . Animation . Shape of collarbone ( left ) . Animation . Pectoral girdle -- front Diagram of the human shoulder joint , front view Diagram of the human shoulder joint , back view Muscles of the neck . Anterior view . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Clavicle fracture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Busy Bones '' . Jump up ^ medind.nic.in ^ Jump up to : Moore , Keith L. ; Dalley , Arthur F. ( 1999 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy ( 4th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 06141 - 3 . Jump up ^ medchrome.com - web.archive.org medchrome.com - `` Clinical Anatomy of Clavicle Medchrome '' ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 184 -- 186 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Larson , Susan G. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the Hominin Shoulder : Early Homo '' . In Grine , Frederick E. ; Fleagle , John G. ; Leakey , Richard E. The First Humans - Origin and Early Evolution of the Genus Homo . Springer . p. 66 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9980 - 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9979 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Study of Dinosaurs . Second Edition . Oxford , Blackwell Publishing . pg. 299 - 300 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3413 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clavicula . hide Bones of the arm Shoulder girdle , clavicle conoid tubercle trapezoid line costal tuberosity subclavian groove Scapula fossae ( subscapular , supraspinatous , infraspinatous ) notches ( suprascapular , great scapular ) glenoid cavity tubercles ( infraglenoid , supraglenoid ) spine of scapula acromion coracoid process angles ( superior , inferior , lateral ) Humerus upper extremity : necks ( anatomical , surgical ) tubercles ( greater , lesser ) bicipital groove body : radial sulcus deltoid tuberosity lower extremity : capitulum trochlea epicondyles ( lateral , medial ) supracondylar ridges ( lateral , medial ) fossae ( radial , coronoid , olecranon ) Forearm Radius near elbow ( head , tuberosity ) near wrist ( ulnar notch , styloid process , Lister 's tubercle ) Ulna near elbow ( tuberosity , olecranon , coronoid process , radial notch , trochlear notch ) near wrist ( styloid process ) Hand Carpal bones scaphoid lunate triquetral pisiform trapezium trapezoid capitate hamate hamulus Metacarpal bones 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Phalanges proximal intermediate distal GND : 4179759 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavicle&oldid=839651296 '' Categories : Skeletal system Upper limb anatomy Shoulder Clavicle Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many collar bones in the human body	[ "The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone. There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the right. The clavicle is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. Together with the shoulder blade it makes up the shoulder girdle. It is a palpable bone and in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin. It receives its name from the Latin: clavicula (\"little key\") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted. The clavicle is the most commonly fractured bone. It can easily be fractured due to impacts to the shoulder from the force of falling on outstretched arms or by a direct hit.[1]" ]	[ "two" ]
1582283260958361854	Criticism of Apple Inc.	Criticism of Apple Inc . - Wikipedia Criticism of Apple Inc . Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( November 2017 ) Apple Inc. is a multinational American technology company which sells consumer electronics that have been claimed by critics to combine stolen and / or purchased designs that it claims are its own original creations . Criticism of Apple includes unethical business practices such as anti-competitive behavior , rash litigation , and dubious tax tactics , their production methods involving the use of sweatshop labor , customer service issues involving misleading warranties and insufficient data security , and concerns about environmental destruction . Additionally , it has been criticized for its alleged collaboration with U.S. surveillance program , PRISM . Contents ( hide ) 1 Accusations of anti-competitive behavior 1.1 Vendor lock - in practices 1.2 iTunes 1.3 Google Voice controversy 1.4 Adobe Flash prohibition on iOS 1.5 Collusion with record labels 1.6 App Store transaction fee 1.6. 1 Spotify 1.7 F. lux app vs. `` Night Shift '' feature implementation 2 App Store compensation conflict 3 Basic iOS Missing Features 4 John Wiley & Sons and iCon : Steve Jobs 5 Price reductions 6 Media relations 6.1 Think Secret lawsuit 6.2 Gizmodo incident 7 Labor practices 7.1 Safety problems and harsh working conditions 7.2 Student and child labor abuses 7.3 Apple -- Foxconn business relationship 7.3. 1 Foxconn employee suicides 8 Tax practices 9 Quality control and customer service issues 9.1 Data security 10 Misleading warranty claims 10.1 Italy 10.2 China 11 Vexatious litigation 11.1 `` Boycott Apple '' hashtag on Google+ 12 Environmental destruction claims 12.1 Timeline of Apple 's recorded environmental progress 12.2 Greenpeace 's criticism of Apple 13 Collaboration with the National Security Agency 14 Planned obsolescence 15 Face ID racism and bad design controversy 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Accusations of anti-competitive behavior ( edit ) Vendor lock - in practices ( edit ) Apple has been criticized for the use of proprietary parts and screws on their late MacBook models and recent iPhone products . In mid-2012 , Apple introduced the Retina display MacBook Pro with a slimmer and lighter design . After its release , many criticized the new MacBook Pro design that it introduced trade offs that included soldered RAM onto the motherboard , a glued battery on the aluminum uni-body chassis , the LED screen was fused onto the glass , and the use of a proprietary PCI - E solid - state drive as opposed to a SATA interface . Many criticized these practices as a way for Apple to keep consumers out of the hardware they purchased , as well as eliminating self - repair from the consumer . iFixit , an electronics do - it - yourself website , named the 2012 Retina MacBook Pro `` the least repairable notebook on the market . '' Apple has similarly faced controversy for the closed ecosystem surrounding its music store , iTunes ; Because of this , Steve Jobs was ordered to attend a court hearing regarding antitrust violations specifically with iPods and iTunes . Apple has not licensed its FairPlay DRM , or its formerly proprietary lossless format codec Apple Lossless ( ALAC ) , to any other company , thus preventing content -- either purchased from the iTunes store , or Apple Lossless encoded in the iTunes computer application or bought from non-iTunes sources -- from being used on other manufacturers ' devices . As of April 2009 , all music on the iTunes Store is DRM - free , however this does not apply to other content . The Apple Lossless ( ALAC ) codec was reverse - engineered and an independent encoder and decoder was released . In 2011 , Apple made the original ALAC source code available under the Apache license . ITunes ( edit ) Main article : iTunes Apple was caught up in controversy regarding the online sales of music in the European Union where , as a single market , customers are free to purchase goods and services from any member state . iTunes Stores there forced consumers and other music buyers to iTunes - only sites by restricting content purchases to the country from which the customers ' payment details originated , which in turn forced users in some countries to pay higher prices . On December 3 , 2004 , the British Office of Fair Trading referred the iTunes Music Store to the European Commission for violation of EU free - trade legislation . Apple commented that they did not believe they violated EU law , but were restricted by legal limits to the rights granted to them by the music labels and publishers . PC World commented that it appeared that `` the Commission 's main target is not Apple but the music companies and music rights agencies , which work on a national basis and give Apple very little choice but to offer national stores '' . Google Voice controversy ( edit ) Apple has been criticized over attempting to prevent iPhone users from using the Google Voice application by disabling it on the iPhone . Apple declined to approve the Google application for use on the iPhone , claiming that the application altered iPhone intended functionality , i.e. , that with Google voice installation , voicemail is no longer routed to the iPhone 's native application Visual Voicemail but instead is routed through Google 's application , thus `` ruining '' the iPhone user experience . This caused controversy among iPhone developers and users , and the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) began investigating Apple 's active decision to deny users ' ability to install Google Voice from the Apple online store from where users routinely download and install iPhone applications . As of November 2010 , Google Voice has been made available for the iPhone . Adobe Flash prohibition on iOS ( edit ) Main article : Apple and Adobe Flash controversy With the release of iOS 4.0 SDK , Apple changed its terms of service to prohibit programs that are originally written in non-Apple approved languages from being used on the iPhone . This was criticized for being anti-competitive by disallowing use of Adobe Flash and other programs on the iPhone . The New York Times quoted an Adobe employee alleging the policy to be anti-competitive . On May 3 , 2010 , Ars Technica and The New York Post reported that the US Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) and the United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) are deciding which agency will launch an antitrust investigation into the matter . The controversy over Apple 's changes to section 3.3. 1 of the iPhone SDK license agreement erupted after John Gruber 's April 8 , 2010 , Daring Fireball blog post entitled , New iPhone Developer Agreement Bans the Use of Adobe 's Flash - to - iPhone . Strong opposition to Apple 's licensing changes spread quickly with bloggers and others . Others were quick to note that the language used in the agreement also banned other developer tools including MonoTouch , Lua , Unity , and many others . The original iPhone OS 3 section 3.3. 1 reads : 3.3. 1 Applications may only use Published APIs in the manner prescribed by Apple and must not use or call any unpublished or private APIs . The revised iPhone OS 4 section 3.3. 1 reads : 3.3. 1 -- Applications may only use Documented APIs in the manner prescribed by Apple and must not use or call any private APIs . Applications must be originally written in Objective - C , C , C++ , or JavaScript as executed by the iPhone OS WebKit engine , and only code written in C , C++ , and Objective - C may compile and directly link against the Documented APIs ( e.g. , Applications that link to Documented APIs through an intermediary translation or compatibility layer or tool are prohibited ) . Steve Jobs posted a reaction entitled `` Thoughts on Flash '' , but did not directly address any third party development tools other than Adobe 's Flash platform . The `` Thoughts on Flash '' post drew immediate and harsh criticism with Steve Jobs being accused of outright lying by many . Collusion with record labels ( edit ) In May 2015 , it was reported that the U.S. Department of Justice and Federal Trade Commission were beginning to investigate Apple for engaging in a cartel with major record labels that discourage them from offering free , ad - supported streaming of their music online , in order to push users towards a re-launch of the subscription - based Beats Music service . In particular , it was alleged that Apple had pushed labels to pull their music from the freemium tier of competing service Spotify ( a service which has cut into Apple 's music sales revenue ) , and offered to pay Universal Music Group the equivalent of YouTube 's licensing fees with the label in exchange for pulling its content from the service . App Store transaction fee ( edit ) iOS applications available through the App Store that require payments for features or membership are required to use Apple 's iTunes payments system , granting the company a 30 % cut of all transactions . This policy has been criticized as taking way too much money for each transaction , with comparisons being made to the typical 1 - 5 % cut that credit card companies require and the 1 - 10 % cut that some online marketplaces require . Spotify ( edit ) In July 2015 , music - streaming service Spotify sent an email to its iOS subscribers , urging them to cancel their App Store subscriptions , wait for expiration , and then sign up for paid membership through Spotify 's website , bypassing the 30 % App Store transaction fee and making the service more affordable . Approximately a year later , Recode reported that Spotify 's general counsel Horacio Gutierrez had sent a letter to Apple 's then - general counsel Bruce Sewell , saying that the company was `` causing grave harm to Spotify and its customers '' because it would n't approve an update to the Spotify app . Apple had n't approved the new version due to `` business model rules '' , requiring that Spotify use the iTunes payments system if it `` wants to use the app to acquire new customers and sell subscriptions '' . Gutierrez severely criticized the chain of events , writing that `` This latest episode raises serious concerns under both U.S. and EU competition law ... It continues a troubling pattern of behavior by Apple to exclude and diminish the competitiveness of Spotify on iOS and as a rival to Apple Music , particularly when seen against the backdrop of Apple 's previous anticompetitive conduct aimed at Spotify . '' He also described the App Store approval process as a `` weapon to harm competitors '' . In a response reported by BuzzFeed News , Bruce Sewell said that `` We find it troubling that you are asking for exemptions to the rules we apply to all developers and are publicly resorting to rumors and half - truths about our service '' , adding that `` Our guidelines apply equally to all app developers , whether they are game developers , e-book sellers , video - streaming services or digital music distributors ; and regardless of whether or not they compete against Apple '' . Sewell further claimed that the company `` did not alter our behavior or our rules '' when introducing its own Apple Music streaming service , and that there was `` nothing in Apple 's conduct '' to support anti-competitive claims . Zach Epstein of BGR opined that Spotify was angry because `` it 's not a non-profit '' that did not have free rein over its app built on another company 's service , and concluded with the remark that `` Apparently , Apple should n't be compensated for giving Spotify access to tens of millions of potential subscribers '' . In August 2016 , Spotify began `` punishing '' artists who offered Apple Music exclusives by featuring their content less prominently on its service and offering fewer promotional opportunities . In May 2017 , Financial Times reported that Spotify , as well as several other companies , had filed a letter with the European Union , alleging that `` some '' operating systems , app stores and search engines had abused their `` privileged position '' to go from being `` gateways '' to `` gatekeepers '' . A few days later , Reuters reported that the European Union was preparing new laws and legislation intended to handle conflicts between large corporations and smaller businesses , specifically in regards to `` unfair trading practices '' . Another letter was sent in December 2017 , once again accusing Apple of `` regularly abusing '' its position , and asking for regulators to step in and `` ensure ' a level playing field ' '' . F. lux App vs. `` Night Shift '' feature implementation ( edit ) In November 2015 , f. lux , a popular computer program for adjusting a display 's colors during night - time to remove blue - light that may affect sleep patterns , was made available for iOS devices through `` sideloading '' ; users install Xcode , a development environment for Mac computers , and manually install the app on their iOS device , bypassing the App Store and the official release channels that do not grant required permissions for f. lux to work . A day later , the developers of f. lux made the sideloading app unavailable , having been contacted by Apple with information that such a procedure violates the Developer Program Agreement . In March 2016 , an update to the iOS operating system enabled Apple 's own `` Night Shift '' implementation , and the `` Night Shift '' feature was later expanded to the macOS operating system in March 2017 . After the iOS availability , the f. lux developers issued an official press release , praising Apple 's efforts as `` a big commitment and an important first step '' , though acknowledging itself as `` the original innovators and leaders in this area '' . They also requested that Apple open up access for f. lux to enter the App Store , thereby supporting its mission in `` furthering research in sleep and chronobiology '' . Following the native macOS availability , an f. lux developer posted in its forums in March 2017 that the macOS version was more limited in its actual impact by not reducing the levels of blue light enough . That was in direct contrast to the f. lux app , which significantly reduced the color . App Store compensation conflict ( edit ) In 2012 , a group of Chinese writers won compensation from Apple for selling apps that contained unlicensed versions of their books . They had sought 50 million yuan ( $7.7 million ) in compensation but were awarded only $160,400 . Basic iOS missing features ( edit ) Despite many features implemented in iOS software some basic features are still pending of implementation as of March 2016 : Finding the file size of a video or photo at least until iOS 9 is not possible John Wiley & Sons and iCon : Steve Jobs ( edit ) In 2005 , Steve Jobs , co-founder , Chairman , and CEO of Apple Inc. banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from the Apple retail stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography , iCon : Steve Jobs . The book received criticism for `` failing to cohesively and clearly express the opinion of Jobs , linguistic redundancies , and clumsy anecdotes . '' However , despite the criticisms of the quality of Jeffrey S. Young and William L. Simon 's writing and the attempts to highlight Steve Jobs 's `` negative '' characteristics as a boss and individual , thought leader Dan Sumption admitted that the book was a relatively entertaining view into the life of Steve Jobs . Price reductions ( edit ) Apple has been criticized for post-launch price reductions , most notably after the price of the original iPhone was cut by $200 just two months after its release . This quick drop in price resulted in many complaints to Apple . Apple worked to rectify complaints by offering $100 store credit to early iPhone customers who had bought their iPhones from Apple or AT&T . Media relations ( edit ) Apple has also been criticized for its methods of tightly controlling information regarding product launches , deliberately passing out misinformation in an effort to find leakers and keep the media unsure of Apple Inc. 's current developments . Therefore , Apple 's methods result in more hype surrounding product launches . In some cases , Apple deliberately leaks information to the public to gauge potential viability of products such as the iPad . Many attribute Apple 's secrecy to Steve Jobs ' reclusive nature where `` he has always kept things close to the vest ... and only confided in relatively few people . '' Think secret lawsuit ( edit ) Main article : Apple Inc. litigation Further information : Think Secret and Apple v. Does With regard to leaked information about new Apple products , Apple has been accused of pressuring journalists to release their sources , has filed lawsuits against unknown persons , `` John Does '' , to find out how their product information has been leaked and has been chastised by the courts for doing so as an abuse of the legal discovery process . In particular , Apple fought a protracted battle against the Think Secret web site that resulted in a `` positive solution for both sides '' . No sources were revealed . Gizmodo incident ( edit ) In April 2010 a Gizmodo editor , Jason Chen , became the subject of legal controversy in San Mateo , California when the California Rapid Enforcement Allied Computer Team ( a multi-county task force that investigates high - tech crimes in the Silicon Valley area , of whose steering committee Apple is a member ) seized computers from the editor 's home office , ostensibly to investigate the reverse - engineering of an iPhone . The Gizmodo blog published an article the week prior about the iPhone product 's future , including a product dissection , after Chen 's purchase of a misplaced iPhone device . Gawker Media published the warrant on its website as an example of over-reaching by Apple and its improper use of law enforcement to police its patents . The Electronic Frontier Foundation ( EFF ) has also come to the defense of Gizmodo , citing the Privacy Protection Act of 1980 that protects journalists from police `` rummaging through sensitive information contained in a reporter 's notes and communications '' and the warrant served was too broad , as it included `` all records and data located and / or stored on any computers , hard drives , or memory storage devices , located at the listed location . '' Labor practices ( edit ) In 2006 , the Mail on Sunday alleged that sweatshop conditions existed in factories in China , where the contract manufacturers , Foxconn and Inventec , operate the factories that produce the iPod . The article stated that one iPod factory , as an example , employed over 200,000 workers who lived and worked in the factory , and regularly performed more than 60 hours of labor per week . The article also reported that workers made around US $100 per month and were required to live on the premises and pay for rent and food from the company . Living expenses -- a requirement of keeping the job -- typically required that employees spend a little over half of their earnings . The article also said that workers were given buckets to wash their clothes in . Immediately after the allegation , Apple launched an investigation and worked with their manufacturers to ensure that conditions were acceptable by its standards . In 2007 , Apple started yearly audits of the labor conditions of all its suppliers , slowly raising standards and severing relationships with suppliers that did not comply -- yearly progress reports have also been published since 2008 . In 2010 , workers in China planned to sue iPhone contractors over poisoning from a cleaner used to clean LCD screens . One worker claimed that they were not informed of possible occupational illnesses . A 2014 BBC investigation found excessive hours and other problems persisted , despite Apple 's promise to reform factory practice after the 2010 Foxconn suicides . The Pegatron factory was once again the subject of review , as reporters gained access to the working conditions inside through recruitment as employees . While the BBC maintained that the experiences of its reporters showed that labor violations were continuing since 2010 , Apple publicly disagreed with the BBC and stated : `` We are aware of no other company doing as much as Apple to ensure fair and safe working conditions '' . In the period following these exposures , Apple has continued to receive criticism for its labor rights record . Reports in 2015 and 2016 from the labor rights organization , China Labor Watch , noted that Apple 's supplier Pegatron 's wages were too low to cover living costs by themselves , forcing workers to put in excessive amounts of overtime hours in order to make ends meet . Safety problems and harsh working conditions ( edit ) Workers assembling iPhones , iPads and other devices often labor under harsh conditions , according to employees inside the Foxconn plants . According to company reports and advocacy , Apple 's suppliers in China have improperly disposed of hazardous waste and falsified records . Forty - nine young men and women were poisoned at the Lianjian Technology factory in Suzhou Industrial Park by the toxic chemical hexane , used to wipe clean the iPad display screens and speed up efficiency . To save money , the factory did not provide proper ventilation during the cleaning process , and workers developed neurological problems , the loss of motor function , numb limbs , and complained of constantly fainting and being overcome by a debilitating fatigue . Some of these sick workers were eventually bought off with a lump payment of 8,000 or 9,000 yuan ( US $1,200 -- $1,400 ) , but only after signing an agreement stating they would not bring claims against Apple or its supplier companies in the future . An explosion in May 2011 at a Foxconn iPad factory in Chengdu , China , killed four people and injured 18 . Employees worked excessive overtime -- in some cases , seven days a week -- and lived in crowded dorms . Some said they stand so long that their legs swell until they can hardly walk . Student and child labor abuses ( edit ) Foxconn 's use of students and minors is part of its pursuit of low - cost , flexible labor . When the fallout of the 2010 suicides left Foxconn with a labor shortage , the Henan provincial government assisted with the breach . The province directed 100,000 vocational students to staff the Shenzhen assembly lines as `` interns '' ( the Chinese term shixi can also mean `` trainee '' ) after providing them with nine days ' notice . Students were told that those who failed to comply would not be allowed to graduate . Interns have become a significant component of Foxconn 's labor force , constituting as high as 15 percent of the workforce -- or 180,000 interns company - wide -- at peak times , making it the largest `` internship '' program in the world . Teachers have been stationed in the factory compound to monitor attendance , and some interns have been as young as 14 -- by the company 's own admission -- thereby violating Chinese laws . According to SACOM 's Chan , Foxconn , and other similar manufacturers , are `` covertly '' using interns to avoid detection and culpability . The young people are hired through the same labor agencies that hire Foxconn 's `` dispatch workers , '' who are deprived of standard benefits and protections . US - based China Labour Watch ( CLW ) investigated into conditions at three factories operated by Pegatron , which makes equipment for Apple computers and iPhones , and found that Pegatron hired children under the age of 18 -- the child laborers worked under the same poor conditions as adult staff . In total , 10,000 employees aged between 16 and 20 worked in crowded production rooms , performing the same tasks as adults . Some of the children were paid less , and others did not have their wages paid on time . Apple -- Foxconn Business relationship ( edit ) Apple 's considerable commercial success is partly attributable to the outsourcing of its consumer electronics production to Asia . As the principal manufacturer of products and components for Apple , Taiwanese company Foxconn employed 1.4 million China - based workers in 2013 . The workers are part of China 's `` floating population '' of 200 million migrants , at the bottom of what Taiwanese tech entrepreneur Stan Shih calls `` the smiling curve . '' Controlling the upturned edges of the smile -- brand , design and engineering on one side , and marketing , sales , and external relations on the other -- is what ensures major profit margins . Apple , Foxconn and China 's workers are stakeholders in high - technology production , but relations between the three are perceived by analysts as imbalanced . Apple was able to capture 58.5 percent of the value of the iPhone , despite the fact that the manufacture of the product is entirely outsourced . Particularly notable is that labor costs in China account for the smallest share : 1.8 percent , or nearly US $10 , of the US $549 retail price . While both Apple and Foxconn rely on Chinese workers to perform 12 - hour working days to meet demand , the costs of Chinese labor in processing and assembly are insignificant in the overall commercial success of Apple . Other major component providers -- such as Samsung and LG -- captured slightly over 14 percent of the value of the iPhone , while the cost of raw materials was just over one - fifth of the total value ( 21.9 percent ) . Wages average from $1 to $2 an hour for Foxconn workers , including overtime , and are dependent upon location -- such rates are attractive by China 's rural standards . Foxconn workers typically complete 50 - hour work weeks and 12 - hour shifts ; however , work weeks of up to 100 hours are not unheard of during peak production periods . Foxconn workers typically can not afford the iPads and iPhones they assemble . In 2009 and 2010 , the Foxconn factories at the Foxconn City industrial park in Longhua , Shenzhen , China , were heavily criticized in the press , with one source describing conditions as a `` white collar prison . '' In 2009 , Foxconn guards were videotaped beating employees . Foxconn employee suicides ( edit ) On July 16 , 2009 , Sun Danyong , a Chinese factory worker employed by Foxconn , committed suicide , after reporting that he lost a prototype model for a fourth generation iPhone . Upon filing his report on July 13 , Chinese media reported that his residence was searched by Foxconn employees , and that he was beaten and interrogated by his superiors -- actions that are illegal under both Chinese and American law . The incident raised questions regarding Apple 's secrecy policy and working conditions in their Chinese factories . An Apple spokesman told reporters that the company was `` saddened by the tragic loss of this young employee . '' Apple 's relationship with Foxconn regarding corporate security has been a continuing subject of controversy since Sun Danyong 's death . Apple policy on how it influences the corporate culture of its suppliers is presented in the `` Supplier Responsibility Progress Reports '' document . Holding suppliers accountable for their errors and omissions in their relationship with Apple is an area of concern Apple takes seriously . In one report , Apple stated : ( our ) procurement decisions take into account a facility 's social responsibility performance , along with factors such as quality , cost , and timely delivery . When social responsibility performance consistently fails to meet Apple expectations , we terminate business . Given Apple 's stated policy at the time of the death , terminating relationships with such suppliers was potentially difficult without incurring huge financial losses . Later in April 2010 , four workers committed suicide in a single month in the same factory , signifying the beginning of the 2010 `` Foxconn suicides '' incident . By May 2010 , 12 workers had committed suicide at Foxconn 's operations in China - although the number of suicides was lower than the general suicide rate in China . Apple , HP , and others stated that they were investigating the situation . A total of 18 suicide attempts were recorded at the Foxconn facility in 2010 , with 14 attempts resulting in deaths . In response to the suicides , Foxconn substantially increased wages for its Shenzhen factory workforce , installed suicide - prevention netting , brought in Buddhist monks to conduct prayer sessions inside the factory , and asked employees to sign no - suicide pledges . Workers were also forced to sign a legally binding document guaranteeing that they and their descendants would not sue the company as a result of unexpected death , self - injury , or suicide . After the changes were implemented , it was not clear how employees who fail to abide by the terms of the new agreement will be sanctioned . Tax practices ( edit ) Global taxes paid by ASI , 2009 -- 2011 2009 2011 Total Pre-tax earnings US $4 billion US $12 billion US $22 billion US $38 billion Global tax US $4 million US $7 million US $10 million US $21 million Tax rate 0.1 % 0.06 % 0.05 % 0.06 % In the late 1980s Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique , `` Double Irish With a Dutch Sandwich '' , which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean . In 2004 , Ireland , a nation of less than 5 million , was home to more than one - third of Apple 's worldwide revenues , according to company filings . Robert Promm , Apple 's controller in the mid-1990s , called the strategy `` the worst - kept secret in Europe '' . Such strategies helped Apple keep its international taxes to 3.2 percent of foreign profits last year , to 2.2 percent in 2010 , and in the single digits for the last half - decade , according to the company 's corporate filings . According to a Senate report on the company 's offshore tax structure concluded in May 2013 , Apple has held billions of dollars in profits in Irish subsidiaries to pay little or no taxes to any government by using an unusual global tax structure . The main subsidiary , a holding company that includes Apple 's retail stores throughout Europe , has not paid any corporate income tax in the last five years . `` Apple has exploited a difference between Irish and U.S. tax residency rules , '' the report said . Among the findings in the reports are : Almost all of Apple 's foreign operations are run through an Irish company with no employees . Apple pays 2 % -- or less -- in corporate income tax in Ireland . ( Ireland 's standard rate of corporation tax is 12.5 c/o ) . Apple Operations International , which provided 30 % of Apple 's worldwide net profits from 2009 to 2011 , does n't pay taxes anywhere . Apple 's US profits keep ending up in Ireland , too . Most of the $102 billion Apple is keeping `` overseas '' is in US banks . The magic of `` check - the - box '' makes whole companies disappear . Apple is seemingly terrible at estimating its own taxes . On May 21 , 2013 , Apple CEO Tim Cook defended his company 's tax tactics at a Senate hearing . As part of the Luxembourg Leaks , Apple has been revealed to use the Luxembourg tax haven for tax avoidance . On August 30 , 2016 , after a three - year investigation , the EU 's competition commissioner concluded that Apple had received `` illegal state aid '' from Ireland . The Commission ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ( $14.5 billion ) , plus interest , in unpaid taxes . The Irish government `` unanimously '' agreed to appeal the ruling , claiming there was no departure from the applicable Irish taxation law and that the Commission 's action was an intrusion into Irish sovereignty ( since national taxation policy is excluded from Union treaties ) . Apple have also announced that they will appeal the Commission 's findings . On 5 November 2017 , the Paradise Papers , a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment , revealed that Apple is among the corporations that `` avoided billions of dollars in tax '' using offshore companies . In 2014 , Appleby , an offshore legal service provider referred to in the papers , worked with Apple in a function similar to a general contractor to provide offshore offices on the island of Jersey in co-operation with the law firm Baker McKenzie . A great deal of intangible property surfaced in Ireland around the time of an internal Apple reorganization of three Irish subsidiaries . The 2015 gross domestic product showed a 26 % increase , and close to $270 billion of intangible assets suddenly appeared in Ireland as the year began -- more than the entire value of all residential property in Ireland . This is believed to indicate that Apple has taken advantage of a tax incentive known as a capital allowance , which gives Irish companies generous tax breaks for buying intangible property . Following a US Senate investigation which featured testimony by Tim Cook , Ireland announced that henceforth Irish companies would be required to declare tax residency someplace in the world . Several US multinationals , including Apple subsidiaries , had taken the position that they did not owe taxes anywhere in the world . Apple 's law firm , Baker McKenzie , researched island tax havens , asking Appleby officials in numerous jurisdictions to confirm `` that an Irish company can conduct management activities ... without being subject to taxation in your jurisdiction . '' Two of the subsidiaries moved to Jersey . Apple is being sued for $14.5 billion in back taxes , following a finding by European regulators that Ireland illegally provided state aid when it approved Apple 's tax structure . Irish companies are required to pay taxes in Ireland , but if they convince authorities that they are `` managed and controlled '' from abroad , the companies may win an exemption . Apple now holds $252 billion offshore . On Saturday , December 2 , 2017 , activists shouting `` pay your taxes '' carried out public protests at Apple stores in Paris and elsewhere in France . On January 17 , 2018 , Apple announced that it will take advantage of the new U.S. tax laws and repatriate its offshore profits , and pay $38 billion in deferred taxes . Quality control and customer service issues ( edit ) The Danish Consumer Complaints Board reported a fault with Apple 's iBook product line and criticized Apple 's response to the issue , indicating customer support problems at Apple . In that case , a solder joint between two components fractured after a certain number of computer restarts causing the computer to break down , with most incidents occurring outside Apple 's warranty period . Websites such as AppleDefects.com were created in response to the issue and detailed quality control issues with Apple 's product portfolio . Apple has been repeatedly criticized for its unwillingness to honor its warranties and its concomitant penchant for giving any reason for doing so , no matter how bizarre : in 2008 , Apple repair centers began to refuse to honor warranties of its products which had been used in an environment it deemed hazardous , i.e. , that had been used around someone who smokes ; and in 2009 , Apple refused to honor its warranty and replace a defective battery on a machine that had a small amount of unrelated cosmetic damage that did not affect the machine 's functionality , nor that of its battery . Data security ( edit ) Despite the existence of a small number of known viruses and malware designed for Apple products , a 2006 report by McAfee found a 228 percent increase in the annual rate of vulnerabilities in the period 2003 - 5 , compared to Microsoft 's products , which saw only 73 percent . Moreover , every year since then a significant number of vulnerabilities have been found and fixed through security updates . However , the public 's lack of awareness of the security vulnerabilities of Apple products has led to criticism of Apple for misleading the public which has risen over the years . This criticism has also drawn attention to Apple 's failure to update its products with security updates in a timely fashion . An example of this was a security flaw in Sun Microsystems 's Java , which Sun fixed promptly , while Apple took more than five months to distribute the fix . That is much longer than other companies , and drew sharp criticism from experts and journalists . A recent example is a malware product called MacDefender , MacProtector , MacSecurity , or MacGuard , which is an application that can be installed in OS X by the user ; ZDNet 's Microsoft Blogger Ed Bott estimates that it has been installed by 60,000 to 120,000 Mac customers who thought it was legitimate anti-virus software . Overall , experts admit that Apple products are less likely to be breached by a hacker or infected by a virus / malware , though they emphasize that this is mainly due to the lack of interest by hackers in attacking Apple products . In particular they fear that Apple places its clients in danger by not taking action to inform the public of its security vulnerabilities . As David Harley , security expert from anti-virus vendor ESET said , `` Any computer user who believes a system is so safe that they do n't have to care about security is prime material for exploitation by social engineering . '' According to Secunia vulnerability rankings , Apple has led Microsoft in reported security vulnerabilities since 2007 , and currently leads all other vendors in reported vulnerabilities for 2010 . This ranking , however , does n't `` indicate the actual security ( or lack thereof ) in the different vendors products ; it rather shows that vulnerabilities continue to be discovered in significant numbers in products from even the largest and most popular vendors including those who spend significant resources on improving the security of their products '' according to the authors of the study . In August 2014 , it was publicized that hackers had discovered an exploit involving the Find My iPhone service , which allowed them to brute - force a user 's Apple ID and access their iCloud data . The exploit was later believed to have been used as part of an August 2014 leak of a large number of private , mostly nude photos of celebrities that had been synced into their iCloud storage . Apple has since denied that the iCloud service itself or the alleged exploit was responsible for the leak , asserting that the leaks were the result of a `` very targeted '' brute - force attack of iCloud account information . Misleading warranty claims ( edit ) Italy ( edit ) Main article : AppleCare On December 27 , 2011 , Apple was fined a total of € 900,000 ( around $1.2 m ) by the Italian Antitrust Authority for failing to properly inform customers of their legal right to two years of warranty service under Italy 's Consumer Code . According to the Italian agency Apple only disclosed its own standard one - year warranty and offered to sell customers AppleCare for one additional year instead of abiding by the law . The agency fined Apple € 400,000 for failing to disclose the legally mandated two - year warranty and € 500,000 for selling overlapping AppleCare coverage . China ( edit ) On March 15 , 2013 , China Central Television aired a program for the World Consumer Rights Day . The program criticized the issue associated with Apple warranty issues in China . The report said , an iPhone always gets an old back cover when being repaired in China . It also states that the warranty period for changed product is only 90 days and the warranty period for Macintosh and iPad are not according to Chinese laws to get warranty in China . On April 1 , 2013 , Apple CEO Tim Cook apologized to Chinese consumers for the China warranty policy and changed the policy . Vexatious litigation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Inc. litigation In November 2008 , Apple sent a cease and desist letter to BluWiki , a non-commercial wiki provider , alleging a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ( DMCA ) . Apple claimed that a discussion of how to get other hardware and software to interoperate with the latest iPods infringed their copyrights . On April 27 , 2009 , Odioworks ( the operators of BluWiki ) , backed by the Electronic Frontier Foundation , sued Apple in OdioWorks v. Apple , seeking a declaration of non-infringement and non-circumvention ( an official response that Apple 's intellectual property rights were not being infringed upon ) . On July 8 , 2009 , Apple ceased claiming infringement , stating that Apple withdrew its takedown notifications , and that `` Apple no longer has , nor will it have in the future , any objection to the publication of the itunesDB Pages which are the subject of the OdioWorks complaint . '' The EFF noted , `` While we are glad that Apple retracted its baseless legal threats , we are disappointed that it only came after 7 months of censorship and a lawsuit . '' Google has accused Apple ( alongside Oracle , Microsoft and others ) of trying to take down Android through patent litigation , rather than innovating and competing with better products and services . This ties into Apple 's recent patent infringement lawsuits against Samsung , which by July 2012 , included more than 50 lawsuits around the globe , with billions of dollars in damages claimed between them . Named as a third party in the suit , Google claims that this is another tactic by Apple to defeat Android , citing Apple 's asking a judge to force Google to hand over documents containing Android 's source code . `` Boycott Apple '' hashtag on Google+ ( edit ) In June 2012 , Google+ was in uproar over a recent Apple injunction against the Galaxy Nexus flagship Android smartphone . An appellate court has lifted the injunction as of July 30 , 2012 , but the injunction made `` # BoycottApple '' the longest trending hashtag Google+ has ever seen . Environmental destruction claims ( edit ) In 2006 , Apple announced it would end shipments to Europe of certain products , including the eMac desktop computer and the AirPort wireless access point , as non-compliant with the European Union Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive ( ROHS ) . In 2007 , Apple 's Board of Directors recommended shareholders vote against proposals for adopting stronger environmental policies , like eliminating persistent and bioaccumulative toxic chemicals , assessing the phase - out of toxic chemicals such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) and brominated flame retardants ( BFRs ) , and adopting a stronger e-waste `` take - back '' and recycling program . On April 21 , 2011 , Greenpeace released a report highlighting the fact that data centers consumed up to 2 % of all global electricity and this amount was projected to increase . Phil Radford of Greenpeace said `` we are concerned that this new explosion in electricity use could lock us into old , polluting energy sources instead of the clean energy available today . '' On April 17 , 2012 , following a Greenpeace protest of Apple , Apple Inc. released a statement committing to ending its use of coal and shifting to 100 % clean energy . In 2013 Apple announced it was using 100 % renewable energy to power their data centers , and overall 75 % of its power comes from renewable sources . In 2011 , the Beijing environmental group Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs ( IPE ) singled out Apple for criticism , accusing the company 's Chinese suppliers of discharging polluted waste and toxic metals into surrounding communities and threatening public health . In June 2012 , Apple withdrew its product line from the global registry for greener electronics program , Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool ( EPEAT ) , reporting the line no longer qualified for EPEAT 's ratings for green certification ; the San Francisco Department of Environment then notified its agencies that Apple computers no longer qualified for city purchase funds . The line of products has since been added back . Timeline of Apple 's recorded environmental progress ( edit ) Apple provides a section of their website , titled `` Apple and the Environment , '' which includes a timeline of their progression . According to their website , Apple starts their timeline in 1990 , though the Apple company was founded in 1976 . In 1990 , Apple officially released and implemented its environmental policy , while in 1991 , a phase - out of lead in batteries began . In 1992 , Apple officially became a founding member of the U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR program , which was developed to identify and promote energy - efficient computers and monitors . During this time , there was also a phase - out of chlorofuorocarbons ( CFCs ) in Apple manufacturing , which are substances that deplete the ozone layer . In 1994 , there was also a phase - out of nickel - cadmium batteries , while in 1995 , PVC in packaging materials was phased out as well . The first Apple manufacturing site in Sacramento , California became ISO 14001 certified . ISO 14001 : 2004 set the criteria for an environmental management system , mapping out a framework that a company or an organization can use . If one chooses to use ISO 14001 : 2004 , it can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved . The benefits of using ISO 14001 : 2004 are reduced cost of waste management , saving in consumption of energy and materials , lower distribution costs , and improved corporate image among regulators , customers , and the public . While this was a big step for Apple , their concern for environmental well - being has continued to grow . In 1997 , the first Apple products were tested for conformity to TCO ( Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees ) standards . TCO standards involve requirements that cover a variety of issues : environment , ergonomics , usability , emission of electrical and magnetic fields , and energy consumption and electrical fire safety . For example , environmental demands restrict the use of heavy metals , chlorinated solvents , and other various things . Mainly , products that are labeled must meet these environmental demands . Two years after Apple agreed to meet TCO 's standards , in 1999 , Apple introduced `` Apple Product Environmental Specifications ( APES ) files , '' in which lead and cadmium in cables were restricted . Shortly after , in 2000 , all of Apple 's manufacturing sites became ISO 14001 certified worldwide . This accredited that Apple had a structured environmental management system ( EMS ) in order to manage environmental impact of their operations . In 2001 , Apple computers and displays first met ENERGY STAR requirements , in which they voluntarily phased out tetrabromobisphenol A ( TBBPA ) in all their plastic enclosure parts greater than 25 grams . They also began to purchase 100 percent of electricity for the Austin facility from renewable sources , called Austin 's `` Green Choice '' Power Program . In 2002 , Apple continued to build a more environmentally friendly effort . For example , Apple signed the European Union Code of Conduct on Power Supplies , which encourages manufacturers to design power supplies that minimize energy consumption in `` off '' mode . In 2004 , there was a phaseout of substances included in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances ( RoHS ) Directive was initiated . Importantly noted , The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct was implemented in 2005 , and in 2006 , Apple was the first computer manufacturer to replace CRT displays with material - efficient and energy - efficient LCDs . In 2008 , Apple introduced the unibody MacBook and MacBook Pro , which is made with recyclable aluminum and glass enclosures with arsenic and mercury free displays . It is also made with PVC - free internal components . The MacBook Air was the first Mac to use mercury - free backlight technology with arsenic - free LCD display glass . Along with that , the iPhone 3G shipped with PVC - free handset , headphones , and USB cables ; BFR - free printed circuit boards ; and a mercury and arsenic - free display . Apple achieved a recycling rate of 41.9 % . In 2009 , Apple revealed a complete life cycle analysis of greenhouse gas emissions , which set a new standard of full environmental disclosure . Apple is the only company of the industry that publishes the environmental footprint of each of its products . Other companies only report on a fraction of their emissions . All of their products became BFR - free with shipping , and mercury - free LED - backlit displays with arsenic - free display glass . The Mac mini , iMac , and Mac Pro met the ENERGY STAR 5.0 specification . In 2010 , all displays that were offered by Apple became mercury - free and used arsenic - free display glass . Apple introduced the Apple Battery charger for rechargeable batteries , which reduces battery waste by 78 % and the carbon footprint by 63 % over a four - year period . Also , Apple introduced the Mac mini , which was the world 's most energy - efficient desktop computer , because it can operate on 10 watts of electricity ( which is less power than a single energy - efficient CFL lightbulb ) . By this time , Apple also began to build facilities in Cork , Ireland ; Austin , Texas ; and Sacramento , California , and converted to using 100 % renewable energy . In 2011 , Apple introduced iTunes cards that use 100 % recyclable paper , and they also introduced the Mac App Store in 123 countries . Delivering digital downloads reduce environmental impact of delivering software by eliminating the packaging and transportation . Apple also eliminates restore DVDs that were previously included in Mac product packaging . Finally , in 2012 , Apple launched the redesigned iMac , using 68 % less material and generating 67 % fewer carbon emissions than earlier generations . Also , the aluminum stand on the iMac is made using 30 % recycled content . Meanwhile , at their headquarters in Cupertino , energy use was cut by over 30 % , and Apple provided a biogas - powered fuel cell and built rooftop solar photovoltaic systems . They introduced their redesigned AirPort Express with an enclosure containing bio-based polymers derived from industrial - grade rapeseed and post-consumer recycled PC - ABS plastic . Greenpeace 's criticism of Apple ( edit ) See also : Criticism of Greenpeace § Greener Electronics campaign Greenpeace has criticized Apple for having products that are seen as unfriendly to the environment . In 2007 , Greenpeace wrote an article explaining the hazardous materials that have been found in the iPhone , such as vinyl ( PVC ) plastic with phthalates , along with brominated compounds . Not only that , but Greenpeace also mentions in a different article from 2004 that Apple had refused to take the step of phasing out toxic chemicals in all of their products . They argued that Sony was removing toxins from their TV 's , and that Samsung , Nokia , and Puma had also announced to phase out toxic chemicals in all of their products , yet Apple was not playing their part in the issue . Because of Greenpeace 's concern , they published a ranking guide in 2006 to improve policies and practices regarding the process of `` going green . '' Greenpeace reached out to Apple 's fans and consumers in attempt to gain attention of Steve Jobs in September 2006 . In order to do this , they launched a `` Green my Apple '' website that was designed to look like Apple 's site . The caption on the site was , `` I love my Mac . I just wish it came in green . '' They called this the `` Green my Apple '' campaign . Ultimately , their campaign was successful . Steve Jobs spoke of the company 's desire to become greener in 2007 . Much later , in November 2012 , Greenpeace created a ranking of companies in their progression toward greener products and waste management Apple moved up to number six ( out of sixteen ) , just behind Dell . Number one was WIPRO , and number sixteen was RIM. Apple scored a six due to the company 's lack of transparency on GHG emission reporting , clean energy advocacy , further information on its management of toxic chemicals , and details on post-consumer recycled plastic use . Despite that Apple lost points on Greenpeace 's e-waste criteria , Apple exceeded its 70 % goal of global recycling in 2010 . Greenpeace argues that the company can increase its score by setting an ambitious goal for boosting its renewable energy use by 2020 . Apple also did not plan to phase out antimony or beryllium in their products , but overall , score well on the products criteria . For example , the Macbook Pro has been known for easy recycling . Apple has been making progress since 2006 regarding greener tactics and products . Presently in 2013 , Apple states that they achieve to power every Apple facility with energy from renewable sources . They have already achieved this goal at facilities in Austin , Cork , Munich , and at the Infinite Loop campus in Cupertino . Currently , Apple 's corporate facilities worldwide are at 75 % renewable energy . Collaboration with the national security agency ( edit ) Leaked National Security Agency documents obtained by The Guardian and The Washington Post in June 2013 included Apple in the list of American companies that allegedly cooperate with PRISM , which authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-American citizens hosted by American companies without a warrant . Following the leak , government officials acknowledged the existence of the program . According to the leaked documents , the NSA has direct access to servers of those companies , and the amount of data collected through the program had been growing fast in years prior to the leak . Apple has denied having any knowledge of the program . Planned obsolescence ( edit ) Apple has often been accused of planned obsolescence -- the idea that it deliberately manufactures its devices so that they seem obsolete before this is the case , typically with the intent of selling a ' new and improved ' version . A class action lawsuit alleging planned obsolescence in the iOS 9 update was filed in New York state in December 2015 . An online petition created by consumer group SumOfUs in July 2016 accused Apple of `` sabotaging '' devices with software upgrades designed to slow down older models . Another SumOfUs petition that reached over 300,000 signees in September 2016 also accuses Apple of planned obsolescence by removing the standard headphone jack in the iPhone 7 . According to cyber forensic expert Simon Smith there is `` definitely '' planned obsolescence in iPhone software - such as an imposed rule in iOS 9 that prevented applications in older phones from accessing external websites -- a vital function . Face ID racism and bad design controversy ( edit ) According to the Daily Mail , Apple put out face recognition software that does not function correctly for people who do not have a European face . Critics say besides being racist , this is a security breach . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Criticism of Apple Inc ... Reality distortion field Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Apple has not released more recent estimates Jump up ^ Global Taxes Paid by ASI , 2009 -- 2011 Jump up ^ `` A.O.I. 's board minutes show that its board of directors consists of two Apple Inc. employees who live in California and one Irish employee of Apple Distribution International , an Irish company that A.O.I. itself owns , '' Levin said on Tuesday . `` Over the last six years , from May , 2006 , through the end of 2012 , A.O.I. held thirty - three board meetings , thirty - two of which took place in Cupertino , California . A.O.I. 's lone Irish - resident director participated in just seven of those meetings , six by telephone , and in none of the eighteen board meetings between September , 2006 , and August , 2012 . '' Jump up ^ In annual reports between 2009 and 2011 , the company told investors it was setting aside $13.7 billion to pay federal taxes -- but it has actually paid only $5.3 billion . Those set - asides are only advance estimates , but it 's pretty strange that each year they 're off by many billions of dollars . As a result , Apple 's actual US tax rate is only 20.1 % , much lower than the 24 % to 32 % it said it was paying . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Christoph Dernbach ( 2008 - 06 - 12 ) , Steve Jobs : Good artists copy great artists steal , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Apple admit Briton DID invent iPod , but he 's still not getting any money '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mergers & Acquisitions '' . aaplinvestors.net . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . 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Jump up ^ Yarow , Jay ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` How Apple 's Decision To Collect 30 % Of Every iOS App Sale Could Lead To Its Downfall '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Spotify urges iPhone customers to stop paying through Apple 's App Store '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kafka , Peter ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Spotify says Apple wo n't approve a new version of its app because it does n't want competition for Apple Music '' . Recode . Vox Media . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paczkowski , John ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Slams Spotify For Asking For `` Preferential Treatment '' `` . BuzzFeed . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Spotify is furious at Apple because it 's not a non-profit '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Spotify Punishing Artists Who Offer Apple Music Exclusives ( Updated ) '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Report : Spotify punishing artists that take Apple Music exclusives by limiting promotion ( Update : Spotify denies ) '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( May 6 , 2017 ) . `` Spotify again accuses Apple of abusing its size & acting as a ' gatekeeper ' '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fioretti , Julia ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` EU to tackle complaints over tech companies ' trading practices '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Ben ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` EU planning a new law addressing ' unfair contractual clauses ' following Spotify 's complaint against Apple '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Popper , Ben ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Spotify and Deezer ask EU regulators to stop Apple from abusing its dominance '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Chance ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Spotify again attacks Apple for its gatekeeper - like policies '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zukerman , Erez ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Review : f. lux makes your computer usable at night '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` F. lux for iPhone and iPad Launches in Beta Outside of App Store '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` F. lux for iOS No Longer Available After Apple Says Side - Loading Violates Developer Agreement '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Apple Releases iOS 9.3 With Night Shift , New Quick Actions , App Improvements , ' 1970 ' Bug Fix and More '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Releases macOS Sierra 10.12. 4 With New Night Shift Mode '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Response to Apple 's announcement '' . f. lux . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Developers Behind F. lux Call on Apple to Allow F. lux App for iOS Devices '' . MacRumors . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbosa , Greg ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Flux developer says Apple 's new competitive macOS Night Shift feature falls short '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple fined by Chinese court over pirated books in Apps Store '' . rt.com . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . 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This pricing strategy used by Apple Inc. is known as `` Penetration Pricing '' . ^ Jump up to : Stone , Brad ( June 22 , 2009 ) , `` Apple 's Obsession With Secrecy Grows Stronger '' , New York Times Jump up ^ Appleinsider Staff ( January 6 , 2010 ) , Former Apple marketing manager describes company 's ' controlled leaks ' , Appleinsider Jump up ^ Apple v. Does , EFF , May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved on May 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Grady v. Superior Court , 44 Cal. Rptr. 3d 72 , 139 Cal. App. 4th 1423 , modified by O'Grady v. Superior Court , 140 Cal. App. 4th 675b . Jump up ^ Apple mugs Think Secret , The Register . Retrieved August 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg , Lawyer confirms identity of ' lost ' iPhone seller , macworld.co.uk , April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Duan , Mary , `` Valley REACTs to Craigslist counterfeits '' , bizjournals.com , San Jose Business Journal , May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chen , Jason , This is Apple 's Next iPhone , Gizmodo blog , April 19 , 2010 . 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Wuhan , Hubei . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Tam , Fiona ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Foxconn factories are labour camps : report '' . South China Morning Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Foxconn worker plunges to death at China plant : report '' . Reuters . November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Foxconn suspends operation at a facility in India reuters.com , Mon July 26 , 2010 Foxconn to raise wages again at China plant reuters.com , Fri 1 Oct 2010 8 : 42 am EDT Jump up ^ Foxconn Rallies Workers , Leaves Suicide Nets in Place ( Updated ) wired. com 's Epicenter blog , August 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Suicides at Foxconn Light and death '' . The Economist . The Economist Newspaper Limited . May 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Andrew ; Jones , Richard ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Revealed : Inside the Chinese suicide sweatshop where workers toil in 34 - hour shifts to make your iPod Mail Online '' . Daily Mail . London . 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Jump up ^ Levin , Carl ; McCain , John ( May 2013 ) , Memorandum : Offshore profit shifting and the U.S. tax code - Part 2 ( Apple Inc . ) ( memorandum of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 29 , 2013 , retrieved June 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Senate Probe Finds Apple Used Unusual Tax Structure to Avoid Taxes '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tim Fernholz . `` The seven craziest findings in the US investigation of Apple 's tax avoidance practices '' . Quartz . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCoy , Kevin ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Apple CEO defends tax tactics at Senate hearing '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg 's attractive company tax leaks tempt scandal '' . euronews . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kanter , James and Scott , Mark ( August 30 , 2016 ) Apple Must Pay Billions for Tax Breaks in Ireland , E.U. Orders The New York Times Jump up ^ Harry McGee . `` Apple tax appeal : The three arguments Government to use '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Cook . `` A Message to the Apple Community in Europe '' . apple.com . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Paradise papers ' expose tax evasion schemes of the global elite '' . Deutsche Welle. 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So lief die SZ - Recherche '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paradise Papers reveal hidden wealth of global elite '' . The Express Tribune . 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Drucker , Jesse ; Bowers , Simon ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` After a Tax Crackdown , Apple Found a New Shelter for Its Profits '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon Bowers ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Apple 's Offshore Island Hop '' . ICIJ . Archived from the original on 5 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Barbara Kollmeyer ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shouting ' pay your taxes , ' activists occupy Apple retail stores across France '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ WAKABAYASHI , DAISUKE ; CHEN , BRIAN X . ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Apple , Capitalizing on New Tax Law , Plans to Bring Billions in Cash Back to U.S. '' New York Times . Jump up ^ Farrell , Nick , `` Danes prove Apple iBook G4 has a defect , Apple still denies it '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved August 10 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) , the Inquirer , May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( August 9 , 2006 ) . `` Quality control problems or growing pains at Apple ? '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erik Sherman , Erik , Smoking Hazardous to Apple Equipment , Or , at Least , Warranty , CBS News , November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade , Apple voids warranties over cigarette smoke , users say No repairs for ' biohazard ' Macs , The Register , November 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northrup , Laura , Smoking Near Apple Computers Creates Biohazard , Voids Warranty , Consumerist , November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Carey , Apple : Cosmetic Damage Keeps Us From Replacing Your Battery ! , Consumerist , March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The new Apple of Malware 's Eye : Is Mac OS X the next Windows ? '' ( PDF ) . 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Month of Apple Bugs '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 2006 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Plugs 48 Security Holes in Safari Browser '' . June 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Patches 23 Security Holes in Mac OS X Leopard , Snow Leopard '' . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Patches 23 Security Holes in Mac OS X Leopard , Snow Leopard '' . The Washington Post . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Viega , J. ( 2009 ) . The Myths of Security : What the Computer Security Industry Does n't Want You to Know . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52302 - 5 . Jump up ^ Goldman , David ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Apple is the new hacker bulls - eye '' . CNN . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's time for the FTC to investigate Mac security '' . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple lags on Java security fix in OS X '' . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Angered by Apple delay , hacker posts Mac Java attack code '' . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chen , Brian X . ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Apple Promises Software Update to Kill ' MacDefender ' Malware '' . Wired . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 20 zero - day security holes in Mac OS X to be revealed '' . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Mac OS ' lagging behind Vista on security '' . August 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apple vs. Microsoft : Patch Management Polar Opposites '' . June 22 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Secunia Half Year Report 2010 '' ( PDF ) . July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reported iCloud hack leaks hundreds of nude celebrity photos '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple ' actively investigating ' and FBI ' addressing ' alleged hack that revealed nude celebrity photos '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Find My iPhone ' exploit may be to blame for celebrity photo hacks ( update ) '' . Engadget . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple denies iCloud breach in celebrity nude photo hack '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Singletary , Michelle ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Italy fines Apple $1.2 M '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Reisinger , Don ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` Italy fines Apple $1.2 million over AppleCare practices The Digital Home -- CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Horn , Leslie ( January 1 , 1970 ) . `` Apple Fined $1.2 Million in Italy for Misleading Consumers News & Opinion '' . PCMag.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . `` Apple Fined € 900,000 in Italy PCWorld Business Center '' . Pcworld.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . `` BBC News -- Apple fined by Italy over misleading product guarantees '' . BBC . December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Patel , Nilay ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Apple fined $1.2 m in Italy for misleading warranty claims '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apple China warranty policy is different from foreign countries '' . cntv.cn . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Cook apologies Chinese consumers for warranty policy '' . cntv.cn . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Paul ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Apple takes legal heel off throat of wiki operator '' . Network World . Jump up ^ `` Apple Confuses Speech with a DMCA Violation '' . EFF . November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wiki Operator Sues Apple Over Bogus Legal Threats '' . EFF . Jump up ^ `` Re : OdioWOrks v. Apple , N.D. Cal . Case No. C 09 - 1818 '' ( PDF ) . September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Withdraws Threats Against Wiki Site '' . EFF . July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Jacqui ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Google publicly accuses Apple , Microsoft , Oracle of patent bullying '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ . `` Apple seeks $2.5 billion in damages from Samsung , offers half a cent per standard - essential patent Jump up ^ `` Apple pushes for Android code docs in Samsung case '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zoeken in Google '' . Plus.google.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy Nexus banned : US Court grants Apple temporary injunction '' . Phandroid.com . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Edward ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Galaxy Nexus ban temporarily lifted Mobile - CNET News '' . News.cnet.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Robert , Apple product hazards put to shareholder vote , IDG News Service , MacCentral , Macworld , April 23 , 2007 . Accessed March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple , Jim , Environmental issues on Apple shareholder agenda , Macworld , MacCentral , March 22 , 2007 . Accessed March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Data Report Card '' ( PDF ) . Greenpeace . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMillan , Robert ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` After Greenpeace Protests , Apple Promises to Dump Coal Power '' . Wired Magazine . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Powering Our Facilities with Clean , Renewable Energy '' . Wired Magazine . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Peter ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Apple Says Data Centers Now Use 100 % Renewable Energy '' . Business Week . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Other Side Of Apple II : Pollution Spreads Through Apple 's Supply Chain Archived March 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs , August 31 , 2011 . Accessed March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David , Apple Cited as Adding to Pollution in China , The New York Times , September 1 , 2011 . Accessed March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan , Apple secretive about ' polluting and poisoning ' supply chain , says report , The Guardian , January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jobs , Steve , A Greener Apple , Apple , Inc ... Accessed March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dragani , Rachelle , Mac News : iPad : With Proview in the Rearview , iPad Cruises Into China , macnewsworld.com , July 11 , 2012 . Accessed July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schectman , Joel , Apple Removes Green Electronics Certification From Products , CIO Journal , The Wall Street Journal , July 6 , 2012 . Accessed July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Bob , Apple - Environment - A letter from Bob Mansfield Archived August 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , apple.com , July 13 , 2012 . Accessed November 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Apple Inc . `` Environmental Progress '' . Apple Inc . Apple Inc . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ International Organization for Standardization . `` ISO 14000 - Environmental Management '' . International Organization for Standardization . ISO . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees ( TCO ) . `` Ecology , Energy , Ergonomics and Emissions '' ( PDF ) . The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees . Apple Computer , Inc . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austin Energy . `` Greenchoice Renewable Energy '' . Austin Energy . Austin Energy . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace International . `` Greenpeace International '' . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace . `` Hazardous Materials Found in Apple 's iPhone : Chemicals Include those Banned in Children 's Toys in EU '' . Greenpeace International . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace . `` Toxins in your TV , poisons in your PC ? '' . Greenpeace International . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace . `` Green my Apple bears fruit '' . Greenpeace International . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Appleinsider Staff . `` Steve Jobs unveils Apple 's environmental policy '' . Appleinsider.com . Appleinsider.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenpeace. `` 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics '' . Greenpeace . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Greenpeace . `` Apple : 6th position , 4.5 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . Greenpeace . Greenpeace . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` NSA taps in to internet giants ' systems to mine user data , secret files reveal '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gellman , Barton ; Poitras , Laura ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ; Wyatt , Edward ; Baker , Peter ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. says it gathers online data abroad '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Google , Facebook , Dropbox , Yahoo , Microsoft And Apple Deny Participation In NSA PRISM Surveillance Program '' . Tech Crunch . June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stiles , Jackson . `` This is how long your Apple iPhone will last '' . The New Daily . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsukayama , Hayley . `` The problem with Apple 's war on this age - old design '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cracking the Apple Trap '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Obsolescence , as Myth or Reality '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brad . `` PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE HAS LED TO RIDICULOUS PRODUCT CYCLES , AND IT 'S TIME TO SAY ENOUGH IS ENOUGH '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IOS 9 Slows iPhone 4S Complaint '' . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelegrin , Williams . `` Furious iPhone 4S owners sue Apple for $5 M , alleging iOS 9 crippled their phones '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogart , Nicole . `` Is Apple guilty of using ' planned obsolescence ' to force iPhone users into upgrading ? '' . Global News . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SomOfUs Petition : Apple : Do n't push iOS `` upgrades '' which sabotage older iPhones and iPads `` . SumOfUs . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbany , Zulfikar . `` iPhone 7 petition : Apple ' screwing customers and planet ' with headphone jack '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ditching the standard headphone jack to screw consumers and the planet '' . SumOfUs . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The iPhone X is slammed as RACIST by Chinese users '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. Heinen Ron Johnson Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Gil Amelio Ellen Hancock David Nagel Guerrino De Luca Bruce Sewell Steve Wozniak Services Apple ID Apple Maps Apple Music Apple Pay Developer iAd TestFlight Game Center iCloud MobileMe iWork News Newsstand Stores Apple Store App Store iBookstore iTunes Store Mac App Store Support AppleCare Apple Specialist Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Products Hardware Mac iMac iMac Pro MacBook family Mac Mini Mac Pro iPod Classic Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories Apple HomePod Apple TV Apple Watch Software Classic Mac OS macOS History Server Software iOS Version history tvOS watchOS audioOS Core Foundation Developer Tools Final Cut Pro Logic Pro QuickTime CarPlay Companies Subsidiaries Beats Electronics Beats Music Braeburn Capital FileMaker Inc . Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Inc . Beats Electronics Beats Music Cue Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity Lala NeXT Nothing Real Metaio P.A. Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Apple_Inc.&oldid=827819434 '' Categories : Apple Inc . Criticisms of companies Criticisms of software and websites Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from November 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from February 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 22 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led investigation into the legality of apple’s accounting practices during the 2000s	[ "On August 30, 2016, after a three-year investigation, the EU's competition commissioner concluded that Apple had received \"illegal state aid\" from Ireland. The Commission ordered Apple to pay 13 billion euros ($14.5 billion), plus interest, in unpaid taxes.[117] The Irish government \"unanimously\" agreed to appeal the ruling, claiming there was no departure from the applicable Irish taxation law and that the Commission's action was an intrusion into Irish sovereignty (since national taxation policy is excluded from Union treaties).[118] Apple have also announced that they will appeal the Commission's findings.[119]" ]	[ "the EU's competition commissioner" ]
5977096321707606210	List of Dawson's Creek episodes	List of Dawson 's Creek episodes - wikipedia List of Dawson 's Creek episodes This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dawson 's Creek , an American television series , was created by Kevin Williamson , who was the executive producer until the end of the show 's second season . Paul Stupin shared the executive producer role until Williamson left , and remained until the series finale along with Tom Kapinos and Greg Prange . It is produced by Outerbanks Entertainment and Sony Pictures Television . The series stars James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , an aspiring film maker . Katie Holmes portrays his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , with Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter . Michelle Williams plays Jen Lindley , who moves from New York City to Capeside after being sent away by her parents . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe plays siblings Jack and Andie McPhee . Between January 20 , 1998 , and May 14 , 2003 , Dawson 's Creek aired six seasons on the American television network The WB , the first a mid-season replacement and the following five as regular seasons . One hundred and twenty - eight episodes were produced over the show 's six - year run , and concluded with a two - hour series finale . All six seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 : 1998 2.2 Season 2 : 1998 -- 1999 2.3 Season 3 : 1999 -- 2000 2.4 Season 4 : 2000 -- 2001 2.5 Season 5 : 2001 -- 2002 2.6 Season 6 : 2002 -- 2003 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Notes 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 20 ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 22 October 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 23 September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 23 October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 5 23 October 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) 6 24 October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : 1998 ( edit ) `` No. in series '' refers to the episode 's number in the overall series ; `` No. in season '' refers to the episode 's number in this particular season . The first season , 13 pre-filmed episodes , ran from January 20 to May 19 , 1998 . Season one regular cast members include James Van Der Beek , Katie Holmes , Michelle Williams , Joshua Jackson , with Mary - Margaret Humes and John Wesley Shipp portraying Dawson Leery 's parents Gail and Mitch Leery , Nina Repeta as Joey Potter 's sister and guardian Bessie Potter , Mary Beth Peil as Jen Lindley 's grandmother Evelyn Ryan `` Grams '' . This season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of high - school . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Pilot '' Steve Miner Kevin Williamson January 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 20 ) 101 Film addict Dawson is making an amateur movie with his friends Pacey and Joey when filming is interrupted by the arrival of Jen , the beautiful granddaughter of Dawson 's next - door neighbor . Pacey develops a crush on Tamara Jacobs , an older woman he meets at the video shop , but is stunned to discover that she is his new English teacher . As the friends start high school , Joey discovers Dawson 's mother , Gail , is having an affair , a fact that neither Dawson or his father , Mitch , know . Note : This was the last programming of any kind to air on The WB before it transitioned into The CW as a result of a merger with UPN . `` Dance '' Steve Miner Kevin Williamson January 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 27 ) 102 Dawson casts Jen as the new leading lady in his film , but creates a messy off - camera scene during her date at the school dance . Meanwhile , Joey confronts Mrs. Leery about her liaisons and Pacey gets under Tamara 's skin with his public flirting . `` Kiss '' Michael Uno Rob Thomas February 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 03 ) 103 While working on the film class 's movie , team player Dawson has a hard time being stuck in the background . Meanwhile as he plots to give Jen the `` perfect kiss '' , Joey is swept away by a handsome stranger and Pacey tries to graduate to manhood with the help of girlfriend / teacher Tamara . `` Discovery '' Steve Miner Jon Harmon Feldman February 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 10 ) 104 Dawson learns of his mother 's affair , and upon discovering that Joey already knew , he turns to Jen for comfort and advice . He regrets doing so when she tells him about her past and the real reason she moved to Capeside . Meanwhile Pacey and Tamara continue to tempt fate with their fling . 5 5 `` Hurricane '' Lou Antonio Kevin Williamson & Dana Baratta February 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 17 ) 105 When a major hurricane moves inland , several characters take refuge in the Leery home , where Dawson rages at Jen about her past , and Mitch storms out after Gail confesses to her affair . A tormented Dawson is left to deal with the fallout . Elsewhere , Pacey ruins his brother 's chances of a date with Tamara when they are all trapped at her beach house during the hurricane . 6 6 `` Baby '' Steve Miner Story by : Joanne Waters Teleplay by : Jon Harmon Feldman February 24 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 24 ) 106 Another student overhears Pacey and Dawson discussing Pacey 's relationship with Tamara , and within hours the rumors are all around school and the rest of Capeside . Tamara and Pacey find themselves in legal trouble before the day is out . Over at Dawson 's house , Bessie gives birth to baby Alexander , aided by Joey , Dawson and Jen and an unlikely ally , Evelyn Ryan . 7 7 `` Detention '' Allan Arkush Mike White March 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 03 ) 107 Dawson , Pacey , Joey and Jen all wind up spending a Saturday in detention at Capeside High under the supervision of Mrs. Tringle , the school librarian . The day takes on a `` Breakfast Club '' type air as Abby Morgan , the school trouble - maker , stirs the pot by initiating a telling game of truth or dare to break up the monotony of the day . Joey 's secret longing for Dawson threatens to reveal itself . 8 8 `` Boyfriend '' Michael Fields Story by : Charles Rosin & Karen Rosin Teleplay by : Jon Harmon Feldman & Dana Baratta March 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 10 ) 108 Dawson feels the heat when Jen is visited by an old boyfriend from New York . Elsewhere , Joey lets off a bit too much steam at a beach party and ends up in a sticky situation , saved only by Pacey 's intervention . In the Leery family , tensions between Mitch and Gail reach boiling point as they attempt to rebuild their marriage . 9 9 `` Roadtrip '' Steve Robman Rob Thomas March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) 109 Hoping to get over Jen , Dawson agrees to skip school and join Pacey and Billy ( Jen 's ex ) on a road trip . The three of them end up in a bar where Dawson finds some emotional clarity . Meanwhile , Jen handles damage control after Joey becomes the subject of a wild rumor at school . The two of them join forces to perpetuate an act of revenge on Warren who claimed to have had sex with Joey . 10 10 `` Double Date '' David Semel Jon Harmon Feldman April 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 28 ) 110 A double date finds Jen and Cliff joined by Dawson and Mary - Beth , whom Dawson asks out solely as part of a plot to make Jen jealous . Pacey and Joey work together on a school project , with a strange turn of events leading Pacey to admit possible feelings he may have for Joey . He later discusses this with Dawson , who is passionately against Pacey pursuing his emotions . 11 11 `` The Scare '' Rodman Flender Mike White May 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 05 ) 111 Friday the 13th dawns in Capeside , and Dawson plans a séance for the group . While shopping for supplies for the evening , they meet a distressed woman in the middle of a nasty row with her boyfriend . She accompanies them back to Dawson 's house . In addition to being spooked by the woman and the séance , emotions are heightened by the knowledge that a serial killer may be headed towards Capeside . 12 12 `` Beauty Contest '' Arvin Brown Dana Baratta May 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 12 ) 112 Capeside 's annual Miss Windjammer beauty pageant gets turned on its ear when it draws some unexpected contestants . Jen tries to persuade Joey to enter but she is very reluctant . After finding out the winner receives a $5,000 prize for college tuition , Joey changes her mind . Even more shockingly , Pacey enters , and in the process exposes some hypocrisy . 13 13 `` Decisions '' David Semel Mike White & Dana Baratta ( teleplay ) Jon Harmon Feldman ( story ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 113 In the season finale , Dawson and Joey are forced to confront their true feelings . Joey visits her father in prison and debates leaving to go to France . Jen 's grandfather dies and she turns to Dawson for comfort . Season 2 : 1998 -- 1999 ( edit ) The second season ran from October 7 , 1998 to May 26 , 1999 . This season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of high - school . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 14 `` The Kiss '' David Semel Jon Harmon Feldman October 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) 201 After their kiss at the end of season one , Dawson and Joey have doubts about the future of their relationship as Joey is still mulling over plans to go to France . Meanwhile , Pacey plays a trick on new girl Andie , but later finds himself the victim of her revenge trick on him . 15 `` Crossroads '' Dennie Gordon Dana Baratta October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) 202 Jack , Andie 's brother , scores a job at the Ice House . During the same day , an entry in Joey 's diary lands her in hot water with Dawson , who forgets Pacey 's 16th birthday . Meanwhile , Abby begins to become a negative influence over lonely Jen . 16 `` Alternative Lifestyles '' David Semel Mike White October 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) 203 An economics class project pairs Dawson and Jen as husband and wife , Pacey and Andie as a married couple and Joey as a single mother with two children . Jen tries to use the project to get closer to Dawson , flaunting and flirting in increasingly obvious ways . Pacey gets to know more about Andie 's troubled family life and Joey begins to see that she has a chance of success in the real world while doing her project solo . 17 `` Tamara 's Return '' Jesus Trevino Mike White October 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 28 ) 204 Tamara Jacobs , who left town after her affair with Pacey was exposed , shares an awkward reunion with her former boyfriend . The encounter triggers old emotions in Pacey and curiosity in Andie , who sheepishly confesses to Dawson that she has feelings for Pacey . Meanwhile , Jack and Joey bond over their shared interest in art . 18 5 `` Full Moon Rising '' David Semel Dana Baratta November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) 205 Parental problems cast a shadow over Dawson and Joey 's new romance . Pacey is troubled when he sees the McPhee 's homelife and struggles to comfort Andie when she unloads her emotions onto him . Jen has a date that makes Abby jealous and Joey and Jack share a late night kiss . 19 6 `` The Dance '' Lou Antonio Jon Harmon Feldman November 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) 206 Two tragedies rock Dawson 's world . First he learns the awful truth about his parents ' marriage . Then , at the Homecoming dance , he witnesses a heated moment between Joey and Jack , during which their illicit kiss is revealed . Dawson is heartbroken as his lifelong friendship and newfound romance with Joey is shattered . The big night also introduces Jen and Jack for the first time . Pacey tries to open his heart to Andie , but something she witnesses ends up hurting her . 20 7 `` The All - Nighter '' David Semel Greg Berlanti November 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 18 ) 207 Facing the scariest English test of their lives , the gang has an all night study session at wealthy , horny Chris Wolfe 's house . During the night , secrets are revealed and friendships are altered . The truth about Pacey 's affair with Tamara is publicly revealed , much to Andie 's horror . Dawson and Joey discuss their relationship . 21 8 `` The Reluctant Hero '' Joe Napolitano Shelley Meals & Darin Goldberg November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) 208 Joey 's `` semi-date '' with Jack prompts a resentful Dawson to join Jen at a party where he saves her from doing some things she 'll regret . Pacey proves his worth when Andie 's mother has a psychotic episode during their study session . Mitch fails to understand Dawson 's views on their divorce . 22 9 `` The Election '' Patrick Norris Darin Goldberg & Shelley Meals December 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 16 ) 209 Andie 's decision to run for student council lands her on a campaign trail of tears when Abby begins advertising her family situation . Jen helps Dawson take steps to deal with his powerlessness over his parents divorce and tries to teach him how to be a teenager . Jack shuts out Joey during a family crisis . 23 10 `` High Risk Behavior '' James Whitmore , Jr . Jenny Bicks January 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 13 ) 210 Epic tryouts for Dawson 's new movie prompt a steamy dialogue between him and Jen that could recast her role in his love life . Jack poses nude for Joey 's art project , which prompts an intimate moment between the two of them . Pacey sets out to give Andie her dream date and to make their night truly memorable . Andie collects her anti-anxiety medication and lies to Pacey that it 's for her mother . 24 11 `` Sex , She Wrote '' Nick Marck Mike White & Greg Berlanti January 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 211 Abby and Chris find an anonymous note at school which reveals that one of the class couples had sex the night before . Abby sets out to expose the affair . Working from clues about Joey 's night of nude sketching with Jack , Dawson 's steamy stop over at Jen 's , and Pacey 's bed and breakfast trip with Andie , Abby calls together her list of suspects and reveals the dirty secrets of Capeside . Jen is furious and berates Abby for her endless cruelty to other people . 25 12 `` Uncharted Waters '' Scott Paulin Dana Baratta & Mike White January 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 27 ) 212 The gang explores uncharted waters when Dawson and Pacey go on a father - son fishing trip with Mitch Leery and Pacey 's critical and abusive father , Sheriff John Witter , who uses the trip to tell Pacey how useless he is . But tensions really begin to rise when Pacey invites Jack along , who tries to make amends with a reluctant Dawson . Meanwhile , Jen , Joey , Andie and Abby spend a day with Gail doing a report on teenage girls in the consumer world with Abby naturally not passing up the opportunity to insult and provoke conflicts and tension between Mrs. Leery and the girls . 26 13 `` His Leading Lady '' David Semel Shelley Meals & Darin Goldberg February 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) 213 The filming of Dawson 's new movie , Creek Times , brings back memories for the filmmaker and for Joey , who grows to dislike the actress playing her . Andie 's emotions are running high and she attempts to break up with Pacey , who refuses to let her dump him . Dawson begins to bond with Jack . 27 14 `` To Be or Not to Be ... '' Sandy Smolan Greg Berlanti February 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 10 ) 214 In a compelling two - part episode , the Capeside High School gossip mill kicks into overdrive after Jack bears his soul in an English assignment and is forced to expose his innermost secrets while reading his poem aloud in class . The poem alludes to feelings that Jack may have towards another boy . Dawson , Joey , and Andie are shaken by the implications of what it all means . Meanwhile , Pacey tries to defend Jack in the face of an adversarial teacher and Jen finds her latest suitor , Tyson `` Ty '' Hicks , is full of surprises . Jack later tells Joey that the poem meant nothing sexual and that it may have been about his deceased brother . 28 15 `` ... That Is the Question '' Greg Prange Kevin Williamson & Greg Berlanti February 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 17 ) 215 On Dawson 's advice , Joey attempts to heal the wounds of her new romance with Jack , which were left exposed by the poem and the resulting innuendo . Jack again reassures her . However , when Jack confronts his innermost secrets , their lives and everyone 's close to them will never be the same again . Elsewhere , Pacey takes on Mr. Peterson and challenges his abusive teaching methods . His insistence on making things right in the school alienate Andie , and the two of them must work hard to put their relationship back together . 29 16 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' David Semel Heidi Ferrer March 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 03 ) 216 On the night of Dawson 's 16th birthday , Dawson and Andie follow her therapist 's advice and throw themselves into an unabashed night of recklessness . They arrive at a blues bar , and unbeknownst to Pacey , Andie and Dawson start drinking . Meanwhile , back at the Leery house , Joey is putting together a surprise party for Dawson , and Jack has a few surprises of his own . Jen and Ty face up to their potentially irreconcilable differences , and Gail and Mitch come to a decision about how to raise their son in light of their separation . 30 17 `` Psychic Friends '' Patrick Norris Dana Baratta March 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 10 ) 217 Dawson 's confidence as a filmmaker is shaken when Miss Kennedy , the new film teacher , turns out to be a movie studio executive on sabbatical in Capeside , who gives his amateur movie a scathing review . The future is unsure for Joey as well , when a psychic advises her to be open to every new opportunity that crosses her path . Andie also visits the psychic and is told less than positive things about her future . 31 18 `` A Perfect Wedding '' Greg Prange Mike White April 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 28 ) 218 With Joey 's father suddenly back in town , Bessie and he decide to expand the Ice House to also cater for weddings . Needing help , they enlist Andie , who says she hates weddings , and Pacey , who loves them . Joey does n't think her father , recently out of jail , should be seen so publicly in Capeside . Dawson feels sorry for his mother , who arrives to the wedding alone , a feeling that is exacerbated when his father shows up with Miss Kennedy . Jack and Dawson battle to help a scared bride , while Andie and Pacey scramble to fix the cake . Dawson and Joey reconnect romantically . Jen and Abby sneak into the wedding , but when Andie kicks them out , they head to the local docks , leading to tragedy . 32 19 `` Abby Morgan , Rest in Peace '' David Semel Mike White May 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 05 ) 219 Abby 's death shocks everyone , and all of Capeside is attempting to `` whitewash '' her life . All the hypocrisy is making Jen crazy and in a later discussion with Grams , she denounces God and angers Grams in the process . When making a speech at the funeral , she further embarrasses Grams by announcing that Abby taught her the falseness of God . Abby 's mother asks Andie to give the official eulogy , thinking wrongly that they were friends . Memories of Andie 's brother are brought up and Andie 's emotional reactions scare Pacey . Joey is reluctant to go to the funeral , since she has n't been to one since her mother died years earlier . While at the graveyard , she and Dawson decide to visit her mother for the first time . Grams is so disgusted with Jen 's speech at the funeral that she packs her bags and tells her to find somewhere else to live . 33 20 `` Reunited '' Melanie Mayron Greg Berlanti May 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 12 ) 220 Dawson decides to take Joey out to dinner to celebrate their first month together . Mitch Leery also makes reservations at the same restaurant , and when the management fail to realise there are two Leery parties , all four are forced to sit together . Miss Kennedy , Dawson and Joey fight causing Miss Kennedy to leave . Later , Jen ( who is now living at the Leery house ) arrives with Gail , which inspires a plan to get Gail and Mitch together again . Also reunited are Andie and her deceased brother . Pacey and Jack catch on that she thinks he is with her , but it is just a figment of her imagination . After a showdown with Andie , Jack and Pacey engineer a plan to aid her medical recovery . 34 21 `` Ch ... Ch ... Changes '' Lou Antonio Dana Baratta May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) 221 All of the gang 's lives go through changes . After Andie begins seeing her dead brother Tim in the last episode , Jack and Pacey agree to call Mr. McPhee , who decides that he wants his daughter to be treated in Providence , not Capeside . All are stunned at the new changes , and Andie and Pacey must decide if Andie 's mental health is more important than being together . Jack also must decide whether or not to go with Andie or stay . His decision is complicated when his father implies that Jack 's homosexuality can be ' treated ' . Dawson , while helping Mr. Potter extend the Ice House , interviews him for a film project about his supposedly changed life , but inadvertently catches him in the act of a drug deal . Jen decides to make a change so she calls her mother and inquires about returning home or visiting . She is upset to be told that it is an inconvenient time . She ends up moving in with Jack , as she has no other place to go . Andie leaves , and Jack and Pacey watch her go . 35 22 `` Parental Discretion Advised '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 222 Dawson is unsure about whether to tell Joey about her father 's drug dealing . Sheriff Witter stakes out the Ice House , believing that Mr. Potter is back to his old tricks . When the gang is studying in the restaurant , one of Mr. Potter 's unruly competitors sets it on fire with everyone still inside , making Dawson 's conflict greater . Gail tells Mitch about her new job offer in Philadelphia . Pacey becomes depressed now that Andie is gone and his father mocks his pain , which results in a physical confrontation between Pacey and the Sheriff . As a result , Sheriff Witter comes to understand Andie 's importance in Pacey 's life and that he has been a bad father . Jack becomes worried that Jen is suicidal when she does n't immediately leave the burning Ice House . Later , Grams and Jen reconcile , causing Jen to move back in , taking Jack with her as well . Joey aids the police in arresting her father , having been encouraged to do so by Dawson . Afterwards , she tells Dawson she will never forgive him and wants him out of her life , bringing their romance to a second grinding halt . Season 3 : 1999 -- 2000 ( edit ) Season 3 aired from September 29 , 1999 to May 24 , 2000 and features twenty - three episodes . This season takes place during the characters ' junior year of high school in Capeside . There were several cast changes from season two . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe joined the main cast as Jack and Andie McPhee , respectively . The two had previously held special guest star roles in the previous season with Smith appearing in twenty episodes and Monroe appearing in twenty - one . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 36 `` Like a Virgin '' Greg Prange Tammy Ader September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) 301 Dawson returns from spending the summer in Philadelphia with his mother , and on the journey home meets a beautiful blonde girl , Eve , who takes a liking to him . He has n't spoken to Joey all summer . Jen gets an unexpected offer after she stands up to the school 's popular crowd . Mitch becomes the new coach of the high school football team , and leaves for a coaching conference . In a moment of madness , Dawson crashes Mitch 's boat and he and Pacey hatch a crazy plan to raise money to fix it . Joey offers herself to Dawson but he rejects her . Pacey awaits the return of Andie , who has spent the summer in the hospital . Absent : Meredith Monroe 37 `` Homecoming '' Melanie Mayron Greg Berlanti October 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 06 ) 302 As Pacey and Joey leave Capeside to collect Andie from hospital , Dawson is manipulated by his father and the school principal to produce a film about football for the upcoming pep rally . However , the ultimate stars of the film , which is seen by many students and teachers , are Dawson and Eve , who inadvertently appear semi-clothed . The same night , Jen is revealed to be the new head cheerleader and Jack , the new star of the football team , two facts which stun Pacey , Joey and Andie , who are watching from the audience . Pacey is overjoyed to be spending time with Andie , but she does n't appear as excited to see him , and when confronted by her boyfriend , Andie makes a shocking confession to sleeping with someone else . Jack has an unexpected encounter with his father , who has returned to Capeside . 38 `` None of the Above '' Patrick Norris Bonnie Schneider & Hadley Davis October 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 13 ) 303 Dawson is stunned when Eve presents him with an advance copy of the PSAT exam he and his friends will be taking shortly . The entire gang are tempted to cheat for various reasons , and when the test goes missing , it becomes obvious that one friend in particular was unable to resist the temptation . In the quest to discover who stole the paper , Dawson gets into a fight with Pacey , who is still reeling from his break - up with Andie . As the gang takes the exam , the thief is revealed to be Andie , who is desperate to ace the test to prove that she is recovered from her medical problems . None of the group yet know who the guilty party is . Elsewhere , Jack is adamant he will be giving up football until a persistent Jen manipulates him into thinking otherwise . 39 `` Home Movies '' Nick Marck Jeffrey Stepakoff October 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 20 ) 304 Mitch and Dawson clash when Gail gives Dawson an opportunity to produce a news report for local television . The subject of the report is Jack , Capeside 's first gay football star , and Mitch is concerned that the timing of the piece could jeopardise his chances to win the upcoming game . Joey and Pacey are handed a strange punishment for skipping classes together , but when Pacey later reveals a personal project to Joey ( that he has acquired a small boat that he is restoring ) , she stops blaming him for getting her in trouble . Meanwhile , Andie begins to panic when Principal Green asks to speak to her , and Jen decides to quit her position as head cheerleader , but the other girls will not let her go without a fight , especially when she is voted homecoming queen . 40 5 `` Indian Summer '' Lou Antonio Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos October 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 27 ) 305 Dawson gets increasingly annoyed when Eve wo n't give him any details about her mysterious life . He and Pacey set out to find out more , but Dawson is knocked sideways when he discovers the shocking connection that Eve has to Jen . Joey 's misgivings about her slimy boss , Rob , lead her to gatecrashing his date with Andie , but her goodwill backfires when Rob later fires her . Jack deceives Jen in his effort to set her up on a date with Henry , one of his teammates . 41 6 `` Secrets and Lies '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti & Alex Gansa November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 306 Dawson struggles with whether or not to tell Jen the truth about Eve , who has by now left town . Later , his mother returns to Capeside , but it is n't initially clear why . Jen is reluctant to plan a big homecoming event , but is persuaded to get involved by Henry who is friends with the host of the event . She repays him by asking him to be her date to the party , but later disappoints him when she rejects his advances . Dawson also attends the event as an escort for his mother , a former homecoming queen , and accidentally discovers that she is having career difficulties . Andie accuses Joey of sabotaging her chances of a reunion with Pacey , but the two girls end up bonding when Andie realises Joey is not to blame . Absent : Kerr Smith 42 7 `` Escape from Witch Island '' James Whitmore , Jr . Tom Kapinos November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 307 In an effort to add excitement to a dull school project , Dawson decides to make a documentary , enlisting the help of Joey , Pacey and Jen . The group head to a small island near Capeside , rumoured to be haunted by the ghosts of some 18th - century girls , killed after being accused of witchcraft . Joey finds similarities between her own life and that of one of the dead girls which provokes some deep reflections on her strained relationship with Dawson . After some exploratory conversations , Jen and Pacey make the decision to become more than just good friends , albeit on a casual basis . Back at school , Andie gets a little too involved with her role as head of the school disciplinary committee . When Dawson screens his documentary for his class , Joey is forced to again question her opinions about love and happiness . Absent : Kerr Smith 43 8 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' James Charleston Heidi Ferrer November 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 24 ) 308 When Jen 's mother , Helen , unexpectedly arrives in Capeside to spend Thanksgiving with her mother and daughter , Dawson tells her what he knows about Eve and this clearly flusters Helen , who asks him not to tell Jen . A poignant speech at the dinner table forces Helen to think again , and she eventually tells Jen that she has a half - sister . Upset and confused by her mother 's confession , Jen attempts to change her relationship with Pacey to the more physical , but finds comfort in another unexpected way . Mitch and Gail reveal that their divorce has become final . 44 9 `` Four to Tango '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gina Fattore December 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 01 ) 309 Dawson almost uncovers Pacey and Jen 's secret after they get frisky in his bedroom and leave an unused condom on the floor . Crossed wires lead him to believe that Joey is the one apparently having sex with Pacey , but when the friends discover the truth , an excessive reaction from Joey leads to teasing from Pacey . After careful consideration , Pacey and Jen realise that things will never happen for them , and they go back to being just good friends . To win a scholarship for college , Joey enrolls at a local dance school with Pacey as her partner . Meanwhile , Jack attempts to meet up with a gay student from another high school , who saw the story Dawson produced about him . Andie annoys Jack with her relentless encouragement , but ends up soothing him when things do n't go as planned . 45 10 `` First Encounters of the Close Kind '' Greg Prange Leslie Ray December 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 15 ) 310 Dawson , Joey , Jack and Andie spend the weekend at a Boston university for an advance look at college life . Dawson enters his `` Witch Island '' documentary in a student film festival . He is later stunned when it does n't get the reaction he was hoping for . Elsewhere on campus , due to a clerical error , Joey 's weekend guide is not what she expected . Andie 's pursuit for an advanced admissions interview leads her to some inspirational advice from an unlikely source , and Jack takes a risk and explores the local gay community . Dawson encounters another young filmmaker , Nikki Green , who coincidentally turns out to be his principal 's daughter . Absent : Joshua Jackson , Michelle Williams 46 11 `` Barefoot at Capefest '' Jan Eliasberg Bonnie Schneider & Hadley Davis January 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 12 ) 311 Dawson experiences an identity crisis when Nikki emerges as filmmaking competition , and Joey experiences her own crisis when Dawson wo n't open up to her about the pain of his parents ' divorce . Meanwhile , Jack 's first efforts to hit on another boy are rebuffed , Pacey and Andie uncomfortably find themselves sharing the same after school activity , and Jen finally sees that she may have passed up the chance at something special with Henry . 47 12 `` A Weekend in the Country '' Michael Katleman Jeffrey Stepakoff January 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 19 ) 312 Joey 's friends and their families work together to ensure the success of the Potter family business , a new bed and breakfast . Joey explodes at Pacey after he invites a critic to spend the weekend with them , but ultimately ends up grateful for his help and support . Jack and Andie find some common ground and Jack ends up moving back home . Jen works through some issues with Henry , who is surprisingly calm when he hears about her past indiscretions . Dawson attempts to reconnect with his parents , as Mitch helps Gail rediscover a long forgotten dream , by showing her a potential venue for a restaurant . New developments in the Pacey / Joey relationship force Pacey to think about how he really feels about the new bond between the two of them . 48 13 `` Northern Lights '' Jay Tobias Gina Fattore January 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 26 ) 313 Dawson , lacking inspiration , makes the radical move of dropping out of film class to spend some time re-evaluating his life . Back at the bed and breakfast , Joey is torn between attending Pacey 's opening night and her date with A.J. , who has come to Capeside for the evening . At the play , Andie must take over as director when Mr. Broderick falls ill . Jen agrees to meet Henry , but she throws him another block by bringing Grams as her date . 49 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' Sandy Smolan Tom Kapinos February 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 02 ) 314 Joey is disapproving when Dawson is convinced into attending a party by Pacey , who berates Joey for being too protective of Dawson . After reconsidering , Joey decides to attend the party , along with Jack and Andie , who bring along Kate , a childhood friend of theirs . The party soon descends into total chaos , and the gang are rounded up by Doug and thrown in the drunk tank . All except Pacey are later rescued by a stern looking Mitch . Doug retains custody of his little brother on the advice of their father , and the two later have a heart to heart , during which Pacey reveals for the first time that he has feelings for Joey . At the end of the episode , he attempts to talk to her about it , but ends up offering her driving lessons instead . Elsewhere , Jen goes on a date with Henry , which ends in a hospital trip when Henry tries too hard . 50 15 `` Crime and Punishment '' Joe Napolitano Gina Fattore February 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 09 ) 315 Joey is chosen as one of only a handful of students selected to paint an inspriational mural on a school wall . At the unveiling , it is revealed that Joey 's mural has been vandalised , and when Pacey discovers the identity of the culprit , he takes vigilante action which lands him in trouble , and gets the vandal expelled . As part of his punishment , Principal Green enrolls him in the Capeside mentoring scheme , and Pacey seems excited at the chance to help local kids . Andie 's PSAT scores come back and Principal Green reveals that she is one of the country 's top scorers . Racked with guilt about her dishonesty over the test , Andie , against the advice of Jack , confesses the truth to Principal Green who is deeply disappointed . Pacey 's home life becomes over-crowded when his sister Carrie and her children come to stay . He decides to move in with Doug , who is less than pleased with the idea . Pacey and Joey bond further when Dawson inadvertently pushes Joey to see how much Pacey genuinely cares for her . Absent : Michelle Williams 51 16 `` To Green , with Love '' Kenneth Fink Gina Fattore February 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 16 ) 316 Joey enlists the help of her friends to rally the school in protest after Principal Green is pressured to resign over the student he expelled . Dawson talks Gail into making a news report on the situation , which leads to her being offered another job in television which she happily turns down in favour of starting her restaurant . Pacey 's feelings for Joey are becoming more and more obvious , and he turns to Jen to talk about things . In an effort to encourage Joey 's creativity , Pacey rents her a public wall to paint as she chooses . 52 17 `` Cinderella Story '' Janice Cooke Jeffrey Stepakoff March 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) 317 Joey travels to Boston for a date with AJ , but when she senses that he has feelings for another girl , she becomes tense and wants to leave . Upon arriving at the train station and seeing that there are no departures for several hours , Joey calls Pacey , who drives to pick her up . Pacey pushes Joey to tell him what went wrong with AJ , and when she confesses , the conversation leads to Joey telling Pacey she feels like he is one of the few people who has ever really known her . Hearing this , Pacey instantly pulls the car over to the side of the road , and after a fractured and emotional speech , dramatically kisses Joey . Jen , Jack and Andie assist Dawson and Gail in the restaurant , before Dawson admits defeat and angers his mother by asking his father for help . 53 18 `` Neverland '' Patrick Norris Maggie Friedman March 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 08 ) 318 After the kiss , Joey is upset by Pacey 's impulsive actions and they both head home to discuss the situation with their siblings . Pacey receives encouragement from Doug that Joey might be protesting a little too much , and attempts to tell Dawson how he feels , in the hope that he will then give Pacey the green light to tell Joey everything . However , he fails to confess when events conspire against him . Joey attempts to make sense of everything by having a rare girls night with Jen and Andie , and a moment of clarity with Jen forces her to acknowledge that Pacey might not be the only one in a state of confusion . Jen has a fight with Henry , but later forgives him when she realizes he was lying to her with the best intentions . 54 19 `` Stolen Kisses '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos April 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 26 ) 319 Dawson , Joey , Andie , Pacey and Will ( a childhood friend of the gang who has remained close with Pacey ) head to Dawson 's aunt 's house to spend their school holiday away from Capeside . The trip is filled with tension as Joey and Pacey attempt to fight their feelings . Andie and Will appear to have a connection , and Dawson tries to bond again with Joey , who is preoccupied by her feelings for Pacey . Encouraged by Dawson 's aunt , the friends have a karaoke contest . Pacey kisses Joey again and informs her that she must make the next move . They are interrupted by Dawson 's aunt but later Joey initiates a kiss with Pacey . Back in Capeside , Jen and Henry go through a bumpy time when she is consumed with jealously over his friendship with a waitress at Gail 's restaurant . Absent : Kerr Smith 55 20 `` The Longest Day '' Perry Lang Gina Fattore May 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 03 ) 320 In a story reminiscent of the film Go , the day Pacey and Joey 's relationship goes public is played out four times , each time revealing a little more of what happened . Capeside 's newest couple struggle to tell Dawson about their relationship , but end up not needing to say anything after Jen unknowingly lets the cat out of the bag . Dawson is not the only one hurt by the relationship , as Andie also gets upset and sours her first date with Will . Dawson gives Joey an ultimatum ; if she continues her relationship with Pacey , she will be subsequently ending their friendship . Joey is brokenhearted at losing either Dawson or Pacey , but reluctantly ends things with Pacey out of guilt . 56 21 `` Show Me Love '' Morgan J. Freeman Liz Tigelaar & Holly Henderson May 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 10 ) 321 As Capeside prepares for their annual regatta , Dawson and Pacey compete to win , although Dawson selfishly tries to make Joey the prize and comes close to physically injuring Pacey in the process . She scolds him for it , and tells both boys that she is not worth fighting over . After many weeks of deliberating , Gail finally makes things happen with Mitch . Jen and Henry , reeling from another fight , spend a romantic night together on the roof of the restaurant . 57 22 `` The Anti-Prom '' Greg Prange Maggie Friedman May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 322 Dawson , Joey and Andie organise their own unique prom when they learn that Jack has been the victim of homophobic discrimination over his choice of prom date . Dawson asks Joey to be his date to the group 's anti-prom , but misleads Joey into believing that the night is about their renewed friendship , hiding the fact that he wants to win her back . Pacey attends the prom with Andie on his arm , who has plans to make things happen between the two of them . Dawson and Andie are both upset when they see the chemistry between Joey and Pacey who share an intimate moment on the dance floor . Joey goes to visit Dawson the next day , and tells him she is n't ready to make decisions . Jen breaks up with Henry after he selfishly makes plans for an entire summer at football camp without considering her feelings . Gail responds to Mitch 's doubts about her commitment to their relationship by proposing to him . He accepts , witnessed by Dawson and Joey from the doorway . 58 23 `` True Love '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Greg Berlanti & Jeffrey Stepakoff Teleplay by : Tom Kapinos & Gina Fattore May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 323 Gail and Mitch prepare for their hasty wedding , while elsewhere in Capeside , Pacey finalizes plans to leave straight after the ceremony . As the day goes on , it becomes blindingly obvious that Joey must make a choice , and when a conversation takes place between her and Dawson , during which he accepts he must cease being selfish and allow Joey her freedom to make her own choices , she leaves to find Pacey , hoping to tell him how she really feels before he leaves Capeside . Meanwhile , Jen regrets ending things with Henry the way she did , and ends up chasing his camp bus to tell him how she feels . In another carpe diem moment , Jack pursues Ethan , the boy he took to the prom , although he is unhappy with the outcome . However , his heartache leads to a new connection with his father , and the two embrace for the first time in years . When Dawson returns to his house after crying for Joey at the side of the creek , he finds Jen , Jack and Andie sitting on his bed , waiting to support him after his rejection by Joey . Joey , meanwhile , manages to catch Pacey before he leaves , and instead of stopping him , confesses that she is in love with him , and leaves on the boat with him . Season 4 : 2000 -- 2001 ( edit ) Dawson 's Creek fourth season started on October 4 , 2000 and ended May 23 , 2001 . This season takes place during the characters ' senior year of high school in Capeside . Meredith Monroe left the series after episode , `` You Had Me at Goodbye '' , but continued to be credited episodes remaining in the season , returning only to participate in the episode `` The Graduate '' . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 59 `` Coming Home '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) 4.01 Pacey and Joey return from their summer vacation on `` True Love '' . Now they have to deal with Dawson 's feelings , who has been deeply hurt over the past few months . At first , he does n't want to talk with either one of them , but Jen convinces him to talk to Joey . Meanwhile , Pacey 's older sister , Gretchen , arrives in Capeside and moves in with Doug , making Pacey homeless . He refuses to live with his parents anymore ( going so far as to declare that he would rather sleep on death row ) , and after exhausting all other options , ends up back on his boat . Dawson tells Jack about his childhood crush on Gretchen . Andie meets two French boys , and she is attracted to both of them . Joey apologizes for hurting Dawson , but he tells her he is n't sure if he wants their friendship back . Everybody is wondering if Pacey and Joey had sex while on their trip , but both refuse to discuss it . However , when Dawson asks the same question , Joey tells him the answer would n't kill him , confirming that she and Pacey have not yet slept together . 60 `` Failing Down '' Sandy Smolan Tom Kapinos October 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 11 ) 4.02 Joey is looking for a new job and gets one at the Yacht Club pretending to know a very influential family . She is tricked by her boss 's son , Drue Valentine , who instantly sees through her lies . Mitch ( now a guidance counsellor at the school ) tells Pacey he will not graduate unless he makes up for his bad grades from the previous academic year . Pacey does n't want Joey to know , but Mitch tells Dawson , who tells Joey , showing that he still cares about Pacey . Pacey and Joey have a fight and Pacey admits he needs help . 61 `` The Two Gentlemen of Capeside '' Sandy Smolan Jeffrey Stepakoff October 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 18 ) 4.03 Pacey 's hard work pays off and he gets an ' A ' in an assignment . To celebrate , he decides to go sailing , taking Jen with him . Dawson , Joey and Drue are forced to reluctantly team up for a project , which they have to work on at the Yacht Club because Joey is working . During the evening , a huge storm hits Capeside , putting Jen and Pacey 's lives in danger . Andie is also at the club , having an interview with Drue 's mother for college , but her medical records cruelly prejudice Mrs. Valentine against her . When the storm gets bigger , Andie takes control of the situation and initiates the rescue of her friends . Pacey and Jen talk on the boat , with each admitting to their regrets . Jen regrets never being in love , while Pacey regrets the destruction of his friendship with Dawson . Dawson and Joey risk their own lives to rescue Pacey and Jen and in the process steal a boat from a cranky Yacht Club patron , Mr. Brooks . Pacey later gives an emotional apology to Dawson for the fact that he got hurt . Both admit that they miss the friendship and allude to a potential reunion . 62 `` Future Tense '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore October 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 25 ) 4.04 Everybody starts to think about their future , and their higher education options . Joey is concerned about Pacey not having grades good enough to get into college and gets drunk to forget her worries . Drue makes everybody think it 's Jen 's birthday so he can have a party to get to know more people . Andie takes over Jack 's applications and drives him crazy with her obsessive behavior . Gretchen applies for a job as bartender at the Leery 's restaurant and appears reluctant to admit her reason for not going back to college . 63 5 `` A Family Way '' Nancy Malone Maggie Friedman November 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) 4.05 Gail drops a bomb on the family by confirming she is pregnant . Joey discusses her lack of sexual experience with Jen , who advises her to go visit a doctor for contraceptive advice . Jack begins to coach a children 's soccer team , and later finds himself in an awkward situation when a girl is making moves on him and he feels pressured to tell her he 's gay . 64 6 `` Great Xpectations '' Bruce Seth Green Nan Hagan November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) 4.06 Andie gets accepted into Harvard in advance , but accomplishing what should be the biggest thing in her life does n't exactly makes her happy . She decides to explore different paths in her life by going to a rave . At the party , ecstasy tablets that Drue has given to Jen find their way to Andie , who takes them in a bid to feel happy for one night . The tablets react with her anti-depressants , a disastrous combination which almost leads her to death . Mitch and Gail decide to keep their baby , news that makes Dawson very happy . 65 7 `` You Had Me at Goodbye '' John Behring Zack Estrin & Chris Levinson November 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) 4.07 While Andie is recovering from her near - fatal drug overdose at the party , Jack is blaming Jen for the whole incident and is refusing to talk to her . Jen blames Drue for her life falling apart when he turns Grams and the whole town against her by telling everyone that they intentionally gave Andie the drugs . After Andie comes home from the hospital her dad offers her the chance to spend the rest of the school year in Italy with her aunt , telling her that she has more than enough credits to graduate . Andie decides to go and plans a goodbye dinner with the whole gang . She tells them how important life is and not to waste valuable time with useless bickering . Jack and Jen get things straight and Andie tricks Dawson and Pacey into playing nice with each other . 66 8 `` The Unusual Suspects '' James Whitmore Jr . Jon Kasdan November 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 22 ) 4.08 Principal Peskin 's sailboat turns up in the school swimming pool with the words ' Class of 2001 ' emblazoned on the sail in white paint . On board the boat is his dog , Chester , who was kidnapped the previous day . Dawson , Pacey and Jack are all prime suspects in the prank . Pacey is the only senior with access to the boatyard from where Peskin 's boat was stolen , Dawson has keyholder access to the school through his father 's job ( and therefore would have the ability to get the boat into the pool after hours ) , and a nervous Jack attracts attention from Chester , as well as admitting to buying white paint . After their interrogations reveal seemingly air - tight alibis , another culprit surfaces and some poetic justice is dished out . Absent : Meredith Monroe 67 9 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' Perry Lang Tom Kapinos November 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 29 ) 4.09 Dawson asks Mr. Brooks ' advice on becoming a director . Mr. Brooks gives Dawson some insight on his past and why he is the way he is . Joey takes Pacey to a dinner hosted by an exclusive college . She is a nervous wreck but Pacey saves the day . The Leery 's host a Christmas party which provokes well hidden feelings between Dawson and Gretchen to surface . Joey and Pacey arrive late at the party and witness a kiss between their friends . Jen has n't filled out a single college application , and Jack is concerned . Grams , who has n't spoken to Jen since the incident with Andie , has an idea to get Jen 's college applications in on time and enlists Jack to help with her plan . Absent : Meredith Monroe 68 10 `` Self Reliance '' David Petrarca Gina Fattore December 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) 4.10 Joey ca n't find a moment alone to study or deal with her feelings . Dawson 's collaboration with Brooks begins , rejuvenating his filmmaking spirit . Jen takes Jack to a `` Gay - Straight Teen Coalition '' meeting but she seems to fit in with the crowd more than Jack does . They meet one of the lead members , Toby , and he clashes with Jack , leading to him being exceptionally keen to putting Jack down . Absent : Meredith Monroe 69 11 `` The Tao of Dawson '' Keith Samples Jeffrey Stepakoff January 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 10 ) 4.11 Pacey and Dawson finally start hanging out together again when Dawson tells him that he has feelings for Gretchen . Pacey hates the idea , so when he and Gretchen go on a road trip to her ex-boyfriend's house to pick up her truck , Pacey tries to get them back together . However , after being there for a while , Pacey sees that the guy he 's trying to get Gretchen back together with is not who he thought he was . Back in Capeside , Joey has her fair share of problems when she gets locked in a storage area at the Yacht Club with Drue Valentine , an event he set up to avoid going to visit his father . Meanwhile , Dawson observes the feelings growing between Brooks and Grams and fears that Grams will get hurt when she finds out that Brooks is terminally ill . Gretchen finally gives into her feelings for Dawson . Absent : Michelle Williams and Meredith Monroe 70 12 `` The Te of Pacey '' Harry Winer Maggie Friedman January 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 17 ) 4.12 Joey decides to help Pacey 's mother throw a surprise 18th birthday party for Pacey , not knowing about Pacey 's self - professed ' birthday curse ' . The party goes downhill fast as Pacey 's family makes Pacey feel worthless and everyone else feel uncomfortable . Dawson becomes upset when he feels that Gretchen does n't want anyone to know about their new relationship and postpones their first real date to go to the party . Pacey and Joey again walk in on Dawson and Gretchen kissing , this time more passionately . Jen correctly suspects that Toby might be harboring romantic feelings for Jack . Absent : Meredith Monroe 71 13 `` Hopeless '' Krishna Rao Nan Hagan January 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 31 ) 4.13 The senior trip is coming up and Joey needs to get the time off from work -- not an easy task seeing that Drue 's nasty mother is her boss . However , she decides to give Joey a few days off if she agrees to go on a double date with Pacey and a wealthy girl named Anna Evans . During their night out , Joey starts to get concerned about Drue 's offensive behavior towards Anna . Dawson has his own problems when he and Gretchen go out with her friends and he is surprised at the problems their age gap cause . Jack gets some positive attention from Toby . Absent : Michelle Williams and Meredith Monroe 72 14 `` A Winter 's Tale '' Greg Prange Zack Estrin & Chris Levinson February 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 07 ) 4.14 While the rest of the class is on the ski trip , Dawson stays behind to care for a near - death Brooks , but he is overwhelmed when he is asked to make a life or death decision . Meanwhile , there 's a lot more than skiing going on when the senior trip does n't go exactly as planned . The evening takes an unexpectedly romantic turn for best friends Jack and Jen , while Pacey and Joey find their own ways to keep warm on the cold night , finally taking their relationship to the next level . Absent : Meredith Monroe 73 15 `` Four Stories '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos February 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) 4.15 The morning after , Joey and Pacey discover they have overslept and missed the bus back to Capeside . While they wait for the next one , the couple find themselves confronted with the tensions that accompany the latest development in their relationship . Meanwhile , as punishment for breaking into her hotel mini-bar during the class ski trip , Mr. Kasdan decides to send Jen to a psychologist where she can discuss her issues . Back in Capeside , Joey and Dawson 's paths collide and they spend an evening catching up on the past weekend and its many happenings . Sensing a change in Joey , Dawson poses an intrusive question , once again asking Joey if she has slept with Pacey . She lies and tells him she has n't , feeling bad when Dawson expresses relief . Dawson comes to terms with the death of Brooks and is surprised to discover he has been named in his will . Absent : Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe 74 16 `` Mind Games '' David Straiton Gina Fattore March 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 28 ) 4.16 The results of the senior polls have ramifications for Dawson , Joey , and Pacey , as the three try to ignore the tauntings of Drue Valentine . While Pacey and Joey try to find some alone time , Dawson finds his night with Gretchen more awkward than he 'd expected . Meanwhile , Jack is suspicious when Jen drags him on some mysterious errands , and his suspicions are confirmed when he learns that she is stalking her therapist . Absent : Meredith Monroe 75 17 `` Admissions '' Lev L. Spiro Barb Siebertz April 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 11 ) 4.17 Joey receives some good college news , but while she glows , Dawson is forced to face a crushing rejection . Joey 's elated mood , however , is tempered by a sobering revelation that her family 's lack of savings may prevent her from achieving her dreams . Dawson offers her a financial solution but she feels she must confess to sleeping with Pacey before she can really consider Dawson 's offer . Jen and Jack want to attend college together but hit a stumbling block when Jack decides that New York is the place to go and Jen is n't so sure she 's ready to return to the Big Apple . A therapy session forces her to confront her past with the help of Drue . Absent : Meredith Monroe 76 18 `` Eastern Standard Time '' David Grossman Jon Kasdan April 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 18 ) 4.18 As senior ditch day arrives , Joey is excited to find herself accompanying Jen on an excursion to New York under the guise of attending a college meeting . It is n't long before Joey sees that they are there for an entirely different reason . Jen finally talks to her father , for the first time since she left for Capeside . She witnessed her father in bed with another woman before she moved to Capeside , and that her attitude towards men and herself has been harmed by what she saw . Meanwhile , Gretchen and Dawson take off on a road trip . Back in Capeside , Pacey and Drue find themselves the only seniors in school . Out of frustration , they head for a bar . The night ends in disaster , however , when Pacey is arrested for public drunkenness . Absent : Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe 77 19 `` Late '' David Petrarca Jeffrey Stepakoff April 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) 4.19 As Gail 's delivery date approaches , the women in her life throw a baby shower for her , but it 's an experience that throws Joey through a loop when she discovers she might be pregnant . Pacey is nowhere to be found . While Dawson awaits the arrival of his new sibling , he and Gretchen wonder what their future holds . Meanwhile , Jack faces an unexpected situation when he learns that Toby has fallen victim to a violent crime . Absent : Meredith Monroe 78 20 `` Promicide '' Jason Moore Maggie Friedman May 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 04 ) 4.20 As everyone gets ready for the year 's senior prom , some bad news causes Gretchen to reflect on her life . Joey worries about Pacey and they confront once unspoken issues . The festivities cause conflict for Gretchen , as she questions her relationship with Dawson , while an unhappy Jen is rescued by unlikely hero Drue after she and Jack meddle in each other 's lives and arrange dates for each other . Joey and Pacey have a screaming row at the prom and break up . Absent : Meredith Monroe 79 21 `` Separation Anxiety '' Krishna Rao Rina Mimoun May 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) 4.21 The school year draws to a close , and changes are abound for the class of 2001 . While Joey and Dawson deal with their respective break ups , Jen makes a startling decision about her future . Meanwhile , Dawson has his own decision to make with regards to Gretchen when an unusual opportunity comes their way . A professor from Worthington asks Joey to bring Pacey with her to a party for incoming freshman , which fills the pair with hope that they might be able to have a future together after all but eventually , Joey and Pacey have to come to terms with the end of their romance . Absent : Meredith Monroe 80 22 `` The Graduate '' Harry Winer Alan Cross May 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 16 ) 4.22 As graduation approaches , Joey has a tough time preparing her speech , and Dawson helps her find some bittersweet inspiration . Joey gets a surprise gift from her late mother . Pacey wonders if he 's going to graduate at all , and he worries that his last final will be the toughest one . He walks out of the test after the teacher makes a comment to him , nearly costing him his diploma . Meanwhile , Andie McPhee returns home for the cap and gown ceremony , and is surprised to meet Jack 's new boyfriend , Toby . Drue , who is staying at Jen 's after a fight with his mother , convinces Jen to help him pull a hilarious senior prank . Pacey tells Andie he has decided to take a job offer on a boat for the summer . 81 23 `` Coda '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 4.23 Accepted early to USC , Dawson finds his last night in Capeside has arrived much sooner than everyone had originally anticipated . While Dawson looks forward to spending the evening with Joey , Jack and Jen , Mitch has other ideas . Meanwhile , Dawson is not the only goodbye Jen has to deal with , as she bids farewell to the house she 's been sharing with Grams . Finally , Joey attempts to say goodbye to Dawson , but in the process ends up telling him that she wants him to stay . The two of them kiss . Absent : Meredith Monroe Season 5 : 2001 -- 2002 ( edit ) Season 5 started on October 10 , 2001 and ended May 15 , 2002 . It had a late premiere due to the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 . The season takes place during the characters 's freshman year of college in Boston . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 82 `` The Bostonians '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos October 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) 501 Dawson is a freshman film student in Los Angeles , while Joey starts college at Worthington College , an Ivy League university , in Boston . Instead of focusing on their new lives , they find themselves distracted by the distance between them and their unsettling last kiss . Jen and Jack try to settle into their new hometown of Boston , with Jack taking the chance to tease Jen about her lack of love life . Joey 's new roommate Audrey makes her first appearance and Pacey is seen to be living on a newly docked boat in Boston , his location known only to Jen . 83 `` The Lost Weekend '' David Petrarca Gina Fattore October 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 17 ) 502 Pacey reluctantly gets a job at a restaurant and meets an attractive waitress named Karen . Although Karen has a mysterious boyfriend , that does n't stop Pacey from feeling attracted to her . Dawson arrives to visit Joey , but ends up spending more time with Audrey who jokingly flirts with him while giving him a guided tour of the campus . Jen helps Charlie at the radio station and lands a job there herself . 84 `` Capeside Revisited '' Michael Lange Jeffrey Stepakoff October 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 24 ) 503 Joey is shocked to discover that Pacey has been living in Boston for more than three weeks and has made no attempt to contact her . Dawson heads home to Capeside , having made the decision to drop out of university and move to Boston to be with Joey and all his friends . While Gail is understanding , Mitch is not . Dawson and his father have a heated argument which Dawson refuses to concede . Dawson leaves the family home , still sure that he will not be returning to USC . Later , Mitch leaves for the local shop , but tragedy strikes during the journey . 85 `` The Long Goodbye '' Robert McNeill Tom Kapinos October 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 31 ) 504 The group reconnects back in Capeside in order to support Dawson at the funeral of his father . They make separate attempts to let him know they are there for him ; Pacey makes an emotional attempt at convincing Dawson that he was not to blame for his father 's death . Dawson and Gail are devastated that Lily will never remember her father . 86 5 `` Use Your Disillusion '' Perry Lang Rina Mimoun November 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 07 ) 505 Dawson takes Joey up on her invitation to spend a weekend in Boston , but the two have difficulty connecting once there . Meanwhile , Jack is surprised when his boyfriend Toby shows up unexpectedly forcing Jack to choose between fraternity hell week and spending time with Toby . 87 6 `` High Anxiety '' Jason Moore Joshua Krist & Allison Robinson November 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 14 ) 506 Dawson is having trouble with anxiety attacks since his father 's death , so he tries to escape reality on a night of debauchery with Jack and his fraternity brothers , which ends with Dawson accusing Joey of causing his father 's death ( by way of being the central cause of his decision to stay in Boston , which in turn was the cause of the argument on the night of Mitch 's death ) . Jen seeks revenge on cheating Charlie . Audrey 's critical mother visits . And Pacey makes a discovery about Danny and Karen . 88 7 `` Text , Lies and Videotape '' Marita Grabiak Karin Lewicki November 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 21 ) 507 Jen helps Dawson go to the grief counsellor ( played by Pauley Perrette ) he ran away from the week before . Dawson finds the idea of sharing his thoughts with a complete stranger uncomfortable , but he is surprised with how much he learns from it . Back in Capeside , Dawson and Gail run into problems handling Mitch 's will , the main problem being that Lily is not included in it . Meanwhile , Joey is working on a project about old letters authored many years ago by a recently deceased writer , and with the help of Audrey 's audition tape for `` The Real World : Ibiza '' , she manages to catch something no one of the fellow students did . Pacey confronts Karen about the risks she is taking by having an affair with Danny . Later , Karen is hurt when Danny 's wife shows up at a party they are both attending . Absent : Kerr Smith 89 8 `` Hotel New Hampshire '' Lev L. Spiro Diego Gutierrez November 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 28 ) 508 Dawson takes Jen on a road trip to a small film festival in Hooksett , New Hampshire where his documentary about Mr. Brooks has won a prize . The spotlight is intoxicating for both of them as they share one of the single most momentous events in Dawson 's life , which results in them becoming a couple . Meanwhile , Jack brings Joey and Audrey to a frat party under false pretenses . Pacey takes Karen on a non-romantic date . 90 9 `` Four Scary Stories '' Krishna Rao Jed Seidel December 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 12 ) 509 After watching scary movies , Joey , Pacey and Jack talk about their creepiest experiences and urban legends . Joey shares her story of how she was almost attacked by the librarian on Halloween and saved by the creepy man she was running from . Jack tells the story of when he was helping clean the frat house basement and found a guy strapped , who later he found out to be a ghost . Pacey reveals that he was chased by a black car while giving Karen a ride home , but there was nobody driving the car . Grams arrives and says she has the scariest story : the time when Jen got locked out of the radio booth . Absent : James Van Der Beek 91 10 `` Appetite for Destruction '' Harry Winer Anna Fricke December 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) 510 Pacey offers to cook for the gang at their weekly dinner ( an event they always plan on doing but have so far failed to stick to ) . Jen and Dawson return early and decide to keep what happened between them , but they are caught by everyone kissing at the door . The dinner continues with a tense atmosphere , with Joey 's reaction being at the forefront of everyone 's minds . She reluctantly accepts Dawson 's new status with Jen , but is wounded when Dawson tells her that because of their history , it hurts to be around her . Charlie also drops by , causing some tension between Dawson and Jen . Joey talks to Pacey about her real feelings about Dawson and Jen . 92 11 `` Something Wild '' Michael Lange Jeffrey Stepakoff January 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 16 ) 511 Joey and Audrey go to a nightclub to celebrate Joey 's excellent grades . There , Audrey tries to convince Joey to have some real fun . Charlie is also there and he hits on Joey , who turns him down because of what he did to Jen . But Charlie does n't give up so easily and dares Joey to do something wild . She accepts the dare and goes on the stage to sing with the band . Excited about it , she impulsively kisses Charlie . Meanwhile , Pacey joins the girls at the club to celebrate his new promotion . Dawson and Jen go back to Capeside , where they have their first fight over what Dawson will do with his life . He ultimately decides to move to Boston and live with Jen and Grams . Absent : Kerr Smith 93 12 `` Sleeping Arrangements '' Mel Damski Jed Seidel January 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 23 ) 512 Dawson and Jen see that living together is not as much fun as they hoped it would be . Between ruined toothbrushes and bathroom overcrowding , they get on each other 's nerves . Jen faces a new challenge at work after she turns her regular show into an advice show . She mainly gives advice to other girls with problems , and makes statements on men that hurt Dawson 's feelings . She comes home expecting a fight , but Dawson surprises her by saying he wo n't ever treat her badly . Meanwhile , Melanie ( Pacey 's ex ) shows up offering Pacey a job working on her uncle 's new boat in the Greek Islands . After a lot of thinking , Pacey decides not to go , since he has made a successful life in Boston . Jack , somewhat estranged from Jen , moves into the fraternity house and gets his own room , but has some problems staying there after he discovers he was supposed to be rooming with another guy who felt uncomfortable living with a gay guy . 94 13 `` Something Wilder '' David Petrarca Rina Mimoun January 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 30 ) 513 Dawson 's first day in his new film school arrives . Oliver ( an acquaintance from the Hooksett festival ) starts showing him around and wastes no time in asking Dawson to direct a movie he wrote . Reluctant to direct someone else 's work , Dawson starts giving notes to Oliver on the script , and ends up accepting the job , thanks to Jen 's incentive . Jen has problems of her own . Her current state of happiness from her relationship with Dawson is reflecting in her on - air performance . Now she has to go back to the sharp - tongued , edgy advice she used to give instead of the romantic , love - themed offerings . Elsewhere , Jack is on academic probation . Irritated , he goes out and has a few too many drinks , which results in a fight with his fraternity brothers . 95 14 `` Guerilla Filmmaking '' Julia Rask Jon Kasdan February 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 06 ) 514 Directing Oliver 's movie is not an easy task . First , Dawson has to deal with lead actress Audrey who has complaints about Oliver 's kissing skills . Then he has to recast the other lead role after discovering that Oliver is a terrible actor . Jen 's slimy ex Charlie is the only one who fits the bill . During the shooting Audrey has a crisis and locks herself in the bathroom because she kissed Pacey and felt like she was betraying her best friend . Joey arrives to help smooth things over and gives Audrey and Pacey her blessing . Meanwhile , Jack is fed up with his friends and decides to move out of the fraternity house after he and Eric almost kiss and Jack is accused of forcing himself on Eric . 96 15 `` Downtown Crossing '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos February 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 13 ) 515 Joey is forced at gunpoint to clear out her bank account by a mugger , who is accidentally run over by a car just after robbing Joey . Joey stays with her attacker , checking up on him and trying to get an ambulance to get him to the hospital . Bizarrely , they find common ground , after Joey sees the similarities between him and her father . When the police and paramedics arrive , Joey faints and is also taken to the hospital . After recovering , she accidentally meets the mugger 's estranged wife and daughter and soon finds out that the man died from his injuries . Joey decides not to tell the truth about the man to his daughter and tells her instead that her father pushed her out of the way when she walked out in front of a car and died a hero . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Joshua Jackson , Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith 97 16 `` In a Lonely Place '' Keith Samples Gina Fattore February 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 20 ) 516 Jen and Audrey are tempted to risk their new relationships with Dawson and Pacey after interviewing a couple of cute musicians . Meanwhile , Pacey is caught by surprise when Jack takes him to a gay bar , and Dawson and Joey spend the evening together . 98 17 `` Highway to Hell '' Sanford Bookstaver Anna Fricke April 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) 517 Charlie asks Joey to sing with his band at a distant club , which requires Pacey to drive them there . Pacey and Charlie hate each other , and it takes a patient Audrey to keep them from going at each other 's throats . Joey is nervous and is n't well received by the audience , until Charlie helps her with a duet . Dawson , Jen , Jack and Grams drive to Capeside for Lily 's first birthday , and Dawson is uncomfortable with his mother 's friendship with a man . Jen confesses to Jack that she wants to break up with Dawson . 99 18 `` Cigarette Burns '' Les Sheldon Tom Kapinos & Jon Kasdan April 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 10 ) 518 Oliver tells Dawson he has arranged a screening for their movie , which is yet to be finished . Dawson freaks out , but Joey comforts him saying the movie is brilliant . At the screening , Dawson meets a beautiful woman , and after exchanging insults she reveals herself to be Amy Lloyd , movie critic for Boston Weekly , whom Oliver secretly invited . She storms out , and it 's up to Dawson to bring her back . They go out for coffee and have a heart - to - heart talk . Meanwhile , Joey is scared about her feelings towards Charlie and goes to Jen for advice . Jen , recently reunited with Jack , struggles to deal with the fact that Grams has a new boyfriend , Clifton Smalls , an African American member of the Baptist faith . Pacey asks Audrey how many men she 's slept with , and she tests his reactions by saying 27 , then 57 , when it was really only five . 100 19 `` 100 Light Years from Home '' David Petrarca Rina Mimoun April 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 17 ) 519 It 's Spring Break and the group goes to Miami to party . Audrey and Pacey go through their first relationship test when Audrey 's high school boyfriend ( and her first true love ) shows up with tickets for the M2M concert at an MTV event . She is torn with the memories of the past , and eventually kisses Chris . Pacey stays cool about it and asks Audrey to be his official girlfriend after she confesses she loves him not Chris . Meanwhile , Dawson and Oliver hit to road to NY to meet a film agent who is interested in their movie , but never make it there . Dawson starts to tell Oliver his story with Joey and decides to surprise her in Miami , looking to resuscitate their romance . But when he gets there , all he finds is a drunk and depressed Jack ( who is flunking out of college ) and Pacey , who tells him his story with Joey is over . Charlie shows up and he and Joey end up spending the night together , while Dawson is left with nowhere to go and a broken heart over Joey . 101 20 `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' Robert McNeill Nicole Ranadive April 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 28 ) 520 Charlie 's band lands a deal for a tour and he asks Joey to go with him , but she does n't want to leave college in the middle of the semester . Charlie then decides to quit the band and stay with her , which freaks Joey , who thinks they 're jumping too many steps . She breaks up with him so he can go with his band on tour . Meanwhile , Oliver and Dawson finally get to NY to meet with an agent , but Oliver ruins the meeting . Dawson threatens to end their partnership but Oliver begs for another chance . Pacey meets the nasty new manager of the restaurant , Alex Pearl . She promotes Pacey to head chef but fires Audrey . Pacey tries to get Audrey her job back , but all he gets is a kiss from Alex . Absent : Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith 102 21 `` After Hours '' Mel Damski Jeffrey Stepakoff May 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) 521 Pacey 's new boss proposes more professionalism in the workplace and promises to leave behind her attraction towards him , even offering Audrey her job back . Audrey suspects something is going on between them and refuses to return . Later , Alex drops by at Pacey 's and Audrey walks in on them talking about their kiss . She storms out in anger , leaving the future of their relationship unknown while Pacey struggles with the growing attraction he feels for Alex. Dawson runs into Amy Lloyd , the movie critic , and they end up in bed together . Afterward , they talk about movies and she gives him a copy of the Woody Allen film , What 's Up , Tiger Lily ? . Joey and Jack focus on studies , and while she has problems concentrating , he has to catch up an entire semester and even goes back to the fraternity house asking for help . Luckily , Eric ( the same guy who caused Jack his expulsion ) shows up with the needed notes . Absent : Michelle Williams 103 22 `` The Abby '' Michael Lange Diego Gutierrez & Jon Kasdan May 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 08 ) 522 Pacey leads a revolt against Alex at Civilization . Dawson , Joey , and Audrey return to Capeside , leaving Audrey to wonder about their pasts . Joey decides to see her father for the first time since his latest incarceration , while Dawson finally pays a visit to his father 's grave . Jack and Jen wonder how they 'll spend the summer . 104 23 `` Swan Song '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) 523 As summer approaches , everyone gets ready for various travels . Dawson prepares to head out for LA with Audrey , while Jack and Jen get ready for their Costa Rican adventure . Left behind in Capeside for the summer , Joey and Pacey lament their fates -- until they make a crucial last - minute decision that changes everything . Season 6 : 2002 -- 2003 ( edit ) The sixth and final season of Dawson 's Creek began October 2 , 2002 and ended May 14 , 2003 with a special two - hour series finale . The season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of college and the series finale takes place five years later . The show saw the addition of Busy Philipps as Audrey Lidell , who previously guest starred throughout the entire fifth season . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 105 `` The Kids Are Alright '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) 601 Dawson returns to Boston after working as an assistant director in Los Angeles over the summer and reunites with Joey who has spent a relatively angst - free summer in Capeside . Audrey and Pacey return from LA with a surprise passenger , Audrey 's childhood friend Jack Osborne . 106 `` The Song Remains the Same '' Robert McNeill Gina Fattore October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) 602 Dawson and Joey 's reunion leads to an evening of truth and intimacy , which is ruined on Joey 's birthday when Dawson receives a phone call from another woman . Pacey gets a job interview that could change his life . Sparks fly between Jen and C.J. , a handsome new peer counselor she meets at school . 107 `` The Importance of Not Being Too Earnest '' Joanna Kerns Anna Fricke October 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 09 ) 603 Joey 's worst nightmare comes true when she accidentally sends a very personal e-mail she wrote for Dawson to the entire student body . The next morning , Joey 's e-mail is the topic of virtually all campus discussions when Professor Hetson decides to debate it with his students . Meanwhile , Jack makes an attempt to get to know a little better his cultural professor , Mark Freeman , who pays no attention to Jack . Pacey , while struggling to survive the first days on his new job , closes a very important deal for the firm , which his wheeling - dealing mentor Rich Rinaldi takes full credit for . Eddie , a student in Joey 's reading class , who also works as the bartender at Hell 's Kitchen , persuades Joey to confront any challenge that Hetson throws and not show any weakness since Hetson thrives on it . James Van Der Beek only appears in the last scene of the episode , and does n't have any lines . 108 `` Instant Karma ! '' Robert McNeill Maggie Friedman October 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 16 ) 604 Dawson finds himself in an awkward situation when he is put between Joey and the intoxicated leading lady of his film . Audrey allows herself to be taken in by another man 's charm . 109 5 `` The Imposters '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore October 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 23 ) 605 Dawson manages to `` get the girl '' when a producer visits the `` Wicked Dead '' movie set to fire Natasha and close down production . Audrey is excited when asked to be the lead singer of Emma 's band but is crushed when Pacey misses the gig . Joey demands the truth from Eddie . 110 6 `` Living Dead Girl '' Les Sheldon Tom Kapinos October 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 30 ) 606 When Dawson assists Todd in throwing a blow - out Halloween party , Todd and Natasha have Dawson believing he is seeing the ghost of a legendary film actress . Jen becomes suspicious about C.J. , and Joey gets stuck taking Professor Heston 's daughter to a haunted house with Eddie . 111 7 `` Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell '' Jason Moore Anna Fricke November 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 06 ) 607 Audrey gets drunk before her band performs and worries her friends , especially C.J. who suspects a deeper problem . Meanwhile , Eddie and Joey agree to go on a real date . Pacey hits it off with a beautiful woman while on a business trip to New Orleans , and is shocked to discover that she 's a call girl . When Professor Freeman announces that he 's leaving he and Jack have a heart - to - heart talk about their future . Absent : James Van Der Beek 112 8 `` Spiderwebs '' Bethany Rooney Gina Fattore November 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 13 ) 608 Dawson comes through with No Doubt concert tickets , but his and Natasha 's first public date ends in a brush with the law . Joey and Eddie have to sneak into the concert , while Pacey come to blows with C.J. at the concert when it is revealed that he slept with Audrey . 113 9 `` Everything Put Together Falls Apart '' Kerr Smith Maggie Friedman November 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 20 ) 609 Natasha is drawn to a handsome new actor who arrives on the set . Meanwhile , Joey spends the night at Eddie 's apartment but misses Professor Heston 's final exam . Pacey invites Emma to his office party and sparks between the two turn to passion . Absent : Michelle Williams , Busy Philipps 114 10 `` Merry Mayhem '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos December 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 11 ) 610 Dawson and Gail invite everyone back to Capeside for Christmas , but Dawson confronts Natasha about her one - night stand . Joey 's happiness with Eddie turns sour when her father expresses his disapproval . Audrey gets loaded during the dinner at Dawson 's . At the Christmas dinner , a drunk Todd delivers a hysterical prayer and ends up airing some dirty laundry . When he is finished Audrey airs the rest of the gang 's dirty laundry then storms off . Absent : Kerr Smith 115 11 `` Day Out of Days '' Robert McNeill Gina Fattore January 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 15 ) 611 Back in Los Angeles , Dawson is asked by the studio to direct re-shoots but is conflicted about being disloyal to his mentor . Meanwhile , Joey has n't heard from Eddie since Christmas and finds his apartment empty . Pacey starts skipping work to spend time with Emma . Jen 's insecurities as a peer counselor are compounded when C.J. is assigned to train her . 116 12 `` All the Right Moves '' Arlene Sanford Maggie Friedman January 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 22 ) 612 Joey follows Eddie to his family home where they face up to their true emotions and the obstacles they must overcome to be together . Back in Boston , Pacey is invited to an exclusive party where he receives a promotion and is recruited to be part of a special project but is tipped off that the project maybe not be ethical . Audrey returns from Los Angeles and is welcomed back into the band , but blows her chances by getting drunk just before taking the stage . Absent : James Van Der Beek 117 13 `` Rock Bottom '' Robert McNeill Tom Kapinos January 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 29 ) 613 In Los Angeles , while directing re-shoots on `` Wicked Dead '' , Dawson finds his authority questioned by Heather Tracey and the other producers when Natasha refuses to do a nude scene . As a result , Dawson adopts an aggressive take - no - prisoners attitude , similar to the one that Todd has , to take control of the situation . In Boston , Joey is unable to say good - bye to Eddie who is moving to California to register at a college when she convinces him to help her take Audrey to a rehab clinic in Los Angeles , and the three of them , plus a guy Audrey picks up , drive cross country where the four constantly quarrel with each other . Jen spends her time consoling a dumped Grams , and Jen and C.J. set a lonely Grams up with C.J. 's Uncle Bill , who turns out to be quite randy . Absent : Joshua Jackson , Kerr Smith 118 14 `` Clean and Sober '' Michael Lange Anna Fricke February 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 05 ) 614 In Los Angeles , Dawson visits Audrey at the rehab clinic where he spots a big time film producer , named Toni Stark , and follows her into a therapy session hoping to talk to the woman who 'll direct Dawson to better contacts . Meanwhile in Boston , Pacey throws a party at his place to celebrate his new success at his job as well as purchasing a new super-sized TV set and is surprised when Joey , still sulking over the departure of Eddie , lets loose by getting drunk and setting up a spontaneous game of spin the bottle . Jen catches the reformed alcoholic C.J. with a drink which leads to them arguing , and making up by having sex for the first time . Also , Emma tries to stay in the country to get her green card by courting a stoner to marry her until Jack offers to marry Emma . 119 15 `` Castaways '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore February 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 19 ) 615 After agreeing to pose as Pacey 's sister at a business party , Joey demands to be taken home . When Pacey makes a quick stop at a local K - Mart they are accidentally locked inside the store . They 're forced to spend the night there and talk about their friendship and relationship , both past and future . After the night is over they are both left to ponder what the future has in store for them . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 120 16 `` That Was Then '' Perry Lang Anna Fricke March 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 26 ) 616 Professor Heston orders Joey to baby - sit for Harley to make sure she does her homework . But Joey ends up serving as relationship counselor when she finds Harley 's boyfriend , Patrick , hiding in the house . Patrick starts to drool over Joey which makes Harley jealous . Meanwhile , Dawson pays a visit to his past when he 's asked to speak to Mr. Gold 's class at Capeside High about how it is to be working in L.A. One of the students asks Dawson to watch his film . While watching the film Dawson realizes that he 's moved on from the teenager he once was . Pacey also returns to Capeside when his father is admitted to the hospital after suffering a heart attack . Pacey has an argument with his brother , Doug , about the way Pacey 's been treating the family by shutting them out . Absent : Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 121 17 `` Sex and Violence '' Frank Perl Anna Fricke & Tom Kapinos April 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 02 ) 617 Joey agrees to be Pacey 's temporary assistant but their mutual jealousy leads to disaster in the office . Dawson sells his idea for a coming - of - age movie , but when the studio wants to change it to a teen sex film , he must decide whether to stick with his original concept . Absent : Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 122 18 `` Love Bites '' Bethany Rooney Liz Garcia April 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 09 ) 618 Jen 's seemingly happy world comes crashing down when she learns that Grams has breast cancer . Meanwhile , Joey 's tumultuous love life continues when Eddie reveals his true reasons for returning to Boston , and Pacey agrees to join Joey as she chaperones for Harley 's school dance , but what should be a magical night does n't feel right for Joey . Although he is at first reluctant , Pacey agrees to invest Dawson 's life savings to finance his new film project . Absent : Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 123 19 `` Lovelines '' Joshua Jackson Jason M. Palmer April 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 16 ) 619 Joey 's and Eddie 's emotional and sexual relationship is played out on stage during a counseling center benefit with hosts Dr. Drew and Adam Carolla ( playing themselves ) . At the same event , Jack and David deal with the insecurities in their relationship ; Jen opens up to C.J. about Grams ' cancer ; and a sober Audrey returns to Boston and surprises everyone at the benefit . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Joshua Jackson 124 20 `` Catch -- 22 '' Robert McNeill Laura Glasser April 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 23 ) 620 Pacey learns he has lost Dawson 's money in the stock market . Back at school , Eddie surprises Joey with a trip to Europe for the summer , but a fiery conversation about how differently they live their lives leaves both of them questioning their future together . 125 21 `` Goodbye , Yellow Brick Road '' Peter Kowalski Anna Fricke April 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 30 ) 621 Joey returns to Capeside to find Dawson 's script on her doorstep and is overwhelmed that he has written a story about three friends , but Dawson 's movie - making dreams are shattered when Pacey comes clean about losing Dawson 's money . The ensuing fight opens old wounds and leaves the three friends believing their friendship will never be the same . Also , with classes at Worthington over , Joey says goodbye to Audrey who has to stay behind to attend summer classes . And Jen invites her mother , Helen , over to Grams ' house where she wants her to tell Helen about her cancer . 126 22 `` Joey Potter and Capeside Redemption '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 07 ) 622 When Dawson gives up his dream of making his film , a strong - minded Joey rallies the old group back to Capeside to help Dawson begin production before pursuing her dream of traveling to Paris . Jen , Jack and Grams must say their goodbyes and leave for New York . 127 128 23 24 `` All Good Things ... '' `` ... Must Come to An End '' James Whitmore , Jr . Kevin Williamson & Maggie Friedman May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 623 - 624 Five years have passed and everyone is reunited in Capeside for a special wedding . Dawson has been living in Los Angeles producing his autobiographical television series The Creek and has never forgotten the love of his life , Joey . She is now a successful book editor living in New York with her boyfriend but comes home to realize she still loves her childhood sweethearts . Pacey is the owner of the new Ice House and still carries a torch for Joey , Jen is a single mom living with Grams and managing an art gallery in SoHo , and Jack is a teacher at Capeside High and has fallen in love with Deputy Doug . Together all the secrets come out as tragedy and love becomes clear . With Jen in the hospital , the gang tries not to be too sad about it . Dawson helps Jen make a video for her daughter , asking her to never stop loving and dreaming . Jen also asks Joey as her last wish to end the chasing and running and to finally pick between Pacey and Dawson . Joey tells Jen that she has always known who she is supposed to be with . Jack tells Jen that she 's his soul mate and asks to raise baby Amy for her . Jen finally passes away and while mourning the death of their close friend , the gang has to move on . Doug tells Jack he 's willing to spend his life with him and wants to help raise Amy . Joey breaks up with Chris over the phone while she tries to decide whom she will choose : Dawson or Pacey . After Jen 's funeral , Pacey tells Joey that despite his endless love for her , he ca n't hold her back any more . As much as Joey wanted , all her life , to leave Capeside and see the world , Pacey seems destined to be stuck there . Before returning to New York , Joey sits with Dawson and confesses that even though they may never be together , he and she are soul mates and nothing should ever change that , but , in the end , she decides it is Pacey she wants to be with . In the final moments of the series , Dawson answers a phone call from Pacey and Joey who have just watched an episode of The Creek . Dawson tells them that he 's meeting someone tomorrow and Pacey and Joey figure out it 's Steven Spielberg , Dawson 's idol . The episode ends when the camera lingers on a picture on Dawson 's desk of him and his friends before cutting to a scene of them all walking down the beach from season one . In 2011 , the whole two - part finale was ranked # 16 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . References ( edit ) General ( edit ) Dawson 's Creek : The Complete First Season ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Second Season ( 2003 - 12 - 16 ) From Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Third Season ( 2004 - 06 - 29 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Fourth Season ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Fifth Season ( 2005 - 05 - 03 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Sixth Season ( 2006 - 04 - 04 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales -- Aired May 22 , 2011 on TV Guide Network External links ( edit ) List of Dawson 's Creek episodes on IMDb Dawson 's Creek Characters Dawson Leery Joey Potter Gail Leery Episodes `` True Love '' Releases List of Dawson 's Creek home video releases Related Young Americans Songs from Dawson 's Creek Songs from Dawson 's Creek -- Volume 2 `` I Do n't Want to Wait '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dawson%27s_Creek_episodes&oldid=843739426 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of soap opera episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 03 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do pacey and joey get together season 6	[ "\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nProductioncode\n361\"Like a Virgin\"Greg PrangeTammy AderSeptember 29, 1999 (1999-09-29)301\nDawson returns from spending the summer in Philadelphia with his mother, and on the journey home meets a beautiful blonde girl, Eve, who takes a liking to him. He hasn't spoken to Joey all summer. Jen gets an unexpected offer after she stands up to the school's popular crowd. Mitch becomes the new coach of the high school football team, and leaves for a coaching conference. In a moment of madness, Dawson crashes Mitch's boat and he and Pacey hatch a crazy plan to raise money to fix it. Joey offers herself to Dawson but he rejects her. Pacey awaits the return of Andie, who has spent the summer in the hospital.\n\nAbsent: Meredith Monroe\n372\"Homecoming\"Melanie MayronGreg BerlantiOctober 6, 1999 (1999-10-06)302\nAs Pacey and Joey leave Capeside to collect Andie from hospital, Dawson is manipulated by his father and the school principal to produce a film about football for the upcoming pep rally. However, the ultimate stars of the film, which is seen by many students and teachers, are Dawson and Eve, who inadvertently appear semi-clothed. The same night, Jen is revealed to be the new head cheerleader and Jack, the new star of the football team, two facts which stun Pacey, Joey and Andie, who are watching from the audience. Pacey is overjoyed to be spending time with Andie, but she doesn't appear as excited to see him, and when confronted by her boyfriend, Andie makes a shocking confession to sleeping with someone else. Jack has an unexpected encounter with his father, who has returned to Capeside.\n383\"None of the Above\"Patrick NorrisBonnie Schneider & Hadley DavisOctober 13, 1999 (1999-10-13)303\nDawson is stunned when Eve presents him with an advance copy of the PSAT exam he and his friends will be taking shortly. The entire gang are tempted to cheat for various reasons, and when the test goes missing, it becomes obvious that one friend in particular was unable to resist the temptation. In the quest to discover who stole the paper, Dawson gets into a fight with Pacey, who is still reeling from his break-up with Andie. As the gang takes the exam, the thief is revealed to be Andie, who is desperate to ace the test to prove that she is recovered from her medical problems. None of the group yet know who the guilty party is. Elsewhere, Jack is adamant he will be giving up football until a persistent Jen manipulates him into thinking otherwise.\n394\"Home Movies\"Nick MarckJeffrey StepakoffOctober 20, 1999 (1999-10-20)304\nMitch and Dawson clash when Gail gives Dawson an opportunity to produce a news report for local television. The subject of the report is Jack, Capeside's first gay football star, and Mitch is concerned that the timing of the piece could jeopardise his chances to win the upcoming game. Joey and Pacey are handed a strange punishment for skipping classes together, but when Pacey later reveals a personal project to Joey (that he has acquired a small boat that he is restoring), she stops blaming him for getting her in trouble. Meanwhile, Andie begins to panic when Principal Green asks to speak to her, and Jen decides to quit her position as head cheerleader, but the other girls will not let her go without a fight, especially when she is voted homecoming queen.\n405\"Indian Summer\"Lou AntonioGina Fattore & Tom KapinosOctober 27, 1999 (1999-10-27)305\nDawson gets increasingly annoyed when Eve won't give him any details about her mysterious life. He and Pacey set out to find out more, but Dawson is knocked sideways when he discovers the shocking connection that Eve has to Jen. Joey's misgivings about her slimy boss, Rob, lead her to gatecrashing his date with Andie, but her goodwill backfires when Rob later fires her. Jack deceives Jen in his effort to set her up on a date with Henry, one of his teammates.\n416\"Secrets and Lies\"Greg PrangeGreg Berlanti & Alex GansaNovember 10, 1999 (1999-11-10)306\nDawson struggles with whether or not to tell Jen the truth about Eve, who has by now left town. Later, his mother returns to Capeside, but it isn't initially clear why. Jen is reluctant to plan a big homecoming event, but is persuaded to get involved by Henry who is friends with the host of the event. She repays him by asking him to be her date to the party, but later disappoints him when she rejects his advances. Dawson also attends the event as an escort for his mother, a former homecoming queen, and accidentally discovers that she is having career difficulties. Andie accuses Joey of sabotaging her chances of a reunion with Pacey, but the two girls end up bonding when Andie realises Joey is not to blame.\n\nAbsent: Kerr Smith\n427\"Escape from Witch Island\"James Whitmore, Jr.Tom KapinosNovember 17, 1999 (1999-11-17)307\nIn an effort to add excitement to a dull school project, Dawson decides to make a documentary, enlisting the help of Joey, Pacey and Jen. The group head to a small island near Capeside, rumoured to be haunted by the ghosts of some 18th-century girls, killed after being accused of witchcraft. Joey finds similarities between her own life and that of one of the dead girls which provokes some deep reflections on her strained relationship with Dawson. After some exploratory conversations, Jen and Pacey make the decision to become more than just good friends, albeit on a casual basis. Back at school, Andie gets a little too involved with her role as head of the school disciplinary committee. When Dawson screens his documentary for his class, Joey is forced to again question her opinions about love and happiness.\n\nAbsent: Kerr Smith\n438\"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\"James CharlestonHeidi FerrerNovember 24, 1999 (1999-11-24)308\nWhen Jen's mother, Helen, unexpectedly arrives in Capeside to spend Thanksgiving with her mother and daughter, Dawson tells her what he knows about Eve and this clearly flusters Helen, who asks him not to tell Jen. A poignant speech at the dinner table forces Helen to think again, and she eventually tells Jen that she has a half-sister. Upset and confused by her mother's confession, Jen attempts to change her relationship with Pacey to the more physical, but finds comfort in another unexpected way. Mitch and Gail reveal that their divorce has become final.\n449\"Four to Tango\"James Whitmore, Jr.Gina FattoreDecember 1, 1999 (1999-12-01)309\nDawson almost uncovers Pacey and Jen's secret after they get frisky in his bedroom and leave an unused condom on the floor. Crossed wires lead him to believe that Joey is the one apparently having sex with Pacey, but when the friends discover the truth, an excessive reaction from Joey leads to teasing from Pacey. After careful consideration, Pacey and Jen realise that things will never happen for them, and they go back to being just good friends. To win a scholarship for college, Joey enrolls at a local dance school with Pacey as her partner. Meanwhile, Jack attempts to meet up with a gay student from another high school, who saw the story Dawson produced about him. Andie annoys Jack with her relentless encouragement, but ends up soothing him when things don't go as planned.\n4510\"First Encounters of the Close Kind\"Greg PrangeLeslie RayDecember 15, 1999 (1999-12-15)310\nDawson, Joey, Jack and Andie spend the weekend at a Boston university for an advance look at college life. Dawson enters his \"Witch Island\" documentary in a student film festival. He is later stunned when it doesn't get the reaction he was hoping for. Elsewhere on campus, due to a clerical error, Joey's weekend guide is not what she expected. Andie's pursuit for an advanced admissions interview leads her to some inspirational advice from an unlikely source, and Jack takes a risk and explores the local gay community. Dawson encounters another young filmmaker, Nikki Green, who coincidentally turns out to be his principal's daughter.\n\nAbsent: Joshua Jackson, Michelle Williams\n4611\"Barefoot at Capefest\"Jan EliasbergBonnie Schneider & Hadley DavisJanuary 12, 2000 (2000-01-12)311\nDawson experiences an identity crisis when Nikki emerges as filmmaking competition, and Joey experiences her own crisis when Dawson won't open up to her about the pain of his parents' divorce. Meanwhile, Jack's first efforts to hit on another boy are rebuffed, Pacey and Andie uncomfortably find themselves sharing the same after school activity, and Jen finally sees that she may have passed up the chance at something special with Henry.\n4712\"A Weekend in the Country\"Michael KatlemanJeffrey StepakoffJanuary 19, 2000 (2000-01-19)312\nJoey's friends and their families work together to ensure the success of the Potter family business, a new bed and breakfast. Joey explodes at Pacey after he invites a critic to spend the weekend with them, but ultimately ends up grateful for his help and support. Jack and Andie find some common ground and Jack ends up moving back home. Jen works through some issues with Henry, who is surprisingly calm when he hears about her past indiscretions. Dawson attempts to reconnect with his parents, as Mitch helps Gail rediscover a long forgotten dream, by showing her a potential venue for a restaurant. New developments in the Pacey/Joey relationship force Pacey to think about how he really feels about the new bond between the two of them.\n4813\"Northern Lights\"Jay TobiasGina FattoreJanuary 26, 2000 (2000-01-26)313\nDawson, lacking inspiration, makes the radical move of dropping out of film class to spend some time re-evaluating his life. Back at the bed and breakfast, Joey is torn between attending Pacey's opening night and her date with A.J., who has come to Capeside for the evening. At the play, Andie must take over as director when Mr. Broderick falls ill. Jen agrees to meet Henry, but she throws him another block by bringing Grams as her date.\n4914\"Valentine's Day Massacre\"Sandy SmolanTom KapinosFebruary 2, 2000 (2000-02-02)314\nJoey is disapproving when Dawson is convinced into attending a party by Pacey, who berates Joey for being too protective of Dawson. After reconsidering, Joey decides to attend the party, along with Jack and Andie, who bring along Kate, a childhood friend of theirs. The party soon descends into total chaos, and the gang are rounded up by Doug and thrown in the drunk tank. All except Pacey are later rescued by a stern looking Mitch. Doug retains custody of his little brother on the advice of their father, and the two later have a heart to heart, during which Pacey reveals for the first time that he has feelings for Joey. At the end of the episode, he attempts to talk to her about it, but ends up offering her driving lessons instead. Elsewhere, Jen goes on a date with Henry, which ends in a hospital trip when Henry tries too hard.\n5015\"Crime and Punishment\"Joe NapolitanoGina FattoreFebruary 9, 2000 (2000-02-09)315\nJoey is chosen as one of only a handful of students selected to paint an inspriational mural on a school wall. At the unveiling, it is revealed that Joey's mural has been vandalised, and when Pacey discovers the identity of the culprit, he takes vigilante action which lands him in trouble, and gets the vandal expelled. As part of his punishment, Principal Green enrolls him in the Capeside mentoring scheme, and Pacey seems excited at the chance to help local kids. Andie's PSAT scores come back and Principal Green reveals that she is one of the country's top scorers. Racked with guilt about her dishonesty over the test, Andie, against the advice of Jack, confesses the truth to Principal Green who is deeply disappointed. Pacey's home life becomes over-crowded when his sister Carrie and her children come to stay. He decides to move in with Doug, who is less than pleased with the idea. Pacey and Joey bond further when Dawson inadvertently pushes Joey to see how much Pacey genuinely cares for her.\n\nAbsent: Michelle Williams\n5116\"To Green, with Love\"Kenneth FinkGina FattoreFebruary 16, 2000 (2000-02-16)316\nJoey enlists the help of her friends to rally the school in protest after Principal Green is pressured to resign over the student he expelled. Dawson talks Gail into making a news report on the situation, which leads to her being offered another job in television which she happily turns down in favour of starting her restaurant. Pacey's feelings for Joey are becoming more and more obvious, and he turns to Jen to talk about things. In an effort to encourage Joey's creativity, Pacey rents her a public wall to paint as she chooses.\n5217\"Cinderella Story\"Janice CookeJeffrey StepakoffMarch 1, 2000 (2000-03-01)317\nJoey travels to Boston for a date with AJ, but when she senses that he has feelings for another girl, she becomes tense and wants to leave. Upon arriving at the train station and seeing that there are no departures for several hours, Joey calls Pacey, who drives to pick her up. Pacey pushes Joey to tell him what went wrong with AJ, and when she confesses, the conversation leads to Joey telling Pacey she feels like he is one of the few people who has ever really known her. Hearing this, Pacey instantly pulls the car over to the side of the road, and after a fractured and emotional speech, dramatically kisses Joey. Jen, Jack and Andie assist Dawson and Gail in the restaurant, before Dawson admits defeat and angers his mother by asking his father for help.\n5318\"Neverland\"Patrick NorrisMaggie FriedmanMarch 8, 2000 (2000-03-08)318\nAfter the kiss, Joey is upset by Pacey's impulsive actions and they both head home to discuss the situation with their siblings. Pacey receives encouragement from Doug that Joey might be protesting a little too much, and attempts to tell Dawson how he feels, in the hope that he will then give Pacey the green light to tell Joey everything. However, he fails to confess when events conspire against him. Joey attempts to make sense of everything by having a rare girls night with Jen and Andie, and a moment of clarity with Jen forces her to acknowledge that Pacey might not be the only one in a state of confusion. Jen has a fight with Henry, but later forgives him when she realizes he was lying to her with the best intentions.\n5419\"Stolen Kisses\"Greg PrangeTom KapinosApril 26, 2000 (2000-04-26)319\nDawson, Joey, Andie, Pacey and Will (a childhood friend of the gang who has remained close with Pacey) head to Dawson's aunt's house to spend their school holiday away from Capeside. The trip is filled with tension as Joey and Pacey attempt to fight their feelings. Andie and Will appear to have a connection, and Dawson tries to bond again with Joey, who is preoccupied by her feelings for Pacey. Encouraged by Dawson's aunt, the friends have a karaoke contest. Pacey kisses Joey again and informs her that she must make the next move. They are interrupted by Dawson's aunt but later Joey initiates a kiss with Pacey. Back in Capeside, Jen and Henry go through a bumpy time when she is consumed with jealously over his friendship with a waitress at Gail's restaurant.\n\nAbsent: Kerr Smith\n5520\"The Longest Day\"Perry LangGina FattoreMay 3, 2000 (2000-05-03)320\nIn a story reminiscent of the film Go, the day Pacey and Joey's relationship goes public is played out four times, each time revealing a little more of what happened. Capeside's newest couple struggle to tell Dawson about their relationship, but end up not needing to say anything after Jen unknowingly lets the cat out of the bag. Dawson is not the only one hurt by the relationship, as Andie also gets upset and sours her first date with Will. Dawson gives Joey an ultimatum; if she continues her relationship with Pacey, she will be subsequently ending their friendship. Joey is brokenhearted at losing either Dawson or Pacey, but reluctantly ends things with Pacey out of guilt.\n5621\"Show Me Love\"Morgan J. FreemanLiz Tigelaar & Holly HendersonMay 10, 2000 (2000-05-10)321\nAs Capeside prepares for their annual regatta, Dawson and Pacey compete to win, although Dawson selfishly tries to make Joey the prize and comes close to physically injuring Pacey in the process. She scolds him for it, and tells both boys that she is not worth fighting over. After many weeks of deliberating, Gail finally makes things happen with Mitch. Jen and Henry, reeling from another fight, spend a romantic night together on the roof of the restaurant.\n5722\"The Anti-Prom\"Greg PrangeMaggie FriedmanMay 17, 2000 (2000-05-17)322\nDawson, Joey and Andie organise their own unique prom when they learn that Jack has been the victim of homophobic discrimination over his choice of prom date. Dawson asks Joey to be his date to the group's anti-prom, but misleads Joey into believing that the night is about their renewed friendship, hiding the fact that he wants to win her back. Pacey attends the prom with Andie on his arm, who has plans to make things happen between the two of them. Dawson and Andie are both upset when they see the chemistry between Joey and Pacey who share an intimate moment on the dance floor. Joey goes to visit Dawson the next day, and tells him she isn't ready to make decisions. Jen breaks up with Henry after he selfishly makes plans for an entire summer at football camp without considering her feelings. Gail responds to Mitch's doubts about her commitment to their relationship by proposing to him. He accepts, witnessed by Dawson and Joey from the doorway.\n5823\"True Love\"James Whitmore, Jr.Story by : Greg Berlanti & Jeffrey Stepakoff Teleplay by : Tom Kapinos & Gina FattoreMay 24, 2000 (2000-05-24)323\nGail and Mitch prepare for their hasty wedding, while elsewhere in Capeside, Pacey finalizes plans to leave straight after the ceremony. As the day goes on, it becomes blindingly obvious that Joey must make a choice, and when a conversation takes place between her and Dawson, during which he accepts he must cease being selfish and allow Joey her freedom to make her own choices, she leaves to find Pacey, hoping to tell him how she really feels before he leaves Capeside. Meanwhile, Jen regrets ending things with Henry the way she did, and ends up chasing his camp bus to tell him how she feels. In another carpe diem moment, Jack pursues Ethan, the boy he took to the prom, although he is unhappy with the outcome. However, his heartache leads to a new connection with his father, and the two embrace for the first time in years. When Dawson returns to his house after crying for Joey at the side of the creek, he finds Jen, Jack and Andie sitting on his bed, waiting to support him after his rejection by Joey. Joey, meanwhile, manages to catch Pacey before he leaves, and instead of stopping him, confesses that she is in love with him, and leaves on the boat with him.\n" ]	[ "\"Stolen Kisses\"" ]
-3630664330589160240	Geographical centre of Earth	Geographical centre of Earth - wikipedia Geographical centre of Earth Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One calculation of the geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth , lower Egypt . The geographical centre of Earth is the geometric centre of all land surfaces on Earth . In a more strict definition , it is the superficial barycenter of the mass distribution produced by treating each continent or island as a region of a thin shell of uniform density and approximating the geoid with a sphere . The centre is inside Earth but can be projected to the closest point on the surface . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of geo - centroid calculation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History of geo - Centroid calculation ( edit ) In 1864 , Charles Piazzi Smyth , Astronomer Royal for Scotland , gave in his book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid the coordinates with 30 ° 00 ′ N 31 ° 00 ′ E / 30.000 ° N 31.000 ° E / 30.000 ; 31.000 ( Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth ( Smyth 1864 ) ) , the location of the Great Pyramid of Giza . In addition , in October of that year , Smyth proposed to position the prime meridian at the longitude of the Great Pyramid because there it would `` pass over more land than any other '' . He also argued the cultural significance of the location and its vicinity to Jerusalem . The expert committee deciding the issue , however , voted for Greenwich because `` so many ships used the port of London '' . Referring to Smyth 's book , Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard wrote in his 1884 book , The imaginary metrological system of the Great pyramid of Gizeh , that the perfect location of the Great Pyramid along the longitudinal line could only have been purposefully done by its builders . In the September 1919 issue of Trestle Board Magazine , Mason William Galliher stated that knowledge of the Great Pyramid being the geographical centre was `` determined by many years of scientific investigation '' and that the Great Pyramid was likely to be the `` last of the present land surface of the earth '' to survive a cataclysmic event , due to its positioning . In 1973 , Andrew J. Woods , a physicist with Gulf Energy & Environmental Systems in San Diego , used a digital global map and calculated the coordinates on a mainframe system as 39 ° 00 ′ N 34 ° 00 ′ E / 39.000 ° N 34.000 ° E / 39.000 ; 34.000 ( Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth ( Woods 1973 ) ) , in modern Turkey , 1,000 km north of Giza In 2007 , Susan Wise Bauer claimed in her book Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome , that the theory that the Great Pyramid was the geographical centre of Earth would only hold true if a Mercator projection is used as the map for Earth , which was `` unlikely to have been a common practice of the ancient Egyptians '' . See also ( edit ) Land and water hemispheres References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Isenberg , Holger . `` Giza , Center of Earth ( page 3 of 10 ) '' . mars-news.de . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smyth , Charles Piazzi ( 1864 ) . Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid . London : W. Isbister & Co. pp. V , 55,460 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Colin ; Rand Flem - Ath ( 2002 ) . The Atlantis Blueprint : Unlocking The Ancient Mysteries Of A Long - Lost Civilization . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 63 -- 64 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Frederick Augustus Porter ( 1884 ) . The imaginary metrological system of the Great pyramid of Gizeh . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 12 -- 13 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ William Galliher ( September 1919 ) . `` The Riddle of Cheops Pyramid '' . Trestle Board Magazine . Kessinger Publishing . 33 ( 3 ) : 9 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Andrew J. ( 1973 ) . The Center of the Earth . I.C.R. Technical Monographs. 3 . London : I.C.R. Jump up ^ Bauer , Susan Wise ( 2007 ) . The History of the Ancient World : From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 86 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Huber , W ( Jan 17 , 2014 ) . `` What is Centroid of all lands of Earth ? '' ( Where is the center of continental land area ) . Stack Exchange . GIS . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geographical_centre_of_Earth&oldid=808742435 '' Categories : Geographical centres Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 21 : 37 . About Wikipedia	where is the center of the worlds land mass	[ "In 1973, Andrew J. Woods, a physicist with Gulf Energy & Environmental Systems in San Diego, used a digital global map and calculated the coordinates on a mainframe system as 39°00′N 34°00′E / 39.000°N 34.000°E / 39.000; 34.000 (Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth (Woods 1973)), in modern Turkey, 1,000 km north of Giza[6][unreliable source?]" ]	[ "39°00′N 34°00′E / 39.000°N 34.000°E / 39.000; 34.000 (Geographical centre of all land surfaces on Earth (Woods 1973)), in modern Turkey, 1,000 km north of Giza" ]
5362198499096176960	Natural American Spirit	Natural American Spirit - wikipedia Natural American Spirit Jump to : navigation , search Natural American Spirit Product type Cigarette Owner Reynolds American Produced by Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Introduced 1982 ; 35 years ago ( 1982 ) Website Official Website Natural American Spirit ( often referred to as American Spirits ) is an American brand of cigarette and fine tobacco products , manufactured in the United States by the Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company . The company was founded in 1982 by Bill Drake , author of `` The Cultivators Handbook of Natural Tobacco '' , Robert Marion , Chris Webster , and Eb Wicks , a plumbing contractor who took out a loan to finance the startup . In January 2002 the company was acquired by Reynolds American and is now a wholly owned independent subsidiary of Reynolds American , which is in turn 42 % owned by British American Tobacco . Japan Tobacco announced in September 2015 that it acquired the right to sell Natural American Spirit products in markets outside the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marketing controversy 2 Products 2.1 Cigarettes 3 References 4 External links Marketing controversy ( edit ) Natural American Spirit products are `` 100 % Additive - Free Tobacco '' , though they include the standard generic Surgeon General tobacco warning on the packs in accordance with federal regulation standards , which currently states `` no additives in our tobacco does NOT mean a safer cigarette '' . This was part of an FTC ruling in 2000 and agreement resulting from allegations that the advertisement of additive - free cigarettes made consumers feel that the product might be less addictive or safer than regular cigarettes . Research by US and German government health agencies found significant levels of nitrates in some types of pure additive - free tobacco and its smoke . California Attorney General Jerry Brown announced on March 1 , 2010 , that his office has secured an agreement with Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company , Inc. , the manufacturer of American Spirit tobacco products , that requires the company to clearly disclose that its organic tobacco is `` no safer or healthier '' than other tobacco products . Attorneys General from 32 other states and the District of Columbia signed onto the agreement : Arizona , Arkansas , Colorado , Connecticut , Delaware , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Tennessee , Vermont , Washington , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . An ad from 2013 advertising various Natural American Spirit brands Products ( edit ) Cigarettes ( edit ) Natural American Spirit offers various types of select filter cigarettes which are color coded to denote the nicotine and tar content . But the nicotine and tar contents which are released are altered by using different filters and cigarette paper . American Spirit also has a Perique Blend Filter cigarette , which contains 10 % Perique tobacco , and an Organic Filter cigarette , which contains organic tobacco . Natural American Spirit also offers several `` Roll Your Own '' tobaccos in tins and pouches , which currently do not include cigarette rolling papers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` R.J. Reynolds buys Santa Fe Natural '' . Lakeland Ledger . Raleigh. 23 November 2001 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JT Acquires Natural American Spirit Business outside the United States '' ( PDF ) . Jt.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company , Inc . '' . Federal Trade Commission . 16 June 2000 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Sophia ; Spiegelhalder , Bertold ; Preussmann , Rudolf ( 1989 ) . `` Preformed tobacco - specific nitrosamines in tobacco -- role of nitrate and influence of tobacco type '' . Carcinogenesis . IRL Press . 10 ( 8 ) : 1511 -- 1517 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / 10.8. 1511 . Retrieved 26 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Secures Agreement with American Spirit Cigarettes Maker over Alleged Misleading Marketing of Organic Tobacco Products '' . State of California Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General . 1 March 2010 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . California Attorney General 's Press Release March 01 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarettes '' . Natural American Spirit Germany . Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company : Germany GmbH. 2014 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Company website Reynolds American R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Camel Capri Doral Eclipse Kent Lucky Strike More Newport Old Gold Pall Mall Tareyton Vantage Viceroy American Snuff Company Grizzly Kodiak Levi Garrett Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Company Natural American Spirit Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natural_American_Spirit&oldid=804638604 '' Categories : R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company brands Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 50 . About Wikipedia	what kind of tobacco is in american spirits	[ "Natural American Spirit products are \"100% Additive-Free Tobacco\", though they include the standard generic Surgeon General tobacco warning on the packs in accordance with federal regulation standards, which currently states \"no additives in our tobacco does NOT mean a safer cigarette\". This was part of an FTC ruling in 2000 and agreement resulting from allegations that the advertisement of additive-free cigarettes made consumers feel that the product might be less addictive or safer than regular cigarettes.[4] Research by US and German government health agencies found significant levels of nitrates in some types of pure additive-free tobacco and its smoke.[5]" ]	[ "standard generic Surgeon General tobacco" ]
4736091925847735549	Great Smoky Mountains	Great Smoky Mountains - wikipedia Great Smoky Mountains Jump to : navigation , search For the lunar range , see Smoky Mountains ( Moon ) . Great Smoky Mountains The Smoky Mountains , viewed from atop Mount Le Conte . Highest point Peak Clingmans Dome Elevation 6,643 ft ( 2,025 m ) Coordinates 35 ° 33 ′ 46 '' N 83 ° 29 ′ 55 '' W / 35.56278 ° N 83.49861 ° W / 35.56278 ; - 83.49861 Coordinates : 35 ° 33 ′ 46 '' N 83 ° 29 ′ 55 '' W / 35.56278 ° N 83.49861 ° W / 35.56278 ; - 83.49861 Geography Appalachian Mountain system Country United States States Tennessee and North Carolina Parent range Blue Ridge Mountains Borders on Bald Mountains , Unicoi Mountains , Plott Balsams Geology Orogeny Alleghenian The Great Smoky Mountains are a mountain range rising along the Tennessee -- North Carolina border in the southeastern United States . They are a subrange of the Appalachian Mountains , and form part of the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province . The range is sometimes called the Smoky Mountains and the name is commonly shortened to the Smokies . The Great Smokies are best known as the home of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park , which protects most of the range . The park was established in 1934 , and , with over 9 million visits per year , it is the most - visited national park in the United States . The Great Smokies are part of an International Biosphere Reserve . The range is home to an estimated 187,000 acres ( 76,000 ha ) of old growth forest , constituting the largest such stand east of the Mississippi River . The cove hardwood forests in the range 's lower elevations are among the most diverse ecosystems in North America , and the Southern Appalachian spruce - fir forest that coats the range 's upper elevations is the largest of its kind . The Great Smokies are also home to the densest black bear population in the Eastern United States and the most diverse salamander population outside of the tropics . Along with the Biosphere reserve , the Great Smokies have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The U.S. National Park Service preserves and maintains 78 structures within the national park that were once part of the numerous small Appalachian communities scattered throughout the range 's river valleys and coves . The park contains five historic districts and nine individual listings on the National Register of Historic Places . The name `` Smoky '' comes from the natural fog that often hangs over the range and presents as large smoke plumes from a distance . This fog is caused by the vegetation exhaling volatile organic compounds , chemicals that have a high vapor pressure and easily form vapors at normal temperature and pressure . As a result of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires , the Great Smoky Mountains have received international media coverage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Notable peaks 1.2 Climate 2 Geology 3 Flora 3.1 Cove hardwood forest 3.2 Northern hardwood forest 3.3 Spruce - fir forest 3.4 Wildflowers 4 Fauna 5 Ecosystem threats 6 History 6.1 Prehistory 6.2 The Cherokee 6.3 European settlement 6.4 American Civil War 6.5 Logging 6.6 The National Park 7 Culture and tourism 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Geography ( edit ) The Great Smoky Mountains near Gatlinburg , Tennessee . The Great Smoky Mountains stretch from the Pigeon River in the northeast to the Little Tennessee River to the southwest . The northwestern half of the range gives way to a series of elongate ridges known as the `` Foothills , '' the outermost of which include Chilhowee Mountain and English Mountain . The range is roughly bounded on the south by the Tuckasegee River and to the southeast by Soco Creek and Jonathan Creek . The Great Smokies comprise parts of Blount County , Sevier County , and Cocke County in Tennessee and Swain County and Haywood County in North Carolina . The sources of several rivers are located in the Smokies , including the Little Pigeon River , the Oconaluftee River , and Little River . Streams in the Smokies are part of the Tennessee River watershed and are thus entirely west of the Eastern Continental Divide . The largest stream wholly within the park is Abrams Creek , which rises in Cades Cove and empties into the Chilhowee Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River near Chilhowee Dam . Other major streams include Hazel Creek and Eagle Creek in the southwest , Raven Fork near Oconaluftee , Cosby Creek near Cosby , and Roaring Fork near Gatlinburg . The Little Tennessee River passes through five impoundments along the range 's southwestern boundary , namely Tellico Lake , Chilhowee Lake , Calderwood Lake , Cheoah Lake , and Fontana Lake . Notable peaks ( edit ) The highest point in the Smokies is Clingmans Dome , which rises to an elevation of 6,643 feet ( 2,025 m ) . The mountain is the highest in Tennessee and the third highest in the Appalachian range . Clingmans Dome also has the range 's highest topographical prominence at 4,503 feet ( 1,373 m ) . Mount Le Conte is the tallest ( i.e. , from immediate base to summit ) mountain in the range , rising 5,301 feet ( 1,616 m ) from its base in Gatlinburg to its 6,593 - foot ( 2,010 m ) summit . Mountain Elevation Prominence General location Named after Clingmans Dome 6,643 ft / 2,025 m 4,503 ft / 1,373 m Central Smokies Thomas Lanier Clingman ( 1812 -- 1897 ) , surveyor Mount Guyot 6,621 ft / 2,018 m 1,581 ft / 482 m Eastern Smokies Arnold Guyot ( 1807 -- 1884 ) , surveyor Mount Le Conte 6,593 ft / 2,010 m 1,360 ft / 415 m Central Smokies Joseph Le Conte or John Le Conte , scientists Mount Chapman 6,431 ft / 1,960 m 577 ft / 176 m Eastern Smokies David Chapman ( 1876 -- 1944 ) , park promoter Old Black 6,360 ft / 1,939 m 170 ft / 52 m Eastern Smokies Spruce - fir stand at summit Luftee Knob 6,215 ft / 1,894 m 314 ft / 96 m Eastern Smokies Oconaluftee River Mount Kephart 6,218 ft / 1,895 m 657 ft / 200 m Central Smokies Horace Kephart ( 1862 -- 1931 ) , author Mount Collins 6,197 ft / 1,888 m 465 ft / 142 m Central Smokies Robert Collins , mountain guide Marks Knob 6,162 ft / 1,878 m appx. 249 ft / 76 m Eastern Smokies Tricorner Knob 6,145 ft / 1,873 m 160 ft / 48 m Eastern Smokies Intersection of Balsam crest and Great Smokies crest Mount Hardison 6,145 ft / 1,873 m 134 ft / 41 m Eastern Smokies James Archibald Hardison ( 1867 -- 1930 ) Andrews Bald 5,909 ft / 1,801 m 160 ft / 48 m Central Smokies possibly Andres Thompson , early settler Mount Sterling 5,842 ft / 1,781 m 663 ft / 202 m Eastern Smokies possibly lead at mountain 's base mistaken for silver Silers Bald 5,597 ft / 1,706 m 337 ft / 102 m Western Smokies Jesse Siler , who used the mountain for grazing Thunderhead Mountain 5,528 ft / 1,684 m 1087 ft / 332 m Western Smokies constant cloud cover Gregory Bald 4,949 ft / 1,508 m 1,107 ft / 337 m Western Smokies Russell Gregory ( 1805 -- 1863 ) , Cades Cove resident Mount Cammerer 4,928 ft / 1,502 m 8 ft / 2 m Eastern Smokies Arno B. Cammerer ( 1883 -- 1941 ) , NPS director Chimney Tops 4,725 ft / 1,440 m appx. 200 ft / 61 m Central Smokies resemblance to cabin chimneys Blanket Mountain 4,607 ft / 1,404 m appx. 500 ft / 152 m Western Smokies blanket left atop mountain by surveyor Return Meigs for a reference point Shuckstack 4,020 ft / 1,225 m 300 ft / 91 m Western Smokies Climate ( edit ) The Smokies rise prominently above the surrounding low terrain . For example , Mount Le Conte ( 6,593 feet or 2,010 m ) rises more than a mile ( 1.6 km ) above its base . Because of their prominence , the Smokies receive heavy annual amounts of precipitation . Annual precipitation amounts range from 50 to 80 inches ( 130 -- 200 cm ) , and snowfall in the winter can be heavy , especially on the higher slopes . For comparison , the surrounding terrain has annual precipitation of around 40 to 50 inches ( 100 -- 130 cm ) . Flooding often occurs after heavy rain . In 2004 , the remnants of Hurricane Frances caused major flooding , landslides , and high winds , which was soon followed by Hurricane Ivan , making the situation worse . Other post-hurricanes , including Hurricane Hugo in 1989 , have caused similar damage in the Smokies . 180 degree panoramic view of the Smokies Geology ( edit ) The Alum Cave Bluffs . Most of the rocks in the Great Smoky Mountains consist of Late Precambrian rocks that are part of a formation known as the Ocoee Supergroup . The Ocoee Supergroup consists primarily of slightly metamorphosed sandstones , phyllites , schists , and slate . Early Precambrian rocks , which include the oldest rocks in the Smokies , comprise the dominant rock type in the Raven Fork Valley ( near Oconaluftee ) and upper Tuckasegee River between Cherokee and Bryson City . They consist primarily of metamorphic gneiss , granite , and schist . Cambrian sedimentary rocks are found among the outer reaches of the Foothills to the northwest and in limestone coves such as Cades Cove . The Precambrian gneiss and schists -- the oldest rocks in the Smokies -- formed over a billion years ago from the accumulation of marine sediments and igneous rock in a primordial ocean . In the Late Precambrian period , this ocean expanded , and the more recent Ocoee Supergroup rocks formed from accumulations of the eroding land mass onto the ocean 's continental shelf . By the end of the Paleozoic era , the ancient ocean had deposited a thick layer of marine sediments which left behind sedimentary rocks such as limestone . During the Ordovician period , the North American and African plates collided , destroying the ancient ocean and initiating the Alleghenian orogeny -- the mountain - building epoch that created the Appalachian range . The Mesozoic era saw the rapid erosion of the softer sedimentary rocks from the new mountains , re-exposing the older Ocoee Supergroup formations . Around 20,000 years ago , subarctic glaciers advanced southward across North America , and although they never reached the Smokies , the advancing glaciers led to colder mean annual temperatures and an increase in precipitation throughout the range . Trees were unable to survive at the higher elevations , and were replaced by tundra vegetation . Spruce - fir forests occupied the valleys and slopes below approximately 4,950 feet ( 1,510 m ) . The persistent freezing and thawing during this period created the large blockfields that are often found at the base of large mountain slopes . Between 16,500 and 12,500 years ago , the glaciers to the north retreated and mean annual temperatures rose . The tundra vegetation disappeared , and the spruce - fir forests retreated to the highest elevations . Hardwood trees moved into the region from the coastal plains , replacing the spruce - fir forests in the lower elevations . The temperatures continued warming until around 6,000 years ago , when they began to gradually grow cooler . Flora ( edit ) See also : Appalachian temperate rainforest Heavy logging in the late 19th century and early 20th century devastated much of the forests of the Smokies , but the National Park Service estimates 187,000 acres ( 760 km ) of old growth forest remains , comprising the largest old growth stand in the Eastern United States . Most of the forest is a mature second - growth hardwood forest . The range 's 1,600 species of flowering plants include over 100 species of native trees and 100 species of native shrubs . The Great Smokies are also home to over 450 species of non-vascular plants , and 2,000 species of fungi . The forests of the Smokies are typically divided into three zones : the cove hardwood forests in the stream valleys , coves , and lower mountain slopes . the northern hardwood forests on the higher mountain slopes . the spruce - fir or boreal forest at the very highest elevations . Appalachian balds -- patches of land where trees are unexpectedly absent or sparse -- are interspersed through the mid-to - upper elevations in the range . Balds include grassy balds , which are highland meadows covered primarily by thick grasses , and heath balds , which are dense thickets of rhododendron and mountain laurel typically occurring on narrow ridges . Mixed oak - pine forests are found on dry ridges , especially on the south - facing North Carolina side of the range . Stands dominated by the Eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) are occasionally found along streams and broad slopes above 3,500 feet ( 1,100 m ) . Cove hardwood forest ( edit ) Cove hardwood forest along Cosby Creek Cove hardwood forests , which are native to Southern Appalachia , are among the most diverse forest types in North America . The cove hardwood forests of the Smokies are mostly second - growth , although some 72,000 acres ( 290 km ) are still old - growth . The Albright Grove along the Maddron Bald Trail ( between Gatlinburg and Cosby ) is an accessible old - growth forest with some of the oldest and tallest trees in the entire range . Over 130 species of trees are found among the canopies of the cove hardwood forests in the Smokies . The dominant species include yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) , basswood ( Tilia americana ) , yellow buckeye ( Aesculus flava ) , tulip tree ( Liriodendron tulipifera ; commonly called `` tulip poplar '' ) , silverbells ( Halesia carolina ) , sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ) , cucumber magnolia ( Magnolia acuminata ) , shagbark hickory ( Carya ovata ) , Carolina hemlock ( Tsuga caroliniana ) and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) . The American chestnut ( Castanea dentata ) , which was arguably the most beloved tree of the range 's pre-park inhabitants , was killed off by the introduced Chestnut blight in the 1920s . The understories of the cove hardwood forest contain dozens of species of shrubs and vines . Dominant species in the Smokies include the Eastern redbud ( Cercis canadensis ) , flowering dogwood ( Cornus florida ) , Catawba rhododendron ( Rhododendron catawbiense ) , mountain laurel ( Kalmia latifolia ) , and smooth hydrangea ( Hydrangea arborescens ) . Northern hardwood forest ( edit ) The autumn colors of the northern hardwood canopy near Newfound Gap give way to the dark - green spruce - fir canopy as altitude increases The mean annual temperatures in the higher elevations in the Smokies are cool enough to support forest types more commonly found in the northern United States . The northern hardwood forests of the Smokies constitute the highest broad - leaved forest in the eastern United States . About 28,600 acres ( 116 km ) of the northern hardwood forest are old - growth . In the Smokies , the northern hardwood canopies are dominated by yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) and American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) . White basswood ( Tilia heterophylla ) , mountain maple ( Acer spicatum ) and striped maple ( Acer pensylvanicum ) , and yellow buckeye ( Aesculus flava ) are also present . The northern hardwood understory is home to diverse species such as coneflower , skunk goldenrod , Rugels ragwort , bloodroot , hydrangea , and several species of grasses and ferns . One unique community in the northern hardwoods of the Smokies is the beech gap , or beech orchard . Beech gaps consist of high mountain gaps that have been monopolized by beech trees . The beech trees are often twisted and contorted by the high winds that occur in these gaps . Why other tree types such as the red spruce fail to encroach into the beech gaps is unknown . Spruce - fir forest ( edit ) Spruce fir stand near the summit of Clingmans Dome The spruce - fir forest -- also called the `` boreal '' or `` Canadian '' forest -- is a relict of the Ice Ages , when mean annual temperatures in the Smokies were too cold to support a hardwood forest . While the rise in temperatures between 12,500 and 6,000 years ago allowed the hardwoods to return , the spruce - fir forest has managed to survive on the harsh mountain tops , typically above 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) . About 10,600 acres ( 43 km ) of the spruce - fir forest are old - growth . The spruce - fir forest consists primarily of two conifer species -- red spruce ( Picea rubens ) and Fraser fir ( Abies fraseri ) . The Fraser Firs , which are native to Southern Appalachia , once dominated elevations above 6,200 feet ( 1,900 m ) in the Great Smokies . Most of these firs were killed , however , by an infestation of the balsam wooly adelgid , which arrived in the Smokies in the early 1960s . Thus , red spruce is now the dominant species in the range 's spruce - fir forest . Large stands of dead Fraser Firs remain atop Clingmans Dome and on the northwestern slopes of Old Black . While much of the red spruce stands in the Smokies were logged during World War I , the tree is still common throughout the range above 5,500 feet ( 1,700 m ) . Some of the red spruce trees in the Smokies are believed to be 300 years old , and the tallest rise to over 100 feet ( 30 m ) . The main difference between the spruce - fir forests of Southern Appalachia and the spruce - fir forests in northern latitudes is the dense broad - leaved understory of the former . The spruce - fir understories of the Smokies are home to catawba rhododendron , mountain ash , pin cherry , thornless blackberry , and hobblebush . The herbaceous and litter layers of the spruce - fir forests are poorly lit year - round , and are thus dominated by shade - tolerant plants such as ferns , namely mountain wood fern and northern lady fern , and over 280 species of mosses . Wildflowers ( edit ) Rhododendron atop the Ben Parton Lookout See also : Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains Many wildflowers grow in mountains and valleys of the Great Smokies , including bee balm , Solomon 's seal , Dutchman 's breeches , various trilliums , the Dragon 's Advocate and even hardy orchids . There are two native species of rhododendron in the area . The Catawba rhododendron has purple flowers in May and June , while the rosebay rhododendron has longer leaves and blooms white or a light pink in June and July . The orange - to sometimes red - flowered and deciduous flame azalea closely follows along with the Catawbas . The closely related mountain laurel blooms in between the two , and all of the blooms progress from lower to higher elevations . The reverse is true in autumn , when nearly bare mountaintops covered in rime ice ( frozen fog ) can be separated from green valleys by very bright and varied leaf colors . The rhododendrons are broadleafs , whose leaves droop in order to shed wet and heavy snows that come through the region during winter . Fauna ( edit ) A Black bear in the Great Smokies The Great Smoky Mountains are home to 66 species of mammals , over 240 species of birds , 43 species of amphibians , 60 species of fish , and 40 species of reptiles . The range has the densest black bear population east of the Mississippi River . The black bear has come to symbolize wildlife in the Smokies , and the animal frequently appears on the covers of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park 's literature . Most of the range 's adult eastern black bears weigh between 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) and 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) , although some grow to more than 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) . These elk are part of a herd which was transplanted to Cataloochee in 2001 , in an attempt to reintroduce the species to the Appalachians in North Carolina Other mammals in the Great Smokies include the white - tailed deer , the population of which drastically expanded with the creation of the national park . The bobcat is the range 's only remaining wild cat species , although sightings of mountain lions -- which once thrived in the area -- are still occasionally reported . The coyote is not believed to be native to the range , but has moved into the area in recent years and is treated as a native species . Two species of fox -- the red fox and the gray fox -- are found in the Smokies , with red foxes being documented at all elevations . European Boar , introduced as game animals in the early 20th century , thrive in Southern Appalachia but are considered a nuisance due to their tendency to root up and destroy plants . The boars are seen as taking food resources away from bears as well , and the park service has sponsored a program that pays individuals to hunt and kill boars and leave their bodies in locations frequented by bears . The Smokies are home to over two dozen species of rodents , including the endangered northern flying squirrel , and 10 species of bats , including the endangered Indiana bat . The National Park Service has successfully reintroduced river otters and elk into the Great Smokies . An attempt to reintroduce the red wolf in the early 1990s ultimately failed . These wolves were removed from the park and relocated to the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in North Carolina . The Smokies are home to a diverse bird population due to the presence of multiple forest types . Species that thrive in southern hardwood forests , such as the red - eyed vireo , wood thrush , wild turkey , northern parula , ruby - throated hummingbird , and tufted titmouse , are found throughout the range 's lower elevations and cove hardwood forests . Species more typical of cooler climates , such as the raven , winter wren , black - capped chickadee , yellow - bellied sapsucker , dark - eyed junco , and Blackburnian , chestnut - sided , and Canada warblers , are found in the range 's spruce - fir and northern hardwood zones . Ovenbirds , whip - poor - wills , and downy woodpeckers live in the drier pine - oak forests and heath balds . Bald eagles and golden eagles have been spotted at all elevations in the park . Peregrine falcon sightings are also not uncommon , and a peregrine falcon eyrie is known to have existed near Alum Cave Bluffs throughout the 1930s . Red - tailed hawks , the most common hawk species , have been sighted at all elevations in the range . Owl species residing in the Smokies include the barred owl , eastern screech - owl , and northern saw - whet owl . A Black rat snake , on a trail near the Greenbriar area . Timber rattlesnakes -- one of two venomous snake species in the Smokies -- are found at all elevations in the range . The other venomous snake , the copperhead , is typically found at lower elevations . Other reptiles include the eastern box turtle , the eastern fence lizard , the black rat snake , and the northern water snake . A Jordan 's salamander . The Great Smokies are home to one of the world 's most diverse salamander populations . Five of the world 's nine families of salamanders are found in the range , consisting of up to thirty - one species . A type of Jordan 's salamander known as the redcheek salamander is found only in the Smokies . The imitator salamander is found only in the Smokies and the nearby Plott Balsams and Great Balsam Mountains . Two other species -- the southern gray - cheeked salamander and the Southern Appalachian salamander -- occur only in the general region . Other species include the shovelnose , blackbelly salamander , eastern red - spotted newt , and spotted dusky salamander . The legendary hellbender inhabits the range 's swifter streams . Other amphibians include the American toad and the American bullfrog , wood frog , upland chorus frog , northern green frog , and spring peeper . Fish inhabiting the streams of the Smokies include trout , lamprey , darter , shiner , bass , and sucker . The brook trout is the only trout species native to the range , although northwestern rainbow trout and European brown trout were introduced in the first half of the 20th century . The larger rainbow and brown trout outcompete the native brook trout for food and habitat at lower elevations . As such , most of the brook trout found in the park today are in streams above 3,000 feet in elevation . Trout in the Smokies are generally smaller than other members of their species in different locales . Protected fish species in the range include the smoky and yellowfin madtom , the spotfin chub , and the duskytail darter . The lightning - bug firefly Photinus carolinus , whose synchronized flashing light displays occur in mid-June , is native to the Smoky Mountains with a population epicenter near Elkmont , Tennessee . Ecosystem threats ( edit ) Dead Fraser firs on the slopes of Old Black Air pollution is contributing to increased Red Spruce tree mortality at higher elevations and oak decline at lower elevations , while invasive hemlock woolly adelgids attack Hemlocks and balsam woolly adelgids attack Fraser Firs . Pseudoscymnus tsugae , a type of beetle in the ladybug family , Coccinellidae , has been introduced in an attempt to control the pests . Visibility now is dramatically reduced by smog from both the Southeastern United States and the Midwest , and smog forecasts are prepared daily by the Environmental Protection Agency for both nearby Knoxville , Tennessee and Asheville , North Carolina . Environmental threats are the concern of many non-profit environmental stewardship groups , especially The Friends of the Smokies . Formed in 1993 , the friends group assists the National Park Service in its mission to preserve and protect the Great Smoky Mountains National Park by raising funds and public awareness , and providing volunteers for needed projects . History ( edit ) See also : List of historical structures maintained by the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Prehistory ( edit ) Native Americans have likely been hunting in the Great Smoky Mountains for 14,000 years . Numerous Archaic period ( c. 8000 -- 1000 B.C. ) artifacts have been found within the national park 's boundaries , including projectile points uncovered along likely animal migration paths . Woodland period ( c. 1000 B.C. - 1000 A.D. ) sites found within the park contained 2000 + - year - old ceramics and evidence of primitive agriculture . The increasing reliance upon agriculture during the Mississippian period ( c. 900 -- 1600 A.D. ) lured Native Americans away from the game - rich forests of the Smokies and into the fertile river valleys on the outer fringe of the range . Substantial Mississippian - period villages were uncovered at Citico and Toqua ( named after the Cherokee villages that later thrived at these sites ) along the Little Tennessee River in the 1960s . Fortified Mississippian - period villages have been excavated at the McMahan Indian Mounds in Sevierville and more recently in Townsend . Most of these villages were part of a minor chiefdom centered on a large village known as Chiaha , which was located on an island now submerged by Douglas Lake . The 1540 expedition of Hernando de Soto and the 1567 expedition of Juan Pardo passed through the French Broad River valley north of the Smokies , both spending a considerable amount of time at Chiaha . The Pardo expedition followed a trail across the flanks of Chilhowee Mountain to the Mississippian - period villages at Chilhowee and Citico ( Pardo 's notary called them by their Muskogean names , `` Chalahume '' and `` Satapo '' ) . The Cherokee ( edit ) By the time the first English explorers arrived in Southern Appalachia in the late 17th century , the Cherokee controlled much of the region , and the Great Smoky Mountains lay at the center of their territory . One Cherokee legend tells of a magical lake hidden deep within the range , but inaccessible to humans . Another tells of a captured Shawnee medicine man named Aganunitsi who , in exchange for his freedom , travels to the remote sections of the range in search of the Uktena . The Cherokee called Gregory Bald Tsitsuyi , or `` rabbit place , '' and believed the mountain to be the domain of the Great Rabbit . Other Cherokee place names in the Smokies included Duniskwalgunyi , or `` forked antlers '' , which referred to the Chimney Tops , and kuwahi , or `` mulberry place '' , which referred to Clingmans Dome . Most Cherokee settlements were located in the river valleys on the outer fringe of the Great Smokies range . The Smokies , along with the Unicois , provided the main bulwark dividing the Overhill Cherokee villages in modern Tennessee from the Cherokee Middle towns in modern North Carolina . The Overhill town of Chilhowee was situated at the confluence of Abrams Creek and the Little Tennessee , and the Overhill town of Tallassee was located just a few miles upstream near modern Calderwood ( both village sites are now under Chilhowee Lake ) . A string of Overhill villages , including Chota and Tanasi , dotted the Little Tennessee valley north of Chilhowee . The Cherokee Middle towns included the village of Kittowa ( which the Cherokee believed to be their oldest village ) along the Tuckasegee River near Bryson City . The village of Oconaluftee , which was situated along the Oconaluftee River near the modern Oconaluftee Visitor Center , was the only known permanent Cherokee village located within the national park 's boundaries . Sporadic or seasonal settlements were located in Cades Cove and the Hazel Creek valley . European settlement ( edit ) Communities past and present of the Great Smoky Mountains . The green areas denote the modern national park . European explorers and settlers began arriving in Western North Carolina and East Tennessee in the mid-18th century . The influx of settlers at the end of the French and Indian War brought conflict with the Cherokee , who still held legal title to much of the land . When the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British at the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1776 , American forces launched an invasion of Cherokee territory . The Middle towns , including Kittuwa , were burned by General Griffith Rutherford , and several of the Overhill towns were burned by John Sevier . By 1805 , the Cherokee had ceded control of the Great Smokies to the U.S. government . Although much of the tribe was forced west along the Trail of Tears in 1838 , a few -- largely through the efforts of William Holland Thomas -- managed to retain their land on the Qualla Boundary and today comprise the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians . In the 1780s , several frontier outposts had been established along the outskirts of the Smokies , namely Whitson 's Fort in what is now Cosby and Wear 's Fort in what is now Pigeon Forge . Permanent settlers began arriving in these areas in the 1790s . In 1801 , the Whaley brothers , William and John , moved from North Carolina to become the first settlers in what is now the Greenbrier section of the park . In 1802 , Edgefield , South Carolina resident William Ogle ( 1751 -- 1803 ) arrived in White Oak Flats where he cut and prepared logs for cabin construction . Although Ogle died shortly after returning to Edgefield , his wife , Martha Jane Huskey , eventually returned with her family and several other families to White Oak Flats , becoming the first permanent settlers in what would eventually become Gatlinburg . Their children and grandchildren spread out southward into the Sugarlands and Roaring Fork areas . Cades Cove was settled largely by families who had purchased lots from land speculator William `` Fighting Billy '' Tipton . The first of these settlers , John and Lucretia Oliver , arrived in 1818 . Two Cades Cove settlers , Moses and Patience Proctor , crossed over to the North Carolina side of the Smokies in 1836 to become the first Euro - American settlers in the Hazel Creek area . The Cataloochee area was first settled by the Caldwell family , who migrated to the valley in 1834 . Like most of Southern Appalachia , the early 19th - century economy of the Smokies relied on subsistence agriculture . The average farm consisted of roughly 50 acres ( 0.20 km ) , part of which was cultivated and part of which was woodland . Early settlers lived in 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) x 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) log cabins , although these were replaced by more elaborate log houses and eventually , as lumber became available , by modern frame houses . Most farms included at least one barn , a springhouse ( used for refrigeration ) , a smokehouse ( used for curing meat ) , a chicken coop ( protected chickens from predators ) , and a corn crib ( kept corn dry and protected it from rodents ) . Some of the more industrious farmers operated gristmills , general stores , and sorghum presses . Religion was a central theme in the lives of the early residents of the Smokies , and community life was typically centered on churches . Christian Protestantism -- especially Primitive Baptists , Missionary Baptists , Methodists , and Presbyterians ; dominated the religious culture of the region . American Civil War ( edit ) While both Tennessee and North Carolina joined the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 , Union sentiment in the Great Smoky Mountains was much stronger relative to other regions in these two states . Generally , the communities on the Tennessee side of the Smokies supported the Union , while communities on the North Carolina side supported the Confederates . On the Tennessee side , 74 % of Cocke Countians , 80 % of Blount Countians , and 96 % of Sevier Countians voted against secession . In the North Carolina Smokies -- Cherokee , Haywood , Jackson , and Macon counties -- about 46 % of the population favored secession . While no major engagements took place in the Smokies , minor skirmishes were fairly common . Cherokee chief William Holland Thomas formed a Confederate legion made up mostly of Cherokee soldiers . Thomas ' Legion crossed the Smokies in 1862 and occupied Gatlinburg for several months to protect salt peter mines atop Mount Le Conte . Residents of predominantly Union Cades Cove and predominantly Confederate Hazel Creek routinely crossed the mountains to steal one another 's livestock . Residents of Cosby and Cataloochee did likewise . One notable Civil War incident in the Smokies was the murder of long - time Cades Cove resident Russell Gregory ( for whom Gregory Bald is named ) , which was carried out by bushwhackers in 1864 shortly after Gregory had led an ambush that routed a band of Confederates seeking to wreak havoc in the cove . Another incident was George Kirk 's raid on Cataloochee , in which Kirk killed or wounded 15 Union soldiers recovering at a makeshift hospital . Logging ( edit ) The Champion Fibre Company plant in Canton , North Carolina , 1910 . While selective logging occurred in the Great Smoky Mountains throughout the 19th century , the general inaccessibility of the range 's forests prevented major logging operations , and lumber firms relied on the lowland forests in the northeastern United States and the Mississippi Delta in the southeast . As timber resources in these regions became exhausted , and as the demand for lumber skyrocketed after the Civil War , entrepreneurs began looking for ways to reach the virgin forests of Southern Appalachia . The first logging operations in the Smokies , which began in the 1880s , used splash dams or booms to float logs down rivers to lumber mills in nearby cities . Notable splash dam and boom operations included the English Lumber Company on Little River , the Taylor and Crate operations along Hazel Creek , and the ambitious operations of Alexander Arthur on the Pigeon River . All three of these operations failed within their first few years , however , after their dams and boom systems were destroyed by floods . Innovations in logging railroads and band saw technology in the late 19th century made large - scale logging possible in the mountainous areas of Southern Appalachia . The largest logging operation in the Smokies was the Little River Lumber Company , which logged the Little River watershed between 1901 and 1939 . The company also established company towns at Townsend ( named for the company 's chief owner and manager , Wilson B. Townsend ) , Elkmont , and Tremont . The second - largest operation was the Ritter Lumber Company , which logged the Hazel Creek watershed between 1907 and 1928 . Ruins of Ritter 's lumbering operations are still visible along the Hazel Creek Trail . Other lumbering operations included Three M Lumber and Champion Fibre , both of which logged the Oconaluftee watershed . By the time all operations ceased in the 1930s , logging firms had removed two - thirds of the virgin forests of the Smokies . The National Park ( edit ) Main article : Great Smoky Mountains National Park Wilson B. Townsend , the head of Little River Lumber , began advertising Elkmont as a tourist destination in 1909 . Within a few years , the Wonderland Hotel and the Appalachian Club had been established to cater to elite Knoxvillians seeking summer mountain getaways . In the early 1920s , several Appalachian Club members , among them Knoxville businessman Colonel David Chapman , began seriously considering a movement to establish a national park in the Great Smokies . As head of the Great Smoky Mountains Park Commission , Chapman was largely responsible for raising funds for land purchases and coordinating park efforts between local , state , and federal entities . The creation of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park proved much more complex than the creation of its predecessors , such as Yellowstone and Yosemite , which were already federally owned . Along with convincing logging firms to sell lucrative lumber rights , the Park Commission had to negotiate the purchase of thousands of small farms and remove entire communities . The commission also had to deal with the Tennessee and North Carolina legislatures , which at times were opposed to spending taxpayer money on park efforts . In spite of these difficulties , the Park Commission had completed most major land purchases by 1932 . The national park officially opened in 1934 , with President Franklin D. Roosevelt presiding over the opening ceremony at Newfound Gap . Culture and tourism ( edit ) The Great Smoky Mountains National Park provides a breath - taking view in the fall . The culture of the area is that of Southern Appalachia , and previously the Cherokee people . Tourism is key to the area 's economy , particularly in cities like Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg in Tennessee , and Cherokee , North Carolina . In 2006 , the Great Smoky Mountains Heritage Center opened in Townsend , Tennessee , with the mission of preserving various aspects of the region 's culture . Rafting , either leisurely river tubing or in full whitewater , is common all summer . Downhill skiing is also done in winter , though for a short season , at places like Cataloochee and Ober Gatlinburg . Country music singer Dolly Parton was born and raised on a small farm in the Smokies . She writes many songs concerning her Tennessee upbringing , and starred in the 1986 film , A Smoky Mountain Christmas . On September 17 , 2010 , the documentary reality television series Man , Woman , Wild featured an episode about survival in the Smoky Mountains . See also ( edit ) Environment portal United States portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Park Service '' . Nps.gov. 2012 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Rose Houk , Great Smoky Mountains National Park : A Natural History Guide ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1993 ) , 198 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Byrd Davis ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Old Growth in the East : A Survey . North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Houk , 50 . Jump up ^ Houk , 112 , 119 . Jump up ^ Laura Naranjo , `` Volatile Trees , '' NASA.gov , 20 November 2011 . Retrieved : 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Appalachian Precipitation Study '' . Srh.noaa.gov. 2009 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Harry Moore , A Roadside Guide to the Geology of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 1988 ) , 32 . ^ Jump up to : Houk , 10 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , 40 - 44 . Jump up ^ `` Great Smoky Mountains - Nature & Science '' . Nps.gov. 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Houk , 41 . Jump up ^ Houk , 21 - 23 . Jump up ^ C. Kenneth Dodd , Jr. , The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2004 ) , 46 - 47 . Jump up ^ Marti Davis , `` Serene virgin forest gives respite from July heat . '' Knoxnews.com , 9 July 2006 . Retrieved : 19 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Houk , 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ Houk , 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Houk , 28 . Jump up ^ 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Houk , 30 . Jump up ^ Houk , 50 - 53 . Jump up ^ Houk , 50 , 54 - 55 . Jump up ^ Donald Linzey , Mammals of Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Blackburg , Va. : McDonald & Woodward Publishing Co. , 1995 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ Linzey , 88 - 89 . Jump up ^ Linzey , 65 - 66 . Jump up ^ Linzey , 93 - 94 . Jump up ^ All Things Considered ( 1998 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Wild Hogs In The Smokies ' ' All Things Considered , National Public Radio , 4 - 7 - 1998 ' ' '' . Npr.org . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Linzey , 1 , 21 , 40 . Jump up ^ Great Smoky Mountains National Park -- Mammals. 24 July 2006 . Retrieved : 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Arthur Stupka , Notes on the Birds of the great smoky Mountains National Park ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 1963 ) , 12 . Jump up ^ Stupka , 13 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stupka , 37 - 40 . Jump up ^ Stupka , 42 . Jump up ^ Stupka , 12 , 67 - 72 . Jump up ^ Houk , 131 . Jump up ^ C. Kenneth Dodd , Jr. , The Amphibians of Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Knoxville , Tenn. : University of Tennessee Press , 2004 ) , 7 , 13 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 185 - 186 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 123 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 189 - 194 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 13 , 120 - 129 , 178 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 26 . Jump up ^ Dodd , 86 - 87 , 230 - 231 , 243 . Jump up ^ Great Smoky Mountains National Park -- Fish. 8 March 2007 . Retrieved : 3 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Millus , Susan . `` U.S. fireflies flashing in unison '' . Science News . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ McClure , Mark S. ; Cheah , Carole A.S. - J. `` Pseudoscymnus tsugae ( Coleoptera : Coccinellidae ) '' . Biological Control : A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America . Cornell University . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Friends of the Smokies. 1995 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lisa Byerley Gary , `` Park Archaeologists Provide Clues to the Past and Future of the Human Race . '' 2001 . Retrieved : 16 August 2008 . Jump up ^ National Park Service , `` Cades Cove Opportunities Plan '' ( October 2004 ) , 5 - 6 . Retrieved : 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Polhemus , The Toqua Site -- 40MR6 , Vol . I ( Norris , Tenn. : Tennessee Valley Authority , 1987 ) , 1240 -- 1246 . Jump up ^ Tennessee Historical Commission Marker IC - 69 , `` The McMahan Indian Mound , '' in Sevierville , Tennessee . Information accessed 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Iva Butler , `` Archaeologists Pack Up Townsend Dig . '' The Maryville - Alcoa Daily Times , 17 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Charles Hudson , The Juan Pardo Expeditions : Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee , 1566 - 1568 ( Tuscaloosa , Ala. : University of Alabama Press , 2005 ) , 36 - 40 , 105 . Jump up ^ James Mooney , Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee ( Nashville : Charles Elder , 1972 ) . Jump up ^ Mooney , 299 . Jump up ^ Mooney , 407 . Jump up ^ Mooney , 516 . Jump up ^ Gerald Schroedl , `` Overhill Cherokees . '' The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture , 2002 . Retrieved : 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Duane Oliver , Hazel Creek From Then Till Now ( Maryville , Tenn. : Stinnett Printing , 1989 ) , 2 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Vicki Rozema , Footsteps of the Cherokees ( Winston - Salem : John F. Blair Publisher , 1995 ) , 58 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Carson Brewer , Great Smoky Mountains National Park ( Portland , Ore. : Graphic Arts Center Publishing , 1993 ) , 18 . Jump up ^ Brewer , 18 . Jump up ^ Durwood Dunn , Cades Cove : The Life and Death of An Appalachian Community ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1988 ) , 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Oliver , 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hattie Caldwell Davis , Cataloochee Valley : Vanished Settlements of the Great Smoky Mountains ( Alexander , N.C. : Worldcomm , 1997 ) , 17 - 32 . Jump up ^ Jerry Wear , Sugarlands : A Lost Community of Sevier County ( Sevierville , Tennessee : Sevierville Heritage Committee , 1986 ) , 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Eric Lacy , Vanquished Volunteers : East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession ( Johnson City , Tenn. : East Tennessee State University Press , 1965 ) , pp. 217 - 233 . Jump up ^ Civil War Journal : Divided Loyalties , Great Smoky Mountains National Park website . Retrieved : 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver , 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Dunn , 135 - 136 . Jump up ^ Davis , Cataloochee Valley , 72 . Jump up ^ Wilma Dykeman , The French Broad ( New York : Rinehart , 1955 ) , 167 - 174 . Jump up ^ Vic Weals , The Last Train to Elkmont ( Knoxville : Olden Press , 1993 ) , 1 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oliver , 55 - 56 . Jump up ^ Weals , 24 - 28 . Jump up ^ Oliver , 58 - 64 . Jump up ^ Michal Strutin , History Hikes of the Smokies ( Gatlinburg : Great Smoky Mountains Association , 2003 ) , 125 , 325 . Jump up ^ Weals , 27 . Jump up ^ Campbell , 13 - 18 , 32 . Jump up ^ Daniel Pierce , The Great Smokies : From Natural Habitat to National Park ( Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2000 ) , 111 - 120 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Official website Species Mapper Great Smoky Mountains Association -- official nonprofit partner of the park , maps , guides , photos , and videos National Weather Service Southern Appalachian Precipitation study Great Smoky Mountains Institute at Tremont Cornell University study on invasive balsam woolly adelgid control Geologic Map of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park Region , Tennessee and North Carolina United States Geological Survey History and maps The Great Smoky Mountains Regional Project -- a collection of documents and early photographs regarding the Great Smokies and surrounding communities Southern Appalachian English : Transcripts -- sound file samples of interviews of long - time residents of the Great Smokies conducted in 1939 Mountains of North Carolina Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Black Mountains Celo Knob Mount Craig Mount Mitchell Brushy Mountains Hibriten Mountain Pores Knob Great Balsam Mountains Black Balsam Knob Chestnut Mountain ( Transylvania County ) Cold Mountain Richland Balsam Shining Rock Tanasee Bald Great Craggy Mountains Beaucatcher Mountain Great Smoky Mountains Andrews Bald Charlies Bunion Clingmans Dome Gregory Bald Marks Knob Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Hardison Mount Kephart Mount Sequoyah Mount Sterling Old Black Shuckstack Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Plott Balsams Eaglenest Mountain North Eaglenest Mountain Waterrock Knob Unaka Range Big Yellow Mountain Grassy Ridge Bald Little Yellow Mountain Roan Mountain Unicoi Mountains Bob Stratton Bald Hooper Bald Others Adams Mountain Bear 's Paw Bee Mountain Beech Mountain Bluerock Mountain Brier Knob Brown Mountain Chestnut Mountain ( Caldwell County ) Crossing Knob Doe Hill Mountain Elk Knob Fire Scale Mountain Flattop Mountain Grandfather Mountain Grandmother Mountain Howard Knob Humpback Mountain Little Chestnut Mountain Mount Pisgah Peak Mountain Pixie Mountain Rich Mountain Rich Mountain Bald Sassafras Mountain Snake Mountain Spanish Oak Mountain Stone Mountain Sugar Mountain Table Rock Three Top Mountain Tomkins Knob Woody 's Knob Sauratown Mountains Moore 's Knob Pilot Mountain Uwharrie Mountains Caraway Mountains Morrow Mountain Others Albert Mountain Big Butt Mountain Cane Creek Mountains Crowder 's Mountain Devil 's Courthouse Kings Pinnacle Looking Glass Rock Mayfield Mountain McAlpine Mountain Mount Jefferson Mulatto Mountain Occoneechee Mountain Old Butt Knob South Mountains Standing Indian Mountain Terrells Mountain Wayah Bald Wesser Bald Whiteside Mountain Mountains of Tennessee Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Great Smoky Mountains Bote Mountain Chilhowee Mountain Chimney Tops Clingmans Dome Coon Butt English Mountain Gregory Bald Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Kephart Mount Le Conte Mount Sequoyah Old Black Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Unicoi Mountains Oswald Dome Unaka Range Roan Mountain Others Iron Mountains Snake Mountain Cumberland Mountains Crab Orchard Mountains Frozen Head Tri-State Peak Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Bays Mountain House Mountain Others Big Frog Mountain Brown Mountain Gee Hill Little Mountain Lone Mountain Mount Evil Penile Hill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smoky_Mountains&oldid=789921104 '' Categories : Great Smoky Mountains East Tennessee Geography of Appalachia Mountain ranges of North Carolina Mountain ranges of Tennessee Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains Western North Carolina Landforms of Blount County , Tennessee Landforms of Sevier County , Tennessee Landforms of Cocke County , Tennessee Landforms of Swain County , North Carolina Landforms of Haywood County , North Carolina Natural history of the Great Smoky Mountains Appalachian culture Old growth forests Southern Sixers Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Frysk 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Polski Português தமிழ் ᏣᎳᎩ 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 13 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do they call it the smoky mountains	[ "The name \"Smoky\" comes from the natural fog that often hangs over the range and presents as large smoke plumes from a distance. This fog is caused by the vegetation exhaling volatile organic compounds, chemicals that have a high vapor pressure and easily form vapors at normal temperature and pressure.[6]" ]	[ "natural fog that often hangs over the range and presents as large smoke plumes from a distance" ]
-4353687628096731608	List of Michigan State Spartans bowl games	List of Michigan State Spartans bowl games - wikipedia List of Michigan State Spartans bowl games Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Michigan State Spartans college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , representing Michigan State University in the Big Ten Conference ( Big Ten ) . Since the establishment of the team in 1896 , Michigan State has appeared in 26 bowl games . Included in these games are five appearances in the Rose Bowl Game . Through the history of the program , eight separate coaches have led the Spartans to bowl games with Mark Dantonio having the most appearances with nine . The Spartans currently have a bowl record of 11 -- 15 (. 423 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowl games 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) General Bowl game record attendance Former bowl game record attendance Results Win Loss Bowl games ( edit ) List of bowl games showing bowl played in , score , date , season , opponent , stadium , location , attendance and head coach # Bowl Score Date Season Opponent Stadium Location Attendance Head coach Orange Bowl L 06 ! L 6 -- 0 000000001938 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1938 1937 Auburn Miami Orange Bowl Miami 18,972 ! 18,972 Bachman , Charlie Charlie Bachman Rose Bowl W 08 ! W 28 -- 20 000000001954 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1954 1953 UCLA Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,500 ! 100,500 Munn , Clarence Clarence Munn Rose Bowl W 03 ! W 17 -- 14 000000001956 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1956 1955 UCLA Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,809 ! 100,809 Daugherty , Duffy Duffy Daugherty Rose Bowl L 02 ! L 14 -- 12 000000001966 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1966 1965 UCLA Rose Bowl Pasadena 100,087 ! 100,087 Daugherty , Duffy Duffy Daugherty Cherry Bowl L 04 ! L 10 -- 6 000000001984 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1984 1984 Army Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac 70,332 ! 70,332 Perles , George George Perles 6 All - American Bowl L 03 ! L 17 -- 14 000000001985 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1985 1985 Georgia Tech Legion Field Birmingham 45,000 ! 45,000 Perles , George George Perles 7 Rose Bowl W 03 ! W 20 -- 17 000000001988 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1988 USC Rose Bowl Pasadena 103,847 ! 103,847 Perles , George George Perles 8 Gator Bowl L 07 ! L 34 -- 27 000000001989 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1989 1988 Georgia Gator Bowl Jacksonville 76,236 ! 76,236 Perles , George George Perles 9 Aloha Bowl W 20 ! W 33 -- 13 000000001989 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1989 1989 Hawaii Aloha Stadium Honolulu 50,000 ! 50,000 Perles , George George Perles 10 John Hancock Bowl W 01 ! W 17 -- 16 000000001990 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1990 1990 USC Sun Bowl Stadium El Paso 50,562 ! 50,562 Perles , George George Perles 11 Liberty Bowl L 11 ! L 18 -- 7 000000001993 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 1993 1993 Louisville Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Memphis 34,216 ! 34,216 Perles , George George Perles 12 Independence Bowl L 19 ! L 45 -- 26 000000001995 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1995 1995 LSU Independence Stadium Shreveport 48,835 ! 48,835 Saban , Nick Nick Saban 13 Sun Bowl L 38 ! L 38 -- 0 000000001996 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1996 Stanford Sun Bowl Stadium El Paso 42,271 ! 42,271 Saban , Nick Nick Saban 14 Aloha Bowl L 28 ! L 51 -- 23 000000001997 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1997 1997 Washington Aloha Stadium Honolulu 34,419 ! 34,419 Saban , Nick Nick Saban 15 Florida Citrus Bowl W 03 ! W 37 -- 34 000000002000 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2000 1999 Florida Citrus Bowl Orlando 54,866 ! 62,011 Williams , Bobby Bobby Williams 16 Silicon Valley Classic W 09 ! W 44 -- 35 000000002001 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2001 2001 Fresno State Spartan Stadium San Jose 30,456 ! 30,456 Williams , Bobby Bobby Williams 17 Alamo Bowl L 14 ! L 17 -- 3 000000002003 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2003 2003 Nebraska Alamodome San Antonio 56,226 ! 56,226 Smith , John L. John L. Smith 18 Champs Sports Bowl L 03 ! L 24 -- 21 000000002007 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2007 2007 Boston College Citrus Bowl Orlando 46,554 ! 46,554 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 19 Capital One Bowl L 12 ! L 24 -- 12 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2009 2008 Georgia Citrus Bowl Orlando 59,681 ! 59,681 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 20 Alamo Bowl L 10 ! L 41 -- 31 000000002010 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2010 2009 Texas Tech Alamodome San Antonio 64,757 ! 64,757 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 21 Capital One Bowl L 42 ! L 49 -- 7 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2011 Alabama Citrus Bowl Orlando 61,519 ! 61,519 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 22 Outback Bowl W 03 ! W 33 -- 30 000000002012 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2012 2011 Georgia Raymond James Stadium Tampa 49,429 ! 49,429 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 23 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl W 01 ! W 17 -- 16 000000002012 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2012 2012 TCU Sun Devil Stadium Tempe 44,617 ! 44,617 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 24 Rose Bowl W 04 ! W 24 -- 20 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2014 2013 Stanford Rose Bowl Pasadena 95,173 ! 95,173 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 25 Cotton Bowl Classic W 01 ! W 42 -- 41 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2015 2014 Baylor AT&T Stadium Arlington 71,464 ! 71,464 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 26 Cotton Bowl Classic L 38 ! L 38 -- 0 000000002015 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2015 2015 Alabama AT&T Stadium Arlington 82,812 ! 82,812 Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio 27 Holiday Bowl W 01 ! W 42 - 17 000000002017 - 12 - 28 - 0000 December 28 , 2017 2017 Washington State SDCCU Stadium San Diego Dantonio , Mark Mark Dantonio Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2012 -- 13 NCAA football bowl games . Jump up ^ Results are sortable first by whether the result was a Michigan State win , loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the Michigan State team that competed in the bowl for that year . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the opponent that Michigan State competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable . References ( edit ) General National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` Bowl / All - Star Game Records '' ( PDF ) . 2012 NCAA Division I Football Records . NCAA.org . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 13 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 3 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , pp. 31 -- 37 Michigan State Spartans bowl games 1938 Orange Bowl 1954 Rose Bowl 1956 Rose Bowl 1966 Rose Bowl 1984 Cherry Bowl 1985 Hall of Fame Classic 1988 Rose Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Aloha Bowl 1990 John Hancock Bowl 1993 Liberty Bowl 1995 Independence Bowl 1996 Sun Bowl 1997 Aloha Bowl 2000 Florida Citrus Bowl 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2003 Alamo Bowl 2007 Champs Sports Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2010 Alamo Bowl 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2012 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 2014 Rose Bowl 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Jan ) 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2017 Holiday Bowl Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Michigan State Spartans football Venues Old College Field ( 1902 -- 1922 ) Spartan Stadium ( 1923 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Indiana ( Old Brass Spittoon ) Michigan ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) Notre Dame ( Megaphone Trophy ) Ohio State Penn State ( Land Grant Trophy ) Culture & lore Sparty `` Victory for MSU '' Marching band Zeke the Wonder Dog Winged football helmet 1966 `` Game of the Century '' Clockgate 2006 Northwestern game People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Michigan_State_Spartans_bowl_games&oldid=817567162 '' Categories : Lists of college bowl games by team Michigan State Spartans football bowl games Michigan sports - related lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from July 2013 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 05 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did michigan state play in bowl game	[ "\nList of bowl games showing bowl played in, score, date, season, opponent, stadium, location, attendance and head coach[A 1]\n\n#\nBowl\nScore[A 2]\nDate\nSeason[A 3]\nOpponent[A 4]\nStadium\nLocation\nAttendance[3]\nHead coach\n\n\n1\nOrange Bowl\nL 06 !L 6–0\n000000001938-01-01-0000January 1, 1938\n1937\nAuburn\nMiami Orange Bowl\nMiami\n18,972 !18,972\nBachman, CharlieCharlie Bachman\n\n\n2\nRose Bowl\nW 08 !W 28–20\n000000001954-01-01-0000January 1, 1954\n1953\nUCLA\nRose Bowl\nPasadena\n100,500 !100,500\nMunn, ClarenceClarence Munn\n\n\n3\nRose Bowl\nW 03 !W 17–14\n000000001956-01-01-0000January 1, 1956\n1955\nUCLA\nRose Bowl\nPasadena\n100,809 !100,809\nDaugherty, DuffyDuffy Daugherty\n\n\n4\nRose Bowl\nL 02 !L 14–12\n000000001966-01-01-0000January 1, 1966\n1965\nUCLA\nRose Bowl\nPasadena\n100,087 !100,087\nDaugherty, DuffyDuffy Daugherty\n\n\n5\nCherry Bowl\nL 04 !L 10–6\n000000001984-12-22-0000December 22, 1984\n1984\nArmy\nPontiac Silverdome\nPontiac\n70,332 !70,332\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n6\nAll-American Bowl\nL 03 !L 17–14\n000000001985-12-31-0000December 31, 1985\n1985\nGeorgia Tech\nLegion Field\nBirmingham\n45,000 !45,000\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n7\nRose Bowl\nW 03 !W 20–17\n000000001988-01-01-0000January 1, 1988\n1987\nUSC\nRose Bowl\nPasadena\n103,847 !103,847\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n8\nGator Bowl\nL 07 !L 34–27\n000000001989-01-01-0000January 1, 1989\n1988\nGeorgia\nGator Bowl\nJacksonville\n76,236 !76,236\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n9\nAloha Bowl\nW 20 !W 33–13\n000000001989-12-25-0000December 25, 1989\n1989\nHawaii\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n50,000 !50,000\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n10\nJohn Hancock Bowl\nW 01 !W 17–16\n000000001990-12-31-0000December 31, 1990\n1990\nUSC\nSun Bowl Stadium\nEl Paso\n50,562 !50,562\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n11\nLiberty Bowl\nL 11 !L 18–7\n000000001993-12-28-0000December 28, 1993\n1993\nLouisville\nLiberty Bowl Memorial Stadium\nMemphis\n34,216 !34,216\nPerles, GeorgeGeorge Perles\n\n\n12\nIndependence Bowl\nL 19 !L 45–26\n000000001995-12-29-0000December 29, 1995\n1995\nLSU\nIndependence Stadium\nShreveport\n48,835 !48,835\nSaban, NickNick Saban\n\n\n13\nSun Bowl\nL 38 !L 38–0\n000000001996-12-31-0000December 31, 1996\n1996\nStanford\nSun Bowl Stadium\nEl Paso\n42,271 !42,271\nSaban, NickNick Saban\n\n\n14\nAloha Bowl\nL 28 !L 51–23\n000000001997-12-25-0000December 25, 1997\n1997\nWashington\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n34,419 !34,419\nSaban, NickNick Saban\n\n\n15\nFlorida Citrus Bowl\nW 03 !W 37–34\n000000002000-01-01-0000January 1, 2000\n1999\nFlorida\nCitrus Bowl\nOrlando\n54,866 !62,011\nWilliams, BobbyBobby Williams\n\n\n16\nSilicon Valley Classic\nW 09 !W 44–35\n000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001\n2001\nFresno State\nSpartan Stadium\nSan Jose\n30,456 !30,456\nWilliams, BobbyBobby Williams\n\n\n17\nAlamo Bowl\nL 14 !L 17–3\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n2003\nNebraska\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio\n56,226 !56,226\nSmith, John L.John L. Smith\n\n\n18\nChamps Sports Bowl\nL 03 !L 24–21\n000000002007-12-28-0000December 28, 2007\n2007\nBoston College\nCitrus Bowl\nOrlando\n46,554 !46,554\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n19\nCapital One Bowl\nL 12 !L 24–12\n000000002009-01-01-0000January 1, 2009\n2008\nGeorgia\nCitrus Bowl\nOrlando\n59,681 !59,681\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n20\nAlamo Bowl\nL 10 !L 41–31\n000000002010-01-02-0000January 2, 2010\n2009\nTexas Tech\nAlamodome\nSan Antonio\n64,757 !64,757\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n21\nCapital One Bowl\nL 42 !L 49–7\n000000002011-01-01-0000January 1, 2011\n2010\nAlabama\nCitrus Bowl\nOrlando\n61,519 !61,519\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n22\nOutback Bowl\nW 03 !W 33–30\n000000002012-01-02-0000January 2, 2012\n2011\nGeorgia\nRaymond James Stadium\nTampa\n49,429 !49,429\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n23\nBuffalo Wild Wings Bowl\nW 01 !W 17–16\n000000002012-12-29-0000December 29, 2012\n2012\nTCU\nSun Devil Stadium\nTempe\n44,617 !44,617\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n24\nRose Bowl\nW 04 !W 24–20\n000000002014-01-01-0000January 1, 2014\n2013\nStanford\nRose Bowl\nPasadena\n95,173 !95,173\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n25\nCotton Bowl Classic\nW 01 !W 42–41\n000000002015-01-01-0000January 1, 2015\n2014\nBaylor\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington\n71,464 !71,464\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n26\nCotton Bowl Classic\nL 38 !L 38–0\n000000002015-12-31-0000December 31, 2015\n2015\nAlabama\nAT&T Stadium\nArlington\n82,812 !82,812\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n\n27\nHoliday Bowl\nW 01 !W 42-17\n000000002017-12-28-0000December 28, 2017\n2017\nWashington State\nSDCCU Stadium\nSan Diego\n\nDantonio, MarkMark Dantonio\n\n" ]	[ "Washington State" ]

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